O Día da Man Vermella ou Dia Internacional Contra o Uso de Crianças Soldados, em inglês Red Handy Day, celebrado em 12 de fevereiro de cada ano desde 2002, é um apelo aos líderes políticos e eventos são realizados em torno do mundo para chamar a atenção para as crianças-soldados: menores de idade que participam de organizações militares de todos os tipos. O objetivo do Dia da Mão Vermelha é pedir ações para coibir essa prática e apoiar as crianças afetadas por ela.

Fundo

Definição
Os Principios de París definen os meninos-soldado como:

Situação atual
Devido ao uso militar generalizado de crianças em áreas onde conflitos armados e insegurança impedem o acesso de funcionários da ONU e de terceiros, é difícil estimar quantas crianças são afetadas. Em 2017, a Child Soldiers International estimou que dezenas de milhares de crianças, possivelmente mais de 100 000, estavam em organizações militares estatais e não estatais em todo o mundo, e em 2018 a organização informou que as crianças estavam sendo usadas para participar em 18 conflitos armados ou mais.

A lista da ONU de países com crianças-soldados inclui: Afeganistão, República Centro-Africana, Colômbia, República Democrática do Congo, Índia, Iraque, Israel, Líbano, Líbia, Mali, Mianmar, Nigéria, Paquistão, Filipinas, Somália, Sudão do Sul, Palestina, Sudão, Síria, Tailândia e Iêmen. A Child Soldiers International publica um mapa mostrando onde as crianças são membros de organizações militares em todo o mundo.

Desde 2008, Serra Leoa, República Democrática do Congo, Libéria e Costa do Marfim foram removidos da lista de países da ONU onde crianças são usadas em hostilidades. Depois que as crianças são liberadas do serviço militar, elas geralmente precisam de apoio para ingressar em suas comunidades. A reabilitação e reintegração de crianças-soldados é uma parte importante de um processo de paz, mas é custosa e requer a participação de comunidades inteiras.

Crianças-soldados e a lei

Crianças menores de 15 anos
Os Protocolos Adicionais às Convenções de Genebra de 1949 (1977, art. 77.2), a Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança (1989) e o Estatuto de Roma do Tribunal Penal Internacional (2002) proíbem todas as Forças Armadas do uso de crianças menores de 15 anos diretamente em conflitos armados (tecnicamente "hostilidades"). Agora é reconhecido como um crime de guerra.

Crianças menores de 18 anos
A maioria dos estados com forças armadas também está sujeita aos padrões mais elevados do Protocolo Opcional sobre o Envolvimento de Crianças em Conflitos Armados (OPAC) e a Convenção sobre as Piores Formas de Trabalho Infantil (2000) proíbe o recrutamento obrigatório de menores de 18 anos. A OPAC também lista os governos que ainda recrutam crianças (a partir de 16 anos) a "tomar todas as medidas possíveis para garantir que menores de 18 anos não se envolvam diretamente nas hostilidades". Além disso, a OPAC proíbe grupos armados não estatais de recrutar crianças em qualquer circunstância, embora sua força jurídica seja incerta.

Movimento para acabar com o uso militar de crianças
O uso militar de crianças tem sido comum ao longo da história; somente nas últimas décadas a prática recebeu críticas bem fundamentadas e esforços conjuntos para acabar com ela. Várias organizações internacionais estão ativas contra o uso de crianças como soldados. Essas organizações incluem, por exemplo, Amnesty International, Child Soldiers International, Movimento Internacional da Cruz Vermelha e da Meia Lua Vermelha, Terre des hommes e o Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (UNICEF).

Campanha Mão Vermelha
Desde 2002, nações e coalizões regionais ao redor do mundo realizam eventos em 12 de fevereiro, Dia da Mão Vermelha, para chamar a atenção para o assunto e incentivar medidas para acabar com o uso de crianças para fins militares. A data reflete a entrada em vigor do Tratado da OPAC.

Por exemplo, em 2008, crianças e adolescentes lançaram uma campanha para coletar o maior número possível de impressões de mãos vermelhas para apresentar às Nações Unidas no Dia da Mão Vermelha. Mãos vermelhas foram feitas de papel, faixas e mensagens pessoais pedindo o fim do uso de crianças-soldados. 7 000 mãos vermelhas foram coletadas no leste da República Democrática do Congo, onde o recrutamento de crianças aumentou dramaticamente. Ex-crianças-soldados da Guiné e Costa do Marfim enviaram mensagens pedindo reabilitação e assistência para ex-crianças-soldados. Foram centenas de eventos como marchas, petições, programas de conscientização escolar, exposições e apostilas para parlamentares e parlamentos locais. Mais de 250 000 mãos vermelhas foram coletadas de jovens de 101 países ao redor do mundo e apresentadas em um livro ao secretário-geral da ONU Ban Ki-moon em 12 de fevereiro de 2009 em Nova York, entregue por ex-crianças soldados colombianos e Costa do Marfim acompanhados por jovens ativistas da Alemanha. Ban disse que foi um esforço impressionante e que a ONU está determinada a eliminar tal abuso.

Ver também

Outros artigos
 Criança
 Adolescência
 Exército
 História das crianças no exército

Guerra
Infância

Dia da Mão Vermelha


Husk postdistriktet er en dansk propagandafilm fra 1962 med instruktion og manuskript af Ole Berggreen.

Handling
En film om rigtig postadressering med særlig hensyntagen til distriktsbogstavernes betydning.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Propagandafilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1962

Husk postdistriktet


Zyzyura, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice Asteraceae. Jedina je vrsta Z. mayana, endem iz Belizea.

Vrsta je prvi puta opisana kao Fleischmannia mayana, 2012. godine, a 2013. smještena je u vlastiti rod, te uključena u tribus Eupatorieae. Zasada joj je jedini poznati lokalitet na zapadnim obroncima Victoria Peaka na planinskom vijencu Cockscomb.

Izvori

Eupatorieae

Zyzyura


Olaylar
 Lagâri Hasan Çelebi roketle dikey uçuşu başarıyla gerçekleştirmiş ilk insan olan Türk bilgini.
 Büyük İstanbul Yangını yaşandı ve tütün yasaklandı.- 2 Eylül

Doğumlar

Ocak

Şubat
 23 Şubat - Samuel Pepys, İngiliz yönetici bürokrattır

Mart

Nisan

Mayıs

Haziran
 1 Haziran - Geminiano Montanari, İtalyan gökbilimci, deneysel bilim savunucusu ve mercek yapımcısı
 16 Haziran - Jean de Thévenot, Fransız Doğu gezgini

Temmuz

Ağustos

Eylül
 8 Eylül - IV. Ferdinand, 1646'da Bohemya Kralı, 1647'de Macaristan ve Hırvatistan Kralı ve 31 Mayıs 1653'te Romalıların Kralı (ö. 1654)

Ekim

Kasım

Aralık

Ölümler
 Jacopo Peri

1633


فيصل العبيلي ( 8 فبراير 1979) لاعب سابق في أندية الشباب و الحزم و الرياض.

إنجازاته مع ناديه
 كأس دورة art الودية
 كأس خادم الحرمين الشريفين للأبطال موسم 2008
 كأس خادم الحرمين الشريفين للأبطال موسم 2009
 الدوري السعودي موسم 2005/2006
 كأس الأمير فيصل بن فهد موسم 2008/2009

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 المنتخب السعودي - فيصل العبيلي

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى السعودي
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو منتخب السعودية لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الحزم
لاعبو نادي الرياض
لاعبو نادي الشباب (السعودية)
مواليد 1399 هـ
مواليد 1979

فيصل العبيلي


The Sea Cadet Corps is a national youth charity working with 15,000 young people between 10 and 18 years old across the UK. It has over 400 units run by 9,000 volunteers across England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Malta and Bermuda. Cadets follow an ethos, training plan and rank structure similar to that of the Royal Navy, and are recognised by the UK Ministry of Defence.

History
In 1854, a Vicar in Whitstable, Kent returned from the Crimean War and noticed many local orphans on the street. He founded an orphanage where sailors taught nautical skills to prepare the orphans for future careers. Multiple similar orphanages were founded across the country, and the organisation became known as the Naval Lads' Brigade. In 1899 Queen Victoria presented £10 (around £1,000 today) to the Windsor Unit to purchase uniforms.

In 1910 The Navy League sponsored a small number of units as the Navy League Boys' Naval Brigade, and in 1919 the organisation adopted the name Navy League Sea Cadet Corps. Lord Nuffield donated £50,000 in 1937 to fund an expansion of the Corps. By the outbreak of World War II, there were 100 Units across the UK with more than 10,000 Cadets.

King George VI became the Admiral of the Corps in 1942 and the name was changed to the Sea Cadet Corps. The Sea Cadets had approximately 400 Units and 50,000 Cadets. The Girls Naval Training Corps was formed as well (later renamed Girls Nautical Training Corps in 1950). Queen Elizabeth II became the Patron of the Sea Cadets in 1952. In 1955 the Sea Cadet Council agreed to the formation of the Marine Cadet Section. The Girls Nautical Training Corps became affiliated with the Sea Cadet Corps in 1963.

On the 31 March 1980 the Ministry of Defence approved the admission of girls into the Sea Cadet Corps. The successful integration of girls into the Sea Cadet Corps led to the dissolution of the Girls Nautical Training Corps in 1992.

Ethos

The Sea Cadets' ethos is made up of three parts: its values, its mindset, and the customs and traditions of the Royal Navy. The promise made by every cadet who joins the Sea Cadet Corps is as follows:

The Sea Cadet Promise:
I promise to serve my God, my King, my country, and, the Sea Cadet Corps and to obey the orders of my superior officers. I will be proud of my uniform and be smart and seamanlike in wearing it, and, always do my duty.
Note: My God refers to an individual's own faith and is intended to apply equally to those from all faiths or none. (Sea Cadets' Ethos, 2019, p4)

The ethos is underpinned by the Sea Cadet Values which are: Courage, Commitment, Discipline, Respect, Loyalty, Honesty, and Integrity. These are taught by staff throughout the time cadets are with a unit, there is also an expectation that Chaplains will take a lead in such delivery.

Cadets

Sea Cadets is open to any young person between the ages of 9 and 18.

Junior Sea Cadets
For 9 to 12-year-olds, Junior Cadets have their own training programme and uniform, based on a more practical version of the Sea Cadets training programme. When Junior Sea Cadets turn 12 years old, they can move up to being a New Entry to learn the New Entry courses, before moving up to become a Sea Cadet. In 2019, the Sea Cadets launched a pilot programme to try lowering the Junior Cadet intake age to 9 years old.

Sea Cadets
For 12 to 18-year-olds, young people can join as a Sea Cadet and work their way up through the training programme.
When cadets turn 18, they can either leave the Corps or they can stay and train as staff.

Royal Marines Cadets

For 13 to 18-year-olds, the Sea Cadets has detachments of Royal Marines Cadets. They follow a more infantry-based syllabus including fieldcraft; section battle drills, fire, and manoeuvre, and general patrolling including reconnaissance missions, ambush, and fighting patrols. Other Royal Marines Cadets exist in the Volunteer Cadet Corps and Combined Cadet Force.

Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps

Structure and organisation

National level

The Headquarters of Sea Cadets are in Lambeth, South London. Its departments deal with:
Fundraising
Safeguarding
Finance
Training
Communications
Events

Area level

The country is divided into six areas, which are:
 Eastern (including Malta)
 Northern (including Northern Ireland and Bermuda)
 Southern (including the Channel Islands & Falkland Islands)
 North West (including the Isle of Man)
 London
 South West

Each area is run by an Area Officer (AO) with a small team of support staff.

District level
Each area is subdivided into districts of between five and twelve units which are led by volunteers.

Unit level
Each unit is led by a Commanding Officer. Some units also have a Royal Marines Cadets Detachment, headed by a detachment commander.

Volunteers fulfill roles such as water sports instructors, fundraisers, administrative staff, etc. Sea Cadets has both uniformed adult volunteers and non-uniformed adult volunteers.

Each unit is a separate registered charity, affiliated to the Marine Society & Sea Cadets. The trustees are elected annually, except the Commanding Officer, who is appointed ex-officio. They form the Unit Management Team, responsible for providing the resources to safely carry out the training programme.

Training regime

Cadet Training Programme
The Sea Cadet Corps follows the Cadet Training Programme (CTP) which covers various water-based activities and skills as well as first aid and leadership with lots more. Royal Marine Cadets also complete the CTP but have additional elements such as camp craft and weapon handling, amongst others.

When you become the rating of Able Cadet (AC) you start a new syllabus called the LDP (Leadership and Development Programme). This is to perfect your leadership skills and teaching skills, this will also help if cadets are looking to become members of staff.

The Cadet Training Program is broken down by ratings. For example, a Cadet 1st Class (CFC) will complete the CFC to Ordinary Cadet (OC) training.

Specialisation and proficiency training
Skills learned in a cadet's time in the SCC usually fall into one of two categories - Specialisations and Proficiencies. Specialisations are often larger subjects than proficiencies, and so are split into three levels; Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced, each level increasing in difficulty by building on the knowledge gained from the prior levels. Basic specialisations are often gained at the unit during regular training, while Intermediate and Advanced awards are held on an Area or National basis. Proficiencies do not usually have a levelling system, though some subjects such as Piping do contain a Basic/Intermediate level.

Some specialisations, such as Marine Engineering, are also divided into disciplines such as Electrical and Mechanical engineering.

All of the following are on offer to cadets, either at the unit or on district/area/national courses.

Cadets may also work towards recognised qualifications including, Duke of Edinburgh's Award and BTEC qualifications. The BTECs are offered by CVQO, and include Teamwork and Personal Development in the Community (formerly Public Service), Music, and Engineering.

Many qualifications are run by the Sea Cadets but regulated by external bodies. In these cases, cadets earn independent qualifications that are recognised outside the Corps. These include paddle sport, where they can gain Paddle Power or Star Awards through British Canoeing (formerly known as BCU), First Aid, where they can earn St John Ambulance First Aid certifications, Rowing, where they can earn British Rowing (BR) qualifications and Powerboating/Sailing/Windsurfing/Navigation where they can gain Royal Yachting Association (RYA) qualifications. National courses are also held, often on Royal Navy bases, to teach skills such as leadership and teamwork. Specialist qualification courses include power boating in Scotland, cooking in Preston, and fire fighting in Cornwall. There are competitions at varying levels in many of the sports, proficiencies, and specializations of the SCC. Competitions start at a District level and progress through to the National level.

Ranks and rates

Cadets
From New Entry through to Able Cadet, Sea Cadets are promoted based on their completion of various task-based modules under the CTP - Cadet Training Programme. Leading Cadets and Petty Officer Cadets are required to attend and pass a promotion board (held at an area or national level) before being promoted. If they then go on to become an instructor they must join as a civilian instructor first, unless they were a Petty Officer Cadet then they will be able to join as a Probationary Petty Officer.

The ranks of Marine Cadet 2nd Class (MC2) and Marine Cadet 1st Class (MC1), which were equivalent to Ordinary Cadet and Cadet 1st Class respectively, were phased out at the end of 2018. The rank of Marine Cadet (MC) is now equivalent to all three Sea Cadet ranks of Cadet, Cadet 1st Class and Ordinary Cadet (OC).

All Royal Marines Cadets are required to complete boards for each promotion. The higher the board the higher the level the board is run at. The former promotions from Marine Cadet to Marine Cadet 2nd Class and to Marine Cadet 1st Class were run at the detachment level. Marine Cadet to Lance Corporal boards are at troop or company level, Lance Corporal to Corporal boards are at the company level, and Corporal to Sergeant boards are at a national level. All promotions boards have multiple sections all of which must be passed individually.

Junior Cadets

Adult officers
The following rates and ranks can be awarded to uniformed adult volunteers, there are also Non-uniformed Civilian Instructors (CIs) and Unit Assistants (UAs). From 2009 to 2019, if a person joined as a Civilian Instructor and wanted to be a uniformed member of staff, they would become an Acting Petty Officer or Sergeant, following a 6-month probationary period. From 2020, an adult can join as a uniformed member of staff as a probationary Petty Officer or Sergeant on completion of their application process.

Officers are commissioned under the Cadet Forces Commission.

Another rank is Chaplain, they also commission under the Cadet Forces Commission.

Ships
The Sea Cadets have three classes of offshore vessels, all of which are capable of coastal/offshore passage making. Sea Cadet voyages normally last for 6 days, with cadets gaining RYA qualifications for their voyage. Individual Sea Cadet units also have various boats including MOD motor boats such as Vikings, Champs, Dories. Units may also have 1 or more ribs equipped with outboard engines, and possibly a rigiflex 360, in addition to vessels designed specifically for the SCC such as the Trinity 500 rowing boat and RS Quest dinghy. Also on loan from the MOD, canoes, kayaks, and windsurfing equipment. Larger Boat Stations and Training Centres have larger ribs and other vessels

Current offshore fleet

TS Royalist
TS Royalist, the Sea Cadet flagship, is a tall ship owned by the MSSC. She is used to providing week-long training courses for Sea Cadets and Royal Marines Cadets. The ship was launched in 2014 to replace the previous TS Royalist, which was over 40 years old when decommissioned. In 2013 there had been an appeal to replace the ageing flagship: £250,000 was needed this target was achieved in April 2013.

She is rigged as a 34m brig, with a sail area of . Her draught is . The ship's hull is of high tensile steel, with her superstructure of glass reinforced plastic. She has a crew of eight, plus up to twenty-four Cadets and two adult trainees. Twelve passengers can also be carried.

TS City of London and TS Sir Stelios
TS City of London and TS Sir Stelios is the Sea Cadets' new (2017 and 2018 respectively) Rustler 42 yachts which have replaced the Tradewinds 35s TS Vigilant and TS City Liveryman. They are both Rustler 42 yachts and provide nationally-recognised RYA training for those wishing to gain qualifications and experience in yacht sailing. The pair travel the UK together each accommodating a crew of two, plus up to six cadets each.

TS John Jerwood and TS Jack Petchey
These two vessels are the cadets' offshore powered training-ship. They are  long and each cost about £2.6m. TS Jack Petchey is so named because the Jack Petchey Foundation donated £1m in order for it to be built. The Jerwood Foundation donated £1,216,700 for the construction of TS John Jerwood. The training ships can hold between 12-16 cadets, four permanent staff, and two CFAVs and provides an experience at sea focussing on deck work, navigation, bridge watchkeeping, cook/steward, and marine engineering. Each vessel is fitted with twin Perkins Sabre Type M215C Turbo Diesel main engines, each giving  at 2,500 rpm.

Current Inshore Fleet

Trinity 500 rowing boats
The Trinity 500 is a stable fixed-seat rowing boat, purpose-built for the Sea Cadets to deliver the full SCC Rowing Scheme. The boat has also been approved by British Rowing, to allow for the delivery of their Explore Rowing Scheme. The boat was designed by Jo Richards, Olympic medallist and designer of a wide range of craft, in response to the requirement of the Sea Cadets for modern, low maintenance, purpose-designed fixed seat rowing boat with good performance under oars and with the capacity to mount a small outboard motor. The Trinity 500 is named to mark the quincentenary of the incorporation of Trinity House, the statutory authority for aids to navigation in England, Wales, The Channel Islands, and Gibraltar. The Trinity House Maritime Charity, a separately funded arm of the Corporation of Trinity House, funded the design and development costs of the boat.

RS dinghies
In a partnership between RS Sailing and the Sea Cadets, a new dinghy known as the RS Quest was designed by Jo Richards, who is also responsible for formulating the design for the Trinity 500 rowing vessel. The RS Quest was designed to accommodate the need for a new sailing dinghy within the SCC that is strong and easy to maintain and is capable of comfortably accommodating an instructor and up to three cadets. The RS Quest was unveiled at the Southampton Boat Show in 2015.
Continuing the partnership between MSSC and RS Sailing, the single sail RS Zest dinghy was launched at the 2017 Southampton Boat Show. It is intended for a crew of two but can be sailed single-handed. It is aimed at benefiting units with limited access to water, as RS Zest can operate in shallower water than the RS Quest.

Investigation into sexual abuse
In 2012 payouts made to victims of sexual abuse across all Cadet Forces totalled £1,475,844. In 2013 payouts totalled £64,782, and in 2014 payouts totalled £544,213.

In 2017, a Panorama episode entitled "Cadet Abuse Cover-Up" highlighted sexual abuse cases in the British Cadet Forces. In a 1979 case of sexual abuse of a 14-year-old cadet in Hertfordshire, the boy's parents were dissuaded from reporting the offender to police by Sea Cadet officers in full uniform, who had visited their home. The offender was neither dismissed or suspended but instead promoted to oversee 10 cadet units in London. In the years 2012 to 2017 there were 28 allegations of sexual abuse made against SCC volunteers, including historical allegations. All 28 offenders were dismissed and referred to the police.

See also
Other elements of the Community Cadet Forces
 Royal Marines Cadets
 Army Cadet Force
 Air Training Corps

Other MoD sponsored cadet forces
 Combined Cadet Force
 Volunteer Cadet Corps

Other Sea Cadet organisations
 Australian Navy Cadets
 Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps
 Royal Canadian Sea Cadets
 Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps
 New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps
 United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps

Related articles
 Marine Society and Sea Cadets
 Reserve Forces and Cadets Association
 Cadet Vocational Qualification Organisation (CVQO)
 Laurie Brokenshire
 Girls' Nautical Training Corps
 National Association of Training Corps for Girls

Notes

References

External links

Royal Navy
Youth organisations based in the United Kingdom
Sail training associations
British Cadet organisations
1854 establishments in the United Kingdom

Sea Cadets (United Kingdom)


A primeira missa católica documentada nas Filipinas foi realizada em 31 de março de 1521, no domingo de Páscoa. Foi conduzida pelo padre Pedro de Valderrama da expedição de Fernão de Magalhães ao longo das margens do que foi referido nos diários de Antonio Pigafetta como "Mazaua".

Hoje, muitos historiadores acreditam que este local seja Limasawa, na ponta de Leyte do Sul, uma das ilhas do arquipélago das Filipinas. No entanto, até pelo menos o século XIX, prevaleceu a crença de que a primeira missa foi celebrada em Butuan. Esta crença é mantida por alguns, que afirmam que a primeira missa foi celebrada em Masau, Butuan.

Para encerrar o conflito pela questão da primeira missa, o painel da Comissão Histórica Nacional das Filipinas (NHCP) adaptou a recomendação e concordou unanimemente que as evidências e argumentos apresentados pelos defensores pró-Butuan não são suficientes e convincentes o suficiente para justificar a revogação ou reversão da decisão do caso pelo Instituto Histórico Nacional (precursor do NHCP). É ainda reforçado pela evidência de que foi somente depois de 22 anos, em 1543, quando uma expedição espanhola liderada por Ruy López de Villalobos desembarcou em Mindanau.

Desembarque na costa filipina
2 anos após Fernão de Magalhães e sua tripulação europeia partirem de Sanlúcar de Barrameda para uma expedição em busca de especiarias, os exploradores desembarcaram nas Filipinas. Em 28 de março de 1521, quando estavam no mar, eles viram uma fogueira que acabou sendo Mazaua (que se acredita ser a atual Limasawa), onde ancoraram.

Registro de Francisco Alvo
Em 16 de março de 1521, enquanto navegavam em um curso para oeste das Ilhas Marianas, os exploradores avistaram uma faixa terra a noroeste, mas não desembarcaram lá devido ao excesso de lugares rasos. Nesse mesmo dia, eles navegaram para o oeste e viram três ilhotas onde ancoraram para passar a noite. Pela manhã, eles navegaram para o sudoeste. Lá, eles entraram em um canal entre duas ilhas, uma das quais se chamava Sugbu (agora chamada Cebu) e a outra era Matan (agora chamada Mactán), eancoraram na cidade de Sugbu, onde permaneceram por muitos dias.

Diário de Antonio Pigafetta
Antonio Pigafetta foi um famoso viajante italiano que estudou navegação. Ele se juntou ao capitão Fernão de Magalhães e sua tripulação espanhola em sua viagem à Ilhas Molucas. Pigafetta tem o relato mais completo da expedição de Magalhães, intitulado Primo viaggio intorno al mondo (Primeira viagem ao redor do mundo). Ele foi um dos dezoito sobreviventes que retornaram à Espanha a bordo do Victoria e, portanto, considerado uma testemunha ocular dos eventos significativos ocorridos na primeira missa da qual Magalhães a chama de Ilhas de São Lázaro, que mais tarde é chamada de Filipinas. Pigafetta narrou em seu relato os acontecimentos ocorridos desde 16 de março de 1521, quando avistaram pela primeira vez as Ilhas do arquipélago Filipino, até 7 de abril de 1521, quando a expedição desembarcou em Cebu.

Primeira missa
Em 31 de março de 1521, domingo de Páscoa, Magalhães ordenou a celebração de uma missa que foi oficiada pelo padre Pedro Valderrama, capelão andaluz da frota, o único padre na época. Realizada perto da costa da ilha, a Primeira Santa Missa marcou o nascimento do catolicismo romano nas Filipinas. Colambu e Siaiu foram os primeiros nativos batizados do arquipélago, que ainda não tinha o nome de "Filipinas" até a expedição de Ruy Lopez de Villalobos em 1543, para assistir à missa entre outros habitantes nativos.

Referências

Igreja Católica nas Filipinas
Expedição de Magalhães
Missa católica

Primeira missa nas Filipinas


was a town located in Taka District, Hyōgo, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,873 and a density of 222.78 persons per km2. The total area was 35.34 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Kurodashō was merged into the expanded city of Nishiwaki.

Dissolved municipalities of Hyōgo Prefecture
Nishiwaki, Hyōgo

Kurodashō, Hyōgo


Kyohei Yamagata (født 7. september 1981) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Sanfrecce Hiroshima og Avispa Fukuoka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kyohei Yamagata


«فاينر فيلنغز»  أو «مشاعر أدق» هو أغنية للفنانة الأسترالية كايلي مينوغ. وكان الإصدار الأخير من ألبوم ليتس غيت تو إت وكان من المقرر أن تتبع «وورد إز آوت»، لكن الموعد تأجل بعد إصدار «إف يو وير ويذ مي ناو». أصدرت الأغنية في النهاية في أبريل 1992، وأنتج ريمكس من قبل براذرز إن ريذم (وواصلت مينوغ التعاون معهم خلال التسعينات، واستمرت بالتعاون مع ستيف أندرسون حتى الوقت الحاضر)، ووصلت إلى المركز 11 في المملكة المتحدة.

في أستراليا، كانت هذه الأغنية أضعف أداء لمينوغ على قائمة الأغاني حتى تلك اللحظة، حيث بلغت المركز 60 في ظهورها الأول على قائمة أريا 100 للاغاني في 5 يوليو 1992. كانت هذه أغنية كايلي الوحيدة الي تغيب عن الخمسين الأوائل في أستراليا حتى عام 2010 عندما وصلت أغنيتها «غيت أوتا ماي واي» إلى المركز 69.

ظلت الأغنية مفضلة لدى المعجبين وغنت مينوغ مقاطع منها خلال جولة كايلي فيفر 2002 وجولة شوغيرل: هوم كامينغ رغم أنها لم تدرج على ألبومها التجميعية الأخيرة، في نهاية المطاف كايلي. ومن الجدير بالذكر أن الوجه الثاني لها «كلوسر» تختلف عن الأغنية التي تحمل نفس العنوان من ألبومها أفروديت عام 2010.

أعادت كايلي تسجيل الأغنية عام 2011 ونشرها على قناتها الرسمية على يوتيوب في 25 يناير 2012. وأدخلت ألبوم آبي رود سيشنز.

مراجع

أغان منفردة في 1992
أغاني 1991
أغاني كايلي مينوغ

مشاعر أدق


La robe à l'anglaise est un élément du costume féminin du XVIIIe siècle. Comme les précédentes robe à la française ou la mantoue, à partir desquelles elle a évolué, le dos d'une robe à l'anglaise comporte des plis à partir de l'épaule, qui permettent d'avoir un corsage près du corps et du volume au niveau de la taille. Au cours des années 1770, les plis du dos deviennent de plus en plus étroits et se rapprochent du centre du dos. Dans les années 1780, ces plis avaient pour la plupart disparu et la jupe et le corsage étaient coupés séparément . Le corsage peut être renforcé avec de fines baleines cousues entre les coutures.

La robe à l'anglaise est ouverte sur le devant, pour révéler un jupon assorti ou d'une couleur différente, et comporte des manches qui s'arrêtent aux coudes. Ces manches sont souvent terminées avec des volants appelés engageantes.

Les paniers précédemment portés avec la robe à la française sont désormais remplacés par des "faux-culs" ou "culs de Paris", des sortes de coussins en forme de croissant qui permettent de donner du volume à l'arrière de la jupe.

La robe à l'anglaise est caractérisée par sa grande simplicité, par comparaison avec les robes à la française et les robes de cour portées à Versailles.

Références

Mode au XVIIIe siècle
Robe (vêtement)

Robe à l'anglaise


Roberto Soldić (Vitez, 25. siječnja 1995.) je hrvatski majstor borilačkih vještina podrijetlom iz Viteza u BiH.

Životopis

Rođen je u Vitezu 25. siječnja 1995. godine.

U rujnu 2017. obranio je naslov Superior FC prvaka u velter kategoriji u MMA-u pobijediviši Engleza Deza Parkera u završnom meču u njemačkom Ludwigshafenu tehničkim nokautom u prvoj rundi.
U prosincu 2017. postao je KSW prvak u velter kategoriji pobijedivši Borysa Mankowskog, dok je obranu titule u velter kategoriji 14. travnja 2018. prenosila i hrvatska RTL Televizija čime se dodatno predstavio domaćoj javnosti.

Borbe

Ažurirano: 4. rujna 2019.

Izvori

Životopisi, Vitez
Bosanskohercegovački majstori borilačkih vještina
MMA borci
Hrvatski MMA borci

Roberto Soldić


Komşular, Zonguldak ilinin Devrek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1892 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 65 km, Devrek ilçe merkezine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Devrek belde ve köyleri

Komşular, Devrek


André Reboullet  (* 22. November 1916 in Ruoms; † 31. Januar 2010 in Paris) war ein französischer Romanist und Fremdsprachendidaktiker.

Leben
Reboullet wuchs im Département Ardèche auf, besuchte die École normale d'instituteurs in Privas und trat 1937 in die École normale supérieure von Paris ein. Er bestand die Agrégation und wurde Gymnasiallehrer in der Bretagne. Von 1947 bis 1956 leitete er eine Schule der Alliance française in Santiago de Chile. Zurück in Paris wurde er stellvertretender Leiter des BELC (Bureau pour l'enseignement de la langue et de la civilisation françaises à l'étranger) und war 1961 Gründer und bis 1981 Chefredakteur der Zeitschrift Le français dans le monde, der seinerzeit bedeutendsten Zeitschrift für Französisch als Fremd- und Zweitsprache. Er war 1968 Mitgründer der Association française des professeurs de français (AFPF, später Association française des enseignants de français, AFEF), 1969 der Fédération internationale des professeurs de français (FIPF) und 1987 der Société Internationale pour l'Histoire du Français Langue Étrangère ou Seconde (SIHFLES) mit der Zeitschrift Documents pour l'histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde.

Werke
(Hrsg.) Guide pédagogique pour le professeur de français langue étrangère, Paris  1971, 1984
(Hrsg.) L'enseignement de la civilisation française, Paris 1973 (Symposium sur l'enseignement de la civilisation française au niveau universitaire, Santiago-du-Chili, 16-29 juillet 1970)
(Hrsg. mit Marc Blancpain) Une Langue, le français aujourd'hui dans le monde, Paris 1976
(Hrsg. mit Michel Tétu) Guide culturel. Civilisations et littératures d'expression française, Paris 1977
Méthode Orange, 3 Bde., Paris 1978-1983, 1984-1989 (Lehrbuch Französisch als Fremdsprache)
(mit Jean-Jacques Frèche), A comme... 60 fiches de pédagogie concrètes pour le professeur de français, Paris 1979
(mit Jacques Verdol und Jean-Louis Malandain) Rendez-vous en France - le livre ressource, Paris 1990 (Führer für den Frankreichaufenthalt)
(Hrsg. mit Willem Frijhoff) Histoire de la diffusion et de l'enseignement du français dans le monde, Paris 1998 (Le français dans le monde. Recherches et applications. Sondernummer)

Literatur
Hommage à André Reboullet, in: Documents  pour l'histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde 21, 1998, S. 201 ff
Daniel Coste: André Reboullet (1916-2010), in: Documents pour l'histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde 40/41, 2008 (URL : http://dhfles.revues.org/114)

Weblinks

Romanist
Franzose
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 2010
Mann

André Reboullet


Ruben Castro Martin (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spania, 27 iunie, 1981) este un fotbalist spaniol. Joacă ca atacant la Málaga CF din Segunda División.

Nașteri în 1981
Fotbaliști spanioli
Fotbaliști ai Real Betis

Rubén Castro


آيسبل  هو مشروع يهدف لإنشاء قواميس حرة في اللغة العربية للتطبيقات المكتبية الحرة، ويخضع المشروع للرخص الثلاثية GPL/LGPL/MPL.

قواميس آيسبل

يوفر مشروع آيسبل عدة قواميس هي:
 القاموس العربي للتدقيق الإملائي، والذي يعمل ضمن برنامج هانسبل المدقق الإملائي المرتبط بمشروع أوبن أوفيس.
 القاموس العربي للمترادفات، المرتبط ببرنامج الترادف المعجمي ميت MyThe لمشروع أوبن أوفيس.
 القاموس العربي للمفردات المصنفة لغوياً الخاص بالتدقيق النحوي.
 القاموس العربي الخفيف للتدقيق الإملائي للأنظمة المحمولة Embedded systems كالهواتف المحمولة وأجهزة PDA.

البرامج المدعومة

 أوبن أوفيس
 فيرفكس
 ثندربرد
 أبيوورد
 جيديت

الجوائز

 الجائزة الخاصة خلال الملتقى الإفريقي الثالث للبرامج الحرة (Prix spécial des troisième rencontres africaines du Logiciel Libre)
 مشروع السنة حسب الجمعية المغربية لتنمية الإعلاميات الحرة (Projet Open Source de l'année (2007), Site Linux-Maroc, Association ADIL)

إضافات آيسبل

 إضافة لفيرفكس: Arabic spell-checking dictionary

مشاريع مشابهة

 هانسبل

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لمشروع آيسبل باللغة الإنجليزية
 الموقع الرسمي لمشروع آيسبل باللغة العربية
 القائمة البريدية لمشروع آيسبل
 المدونة الخاصة بمشروع آيسبل
 صفحة مشروع آيسبل على موقع عربايز

برمجيات حرة

آيسبل


Manuel Camilo Vial Risopatrón (Santiago, 20 de mayo de 1935) es un obispo de la Iglesia católica que ejerció desde 2001 al 2013 como ordinario de la Diócesis de Temuco en Chile.

Primeros años de vida
Es hijo de don Manuel Camilo Vial y doña María Risopatrón, es el mayor de ocho hermanos. Realizó sus estudios en el Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones de Santiago, desde donde egresó en 1952. Ingresó, en 1953, a estudiar Derecho en la Universidad de Chile, retirándose al año siguiente para ingresar al Seminario de los Padres Pallottinos en Suiza. Entre los años 1956 y 1962, estudió Filosofía y Teología en la Universidad Estatal de Friburgo, Suiza.

Vida religiosa
Fue ordenado sacerdote el 16 de julio de 1961, en Friburgo, por don Manuel Larraín, obispo de Talca. Ingresó al Instituto de los Padres de Schoenstatt al momento de su fundación en 1965.

En septiembre de 1962 vuelve a Chile, asumiendo su primera tarea sacerdotal como vicario en las parroquias de nuestra Señora de Dolores, en Carrascal y San Enrique, en Chimbarongo, párroco de Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro de Temuco, desde 1967 a 1972. Asesor del Movimiento de Schöenstatt, entre los años 1972 y 1980 en las diócesis de Concepción, Los Ángeles y Chillán.

Fue Director del Departamento de Servicio Social del Arzobispado de Concepción correspondiente a la Vicaría de la Solidaridad entre 1973 y 1980; y Director del Departamento de Pastoral Familiar en Concepción entre 1978 y 1980.

Obispo
El Papa Juan Pablo II lo eligió Obispo Auxiliar del Cardenal Raúl Silva Henríquez el 25 de marzo de 1980 y su Consagración Episcopal se celebró, en Santiago, el 18 de mayo de 1980, presidida por el cardenal arzobispo de Santiago, Mons. Raúl Silva Henríquez. Su lema episcopal es: Buen Pastor, Padre de los Pobres. Se desempeñó como obispo auxiliar de Santiago y vicario episcopal de la Zona Sur.

El Santo Padre Juan Pablo II lo trasladó a la Diócesis de San Felipe, como su ordinario, el 21 de diciembre de 1983. Asumió el 28 de enero de 1984.

El 21 de septiembre de 2001 Juan Pablo II lo eligió Obispo de Temuco, asumiendo la Diócesis el 4 de noviembre de 2001.

En la Conferencia Episcopal ha sido miembro del Comité Permanente, de la Comisión Pastoral del Episcopado, Presidente del Área de Educación e Integrante del Consejo de Administración de la Conferencia Episcopal.

Actualmente, es Presidente del Área Social de la Conferencia Episcopal de Chile, además de ser miembro de la Comisión Pastoral y delegado para otras comisiones de la CECH.

Desde la fundación de la Universidad Católica Cardenal Raúl Silva Henríquez, es miembro de su Consejo y Gran Canciller de la UCT. Presidente de OCAC (Oficina de Cooperación Asistencia Campesina) y miembro de la fundación Cardenal Raúl Silva Henríquez.

Referencias

www.iglesia.cl, Biografía Obispos.
www.iglesia.cl, Saludo despedida de Monseñor Manuel Camilo Vial, jueves 4 de julio de 2013.
www.obispadodetemuco.cl, obispos de la diócesis.

Nacidos en Santiago de Chile
Alumnado del Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones de Santiago
Obispos de Chile
Obispos de San Felipe
Obispos de Temuco
Schoenstattianos
Obispos nombrados por Juan Pablo II
Obispos católicos del siglo XXI
Sacerdotes católicos de Chile
Familia Vial

Manuel Vial


Yas Marina Circuit er et motorsportsanlæg ved Abu Dhabi i de Forenede Arabiske Emirater. Banen har siden sin åbning i 2009 lagt asfalt til Formel 1-løbet Abu Dhabis Grand Prix. Anlægget er bygget på den kunstige ø Yas, og var den anden Formel 1-bane i Mellemøsten, efter at Bahrain International Circuit blev indviet i 2004.

Banen var oprindeligt planlagt som en gadebane, men det blev senere ændret til en permanent racerbane. Der er 21 sving snoede rundt på øen, forbi lystbådehavnen og gennem Yas Marina Hotel. Der er fem store tilskuertribuner rundt på banen. Lige ved banen findes forlystelsesparken Ferrari World.

Yas Marina Circuit blev bygget af firmaet Aldar, som også byggede parken, havn, hoteller og strande, der omgiver området.

Vindere af Formel 1 på Yas Marina

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Yas Marina Circuit på formula1.com
 Yas Marina Circuits officielle hjemmeside

Formel 1-baner
Motorsportsanlæg i Forenede Arabiske Emirater
Idrætsanlæg i Abu Dhabi
Etableret i 2009

Yas Marina Circuit


Saho (koji se ponekad naziva i Soho) su kušitski narodi koji nastanjuju Afrički rog. Uglavnom su koncentrirani u Eritreji, a neke žive i u susjednim dijelovima Etiopije. Govore jezikom Saho koji pripada kušitskoj grani obitelji Afroazijskih i usko je povezan s afarskim.

Demografija
Prema Etnologue, ima oko 500.000 do 600.000 govornika Saho jezika. Većina je koncentrirana u Eritreji (350.000 ~ 400.000 govornika), a ostatak živi u Etiopiji (170.000 govornika, po podacima iz 1996.). Unutar Eritreje, Saho pretežno žive u Južnoj i Sjevernoj crvenomorskoj regiji.

Jezik
Saho ljudi govore saho jezik kao materinski jezik, kojo pripada saho-afarskom dijalektu iz skupine nizinskih istočnih kušitskih jezika, koji su dio kušitske grane obitelji Afroazijskih jezika. Saho jezik je dosta sličan afarskom. Irobski dijalekt govori samo u Etiopiji.

Religija
Saho su pretežno muslimani. Mali broj kršćana, koji su poznati i kao Irob, žive u regiji Tigray u Etiopiji i regiji Debub u Eritreji.

Običajno pravo
Kada postoji problem, Saho imaju običak sazvati sastanak ili konferenciju koju zovu "rahbe". Na takvom sastanku Sahoji raspravljaju o tome kako riješiti pitanja vezana za vodu, pašnjak ili zemljište, ili sporove klanova i kako ublažiti te probleme. O tome se razgovara i sa susjednim plemenima ili etničkim grupama i pod-klanovima da bi se postigao konsenzus.

Za ovaj sastanak odabran je vješt predstavnik, kojeg se naziva "madarre". Madarre iznosi argumente svojoj publici i podklanovima ili plemenima koja su uključena i pokušava ih pridobiti za svoje rješenje. O tome se raspravlja s klanskim ili plemenskim mudracima ili starješinama, "ukal".

U sukobima manjih razmjera između dva pojedinca, jedan od njih se žali "ukalima", oni zauzvrat imenuju " šimagale" ili posrednike za spor

Gadafur se smatraju svetom lozom, i pripadaju svetim obiteljima, pa djeluju kao vjerski vođe i politički pregovarači plemena Minifere. Gadafuri uživaju visoki status i vrlo su privilegirani i uvažavani u narodu Saho. Smatra se da Gadafuri potječu od plemena Gadabuursi.

Daljnje podjele
1. Dabri-Mela (Dabrimela)

 Alades are
 Labhalet Are

2. Assa-Awurta (Asaworta)

 Fokroti Are
 Lelish Are
 Assa- Kare
 Asa-Lesan
 Sarma Are
 Faqih Dik
 Urus Abusa

3. Gaaso arapski قعسو

 Shum Abdalla Gaisha
 Yofish Gaisha
 Shum Ahmad Gaisha
 Hassan Gaisha
 Silyan Gaisha
 Asa-Ushmaal
 Oni - Maal
 Salmunta
 Gadafur (za kojeg se smatta da imaju somalsko porijeklo, iz klana Gadabuursi )

4. Dasamo

 Abdallah Harak
 Naefie Harak
 Mosat Harak
 Subakum Are
 Daili Are
 Kundes
 Illaishe
 Asa Bora

5. Faqat Harak

 Faqih Abubakar
 Faqih Omar
 Faqih Ahmed

6. Silaita

 Hakatti Are
 Qomma Are
 Zella Are
 Halato
 Abbarior

7. Idda ( Ge'ez እዳ, arapski إِدًّا, alternativno ادة ili ادى), jedna od najranijih poznatih Saho zajednica u Eritreji, poznata i kao Bado Ambalish (Ge'ez ባዶ አምባልሽ, arapski اصحاب الأرض, "vlasnici zemljišta [ Zemlja] ") ili" nosioci zemlje ".

8. Irob ( Ge'ez : ኢሮብ ʾirōb, također Erob), kršćanska zajednica u visoravni Tigrajske regije.

9. Torra (طروعه), Serrah Aria (سرح عرى) i Mussa Aria (موسى عرى)

Izbori

Vanjske poveznice
 Popis Saho zajednica
 Saho videozapisi

Etničke grupe Etiopije
Etničke grupe Eritreje
Kušiti

Saho


Aida Emilevna Garifullina (Kazanj, 30. rujna 1987.), ruska sopranistica tatarskog podrijetla i članica Marijinskog teatra. Pobjednica je međunarodnog opernog natjecanja »Operalia« 2013. godine.

Pjevala je na svečanosti otvorenja Univerzijade u rodnom Kazanju 2013. i Svjetskog prvenstva u nogometu u Rusiji 2018. na moskovskom Crvenom trgu.

Pjevala je i u Bečkoj državnoj operi te ostvarila suradnje s Joséom Carrerasom i Plácidom Domingom. Za postignuća u opernom pjevanju Predsjednik Tatarstana odlikovao ju je odličjem Narodnog umjetnika Tatarstana.

Vanjske poveznice

Ruski glazbenici
Operni pjevači
Soprani
Dobitnici nagrade ECHO Klassik

Aida Garifullina


جان (تشوكي) دجوركاييف  (27 أكتوبر 1939 في رون ألب) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي ذو أصول أرمينية معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز قلب مدافع . بدأ مسيرته الرياضية في نادي ليون وكان أولى مباراة رسمية في مواجهة نادي ليموج في 28 ديسمبر 1958 . على الرغم من أن بدايته كانت في خط الهجوم إلا أنه غير رأيه وقرر اللعب في مركز قلب الدفاع . لعب في أكثر من 500 مباراة في بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى الفرنسي . قضى 16 سنة لاعبا في 4 أندية . حقق بطولة كأس فرنسا مرتين الأولى مع نادي ليون سنة 1964 والثانية في سنة 1969 مع نادي مرسيليا . كما شارك دجوركاييف في صفوف منتخب فرنسا في نهائيات بطولة كأس العالم 1966 التي أقيمت في إنجلترا . ابنه يوري دجوركاييف شارك مع منتخب فرنسا في بطولة كأس العالم 1998 ويورو 2000 . سبق له تدريب منتخب أرمينيا . حاليا فإنه عضو في اللجنة المنظمة لبطولة كأس فرنسا .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من شارفيو-شفانيون
رياضيون من إزار
فرنسيون من أصل بولندي
فرنسيون من أصل قلميقي
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو أولمبيك مارسيليا
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو باريس
لاعبو باريس سان جيرمان
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوفيرني-رون ألب
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
مدربو أولمبيك مارسيليا
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو نادي باريس
مدربو نادي سانت إتيان
مدربو نادي غرونوبل
مواليد 1939

جان دجوركاييف


An Apoballis longicaulis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni S.Y.Wong och Peter Charles Boyce. An Apoballis longicaulis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Apoballis, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Apoballis

Apoballis longicaulis


Baron Darling, of Langham in the County of Essex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 12 January 1924 for Sir Charles Darling, a former Conservative Member of Parliament for Deptford and Judge of the High Court of Justice.  the title is held by his great-grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2003.

The family seat is Intwood Hall, near Intwood, Norfolk.

Barons Darling (1924—)

  Charles John Darling, 1st Baron Darling (1849–1936)
 Hon. John Clive Darling (1887—1933)
  Robert Charles Henry Darling, 2nd Baron Darling (1919–2003)
  Robert Julian Henry Darling, 3rd Baron Darling (1944—)
 (1) Hon. Robert James Cyprian Darling (1972—)
 (2) Robert Jack Lewis Darling (2008—)
 (3) Hon. Henry Thomas Unthank Darling (1978—)
 James Weyland Darling (1922—1941)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Robert James Cyprian Darling (born 1972).

The heir apparent's heir apparent is the present holder's grandson, Robert Jack Lewis Darling (born 2008).

Arms

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1924
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Darling


Human metapneumovirus (HMPV or hMPV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Pneumoviridae and is closely related to the Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) subgroup C. It was isolated for the first time in 2001 in the Netherlands by using the RAP-PCR (RNA arbitrarily primed PCR) technique for identification of unknown viruses growing in cultured cells. As of 2016, it was the second most common cause (after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)) of acute respiratory tract illness in otherwise-healthy children under the age of 5 in large a US outpatient clinic.

The peak age of hospitalization for infants with HMPV occurs between 6–12 months of age, slightly older than the peak of RSV, which is around 2–3 months. The clinical features and severity of HMPV are similar to those of RSV. HMPV is also an important cause of disease in older adults.

Taxonomy

Discovery and naming
Human metapneumovirus was first discovered in 2001 in the Netherlands by Bernadette G. van den Hoogen and her colleagues. hMPV was first detected in the respiratory secretions of 28 young children in the Netherlands and had initially stood out from other common respiratory viruses because the testing methods van den Hoogen et al. had tried using (immunological assays using virus-specific antibodies and PCR-based methods using virus genome-specific primers) were only able to test for known respiratory viruses and, therefore, were unable to identify the novel virus. It was not until researchers began applying molecular biology techniques that the genetic characteristics and portions of the genomic sequences of the virus could be identified; these techniques included the randomly primed PCR technique which obtained the limited sequence data needed to reveal a clear relationship between this new virus and the avian pneumovirus. It was this close relationship to AMPV that gave rise to this new virus being named human metapneumovirus to reflect both its identity as a metapneumovirus and its use of humans as a host organism.

Epidemiology
HMPV was responsible for 12% of cases of acute respiratory tract illness in otherwise-healthy children in a US outpatient clinic and 15% and 8% of cases (respectively) of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in children under and over the age of 5 in the United States. The virus is distributed worldwide and, in temperate regions, has a seasonal distribution generally following that of RSV and influenza virus during late winter and spring. Serologic studies have shown that by the age of five, virtually all children worldwide have been exposed to the virus. Despite near universal infection during early life, reinfections are common in older children and adults. Human metapneumovirus may cause mild upper respiratory tract infection (the common cold). However, premature infants, immunocompromised persons, and older adults >65 years  are at risk for severe disease and hospitalization. In some studies of hospitalizations and emergency room visits, HMPV is nearly as common and as severe as influenza in older adults. HMPV is associated with more severe disease in people with asthma and adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Numerous outbreaks of HMPV have been reported in long-term care facilities for children and adults, causing fatalities.

Genome
The genomic organisation of HMPV is similar to RSV; however, HMPV lacks the non-structural genes, NS1 and NS2, and the HMPV antisense RNA genome contains eight open reading frames in slightly different gene order than RSV (viz. 3'-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5'). HMPV is genetically similar to the avian metapneumoviruses A, B and in particular type C. Phylogenetic analysis of HMPV has demonstrated the existence of two main genetic lineages termed subtype A and B containing within them the subgroups A1/A2 and B1/B2 respectively. Genotyping based on sequences of the F and G genes showed that subtype B was associated with increased cough duration and increased general respiratory systems compared to HMPV-A.

Life cycle and reproduction
hMPV is estimated to have a 3–6 day incubation period and is often most active during the later winter and spring seasons in temperate climates, overlapping with the RSV and influenza seasons and possibly allowing for repeated infection. But because it is still a relatively new virus and has not yet been researched very heavily, hMPV and its replication cycle still have a lot of mystery surrounding them. However, researchers have been able to elucidate some principal steps of hMPV's replication cycle, basing their approach and experimentation on the current knowledge we have of the viral life cycles and reproductive measures of the rest of the Paramyxoviridae family.

With that being said, it has been determined that the first step of the hMPV replication cycle is attachment to the host cell, specifically the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, using the G protein. This G protein contains a hydrophobic region that acts as an uncleaved signal peptide and a membrane anchor to facilitate its binding; however, because recombinant viruses that lack the G protein have still been able to replicate in vitro and in vivo, it seems that attachment via the G protein is not required for rest of the replication cycle.

Next in the cycle is the fusion of the viral and host membranes which is likely mediated by the F protein. Though the fusion mechanism is very similar to that of other Paramyxoviridae family members and involves conformational changes of the F protein, the mechanism for hMPV does not depend on the G protein for fusion like its family members, showing consistency with the previously mentioned idea that the G protein is not necessary for subsequent steps of the hMPV replication cycle. Moreover, the fusion function of the F protein has been proven by its ability to bind to host cells via integrin αvβ1 using an Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD) motif, which is speculated to be the trigger for membrane fusion events. One main difference between hMPV and other Paramyxoviridae viruses' fusion mechanisms though is that hMPV's fusion events occur at acidic pH levels while other viruses' fusion events occur at neutral pH levels; however, more research needs to be conducted in this area to get a better understanding of what is different about the hMPV fusion mechanism and why. Though we are unsure of its specific function, it is important to note the presence of the SH glycoprotein which seemingly does not have any effects on replication kinetics, cytopathic effects, or plaque formation of hMPV.

After fusion, the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) containing negative-sense viral RNA (vRNA) genome is released into the cytoplasm and acts as a template for mRNA and antigenomic cRNA synthesis. From here, most of our knowledge about hMPV transcription is derived from what we already know about RSV and other Paramyxoviridae viruses, including that leader and trailer sequences in the genome are partially complementary and act as promoters for transcription. We see that proteins N, P, and L dissociate from the vRNA and bind to each other to form the polymerase complex so that the genomic RNA can act as a matrix for viral transcription and replication in the cytoplasm. The final step in the replication process of hMPV we are relatively sure of is the journeying of the envelope glycoproteins (F, G, and SH) to zones of membranous accumulation via the Golgi apparatus to be exposed at the surface of infected cells. This allows infected cells to merge with adjacent cells through the action of viral fusion proteins on the surface, effectively spreading the virus's genome. As of now, the rest of the replication cycle following RNA and viral protein synthesis are unclear and require further research.

Virology
HMPV infects airway epithelial cells in the nose and lung. HMPV is thought to attach to the target cell via the glycoprotein (G) protein interactions with heparan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans. The HMPV fusion (F) protein encodes an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif that engages RGD-binding integrins as cellular receptors, then mediates fusion of the cell membrane and viral envelope in a pH-independent fashion, likely within endosomes.

Detection
The identification of HMPV has predominantly relied on reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology to amplify directly from RNA extracted from respiratory specimens. Alternative more cost-effective approaches to the detection of HMPV by nucleic acid-based approaches have been employed and these include:
 detection of hMPV antigens in nasopharyngeal secretions by immunofluorescent-antibody test
 the use of immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antibodies to detect HMPV in nasopharyngeal secretions and shell vial cultures
 immunofluorescence assays for detection of hMPV-specific antibodies
 the use of polyclonal antibodies and direct isolation in cultured cells.

Distribution and habitat
Though hMPV was first discovered and identified in 2001, serological studies showed that hMPV, or a close relative of it, had already been circulating for at least 50 years. From this information, it is clear that the virus had not just "jumped" from birds, or some other animal reservoir, to humans shortly before its discovery.

So far, peak infection from hMPV in the northern hemisphere is in late winter and early spring, but it can be found globally across all continents and its distribution is very complex and dynamic. Researchers have found that hMPV is mostly localized and can differ significantly from community to community, allowing for the possibility of the strain in one location one year to be most similar to the strain in a different location the next year. This phenomenon has actually been recorded with the virus strains in Australia in 2001; in France in 2000 and 2002; in Canada in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002; in Israel in 2002; and in the Netherlands in 2001 all being very closely related based on their F gene sequences. There are at least two major genotypes of hMPV (A and B) that circulate during community outbreaks and each genotype has two of its own, but as of now, it seems that no one strain is dominant over the others and none of them are known to cause varying levels of severity.

We suspect that hMPV is most likely spread from infected individuals to others through 1. secretions from coughing and sneezing, 2. close personal contact (ex. touching, shaking hands, etc), and 3. touching objects with viruses on them then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes. We have yet to develop a reliable antiviral therapy treatment or vaccine to prevent the spread of hMPV, but there do seem to be promising developments in that area. In some vaccine trials, researchers have observed how a live recombinant human parainfluenza virus that contains the hMPV F gene can induce hMPV-specific antibodies and can protect experimental animals from hMPV. Another similar study demonstrated how a chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus 3 expressing the hMPV F gene allows for neutralizing antibodies against both parainfluenza and hMPV. However promising these results and trials may seem, it is important to note that these experiments have limitations including their small-population animal models. Overall, while vaccines and antiviral therapy treatments are in the works, the biggest difficulty that researchers face at the moment is the limited data available about the development of hMPV in the natural host.

Transmission
There are no conclusive studies to date; however, it is likely that transmission occurs by contact with contaminated secretions, via droplet, aerosol, or fomite vectors.  Hospital-acquired infections with human metapneumovirus have been reported. HMPV has been shown to circulate during fall and winter months with alternating predominance of a single subtype each year.

Treatment
No treatment is yet known, but ribavirin has shown effectiveness in an animal model.

American pharmaceutical corporation Moderna has conducted a clinical trial for a candidate modRNA vaccine against metapneumovirus. As of October 2019, the vaccine candidate has passed through phase I, with reports that the vaccine is well-tolerated at all dose levels at two months, and provokes an immune response which boosts the production of neutralising antibodies.

Evolution

Human metapneumovirus was first reported in 2001 and avian metapneumovirus in the 1970s. There are at least four lineages of human metapneumovirus—A1, A2, B1 and B2. Avian metapneumovirus has been divided into four subgroups—A, B, C and D. Bayesian estimates suggest that human metapneumovirus emerged 119–133 years ago and diverged from avian metapneumovirus around 1800.

References

External links
 ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Pneumoviridae (December 2017)
 hMPV EIA kit (Biotrin, archived 13 February 2007)
 Human Metapneumovirus, hMPV (Biotrin, archived 11 September 2007)
 Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Paramyxoviridae

Pneumoviridae

Human metapneumovirus


Griko je jedan od dva narječja talijanskoga grčkoga (drugi je greko ili kalabrijski grčki) koji se smatraju novogrčkim južnotalijanskim narječjima (grčki: Κατωιταλιώτικα, 'južnotalijanska') koji su potomci srednjovjekovnoga grčkog pod utjecajem dorskog po jednoj teoriji, a po drugoj, starijoj, potomci su starogrčkih govora Magne Graecije. Rabi se u regiji Lecce na poluotoku Salentu u Apuliji u Italiji, područje se zove Grecia Salentina, a ondje se nalazi devet sela: Calimera, Martignano, Martano, Sternatia, Zollino, Corigliano d'Otranto, Soleto, Melpignano i Castrignano dei Greci. Ipak, čini se da griko nestaje iz Martignana, Soleta i Melpignana. Među 40 000 stanovnika, samo je nekoliko tisuća tečnih govornika. Prema UNESCO-u ima ih 20 000.

Kalabrijski grčki zove se greko, a njime se govori u Kalabriji.

Povijest

Magna Graecia bila je grčka kolonija na jugu Italije od osmoga stoljeća prije Krista. Od desetoga stoljeća ove ere Grci iz Grčke bježe pred Turcima. U jedanaestom stoljeću Normani su se naselili u južnoj Italiji i latinizirali područje. Grčki kler također je prihvatio latinski jezik na misama. Grčki je polako gubio prestiž kako je u 13. stoljeću moć Bizanta opadala. Pod konstantnim utjecajem drugih naroda, grčka je kultura nestajala, grčki je postajao jezik neobrazovanih seljana, ali čak se i u tim slojevima diglosija povećala tijekom 17. stoljeća. Bilo je samo 12 sela u kojima se griko svakodnevno rabio na početku 19. stoljeća. Ipak, zainteresiranost za folklor učinio je svoje jer su se pjesme na griku skupljale i izdavale.

Emigracijska komisija koju je utemeljio talijanski parlament od 1901. pomagala je ljudima emigrirati. To je dovelo do masovnih emigracija sa siromašna juga s vrhuncem 1911. Ipak, fašistička vlast od 1922. odgovarala je ljude od emigracije i progonila govornike grčkoga. Unatoč tomu, sve do agrarne reforme 1950. – 1951. grčki su seljaci bili samodostatni zahvaljujući ogromnim zemljišnim posjedima (masserie), pa su mogli očuvati i svoj jezik. Po završetku Drugoga svjetskog rata napuštanje sela i obvezatna vojna služba potkopali su samodostatnost.

Inicijative koje su nastojale promovirati počele su u kasnim 1950-im, a vodili su ih intelektualci u Kalabriji i Bovi Marini te strani istraživači. Grupa studenata iz Bovesije izdala je pamflet La Ionica. U 1970-ima ustanovljen je Kulturni krug La Ionica, a pamflet je postao periodičan s poezijom i prozom na talijanskom i grčkom. Krug i govornici grčkog sa Salentine ustanovili su UGIM (Unione dei Greci dell'Italia Meridionale). Cilj je UGIM-a bila neuspješna peticija da se stave dvojezični znakovi na ceste i da se na Radiju Cosenza postavi petominutni program na grčkome. Ipak, privatne radiopostaje Radio Bova, Radio Mélito i Radio San Paolo u Kalabriji odlučile su puštati neke programe na grčkome. Grčka je vlada s pomoću Internacionalnog društva govornika grčkoga (SFEE) uspostavila bliske veze s La Ionicom i pozvala djecu koja govore kalabrijski grčki da posjećuju ljetni kamp u Grčkoj.

Problemi
Talijanski grčki nalazi se na UNESCO-ovu popisu ugroženih jezika. Grčki se ne rabi u javnoj administraciji ni u sudstvu. Ima nekih dvojezičnih znakova na cestama. Grčki se ponekad može čuti na nekim privatnim radijima, ali u Kalabriji, no ne i na televiziji. Postoje neke publikacije koje se izdaju na talijanskome i grčkome (talijanske novine ponekad imaju članke na griku). Glazbena je tradicija ipak velika i popularna, pa se upotrebljava za popularizaciju jezika.

Obilježja
Postoje mnoga obilježja po kojima se griko razlikuje od modernoga grčkog.

Fonologija
Griko je sačuvao antičke geminacije (udvostručenje kao u hrvatskome najjači) suglasnika, sporadično je sačuvao antički izgovor ete i ipsilona. Skupovi ντ i μπ izgovaraju se kao [nd]/[d] i [mb].

Gramatika
Očuvao je imenice na -in (-ιν) koje potječu od antičkih umanjenica na -ion (-ιον), vokativ na -e (-ε) u muškom rodu druge deklinacije (na -os, -ος) i deklinaciju imenica srednjega roda na -os (-ος). Primjer je posljednjega sklonidbe imenice δάσος ('šuma'):

Od pridjeva, očuvao je antičke komparative i pridjeve s dva završetka (danas se vrlo često sklanjaju kao pridjevi s tri završetka, svakako je oblik s dva završetka u prošlosti bio rašireniji).

Glagoli su očuvali stariji oblik imperativa aorista, stariji nastavak participa i infinitiv, iako s ograničenom upotrebom.

Primjer
Ovdje je pjesma Καληνύφτα (Kalinifta, Laku noć):

Izvori

Grčki jezik
Jezici Italije

Griko


Michael Thomas Corcoran (Malibú, California; 9 de diciembre de 1972), también conocido como Backhouse Mike, es un músico, cantante, cantautor, compositor, diseñador de sonido, arreglista, orquestador y productor discográfico que formó a finales de los años 90, junto con CJ Abraham, una composición y la producción de la asociación Backhouse Mike & The Super Chris.

Empezó de forma individual con comerciales y proyectos de diseño de sonido, y aún sigue componiendo música para comerciales de televisión y cine. Y luego comenzó a coescribir y co-producir con Drake Bell, incluyendo su primer y segundo álbum. Backhouse Mike también escribió la canción de los créditos finales de la película Superhero Movie con Drake Bell.

Backhouse Mike estuvo en la banda de Drake Bell, quien ha aparecido en la televisión en Regis and Kelly, Fox's New Years Celebration, Late Night with Conan O' Brien, y en el DVD, In Concert In Auditorio Nacional (Universal Motown Records Group) filmado en vivo durante varios shows agotados de Drake en México, incluyendo el Auditorio Nacional. Abandonó la banda en mayo de 2010.

Backhouse Mike también organizó la sección de viento con Zack Hexum para estos conciertos en México, como se indica en los créditos de In Concert In Auditorio Nacional DVD.

Además de su trabajo con Drake Bell, Mike ha compuesto y se anotó en más de 150 episodios de programación de Nickelodeon, incluyendo: Drake y Josh, Zoey 101, iCarly, Victorious incluso escribió los temas para iCarly (con Drake Bell), Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh, Drake & Josh Go Hollywood, Victorious (con el Dr. Luke), The Troop (escrito y producido por Backhouse Mike & The Super Chris) y Sam & Cat.

Backhouse también ayudó a puntuar y a componer la música para el comercial "Twalkin".

Además de trabajar con Drake Bell y para televisión, cine y comerciales; Backhouse Mike & The Super Chris han colaborado con: Victoria Justice, Dr. Luke, Nick Hexum, Cyndi Almouzni, Alyssa Griffith, Alyssa Suede, Max Gomez, Electrolightz, The Record Life, Mavin, Zack Hexum, The Deserters, Miranda Cosgrove y Taylor Momsen. Uno de los grandes momentos de Backhouse Mike fue cuando el estudio contó con uno de los genios más prominentes de la música pop, Brian Wilson de The Beach Boys, para el mix de su versión 2009 de That Lucky Old Sun (Capitol Records).

Vida personal
El 8 de agosto de 2020, contrajo matrimonio con la actriz Elizabeth Gillies, en una ceremonia privada en una granja de Nueva Jersey.

Discografía

Discografía en Producción

Álbumes
 Varios Artistas - Drake & Josh (2005)
 Drake Bell - Telegraph (2005)
 Drake Bell - It's Only Time (2006)
 Varios Artistas - iCarly (2008)
 Zoey 101 - Episodio Chasing Zoey (2007)
 Victorious - Jade Gets Crushed y Begging On Your Knees (2011)

Canciones
 Drake Bell - "I Found A Way" (2005)
 Jamie Lynn Spears - "Follow Me" (2006)
Miranda Cosgrove ft. Drake Bell - "Leave It All To Me" (2007)
Victoria Justice ft. Victorious Cast - "Make It Shine" (2010)
Miranda Cosgrove & Victoria Justice ft. iCarly & Victorious Cast - "Leave It All To Shine" (2011)
"Just Fine" - Sam & Cat (2013)
"Slow Motion" - Henry Danger (2014)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cantantes de California
Cantantes masculinos de Estados Unidos
Cantantes en inglés

Backhouse Mike


كانت الدوشيرمة (باللغة التركية العثمانية: دوشيرمه، باللغة التركية: devşirme؛ وتترجم عادة «ضريبة الطفل» أو «ضريبة الدم») إحدى الممارسات التي تقوم بها الإمبراطورية العثمانية، وتتمثل بتجنيدها لأطفال الرعايا المسيحيين في البلقان، وتدريبهم للعمل كعساكر وموظفي ديوان. أخذ الجنود العثمانيون الأولاد المسيحيين، الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 8 و 20 عامًا، من شرق وجنوب شرق أوروبا بعيدًا عن عائلاتهم ونقلوهم إلى اسطنبول.

بدأت الدولة العثمانية العملَ بنظام الدوشيرمة في منتصف القرن الثالث عشر، في عهد السلطان مراد الأول، كوسيلة لمواجهة القوة المتنامية للنبلاء الأتراك. رأى العديدُ من العلماء في هذه الممارسة انتهاكًا لمعايير الشريعة الإسلامية. وصف ديفيد نيكول ما تعرض له الصبيان في ظل نظام الدوشيرمة بـ «الاستعباد الكامل»، ويمثل انتهاكًا لحماية أهل الذمة المكفولة بموجب قوانين الشريعة الإسلامية. يخالف، خليل إينالجك، رأي نيكول، إذ يرفض في كتاباته وصف الصبيان المأخوذين للدوشيرمة بالعبيد الذين تحولوا للإسلام دفعة واحدة.

كان كل من حمل لقب «الصدر الأعظم»، في الفترة الممتدة بين منتصف القرن الخامس عشر وحتى منتصف القرن السابع عشر، مسيحي الأصل تحوّل بالإجبار إلى الديانة الإسلامية، وخضع لنظام الدوشيرمة، ودُرّب وفقًا لنظام القصر. بدأت هذه الممارسة بحلول عام 1700 بالتلاشي، يُعتقد بأن إجمالي عدد الأطفال والشبان الذين جنّدوا بهذه الطريقة يقترب من 200 ألف. قاوم بعض العثمانيين، الذين رغبوا بالحصول على مناصب عسكرية ومدنية، محاولةَ إعادة إحياء هذه الممارسة في عام 1703. أُلغي نظام الدوشيرمة بشكل كامل في الأيام الأولى من عهد السلطان أحمد الثالث.

تاريخ
انبثق نظام الدوشيرمة عن نظام العبودية الذي تطور في القرون الأولى من عهد الإمبراطورية العثمانية، وأخذ شكله النهائي في عهد السلطان بايزيد الأول. كان أغلب العبيد أسرى حرب أو رهائن، واشترت الدولة بعضهم من أسواق العبيد. أشار مصدر يوناني مبكر إلى كون لفظ الدوشيرمة من ابتداع رئيس الأساقفة أسيدور في سلانيك، بهدف تهدئة آباء الأولاد المختطفين بعد صدور أوامر السلطان بايزيد الأول.

شعرت الإمبراطورية العثمانية (ابتداءً من عصر السلطان مراد الأول)، بالحاجة إلى «مواجهة قوة النبلاء (الأتراك) من خلال استحداث مجموعة من الجنود التابعين المسيحيين، وتحويل جماعة القبوقولو (وزراء القصر) إلى قوات السلطان الشخصية، بمعزل عن الجيش النظامي». قُسمت قوات النخبة، التي كانت تعمل بشكل مباشر على خدمة السلطان العثماني، إلى مجموعتين رئيسيتين: سلاح الفرسان (الذين عُرفوا باسم «القبوقولو»، والمشاة (المعروفين بـ «الانكشاريين» أو الفيلق الجديد)).

في البداية، اختير الجنود الذين يخدمون في هذا السلك من العبيد الذين أُسروا أثناء الحرب. ومع ذلك، سرعان ما تم اعتماد النظام الجديد المعروف باسم دوشيرمة. جند هذا النظام أطفال السكان الريفيين المسيحيين في دول البلقان تحت سن المراهقة، وأُنشئوا على الديانة الإسلامية. التحق هؤلاء الأطفال، بعد بلوغهم لسن المراهقة، بإحدى الهيئات الإمبراطورية الأربعة: القصر أو الكتّاب أو الهيئات العسكرية أو الدينية. وأُرسلوا فيما بعد للجيش، إما كجزء من فيلق القوات الانكشارية أو كجزء من قوات أخرى. أُرسل الأطفال الأذكياء إلى مدرسة القصر (مدرسة أندرون) التي تُخرج الإداريين والعسكريين الكبار لإدارة أمور الدولة، وتخرج ايضًا قادة قادرين على الوصول إلى أعلى منصب في الدولة، الصدر الأعظم، رئيس وزراء السلطان ذو السلطة العظيمة، والنائب العسكري.

حياة الدوشيرمة
كان العمر المثالي لتجنيد الأطفال في نظام الدوشيرمة يتراوح بين 8 و 10 سنوات، إذ تم حظر تجنيد الأطفال دون الثماني سنوات. أُطلق على هؤلاء الأطفال لقبي (şirhor) بمعنى رضيع، و (beççe) بمعنى الطفل. أظهر السكان المحليون، في بعض الأوقات، استياءً من نظام الدوشيرمة، وقاوموه بشتى الطرق، حتى أنّ البعض منهم تعمد تشويه أطفاله ليحميهم من سوقهم إلى الدوشيرمة. من جهة أخرى، كان الآباء المسيحيون في البوسنة يرشون الكشافة بهدف سحب أبنائهم للدوشيرمة للدراسة في مدرسة أندرون، ليستلموا في المستقبل منصب الصدر الأعظم، ثاني أقوى منصب في الإمبراطورية. «نُقل الأطفال من أسرهم إلى إسطنبول. وحُولوا فور وصولهم إليها إلى الديانة الإسلامية بالقوة، ثم فُحصوا ودُربوا لخدمة الإمبراطورية، خرّج هذا النظام جنودًا لسلاح المشاة، وإداريين مدنيين وكبار المسؤولين العسكريين.».

على الرغم من استمرار تأثير النبلاء الأتراك على البلاط العثماني حتى عهد محمد الفاتح (انظر خليل باشا الجاندرلي الصغير)، لكن، تحولت الطبقة الحاكمة العثمانية ببطء لتُحكم - بشكل حصري- من قبل الدوشيرمة، الأمر الذي خلق طبقة اجتماعية منفصلة. اختيرت هذه الفئة من الحكام من بين ألمع أفراد الدوشيرمة المنتقين بعناية للعمل في مدرسة القصر (مدرسة أندرون). كان يتوجب على عناصر الدوشيرمة مرافقة السلطان في حملاته، لكن، تمثلت مكافأة الخدمة الاستثنائية لهم بإرسالهم بمهامٍ خارج القصر. حصل أولئك الذين اختيروا للكتّاب أيضًا على مناصب مرموقة. كانت المؤسسات الدينية، المعروفة باسم (إلمية)، المكانَ الذي يتلقى فيه جميع رجال الدين المسلمين (من أصل أرثوذكسي) العلوم الدينية ليُصار إلى نقلهم إلى المقاطعات فيما بعد أو إلى فرزهم للخدمة في عاصمة الدولة العثمانية.

لاحظ تافيرنييه، في عام 1678، أن الإنكشاريين أقرب للنظام الديني أكثر منه للسلك العسكري. لم يُمنع أعضاء المنظمة من الزواج كما أشار تافيرنييه، لكنه كان، مع ذلك، نادرًا جدًا في صفوفهم. يضيف تافيرنييه بأن عددهم قد تجاوز المئة ألف، ويعود ذلك إلى تفكك اللوائح التنظيمية، إضافة لكون أعداد كبيرة منهم انكشاريين مزيفين، انتحلوا هذه الصفة بغرض الإعفاء من الضرائب والحصول على امتيازات اجتماعية أخرى. يُشير تافيرنييه إلى أن العدد الفعلي للانكشاريين كان أقل من ذلك بكثير، إذ لم يتجاوز عددهم، أثناء حكم سليمان القانوني، 30 ألف. زاد أعداد الانكشاريين، بحلول خمسينيات القرن السادس عشر، إلى 50 ألفًا، وذلك على الرغم من تراجع تجنيد الأطفال في نظام الدوشيرمة في الدولة العثمانية. جندت الإمبراطورية العثمانية العساكر من خلال التطوع، فقد حرص العديد من الآباء على الزج بأطفالهم في صفوف الانكشاريين لما تكفله لهم هذه الصفة من حياة مهنية مرموقة ومريحة. حاول الفلاحون البلقانيون التملص من جامعي الجزية، وحاول العديد منهم إرسال أطفالهم إلى البوسنة، ولكن، وبالمقابل، قدمت العديد من العائلات الألبانية أطفالها طوعًا للدوشيرمة، لأنهم حصلوا بذلك على العديد من المكاسب التي يستحيل لهم أن يحصلوا عليها بأي طريقة أخرى. تحولت بعض العائلات في البوسنة والهرسك إلى الديانة الإسلامية للحيلولة دون تجنيد أبنائها في الدوشيرمة، فيما حاولت بعض العائلات المسلمة إرسال أبنائها إلى الدوشيرمة بهدف تحقيق الارتقاء المهني لهم.

تحدث ألربتوس بوبوفيوس في عام 1686 عن شيوع الأمراض في الدوشيرمة، وتعرض الأطفال فيها لسلطة نظام يتسم بالصرامة الشديدة.

مراجع

اضطهاد المسيحيين في الدولة العثمانية
اضطهاد اليونانيين في الدولة العثمانية قبل القرن 20
التعليم في الدولة العثمانية
ثقافة عثمانية
عبيد عثمانيون
عسكرية الدولة العثمانية
كلمات وجمل تركية
مجتمع عثماني
مواطنو الدولة العثمانية غير المسلمين

دوشيرمة


An Crossoglossa acuminatissima in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nog.-sav. ngan Germán Carnevali. An Crossoglossa acuminatissima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crossoglossa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crossoglossa

Crossoglossa acuminatissima


An Trisetaria chaudharyana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hildemar Wolfgang Scholz. An Trisetaria chaudharyana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trisetaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trisetaria

Trisetaria chaudharyana


Bornholmeruret er en stumfilm fra 1912 instrueret af Eduard Schnedler-Sørensen efter manuskript af Arvid Ringheim.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1912

Bornholmeruret


Symphyotrichinae, podtribus glavočika,  dio tribusa Astereae. Postoji pet rodova; tipičan je Symphyotrichum raširen sa svojih devedesetak vrsta po Aziji i obje Amerike.

Rodovi
 Almutaster Á.Löve & D.Löve (1 sp.)
 Ampelaster G.L.Nesom (1 sp.)
 Canadanthus G.L.Nesom (1 sp.)
 Psilactis A.Gray (6 spp.)
 Sanrobertia G.L. Nesom (1 sp.)
 Symphyotrichum Nees (99 spp.)

Izvori

Astereae

Symphyotrichinae


Økshamaren fyr, også kaldt Øksehamaren eller Øxhammeren, ligger på østsiden af øen Selbjørn i Austevoll kommune i Vestland fylke i Norge. Fyrstationen blev oprettet i 1849 som et fiskefyr som skulle være i brug i  to måneder under fiskeriet efter  vårsilden. Fra 1852 fungerede fyret også som ledefyr og havde brændetid fra 15. juli-15. maj. Der opstod dermed behov for en mere permanent bolig. Fyrboligen bygget  i træ på 8 x 6,3 m stod færdig i 1861. I 1875 blev et nyt lygtehus sat op på huset. Lampen var et 4. ordens linseapparat, med en styrke på 170  candela. Lyset var placeret 40,2 meter over havet og havde en rækkevidde på 9,5 nautiske mil. Den oprindelige fyrlygte mangler i dag optik.

Anlægget omfatter foruden fyrbygningen et udhus fra 1883. Landskabet omkring  fyret er stærkt kuperet og præget af rydninger, stengærder og græsfelter som fremdeles bliver afgræsset.

Fyret blev nedlagt som bemandet fyrstation i 1918 og erstattet af en fyrlygte omkring 50 meter væk. Fyrvogterbolig med fyrlygte, udhus og området omkring fyrstationen blev fredet af Riksantikvaren i 1998.

Litteratur

Kilder og henvisninger
 Norsk fyrhistorisk forening

Fyr i Vestland
Fredede bygninger i Norge
Austevoll

Øksehamaren fyr


SSRF may refer to:

 Server-side request forgery, a type of security exploit
 Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
 Small Scale Raiding Force, a British Commando unit during the Second World War

SSRF


Nipper (født 1884 i Bristol i Gloucester, England, død september 1895 i Kingston upon Thames) var en hund formentlig af racen Jack Russell-terrier eller måske foxterrier muligvis iblandet korthåret foxterrier eller Bullterrier.

Nipper var den hund, som er afbildet på etiketterne fra først Victor Talking Machine Company og senere His Master's Voice, Deutsches Grammophon og flere andre ældre grammofonplademærker, en etiket som har eksisteret siden 1899. Han kaldtes "Nipper" fordi han plejede at nappe besøgende i benene.

Nippers ejer begravede Nipper under et morbærtræ i Kingston upon Thames sydvest for London. I 1984, på hundredårsdagen for hans fødsel, opsatte His Master's Voice-selskabet en mindesplade på Eden Street nær Nippers grav.
Den 10 Marts 2010 blev en lille gade nær Nippers hvilested døbt "Nipper Alley" til ære for hunden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Berømte hunde
Grammofoner
Grammofonplader

Nipper


Der Bahnhof Luckau-Uckro (bis 1996 Uckro, in seinen ersten Betriebsjahren Uckro-Luckau) ist ein Bahnhof im Ortsteil Uckro der Stadt Luckau im Süden Brandenburgs. Er liegt an der Berlin-Dresdener Eisenbahn und fungierte als Knotenbahnhof mit der Dahme-Uckroer Eisenbahn und der Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn. Alle drei Bahnstrecken besaßen eigene Stationsgebäude. Diese sind erhalten geblieben, alle drei Gebäude stehen unter Denkmalschutz.

Lage

Der Bahnhof liegt am Streckenkilometer 76,0 (gezählt von Berlin) der Bahnstrecke Berlin–Dresden westlich des Zentrums des Luckauer Ortsteils Uckro im brandenburgischen Landkreis Dahme-Spreewald. Die Bahnstrecke verläuft hier annähernd in Nord-Süd-Richtung. Die eigentliche Stadt Luckau ist etwa acht Kilometer in östliche Richtung entfernt; die Stadt Dahme/Mark liegt etwa 13 Kilometer westlich. Er liegt östlich am Fuße des mit dem Niederlausitzer Landrücken beginnenden Lausitzer Grenzwalls, einem kleineren Höhenzug, den die Bahnstrecke südlich durchquert.

Geschichte

Ursprünglichen Planungen hatten eine Streckenführung der Berlin-Dresdener Eisenbahn über die Stadt Dahme vorgesehen, scheiterten jedoch am Widerstand des dortigen Bürgermeisters. Gleiches erzählt man von Luckau. So wurde die Strecke mit einem wegen der Höhenzüge um Uckro größeren Kostenaufwand gebaut. Am 17. Juni 1875 wurde der Bahnhof im Dorf Uckro zusammen mit der Strecke eröffnet. In seinem ersten Betriebsjahren trug er nach der nahegelegenen Stadt Luckau den Doppelnamen Uckro-Luckau. Luckau und Dahme erhielten Postkutschenverbindungen nach Uckro.

In den folgenden Jahren gab es erneut Planungen für einen Anschluss von Dahme an die Eisenbahn. Ein größeres regelspuriges Netz war in Planung, schließlich reduzierten sich die Aktivitäten auf eine Strecke Dahme – Uckro – Luckau. Nachdem auch die Stadt Luckau verzichtete, gründete sich am 21. Oktober 1884 die Dahme-Uckroer-Eisenbahn AG (DUE). Am 31. Juli 1886 ging die 12,6 Kilometer lange Strecke von Uckro nach Dahme in Betrieb.

In den 1890er-Jahren begannen Planungen für den Bau einer Bahnstrecke von Falkenberg über Uckro, Luckau nach Lübben. Die Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn (NLE) ging zwischen Luckau und Uckro am 20. Dezember 1897 in Betrieb, am 15. März folgte die Verlängerung nach Falkenberg sowie das Teilstück zwischen Lübben und Luckau. Die Strecke überquerte mehrere Kilometer südlich von Uckro die Hauptstrecke, die Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn erhielt einen eigenen Bahnhof östlich der Bahnanlagen der Staatsbahn.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden beide Privatbahnen von der Deutschen Reichsbahn übernommen. Im Oktober 1953 wurde der Bahnhof Uckro Ausgangspunkt einer der größten Fahndungspannen der Deutschen Volkspolizei der DDR, als fünf junge Männer aus der Tschechoslowakei, die Mašín-Brüder und drei ihrer Freunde, die bis heute entweder als antikommunistische Widerstandskämpfer oder als Kriminelle bezeichnet werden, auf dem Weg nach Westberlin nach einer Schießerei entkommen konnten. Ein Polizist, der örtliche ABV, kam dabei ums Leben. Nur zwei der fünf Flüchtigen wurden anschließend angeschossen gefasst.

Mit der beginnenden Berliner und deutschen Teilung Ende der 1940er Jahre wuchs die Bedeutung des Bahnhofs Uckro. Da die Dresdener Bahn nach West-Berlin führte, wechselten Züge in Uckro von der Hauptstrecke auf die Gleise der Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn, um über Lübben den Ostteil Berlins zu erreichen. Seit 1952 war die Dresdener Bahn über den Berliner Außenring mit Ost-Berlin verbunden. Dennoch wurde der Wechsel zwischen Dresdener Bahn und Niederlausitzer Bahn in Uckro bei Bauarbeiten, für den Güterverkehr oder aus militärischen Gründen zu DDR-Zeiten immer wieder rege genutzt.

Am 27. September 1981 wurde der Hauptbahnteil des Bahnhofs Uckro von Süden aus an das elektrische Netz angeschlossen. Der Streckenabschnitt bis Rangsdorf folgte wenig später, und 1983/84 wurde auch der elektrische Betrieb bis Berlin aufgenommen. Der Personenverkehr in Richtung Dahme war bereits am 3. Januar 1968 eingestellt worden. Der Güterverkehr blieb dort bis Anfang der 1990er Jahre in Betrieb, 1993 wurde die Strecke stillgelegt.

Auch die Bedeutung der Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn sank nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung. Der Güterverkehr wurde deutlich reduziert, die militärischen Gründe für leistungsfähige Umfahrungsstrecken waren nicht mehr vorhanden und im Personenverkehr wuchs die Konkurrenz durch das Auto. Im Februar 1995 wurde der Abschnitt zwischen Uckro und Luckau wegen des schlechten Gleiszustands gesperrt und der reguläre Personenverkehr nicht mehr aufgenommen. Zum 27. Mai 1995 wurde der Personenverkehr zwischen Uckro und Herzberg (Elster) vom Land Brandenburg abbestellt. Ein Jahr später endete am 1. Juni 1996 auch der Personenverkehr zwischen Luckau und Lübben, wodurch die Stadt Luckau ihren Eisenbahnanschluss verlor. Zeitgleich benannte man aber den Bahnhof Uckro in Luckau-Uckro um. Der Ort Uckro wurde erst 2002 in die Stadt Luckau eingemeindet.

Im Jahre 1998 übernahm die Deutsche Regionaleisenbahn die Strecke der Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn. Bis 2008 führte sie noch sporadischen saisonalen Verkehr durch. Seitdem wird die Strecke und der entsprechende Bahnhofsteil in Uckro nicht mehr genutzt, ist aber nicht formell stillgelegt.

Bis 2013 erfolgte ein Umbau des Bahnhofsvorplatzes. Hierbei wurden eine neue Bushaltestelle, 55 Park&Ride-Plätze sowie eine überdachte Fahrradanlage errichtet. Die Kosten betrugen 580.000 Euro. Zu Ostern 2013 wurde der neu gestaltete Bahnhofsvorplatz eingeweiht.

Das Bahnhofsgebäude der Berlin-Dresdener Eisenbahn sollte im Frühjahr 2013 versteigert werden.

Personenverkehr

Seit der Trennung des schnellen und des langsamen Personenverkehrs Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts war Uckro meist nur von Personenzügen bedient worden, Schnell- und Eilzüge hielten dort nur selten. Auf der Hauptbahn hielten 1939 täglich vier Personenzug- und ein Eilzugpaar; hinzu kamen je zwei Personenzüge und ein Eilzugpaar an Wochenenden. In Richtung Süden hielt damals auch ein D-Zug von Berlin nach Chemnitz im Bahnhof. Auf der NLE fuhren damals drei Zugpaare in Richtung Falkenberg und acht in Richtung Luckau. Auf der Strecke nach Dahme fuhren damals vier Personenzug- und drei von der Bahngesellschaft angebotenen Busse. Auch nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war das Angebot ähnlich. 1960 fuhren auf der Hauptbahn vier Personenzugpaare mit Halt in Uckro, Schnellzüge hielten dort nicht. Auf der NLE war das Angebot identisch zu dem von 1939, nach Dahme fuhren sechs (sonntags fünf Zugpaare). Mit Ausnahme der Ausdünnung und späteren Einstellung des Verkehrs nach Dahme blieb das Angebot bis in die 1990er Jahre auf ähnlichem Niveau.

Heute wird Uckro im Zweistundentakt von der Regional-Express-Linie RE 8 bedient. Die Züge fahren von Berlin nach Uckro und weiter über Doberlug-Kirchhain nach Elsterwerda. Wochentags fahren zusätzlich zu diesen im Berufsverkehr einzelne Züge des RE 8 von Berlin über Uckro nach Finsterwalde.

Anlagen

Die Bahnhofsanlage besteht aus drei nebeneinanderliegenden unabhängigen Bahnhöfen. Während sie in öffentlichen Fahrplänen allgemein alle als Uckro bezeichnet wurden, gab es betriebsintern für die Bahnhöfe der DUE und der NLE die Namen Uckro West bzw. Uckro Süd. Die Anlagen der Berlin-Dresdener Eisenbahn liegen etwas über dem Niveau des umliegenden Geländes. Die Gleisanlagen bestehen aus zwei Durchgangsgleisen und zwei außenliegenden Bahnsteiggleisen mit Außenbahnsteigen. Ein Tunnel verbindet beide Bahnsteige. Das Empfangsgebäude liegt östlich der Gleise, daran schließt sich der gepflasterte Bahnhofsvorplatz an. Auf der anderen Seite des Vorplatzes befindet sich das Empfangsgebäude und anschließend die Gleisanlagen der Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn. Die Anlagen der Dahme-Uckroer-Eisenbahn lagen auf der anderen Seite der Hauptbahn. Die Gleise dieser Bahn sind abgebaut. Der gesamte "Bahnhofskomplex Uckro" mit dem "Bahnhofsempfangsgebäude der Strecke Berlin-Dresden einschließlich Bahnhofsvorplatz, Bahnhofsempfangsgebäude der Niederlausitzer Eisenbahn, Bahnhofsempfangsgebäude der Strecke Dahme-Uckro mit Toilettenhaus" steht unter Denkmalschutz. Zum Komplex gehört auch ein "Wohnhaus für Bahnpersonal mit Stallgebäude (Nr. 5)" südlich des Bahnhofsvorplatzes.

Die Gleisanlagen der beiden privaten Bahnen waren relativ wenig umfangreich, da sich der betriebliche Mittelpunkt beider Strecken nicht in Uckro, sondern in Dahme bzw. Luckau befand. Die DUE verfügte nur über zwei Gleise am Empfangsgebäude; die NLE über fünf Gleise mit Ladestraße. Südlich des Personenverkehrsanlagen liegen die Verbindungsgleise von der Hauptbahn zu den Nebenbahn und die früheren Güterverkehrsanlagen der Hauptbahn.

Weblinks

 Webseite über die Geschichte und Aktivitäten rund um den Bahnhofskomplex Luckau-Uckro

Einzelnachweise

Luckau-Uckro
Baudenkmal in Luckau
Luckauuckro
Bauwerk in Luckau
Bahnstrecke Berlin–Dresden

Bahnhof Luckau-Uckro


Azaz (în  A'zāz) este un oraș din nord-vestul Siriei, fiind situat la aproximativ 32 de kilometri de nord-vestul Alepului. Potrivit Biroului Central de Statistică din Siria (CBS), Azazul avea o populație de 31.623 de locuitori în recensământul din 2004. Începând cu anul 2015, locuitorii săi erau aproape în întregime musulmani sunniți, în majoritate arabi, dar și kurzi și turkmeni.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Orașe din Siria

Azaz


Heusde ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Johann Adolf Karl van Heusde (1812–1878), niederländischer Philologe und Literaturwissenschaftler
 Philipp Wilhelm van Heusde (1778–1839), niederländischer Philosoph, Historiker, Philologe, Bibliothekar und Rhetoriker

Heusde


Son Kale, yönetmenliğini Rod Lurie'nin yaptığı 2001 çıkışlı Amerikan filmi. David Scarpa'nın, bir öykü tarzı romanı Son Kale, Graham Yost'un katılımıyla film senaryosu haline getirilmiş ve beyaz perdeye sunulmuştur. Orijinal adı, The Last Castle. Amerikan ordusu üst düzey subayları arasında yaşanan psikolojik harp, temasını işleyen filmin tamamı, tek bir mekanda geçer. Başrollerini, Robert Redford, James Gandolfini, Mark Ruffalo paylaşır.

Film, Fort Leavenworth'taki Birleşik Devletler Disiplin Kışlası'na dayanan bir askeri hapishanenin gardiyanı ile mahkumlar arasındaki bir mücadeleyi anlatıyor.

ABD Ordusu'ndan yüksel rütbeli bir Korgeneral, askeri mahkeme tarafından itaatsizlikten mahkum edilir ve mahkumlara kötü muamelesi nedeniyle cezaevi komutanı olan Albay'a meydan okur. Eski general, mahkumları seferber ettikten sonra hapishanenin kontrolünü ele geçirmeyi amaçlayan bir ayaklanmaya öncülük eder.

Film, 19 Ekim 2001'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde gösterime girdi. Eleştirmenlerden karışık eleştiriler aldı ve 72 milyon dolarlık bütçesine karşılık sadece 27 milyon dolar hasılat yapan bir gişe bombasıydı.

Filmin Konusu
ABD ordusunun, en ünlü taktik uzmanı general Eugene Irwin (Robert Redford), Körfez Savaşı ve Bosna'da gösterdiği başarılardan dolayı ülkesinde kahraman gözüyle bakılan, orduda saygı duyulan bir askerdir. Görev sırasında Burundi'deki bir göreve ABD askerlerini gönderme kararından (başkanlık emrini ihlal ederek) ve 8 askerin ölümüne sebebiyet vermekten on yıl hapse mahkûm edilir. Albay Winter'in emrindeki, Yüksek güvenlik sistemleri ile korunan Castle Askeri cezaevine kapatılır. Haksızlığa uğradığını düşünse de, cezaya razı gibi görünür. Aldığı bu ceza ile birlikte Askeri kariyeride sona eren general Irwin'in tek isteği, bir an önce bu süreyi doldurup eve dönmektir. Castle Askeri cezaevini Sert güvenlik önlemleriyle koruduğu bilinen albay Winter, general Irvini'nin, askeri kimliğine büyük bir hayranlık duymaktadır. Ancak Albay Winter, general Irwin'in çok değerli askeri eserler koleksiyonunu eleştirmesinden rahatsız olur. Hiç savaş görmemiş olan Winter, generalin eleştirilerine çok kızar. Hapishanede bulunan bazı mahkûmların general Irvin'e saygıyla yaklaşması müdür Winter'i rahatsız eder ve bu askerleri alışılmışın dışında, sadist bir şekilde cezalandırır. Irwin'in açıkça gördüğü saygıya gıpta eder. Buna bir anlam veremeyen Irwin, araştırmaları sonucu, hapishane yönetimi ile ilgili hoş olmayan sonuçlar bulur. Albay Winter'i görevinden aldırmak isteyen general Irwin, Askeri yasalara göre hapishane müdürünün görevinden alınması için, hapishanenin kendi kendini kontrol edemeyecek duruma gelmesinin yeterli olacağını iyi bilmektedir.

Mahkumlar, komutanı çileden çıkaran şifreli kelimeler ve jestler kullanarak Irwin'in etrafında askerler gibi davranmaya başlarlar. Winter, uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı çetesini işletmekten suçlu bulunan eski bir subay ve Apaçi helikopter pilotu olan Yates (Mark Ruffalo) adında bir anti-sosyal mahkuma ulaşır. Azaltılmış bir ceza karşılığında Yates'e Irwin'in planları hakkında bilgi vermesi için rüşvet verir. Komutana, Irwin'in hapishaneyi ele geçirmeyi planladığını ve ardından Amerikan bayrağı baş aşağı kaldıracağını bildirir.

Müdürün haksız tavırları karşısında çaresiz kalan mahkûm askerler, general Irwin'in başlattığı bir taktik sonucu komutası altına girerler.Kısa sürede bin iki yüz mahkûmu organize eden general Irwin ve Albay Winter'in arasında alışılagelmişin dışında, silahsız bir savaş başlar.

Oyuncular
 Robert Redford .... Korgeneral Eugene Irwin
 James Gandolfini .... Albay Winter
 Mark Ruffalo .... Yates
 Delroy Lindo .... Tuğgeneral Wheeler
 Steve Burton .... Yüzbaşı Peretz
 Paul Calderón .... Başçavuş Dellwo
 Clifton Collins, Jr. .... Onbaşı Aguilar
 Robin Wright Penn (geçmiyor) .... Rosalie Irwin, General'in kızı

Yapımı

Film esas olarak, daha önce The Green Mile ve Last Dance filmlerinde çekimler için kullanılmış olan ve Gotik ve şato benzeri görünümü nedeniyle seçilmiş olan Nashville'deki 103 yaşındaki eski Tennessee Eyalet Hapishanesinde çekildi.

150 kişilik bir ekip, dokuz haftalık bir süre içinde mevcut binaları yenilemek ve yeni binalar inşa etmek için çalıştı. 61 metre (200 ft) uzunluğunda ve 6 metre (20 ft) yüksekliğinde bir duvar inşa edildi ve hapishanenin girişi olarak kullanıldı. Muhafızlar için bir metal yürüme yolu ve iki kule de inşa edildi. Filmde, hapishane müdürünün mahkumları izleyebileceği geniş bir pencereye sahip bir ofis gerektiriyordu; bu, üretim ekibi tarafından yapıldı.Müdür Rod Lurie mahkumların hücrelerinin birbirine bakması konusunda ısrar etti, ancak Tennessee Eyalet Hapishanesinde durum böyle değildi. Yapım tasarımcısı Kirk Petruccelli, sorunu çözmek için hapishane yakınındaki bir depoda hücreler yarattı.

Eleştiriler
Amerikan sinemasının, birçok ödül sahibi oyuncu ve yönetmeni Robert Redford'un karşısında, televizyon dizisi The Sopranos da canlandırdığı 'Tony Soprano, karakteriyle Emmy ödülü alan James Gandolfini var. Eleştirmenler, James Gandolfini'yi albay Winter karakteriyle; Bu filmden yaklaşık bir ay sonra gösterime giren Casus oyunu(2001), filmi ile Akademi Ödülü alacak olan Robert Redford'dan, daha başarılı bulmuşlardır. Sinemaseverler tarafından da teması bi hayli ilginç bulununan film, yönetimi konusunda genelde; Eleştirilerden alıştığımız tabiri ile fazla amerikan bulunmuştu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 İnternet sitesi

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri romanlarından uyarlanan filmler
Jerry Goldsmith'in müziğini yaptığı filmler
Hapishane filmleri
2000'lerde İngilizce filmler
2001 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Son Kale


Creatina este un compus organic cu formula (H2N)(HN)CN(CH3)CH2CO2H. Prezintă mai multe structuri, așa-numiții tautomeri în soluție.

În organismul vertebratelor se găsește îndeosebi sub formă fosforilată și facilitează refacerea adenozin trifosfatului (ATP), în principal în țesuturile musculare și cerebrale. Refacerea se realizează prin transformarea adenozin difosfatului (ADP) înapoi în ATP prin donarea de grupări fosfat de la fosfocreatină. Creatina acționează ca un tampon.

Note

Guanidine
Aminoacizi
Suplimente alimentare

Creatină


Chiltern District was one of four local government districts of Buckinghamshire in south central England from 1974 to 2020.  It was named after the Chiltern Hills on which the region sits.

The main towns in the district were Amersham and Chesham which are both served by London Underground's Metropolitan line.

History

It was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the Chesham Urban District and surrounding Amersham Rural District. In 1988 it was the first Council to take up stock transfer. 4,650 homes were transferred.

The district was abolished on 31 March 2020 and its area is now part of the unitary Buckinghamshire Council.

Parishes
The parishes that made up Chiltern District were:

 Amersham
 Ashley Green
 Chalfont St Giles
 Chalfont St Peter
 Chartridge
 Chenies
 Chesham
 Chesham Bois
 Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards
 Coleshill
 Great Missenden
 Latimer
 Little Chalfont
 Little Missenden
 Penn
 Seer Green
 The Lee

See also the list of civil parishes in Buckinghamshire

Premises
Chiltern District Council was initially based at the former Amersham Rural District Council offices at Elmodesham House, 42 High Street, Amersham, with the former Chesham Urban District Council's offices at 8082 The Broadway, High Street, Chesham serving as additional office space. In 1986 the council consolidated its offices into a purpose-built headquarters on King George V Road in Amersham, remaining there until its abolition in 2020.

Transport
Along with the Aylesbury Vale district, Chiltern contains no motorways except for a very small section of the M25 in the south-eastern corner. The major roads through the district are the A413 and the A404, the two meeting in Amersham. Railway services are provided by Chiltern Railways and London Underground's Metropolitan line. The Great Central Main Line carried traffic between London and Manchester until 1966, the section to Aylesbury is all that remains, and is now part of the London to Aylesbury Line. The railway stations in the district are; Great Missenden, Amersham, Chalfont and Latimer and Chesham, the furthest tube station from London.

Law and order
Chiltern District fell within the Thames Valley Police area, with police stations in Amersham and Chesham.

Neighbourhood policing priorities were set on a quarterly cycle, at a public meeting.  This was done in conjunction with Chiltern District Council's Community Safety Team and Chiltern Community Forum, and in line with the obligation to consult laid down by the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011.  In advance of the meeting, residents were invited to make their views and priorities known through a very short survey. Results from the survey were aggregated and presented at the meeting, and votes taken on the coming quarter's priorities.

The Magistrates' Court in Amersham was closed with its jurisdiction reassigned but reopened as a Crown Court dealing with either-way and more serious alleged offences.

Home ownership and quality of rural life
The district had the highest proportion of home ownership of the 18 local authorities in Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire: combining the social (housing association and local authority provided) and private rented sectors, Stevenage's returns recorded in 2011 that its rented sector comprised 33.2% of its housing, whereas 10.0% of Chiltern's residents rented their homes.

In May 2008, the district was assessed by Bank of Scotland, Halifax division as having the best rural quality of life anywhere in Britain.

Energy consumption
In May 2006, a report commissioned by British Gas showed that housing in Chiltern produced the 4th highest average carbon emissions in the country at 7,421 kg of carbon dioxide per dwelling.

References

External links

List of organisations within the district

Former non-metropolitan districts of Buckinghamshire
Districts of England established in 1974
2020 disestablishments in England

Chiltern District


Cordova este un orășel aflat lângă gura râului Copper, Valdez–Cordova Census Area, Alaska, America.

Demografie
Conform recensământului american din 2010, 2.239 de oameni sălășluiesc în Cordova.
<div style="float:left">

Orașe din Alaska

Cordova, Alaska


Sunak ya da altar, adak adanan ve kurban kesilen dini yapı. Özellikle antik dinlerde yaygın olan Sunaklar, Musevilik ve Hristiyanlıkta da önemli bir yere sahiptir. Sunaklar, mimari açıdan da önemli yapılardır. Antik dinlerden kalan sunak yıkıntıları, dinlerin ayinsel özelliklerini ve ibadet geleneğini öğrenmek açısından çeşitli ipuçları taşır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Antependium
 Stipes

Dış bağlantılar
 Altars (in Scripture), Catholic Encyclopedia (İngilizce)
 Set up a Hindu Puja Altar (İngilizce)

Kilise Binası Katolik Kilisesi

Sunak


Arceo steht für:
 Arceo (Boimorto), eine Gemeinde im nordspanischen Galicien

Arceo ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 María Arceo (* 1965), kubanische Softballspielerin
 Norberto Arceo (* 1943), philippinischer Radrennfahrer
 Sergio Méndez Arceo (1907–1992), mexikanischer Geistlicher, römisch-katholischer Bischof

Arceo


Gilbert "Gil" Scott-Heron (n. 1 aprilie 1949 – d. 27 mai 2011) a fost un cântăreț american de muzică soul și poet de jazz, muzician și autor, cunoscut pentru poemele rostite prin cântec în anii '70 și '80, prin care aborda problemele sociale și politice ale vremii. Se considera un "bluesologist", definindu-se drept "un om de știință care se ocupa de găsirea originilor blues-ului". Piesele sale, printre care Pieces of a Man, Winter in America, Home Is Where The Hatred Is și The Revolution Will Not Be Televised au influențat genuri precum hip hop și neo soul.

În 2012 i s-a acordat post-mortem Premiul Grammy pentru întreaga carieră.

Discografie

Albume de studio

Note

Legături externe

Site oficial
Gil Scott-Heron la Discogs

Nașteri în 1949
Nașteri pe 1 aprilie
Rapperi americani
Cântăreți de muzică soul americani
Muzicieni din statul Tennessee
Muzicieni ai Arista Records
Câștigătorii premiilor Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
Absolvenți ai Johns Hopkins University
Decese pe 27 mai
Decese în 2011
Cântăreți din statul Illinois
Oameni din Chicago, Illinois

Gil Scott-Heron


උපාලි රාජපක්ෂ (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Upali Rajapakse)  නොරොච්චෝලේ තාප බලාගාරයේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ, චිත්‍රපටයේ නිෂ්පාදක, 'එෆ් ඇන්ඞ් ජී. පෞද්ගලික සමාගමේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ

උපාලි රාජපක්ෂ' කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ගාමනි

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු වෙළඳ ව්‍යාපාර නියමුවන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

උපාලි රාජපක්ෂ