La Carretera de Nebraska 21 (en inglés: Nebraska Highway 21) y abreviada NE 21, con una longitud de , es una carretera estatal de sentido sur-norte ubicada en el estado estadounidense de Nebraska. La Carretera de Nebraska 21 tiene su término meridional en la Carretera de Nebraska 23 al este de Eustis. Su término norteño está en una intersección con Carretera de Nebraska 2 y U.S. Route 92 de Broken Bow.

Cruces
Los principales cruces de la Carretera de Nebraska 21 son las siguientes:

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 The Nebraska Highways Page: Carreteras de Nebraska del 1 al 30
 Carreteras de Nebraska: NE 21-40

Carreteras estatales de Nebraska
Condado de Custer (Nebraska)
Condado de Dawson (Nebraska)
Condado de Frontier

Carretera de Nebraska 21


علم اللهجات أو اللهجاتيَّات هو فرع عن علم اللغات ، يهتم بالدراسة علمية للهجات اللغوية. ويُسمَّى العالم بها لهجاتيّ أو عالم اللهجات. و يدرس الاختلافات في اللغة في المقام الأول على أساس التوزيع الجغرافي وما يرتبط بها من سمات (و ليس الاختلافات على أساس العوامل الاجتماعية، التي يدرسها علم اللغة الاجتماعي) . يعالج علم اللهجات مواضيع من قبيل اختلاف اثنتين من اللهجات المحلية ذات أصل مشترك وتباين زمني .

يهتم علماء اللهجات أساساً بالسمات النحوية المتوافقة مع المناطق الإقليمية. و بالتالي هم يتعاملون عادة مع سكان يعيشون في مناطقهم لعدة أجيال دون أن ينتقلوا، وأيضاً مع جماعات المهاجرين الحاملة للغاتها إلى مستوطنات جديدة. ويعضد علم اللهجات مجموعة من العلوم والمفاهيم، منها: علم اللغة الجغرافي والخرائط اللغوية والأطلس اللغوي، و الجزيرة اللغوية.

وليام لابوف هو واحد من أبرز الباحثين في هذا الميدان.
أما أبرز الباحثين العرب في مجال علم اللهجات فهم: حفني ناصف ، و إبراهيم أنيس وهادي العلوي.

مراجع

لهجات

علم اللهجات


جورج فانكوفر  هو ملاح إنجليزي (22 يونيو 1757 - 10 مايو 1798) قام بإحدى أصعب عمليات مسح الأراضي من سواحل سان فرانسيسكو إلى كولومبيا البريطانية حيث أكد أنه لا توجد قناة تربط بين خليج هدسون والمحيط الهادئ.

ولد فانكوفر في 22 يونيو 1757 في كينغز لين في إنجلترا ودخل البحرية بعمر الثالثة عشرة ورافق الكابتن جيمس كوك في رحلتيه الثانية (1772 – 5) والثالثة (1776 – 80) ثم خدم تسع سنوات في الهند الغربية، أولا تحت قيادة جورج رودني (وكان قائده عام 1782) وثم قيادة ألان غاردنر (1786 – 89). قاد فانكوفر (بتوصية من غاردنر) حملة لاستعادة الأراضي التي فقدوها لصالح الإسبان، وليستكشف الشواطئ شمالا من نهر كوك ليعثر على مدخل شرقي نحو البحيرات العظمى وليحدد شكل مضيق خوان دي فوكا. انطلق فانكوفر في رحلة إلى شمال غرب أمريكا الشمالية وهي التي أشهرته حيث انطلق من فالموث في إنجلترا يوم 1 أبريل 1791 وتبعه الملازم بروتون وذهب لرأس الرجاء الصالح ثم إلى أستراليا حيث مسح سواحل الجنوب الغربي (وبالأخص مضيق الملك جورج الذي أكد على أهميته كميناء)، ثم اتجه نحو خليج داسكي في نيوزلندا، واكتشف جزيرة أوبارو، وتوقف على جزر هاواي وتاهيتي (حيث اجتمع مجددا مع بروتون الذي اكتشف جزر تشاتام) ووصل لسواحل أمريكا الشمالية بعد سنة و16 يوم وتفحص الساحل بدقة عالية ومسح القنوات والمداخل وأعطى اسمه للمناطق مثل خليج جورجيا وجزيرة فانكوفر وسميت عليه مدينة فانكوفر.

بعد رحلة ثانية بين فبراير ومارس 1793 إلى هاواي، أبحر مجددا إلى الشواطئ الأمريكية، في أغسطس تفاوض مع الأسبان ليمسح أملاكهم هي خليج نوتكا، وفي أبريل مسح شمالا حتى وصل لخط عرض 56.44 وجنوبا حتى سان لويس أوبيسبو وأبحر شمالا حتى جنوب ألاسكا عند جزر تشيريكوف وكودياك، حتى خليج كوك الذي أثبت أنه ليس نهرا، وبعد رحلة لمسح شواطئ سان فرانسيسكو وأبحر نحو كاب هورن وعاد إلى إنكلترا، حيث عاين رأس سان لوكاس وشبه جزيرة كاليفورنيا وجزر غالاباغوس. وفي رحلته إلى هاواي، استطاع إقناع السكان بالاعتراف بسيطرة بريطانيا على الجزر لكنه لم يقر ضمهم رسميا. ووصل في 20 أغسطس 1794 إلى شانون وكتابه «رحلة استكشاف شمال المحيط الهادئ وحول العالم» الذي كتبه بين عامي 1790 – 95 من ثلاثة مجلدات وأطلس للخرائط نشر في عام 1798 وهي السنة التي مات فيها يوم 10 مايو في ريتشموند بمنطقة سوري. وقام شقيقه جون بنشر السجل بمساعدة الكابتن بوجيه.

مصادر

 Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 58

وصلات خارجية

 خريطة للساحل الشمالي الغربي لأمريكا وجزء من الجزء الشمالي الشرقي لقارة آسيا مع تتبع لسير المراكب الشراعية «رزولوشـن» و«ديسكوفـري» التي أرسلها جلالته من مايو إلى أكتوبر من عام 1778

أفراد عسكريون من نورفولك
إنجليز في القرن 18
إنجليز من أصل هولندي
تاريخ بيلينغام
جبل رينييه
جيمس كوك
ضباط البحرية الملكية البريطانية
علماء وصف المياه إنجليز
مستكشفو ألاسكا
مستكشفو أوريغون
مستكشفو إنجليز من باسيفيك
مستكشفو كاليفورنيا
مستكشفو كندا
مستكشفو كولومبيا البريطانية
مستكشفو ولاية واشنطن
مستكشفون إنجليز
مستكشفون إنجليز من أمريكا الشمالية
مستكشفون في القرن 18
مواليد 1757
وفيات 1798

جورج فانكوفر


David Ismael Concepción Benitez (born June 17, 1948) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball player and manager. He played his entire career in Major League Baseball as a shortstop for the Cincinnati Reds dynasty that won four National League pennants and two World Series championships between  and .

A nine-time All-Star player, Concepción earned five Gold Glove Awards as he teamed with Joe Morgan for one of the best middle-infield combinations of their era. He also won two Silver Slugger Awards and was named the MVP of the 1982 All-Star Game. In 2000, Concepción was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and in 2007, the team retired Concepción's uniform #13.

Early life
Concepción was born in Ocumare de la Costa, Aragua State, Venezuela, the son of a truck driver and his wife, Ernestina. He attended Agustin Codazzi High School. After high school, he worked as a bank teller and played part-time for the local Tigres de Aragua baseball team. His coach, Wilfredo Calviño, was also a Cincinnati Reds' scout, and Calviño signed Concepción to a Reds' contract in 1967.

Career
Following the steps of his childhood heroes Chico Carrasquel and Luis Aparicio, Jr., Concepción, originally drafted as a pitcher, came out of Venezuela to become one of the Reds' and the National League's greatest all-time shortstops. He made his big-league debut at the age of 21 on April 6, 1970, starting at shortstop and going 0-for-4 as the Reds defeated the Montreal Expos, 5-1. He went 0-for-4 again the next day against the Los Angeles Dodgers before getting his first hit on April 8, a seventh-inning double off Dodgers pitcher (and future Reds teammate) Fred Norman.

In his first three seasons, Reds manager Sparky Anderson played him part-time, sharing duties with Woody Woodward and Darrel Chaney. In one of those appearances, in 1971, he was the only team member to reach base safely when the Reds were no-hit by the Philadelphia Phillies' Rick Wise; a sixth-inning walk spoiled what would have been a perfect game. In 1973, Concepción blossomed, both at bat and in the field, being named the starting shortstop. On May 9, in a Reds 9–7 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Johnny Bench hit three home runs and drove in seven runs against pitcher Steve Carlton. It was the second time that Bench smashed three homers against Carlton in a game. However, a Concepción two-run tie-breaker homer in the ninth, off Barry Lersch, was the game-winner. Concepción had been named to the NL All-Star team, but on July 22, two days before the game he dislocated his knee and broke his leg (sliding into third base after moving from first base with Denis Menke base hit against the Expos in the bottom of the seventh inning at Riverfront, fracturing the fibula of left leg) and missed the second half of the year. At this time, he was batting .287, with 8 home runs, 46 RBI, 39 runs, 18 doubles, three triples and 22 stolen bases.

Concepción returned in 1974 and played 160 games. He enjoyed his best overall season, batting .281, with 14 home runs and 82 RBI, as well as winning his first of five Gold Glove Awards.

By 1975, Concepción joined Pete Rose, Johnny Bench, Joe Morgan, Tony Pérez, Ken Griffey, Sr., George Foster and César Gerónimo in the famous "Great Eight" starting lineup of The Big Red Machine that would help the Reds win the next two World Series titles. Even after Concepción had established himself in the major leagues as a star shortstop, he continued to play winter ball in Venezuela, helping to improve his batting. After his .274, 5, 49 totals in the 1975 Major League season, Concepción posted marks of: .281, 9, 69 (1976); .271, 8, 64 (1977); .301, 6, 67 (1978); .281, 16, 84 (1979); .260, 5, 77 (1980); .306, 5, 67 (1981); and .287, 5, 53 (1982).

On July 13, 1982, the first All-Star Game outside of the United States was held at Montreal's Olympic Stadium. Concepción hit a two-run homer to help the National League to a 4–1 win (the NL's 11th straight victory and 19th in the last 20 contests). Concepción was named the game's Most Valuable Player.

Later in his career, Concepción worked with Tony Pérez and perfected the one-bounce throw to first base. Concepción was the first shortstop to use this method to take advantage of the smooth artificial turf at Riverfront Stadium and other parks in the National League.

Hampered by age, an elbow injury and shoulder surgery in 1982, Concepción had consecutive sub-par seasons from 1983–84. Grooming Barry Larkin as his successor, he became a dependable handyman at all four infield positions. He was replaced by Larkin in 1986, only 44 games away from Larry Bowa's NL record for shortstops.

In 1988, which would be his 19th and final season with the Reds, manager Pete Rose sent Concepción in to pitch 1.1 innings in Dodger Stadium late in a blow-out game. He gave up two hits, no runs, and struck out one batter. The Reds released Concepción after the 1988 season. He attempted a 20th Major League season in 1989, trying out for the California Angels, but he failed to make the roster and retired from playing at the age of 40.

Concepcion ranks second in Cincinnati Reds history in career games played and at-bats; third in hits, doubles and stolen bases; and fifth in runs scored and total bases. He and Barry Larkin share the franchise record with 19 seasons played in a Reds uniform.

Personal life
After retiring in 1989, he served as manager of the Tigres de Aragua team in Venezuela.

Concepción resides with his wife, Delia, in Urbanizacion El Castaño, a community in Maracay, Venezuela at the base of the mountains near Henri Pittier National Park. They have three grown children, sons David Alejandro and David Eduardo, and daughter Daneska. Concepción owns a farm as well as a trucking business.

On August 25, 2007, the Cincinnati Reds held a pre-game ceremony to retire Concepción's number 13.

Joining him were several other all-time Reds greats whose numbers were retired, including former teammates Tony Pérez, Johnny Bench, Joe Morgan and manager Sparky Anderson as well as former teammates Ken Griffey and George Foster. Concepción has said that he originally chose that number to honor his mother, Ernestina, who was born in 1913. It was the first occasion in Major League history that the number 13 was retired by a team.

His number 13 was also retired by the Venezuelan team for which he played 20 years of winter ball, Tigres de Aragua of Maracay. In 2014, he was named vice president of the club. He is a member of the Caribbean Series Hall of Fame.

In 2014, Concepción returned to Cincinnati to serve as grand marshal of the annual opening day Findlay Market Parade, and later he and his successor at shortstop for the Reds, Barry Larkin, threw the ceremonial first pitches prior to the Reds' season opener.

Articles
 Reds' Brass Excited Over Concepción, Fast-Rising Infield Whiz. The Sporting News, by Earl Lawson – November 8, 1969 (Vol. 168, Issue 17) -- p. 39
 The Making of Dave Concepción. Baseball Digest,  by Si Burick – August, 1974 (Vol. 33, Issue 8) -- p. 40, 3 page(s)
 Friday the 13th. Sports Illustrated, by Robert H. Boyle – June 23, 1980 (Vol. 52, Issue 26) -- p. 13, 14
 Dave Concepción Best in the Business. Boys' Life, by Jim Brosnan – September, 1975 (Vol. 65, Issue 9) -- p. 20, 4 page(s)

Further reading
 The Greatest Shortstops Of All Time,  by Donald Honig – p. 80, 6 page(s). Dubuque, Ia: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1992
 Baseball's Dream Team., by John Thorn – Dave Concepción: "Senor Slick" – p. 40, 10 page(s). New York: Ace Tempo Books, 1982

See also
 List of NL Gold Glove winners at shortstop
 List of Gold Glove middle infield duos
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
 Tigres de Aragua

References

External links

Davidconcepcion – Official web site

1948 births
Living people
Asheville Tourists players
Cincinnati Reds players
Gold Glove Award winners
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Major League Baseball shortstops
National League All-Stars
Sportspeople from Aragua
Silver Slugger Award winners
Tampa Tarpons (1957–1987) players
Tigres de Aragua players
Venezuela national baseball team people
Venezuelan baseball coaches
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States

Dave Concepción


The Bay of Lübeck (, ) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the shores of the German states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein. It forms the southwestern part of the Bay of Mecklenburg.

The main port is Travemünde, a borough of the city of Lübeck, at the mouth of river Trave. The Elbe–Lübeck Canal connects the Baltic Sea with the Elbe River. The bay is surrounded by the land strips of Ostholstein and Nordwestmecklenburg. Located in the North of the Bay, the Hansa-Park amusement park creates a popular sight for families all around the region and Southern Denmark. The Pötenitzer Wiek Lake splits the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and got historical attention, as it gave East Germany refugees the possibility to flee from East Germany into West Germany.

Gallery

See also
 Priwall Peninsula with the museum ship Passat
 Travemünder Woche - traditional sailing races on the Bay of Lübeck
 The disaster on May 3, 1945, involving these 3 ships:
 Cap Arcona
 Thielbek
 Deutschland
 U-48
Lighthouses and lightvessels in Germany

External links

Lubeck
Lubeck
Lübeck
Bays of the Baltic Sea

Bay of Lübeck


Fåberg Station (Fåberg stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Dovrebanen, der ligger ved byområdet Fåberg i Lillehammer kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede 15. november 1894, da banen mellem Hamar og Tretten blev taget i brug. Oprindeligt hed den Faaberg, men navnet blev ændret til Fåberg 23. april 1921. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 30. maj 1965, og 14. december 1966 blev stationen fjernstyret. Omfattende godstrafik gjorde dog, at stationen fortsat var bemandet indtil 15. juni 1975. Siden da har den tidligere station fungeret som fjernstyret krydsningsspor.

Den første stationsbygning blev opført til åbningen i 1894 efter tegninger af Paul Due. Bygningen brændte i 1909, og efterfølgende opførtes den nuværende stationsbygning efter tegninger af Harald Kaas. Stationen blev ofte benyttet af forfatteren Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, idet hans gård Aulestad ligger ti km nord for stationen. Derudover ligger militærlejren Jørstadmoen leir tre km syd for stationen.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Dovrebanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1894
Jernbanestationer i Oppland

Fåberg Station


Šejh hfz. Zilko ef. Žolja (Gornji Palež, 1931.), bosanskohercegovački je teolog i kaligraf bošnjačkog podrijetla, šejh nakšibendijskog tarikata.

Životopis
Zilko Žolja je rođen 1931. godine u Gornjem Paležu pokraj Kiseljaka. U rodnom mjestu, završio je Hifz pred šejhom hfz. Mustafom ef. Mujićem 1951. godine. Nakon završetka imamskog ispita upošljava se kao imam u džematu Duhri, gdje ostaje dvije godine. Nakon toga 14 godina radi u džematu Prokos pokraj Fojnice. Ostatak radnog vijeka radi u Uvorićima pokraj Visokog.

Žolja je jedan od poznatijih krasnopisaca u Bosni i Hercegovini. Mnoge džamije su ukrašene njegovim radovima. Jedan period života je radio u Medresi Osman ef. Redžović u Visokom predavajući krasnopis.

Danas živi u Uvorićima pokraj Visokog.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Hafiz Zilko Žolja: Jedan od posljednjih kaligrafa u Visokom

Životopisi, Visoko
Bošnjački derviški šejhovi

Zilko Žolja


Plestiodon callicephalus, commonly known as the mountain skink, is a species of lizard, a medium-sized member of the Plestiodon skinks, endemic to  North America.

Taxonomy
At least one herpetologist has considered this species to be a subspecies of Plestiodon tetragrammus under the scientific name P. tetragrammus callicephalus, but the more common classification considers it to be a separate species based on differences in appearance and its distinct geographic distribution.

Description
The mountain skink is a medium-sized skink reaching a maximum length from snout to vent of about . Its body is olive to brown in color, with black stripes on the sides. On the head, it features a distinctive, roughly Y-shaped light line pattern, which gave rise to its scientific name: callicephalus is Greek and means "beautiful head".

Like many other Plestiodon, juvenile mountain skinks have a bright blue tail. However, contrary to most other species of this genus, adults retain this color, although it does fade a little with age.

Geographic range
The mountain skink occurs from southeastern Arizona and extreme southwestern
New Mexico southward to Nayarit and Jalisco in Mexico.

In the U.S., the species is very localized. In New Mexico, mountain skinks are found only in the southern Peloncillo Mountains (Hidalgo County) of southwest Hidalgo County. It is known only from Geronimo Trail and Guadalupe Canyon, where it is uncommon in its limited habitat. In Arizona, the mountain skink occurs in the Coronado National Forest.

Conservation status
Throughout its range in Mexico, the species seems secure, although many local populations may be jeopardized by habitat loss.

In New Mexico, the species is classified as "critically impaired".

Habitat
The mountain skink is found in a wide variety of habitat, ranging from sea level to nearly 2,000 m (about 6,560 ft). It prefers areas with abundant and well-rotted leaf litter, providing cover and places for laying eggs.

Behavior
Plestiodon callicephalus is a terrestrial skink, spending most of its time foraging on the ground, hunting for small invertebrates. It is a good burrower, burrowing its own den.

References

Further reading
Behler, J.L., and F.W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Knopf. New York. 743 pp. . (Eumeces tetragrammus callicephalus, p. 578 + Plate 439.)
Bocourt, M.F. 1879. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Centrale. Imprimerie Imperiale. Paris. pp. 360–440. (Eumeces callicephalus, p. 431 + Plate XXII. D., figure 2.; and Plate XXII. E., figure 2.)
Boulenger, G.A. 1887. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume III. Lacertidæ, Gerrhosauridæ, Scincidæ,... Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) London. xii + 575 pp. + Plates I.- XL. (Eumeces callicephalus, p. 378.)
Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie Jr. 1982. Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. Golden Press. New York. 240 pp. . (Eumeces callicephalus, pp. 76–77.)

External links
BISON fact sheet
An image

Plestiodon
Reptiles of the United States
Reptiles of Mexico
Reptiles described in 1879
Taxa named by Marie Firmin Bocourt

Plestiodon callicephalus


Kalksvampar (fræðiheiti: Calcarea) er flokkur svampdýra sem inniheldur um 500 tegundir í sex ættbálkum, þar af einum útdauðum. Kalksvampar hafa nálar úr kalsíumkarbónati í vefjum sínum, ýmist úr kalsíti eða aragóníti. Nálar flestra tegunda kalksvampa eru þrístrendar en sumar tegundir hafa nálar með tveimur- eða fjórum oddum.

Lýsing
Kalksvampar eru yfirleitt smávaxnir, undir 10 cm að hæð og litlitlir, þó nokkrar litskrúðugar tegundir séu þekktar. Kalksvampar eru breytilegir að líkamsgerð og meðal þeirra er að finna allar þrjár helstu líkamsgerðir svampa, ascon-, sycon- og leucon-svampa.

Útbreiðsla og vistfræði
Allir kalksvampar eru bundnir við sjó sem búsvæði. Tegundir kalksvampa lifa um allan heim en flestar tegundir er að finna á grunnsævi í hitabeltinu. Eins og nánast allir svampar, eru kalksvampar botnfastir og lifa sem síarar.

Flokkun
Kalksvampar birtust fyrst á Kambríumtímabilinu og fjölbreytileiki þeirra var mestur á Krítartímabilinu. Mögulega voru kalksvampar fyrsti dýrahópurinn til að skilja sig frá flokkunartré dýra og því hafa komið fram tillögur um að aðgreina kalksvampa frá svampdýrum sem nýja fylkingu.

Kalksvampategundir eru um 500 og skiptast í tvo undirflokka og sex ættbálka, þar af er einn útdauður (Pharetronida):

 Undirflokkur Calcinea
 Ættbálkur Clathrinida
 Ættbálkur Murrayonida
 Undirflokkur Calcaronea
 Ættbálkur Baerida
 Ættbálkur Leucosolenida
 Ættbálkur Lithonida
 Ættbálkur Pharetronida †

Tilvísanir

Svampar
Sjávardýr

Kalksvampar


Hifzija Gavrankapetanović (Gavran-Kapetanović), hrvatski odvjetnik i političar iz Sarajeva, BiH. Prije rata bio je član JMO. Bio je zastupnik i potpredsjednik u sazivu Hrvatskoga državnog sabora 1942. godine, kamo ga je doveo Džafer Kulenović. Brat Ismet-bega Gavrankapetanovića.

Izvori

Dužnosnici NDH
Hrvatski političari u Bosni i Hercegovini
Životopisi, Sarajevo

Hifzija Gavrankapetanović


Zora Čeko (Šibenik, 10. kolovoza 1926.), hrvatski iseljenička književnica, novinarka, agronomica, planinarska djelatnica i turistička menadžerica

Životopis
Rodila se je u Šibeniku, gdje je završila osnovnu školu i gimnaziju. U Zagrebu se godine 1946. upisala na Poljoprivredno-šumarski fakultet. Tijekom studija pisala je i objavila pjesme. Pripadala je raznim književnim skupinama. Pjesme su joj pohvalili J. Hamm, I. Kaštelan i A. Stipčević. Diplomirala je 1952. godine. Poslije studija nakratko se zaposlila na radiju u Zagrebu kao poljoprivredna novinarka. Sljedeće odredište bio joj je Drniš gdje je bila zadružna agronomica, odnosno poljoprivredna inženjerka. Iz Drniša je prešla u Split gdje je bila glavna i odgovorna urednica tjednika "Zadružno selo". Zatim je specijalizirala vinarstvo u Institutu vinarstva u Zagrebu. Nakratko je radila u Dugom Selu. Iz osobnih je razloga otišla iz Hrvatske potkraj 1954. a u Australiji se nastanila 1956. godine. Izvan Hrvatske živila je devet godina, od čega devet u Australiji. Hrvatski kulturni djelatnici u iseljeništvu dugo su pokušavali uz najveće napore doći do nje, ali nisu mogli ustanoviti gdje živi Zora Čeko i je li uopće još bila živa. Godine 1965. vratila se u domovinu i zaposlila u hotelsko turističkom poduzeću Primošten pa u turističkoj radnoj zajednici Šibenka, gdje je vodila odjel propagande i marketinga. Polovicom 1980-ih predložila je da se Krka i Kornati imenuju kao nacionalni parkovi. Bila je tad menadžerica hotela Primošten i poslije Solarisa te je dosta pridonijela tom projektu kao i označila prvu Marinu Kremik. Mnogo je napravila u promidžbi turizma u svijetu kao Kanadi, Italiji Njemačkoj i drugim zemljama. Planinarenjem se bavila od 1970-ih. Aktivno se uključila 1978. u Program "100 žena na vrhu Mosora" u organizaciji Spliskog planinarskog društva. Na Mosor se popela 12 puta i dobila brončanu, srebrnu i zlatnu značku. Sa šibenskim planinarskim društvom Kamenar obišla je skoro sve staze organizirane Hrvatskim planinarskim društvom. Na njen je prijedlog pokrenut časopis Glasnik Kamenara, prvo lista planinarskog društva Kamenar iz Šibenika. Bila je dugogodišnja urednica lista.  Za vrijeme njena rada šibenskog planinarsko društvo Kamenar proglašeno je najboljim planinarskim društvom Hrvatske, a list Glasnik Kamenara bio je uz Hrvatski planinar i Lički planinar najbolji planinarski list. Tetka hrvatske glumice Gordane Zeitz.Da se ne zaboravi.

Djela
Namjeravala je napisati niz zbiraka pjesama koje je nazvala Slavenska rapsodija. Iz tog opusa objavila je svoju zbirku pjesama Ruža. Objavila ju je u Münchenu, a na knjizi nije navedena godina kad je objavljena. Pojavilo se i izdanje Ruža vjetrova u izdanju Štamparije Iskra od 1963. godine.

Prvu je zbirku pjesama Ruža vjetra izdala 1963. u Melbourneu u Australiji. Slijedio je veliki opus Heraldika na 266 stranica u vlastitoj nakladi u Šibeniku 1999. također u vlastitoj nakladi pjesme Žubor vode, 2004. godine. Zbirku pjesama na engleskom jeziku The poems of experience napisana je u kućnom bunkeru u Šibeniku za vrijeme velikosrpske agresije na Hrvatsku, kad su Šibenik često granatirali pobunjeni Srbi i JNA. Djelo je objavila 1996. u Londonu. Dvije godine poslije izdala je prevedeno dvojezično izdanje The poems of experience - Pjesme iskustva. 2009. je objavila rukovet pjesama Svjetlo u tunelu pisanih lirskim slogom haiku-tanke japanske stilistike i zbirka pjesama Zemlja, izdana 2011. 2013. je pisala roman Dnevnik bjegunca.

Šimun Šito Ćorić uvrstio ju je u svoju antologiju 60 hrvatskih emigrantskih pisaca.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvatski svjetski kongres

Hrvati u Australiji
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvatski novinari
Hrvatski planinari
Turizam
Životopisi, Šibenik

Zora Čeko


Svako od pokretljivih i ponekih nepokretljivih (lebde u vodi ili zraku) živih bića je imalo, ili će imati u svome životu potrebu za imigracijom odnosno emigracijom. Migracija je pojam koji označava kretanje nekog organizma, bilo za hranu, financijsku egzistenciju (ljudi), zbog pronalaska bolje okoline za život, ili zbog vremenskih (ne)prilika. Postoji veliki broj vrsta migracija no možemo ih svrstati po načinu odnosno po trajanju. Postoje dvije glavne skupine to su: imigracija ili useljeništvo, i emigracija ili izbjeglištvo. Kao što ljudi migriraju kao i životinje i mikroorganizmi tako i neke biljke.

Dnevne vertikalne migracije

Dnevne vertikalne migracije je način kretanja koji koriste neki organizama, kao što su Veslonošci; Copepoda, koji žive u oceanu i u jezerima. Migracija se događa kada se organizmi iz pelagijske zone tijekom noći kreću do mezopelagijske zone oceana ili hypolimnionske zone jezera tijekom dana. To je najveća migracija u svijetu u pogledu biomase. Postoje dva različita faktora za koje se zna da igraju ulogu u vertikalnoj migraciji, a to su endogeni i egzogeni faktori. Endogeni faktori potječu od samog organizma; spol, dob, biološki ritmovi, itd egzogeni faktori su okolišni čimbenici koji djeluju na organizam, kao što su svjetlost, gravitacija, kisik, temperature, interakcija grabežljivca i plijena. Postoje mnoge hipoteze u vezi razloga za dnevnu vertikalnu migraciju, a jedna od njih je zbog očuvanja energije iz razloga što organizam danju je u hladnoj zoni dok je u noću u toplijoj.

Razlikujemo 3 vrste dnevnih vertikalnih migracija.
 Noćne migracije- njih karakterizira jedan dnevni uspon koji obično počinje pri zalasku sunca jedan uspon iz gornjih slojeva koji se dešava blizu zalaska sunca.
 Migracije u sumrak- karakterizira ih 2 uspona i 2 pada svaka 24h
 Obrnuta migracija- karakterizira ju uspon prema površini preko dana i preko noći pad na maksimalnu dubinu.
Dnevne vertikalne migracije imaju nekoliko posljedica koje su biološki i ekološki važne, pošto sve jedinke neke vrste ne migriraju u jednako vrijeme i prema istim dubinama populacije će izgubiti neke jedinke i dobiti neke nove. Ova mješavina jedinki iz različitih vrsta populacija poboljšava genetičku mješovitost i veoma je važna u vrstama koje imaju ograničenu horizontalnu pokretljivost. Još jedan važan rezultat je taj da povećava i ubrzava transport organskog materijala koji je proizveden u eufotičkoj zoni prema dubljim zonama.
Takve su migracije poznate u dinofita Gonyaulax polyedra i u različitih vrsta roda Dinophysis. Kad nema dovoljno dušikovih spojeva, vertikalna migracija prestaje. I snažna haloklina može zaustaviti vertikalne migracije flagelata. Dinoflagelat Prorocentrum minimum može uspješno migrirati kroz snažnu haloklinu, dok srodna vrsta P. micans nema takve sposobnosti. Termoklina može također biti prepreka vertikalnoj migraciji stanica mnogih vrsta.

Izvori
Zoologija
Morska biologija

Dnevne vertikalne migracije


Jelly Selau () este un fotbalist tuvaluan internațional care joacă ca un mijlocaș în Tuvalu O-Division la Manu Laeva.

Statistici de carieră

Internațional

Referințe

Nașteri în 1983
Mijlocași
Oameni în viață
Nativi din Tuvalu

Jelly Selau


Fyn er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1943.

Handling
Blomstrende frugtplantage - Det fynske landskab - Bindingsværksgårde - Høst - Odinstårnet - Odense - Nyborg - Kerteminde - Ladbyskibet - Bogense - Middelfart - Lillebæltsbroen - Assens - Fåborg - Svendborg - Fynske herregårde - Tåsinge - Ærø - Langeland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1943

Fyn (dokumentarfilm)


Die Filial- und Wallfahrtskirche hl. Herz Mariens ist eine römisch-katholische Kirche im Norden von Föllim in Niederösterreich. Seit 1724 gilt sie als Wallfahrtskirche. Ursprünglich gehörte Föllim zum Pfarrbezirk Falkenstein und kam im 12. Jahrhundert zusammen mit Ameis in das Vikariat der Pfarre Asparn an der Zaya. Als Filiale der Pfarre Ameis gehört sie heute zum Dekanat Laa-Gaubitsch. Die Kirche steht zusammen mit dem sie umgebenden, ehemaligen Friedhof unter Denkmalschutz ().

An das schlichte barocke Langhaus mit Westturm von 1709, Satteldach und Lunettenfenstern schließt ein eingezogener, gerader Chor aus dem 16. Jahrhundert an. Der westlichen Giebelfront ist ein dreigeschoßiger Turm mit rundbogigen Schallfenstern und Zwiebelhelm vorgestellt. An der Südseite liegt die Sakristei.

Das zweijochige Langhaus ist innen durch eine Stichkappentonne auf Doppelpilastern mit Kämpferzone und bemalten Gurten gedeckt und hat im Gewölbe Putzfelder. Darunter erhebt sich im Westen eine hölzerne Orgelempore aus der Zeit um 1800 sowie ein eingezogener, rundbogiger Triumphbogen. Der erhöhte, zweijochige Chor mit Stichkappentonne hat im östlichen Joch ein fünfteiliges Rippengewölbe auf Halbsäulenvorlagen mit Basen und einfachen Kapitellen vom Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Die Sakristei ist durch eine Stichkappentonne mit Putzfeldern und Gurtbogen gewölbt.

Die Ausstattung ist zum Großteil hochbarock. Der Hochaltar aus dem ersten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts hat eine Kopie des Gnadenbildes Mariahilf in schwarz-goldenem Rahmen mit hohem Aufsatz und Dreifaltigkeitsgruppe, das sich seit 1724 in Föllim befindet und 1737 am Altar angebracht wurde. Auf den seitlichen Opferungsportalen stehen vergoldete Statuen der Heiligen Ulrich und Prokop. Am Seitenaltar befindet sich ein 1978 restauriertes Ölbild des Heiligen Josef in barockem Rahmen aus dem zweiten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Kanzel aus dem ersten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts verfügt über Evangelistenfiguren am Korb. Die Orgel, in zierlichem, braun-goldenem Gehäuse, wurde 1783 von Josef Silberbauer gebaut. Zur weiteren Einrichtung zählen barocke Konsolstatuen der Heiligen Johannes Nepomuk und Antonius am Triumphbogen, eine Maria-Immaculate-Statue aus der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts im Chor, mit 1636 bezeichnete Votivbilder der 14 Nothelfer, ein Auge Gottes mit Inschrift und Bezeichnung 1784 sowie eine mit 1809 bezeichnete, schmiedeeiserne Gittertür.

Im ehemaligen Friedhof befinden sich zwei barocke Grabsteine aus Sandstein, zwei Gnadenstuhl-Darstellungen mit den Bezeichnungen 17.. und 1739, ein mit 1748 bezeichnetes Kreuz und eine mit 1881 bezeichnete Gittertür aus Schmiedeeisen.

Literatur
 DEHIO Niederösterreich nördlich der Donau. Berger, Wien 2010, ISBN 978-3-85028-395-3, S. 217f.

Weblinks

Follim
Follim
Poysdorf
Baudenkmal (Niederösterreich)
Follim
Follim

Filialkirche Föllim


Mohammed Daoud Khan eller Daud Khan (18. juli 1909 – 28. april 1978) var den 5. premierminister i Afghanistan fra 1953 til 1968 og den første præsident i Afghanistan fra 1973 til 1978.

Biografi
Khan blev født ind i den kongelige familie. Han væltede Musahiban-monarkiet og sin fætter Mohammed Zahir Shah og erklærede sig selv den første præsident i Afghanistan i 1973. Han havde denne position, indtil han blev snigmyrdet i 1978 under Saur-revolutionen, der var ledet af det kommunistiske "People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan" (PDPA). Mordet indledte den igangværende borgerkrig i Afghanistan.

Khan var kendt for sine progressive politikker, bestræbelser på at forbedre kvinders rettigheder, Pashtun nationalisme og for at indlede to femårige moderniseringsplaner, som øgede arbejdsstyrken med omkring 50 procent.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Afghanistans præsidenter
Afghanistans premierministre
Politikere fra Afghanistan
Statsoverhoveder der kom til magten ved kup
Personer dræbt i attentat
Personer fra Kabul

Mohammad Daud Khan


ලාංකේය සිංහල කැවිලි වර්ගයකි. කේක් වලට සමානකම් කියයි. කිතුල් පැණි හා පොල් දමා සාදනු ලබයි.

සිංහල කැවිලි

බිබික්කං


Fahinehan (ehemals Talinehar) ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Fatuberlio (Gemeinde Manufahi). "Fahinehan" bedeutet auf Lakalei und Tetum "Schweinezahn".

Geographie

Vor der Gebietsreform 2015 hatte Fahinehan eine Fläche von 48,50 km². Nun sind es 46,89 km². Der Suco liegt im Nordwesten des Verwaltungsamts Fatuberlio. Nordöstlich befinden sich die Sucos Bubussuso und Caicassa. Im Südosten grenzt Fahinhan an das Verwaltungsamt Alas mit seinen Sucos Aituha und Taitudac, im Westen an das Verwaltungsamt Same mit seinem Suco Tutuluro und im Norden an das Verwaltungsamt Turiscai mit seinen Sucos Mindelo und Orana. Entlang der Westgrenze fließt der Sui, ein Nebenfluss des Caraulun.

Durch den Süden des Sucos Fahinehan führt eine Überlandstraße, die die Gemeindehauptstadt Same mit dem Hauptort des Verwaltungsamts Welaluhu. An ihr liegt das Dorf Kakai. Der restliche Suco ist nur schlecht mit der Außenwelt verbunden. So mussten für die Parlamentswahlen in Osttimor 2007 die Wahlurnen zum Wahllokal mit einem Hubschrauber hingebracht und wieder abgeholt werden. Im Zentrum von Fahinhan befindet sich der Ort Daramata (Daramatan) und im Nordwesten die Dörfer Orilo, Daurata, Riamori, Ainessi (Ainesi) und Patukilat. Grundschulen gibt es in Orilo und in Daramata. Im Norden gibt es außerdem eine medizinische Station und einen provisorischen Hubschrauberlandeplatz.

Im Suco befinden sich die vier Aldeias Ainessi, Daramata, Daurata und Riamori.

Einwohner
Im Suco leben 1.536 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 794 Männer und 742 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 263 Haushalte. Über 95 % der Einwohner geben Lakalei als ihre Muttersprache an. Fast 3 % sprechen Tetum Prasa und eine kleine Minderheit Tetum Terik.

Geschichte

Fatuberlio war 1976 ein Rückzugsgebiet der FALINTIL, die gegen die indonesischen Invasoren kämpfte. Die Einwohner der Sucos Fahinehan, Caicassa und Bubussuso ergaben sich den Invasoren 1978, nachdem die Widerstandsbasis (base de apoio) Centro Sul zerstört worden war. Zunächst wurden sie in der Küstenregion Manufahis versammelt, dann in Fahinehan unter der Kontrolle des indonesischen Airborne Infantry Battalion 100. Viele der Zivilisten durch den Mangel an Nahrungsmitteln und Medikamenten. In der Umgebung durften die Internierten nur in Begleitung von Soldaten nach Nahrung suchen. Dabei durften sie sich nicht mehr als ein Kilometer vom Lager entfernen. Zwei Männer wurden erschossen, weil sie die Grenze überschritten hatten. Auch im Ort Turiscai wurden Einwohner der drei Sucos interniert.

1981 wurden die Einwohner von Fahinehan und der Bubussuso von den indonesischen Besatzern nach Oeto (Suco Dotik, Verwaltungsamt Alas) zwangsumgesiedelt, weil sie in Verdacht standen, die FALINTIL weiter mit Nahrungsmitteln zu versorgen. Die Felder wurden von den indonesischen Soldaten niedergebrannt, damit sie nicht der Widerstandsbewegung nutzen konnten. Für die Zwangsumgesiedelten wurde der neue Ort Weberec gegründet. Da die Menschen aus dem Norden von Fatuberlio als Bergbewohner nur ihre fruchtbaren Felder gewohnt waren, hatten sie Schwierigkeiten im heißen, sumpfigen Flachland, was zu vielen Todesfällen führte. Bis 1983 erfolgte die Rücksiedlung in die angestammten Gebiete.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde José Agusto Amaral zum Chefe de Suco gewählt. Bei den Wahlen 2009 gewann Gonçalo Natalino da Costa und 2016 António da C. Tilman.

Persönlichkeiten
 Arão Noé da Costa Amaral (* 1955), Politiker

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Fahinehan (tetum; PDF; 8,01 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Fahinehan (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Fatuberlio (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Manufahi

Fahinehan


Somaliværling () er en fugleart, der lever i Afrikas Horn, Sydsudan, Uganda, Kenya og Tanzania.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Emberiza poliopleura

Fugle fra Afrikas Horn
Værlinger

Somaliværling


An Tillandsia frank-hasei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jason Randall Grant. An Tillandsia frank-hasei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Venezuela. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia frank-hasei


Aerodinamik, genel anlamda havanın kuvvetsel etkilerini inceleyen bilim dalıdır. Katı bir cisim etrafında akan hava veya hareketsiz duran hava içinde hareket eden katı cisim söz konusu olduğunda hava, aerodinamik kanunlarına uygun davranır. Havanın göreli hareketinden kaynaklanan kuvvetler taşıma ve sürükleme kuvvetleridir. direnç kuvvetleridir. Hava taşımacılığında bu iki kuvvet önemli yer tutarken kara nakil araçları için belli bir hıza kadar sadece direnç sürükleme kuvveti göz önüne alınır. Ancak çok hızlı araçlarda örneğin Formula 1 yarış arabalarında taşıma kuvveti (aracın yol tutuşuyla ilgili olarak) dikkate alınması gereken değerlere ulaşır. Kuvvetler, hızın karesi ile orantılıdır.

Otomotiv sektöründeki önemi
Üretici firmalar, araçlarının insanın ayağını yerden kesmek yanında yüksek sürat, yüksek taşıma kapasitesi, ekonomi gibi üstün performans özelliklerine sahip olması gerektiğini fark ettiklerinden bu yana bir yandan motor tarafından sağlanan gücü artırma, diğer yandan da aracın sistemlerindeki ve bilhassa hava direncinden kaynaklanan kayıpları minimize etme yolları aramışlardır. İlk binek otolarının bir telefon kulübesinden farkı yok iken günümüzdeki otomobil üreticileri araçlarının daha iyi aerodinamik özelliklere sahip olmaları amacıyla köklü form değişikliklerine gitmişlerdir ve bu konudaki Ar-Ge çalışmalarına büyük önem vermektedirler. Özellikle rekabet piyasasında daha geniş yer hedefleyen üreticiler araçlarının ekonomikliğini artırırken, ekonomikliği artırmada en büyük engel olan hava direnç kaybını azaltmak için bu tür araştırmalara gelirlerinin büyük miktarını ayırmaktadırlar.

Otomobillerdeki kayıplar
Kara nakil araçlarında motorca üretilen güç hava direnci ve sistem içindeki kayıpları dengeler. Bu kayıplar :
 Termodinamik kayıplar
 Transmisyon kayıpları
 Yuvarlanma kayıpları
 İvme kayıplarıdır.

Düşük hızlarda hava direnci diğer kayıplar yanında oldukça düşük mertebelerdedir. Ancak hız 30-40 km/h değerine ulaşınca hava direnci önem kazanır. Bunun sebebi hava direncinin hızın karesiyle doğru orantılı olarak artmasıdır.

Geometrik boyutları araç dış formuna bağlı direnç katsayısı (cw) belli olan bir araca herhangi bir hızda etkiyen direnç kuvveti hesaplanabilir.
Örnek olarak ; hızı 30 m/sn (108 km/h) olan bir aracın rüzgara dik kesit yüzeyi 3m'kare olsun. Aracın direnç katsayısı Cw =0,45 ise bu araca etkiyen direnç şu şekilde bulunur :

D=0,5 x d x Cw x A x V²

Burada;
 d : Havanın yoğunluğu ( 1.255 kg/m³ )
 A : Aracın dik kesit alanı ( m² )
 V : aracın hızı ( m/sn ) dir.

 D= 0,5 x 1,255 x 0,45 x 3 x (30)²
 D= 762,4Newton
	Bu kuvvet 80 kg ağırlığında bir kütleyi havaya kaldırmak için gerekli olan kuvvete eşittir.

Cw değeri bir cismin dış formu sebebiyle düzgün doğrusal akım içinde oluşturduğu süreksizlik ve girdaplar gibi akım bozuntularının sonucu ortaya çıkar. Dış form itibarıyla cisim ne derece az bozuntuya sebep olursa direnç katsayısı ve buna bağlı olarak direnç kuvveti de o derece küçük olur. Görüldüğü gibi hızı ve geometrik boyutları belli olan bir aracın hava direnç kaybını azaltmanın tek yolu aracın dış formuna bağlı olan direnç katsayısı Cw'yi azaltmaktır. Cw değerinin azaltılması :
 Motor gücü sabit bir aracın daha yüksek hıza erişebilmesi
 Belli hıza çıkması istenen araca daha küçük motor takılabilmesi
anlamına gelir.

Binek araçları için ekonomi açısından ikinci şık yarış arabalarında ise yüksek performans hedeflendiğinden birinci şık Cw değerinin önemini ortaya koyar.

Direnç katsayısı Cw'nin azaltılabilmesi için araç formları gün geçtikçe aerodinamikteki adıyla damla formuna benzetilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Damla formunun özelliği doğrusal akımda bilinen en az bozuntuya sebep olan yapı olmasıdır.

Hava Direnç Katsayısını Azaltmak İçin Yapılan Çalışmalar
Aracın kaportası çevresinde akan havanın mümkün olduğunca kesintisiz ve pürüzsüz bir yüzey etrafında akması sağlanarak direnç katsayısı daha da düşürülebilmiştir. Bu amaca yönelik araçlarda kapı camlarının ve farların kaporta ile bir yüzeyde dizayn edilmesi, ön ve arka camların daha yatık dizayn edilmesi, yan aynaların formunun aerodinamik özellik taşıması, lastik oyuklarının genişletilmiş çamurluklarla örtülmesi, ön ve arka tekerlekler arasına etekler yerleştirilmesi, ön panel altına hava kesiciler ( airdam ) yerleştirilmesi, jant kapaklarının mümkün olduğunca aerodinamik yapıda imal edilmeleri, aracın altındaki düzgünsüzlükleri alt kaplama takviyesi ile kamufle edilmesi gibi önlemlere rastlanmaktadır. Günümüzde yukarıda bahsettiğimiz önlemler sayesinde direnç katsayısı ;
 Binek araçlarında 0,25'e
 Otobüslerde 0,5'e
 Motosikletlerde 0,4'e
 Kamyonlarda ise 0,65'e
dek düşürülebilmiştir.

Hava akımı içinde akım yönüne dik olarak tutulan bir levha için bu değer 1.28, paraşütte 1.70, tabanca mermisinde 0.3, futbol topunda 0.29, yolcu uçaklarında 0.25, bomba ve yedek yakıt tankı taşımayan savaş uçaklarında 0.20 civarındadır.

Bu arada laboratuvar çalışmalarında bulunan sonuçların normal trafikte tespit edilenler ile uyuşmaması çoğunlukla rastlanan haldir. Çünkü araca etkiyen yan rüzgar, yük durumu vb. faktörler direnç katsayısına doğrudan tesir ederler.

Açık bir pencere, bagajdaki 20 kg'lık fazla yükün oluşturduğu yere yaklaşma veya kullanılan lastiklerin daha kalın olanlarıyla değiştirilmesi gibi hallerde direnç katsayısı değeri %10-12 artış gösterir. Küçük gibi görünen bu artışın ise yakıt sarfiyatının %5 yükselmesine neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Aracın altındaki düzgünsüzlüklerin alt kaplama ile kamufle edilmesi halinde cw değeri 0.045 düşüş gösterir.Ön ve arka camların eğik dizayn edilmesi, aracın iç kısmını etkileyen güneş ışığı miktarının artmasına neden olur. Bunun doğuracağı yüksek sıcaklık problemine çözüm olarak cam imalatçı firmalar renksiz iki ince cam tabakası arasına altın veya gümüş metalden mikron mertebesinde film sıvayarak güneşin görünür dalga boyundaki ışınlarını geçiren fakat enfraruj ışınlarını yansıtan camlar geliştirmişlerdir. Bunun maliyeti ise normal cam maliyetinin % 50 üzerindedir.

Cw değerini azaltma çalışmalarının sonucu olarak şu söylenebilir : Geliştirilen farklı önlemler sayesinde direnç kaybı oldukça düşürülebilmiştir ve hatta daha da düşürülebilir ancak bu amaç için uygulanacak ilave önlemlerin doğurabileceği maliyet artışı cw değerinin küçültülmesi sonucu ortaya çıkacak avantajı aşacağından bu gibi önlemler şimdilik sadece deneme, geliştirme ve yarış gibi özel amaçlı araçlara uygulanabilmektedir. Binek otolarında cw değeri 0.25 ile 0.6 arasında değişirken bu tür numunelerde cw değeri 0.20'ye düşebilmektedir.

Bu konuda rekor 0.182 ile Mercedes'in C111 serisinin 1985'te geliştirdiği C111/4 modelindedir. Zaman değerlerini alt üst 1936 yapımı geliştirilmiş Mercedes W125 0.20'lik cw değeri ile damla formuna en yakın araçlardan biridir.

Otomobil Üzerinde Oluşan Kaldırma Kuvveti
Tayfun veya hortum gibi şiddetli rüzgarların tehlikeli olmalarının bir nedeni çok alçaktan eserek yukarıya doğru basınç oluşturup herhangi bir kütleyi havaya savurmasıdır. Benzer bir etki de hızlı kullanılan otomobillerde oluşmaktadır. Bu etki aracın üstünde oluşan emme, altında oluşan kaldırma kuvvetiyle daha çok artmaktadır.

Yüksek hızlı araçlarda aracın üst kaporta yüzeyinin kambur olması doğrusal akım karakteristiği taşıyan hava akımının ( V ) bu bölgede eğrilik sebebiyle hareket yönüne dik bir hız bileşeni kazanmasına ( V2 ) neden olur. Böylece yeni bileşen sayesinde daha büyük değere sahip bir bileşke hız vektörü ( Vb ) ortaya çıkar.

Hızdaki artışa paralel olarak aracın üstündeki basınç düşer. Aracın üstünde oluşan basınç düşmesi araca yukarıdan emme etkisi yapar. Bu etki oluşurken bir yandan da aracın altından giren hava aracı yukarıya kaldırmak için basınç uygulamaktadır. Bu kaldırma ve emme kuvvetleri aracın tekerleklerindeki ağırlık kuvveti etkisini azaltarak kumandanın zorlaşmasına bilhassa viraj halinde aracın kolaylıkla savrulmasına ve hatta yerden havalanıp takla atmasına neden olur. Bu sebeple yarış otomobillerinin alt yapısına eğrilik verilerek yere basma kuvvetini artırmaya çalışılmıştır. Buna rağmen tam bir başarı sağlanamamıştır. Şöyle ki: olanca hızıyla giden bir yarış arabasını rüzgar piste adeta yapıştırır, öte yandan arabanın karoseri rüzgar direncini asgariye indirecek şekilde biçimlendirilmiştir. Rüzgar bir yandan arabayı piste yapıştırırken, öte yandan arabanın altında oluşan hava cereyanı bir karşı güç oluşturur.

Öndeki otomobile fazla yanaşan bir yarış arabasının üzerindeki rüzgar baskısı azalır, çünkü rüzgarın esas baskısını öndeki otomobil karşılar. arkadaki otomobilin sürati artar ancak ön tekerlerin piste olan teması zayıflar.

Bu durumda saatte 300 km hızla giden araç birdenbire açıkta kalıp esen rüzgarla karşı karşıya geldiğinde arabanın altından giren hava tekerlerin yerle olan temasını keser ve aracı havalandırır.

Normal binek araçlarında tehlike bu boyutlarda olmamaktadır yine de savrulma riski vardır. Porsche 1966'dan 1969'a kadar ürettiği 911 marka araçlarda ağırlık artırımı yaparak soruna pratik bir çözüm bulmuştur. Saatte 225 km hızla giden araçlarının ön tarafına döküm demir sağ ile sol tarafa birer akü koyarak aracın yere yapışmasını sağlamıştır. Teknik açıdan daha akıllıca çözüm ise spoiler kullanımı ile gelmiştir.

Kelime anlamıyla spoiler bozucu veya dağıtıcıdır. Yapılan laboratuvar araştırmalarında aracın üstünden akan hava akımının kaportayı terk ettiği arka bölüme konulan spoiler bu bölgenin arkasında oluşturduğu hız düşüşü ve buna bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan basınç artışının araca ilave itme kuvveti sağladığı veya diğer bir deyişle aracın hava direnç kaybını azalttığını ortaya koymuştur Aracın ön tarafına konulan spoilerin ise rüzgarı yönlendirerek yukarı doğru basınç yapmasını ve böylece otomobilin ön kısmının havalanmasını engellemektedir.

Otomobil teknolojisinin temel ilkeleri
Aerodinamik
Otomotiv terimleri
Otomotiv mühendisliği

Aerodinamik (otomobil)


Un obuch, obuszek ou obuszysko est une arme polonaise employée du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle. Il s'agit d'un marteau d'armes, comme le nadziak qui lui est apparenté. Il s'en distingue par son bec recourbé face au marteau. Avec une tige d'une longueur allant de 80 à 100 cm, il était employé par la noblesse polonaise.

Voir aussi
 Marteau d'armes
 Nadziak

Noblesse polonaise
Histoire de la Pologne

Obuch


شكلت الحكومة رقم 70 والأولى بعهد الرئيس ميشال سليمان بتاريخ 11 يوليو 2008، ويعتبر تشكيلها تنفيذاً لاتفاق الدوحة الذي نص ببنده الثاني على تشكيل حكومة وحده وطنية وتوزع مقاعدها كالتالي
 16 وزير لتحالف 14 آذار.
 11 وزير لتحالف 8 آذار.
 3 وزراء لرئيس الجمهورية.
وشكلت الحكومة بعد 45 يوماً من تكليف رئيس الوزراء فؤاد السنيورة برئاستها وذلك بعد مشاورات طويلة لحلحله عقد التأليف وتوزيع الحقائب بين الأطراف كافة. وشارك بالحكومة أغلبية الأحزاب اللبنانية الهامة مثل حزب الكتائب، حزب الله، حركة أمل، تيار المستقبل، القوات اللبنانية، الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي، الحزب الديمقراطي اللبناني، حزب الطاشناق، حزب الهنشاك وتمثيل للقاء قرنة شهوان بالإضافة إلى المستقلون. يرأس الحكومة فؤاد السنيورة ونائبه هو عصام أبو جمرا. وقد نالت الحكومة الثقة بيوم 12 أغسطس 2008 في الجلسة التي حضرها 107 نائب وصوت بالثقة للحكومة 100 نائب بينما صوت 5 نواب ضد إعطاء الحكومة الثقة وامتنع نائبان.

وأدارت الحكومة العملية الانتخابية للبرلمان لدورة عام 2009 والتي أجريت بتاريخ 7 يونيو 2009، وبعد الانتخابات استمرت الحكومة بتصريف الأعمال لفترة خمسة شهور وذلك بسبب خلافات عدة سبقت تشكيل الحكومة الجديدة. وانتهت أعمال الحكومة في 9 نوفمبر 2009 عندما أعلن عن تشكيل الحكومة الجديدة.

تشكيلة الحكومة

وصلات خارجية
مجلس الوزراء - موقع رئاسة مجلس الوزراء الرسمي

المصادر

 أول حكومة في عهد ميشال سليمان - موقع لبنان الان
 الإعلان عن تشكيل الحكومة اللبنانية بعد مخاض عسير - موقع العربية
 الإعلان عن تشكيلة الحكومة اللبنانية بعد حل الخلافات - موقع الجزيرة

انحلالات سنة 2009 في لبنان
تأسيسات سنة 2008 في لبنان
حكومة لبنان
قوالب أشرطة جانبية سياسة حسب البلد
قوالب سياسة وحكومة لبنان
مجالس انحلت في 2009
مجالس وزراء في لبنان
مجالس وزراء أسست في 2008

حكومة فؤاد السنيورة الثانية


සිංහල විෂය දරුවන් ප්‍රගුණ කල යුතු මාද්ද්යකි'''
 දවසින් දවස දනුම හොයන දරුවා හට විශේෂයෙන් නාට්‍ය හා ගී ඉගෙනීමට ආසාවක් දක්වන බව අපි දනිමු' නව තාක්ෂණයත් සමග දරුවා නවීන දේ සෙව්වද ඔවුන්   නාට්‍ය හා සංගීතය සදහා ආසාවක්  දැක්වී''

සිංහල padama


Lise Bostrup (født 2. september 1956 i Zions Sogn, Esbjerg) er cand.mag. i dansk og tysk, bogforlægger og lærebogsforfatter samt formand for Den Danske Sprogkreds og har undervist i dansk på universiteter i Danmark og i Tyskland samt i dansk for udlændinge i Danmark.

Lise Bostrup er datter af rektor Ole Bostrup (1934-2012) og lærer Grethe Maack (1932- ). Hun voksede op i Hillerød og flyttede som 11-årig med sine forældre til Nakskov, hvor hun blev nysproglig student i 1975; hun blev cand.mag i dansk og tysk i 1983 fra Københavns Universitet.

Efter pædagogikum var hun fagkonsulent i dansk på Dansk Flygtningehjælp i Odense, inden hun arbejdede som universitetslektor i dansk i Münster (Tyskland) 1986-90, hvorefter hun var leder af Dansk Litteraturinformationscenter i 6 år, dernæst konsulent samt tillige ekstern lektor i kulturformidling og kulturjournalistik ved Institut for Nordisk Filologi på Københavns Universitet 1996-98. Amanuensis i dansk sprog ved Københavns Universitet 1998-2010. Hun underviser nu i dansk for udlændinge på højt niveau på Studieskolen i København og er leder af sommerkurser i dansk for udenlandske studerende på Den Internationale Højskole i Helsingør og holder foredrag om dansk sprog i ind- og udland.

Lise Bostrup har bl.a. været medlem af EU's Litterære Oversættelsesjury 1990-95 og af bestyrelsen for Det Danske Kulturinstitut 1995-97, af Dansk PEN og af Det Udenrigspolitiske Selskab og bestyrelsen af Dansk Forfatterforening 2007-2013 samt medlem af styrelsen for faglitterære forfattere, internationalt udvalg og arrangør af Forfatterforeningens arrangementer på Kulturnatten. Medlem af bestyrelsen for Modersmål-Selskabet 2016-17. I 2017 grundlagde hun Den Danske Sprogkreds, som hun er formand for.

Hendes skribent- og udgivervirksomhed omfatter især lærebøger, grammatik og ordbøger til danskundervisning af fremmedsprogede. Hun har også redigeret og udgivet Vores Vanløse - erindringer fra Vanløse, hvor hun bor, og hun har været udgiver og redaktør af Danish Literary Magazine 1991-96. Hun har endvidere skrevet videnskabelige artikler om dansk sprog og litteratur og holdt foredrag i det meste af Europa, USA, Rusland og Kina.

Bøger
Aktivt dansk. En lærebog i dansk for udenlandske studerende, Danskere, en lærebog i dansk for udlændinge på mellemtrinnet, Intensivt dansk, en øvebog i dansk for udenlandske studerende, Dansk-engelsk ordbog (med Kirsten Gade og Glyn Jones), Engelsk-dansk ordbog (med samme), Dansk-russisk ordbog med Svetlana Vvedenskaya og Aksander Uskov, Dansk-bulgarsk ordbog med Vladimir Stariradev og Bulgarsk-dansk ordbog med samme og Dansk-Polsk ordbog med Katarzyna Strenka og Jozef Jarosch.

Forlaget Bostrup har udgivet erindringsværker af bl.a. Mogens Wenzel Andreasen, romaner og digte fra de tidligere dansk-vestindiske øer og debatbogen Er dit modersmål okay? Sprogpolitik i Danmark og ude i verden og Sange om det danske sprog i samarbejde med Den Danske Sprogkreds.

Noter

Personer i Kraks Blå Bog
Skolefolk fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Forlæggere fra Danmark

Lise Bostrup


La bataille de Hostomel est une bataille s'étant déroulée du 25 février 2022 au 31 mars 2022 entre les forces armées russes et ukrainiennes lors de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022, pour le contrôle de la ville de Hostomel. Dans le cadre de l'offensive de Kiev, les forces russes ont cherché à contrôler Hostomel, Boutcha et Irpin afin d'encercler et d'assiéger la capitale ukrainienne Kiev de l'ouest.

En raison de l'intensité de l'offensive de Kiev, l'Administration de l'État de l'oblast de Kiev décrit Hostomel, comme Irpin, Boutcha, l'autoroute M06 et Vychhorod comme étant les plus dangereux endroits dans l'oblast de Kiev.

Prélude

Selon un article du  publié en , le directeur de la , William Joseph Burns, déclare au président ukrainien Volodymyr Zelensky le  que l'invasion russe commencerait par une attaque contre l'aéroport de Hostomel. Selon Burns, la bataille de Kiev débuterait à Hostomel, dont les pistes accueillent des avions de transport militaire lourds pouvant transporter de nombreux soldats russes.

Le 24 février 2022, les forces aéroportées russes sont arrivées par hélicoptère et ont combattu les forces ukrainiennes pour le contrôle de l'aéroport de Hostomel. Les forces ukrainiennes ont d'abord expulsé les troupes aéroportées russes de l'aéroport, mais ont rapidement été engagées par des renforts russes. Le 25 février 2022, les forces russes ont repris l'aéroport de Hostomel aux Ukrainiens. En conséquence, la bataille s'est déplacée de l'aéroport vers la ville voisine alors que les forces russes commençaient à prendre pied à Hostomel et à accélérer leur avance.

Bataille

Du 25 au 28 février 2022
Après la bataille de l'aéroport, les forces ukrainiennes et russes ont commencé à s'engager dans et autour de Hostomel. Des vidéos publiées sur les réseaux sociaux montraient une colonne de chars russes en feu à la périphérie de la ville et des Mi-24 ukrainiens tirant des roquettes sur des positions russes au-dessus d'une zone résidentielle. Les Kadyrovites (le  motorisé de la Garde nationale de Russie) se seraient déplacés vers la périphérie de la ville ou vers l'aéroport en vue d'assassiner le président Zelensky. Le service de sécurité d'Ukraine (SBU) a rapporté que le convoi kadyrovite se composait de plus de 250 pièces d'équipement et de plus de 1 500 des « meilleurs combattants de la République tchétchène ». Les services de renseignement ukrainiens ont déclaré avoir reçu ces rapports d'éléments du FSB qui s'opposent à l'invasion. Ailleurs, des drones ukrainiens ont repéré deux endroits près de Hostomel où les combattants tchétchènes se rassemblaient. La Garde nationale ukrainienne et le Groupe Alpha ont ensuite attaqué ces endroits, détruisant une colonne de véhicules blindés russes dans le processus. Selon des responsables ukrainiens, le major général Magomed Touchaïev, un Tchétchène et chef du 141e régiment motorisé, a été tué au cours de l'attaque. Les forces ukrainiennes ont signalé que les Kadyrovites avaient subi de lourdes pertes à la suite de ces attaques.

Du  au 5 mars 2022
Les habitants d'Hostomel ont rapporté que les bombardements et les frappes aériennes constants des forces russes les ont privés d'eau, de nourriture, d'électricité et de médicaments. Les bombardements constants ont également empêché les habitants de recevoir de l'aide humanitaire, d'évacuer la ville ou même de retirer les cadavres de la rue. Des Kadyrovites auraient opéré plus près de l'aéroport de Hostomel et volaient des résidents, tandis que les soldats russes pressaient leur avance vers Hostomel. Des témoins oculaires ont rapporté que des soldats russes tiraient sur une ambulance.

Le 3 mars 2022, les forces ukrainiennes ont engagé les forces russes dans des combats urbains à l'intérieur de Hostomel. La Direction générale du renseignement du ministère ukrainien de la Défense (GUR MO) a rapporté que les forces spéciales sous leur commandement et la résistance locale ont détruit 20 BMD russes (probablement BMD-3 et/ou BMD-4) à Hostomel. Dix des BMD ont été détruits à 18h30 (18h30) près de l'usine de verre de la ville. Les forces russes ont finalement été repoussées de la ville. Une vidéo publiée sur les réseaux sociaux décrivant les conséquences de la bataille urbaine montrait des véhicules russes détruits et abandonnés et des soldats russes morts étendus dans les rues. Un tireur d'élite ukrainien a tué le major général Andreï Soukhovetski soit à Hostomel, soit à l'aéroport de Hostomel. Il était le commandant adjoint de la .

Le 4 mars 2022, les forces ukrainiennes ont engagé une deuxième fois les forces russes dans les rues, détruisant apparemment un BMD et bombardant les forces russes avec des roquettes BM-21 Grad. Ailleurs à Hostomel, les soldats ukrainiens ont vaincu une unité de Kadyrovites, saisissant leurs armes, leur équipement et leur véhicule blindé. Les forces ukrainiennes ont rapporté plus tard avoir repris le contrôle d'Hostomel aux forces russes. Les services de renseignement ukrainiens ont rapporté que la  d'assaut aérien russe avait fait au moins 50 morts lors des combats à Hostomel. Des forces spéciales sous le Direction générale du renseignement du ministère de la Défense ukrainien (GUR MO),  spécial et des combattants de la résistance locale auraient pris part à la bataille. Des armes, du matériel, du personnel et des documents personnels russes ont été saisis par l'armée ukrainienne, toutes les armes utilisables étant redistribuées à la résistance locale. Le GUR MO a rapporté que les soldats russes décédés ne possédaient aucun document d'identité ; seulement des certificats de vaccination et des carnets médicaux vierges. Le même jour cependant, les forces ukrainiennes ont rapporté que le major Valeriy Chybineyev avait été tué près de l'aéroport de Hostomel. Les forces russes, apparemment la 31e brigade d'assaut aérien de la garde, sont ensuite revenues à Hostomel et ont occupé un complexe résidentiel, prenant en otage 40 résidents ou plus.

Un journaliste nommé Ruslan Vinichenko a détaillé sa captivité de six jours par les forces russes à l'intérieur du sous-sol de l'immeuble. Selon lui, les soldats russes ont rassemblé 60 personnes (dont lui-même) dans le sous-sol et faisaient des actions similaires avec 90 personnes dans un complexe d'appartements voisin, ont confisqué et détruit leurs téléphones, pillé leurs appartements et propagé de fausses informations sur état de la guerre, comme les forces russes capturant Kiev et Odessa. Le seul moment où les résidents étaient autorisés à quitter le sous-sol était pour fumer ou aller chercher de l'eau. Le 10 mars, jour de son évasion, Vinitchenko a déclaré que les soldats russes avaient annoncé qu'ils rassemblaient les habitants pour se rendre en Biélorussie. Il a essayé de convaincre le reste des résidents de s'enfuir avec lui, mais ils étaient trop désemparés pour partir. Vinichenko a attrapé sa petite amie et s'est échappé de la ville après qu'un automobiliste de passage les ait ramassés. Trois soldats russes ont vu ce qu'ils faisaient mais n'ont pas pris la peine de les arrêter.

Du 6 au 12 mars 2022
Le 6 mars 2022, les forces russes ont capturé Hostomel et empêché les civils d'évacuer la ville.

Le 7 mars 2022, le maire d'Hostomel, Yuri Pylypko, ainsi que plusieurs autres volontaires, ont été tués par les troupes russes alors qu'ils distribuaient de la nourriture et des médicaments aux habitants. Son corps aurait été piégé par les forces russes. Lorsque le prêtre local est venu chercher son corps, un soldat russe sympathique a empêché le prêtre de s'approcher, a désarmé le piège et a aidé à charger le corps du maire sur une brouette pour qu'il soit transporté. Yuri a été enterré près de l'église locale avec les honneurs. À un moment donné, les forces ukrainiennes ont repris certaines parties d'Hostomel. Les forces russes ont répondu en déployant deux groupes tactiques du bataillon à Hostomel en préparation d'une offensive.

Le 8 mars 2022, les forces ukrainiennes ont repoussé une offensive nocturne russe à Hostomel. Il a été annoncé que les forces ukrainiennes préparaient une évacuation à grande échelle et une livraison d'aide humanitaire aux habitants d'Hostomel.

Le 9 mars 2022, les forces ukrainiennes ont procédé à une évacuation à grande échelle dans l'oblast de Kiev, y compris à Hostomel. Jusqu'à 20 000 civils ont été évacués dans l'oblast de Kiev. L'évacuation s'est poursuivie le lendemain.

Le 11 mars 2022, des habitants rapportent que les forces russes contrôlaient la majeure partie d'Hostomel, ce qui rendait extrêmement difficile pour les civils d'évacuer la ville ou de recevoir de l'aide humanitaire. Le matériel militaire russe a été déplacé vers le centre-ville et les zones résidentielles, tandis que les fournitures russes étaient livrées par hélicoptère. Des témoins oculaires ont également rapporté que des Kadyrovites erraient autour de Hostomel et exécutaient des civils pour des raisons insignifiantes.

Le 12 mars 2022, les bus ont réussi à évacuer la ville.

Du 13 au 19 mars 2022
Le 13 mars 2022, les forces ukrainiennes ont attaqué les forces russes qui tentaient de traverser une rivière près de Hostomel à l'aide d'un pont flottant. Le pont et plusieurs véhicules russes ont été détruits.

Le 14 mars 2022, Ramzan Kadyrov, chef de la République tchétchène, a affirmé être entré à Hostomel. L'affirmation n'a pas pu être vérifiée au moment de l'annonce, mais a été mise en doute en raison de la diffusion de son annonce par les médias d'État russes. Le conseiller présidentiel Oleksiy Arestovytch a également douté de l'affirmation de Kadyrov en raison des informations selon lesquelles Kadyrov aurait été vu à Grozny la veille de son annonce. Au cours de la journée, deux évacuations civiles ont été effectuées à Hostomel. La première colonne de 10 bus a réussi à évacuer les mères, les enfants, les personnes âgées et les handicapés hors de Hostomel. La deuxième colonne de quatre bus a été bombardée par des mortiers russes. Une femme a été tuée et deux hommes ont été blessés lors de l'attaque.

Le 16 mars 2022, les forces ukrainiennes ont lancé une contre-offensive contre les forces russes autour de Kiev, y compris Hostomel. Selon Andriy Nebitov, chef de la police de la région de Kiev, les forces ukrainiennes ont pu percer les positions russes après avoir mené des frappes d'artillerie. Il a en outre affirmé que la contre-attaque avait perturbé le plan des forces russes d'attaquer directement Kiev.

Retrait des forces russes
Le  avril 2022, Oleksandr Pavlyuk, le chef de l'administration militaire régionale de Kiev, affirme que les forces russes ont quitté Hostomel.

Vidéographie
  La bataille qui a fait échouer la guerre éclair de Poutine en Ukraine, Libération, 25 février 2023.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Désinformation lors de la crise russo-ukrainienne de 2021–2022
 Guerre du Donbass
 Relations entre la Russie et l'Ukraine
 Cyberattaque de 2022 en Ukraine
 Manifestations contre l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022

Hostomel
2022 en Ukraine
Février 2022
Bataille 2022

Bataille de Hostomel


The Aston Martin Vanquish is a high-performance grand tourer introduced by British luxury automobile manufacturer Aston Martin in 2001 as a successor to the Aston Martin Vantage (1993).

The Aston Martin "V12 Vanquish," designed by Ian Callum and unveiled at the 2001 Geneva Motor Show, was produced from 2001 to 2007 as the flagship of the marque. A concept car, known as "Project Vantage" and the first Aston Martin design wholly designed by Callum, was built to display the company's vision for a future sports car that could represent Aston Martin's aspirations after the discontinuation of the Virage-based Vantage. The concept car evolved directly into the V12 Vanquish, and featured an advanced carbon fibre and alloy structure, Aston Martin's most powerful V12 engine, and host of new technologies.  A specially modified V12 Vanquish was driven by James Bond in the 2002 film Die Another Day. In 2004, a mildly updated version of the first-generation model named "V12 Vanquish S" was introduced featuring a more highly tuned engine and more track-oriented ride and handling. The V12 Vanquish was indirectly replaced by the DBS after 2007.

The second-generation "Vanquish" was introduced in 2012, this time based on Aston Martin's existing VH platform – similar to the one that underpinned the DB9. Designed by Marek Reichman and made in the Gaydon facility, the VH platform Vanquish was designed to fill the shoes of the discontinued DBS V12.  In 2017, a "Vanquish S" with a more powerful engine and improved aerodynamics was launched. The second-generation Gaydon Vanquish was succeeded by the DBS Superleggera in 2018.

First generation (2001–2007)

V12 Vanquish (2001–2005)

The Aston Martin V12 Vanquish was styled by Ian Callum and drew inspiration from the DB4 GT Zagato, projecting a more aggressive presence than Callum's DB7 Vantage. The production car closely resembled the Project Vantage Concept which debuted with a V12 engine at the North American International Auto Show in January 1998. Underneath, the V12 Vanquish car featured a unique and bespoke bonded aluminium composite chassis with a carbon fibre backbone developed in partnership with Lotus, an advanced independent suspension, and a more highly tuned version of the naturally aspirated  Aston Martin V12 engine that had debuted in the DB7 two years earlier. It was available in 2+0 and 2+2 seating configurations and came only in a coupé body style.

The naturally aspirated 60° DOHC 4 valves per cylinder V12 engine with a bore and stroke of  produced at least  at 6,500 rpm and  of torque at 5,000 rpm. It is controlled by a drive-by-wire throttle and driven by a 6-speed automated manual transmission. The Vanquish model debuted with  drilled and ventilated disc brakes with four-piston calipers, ABS, with electronic brake distribution. The interior featured full instrumentation, advanced electronics, and a choice of leather upholstery with metallic details – the latter was an intentional move away from the wood trim seen in the DB7.

As Aston Martin's flagship car for the era, the V12 Vanquish was designed to deliver new performance benchmarks for the company. In addition to delivering impressive figures including an acceleration of 0– in under 5 seconds and a top speed exceeding , the first-generation V12 Vanquish was generally very well received by the motoring press. Road tests included near-universal praise for its powertrain, chassis, advanced engineering, and design. The V12 Vanquish was described without caveat as "The ultimate Grand Tourer" by Road & Track magazine.  Car and Driver described the V12 Vanquish as "worthy of the marque's heritage and a serious alternative to the top Ferrari."

The V12 Vanquish series would become the last all-new model to be made in Aston Martin's Newport Pagnell facility. While the traditional craft techniques had evolved somewhat from those used to make the previous generation of cars, primarily in the panel shaping, there was still a great deal of work done by hand in assembly and finishing as each car was very time-consuming to manufacture. As such, the Vanquish represents both the end of an era as the last model assembled at Newport Pagnell, and the beginning of another with its forward-looking engineering and performance.

Its appearance in the 2002 James Bond film Die Another Day earned the V12 Vanquish the number three spot on the list of Best Film Cars Ever, behind the Minis from The Italian Job, and the DB5 from Goldfinger and Thunderball. In the movie, James Bond receives this car from Q for his mission to Iceland to see Gustav Graves' presentation of Icarus after being reinstated by M and would eventually use the car once more to chase Zao and rescue Jinx. The vehicle is equipped with a variety of gadgets which include machine guns and missiles on the grille, tire spikes for snow use, an ejector seat that enables the car to go back up, target seeking shotguns, as well as a cloaking device rendering the car invisible. The V12 Vanquish is the only Aston Martin car loaded with gadgets in the Pierce Brosnan James Bond era as the franchise's deal with BMW expired following The World Is Not Enough. It is also the last gadget loaded modern day Aston Martin car to appear in the James Bond franchise until the Aston Martin DB10 which appeared in Spectre, though it wasn't loaded with much gadgets. Because of this, the first two Bond films that starred Daniel Craig had an Aston Martin DBS V12 which wasn't loaded with gadgets, though the one that appeared in Casino Royale had a compartment that carried Bond's pistol and a defibrillator. The car also appears in the video games namely Project Gotham Racing, Need For Speed: Hot Pursuit 2, James Bond 007: Nightfire, and James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing. In its appearance in Nightfire, the car is equipped with missiles, a smokescreen device, and could also transform into a submarine equipped with torpedoes. The V12 Vanquish was recognized, along with the DB4 GT Zagato, as one of the ten most beautiful cars of all time. The V12 Vanquish also appears in the 2003 Italian Job remake, where it is driven by Steve Frazelli, the film's main antagonist.

V12 Vanquish S (2004–2007)

The Aston Martin V12 Vanquish S debuted at the 2004 Paris Motor Show, with a number of subtle styling revisions. The engine displacement remained at , but advertised power increased from the conservative  claimed for the original car to a more realistic . Visual changes included new wheels, a slightly different nose shape, a new raised boot lid with a larger integrated spoiler incorporating the third high-level brake light (in the rear window on the original Vanquish), a Vanquish S badge on the boot lid (the original Vanquish had no rear model designation), and the addition of a small front splitter. One result of these changes was a reduction in the drag coefficient ( (from  of the Vanquish). The Vanquish S front and rear track measured  and , respectively.  A change in gear ratio enabled the S to reach a top speed of .

The V12 Vanquish S also incorporated the features of the optional Sports Dynamic Package (available for the Vanquish for the 2004 model year), which included stiffer suspension, revised steering, and larger brakes –  front discs with six-piston calipers and  rear discs with four-piston calipers. The V12 Vanquish S was sold for the 2005 model year alongside the original Vanquish, and 2006 onward as a stand-alone model.  The 2007 model year V12 Vanquish was not sold in the United States.

Special editions and one-offs

Vanquish S Ultimate Edition
The end of the Vanquish's production run was celebrated with the Vanquish S Ultimate Edition. Aston Martin announced that the last 50 cars built would have a new 'Ultimate Black' exterior colour, upgraded interior, and personalised sill plaques.

Vanquish Zagato Roadster
The Vanquish Zagato Roadster is a right-hand drive, two-seat, open-top roadster initially shown by Zagato at the 2004 International Geneva Motor Show as a prototype and based on the V12 Vanquish. It was then displayed by Zagato at the 2004 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance where an American collector acquired the prototype. The car had to be flown back to Italy as it was only on temporary import papers before being properly imported to the US by a Massachusetts Aston Martin dealer as a "show and display" car. The car was offered at a Bonhams auction in Carmel in August 2015 at the Quail Lodge and Golf Club with an estimated price of US$700,000–850,000. The car had been driven 13,000 miles. The car's VIN is SCFAC13391B50PP19.

Vanquish Bertone Jet 2
The Vanquish Bertone Jet 2 is a 2-door shooting brake shown by Bertone also at the 2004 International Geneva Motor Show. The car gets its name from the 1960 Aston Martin DB4 GT Jet also built by Bertone. The car was originally shown in silver in 2004 and in gold in 2013 again at the International Geneva Motor Show at the reveal of the Aston Martin Rapide Bertone Jet 2+2.

Vanquish 25 by Ian Callum Design
In September 2019, Ian Callum Design (the company started by Ian Callum, the designer of the first generation Vanquish) publicly revealed the Vanquish 25. It is a restoration package for the first generation Vanquish to "make the Vanquish the Grand Tourer for the 2020s,". Only 25 cars will be made by British company R-Reforged. The 5.9-liter V12 has been tuned to now make an advertised 580 hp, a 60-hp increase over a Vanquish S. The car can be had with the original six-speed, single-clutch Speedshift automated manual, a six-speed GM-sourced torque converter automatic, or a six-speed manual conversion already offered by Aston Martin Works.

Technical specifications

End of production
The production of the V12 Vanquish ended on 19 July 2007, coinciding with the closing of the company's Newport Pagnell factory after 49 years of operation. Despite ongoing enthusiasm for the original V12 Vanquish and V12 Vanquish S, the hand made nature of their construction limited production to levels commensurate with earlier cars assembled at Newport Pagnell.

Second generation (2012–2018)

Project AM310 Concept (2012)
The second-generation Gaydon-built "Vanquish" (the "V12" part of the name was dropped for this generation of cars) started life as the Project AM310 Concept and was unveiled at the 2012 Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este held on the shores of Lake Como, Italy. The concept car was based on the latest generation of the VH platform that had debuted in the DB9, and then evolved into the V8 and V12 Vantage, DBS, Virage V12, and Rapide.  It was internally known as project VH310. It included a tweaked version of Aston Martin's familiar grille and headlight design and a more pronounced bulge in the bonnet – with One-77-inspired flourishes saved for the sides and the rear, the side vents run almost to the door handles (shared with the One-77), new rear light design shared with the One-77, and a 5.9-litre V12 engine that has a power output of . Aston Martin later announced that the concept would be put into production as the all-new Vanquish.

Vanquish (2012–2018)

The exterior styling of the Vanquish is an evolution of the DBS with many styling cues such as the elongated side strakes being inspired by the One-77. The boot lid included an integrated rear spoiler designed to look as if it is impossible to make; this was done on the orders of the then Aston Martin Chief Executive, Dr. Ulrich Bez. The car has an exposed carbon fibre side skirt showing its all carbon fibre body. The Vanquish uses the VH Generation III platform (VH310) which is lighter and stiffer than the VH Generation II platform used in the DBS.

The car featured a new interior with details inspired by the one found in the exclusive One-77. The standard interior was upholstered in hand stitched leather and Alcantara and was available in a range of colours. The centre console has a updated infotainment system aconmpared to the one found in the DBS. The car was available as either a 2-seater or 2+2.

The Vanquish used an upgraded version of Aston Martin's 5.9-litre AM11 V12 engine called the AM28 with a power output of  at 6,750 rpm and torque of  at 5,500 rpm. The Vanquish can accelerate from 0 to  in 4.1 seconds, and has a top speed of . Like the DB9 and other VH platform Aston Martin automobiles, the engine is front-mounted with the transmission in the rear for better weight distribution. The Vanquish has 51/49 front/rear weight distribution, and a kerb weight of . It uses a fully catalysed stainless steel exhaust system with active bypass valves. The 2012–2014 cars use an updated ZF Touchtronic II six-speed automatic gearbox, which was then further replaced by an updated ZF Touchtronic III eight-speed automatic gearbox starting with the 2015 model year. It was the first Aston Martin model to be available with launch control. The combined space of cabin and a boot that, at 368 litres, is more than 60% larger than that of the DBS.

The braking system uses ventilated carbon-ceramic discs,  six-piston callipers in the front and  four-piston callipers in the rear. The suspension is a lightweight aluminium front subframe with hollow castings with independent double wishbones incorporating anti-dive geometry, coil springs, anti-roll bar, and monotube adaptive dampers in the front and independent double wishbones with anti-squat and anti-lift geometry, coil springs, anti-roll bar, and monotube adaptive dampers in the rear. It has a three-stage adjustable adaptive damping system including normal, sport, and track modes. The tires are Pirelli P Zeros, 255/ZR20 in the front and 305/30 ZR20 in the rear.

The Vanquish was unveiled in the London Film Museum, Covent Garden, followed by the 2012 Monterey Car Week. Deliveries to UK and Continental Europe began in late 2012.

In August 2014, Aston Martin revealed technical modifications to the Vanquish. The changes include a new eight-speed Touchtronic III gearbox and upgraded AM29 V12 engine that has a power output of  and torque of . The changes improved measured performance, with an acceleration of 0 to  being achieved in 3.6 seconds, and a top speed of .

Vanquish Volante (2013–2018)

In 2013, Aston Martin unveiled a convertible variant of the Vanquish, called Volante. The Volante has a full carbon fibre body, triple-skin lightweight fabric roof, 50% larger boot than its predecessor and the third generation Brembo 398 mm × 36 mm (front) and 360 mm × 32 mm (rear) Carbon Ceramic Matrix (CCM) brake discs with six-piston front and four-piston rear brake callipers. The Vanquish Volante is 13% torsionally stiffer than the outgoing DBS Volante.

The Volante was unveiled at the 2013 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. Deliveries to Europe began in late 2013, with deliveries to the US starting in early 2014.

Vanquish S (2017–2018)
On 16 November 2016, Aston Martin announced the new Vanquish S model. The Vanquish S features the AM29 V12 engine, with power increased to , and a new aerodynamic package. The Vanquish S can accelerate from 0 to  in 3.5 seconds with a top speed of . The car's deliveries started in December 2016. Aston Martin also unveiled a convertible version of the Vanquish S called the Vanquish S Volante in 2017.

Technical specifications

Special editions

Vanquish Centenary Edition (2013)

The Centenary Edition is a limited edition of the Vanquish limited to 100 units commemorating 100 years of the Aston Martin company, unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. Changes include unique graduated paint finish, solid sterling silver Aston Martin wing badges with tailored 'trans flux' enamel inlay, a special Aston Martin hallmark, leather interior upholstery from Aston Martin One-77 with contrasting silver stitching, a silver thread embroidery of the Aston Martin wings in the head restraints, solid sterling silver sill plaques individually numbered with an Aston Martin hallmark, a unique presentation box containing a number of exclusive gifts to mark the first 100 years of the company (two glass keys, two bespoke key pouches made from leather matching the car's interior trim, solid silver cufflinks featuring the Aston Martin script, solid silver Rollerball pen, Bang & Olufsen headphones, and a silver polishing cloth).

Vanquish Volante Neiman Marcus Edition (2013)

The Neiman Marcus edition is a limited edition of the Vanquish limited to 10 cars named after the US department store Neiman Marcus. Based on the US market Vanquish Volante, the bespoke features of the car are designed by the company's bespoke customisation arm; Q by Aston Martin. The design was inspired by the 1969 DB6 Volante owned by HRH Prince of Wales.
The car was unveiled at the 2013 Pebble Beach Automotive Week, followed by the 2013 Los Angeles Auto Show with delivery scheduled for early 2014.

Vanquish Zagato (2017)

Aston Martin announced a limited series production of the Aston Martin Vanquish Zagato; the latest creation from its long-standing partnership with the prestigious Italian design-house Zagato. The Vanquish Zagato Concept was unveiled to great acclaim at the prestigious Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este at Lake Como, Italy in May 2016. The Vanquish Zagato is available in 4 body styles - coupé, convertible, speedster, or shooting brake. 99 each were built of the coupé, convertible, and shooting brake, while a mere 28 speedsters were made, for a total of 325 cars. The Vanquish Zagato features the same AM29 V12 from the Vanquish S, which has a power output of  and  of torque, allowing the Vanquish Zagato to accelerate from 0 to  in 3.5 seconds before reaching a top speed of .

Marketing
As part of Aston Martin's 100th anniversary celebration, a Vanquish was airlifted onto the helipad of the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, on 17 January 2013.

Vanquish Vision Concept
The proposed third generation concept car was unveiled at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show. It features a rear mid-engine layout, aluminium bonded chassis and a new 3.0-litre V6 engine that can develop up to 700 PS. The production car would be on the same market segment as the Ferrari F8 Tributo and McLaren 720S. The next-generation Vanquish was originally planned to enter production in 2023, but was eventually cancelled.

References

External links

Vanquish
Cars introduced in 2001
Coupés
Flagship vehicles
Grand tourers
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
2010s cars

Aston Martin Vanquish


Palaeomolis este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Specii

 Palaeomolis aksuensis
 Palaeomolis albovittata
 Palaeomolis amabilis
 Palaeomolis buraetica
 Palaeomolis dublitzkyi
 Palaeomolis elwesi
 Palaeomolis erschoffi
 Palaeomolis ferghana
 Palaeomolis flava
 Palaeomolis fumosa
 Palaeomolis garleppi
 Palaeomolis glaphyra
 Palaeomolis glauca
 Palaeomolis gratiosa
 Palaeomolis hampsoni
 Palaeomolis illustrata
 Palaeomolis infrapicta
 Palaeomolis issyka
 Palaeomolis kashmirica
 Palaeomolis kindermanni
 Palaeomolis korlana
 Palaeomolis ladakensis
 Palaeomolis lemairei
 Palaeomolis manni
 Palaeomolis marxi
 Palaeomolis metacauta
 Palaeomolis metarhoda
 Palaeomolis mongolica
 Palaeomolis naryna
 Palaeomolis nebulosa
 Palaeomolis nigromarginalis
 Palaeomolis nigroradiata
 Palaeomolis obscurata
 Palaeomolis palearctica
 Palaeomolis palmeri
 Palaeomolis pomona
 Palaeomolis postflavida
 Palaeomolis pretiosa
 Palaeomolis puengeleri
 Palaeomolis purpurascens
 Palaeomolis rosearia
 Palaeomolis roseni
 Palaeomolis rothschildi
 Palaeomolis rubescens
 Palaeomolis rupicola
 Palaeomolis schotlaenderi
 Palaeomolis selmonsi
 Palaeomolis serarum
 Palaeomolis serum
 Palaeomolis transversata
 Palaeomolis tristis
 Palaeomolis ussuriensis
 Palaeomolis validus
 Palaeomolis victori

Referințe

Legături externe

Palaeomolis

Palaeomolis


Die Route nationale 617, kurz N 617 oder RN 617, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen Canet-Plage und Perpignan verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 14 Kilometer.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 617 auf WikiSara (französisch)

617

Route nationale 617


Albert Legrand, né le  à Lambersart et mort au début du , est un industriel et homme politique français.

Biographie

Fils d'Albert Legrand, marchand-boucher à Lambersart, et de Secondine-Éléonore Serrure, Albert-Alphonse-Joseph Legrand naît le 21 mai 1833 au « Grand canon d'or », le cabaret tenu par son grand-père maternel, Henri-Joseph Serrure. Il est par conséquent le neveu du peintre Henri Serrure, dit Calixte Serrur.

Le 9 février 1857, à Ennetières-en-Weppes, Albert Legrand épouse Abéline-Angélique-Joseph Lemesre (1824-1887), veuve du journalier Charles-Auguste Ghestin.

L'année suivante (1858), Albert Legrand se lance dans le commerce.

Propriétaire d'une fabrique de céruse à Saint-André-lez-Lille, il entre au conseil municipal de cette commune avant d'en être nommé maire en 1878.

Deux ans plus tard, lors des élections cantonales de 1880, il pose sa candidature dans la canton de Lille-Ouest, dont le conseiller général sortant, Soins, ne se représente pas. Ayant obtenu  voix, contre  à Gustave Lemaître, il est élu conseiller général du Nord. Il sera réélu face au même adversaire le  août 1886 mais ne se représentera pas en 1892.

Républicain, proche du courant représenté à la Chambre par l'Union démocratique, il est l'un des 20 candidats de la liste opportuniste lors des élections législatives de 1885.

Le 26 juillet 1886, il obtient un poste de receveur particulier des finances de l'arrondissement de Doullens. Soupçonné de détournement et d'escroquerie, il est relevé de ses fonctions en 1899. Ayant pris la fuite, c'est par défaut qu'il est condamné à deux ans de prison pour abus de confiance en 1900.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Hippolyte Verly (dir.), L'Illustré du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais, supplément de L'Écho du Nord à l'occasion des élections législatives de 1885, Lille, 27 septembre 1885,  (consultable en ligne sur le site de la bibliothèque municipale de Lille).

Naissance en mai 1833
Naissance à Lambersart
Industriel français du XIXe siècle
Conseiller général du Nord
Maire du Nord
Saint-André-lez-Lille
Personnalité politique condamnée pour abus de confiance
Date de décès incertaine (XXe siècle)

Albert Legrand


Obid este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Nové Zámky din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.164 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu Strigoniu, Nyergesújfalu și Tát.

Istoric
Localitatea Obid este atestată documentar din 1237.

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Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Obid


Kurt Busiek's Astro City is an American superhero anthology comic book series centered on a fictional American city of that name. Created and written by Kurt Busiek, the series is mostly illustrated by Brent Anderson, with character designs and painted covers by Alex Ross.

The first volume was published from 1995 to 1996 by Image Comics. In 1996, a second volume was launched under the Homage Comics imprint of Image partner studio WildStorm, which was then acquired by DC Comics, where the series later transitioned to the WildStorm Signature Series imprint and continued until 2010. During this period it switched from a regular ongoing series to a sequence of periodic mini-series and special issues. A third, ongoing volume was launched under DC's Vertigo imprint in 2013 and concluded in 2018, reverting to occasional miniseries and original graphic novels. Counting all series, mini-series and special issues, over 100 issues have been published.

Characters
Some of the more prominent personalities of Astro City are listed below:

Heroes
 Samaritan – an extremely powerful hero. A time-traveler, he appeared in this era in 1985, active as a hero since 1986 and is a current member of Honor Guard. He is sometimes referred to as "Big Red". Samaritan is the first hero in the series to receive an origin story.
 The Confessor – a mysterious vigilante detective, apparently active from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. His history is a blur of myths and assumptions, as dark as his crime fighting methods. In the Confession arc from the second volume of the series, even his new sidekick struggles to know more about his mentor.
 Crackerjack – an egocentric, reckless crime-fighter, with amazing agility and a staff weapon, active since 1991.
 The Hanged Man – a ghostly figure who protects Shadow Hill, appearing as a floating apparition with a burlap sack over his head and a noose around his neck. He is active in Astro City since the 19th century and is rumored to have existed since at least the Middle Ages.
 M.P.H. a.k.a. The Acceleration Ace – super-speedster and member of Honor Guard. Besides his membership duties with Honor Guard, he operates in his home city of Detroit.
 Jack-in-the-Box – a clown-themed vigilante with no known powers but agility and an arsenal of clown and toy-inspired weaponry.
 Silver Agent – an armored vigilante who suffers a tragic fate, hinted at for years. Active from 1956 through the early 1970s, and via time travel, sporadically throughout thousands of years into the future. He is a founding member of Honor Guard.
 Winged Victory – a feminist Greco-Roman themed superhero, controversial due to her habit of saving women before men regardless of the situation.
 Beautie – a sophisticated android modeled on a popular doll.

Villains
 Bridwell – an Enelsian spy who gathers intelligence on Earth's heroes; he is enamored of humanity's better instincts, but ultimately disgusted by mankind's baser ones.
 The Conquistador – a mysterious armored villain who hired villains from Kiefer Square as part of a grand scheme to gain back lost respect.
 The Deacon – a soft-spoken lord of "ordinary" organized crime in Astro City.
 Infidel – a slave who became an immortal mystic during the Middle Ages, and traveled through time to become a tyrant in the 36th century. Infidel became the arch-enemy of Samaritan after Samaritan's origin changed history, erasing Infidel's future empire, and Samaritan thwarting Infidel's attempts restore it. He is essentially a mad scientist who uses alchemy and magic to warp reality.
 The Junkman – an aged villain seeking vengeance on society for age discrimination. He recycles and enhances his weaponry from discarded trash.
 The Mock Turtle – a generally docile and polite man who grew up obsessed with fantasies, especially Alice in Wonderland. He eventually became a costumed criminal, employing a weaponized armor themed after the Alice character from which he drew his name.

Groups
 The Astro City Irregulars – a group of outcast heroes founded in the early to mid-1970s, but disbanded by the 2010s, at which time the second Goldenglove was hoping to get it going again.
 The Crossbreed – a group of religious themed heroes, consisting of Noah, Daniel, Peter, Mary, David, and Joshua. The group is stigmatized by society as "Jesus freaks".
 E.A.G.L.E. – a government agency charged with dealing with super-powered and other extraordinary threats to public safety.
 The Enelsians – a matriarchal alien race that invaded Earth, with Astro City as their focal point.
 The First Family – a family of interdimensional explorers and superheroes consisting of brothers Augustus and Julius Furst, Augustus' adopted children Nick and Natalie, Natalie's dinosaur-like husband Rex, and their daughter Astra.
 Honor Guard – the most prestigious superhero group. Founded in 1959, members came and went over the years. For much of its history it maintained seven active members; more recently, the group has expanded considerably. The roster as of 2017 consists of Samaritan (leader), Assemblyman (II), Beautie, Cleopatra (II), the Gentleman, Hummingbird (II), the Living Nightmare, M.P.H., N-Forcer (latest successor of the original), Winged Victory and Wolfspider, with American Chibi on detached duty.
 Pyramid – a criminal organization with an ancient Egyptian motif, led by the Sekhmet Stone, a living mystical artifact from the past.

Civilians
 Looney Leo – a cartoon lion brought to life in 1946, he was briefly the Gentleman's sidekick, then a media star. When his fame faded, he was homeless for a while before becoming a pawn in a supervillain's plot. Afterwards, he was a recluse before becoming host of a nostalgic nightclub bearing his name in the entertainment district.
 Steeljack (Carl "Carlie" Donewicz) – a former supervillain and member of the villain group the Terrifying Three. He is a resident of Kiefer Square who attempts to reform after serving his time. He became active as a villain from about 1970 to 1978, then in prison from 1978–1998. He is later tapped by former associates to investigate the string of "Black Mask" murders and later became a licensed private investigator.
 Charles Raymond Williams and Royal James Williams – brothers whose parents are killed in 1959 during a superhero battle. They grew up following very different paths with Charles becoming a police officer and Royal a petty criminal. They are the focus of The Dark Age four-book maxiseries.

Collected editions
The series has been collected into a number of trade paperbacks:

 Astro City Volume 1: Life in the Big City (, collects Astro City vol. 1 #1–6)
 Astro City Volume 2: Confession (, collects Astro City vol. 2 #1/2, 4–9)
 Astro City Volume 3: Family Album (, collects Astro City vol. 2 #1–3, 10–13)
 Astro City Volume 4: Tarnished Angel (, collects Astro City vol. 2 #14–20)
 Astro City Volume 5: Local Heroes (, collects Astro City vol. 2 #21–22, Astro City: Local Heroes #1–5, Astro City Special: Supersonic, "Since the Fire")
 Astro City Volume 6: The Dark Age Book One: Brothers and Other Strangers (, collects Astro City: The Dark Age vol. 1 #1–4, vol. 2 #1–4)
 Astro City Volume 7: The Dark Age Book Two: Brothers in Arms (, collects Astro City: The Dark Age vol. 3 #1–4, vol. 4 #1–4)
 Astro City Volume 8: Shining Stars (, collects Astro City: Samaritan Special, Astro City: Astra #1–2, Astro City: Silver Agent #1–2 and Astro City: Beautie #1)
 Astro City Volume 9: Through Open Doors (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #1–6)
 Astro City Volume 10: Victory (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #7–10, Astro City Visitor's Guide #1)
 Astro City Volume 11: Private Lives (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #11–16)
 Astro City Volume 12: Lovers Quarrel (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #18–21, 23-24)
 Astro City Volume 13: Honor Guard (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #17, 22, 25, 27-28, 31)
 Astro City Volume 14: Reflections (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #26, 29-30, 32–34)
 Astro City Volume 15: Ordinary Heroes (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #35-36, 39-40, 42, 44)
 Astro City Volume 16: Broken Melody (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #37-38, 41, 43, 45-46)
 Astro City Volume 17: Aftermaths (, collects Astro City vol. 3 #47–52)

Beginning in 2022, Image Comics began collecting Astro City in a series of thick trade collections, dubbed "Metrobooks":

 Astro City Metrobook, Vol. 1 (, collects Astro City vol. 1 #1–6 and vol. 2 #1/2, 1-12)
 Astro City Metrobook, Vol. 2 (, collects Astro City vol. 2 #13-22, Astro City: Local Heroes #1-5; Astro City Special #1; Astro City: A Visitor's Guide; and portions of 9-11: The World's Finest Comic Book Writers & Artists Tell Stories to Remember #2)
 Astro City Metrobook, Vol. 3 (, collects Astro City: The Dark Age vol. 1 #1-4; Astro City: The Dark Age vol. 2 #1-4; Astro City: The Dark Age vol. 3 #1-4; Astro City: The Dark Age vol. 4 #1-4; Astro City: Silver Agent #1-2; and portions of Astro City/Arrowsmith: The Flip Book)
 Astro City Metrobook, Vol. 4 (, collects Astro City: Samaritan #1, Astro City: Beautie #1, Astro City: Astra #1-2 and Astro City vol. 3 #1-10, 17 & 22-24)

And starting in 2023, Image Comics began releasing oversized hardcover collections of Astro City, dubbed "Opus Editions":

 Astro City: The Opus Edition, Book One (, collects Kurt Busiek's Astro City vol. 1 #1–6 and vol. 2 #1/2, 1-22; Kurt Busiek's Astro City 3D Special #1; Astro City: Local Heroes #1-5; Astro City Special #1; Astro City: A Visitor's Guide; and portions of 9-11: The World's Finest Comic Book Writers & Artists Tell Stories to Remember #2)

Awards
Astro City and its creators have won a number of Eisner Awards and Harvey Awards, the American comic industry's equivalent of science fiction's Hugo Awards, as well as several Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards.

Astro City won both the Eisner and Harvey Awards for Best New Series for 1996, the Eisner for Best Continuing Series for 1997 and 1998, the Harvey for Best Continuing or Limited Series for 1998, and was a top votegetter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Limited Series for 1997. The earliest collection Astro City: Life in the Big City, won the Harvey Award for Best Graphic Album of Previously Published Work for 1997 and the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Reprint Graphic Novel/Album for 1997. Astro City: Confession was a top votegetter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Reprint Graphic Album of 1998 and 1999. Astro City: Family Album was a top votegetter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Reprint Graphic Album of 1999.

Particular stories or storylines have also come in for honors. Astro City #1 won the 1996 Harvey for Best Single Issue or Story, while #4, "Safeguards", took the Eisner for Best Single Issue/Single Story for the same year. The 1997 and 1998 Eisners went to vol. 2, #1, "Welcome to Astro City", and vol. 2, #10, "Show 'Em All", respectively, and the 1998 Eisner for Best Serialized Story went to vol. 2, #4–9's "Confession" storyline.

"Welcome to the Big City" in Volume 2 #1 was a top vote-getter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Comic-Book Story for 1997. The story "The Nearness of You" from the #1/2 issue received votes for the same award that year, as did the "Everyday Life" story which ran in Volume 2 issues #2 and 3. The story "Confession" from Volume 2 issues #5–9 won the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Story for 1998. "Show 'Em All" from issue #10 was a top votegetter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Story for 1998.

Kurt Busiek was honored with 1998's Harvey and 1999's Eisner for Best Writer, in both instances for bodies of work including Astro City. Alex Ross took both awards for Best Cover Artist in 1996, 1997, and 1998, in all instances but one for Astro City or bodies of work including it (the exception was the 1997 Harvey, awarded for Kingdom Come #1). He also took 1999's Harvey and 2000's Eisner for Best Cover Artist, again for bodies of work including Astro City.

Other media

Film
In 2003, Ben Barenholtz, Jonathan Alpers and Busiek hoped to develop an Astro City movie, with Barenholtz as producer and Alpers as lead scripter, but the plans did not take off, whereupon Barenholtz subsequently took the project to Working Title Films. In July 2010, Working Title acquired the rights to make a live-action feature film adaptation of Astro City. Busiek was to write a script treatment, and also to executive-produce, along with Barenholtz and Alpers. In May 2013, Kurt Busiek said that Working Title's option had lapsed but he was in negotiation with another party.

Television
In March 2018, FremantleMedia North America announced intentions to produce a live-action Astro City TV series with a pilot episode written by Busiek and Rick Alexander.

References

External links
 Astro City at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. From the original on April 6, 2012.
 Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards index

1995 comics debuts
Comics by Kurt Busiek
Eisner Award winners for Best Continuing Series
Eisner Award winners for Best New Series
Fictional populated places in the United States
Harvey Award winners for Best Continuing or Limited Series
Harvey Award winners for Best New Series
Harvey Award winners for Best Single Issue or Story
WildStorm titles
Fictional locations in comics
Feminist comics
Vertigo Comics titles
1995 in comics

Astro City