Richelieu was a French fast battleship, the lead ship of the . Built as a response to the Italian , the Richelieus were based on their immediate predecessors of the  with the same unconventional arrangement that grouped their main battery forward in two quadruple gun turrets. They were scaled up to accommodate a much more powerful main battery of eight  guns (compared to the  guns of the Dunkerques), with increased armor to protect them from guns of the same caliber. Richelieu was laid down in 1935 and was launched in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe. As war with Germany became increasingly likely, work on the ship was rushed to prepare her for commissioning in April 1940.

Completed just days before the Germans won the Battle of France in June, Richelieu fled to Dakar in French West Africa to keep her under French control. There, she came under repeated British attacks that had been intended to either compel the battleship to join the Free French Naval Forces or sink her; these included during Operation Catapult in July 1940 and the Battle of Dakar in September. Damaged in both attacks, the ship was slowly repaired before eventually being turned over to Free French control after the Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942. After being sent to the United States for repairs and an extensive modernization, the ship served with the British Home Fleet in early 1944 before being deployed to the Eastern Fleet for operations against the Japanese in the Indian Ocean. These included several bombardment operations and in May 1945 she was present during the Battle of the Malacca Strait, though she was too far away to engage the Japanese force.

Richelieu was part of the force that liberated Singapore after the Japanese surrender in September, and she later operated in French Indochina as part of the initial effort to restore French colonial rule. Recalled to France in December 1945, she was repaired and modernized slightly in 1946. The ship saw relatively limited training in the immediate postwar years and, in 1952, she was removed from active service for use as a gunnery training ship. In 1956, she was placed in reserve and was thereafter used as a stationary training vessel and barracks ship until 1967, when the French Navy decided to discard her. She was sold for scrap in 1968, and broken up in Italy from 1968 to 1969.

Design

When in 1934 Italy announced that it would begin building two s armed with  guns, the French Navy immediately began preparations to counter them. The small s that had been ordered provided the template for the next French battleship design, but it needed to be scaled up to match the new Italian vessels, both in terms of offensive and defensive characteristics. The design staff considered 380 and  guns, but the latter could not be incorporated in a design that remained within the  limit imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty and was quickly discarded. The Dunkerques carried their armament in two quadruple gun turrets arrayed in a superfiring pair forward of the superstructure, and the designers experimented with other arrangements, including combinations of triple and twin turrets, but the need to minimize the length of the armor belt (and thus its weight) necessitated the Dunkerque layout.

Richelieu displaced  standard and  fully loaded, with an overall length of , a beam of  and a maximum draft of . She was powered by four Parsons geared steam turbines and six oil-fired Sural water-tube boilers, which developed a total of  and yielded a maximum speed of . At a cruising speed of , the ship could steam for . Her crew numbered 1,569 officers and men. The ship carried four Loire 130 seaplanes on the quarterdeck, and the aircraft facilities consisted of a steam catapult and a crane to handle the floatplanes.

She was armed with eight 380 mm/45 Modèle (Mle) 1935 guns arranged in two quadruple gun turrets, both of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward of the superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of nine  /55 Mle 1930 guns mounted in three triple turrets, arranged on the rear superstructure. Heavy anti-aircraft (AA) defense consisted of twelve  /45 Mle 1930 anti-aircraft guns in twin turrets. Close range anti-aircraft defense was provided by a battery of eight  guns in twin mounts and twenty  machine guns in four quadruple and two twin mounts. The ship's belt armor was  thick amidships, and the main battery turrets were protected by  of armor plate on the faces. The main armored deck was  thick, and the conning tower had  thick sides.

Service

Construction
The contract for Richelieu was awarded to the Arsenal de Brest on 31 August 1935, and the keel for the new ship was laid down on 22 October in the No. 4 dock that had recently built . The slipway was not long enough to accommodate the entire length of the new battleship, and so the hull had to be built in pieces. The main section of the hull, which amounted to , was built on the slipway, while a  length of the bow and an  length of her stern were built elsewhere and attached after the rest of the ship was launched on 17 January 1939. The French decision to lay down Richelieu in 1935 put the country in violation of the Washington Treaty, which was to expire on 31 December 1936, as the combined tonnage of the two Dunkerques and Richelieu exceeded the  that had been allotted to France during the moratorium on new battleship construction. France used the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which Britain had unilaterally signed with Germany in June 1935 to dismiss British objections to the new ship, though they nevertheless slowed construction of Richelieu to ease British concerns. Work was also slowed by strikes in the shipyards for better pay and working conditions.

By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the hull had been assembled; the start of the war led the naval command to decide to slow work on other, less complete vessels to focus efforts on Richelieu and her sister ship . The ship began initial testing on 15 October while still fitting-out in an effort to rush the ship into service; the same day, the ship's first commander, Capitaine de vaisseau (CV—Ship-of-the-line captain) Marzin came aboard. Engine testing began on 14 January 1940, and a week later her main battery was completed when the last barrel was installed. Further engine testing was carried out between 31 March and 7 April; during this period, she was commissioned on 1 April. Formal acceptance trials began on 14 April. Repair work was conducted in Brest from 19 to 27 May, and fire control equipment for the main and secondary batteries were installed. Richelieu conducted full-power trials on 13 June, reaching  from , exceeding her design performance. Test firings of the guns were conducted on 13 and 14 June. Work on the ship was completed on 15 June 1940, days before France surrendered to Germany after the Battle of France.

World War II

Under Vichy control: 1940–1942
With German troops advancing across France by mid-June, the Navy decided to evacuate Richelieu to Dakar in French West Africa; while earlier plans had been to send the fleet to British ports to continue the war, when the possibility of a negotiated armistice arose, the government decided that the fleet would be a useful bargaining chip. As a result, vessels should be preserved under French control, away from German occupation. At 06:45, the ship took on a load of ammunition and fuel, though she received only 198 quarter charges of propellant for her main battery, which amounted to powder sufficient for 49 shots. Material that had not yet been installed was also hastily loaded onto the ship, to be fitted once Richelieu reached the safety of Dakar. She also took aboard gold reserves from the Bank of France and 250 cadets from the École Navale (Naval Academy). There was insufficient time to allow the full complement to assemble and board the ship, and at 04:00 the next morning, Richelieu got underway while German troops approached Brest. Richelieu steamed in company with the destroyers  and  while German aircraft made several ineffective attacks against the ships. The battleship's anti-aircraft guns returned fire without success. Initially cruising at a speed of , boiler trouble forced the ships to decrease speed to . The motors for her rudder also repeatedly broke down on the voyage, though the crew was able to repair them. While cruising off Casablanca, French Morocco at 17:00 on 20 June, the torpedo boats were detached to refuel, their place being taken by the new destroyer . The two vessels then proceeded on to Dakar, where they arrived at 17:44 on 23 June.

On arriving in Dakar, an uneasy situation confronted Richelieu while armistice negotiations were still underway. The commander of French naval forces in the region, Contre-amiral (CA—Rear Admiral) Plançon and the governor-general of French West Africa, Léon Cayla, were inclined to remain in the war against Germany. Also, significant British naval units were in the area, including the aircraft carrier  moored in Dakar and the British South Atlantic Squadron, which was nearby. At the same time, Richelieu had used half of her fuel to escape Brest, and she could perform little sustained firing of her main or secondary guns. Admiral François Darlan, the Chief of Staff of the French Navy, sent a telegraph on the night of 23–24 June to warn Marzin that the British might attack the vessel to neutralize it in the event of a French surrender, and ordered him to begin preparations to scuttle the ship if the need arose. Meanwhile, on 23 June, the British heavy cruiser  departed Freetown to observe Richelieus activities in Dakar.

On 25 June, Marzin received word that the French government had signed the Armistice with Germany. Darlan instructed him that the ship was to remain under French control, and if that proved to be impossible, he was to scuttle the ship or attempt to escape to the then-neutral United States. Marzin decided that, given the threat of British warships in the area, the best course of action was to try to escape to Casablanca and join the French fleet there, and so at 14:30 Richelieu got underway in company with Fleuret. Hermes raised anchor as well and began to follow Richelieu with her Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers on her flight deck, but the coastal artillery trained their guns on the ship, convincing Hermes commander to return to port. Dorsetshire nevertheless shadowed Richelieu while she was at sea. The next morning, Darlan, who feared that Marzin was trying to defect to the Free French forces, ordered him to return to Dakar. Marzin complied and turned the ships back to port, but while on the way, he received amended orders instructing him to wait some  north of Cape Verde to escort the 1st Division of Armed Merchant Cruisers to Dakar, as they were carrying another load of gold reserves from the Bank of France. Richelieu failed to make contact at the prescribed rendezvous point, and since she had not embarked any of her floatplanes before fleeing Brest, she could not conduct an aerial search. Marzin instead returned to Dakar on 28 June; the convoy arrived, having been significantly delayed, on 4 July.

After returning to port, work began to prepare the ship for action as quickly as possible. Marzin ordered that a stockpile of 330 mm propellant charges that had been stocked for the battleship  before France's surrender to be converted into charges that were usable by Richelieu. The secondary guns were readied for action ten days later, but they lacked a director capable of tracking aerial targets, so they could be used against surface ships only. Under the terms of the armistice, Richelieu was to be returned to Toulon, where she would be demobilized, though the Germans later decided against permitting the move, as they feared the British would try to seize the ship during the passage through the Strait of Gibraltar; the British, meanwhile, were under the mistaken impression that the Germans sought to seize the French fleet for their own use. This led to Operation Catapult, a series of attacks on French warships to neutralize vessels that would not defect to the Free French.

British attack on 8 July 1940 and repairs

The component of Catapult that targeted Richelieu consisted of the carrier Hermes, which joined the cruisers  and Dorsetshire off Dakar. On 4 July, the day after the British had attacked Mers-el-Kébir, Plançon ordered the submarines  and  to attack Dorsetshire while it cruised off the port. He also instructed the coastal batteries to open fire if she closed to within , though Dorsetshire remained at a distance. Marzin moved Richelieu to a position near the island of Gorée, pointed south so that the ship's main battery could aim at any vessels that approached Dakar. The British had intended to send Force H to Dakar after the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, but the need to return to destroy Dunkerque forced the British to resort to Hermes; on 7 July, the sloop  was sent to contact Plançon and issue the ultimatum to either surrender his ship to British control or be sunk.

Marzin prepared his ship to sortie the next morning; he intended to use the eight rounds loaded in his main guns to attack Hermes. Other forces in Dakar were put on alert and Le Héros again sortied to assist in the attack. While the French preparations were ongoing, the British sent a motorboat from Milford to drop four depth charges under Richelieus stern to disable her screws, though this attempt failed. At 04:15, a group of Swordfish launched from Hermes as Richelieu was about to get underway. One of their torpedoes struck the ship aft on the starboard side and tore a hole that was  between the propeller shafts. The resulting shock disabled many of the ship's systems. Two of her fire control directors were knocked off their tracks, the starboard propeller shafts were bent, and the blast caused significant flooding. Damage control teams pumped fuel out of the bunkers to counteract the loss of buoyancy aft and the ship was towed into port for repairs. Anti-torpedo nets were set up around the vessel, which had taken on some  of water and at low tide rested on the harbor bottom.

Later that afternoon, tankers came alongside and began pumping oil out of the ship's bunkers to reduce her draft, but water continued to leak into the hull through the cable tunnels. Pumps attached to the ship helped to control the flooding, but the hoses repeatedly pulled loose as Richelieu rose and fell with the waves. To further complicate the effort to repair the ship, Dakar lacked a dry dock sufficient to accommodate Richelieu; the battleship could not simply be drained and plated over. Instead, damaged bulkheads had to be patched and pumped out individually; by 28 August, some  of water remained aboard the ship. Heavy use of the pumps caused frequent breakdowns, which further slowed work. In his report on the attack and subsequent repairs, Marzin criticized faulty design and construction practices that hindered damage control efforts, including insufficient pumping equipment, poor quality control for the welding of bulkheads, and a failure to ensure that critical components like the turret trunks were watertight.

While work to control and reverse the flooding was ongoing, other repairs were necessary to return the ship to operational status. The fire-control directors needed to be re-seated in their tracks, wiring that had been damaged by flooding or leaking fuel oil had to be replaced, and several of the electrical generators, which had been badly shaken by the blast, needed to be rebuilt. Given the limited ability to repair the damage to the ship, Marzin focused efforts on ensuring that the main and secondary batteries could be effectively used, even if the ship could only be employed as a static floating battery against an expected second attack from British forces. Amiral (Admiral) Jean de Laborde flew to Dakar to conduct an inspection and help to organize the defenses. As part of these preparations, both Plançon and Cayla, who were suspected of being pro-British, were removed from their posts, with Plançon's place taken by CA Platon and then CA Landriau.

Workers in the local shipyard scavenged metal from other ships in the harbor to fabricate an  square patch to cover the torpedo hole, which was planned to be installed by 10 September. This would allow the rear magazines for the 152 mm and 37 mm guns to be drained. At the same time, the shipyard began building a steel cofferdam around the ship that was to have been completed by late October, which would allow the rest of the hull to be pumped dry. With the hull pumped out, permanent repairs were to have been completed by January 1941. While this work was being carried out, the crew cleaned and painted the ship and continued to work on readying the armament. A total of 150 complete charges for the main battery were created by remanufacturing the stockpile intended for Strasbourg. Parts of the crew were dispersed for other tasks: 106 were sent to man the armed merchant cruisers in the harbor, whose reservist crews had to be demobilized, and the 64-man crew of the forward gun turret were sent to man the coastal battery at Cap Manuel. After another 132 reservists from Richelieu were demobilized, a total of 1,039 officers and men were left aboard the ship. The 100-, 37-, and 13.2 mm guns were kept manned continuously given the threat of further British air attacks.

Battle of Dakar

While repairs were being carried out in August, the British began preparations for another attack, code-named Operation Menace. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sought to use a contingent of Free French forces led by Charles de Gaulle to invade the colony and seize the ship for use against Germany. By late August, a convoy had been assembled with five ships carrying weapons and supplies got underway, later rendezvousing with a second convoy of six troop ships carrying some 2,400 Free French soldiers and 4,270 British soldiers. The naval support force consisted of the aircraft carrier  and the battleships  and , along with four cruisers and numerous other warships. The plan called for de Gaulle to use his French forces to attempt to secure the colony, only calling on British support if the Vichy forces resisted him. At the same time, several French colonies in Africa defected to Free France, prompting the Vichy government to secure authorization from the German Armistice Commission to send several light cruisers and destroyers to reinforce their holdings in Africa, designated Force Y. Owing to the risk of encountering British vessels on the passage, the destroyers were temporarily left in Casablanca while the three cruisers, carrying supplies and additional men to crew the coastal batteries, raced south at high speed. They reached Dakar on 14 September, and after disembarking the men and supplies, continued on south to French Equatorial Africa (in what is now present-day Gabon).

The British believed that the arrival of Force Y indicated that the French were aware of Operation Menace, but de Gaulle decided to proceed with the attack regardless. While Force Y steamed south, two of the three cruisers were intercepted by British cruisers and forced to fall back to Dakar, arriving there again on 20 September, by which time the destroyers had arrived. On 22 September, the liner  was due to arrive with a load of 380 mm shells, and as a result, French search aircraft were arrayed to the north to cover the liner's approach; they were completely surprised by the arrival of the Anglo-Free French force on the morning of 23 September. A small party of Free French troops sent to rally the port to de Gaulle was repulsed with machine-gun fire and Richelieus 100 mm guns fired warning shots toward the Free French aviso  shortly after 07:00. On the approach of the sloops  and  at 08:10, Richelieu again fired warning shots from her 100 mm guns. The British warships approached the port and came under fire from the coastal batteries, leading the Anglo-Free French commanders, de Gaulle and Vice Admiral John Cunningham to conclude that they would have to directly attack the port if the operation was to succeed.

Barham and Resolution opened fire on Richelieu at 11:05, but poor visibility hampered the British shooting and they checked fire after twenty minutes, having inflicted only splinter damage to the cruiser  and the destroyer . The French coastal batteries hit several of the cruisers and destroyers, but Richelieu was moored facing north, which prevented her from taking part in the initial duel. After the British withdrew, Marzin used tugboats to turn the ship far enough to enable her to bring her main battery to bear. The defenses of Dakar were now alerted. The Free French then attempted to land further east at Rufisque, but were repulsed. The British and Free French withdrew to regroup for another attack the next day. Between 06:25 and 08:00 on 24 September, the British launched three strikes with Swordfish and Blackburn Skua bombers. They scored no hits on Richelieu because of poor visibility, and near-misses caused no damage. In return, Richelieus gunners claimed three of the six aircraft that were shot down, and damaged another. Ninety minutes later, the British battleships and two heavy cruisers approached and fired their 380 mm main batteries at Richelieu.

Richelieu returned fire at 09:40, but her No. 7 gun was destroyed by a shell that detonated in the barrel and the No. 8 gun was also badly damaged. This was first traced to the use of the remanufactured propellant from Strasbourg, but a later inquiry in 1941 found the explosions were caused by a flaw in the design of the shell base. Guns 5 and 6 remained in action but failed to score any hits. At 09:57, one of Richelieus secondary guns hit Barham. In return, the British ships inflicted only minor splinter damage before breaking off at 10:07. The French had counted some 160 shells landing near the ship. The French laid smoke screens to obscure Richelieu before the British returned to the action at 12:53, initially targeting a destroyer before bombarding the port for the next 30 minutes. Richelieu was not hit and, from 12:56, she fired guns 5 and 6 at the British cruisers, quickly straddling one of them and convincing them to disengage. She fired four 380 mm shells at Barham at 13:11–13:12 but failed to score a hit, though both British battleships were hit several times by coastal batteries. After disengaging for the day, de Gaulle decided to abandon the operation, but Cunningham convinced him to allow a final attempt the next morning. In the meantime, Marzin decided to transfer the crews from turret 2 to turret 1, which also required moving the shells and propellant between magazines.

As the British approached on the morning of 25 September, Marzin decided to engage Barham with his main battery and Resolution with his 152 mm guns. While the British were approaching their bombardment positions, Richelieu shot down a reconnaissance plane shortly before 07:00. She opened fire at 09:04 with her main battery, firing two shots that fell short, and the coastal guns and Force Y cruisers followed suit shortly thereafter. While the British battleships were turning to unmask their rear guns, the submarine  torpedoed and badly damaged Resolution. Barham avoided the torpedoes and opened fire, quickly straddling Richelieu and at 09:15, she scored a hit amidships that penetrated above the side armor, causing no casualties. In return, Richelieu hit Barham in the bow, causing minor damage. At 09:25, the British disengaged to cover Resolutions withdrawal. After the British left, the gun crew attempted to clear the shells that had been loaded in guns 5 and 6 and the shell in No. 5 also exploded, leaving No. 6 the only operable gun in the turret. In total, French warships in the harbor lost 100 dead and 182 wounded, with another 84 killed and 197 wounded among the civilian population.

From 29 September, the battlecruiser  and escorting destroyers were detached from Force H to patrol off Dakar, as the British believed Richelieu would be transferred to metropolitan France for repairs. The British ships remained in the area until 1 October when it became clear the ship would not be moved.

Repairs and defection to Free France

Repair work resumed immediately. The hit from Barham did little serious damage to the ship, but it nevertheless caused extensive deformation of interior bulkheads, the armor deck was forced down where the shell hit it, and the uptakes from the boilers were damaged. Wiring in the area was also cut by fragments and needed to be replaced. On 10 October, the workers attempted to attach the patch that had been manufactured, but it did not work; it did not create a watertight seal, which meant the compartments could not be pumped out. The patch was abandoned in the hopes that the cofferdam, then nearing completion, would work. The cofferdam was modeled to conform to the hull and was built with an interior void that could be used as a ballast tank so it could be floated in position and sunk in place. The cofferdam was ready by late December, which allowed the hull to be pumped dry and then sealed with welded plates and cement; the hull was finally sealed by 28 February 1941. Further repairs were hampered by the German Armistice Commission, which attempted to slow progress to prevent the ship from returning to full operational status. They blocked the shipment of new guns or a new propeller shaft, and severely constrained the transfer of other equipment. During this period, on 27 February, CV Deramond replaced Marzin as the ship's commander.

As repairs were carried out, the ship saw little activity through late 1942 apart from engaging unidentified aircraft on 28 July and 29 September 1941 and 26 February and 12 May 1942. During this period, in April 1941, the ship received the first radar set installed on a French battleship. And in July, her Loire seaplanes finally arrived; tests with the catapults were conducted in October. On 10 April 1942, the ship conducted a test firing with gun No. 6 to demonstrate that the shell design problem had been corrected; all six shells were fired without incident. On 8 November, American and British forces landed in French North Africa (code-named Operation Torch), which prompted the Germans to invade the rest of Vichy France, which in turn led Darlan to defect to the Allies with the rest of the fleet.

The United States Navy sent a group to evaluate the ships under Darlan's control to determine which should be modernized in the United States. The only French battleship still in service, Richelieu was an obvious candidate. The US Navy had not initially been interested in repairing Richelieu; while the Germans and Italians retained a number of powerful battleships, the United States had recently commissioned or would soon complete eight fast battleships, more than sufficient to cover US requirements for the Pacific War and to send to Europe to reinforce the Royal Navy. In addition, repairing and modernizing a ship the size of Richelieu would require significant resources that could be used for other purposes. But pressure from Britain and the Free French convinced the Navy to agree to the project. For France, she was the only surviving modern battleship and thus a major symbol of national prestige, while the British had long sought to acquire the vessel to stiffen the Mediterranean Fleet, which at that time had just two new battleships to oppose their three Italian counterparts.

She ran sea trials from 25 to 29 January 1943 to evaluate the state of her engines, which had not been used since July 1940. Her aircraft facilities and anti-aircraft armament were removed during the evaluation period, as they would be replaced by US equipment. On 30 January, she departed Dakar with Montcalm, bound for New York City, where both vessels would be modernized. Richelieu steamed at a speed of  and her rudder had to be held to seven degrees to account for the hull deformation. The ships arrived on 11 February and on the 18th, Richelieu was taken into Dock No. 5 at the Brooklyn Navy Yard to begin the modernization.

Free-French career: 1943–1945

Refit in New York City
Political tensions between the United States and France played a major role in determining how much Richelieu would be modernized. The US Navy refused to transfer the latest radar equipment on the basis that it was too sensitive to be released. As a result, much of the improvement was limited to the installation of a new anti-aircraft battery of the latest US weapons and auxiliary equipment in addition to a thorough overhaul and permanent repairs to the torpedo damage. Three shifts of workers, totaling some 2,000 men, worked on the ship twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, for five months to rush the ship back into service. The modifications to the ship increased her displacement by about . While the ship was being modernized, CV Lambert replaced Deramont as the ship's commander on 29 April.

The ship's armament required extensive repairs and modifications to bring Richelieu up to modern standards. First, three of the eight main battery guns had to be replaced, which required removing the turret roof. Since the gun cradles were undamaged, the guns were simply replaced by barrels taken from Jean Bart, which had been recovered at Casablanca during Operation Torch. The shell handling equipment of both the primary and secondary guns was thoroughly overhauled, with wiring being replaced and the shell and propellant lifts being rebuilt—the latter had never been made to function correctly while the ship was in Dakar. Ammunition for the primary and secondary guns was now a problem, as the source, factories in France, was occupied by German forces. Drawings of the plans for the 380 mm shells were prepared in Dakar and forwarded to the United States, where a contract to produce 930 shells was ordered from Crucible Steel. American 6-inch/47 Mk 16 shells were used as a starting point to supply the 152 mm guns, as they were the same caliber and required relatively minor modifications for use in the French weapons.

Her 100 mm guns were retained, but her light anti-aircraft battery now consisted of fifty-six  Bofors guns in quadruple mounts, all placed with their own Mk 51 gun director. These were arranged with two abreast the superfiring turret, two on either side of the forward tower, another two per side of the aft tower, and the remaining four on the quarterdeck, where the aircraft catapults had been. These guns were supplemented with fifty  Oerlikon cannons, all in individual or twin mounts. Nine were placed on the forecastle aft of the breakwater, four were mounted on the superfiring turret, nine were placed on the former aircraft hangar, with the rest dispersed around the superstructure, including on the towers and the shelter deck.

Richelieus tower foremast was heavily reconfigured; the upper main battery director, which had never been operational and had been removed to allow the ship to clear the Brooklyn Bridge, was left off. In its place, the radome for the SF surface search radar was installed, along with the mattress antenna for the SA-2 air search radar; these were short-range sets that had been designed for small craft, the SA-2 intended for PT boats. Most of the command spaces in the tower were converted for other uses. The fire control systems for the main battery had to be replaced and those for the secondary guns were repaired with new wiring and telephones. The ship's original Anschütz gyrocompasses were replaced with Sperry models. The ship's propulsion system was thoroughly overhauled: the turbines were thoroughly repaired and the boilers were re-tubed. Much of the wiring throughout the ship was replaced, and a degaussing cable was installed.

To repair the hull, the concrete was broken up and removed, the sections that had been most badly damaged by the torpedo were stripped of all fittings, and deformed bulkheads and plating were cut out. After more than two and a half years without being dry-docked in a tropical port, the hull needed maintenance beyond simply repairing the torpedo damage, though given the conditions to which it had been subjected, it was in fairly good condition. It was sandblasted and those sections of plating that exhibited pitting had new plates welded over the top. The starboard propeller shafts also required repairs: the mounting brackets were straightened, but the inboard shaft was too badly damaged and had to be replaced. Bethlehem Steel fabricated a replacement that was installed in June. The bottom row of portholes were closed off, as the increase in displacement pushed them closer to the waterline.

[[File:USS New Jersey (BB-62) and French battleship Richelieu at anchor on 7 September 1943 (80-G-204842).jpg|thumb|Richelieu (left distance) encounters the American battleship  at anchor in Hampton Roads on 7 September 1943 during New Jersey'''s training ahead of Pacific deployment.]]
Beginning in late August and continuing into mid-September, Richelieu began firing trials in the Chesapeake Bay; firing the main battery forward on 29 August revealed the need for a blast screen to protect the forecastle 20 mm guns, as the test accidentally destroyed two of the guns and their ammunition lockers. With her normal displacement now at  and her hull slightly bowed (possibly caused by the torpedo hit), Richelieu began machinery trials in late September. On 25 September, the ship reached her new top speed of , cruising at that speed for thirty minutes, despite the deformation of her hull and the significant increase in displacement. The following day, she steamed for six hours at , for two hours at , and finally for fifty minutes at .

As completed, the ship's displacement had grown to  normally and  fully loaded; draft correspondingly increased to  and , respectively. Compared to her original wartime crew of 1,569 officers and men, Richelieu was now to be manned by a total of 1,930, amounting to 86 officers, 287 petty officers, and 1,557 men. The major increase in complement was largely the result of the additional anti-aircraft guns and radar systems. The ship conducted further trials into October, and on the 14th the ship was finally ready to get underway for European waters.

In European waters

Escorted by the destroyers  and , Richelieu departed the US on 14 October, nominally bound for Gibraltar. The destroyers departed while underway, allowing Richelieu to keep up a speed of  in heavy seas. The ship stopped in the Azores, Portugal, where she met the French destroyers  and  and the British destroyer , which was limited to a speed of ; Active quickly left the group, which proceeded not to Gibraltar, but to Mers El Kébir. There, she replenished supplies; it had been intended to deploy the ship with the Mediterranean Fleet, but Italy had surrendered in September, removing the threat posed by the Italian Littorio-class battleships. Richelieu was instead sent north to join the Home Fleet, which included the four surviving s. When Richelieu departed the Mediterranean, Cunningham, now the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, recommended to the Admiralty that she be fitted with gunnery radars. The ship was escorted by the destroyers  and , and on arrival in Scapa Flow, Admiral Bruce Fraser, the Home Fleet commander, inspected the battleship on 24 November. Work began immediately on installing a Type 284 gunnery radar while the ship began an intensive period of training to acclimate the ship's crew to operating with British units.

The ship saw little activity over the winter of 1943–1944 until February 1944, when she took part in Operation Posthorn. Richelieu, the battleship , and the carrier  departed Scapa Flow on 10 February for a raid on German shipping off occupied Norway. The objective was to lure the German heavy cruisers in the area so that the two battleships could destroy them. The carrier aircraft achieved little, sinking a single freighter of 3,000 tons and damaging a repair ship while trading one of the Supermarine Seafire fighters for a German Bf 109 fighter. The fleet returned to port on the 12th, and Richelieu thereafter went to Rosyth for ten days to rest the crew. A repeat sweep was to have taken place at the end of the month, but two of the escorting destroyers collided while leaving Scapa Flow, leading to a postponement that became permanent as a result of bad weather. In March, the Allies determined that five battleships to counter the battleship  (which had been damaged in September 1943) was excessive. As a result, Richelieu was detached for other operations. The Allied command initially considered employing her to support the invasion of Normandy, but as she was only supplied with armor-piercing shells, she was instead sent to reinforce the British Eastern Fleet, along with a group of escort aircraft carriers.

The ship accordingly steamed to Greenock to take on fuel and ammunition, before cruising south to the Mediterranean with an escort of three British destroyers. She stopped in Algiers on 26 March to take on additional supplies; there, she was visited by General Henri Giraud and Admiral André Lemonnier. Richelieu thereafter departed for the Suez Canal, steaming at a speed of ; while underway, she began to experience significant boiler problems. The boiler blowers were not providing sufficient oxygen, so the boilers were not fully burning the fuel. As a result, the boiler tubes quickly became fouled and caused overheating. Richelieu stopped in Aden for repairs to the boiler tubes, but the problem was not corrected.

First deployment with the British Eastern Fleet

On entering the Indian Ocean, Richelieu picked up an escort consisting of the destroyers , , and . The four ships arrived in Trincomalee, Ceylon on 10 April, where they joined an Allied fleet that included the carriers  and , the battleships  and , and numerous cruisers and destroyers, commanded by Admiral James Somerville. On 16 April, the Eastern Fleet got underway for Operation Cockpit, a diversionary raid to distract the Japanese while American forces landed at Hollandia in New Guinea. Somerville divided his fleet into two squadrons; Richelieu served in Force 69, the main element, with Queen Elizabeth and Valiant, while Renown operated with the two carriers. The plan for Operation Cockpit called for carrier strikes on the port of Sabang, Netherlands East Indies. The fleet arrived in position early on 19 April, and after the carrier aircraft struck the port, Japanese bombers counter-attacked and Richelieu engaged the aircraft with her 100 mm and 40 mm batteries.

The next major operation conducted by the Eastern Fleet, Operation Transom, was timed to coincide with American operations in the Central Pacific to keep the attention of the Japanese fleet based in Singapore focused away from the American fleet. For this operation, the target was the major base at Surabaya, which also had significant oil refinery facilities. The Eastern Fleet got underway on 7 May and stopped to refuel on 15 May before arriving two days later. The strike proceeded uneventfully for Richelieu and on 18 May the American contingent detached to rejoin the main American fleet in the Pacific while the Eastern Fleet returned to Trincomalee, arriving on 27 May. Two days later, Richelieu, Queen Elizabeth, and six destroyers steamed to Colombo to rest their crews. While there, Richelieu was visited by Admiral Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of the South-East Asia Theatre. On 31 May, CV Merveilleux du Vignaux replaced Marzin as the ship's commander.

Somerville planned another raid for mid-June: Operation Pedal, a carrier attack on the harbor of Port Blair in the Andaman Islands. The purpose of the attack was to again distract the Japanese fleet units in Singapore while American forces embarked on Operation Forager, the invasion of the Marianas Islands. For the Anglo-French operation, Somerville took only the fast ships, including Richelieu, Renown, and Illustrious with their accompanying cruiser and destroyer screens. These ships, designated Force 60, sortied on 19 June and two days later, Illustrious aircraft struck Japanese targets in the port. The ships arrived back in Trincomalee on 23 June. Operation Crimson followed in July, and given the lack of a response from the Japanese fleet to the earlier raids, Somerville decided to use his battleships and battlecruiser to bombard Sabang and Sumatra. Richelieu and the other ships conducted shooting practice on 7, 14–15, and 17 July in preparation for the raid. The plan called for Richelieu, Valiant, Queen Elizabeth, and Renown, supported by cruisers, to shell the port at longer range while the Dutch cruiser  led a group of destroyers in a close-range attack. Illustrious, joined by the carrier , which had recently arrived, provided air cover to the fleet.

The Eastern Fleet departed on 22 July and reached the target on the morning of 25 July; the carriers launched their combat air patrols and the surface combatants steamed to approach their targets. Richelieu was the last vessel in the line, astern of Renown. Queen Elizabeth, the leading battleship, opened fire at 06:54 at a range of . The other ships quickly followed suit and F4U Corsair fighters circled overhead to spot for the ships' guns. Richelieu fired four-gun salvos, with two guns per turret, and she scored hits with the second salvo, demolishing several buildings and damaging the power station. Her secondary turrets neutralized a Japanese coastal artillery battery that had been engaging Tromp. At 07:15, the ships ceased firing, and in the brief bombardment, Richelieu had fired 81 main battery APC shells—this amounted to a rate of fire of a salvo every 50 seconds, nearly twice as fast as the British ships. Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet as it withdrew, but they were kept at bay by the carriers' fighters and heavy anti-aircraft fire from the ships. The fleet arrived back in Trincomalee on 27 July.

By this time, Richelieu was beginning to suffer from reduced speed, the result of continued boiler trouble and biofouling of her hull. Admiral Laurence E. Power, who had replaced Somerville as the fleet commander, detached Richelieu for a refit. The British had initially offered the floating dry-dock AFD-23, but Merveilleux du Vignaux believed that the dry-dock would not be able to accommodate a vessel the size of his ship (he proved to be correct when on 8 August, AFD-23  capsized with Valiant aboard). Richelieu left on 6 September, bound for Algiers with three escorting destroyers. Le Terrible and Le Fantasque took over escort duties after Richelieu passed through the Suez Canal, and on 23 September the three ships arrived in Algiers. Richelieu then steamed north to Toulon on 1 October where she was visited again by Lemonnier, but the shipyard there was in ruins, so she moved to Casablanca on 10 October to be refitted. In addition to the hull cleaning and boiler repairs, she had new fire control and search radars installed, including a US SG-1 search radar, British Type-281B air search radar, and Type-285P fire control radars, in addition to other equipment, including an FV1 jammer and high-frequency direction finding gear.

Second deployment with the British Eastern Fleet

On 23 January 1945, Richelieu left Casablanca for Gibraltar, arriving there two days later to have her hull cleaned and repainted. The French sought to deploy an independent task force consisting of Richelieu, the four light cruisers still in service, and four destroyers, with a view toward reestablishing French control in Indochina. But the United States opposed the move and refused to allocate the aircraft carriers and support ships that would have been necessary for another independent fleet, and so Richelieu could only be sent, alone, back to the Eastern Fleet. The ship conducted trials in February that revealed the problem with her boilers had finally been corrected and she thereafter got underway for Trincomalee, arriving on 20 March. By this time, the modern elements of the Eastern Fleet had been detached to form the British Pacific Fleet, with the Eastern Fleet being renamed the East Indies Fleet. This unit, still under Power's command, consisted of Queen Elizabeth and Renown, nine cruisers, ten escort carriers, and twenty destroyers. Japanese naval strength at Singapore had also significantly decreased to just four heavy cruisers and several destroyers.

For the next few weeks, Richelieu was occupied with shooting drills with her primary and secondary batteries and tests for the anti-aircraft radars and command systems. Now assigned to Force 63 of the East Indies Fleet, Richelieu sortied on 8 April to take part in Operation Sunfish, another bombardment of Sabang while aircraft scouted possible landing beaches near the city of Padang on the coast of Sumatra. The ships allocated for the operation consisted of Richelieu, Queen Elizabeth, two heavy cruisers, two escort carriers, and five destroyers. Early on 11 April, the two battleships, one of the cruisers, and three destroyers bombarded the island while the other vessels conducted the reconnaissance operation. Richelieu fired seven salvos with her main battery and used her secondary guns to once again silence the coastal battery on the island. Japanese aircraft launched a poorly-coordinated attack on the battleships but they failed to score any hits. After further carrier operations around Padang, the fleet returned to port on 20 April.

The next major operation followed a week later. Operation Bishop, a strike against Japanese airfields in the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, was to cover British Army landings at Rangoon in Burma. The plan called for the East Indies Fleet to be divided into multiple groups, each with escorting cruisers and destroyers: four of the escort carriers were to directly support the landings, Richelieu and Queen Elizabeth each formed independent surface action groups, and another pair of escort carriers provided air protection for the surface groups. The fleet got underway on 27 April and reached Car Nicobar two days later. Richelieu bombarded the airfields at a range of , firing a total of 80 main and 45 secondary shells. She incurred minor damage to her bow 20 mm guns from the blast effects of firing the main battery nearly directly forward. The fleet then proceeded to the Andamans, and at 17:30, Richelieu opened fire at Port Blair; poor visibility hampered her shooting, and she ceased fire at 18:07, by now having expended the main battery ammunition that had been allotted for the bombardment. She nevertheless returned on 2 May to shell the harbor with her secondary guns, firing 120 rounds and inflicting significant damage to the harbor facilities. The fleet steamed north to Rangoon to support the landings, but it was discovered that the Japanese had already withdrawn, allowing the fleet to return to Trincomalee on 8 May.

A decrypted Japanese radio signal revealed that the cruiser  and the destroyer  were to steam from Singapore to Port Blair to evacuate the garrison there on the night of 12–13 May while another transport vessel would pick up the troops at Car Nicobar. On 9 May, a pair of British submarines spotted Haguro as it passed through the Malacca Strait, so the East Indies Fleet launched Operation Dukedom to intercept the Japanese ships. Richelieu steamed with the heavy cruiser  as Group 3 of Force 61. Aware that Allied ships were at sea, Haguro and Kamikaze turned back, though they were spotted by aircraft from the escort carriers and then sunk by destroyers of the 26th Destroyer Flotilla before Richelieu and Cumberland could arrive. Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet as it withdrew back to Trincomalee but were, once again, poorly coordinated and they failed to damage the ships. Richelieu arrived in port on 18 May.

On arrival, the ship took on additional ammunition and fuel, and over the coming weeks, she underwent repairs to her boilers and took part in shooting practice. The bombardments carried out earlier in the year had revealed excessive dispersion of the main battery shells, particularly if both guns on one side of the turret were fired at the same time. The crew at that time was unable to determine the cause of the problem, though tests with the remanufactured Strasbourg charges reduced the problem. On 3 June, the destroyer  arrived with spare equipment for Richelieu, which was sent to Durban for another refit. Her hull again needed to be scraped and her boilers required a re-tubing. The ship had to stop in Diego Suarez on the way to disembark non-white crewmen at the request of the racist government of South Africa; though this caused resentment among the crew, the French nevertheless complied. Richelieu arrived on 18 July and work lasted from 31 July to 10 August. Thirteen of the ship's 20 mm guns were replaced with four 40 mm guns, as the lighter weapons had proved to be ineffective against kamikazes. The ship conducted training and trials of South Africa before departing for Diego Suarez, ultimately arriving back in Trincomalee on 18 August, by which time Japan had surrendered.

 Postwar era
Immediately after the surrender of Japan, French and British forces began their attempts to reassert control in their Japanese-occupied colonies. On 7 September, Richelieu got underway in company with the British battleship  to take part in Operation Zipper, the amphibious landing on Sumatra. Two days later, Richelieu detonated a magnetic mine, though she suffered only minor damage; the force of the blast pushed in some hull plates by  and inflicted minor shock damage to the lighting system, but the vessel remained with the fleet. After landing the troops with no opposition, Richelieu moved to Singapore on 11 September to participate in Operation Tiderace, the liberation of the city, the following day. She returned to Trincomalee on 16 September before getting underway again on 27 September, bound for Indochina. She steamed with Le Triomphant as escorts for the transport ships  and , which carried French soldiers to restore colonial rule in Indochina. French rule was opposed by the Viet Minh, and on arrival Richelieu was used to support the forces ashore in a variety of capacities: she served as a staging area, hospital, artillery support, and troop transport. She also contributed a landing party to the forces fighting to reassert French control.Richelieu, Le Triomphant, and Le Fantasque took part in Operation Mapor at Nha Trang from 20 to 26 November, providing heavy fire support to soldiers fighting in the area. By this time, a French squadron consisting of the aircraft carrier  and the cruisers , , and  had arrived in mid-October, allowing Richelieu to be returned to France. Before leaving, Richelieu sent her four single 40 mm guns and most of her 20 mm guns ashore, along with a considerable stockpile of ammunition for the guns and 152 mm shells. She departed on 29 December and arrived in Toulon on 11 February 1946, thereafter taking part in the transport effort to send French soldiers back from France to North Africa. With that completed, she steamed north to Cherbourg, arriving to be dry-docked on 16 March. Repairs lasted until 20 July, and consisted of replacing the starboard propeller, correcting the hull damage from the mine in September 1945, and thoroughly overhauling her boilers.

With the repairs completed, Richelieu sailed to Britain to carry the crew for the aircraft carrier , which was to be loaned to the French for five years, serving as Arromanches. Richelieu thereafter began a training cruise that included stops in Casablanca, Mers-el-Kébir, and Dakar. Later that year, she visited Portugal in company with Arromanches. She returned to Brest for modifications to the secondary battery from February to March 1947. The ship thereafter formed the core of a battle group that included three ex-German destroyers, based in Cherbourg. The group, along with a carrier group centered on Arromanches and cruiser group, both based in Toulon, were combined to form the Force d'Intervention, with Richelieu as the flagship of Vice Amiral (Vice Admiral) Robert Jaujard. The unit embarked on a training cruise to Africa in May and June, beginning with the three groups assembling in Casablanca on 8 May. Richelieu arrived back in Cherbourg on 13 June and began a period of maintenance and training of new crew members. Another training cruise to North Africa followed late in 1947, and while there she conducted shooting practice to try to determine the cause of the excessive shell dispersion. The subsequent installation of 60-millisecond delays to the firing circuits of the outer guns in the turrets created enough space between the shells that they did not disrupt each other in flight, significantly improving the issue.

The Force d'Intervention was reactivated for another cruise in early 1948; the three constituent groups rendezvoused at Toulon and then conducted training exercises off North Africa. While in Mers-el-Kébir, the ship was slightly damaged while being moored in the port. Following the conclusion of the maneuvers, the force was disbanded and Richelieu steamed north to Brest, arriving on 29 May. The ship was in need of a thorough refit, and she was dry-docked in Cherbourg from August to September to survey the work that would be needed to be done. Jaujard left the ship and her crew was reduced to 750 men. Since the French naval budget was in a very limited state owing to the wrecked French economy in the immediate postwar years, Richelieus refit was postponed to allow the funds to be used to complete Jean Bart instead. Richelieu was accordingly placed in reserve on 1 April 1949. The refit eventually began on 1 January 1950 and lasted until 24 October 1951, and it included a thorough overhaul of her propulsion machinery, replacement of her worn main and secondary battery guns, and repairs to her anti-aircraft battery, along with other modifications.

During the refit, it was decided that the ship's anti-aircraft battery was too dated to allow the ship to operate in the era of jet aircraft; coupled with the need to update the ship's radar and electronics and install more capable command spaces, the costs would have been prohibitively high for the French Navy. Instead of fully modernizing the vessel, the navy decided to employ Richelieu as a training ship in the gunnery school in February 1951. After completing the refit, the ship underwent trials in November that involved firing nine rounds per gun from the main battery; this would be the last time Richelieu fired the 380 mm guns. Beginning in May 1952, the ship was based in Toulon as the flagship of CA Champion, and she spent the next few years conducting shooting practice with the secondary and smaller weapons to train the fleet's gunners. Another refit followed from October 1953 to February 1954. This involved replacing the British gunnery radar with a French-built set.

For the first and last time of either of their careers, Richelieu and Jean Bart cruised together on 30 January 1956. The ship's career as a sea-going gunnery ship ended in February, when she was laid up in Brest. To prepare Richelieu for reserve, dehumidifiers were installed in the secondary turrets to inhibit rust and the 100 mm and 40 mm quad mounts were covered. The single 40 mm guns and all of the 20 mm guns still aboard the vessel were removed. She was thereafter used as a stationary school ship for reserve officers and as a floating barracks until 30 September 1967, when she was struck from the naval register. Renamed Q432, she was condemned on 16 January 1968 and sold to the Genoa-based ship breaker Cantieri Navali Santa Maria in September. Before she departed Brest, the four 380 mm guns of Turret I were removed and two were later preserved, one in Brest and the other in Ruelle. Richelieu'' was then towed to La Spezia, where she was broken up for scrap over the course of the following year.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

External links

 Maritimequest Richelieu photo gallery

Richelieu-class battleships
World War II battleships of France
Cold War battleships of France
Ships built in France
1939 ships

French battleship Richelieu


Fußball-Club St Pauli von 1910 e.V. , yfirleitt þekkt sem FC St Pauli, er þýskt knattspyrnfélag í St. Pauli hverfi Hamborgar.

Tengill
 Heimasíða félagsins

Þýsk knattspyrnufélög
Hamborg
stofnað 1910

FC St. Pauli


NGC 5705 est une galaxie spirale barrée située dans la constellation de la Vierge. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5705 a été découverte par l'astronome français Édouard Stephan en 1884.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5705 est IV et elle présente une large raie HI.

Avec une brillance de surface égale à , on peut qualifier NGC 5705 de galaxie à faible brillance de surface (LSB en anglais pour ). Les galaxies LSB sont des galaxies diffuses (D) avec une brillance de surface inférieure de moins d'une magnitude à celle du ciel nocturne ambiant.

À ce jour, une quinzaine de mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

Groupe de NGC 5746
Selon A. M. Garcia, NGC 5705 fait partie du groupe de NGC 5746. Ce groupe de galaxies compte au moins 31 membres dont NGC 5636, NGC 5638, NGC 5658 (=PGC 51957), NGC 5668, NGC 5690, NGC 5692, NGC 5691, NGC 5701, NGC 5713, NGC 5719, NGC 5725, NGC 5740, NGC 5746, NGC 5750, IC 1022, IC 1024 et IC 1048.

Sur le site « Un Atlas de l'Univers », Richard Powell mentionne aussi le groupe de NGC 5746, mais il n'y figure que 14 galaxies, dont NGC 5691. Six autres galaxies du groupe de NGC 5746 de Garcia se trouvent dans un autre groupe mentionné par Powell, soit celui de NGC 5638. Selon Powell, la galaxie NGC 5701 ne fait pas partie d'un groupe de galaxies et les autres galaxies de Garcia ne figurent pas dans celles retenues par celui-ci.

Le groupe de NGC 5746 fait partie de l'Amas de la Vierge III, un des amas du superamas de la Vierge.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5705 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5705
Constellation de la Vierge
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Galaxie à faible brillance de surface
Objet céleste découvert en 1884
Objet céleste découvert par Édouard Stephan

NGC 5705


Ținutul Odesa (în ) a fost o unitate administrativ-teritorială (uezd) din gubernia Herson a Imperiului Rus, constituită în 1825. Centrul administrativ al ținutului a fost orașul Odesa. Populația ținutului era de 610.042 locuitori (în 1897).

Istorie
Ținutul Odesa a fost creat în 1825, ca parte a guberniei Herson. În 1920, "uezd-ul" a fost atribuit guberniei Odesa. A fost abolit în 1922.

Geografie
Ținutul Odesa ocupa o suprafață de 9.186 km² (9.800 de verste). În nord se învecina cu ținuturile Ananiev și Elisavetgrad, la est cu ținutul Herson, la sud avea ieșire la Marea Neagră, în sud-vest avea hotar cu ținutul Akkerman din gubernia Basarabia, iar în nord-vest se limita la ținutul Tiraspol.

Populație
La recensământul populației din 1897, populația ținutului, inclusiv centrul administrativ – Odesa (pop. 403.815) era de 610.042 de locuitori, dintre care:

Populația ținutului, exceptând orașul Odesa, în 1897 era de 185.679 locuitori, având următoarea structură etnică:

Diviziuni administrative
În anul 1913, Ținutul Odesa cuprindea 34 de voloste (ocoale).

Referințe

Bibliografie
Одесса // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.

Fondări în 1825
Ținuturile guberniei Herson
Istoria Odesei
Istoria regiunii Odesa
Desființări în 1922

Ținutul Odesa


Vanghea Mihanj-Steryu (n. 10 noiembrie 1950, Dolean, Macedonia) este o poetă, prozatoare, traducătoare, pictoriță, realizatoare de film și actriță aromână din Macedonia.

Biografie
A studiat în Macedonia și Serbia.

În perioada 1969-1970 a lucrat pentru parlamentul Comunitãții Shtip-Macedonia. În 1970 s-a mutat la Skopje și a lucrat la Filarmonica de Stat în perioada 1974-1992.

A organizat expoziții de cărți (Poets shi operi) scrise de autori aromâni din Macedonia în perioada 2000-2006. Din 1993 este artist independent.

Criticul literar Hristu Cândroveanu a spus despre ea că este o poetă "de un talent indiscutabil" din spațiul aromânilor, care "dintre toate populațiunile românești așezate de-a dreapta Dunării... care și-a păstrat pînă azi numele etnic în legătură cu originea lor".

Poezie
A debutat în poezie în 1975 și a publicat peste 30 de volume de poezie și proză.
 Lilici (puizii)
 Scânteaua (puizii shi prozâ ti fichurits)
 Vreari fârâ mardzinâ (puizii)
 Steaua di cuibari (puizii ti fichurits)
 Vârdzâ pi suflit (puizii)
 Ocljul-a suflitului (puizii)
 Tser fârâ steali (puizii)
 Calea câtrâ lunjinâ (puizii)

Editor de antologii de poezie aromână
A editat mai multe volume de poezie aromână:
 Giurdani di scânteali;
 Mutritlu a poetslor, vol. 1-2;
 Meri dianili a poetslor;
 Panorama-a poetslor;
 Boatsea-a poetslor Njic Antologlii di poets românj dit Rumânia pi limba aromânâ shi machedonâ.

Proză
Cele mai cunoscute romane sunt: Chindișiti nirach, Mushatili Aromâni, vol 1-2, Casi fârâ pârneatzi, și Steali di mârdzeali.

Proză scurtă
Este autoarea volumului de proză scurtă pentru copii Tser fãrã steali.

Traducere
A tradus 15 cărți din limba română în aromână.

Pictură
A organizat mai multe expoziții ale pictorilor aromâni, români, albanezi, și macedoneni în periodada 2000-2006.

Film
A realizat primul film despre aromâni, Cu dor di armâna mea, în regia bulgarului Costea Bicov.

Teatru
Este autoarea primei piese de teatru, scrisă în aromână, Lali Nida s-an puliseasthti cu andrihashtjâly, din Macedonia. A fost pusă în scenă de Toma Enache cu actori români.

Societatea Femeilor Aromâne
A fondat "Societate Femeilor Aromâne" din Macedonia în 1994 și revista acesteia "Armânâ machedonâ" în 1966.<p>
A înființat revista pentru copii "Lândunicâ".

Premii
A luat mai multe premii, printre care cele mai importante: Premiul "Lucian Blaga" în cadrul Festivalului de Poezie "Lucian Blaga",
Sebeș-Alba, 2004, Premiul "Mihai Eminescu", Chișinău, Premiul Salonului Internațional de Carte Românească de la Iași.

Referințe și note

Aromânii. Dialectul aromân. Studiu lingvistic de Th.Capidan, ediția a II-a, Editura Fundației Culturale aromâne "Dimîndarea pãrinteascã", București, 2005, p. 3.

Nașteri în 1950
Nașteri pe 10 noiembrie
Aromâni
Poete aromâne
Prozatori
Actrițe
Oameni în viață
Poete macedonene

Vanghea Mihanj-Steryu


Alina Ilnazovna Zagitova (ruski: Алина Ильназовна Загитова; Iževsk, 18. svibnja 2002.) je ruska klizačica. Svjetska je juniorska prvakinja 2017. i europska seniorska prvakinja 2018. godine.

Alina Zagitova je kći trenera hokejaša koji je tatarskog podrijetla. Bila je bez imena prvu godinu nakon rođenja, sve dok njezini roditelji nisu vidjeli rusku gimnastičarku Alinu Kabajevu i odlučili imenovati svoju kćer po njoj. Zagitova je počela umjetničko klizanje u dobi od pet godina. Do 2015. trenirala je u svom gradu Iževsku, nakon čega je otišla u trening centar za obuku klizača u Moskvi. Bila je 9 u 2016. godini na nacionalnom prvenstvu za juniore.

Nastupala je u kolovozu 2016. na juniorskim Grand Prix natjecanjima. Zbog dobrih nastupa u Francuskoj i Sloveniji, kvalificirala se za finalni Grand Prix. Alina Zagitova osvojila je zlatnu medalju s 207,43 boda, što je juniorski svjetski rekord. U prosincu 2016. osvojila je zlatnu medalju na državnom prvenstvu za juniore, a također i srebrnu medalju u seniorskoj konkurenciji, iza Jevgenije Medvjedeve. Pobijedila je na Svjetskom juniorskom prvenstvu u ožujku 2017.

Pobijedila je i na Europskom prvenstvu 2018. u seniorskoj konkurenciji s 16 godina. Bila je bolja i od sunarodnjakinje Jevgenije Medvjedeve, svjetske i europske prvakinje. Ubrzo nakon toga, zajedno s Medvjedevom i Marijom Sockovom, izabrana je za sudjelovanje na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama u Pyeongchangu, gdje je osvojila srebro u ekipnom natjecanju.

Izvori

Ruski umjetnički klizači
Olimpijski pobjednici u umjetničkom klizanju

Alina Zagitova


La  es una estación de tren localizada en Hikone, Shiga, Japón.

Líneas
 Ohmi Railway
 Línea Principal

Historia
 3 de marzo de 1931 - Apertura

Estaciones adyacentes

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial en Ohmi Railway

Estaciones de Ohmi Railway
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Shiga

Estación de Toriimoto


Das Mädchen des Monats ist eine US-amerikanische Liebes-Komödie aus dem Jahr 1985.

Handlung
Das Playmate Debra Bryan, Miss November, hat einen ersten Auftritt erfolgreich gemeistert. Der junge und leicht schusselige Ingenieur Kevin Coates ist sofort von ihr verzaubert und wettet mit seinen Freunden, dass er sie nicht nur finden und kennenlernen, sondern auch heiraten wird.

Kritik

Veröffentlichung
In den USA hatte der Film seine Erstausstrahlung am 11. November 1984. In Deutschland ist er seit Januar 1989 auf VHS und seit dem 13. Juni 2006 auf DVD erhältlich.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1984
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmkomödie
Liebesfilm

Das Mädchen des Monats


Dedepınarı aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Dedepınarı, Yüreğir, Adana ili Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dedepınarı, Alaca, Çorum ili Alaca ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dedepınarı, Elazığ, Elâzığ ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Dedepınarı


Agrilus spinamajor é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Chevrolat, 1838.

Referências

spinamajor

Agrilus spinamajor


Tulipa serbica, lukovičasta trajnica, stenoendem iz jugoistočne Srbije i sjevernog Kosova, opisana 1997. godine. Vrsta je tulipana.

Izvori

Lilioideae
Flora Srbije
Flora Kosova

Tulipa serbica


The year 1802 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy
 March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas, the second known.
 May 6 – William Herschel coins the term asteroid and on July 1 first uses the term binary star to refer to a star which revolves around another.

Biology
 Pierre André Latreille begins publication of his Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des crustacés et insectes.
 George Montagu publishes his Ornithological Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds.
 In the history of evolutionary thought
 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Recherches sur l'Organisation des Corps Vivants, proposing that all life is organized in a vertical chain of progressive complexity.
 Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus begins publication of Biologie; oder die Philosophie der lebenden Natur, proposing a theory of the transmutation of species.

Chemistry
 June – The first account of Thomas Wedgwood's experiments in photography using silver nitrate is published by Humphry Davy in the Journal of the Royal Institution in London. Since a fixative for the image has not yet been devised, the early photographs quickly fade.
 July – William Hyde Wollaston notes the discovery of the noble metal palladium.
 Charles's law (the "law of volumes"), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, is first published in France by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.

Ecology
 Civil engineer and geographer François Antoine Rauch publishes Harmonie hydro-végétale et météorologique: ou recherches sur les moyens de recréer avec nos forêts la force des températures et la régularité des saisons par des plantations raisonnées in Paris, arguing against deforestation.

Geology
 James Smithson proves that zinc carbonates are true carbonate minerals and not zinc oxides, as was previously thought.
 John Playfair publishes Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth in Edinburgh, popularising James Hutton's theory of geology.
 James Sowerby begins to issue his British Mineralogy, or, coloured figures intended to elucidate the mineralogy of Great Britain in London, the first comprehensive illustrated reference work on the subject.

Medicine
 June – The first pediatric hospital, the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, opens in Paris, on the site of a previous orphanage.
 London Fever Hospital founded.
 Charles Bell  publishes The Anatomy of the Brain, Explained in a Series of Engravings.

Meteorology
 December – Luke Howard presents the basis of the modern classification and nomenclature of clouds, at a lecture in London.

Physics
 Johann Wilhelm Ritter builds the first electrochemical cell.

Surveying
 April 10 – Great Trigonometric Survey of India begins with the measurement of a baseline near Madras.

Technology
 November 5 – Marc Isambard Brunel begins installation of his blockmaking machinery at Portsmouth Block Mills in England.
 George Bodley of Exeter in England patents the first enclosed kitchen stove.

Publications
 January 2 – Rev. Abraham Rees begins publication in London of The New Cyclopædia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.

Awards
 Copley Medal: William Hyde Wollaston

Births
 February 6 – Charles Wheatstone, English inventor (died 1875)
 April 4 – Dorothea Dix, American mental health reformer (died 1887)
 July 9 – Thomas Davenport, American inventor (died 1851)
 August 5 – Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (died 1829)
 October 10 – Hugh Miller, Scottish geologist (suicide 1856)
 December 15 – János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (died 1860)

Deaths
 April 14 – John Mackay, Scottish botanist (born 1772)
 April 18 – Erasmus Darwin, English author of Zoonomia (born 1731)
 November 16 – André Michaux, French botanist (born 1746)

References

19th century in science
1800s in science

1802 in science


بوسوت هي مدينة بلنسية (إسبانيا) : تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي، 19 كلم إلى الشمال من مدينة اليكانتي، في منطقة كامبو دي اليكانتي

وهي مدينة تقع على تل على المنحدرات الجنوبية لجبال دي أورو كابيزون هو على بعد سبعة أميال من الساحل (كامبيلو).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
بلديات مقاطعة بلنسية

بوسوت


Dwars door Vlaanderen 2019 var den 74. udgave af cykelløbet Dwars door Vlaanderen. Det var det 13. arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2019 og blev afviklet 3. april 2019. Løbet blev vundet af hollandske Mathieu van der Poel fra Corendon-Circus.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Kasper Asgreen kørte for
Mads Pedersen kørte for
Michael Valgren kørte for
Lars Bak kørte for
Mads Würtz Schmidt kørte for
Christopher Juul-Jensen kørte for
Asbjørn Kragh Andersen kørte for
Casper Pedersen kørte for
Lasse Norman Hansen kørte for Corendon-Circus

Resultater

Startliste

Eksterne henvisninger

2019
UCI World Tour 2019

Dwars door Vlaanderen 2019


Anto Drobnjak (født 21. september 1968) er en tidligere serbisk fodboldspiller.

Serbiens fodboldlandshold

|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||2||1
|-
|1998||3||1
|-
!Total||6||2
|}

Eksterne henvisninger
 National Football Teams

Fodboldspillere fra Serbien

Anto Drobnjak


Naturschutzbund Deutschland NABU (Naturbeskyttelsesforbund Tyskland ) er en forening i Tyskland som arbejder med natur- og miljøspørgsmål. Foreningen blev oprettet i 1899 af Lina Hähnle i Stuttgart "Bund für Vogelschutz" (Foreningen for fuglebeskyttelse). Fra 1991 ændredes navnet til  Naturschutzbund Deutschland. Formand er  Olaf Tschimpke. Naturschutzjugend NAJU (Natur og ungdom) er en selvstændig ungdomsorganisation til NABU.

NABU havde i 2014  560.000 medlemmer  og er medlem af BirdLife International.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Officielt websted for NABU

⋅

Etableret i 1899
Foreninger fra Tyskland
Naturbeskyttelse i Tyskland
Miljøorganisationer

Naturschutzbund Deutschland


ජෙරුසෙලෙමෙහි දේවමාළිගය හෝ ශුද්ධවූ දේවමාළිගය (, නූතන: බෙයිට් හාමික්ඩාෂ්,  ටයිබේරියානු: බෙයිට් හාමික්ඩාෂ්,  අෂ්කනිෂි: බේස් හාමික්ඩොෂ්; : බේට මැක්ඩස්) යනු,  දැනට පර්වතයෙහි ගෝලාර්ධය සහ අල්-අක්සා  මුස්ලිම් දේවස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇති අඩවිය වන ජෙරුසෙලෙම පැරණි නගරයෙහි දේවමාළිගා කන්දෙහි පිහිටා තිබූ ගොඩනැගිලි මාලාව අතුරින් ඕනෑම එකකි.

ශබ්ද නිරුක්තිය

ගොඩනැගිලි සංකීර්ණය සඳහා හෙබ්‍රෙව් බයිබලයෙහි දක්වා ඇති හෙබ්‍රෙව් නම වන්නේ  බෙයිට් යාවේ ( යාවේගේ හෝ යෙහෝවාගේ ගෘහය), බෙයිට් හාඑලොහිම් "දෙවියන්ගේ ගෘහය," හෝ සරල වශයෙන්  බෙයිටි  "මගේ ගෘහය", බෙයිටෙකාහ් "ඔබගේ ගෘහය" යනාදි ලෙසිනි. හෙකාල් "ශාලාව" හෝ ප්‍රධාන ගොඩනැගිල්ල යන පදය, පැරණි ඉංග්‍රීසි බයිබලයන්හී බොහෝ විට පරිවර්තනය කෙරුණේ  "දේවමාළිගය" ලෙසිනි. රබිනික සාහිත්‍යයෙහි දේවමාළිගය හැඳින්වෙන්නේ බෙයිට් හාමික්ඩාෂ්, "පවිත්‍ර කෙරුණු ගෘහය" ලෙසින් වන අතර, ජෙරුසෙලෙමෙහි දේවමාළිගය පමණක් එම නමින් ව්‍යවහාර වෙයි.

පළමුවන දේවමාළිගය

හෙබ්‍රෙව් බයිබලය පවසන්නේ  පළමුවන දේවමාළිගය තැනුණේ ක්‍රියුපෙ 957 දී  සොලොමන් රජ විසින් බවයි.

දෙවන දේවමාළිගය

එස්රාගේ පොත පරිදී, දෙවන දේවමාළිගයෙහි ගොඩනැගීම් කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අධිකාරිත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ මහා සයිරස් රජ විසින් වන අතර, එය ක්‍රියුපෙ 538 වසරෙහිදී ඇරඹුනේ, බැබිලෝනියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය එයට වසරක් පෙරදී බිඳවැටීමත් හා සමගය.

මෑත ඉතිහාසය
සමස්ත ජෙරුසෙලෙම පැරණි නගරය හා සමගින් දේවමාළිගා කන්ද ද, 1967 දින හයේ යුද්ධය තුලදී ජෝර්දානය වෙතින් ඊශ්‍රායෙලය විසින් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද පසු, මෙම ශුද්ධවූ ස්ථානයෙහි යළි යාච්ඤා කිරීමට යුදෙව්වන්ට අවස්ථාව සැලසිණි.

පිහිටීම
දේවමාළිගය පිහිටියේ කුමන ස්ථානයෙහිද යන වග පිළිබඳව සිද්ධාන්ත සතරක් පවතියි; පර්වතයෙහි ගෝලාර්ධය දැනට පවතින ස්ථානයෙහි, පර්වතයෙහි ගෝලාර්ධයට උතුරු පසට වන්නට (මහාචාර්ය ඇෂර් කෝෆ්මන්), පර්වතයෙහි ගෝලාර්ධයට නැගෙනහිර පසට වන්නට (හෙබ්‍රේව් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙහි මහාචාර්යය ජෝසප් පැට්රිච්)  සහ දේවමාළිගා කන්දට දකුණු පසට වන්නට ඕෆ්ල් කන්දෙහි යනුවෙනි.

භෞතික සැලසුම

සොලොමන්ගේ දේවමාළිගය හෝ පළමුවන දේවමාළිගය, ප්‍රධාන අංග තුනකින් සමන්විත විය:
ජනයා විසින් වන්දනාව සඳහා රැස්වූ,  මහා හෝ පිටස්තර අංගනය ();
ඇතුළත අංගනය () හෝ පූජකයන්ගේ අංගනය ();
සහ
 හිදී  "මහා ගෘහය" යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වුනු සහ  හිදී "දේවමාළිගය" ලෙසින් හැඳින්වුනු, වඩා විශාල හෙකාල් හෝ, ශුද්ධවූ ස්ථානය, සහ
 ශුද්ධත්වයන්ගෙන් ශුද්ධත්වය හෝ  කොඩේෂ් හකොඩිෂීම් ලෙසින් හැඳින්වුනු වඩාත් කුඩා "ඇතුළාන්ත ගර්භය" වෙතින් සමන්විත වූ දේවමාළිගා ගොඩනැගිල්ල යනුවෙනි.

දේවමාළිගා තේවාවන්

දිනපතා උදෑසන සහ සවස පිදුම් සහ සබත් සහ යුදෙව් නිවාඩු දිනයන් තුලදී විශේෂ පිදුම් ඇතුළු, හෙබ්‍රෙව් බයිබලයෙහි විස්තර කර ඇති පිදුම්  සිදු කෙරුණු ස්ථානය මෙම දේවමාළිගය විය.

ආශ්‍රිත

 හනකා හී ඉතිහාසය
වන්දනා ගමන් තුනෙහි උත්සව
ජෙරුසෙලෙමෙහි ජුදා ආගම

ජෙරුසෙලෙමෙහි දේවමාළිගය


Die katholische Pfarr- und Wallfahrtskirche Mariä Himmelfahrt liegt in der Gemeinde Kirchhaslach im Landkreis Unterallgäu in Bayern. Filialen der Pfarrei Kirchhaslach sind St. Ulrich (Dietershofen) und die Kuratie St. Laurentius (Weinried).

Geschichte
Der Ort und mit ihm auch eine erste Kirche entstand vermutlich in der ausgedehnten Rodungsperiode des 12./13. Jahrhunderts. Das Gemeindegebiet wird im örtlichen Dialekt das "Greuth" genannt als Bezeichnung für ein gerodetes und urbar gemachtes Gebiet. Der Dorfname Haslach (mundartlich "Hasla"), der sich vom Bach "Hasel" oder "Haslach" herleitet und für ein höheres Alter der Siedlung spricht, wurde erst später zur Abgrenzung von anderen Orten gleichen Namens zu "Kirch-Haslach" erweitert. Beim Neubau der Brücke im Jahr 2009 wie auch bei archäologischen Ausgrabungen im Gewerbegebiet 2013 wurden steinzeitliche Radiolarit-Klingen, sogenannte Mikrolithe gefunden, sodass man bereits eine Anwesenheit steinzeitlicher Jäger und Sammler im Haseltal annehmen kann.

Das spätere Ziel der Wallfahrt, eine spätromanische, geschnitzte und gefasste thronende Maria mit Kind, entstand um 1220. Die Legende erzählt, das von Albrecht von Rechberg bei der Jagd aufgefundene und nach Babenhausen verbrachte Marienbildnis sei dreimal an den Fundort im Haseltal zurückgekehrt. Zunächst an einem Baum angebracht, wurde eine hölzerne Kapelle errichtet, die 1391 durch eine aus Bruchsteinen gemauerte, bereits dreischiffige Kirche mit Polygonalchor ersetzt wurde, deren Fundamente bei der letzten großen Innenrenovierung ab dem Jahr 1968 im heutigen nördlichen Seitenschiff wieder zu Tage kamen. Ein Kaplanei-Benefizium Albrechts von Rechberg wurde am 24. April 1392 vom Augsburger Bischof Burkhard von Ellerbach bestätigt.

Der bestehende spätgotische Bau am Turm ist mit der Jahreszahl 1449 und am Chor mit 1470 versehen. Seine Architektur wird als von Bettelordenskirchen und oberschwäbischen Stadtpfarrkirchen beeinflusst beschrieben. Anton Fugger, seit 1539 Herr von Babenhausen, errichtet eine Kuratie in Kirchhaslach.

Die Visitation von 1624 nennt die Kirche "parvum ornata" (wenig geschmückt) und erwähnt vier Altäre, von denen der Kreuzaltar "propter commoditatem" bald entfernt werde. 1627 kam es zur Gründung der Erzbruderschaft der Rosenkranzkönigin (bedeutsam für die Ikonographie des späteren barocken Umbaus).

In einer Zeit der Erholung nach dem verheerenden Dreißigjährigen Krieg erfolgte um 1680 der Anbau der Kapelle der Schmerzhaften Muttergottes an der Westseite sowie des Altars. 1680/1681 schuf Schreiner Balthasar Eberle von Neuffen (wohl Langenneufnach) die prächtige Kanzel, Figuren entstanden durch  Bildhauer Johann Ludwig Ertinger von Kempten und Fassmalerei durch Perlag Ertinger. 1682 wurde die Kirche mit "weißen Steinen" (Solnhofener Plattenkalk) anstatt des bisherigen Ziegelbodens gepflastert. Möglicherweise bereits in dieser Zeit auch Abrundung der spitzbogigen Fensteröffnungen und weitere Barockisierungen der spätgotischen Architektur (Gewölbe, Pfeiler etc.). Am 20. November 1686 weihte der Augsburger Weihbischof Eustachius von Westernach vier Altäre. Die Apostelfiguren an den Wänden sind von 1693, in diesem Zusammenhang erfolgten Zahlungen an einen Bildhauer von Ottobeuren und einen Maler von Memmingen.

Matthias Stiller († 7. April 1710) von Ettringen schuf, wohl unter Mitarbeit seines Sohnes Michael, 1707–10 eine reiche Stuckierung. Fresken mit marianischen Emblemen und Allegorien stammen vielleicht vom Memminger Maler Sichelbein (obwohl lutherischer Konfession). 1715 entstand ein neuer Hochaltar (Augsburger Arbeit) mit Gemälde von Johann Georg Bergmüller, 1737 eine neue Orgel von Augustin Simnacher von Tussenhausen (Prospekt erhalten). 1793 erfolgte eine Außenrenovierung ("wurde die Kirche und der Turm..." von drei Italienern neue bestochen und verputzt, der Prinzipal hieß Josef Modini), 1797 ein neuer Tabernakel in Form der Bundeslade von einem Bildhauer aus Ottobeuren (wohl verloren).

War Kirchhaslach vorher ein Teil der Herrschaft (seit 1803 Reichsfürstentum) Fugger Babenhausen, kam es mit der Rheinbundakte 1806 zum Königreich Bayern. 1808 erfolgte in Bayern die Aufhebung der Wallfahrten.

1836 erfolgte eine Außenrenovierung unter Maurermeister Deprost von Babenhausen. 1868 erfolgte die Erhebung zur Pfarrei (aber schon seit 1764 bestanden quasi pfarrliche Rechte). 1893 wird ein neuer Taufstein aus weißem Marmor angeschafft (jetzt ausgelagert). 1895–97 erfolgt eine Innenrenovierung (u. a. teils farbige Fassung des Stucks mit Vergoldungen, Fenster mit Ornamenten, Antependium und Tabernakelaufbau im Barockstil am Hochaltar neu), 1898 die Altarweihe des Hochaltars (aufgrund der Erneuerung).

1906 entstand ein neues Orgelwerk von Julius Schwarzbauer, Mindelheim. 1963 ersetzte man im Zuge einer Außenrenovierung die grünlich glasierten Ziegel des Turmdaches durch unglasierte rote Dachziegel. 1968–70 folgte eine Innenrenovierung unter der Maßgabe, die Veränderungen des späten 19. Jahrhunderts rückgängig zu machen.

2007/08 erfolgte wieder eine Außenrenovierung der Pfarrkirche.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Peter Stoll: Johann Friedrich Sichelbein und die Fresken der Wallfahrtskirchen Kirchhaslach und Lehenbühl, abgerufen am 16. Mai 2021

Einzelnachweise

Kirchhaslach, Maria Himmelfahrt
Kirchhaslach
Kirchhaslach, Maria Himmelfahrt
Baudenkmal in Kirchhaslach
Bauwerk in Kirchhaslach
Kirchhaslach
Kirchhaslach
Kirchengebäude in Europa

Mariä Himmelfahrt (Kirchhaslach)


is a Japanese manual tie-dyeing technique, which produces a number of different patterns on fabric.

History
Some discussion exists as to the origin of  as a technique within Japan, and indeed, the exact country of origin of some of the earliest surviving examples. Much of the debate surrounds the technical capacities within Japan at the time to produce the variety of fabrics seen in some of the earliest  examples.

One of the earliest written descriptions of  dates to 238 CE, where it was recorded in the Chinese document Chronicles of the Clans of Wei () that Queen Himiko gifted the Emperor of the Wei dynasty over  of "spotted cloth" – potentially describing a form of wax-resist decoration on the fabric.

The earliest surviving examples of -dyed cloth date back to the mid-8th century, donated to the Tōdai-ji Buddhist temple in Nara in 756 CE, as part of the goods donated by the Emperor Shōmu upon his death. The techniques seen on these earliest fragments show bound resists, wax resists and folded and clamped resists. However, at least some of the -dyed fabric in this collection is Chinese in origin.

Surviving examples of resist-dyeing in China (known as ) date to a much earlier time period; the earliest surviving examples dating to 418 CE.

Techniques

There are many ways to create , with techniques generally grouped into three categories: , tied or bound resists; , wax resists; and , resists where the fabric is folded and clamped between two carved wooden blocks. Most techniques recognised within these three categories have names and a number of varieties of technique.

The technique chosen and the resulting dyed fabric depends upon both the type of fabric and the dyestuff used;  demands a pliant and easy-to-handle fabric, with some historic dyeing techniques – such as the original technique of  – now impossible to recreate entirely due to the fact that the fabric necessary for the technique is no longer produced.

The desired end result for  may be to create a larger pictographic or geometric design (as seen on many full- kimono), or simply to display the  on its own. Differing techniques may be combined in some cases to achieve increasingly more elaborate results.

is what is commonly thought of in the West as tie-dye. It involves binding certain sections of the cloth using thread – traditionally a type of untwisted thread known as  – to achieve the desired pattern. The pattern achieved depends on how tightly the cloth is bound and where the cloth is bound. If random sections of the cloth are bound, the result will be a pattern of random circles. If the cloth is first folded then bound, the resulting circles will be in a pattern depending on the fold used.

is also known as looped binding. It involves taking a hooked needle and plucking sections of the cloth. Then a thread is looped around each section twice. The thread is not knotted; tension is the only thing that holds the sections in place. The resulting dyed cloth is a water-like design. Because no knot is used,  is very easy to bind and unbind, making this technique commonly used.

is a pleated and bound resist. This technique involves pleating sections of the cloth very finely and evenly. Then the cloth is bound in very close sections. The result is a very specific spider-like design. This specific design requires very precise technique.

includes stitched . A simple running stitch is used on the cloth then pulled tight to gather the cloth. The thread must be pulled very tight to work, and a wooden dowel must often be used to pull it tight enough. Each thread is secured by knotting before being dyed. This technique allows for greater control of the pattern and greater variety of pattern, but it is much more time consuming.

is also known as pole-wrapping . The cloth is wrapped on a diagonal around a pole. Then the cloth is very tightly bound by wrapping thread up and down the pole. Next, the cloth is scrunched on the pole. The result is a pleated cloth with a design on a diagonal.  is the Japanese word for storm; the patterns are always on a diagonal in , which suggest the driving rain of a heavy storm.

is a shaped-resist technique. Traditionally, the cloth is sandwiched between two pieces of wood, which are held in place with string. The fabric is typically folded more than once, creating a repeating pattern of resists throughout the fabric when unfolded.

One of the traditional forms of  textiles is  (), also known as  or .  textiles were lining-weight fabrics dyed with pictorial patterns using red safflower () dye, and were used for underlayers or linings as recently as the early Shōwa period (1926–1989), with production centred around Kyoto and Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture, a city known for the production of fine, lightweight silks.

The last  dyeworks, the Yoshimura dyeworks of Takasaki, closed in 1932, and the technique of dyeing was relatively unknown until investigation into it was undertaken in 2010 by Yoshiko Iwamoto Wada and Masanao Arai, with the assistance of the Yoshimura dyeworks archive and the Takasaki-Beni-no-Kai research group. The research discovered that the boards used in the  process were lacquered on all but the sides and centre to resist the dye, and were soaked in water for 2 weeks before dyeing, as dry boards would warp and distort the resist. The low-quality, slightly coarse texture of the silk traditionally used in the process was important to the takeup of the dye and the ability to layer the fabric within the dye process, as the fabric would be folded eight times, with the ideal fabric weighing no more than  per  piece. The fabric was folded using the  technique, before a thin starch paste was applied to the faces of the boards to aid in the adhesion of the silk to its surface. The block was clamped tightly and hot dye was poured over the dye block – whilst rotating it to bathe every side in the dye – for three hours. This resulted in a perfect recreation of the crisp red-and-white pictorial designs of older  fabrics.

Modern textile artists, instead of using carved or uncarved wooden boards painted with lacquer, often use shapes cut from acrylic or plexiglass and holding the shapes with C-clamps. The shapes prevent the dye from penetrating the fabric they cover.

Gallery

See also
Tie-dye

Notes

References

Further reading
 Dubrawsky, Malka. Optical illusion: combining  with commercial fabrics. Quilting Arts. Dec/Jan 2009, pages 46–50
 Yoshiko Iwamoto Wada, Mary Kellogg Rice, and Jane Barton. : the inventive art of Japanese shaped resist dyeing. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1983.
 Galli, Andrew and Yoshiko Iwamoto Wada. "Arimatsu, Narumi shibori celebrating 400 years of Japanese artisan design". (DVD) produced by Arimatsu Shibori Mutsumi-kai (Japan) ; Studio Galli Productions (USA) Fremont, Calif. 2007
 Southan, Mandy.  Designs & Techniques. Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Search Press, 2009.

External links

 World  Network
 kyoto shibori museum

Japanese words and phrases
Japanese dyeing techniques

Shibori


Campionatul European de Volei Feminin din 1958 a fost a cincea ediție a Campionatului European de Volei organizată de CEV. A fost găzduită de Cehoslovacia din 30 august până în 11 septembrie 1958. Orașele gazdă au fost Praga, České Budějovice și Liberec.

Echipe

Componența grupelor

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa C

Grupa D

Faza preliminară

Grupa A - Praga

</center>

Grupa B - České Budějovice

</center>

Grupa C - Praga

</center>

Grupa D - Liberec

</center>

Faza finală

Grupa pentru locurile 9-12

</center>

Grupa pentru locurile 1-8

</center>

Clasamentul final

Referințe
 Rezultate site personal

Campionatul European de Volei
Competiții sportive internaționale găzduite de Cehoslovacia
1958 în sport


sampling theory may mean:

 Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, digital signal processing (DSP)
 Statistical sampling
 Fourier sampling

Sampling theory


Lumenprint er en analog, kameraløs fotografisk teknik.

Et lumenprint laves ved at tage ueksponeret s/h-fotopapir og placere genstande direkte ovenpå papiret. Herefter tages papiret ud i sollyset eller belyses med en UV-lampe. Resultaterne vil variere afhængig af luftfugtighed, eksponeringstid og papirtype, og mængden af UV-stråling vil have betydning for farvetonen i billederne.

Referencer

Kunst
Fotografi

Lumenprint


Wintersun je debitantski studijski album finskog istoimenog melodičnog death metal sastava, tada samostalnog glazbenog projekta Jarija Mäenpääe. Album je 13. rujna 2004. godine objavila diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast. Glazbeni stil na albumu prikazuje djelomični odmak od folk metal zvuka Ensiferuma, grupe čiji je Mäenpää prethodno bio član. Umjesto toga, Wintersun miješa utjecaje power metala, melodičnog death metala i simfonijskog black metala.

Japanska je inačica albuma bila objavljena uz bonus tri demoskladbe pomoću kojih je sastav dobio ugovor s Nuclear Blastom.

Pozadina
Wintersun je bio projekt koji je osam godina bio u izradi. Jari Mäenpää započeo je skladati glazbu za Wintersun krajem 1995., prije nego što se 1996. godine pridružio folk metal sastavu Ensiferum kao pjevač i gitarist. Godine 1997. Mäenpää je bio regrutiran u finsku vojsku jer je trebao odslužiti vojni rok, no tijekom njega dobio je tuberkulozu. Zbog kasne je dijagnoze Mäenpää trebao operaciju kako bi se odstranio dio njegovog plućnog krila te je zbog toga proveo više mjeseci u bolnici. Pjesma "Beautiful Death" kasnije će biti inspirirana ovim događajem.

Mäenpää je 2003. godine zaposlio Kaija Hahta kao studijskog bubnjara te je, nakon što je poslao nove snimljene demosnimke Nuclear Blastu, dobio ugovor za album. Nakon što je dovršio snimateljski proces za Ensiferumov drugi album, Iron, Mäenpää je započeo pripravljati aranžmane za buduće skladbe Wintersuna. Usprkos tome što je planirao očuvati Wintersun kao sekundarni projekt, došlo je do sukoba oko raspoređivanja studijskog vremena za Wintersun i promotivne turneje za Iron. Mäenpää je zatražio odmor od Ensiferuma te ga je na koncu bio prisiljen napustiti.

Glazbeni stil i tekstovi pjesama
Glazbeni stil albuma ne može se čvrsto odrediti. Međutim, može biti opisan melodičnim i/ili epskim. Sastoji se od elemenata mnogih podžanrova metala, kao što su black, death, power i viking metal te je usto prisutan i utjecaj narodne glazbe. Također, donekle je prisutna i zvučna sličnost Ensiferumu, folk metal skupini čiji je Jari Mäenpää nekoć bio član, ali Wintersun se ne usredotočuje isključivo na folk metal.

Skladbe čine uglavnom složenije strukture od uobičajenog strofa-refren nacrta. Primjer ovoga je pjesma "Starchild", koja i glazbeno i tekstualno može biti podijeljena u više dijelova. Pjevanje karakteriziraju vriskovi black metala, ali i čisti, himnični vokali te pjevanje u visokom falsetu, što je odraz utjecaja power metala. Kao dodatak, često su prisutni i složeni gitarski rifovi, solo gitarske i bubnjarske dionice.

Kao utjecaje na svoju glazbu Mäenpää je naveo:

Nuclear Blast usporedio je Wintersun s Children of Bodomom, koji također ima potpisan ugovor s navedenom kućom; Mäenpää, međutim, niječe utjecaj ove grupe jer nije njen obožavatelj.

Tekstovi pjesama smatraju se integralnim dijelom tematske strukture albuma, iako se mogu tumačiti na različite načine.

Snimanje
Za snimanje albuma bilo je korišteno nekoliko studija. Bubnjarske dionice Kaija Hahta bile su snimljene u studiju Tico Tico Studios u siječnju 2004. Vokali i većina gitarskih i sintesajzerskih dionica bili su snimljeni u travnju iste godine u studiju Sundi Coop Studios. Dodatne sintesajzerske i gitarske solističke dionice bile su snimljene u Mäenpääovoj kući na njegovom snimaču od 16 kanala.

Mäenpää, već mnogo godina naviknut na snimanje svoje glazbe koristeći se tehnikom višestruko snimljenih zapisa, nije imao problema prilikom izvođenja vokala, sviranja gitare, bas-gitare i klavijatura na albumu.

Nino Laurenne, gitarist grupe Thunderstone, miksao je album u studiju Sonic Pump Studios. Mastering je u studiju Finnvox Studios izvršio Mika Jussila. Album je bio objavljen 13. rujna 2004.

Naslovnica
Naslovnicu za album načinio je Kristian Wåhlin (koji radi pod imenom Necrolord). Iako je već radio s Wåhlinom na naslovnicama za albume Ensiferuma, Mäenpää je bio inspiriran njegovim slikarskim radom koji je prikazivao hladnije, veličanstvenije pejzaže, uključujući naslovnice za Emperorov album In the Nightside Eclipse te Dissectionov Storm of the Light's Bane. Osim Mäenpääove ideje za naslovnicu, Wåhlin je na čitanje dobio tekstove pjesama te uzorke glazbe na slušanje.

Mäenpää je usporedio naslovnicu s pjesmom "Death and the Healing": "Čovjek koji je pao u snijeg mogao bi predstavljati 'smrt' [i] 'žalost', a svjetlo između stabala moglo bi predstavljati 'dom' [ili] "rođenje/liječenje'."

Glazbeni spot za "Beyond the Dark Sun"

Koncept

Video započinje kadrom u kojem se otvaraju čelična vrata. Ona otkrivaju siluetu Mäenpääe koji svira gitaru, dok magla oko njega simulira hladnoću koja ga okružuje. Tijekom uvodnog dijela pjesme video u brzim prijelazima prikazuje članove tadašnje postave sastava iza kojih se nalazi crna kulisa: Mäenpää svira gitaru, Hahto bubnjeve, Jukka Koskinen bas-gitaru od pet žica, a Oliver Fokin ritam gitaru.

Prvi je vizualni efekt predstavljen prikazom Mäenpääovog lica na mjesecu. Efekt mjeseca više je puta ponovno korišten tijekom videa, uglavnom uz razne kulise koje simuliraju galaksije, zvijezde i asteroide. Kad Mäenpää počne pjevati čiste vokale, predstavljen je motiv leda. Bijelo-plave vitice mraza i smrznutog dima odvajaju pjevača od gledatelja; lagana preeksponiranost i blijeda šminka na Mäenpääinu licu pojačavaju općenit efekt hladnoće.

Scenu brzo prekida Mäenpääin dolazak u žarišnu ravninu kamere tijekom koje izvodi grube vokale u uspravni mikrofon. Video u međuvremenu nastavljaju presijecati scene u kojima se pojavljuju drugi članovi sastava. Spot na koncu nastavlja prikazivati svaku od ovih navedenih scena do kraja skladbe, proširujući nekoliko ideja, uključujući topljenje mraza; nekoliko scena tijekom kojih Fokin i Mäenpää zajedno sviraju, tijekom čega svakog od njih osvjetljuje njegov vlastiti reflektor; scene Hahtovih dvostrukih čekića koji udaraju po velikom bubnju i jedinstvenu, mračnu scenu koja prikazuje sviranje svih članova u isto vrijeme. Konačnih nekoliko scena u videu prikazuju Mäenpääu kojeg zasljepljuje sjajna zraka svjetlosti.

Snimanje
Glazbeni spot za "Beyond the Dark Sun" bio je sniman dva dana, 3. i 4. srpnja 2004. Producirao ga je i režirao Maurice Swinkels za LowLifeMedia.

Kako bi članovi sastava bili odvojeni od tamne pozadine ili smrznutih prednjih planova, gotovo se isključivo koristila tehnika cameo rasvjete te je, uparena s preeksponiranošću, bila efektivna pri prikazivanju Mäenpääe za kojeg se činilo da se nalazi duboko unutar obloga leda. Dva su reflektora katkad korištena kako bi odvojila članove sastava koji se pojavljuju zajedno.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Eduardo Rivadavia, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, nazvao je Wintersun spojem "vrlo brze preciznosti sviranja gitare u stilu Yngwiea Malmsteena (poslušajte brzu "Beyond the Dark Sun") s melodijskim utjecajima post-helloweenovskog power metala (poslušajte raznolikiju "Winter Madness") i domaće strasti za skladanjem u narodnom stilu koju su donijeli pionirski zemljaci Amorphis", opisujući Mäenpääin album "zapanjujućim", "pirotehničnim" i "zadivljujućim (a i donekle morbidnim) black metal tour de forceom." Budući da je bazirao svoje izvorno mišljenje o albumu na naslovnici, koja "je izazivala misli o jednostavnom black metalu prožetu poganskim ili antikršćanskim porukama", njegov je sveopći dojam nastao kao plod iznenađenja. Unatoč ovim "uvijanjima i skretanjima" Rivadavia je izjavio kako je album formulaičan te mu je dodijelio tri i pol od pet zvjezdica.

Mike Stagno, član osoblja stranice Sputnikmusic, pohvalio je Mäenpääin Wintersun te je izjavio kako je sastav "snažniji" od Ensiferuma. Stagno je naglasio povezanost između glazbe i naslovnice albuma, od kojih su obje "turobne i hladne", a ipak zadržavaju "mističnu privlačnost." Stagnova je jedina kritika bila upućena Mäenpääinim čistim vokalima, koji su "zvučali pasivno" i nisu "toliko dotjerani" poput grubih vokala.

Osoblje
Wintersun
Jari Mäenpää – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, klavijature, produkcija
Kai "the Grinder" Hahto – bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
Nino Laurenne – miksanje
Mika Jussila – mastering
Tuomo Valtonen – snimanje
Ahti Kortelainen – snimanje bubnjeva
Necrolord – naslovnica

Izvori

Fusnote
Pjesma "Starchild" podijeljena je na pet dijelova: "Wanderer of Time", "Burning Star", "The Creation", "The Sea of Stars" i "Finale".

Albumi iz 2004.
Finski glazbeni albumi

Wintersun (album)


Leïla Slimani, (født 3. oktober 1981 i Rabat, Marokko), er en franko-marokkansk journalist og forfatter.

Biografi
Hun er født i Rabat med en fransk-algiersk mor og en marokkansk far. Hun gik på det franske gymnasium i Rabat, da hun er vokset op i en fransktalende familie. Hendes far, Othman Slimani, er bankmand og hendes mor er ØNH-læge, af halvt alsacisk og halvt algiersk afstamning.

I 1999 rejste hun til Paris for at studere og hun tog eksamen fra Institut d'études politiques de Paris. Hun forsøgte sig som skuespiller ved at tage et kursus hos Cours Florent, men besluttede sig for at færdiggøre sine studier ved ESCP Europe ved at uddanne sig indenfor medier og journalistik. Det var her hun mødte redaktionschefen ved L'Express Christophe Barbier, der tilbød hende ansættelse som praktikant.

Efter praktikken blev hun ansat på magasinet Jeune Afrique i 2008 hvor hun beskæftigede sig med emner, der havde relation til Nordafrika.

I 2014, udgav hun sin første roman på forlaget Gallimard, Dans le jardin de l'ogre. Bogens emne - kvindelig sexafhængighed) - og sprogstil blev bemærket af
kritikerne. Bogen blev udvalgt til litteraturprisen Prix de Flore i 2014.

Hendes anden roman Chanson douce (da: Vuggesang) gjorde, at hun fik Goncourtprisen i 2016.

Værker
 La Baie de Dakhla : itinérance enchantée entre mer et désert, Malika Éditions, Casablanca, 2013, .
 Dans le jardin de l'ogre, éditions Gallimard, Collection Blanche, 2014, .
 Chanson douce, éditions Gallimard, Collection Blanche, 2016, .

Kilder

Forfattere fra Marokko
Goncourtpris-modtagere
Journalister fra Marokko

Leïla Slimani


ස්කන්දමාතා (සංස්කෘත: स्कन्दमाता) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ හින්දු දෙවඟනක වන දුර්ගාගේ පස්වන ස්වරූපයයි. ඇගේ නාමයෙහි සාහිත්‍යමය අර්ථය ස්කන්දගේ මෑණියන් යන්නයි. ස්කන්ද යනු යුද්ධයට අධිපති ඇගේ පුත් කාර්තිකේය සඳහා තවත් නාමයකි. මාතා යනු මෑණියන් යන්නයි. නවදුර්ගාවන්ගෙන් අයකු හෙයින් නවරාත්‍රී උත්සවයේ පස්වන දිනයේ දී ඇයව වන්දනා කරනු ලැබේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dhallapiccola

හින්දු දෙවඟනෝ
නවදුර්ගාවෝ
මාතෘ දේවතාවියෝ
ළමාවියේ දෙවඟනෝ

ස්කන්දමාතා


An Philodendron crassum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alfred Barton Rendle. An Philodendron crassum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Philodendron

Philodendron crassum