Cep telefonu, kolayca taşınabilen, geniş kapsama alanlı, kablosuz telefon sistemini kullanan bir iletişim ve multimedya aygıtı.

Cep telefonu ile sağlanan hizmetler, telefon modeline ve servis sağlayıcıya göre değişmekle beraber en yaygın olarak kullanılanları, sesli görüşme ve kısa mesaj hizmetidir. Sesli ve yazılı görüşmenin yanı sıra görüntülü görüşme, görüntülü mesaj, müzikçalar, video oyunları, internet, veri transferi ve hatta ofis uygulamaları gibi tüm diğer bilgisayar işlevlerini kullanıcısına ulaştırabilir.

Cep telefonları internet ve telefon bankacılığı hizmetlerinde de kullanılabilir. Paypal gibi çevrimiçi hesapları kullanarak, sms aracılığıyla, satın alınan mal ve hizmetlerin ücretlerinin ödenmesi amacıyla kullanılabilir. Türkiye'de ilk cep telefonu görüşmesi 23 Şubat 1994 günü gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Çeşitleri
Teknolojideki gelişmeler sonucu her geçen gün yeni cep telefonu modelleri çıkmaktadır. Bu modeller zaman zaman farklı grupların özelliklerini de barındırdığı için tam bir sınıflandırma yapmak mümkün değildir. Cep telefonları genel bir sınıflamayla başlıca şu gruplara ayrılır:

Veri girişine göre

Tuş takımlı: Tuş takımlı telefonlar karakter girişi ve menü seçimleri için fiziksel butonlara sahiptir. Başlıca iki gruba ayrılır:
 Alfanümerik: Alfanümerik tuşlarda genellikle 0-9 arası rakamları ihtiva eden tuşlar ve bu tuşlara atanmış belirli harfler bulunur. Farklı karakterlere ulaşmak için aynı tuşa birden fazla kez basılması gerekebilir.
 Klavyeli: Klavyeli telefonlarda genellikle tüm harfleri ve rakamları kapsayan bir klavye bulunur.

Dokunmatik: Bu tür telefonlarda dokunmatik ekran ya da dokunmatik padlara parmaklar veya özel kalemlerle dokunarak veri girişi yapılabilir.

Bazı telefon modellerinde dokunmatik ekran ve tuş takımı bir arada bulunur.

Gövdesine göre
Normal (düz): Normal veya düz telefonlar, sadece ekrana veya ekran ile aynı düzlemde bulunan bir tuş takımına sahiptir. Tuş takımını ya da ekranı kaplayan, koruyan herhangi bir parça ihtiva etmez. İlk cep telefonları modellerinin tamamı bu şekildedir. Tuş kilidini aktif hale getirmek için genellikle birkaç tuştan oluşan bir kombinasyonu kullanmak gerekir.

Kapaklı: Kapaklı cep telefonlarında (İngilizce: flip phone) tuş takımını, ekranı veya her ikisini birden kaplayan koruyucu bir kapak bulunur. Genellikle bir çift menteşe etrafında dönen kapak, elle veya bir düğme yardımı ile açılıp kapanır. Kapaklı cep telefonlarında ekran ve tuş takımı dış etkenlerden korunurken, tuş kilidi kullanımına da gerek kalmaz.

Kızaklı (kayan kapaklı veya kaydıraklı):  Kızaklı telefonlar (İngilizce: slide phone), genellikle bir çift kızak üzerinde hareket eden iki parçadan oluşur. Üstteki parça sadece ekranı, birkaç önemli tuşu ya da her ikisini birden ihtiva eder. Alttaki parça ise genellikle tuş takımını ihtiva eder. Kızaklı cep telefonlarında, genellikle, tuş kilidini açmak için üstteki parçayı kaydırmak yeterlidir.

Cep telefonu aparatları

Simkart

Simkart, cep telefonlarının servis sağlayıcının telefon hizmetinden yararlanmasını sağlayan ve kimlik bilgilerini barındıran bir mikroçiptir. Simkart sözcüğü, İngilizce Subscriber Identity Module (Abone Kimlik Modülü) sözcüklerinin baş harfleri ile kart sözcüğünün birleşmesinden meydana gelmiştir. Simkart cep telefonunun içine yerleştirilir. Çıkarıldığında cep telefonundan normal aramalar yapılamaz. Sim kartsız bir cep telefonu ile sadece acil servisler aranılabilir. Simkart başka bir telefona takıldığında eğer yeni telefon farklı simkartlara kilitli değilse normal şekilde çalışır.

Pil

Günümüzdeki cep telefonlarında yaygın olarak şarj edilebilir lityum iyon piller kullanılır. Pilin ömrü telefon modeline, özelliklerine ve kullanıcının alışkanlıklarına göre farklılık gösterir. Cep telefonlarının şarj edilme ihtiyacını minimuma indirmek veya tamamen ortadan kaldırmak için güneş enerjisi ile çalışan cep telefonları üretimi konusunda yoğun çalışmalar yapılmaktadır.

Anten
Cep telefonlarında sinyalleri daha iyi yakalayabilmek için antene ihtiyaç vardır. İlk modellerde genellikle harici bir anten bulunurken, gelişmiş modellerde harici anten yerine dahili anten bulunur. Modern telefonlarda, SAR etkisini azaltmak amacıyla dahili antenler kullanıcının kulak hizasına gelmeyecek şekilde genellikle cihazın alt kısımlarında konumlandırılırlar.

Tarihçe
Cep telefonunun mucidi Amerikalı John Francis Mitchell ve Martin Cooper'dır. Motorola şirketinde mühendis olarak çalışırken 1973'te ilk cep telefonunu geliştiren Martin Cooper, "İlk cep telefonları bir kilodan ağırdı, bataryası 20 dakikadan fazla dayanmıyordu, ancak bu telefonların uzun süre elde tutulmaması açısından iyiydi" demiştir.

Zararları

Cep telefonlarının tüm zararları kapsamlı olarak incelenememiştir. Tüm zararlarının ve insanlar üzerindeki etkilerinin daha detaylı incelenebilmesi için daha uzun bir zaman dilimine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Kanser ve beyin hücrelerine etkisi

Finlandiya'da insan hücreleriyle ve canlı farelerle yapılan iki yıllık bir deneyin sonuçlarına göre cep telefonları zararlı maddelerin beyine kan yolu ile girmesini engelleyen kan bariyerlerine zarar vermektedir. Küçülen bariyerler beyne ulaşan zararlı molekülleri filtreleme görevini tam olarak yerine getirememektedir.

Selçuk Üniversitesi'nde yapılan bir araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, cep telefonu kullanımı alzheimer ve parkinson gibi hastalıkların oluşma riskini artırmaktadır.

Cep telefonu ve kanser arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran günümüze kadarki en kapsamlı çalışma Danimarka'da yapılmıştır. Aralarında 10 yıldan fazladır cep telefonu kullanan kişilerin de bulunduğu 420 bin kişinin katıldığı bu araştırma da cep telefonu ile hiçbir kanser tipi arasında bağlantı kurulamamıştır. Bunun haricindeki araştırmaların çoğunda da cep telefonunun kanser riskini artırdığına dair bir bulguya ulaşılamamıştır. Birkaç araştırmada, beyin kanseri olan kimselerde cep telefonu kullanılan tarafta kanser gelişme riskinin yüksek olduğunu gösteren bulgular elde edilmiştir. Ancak aynı kimselerin beyninin diğer yarısında kanser gelişme riskinin de düştüğü gözlenmiştir.

Bununla birlikte birçok kanser türünün vücutta oluşumu on yıldan fazla sürdüğü için, kablosuz telefonların özellikle insanlarda kanserojen etkisinin tam olarak incelenebilmesi uzun zaman gerekmekte ve deneklerin kablosuz telefonları bu süre zarfında yoğun olarak kullanan kimseler olması gerekmektedir. İsviçre'nin Orebro Üniversitesi'nden Profesör Kjell Hansson Mild, birçok resmi raporun kablosuz telefonların zararsız olduğunu söylemesini çok tuhaf bulduğunu, on yıldan fazla kablosuz telefon kullanımının vücutta değişikliklere neden olduğunu gösteren güçlü bulguların bulunduğunu belirtmiştir.

Baş ağrısı, görme ve işitmeye etkileri

Oyun, SMS gibi görsel öğelerinin uzun süre kullanımı göz yorulmasına ve baş ağrısına neden olabilir. Aynı şekilde sesli öğelerinin uzun süre, yüksek ayarda ve özellikle kulaklık ile kullanımı geçici ve kalıcı işitme kayıplarına ve baş ağrısına neden olabilir.

Dikkat kaybı

İngiltere'de yapılan bir araştırmaya göre direksiyon başında cep telefonu kullanımı dikkati %30 oranında azaltmaktadır. Bu etki yasaların izin verdiği maksimum alkol miktarının yaptığı etkiden daha fazladır. Birçok ülkede direksiyon başındayken elde cep telefonu kullanımı kanunen yasaktır. Yasalarda yapılan son değişikliklerle "ahizesiz" (İngilizce: hands-free) kullanım da yasaklanmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Zararlarından korunma yolları

Cep telefonlarından tamamen uzak durmak pek mümkün görünmese de basit önlemlerle muhtemel zararları minimuma indirilebilir. İş makinası ve taşıt kullanırken cep telefonu kullanımından kaçınılmalı, yüksek ses ayarında ve uzun süre kullanılmamalı, çok gerekli olmadıkça hamile bayanlar ve çocuklar tarafından kullanılmamalıdır.

Selçuk Üniversitesi'ndeki bir araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, kulaklık ve mikrofon seti kullananların yaklaşık yüzde 80'inde, cep telefonundan kaynaklanan sorunların görülmediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir diğer sonuca göre ise telefondan tam sinyal alınamıyorsa, cihaz daha fazla elektromanyetik dalga yayacağı için konuşmanın kısa tutulması tavsiye edilmektedir.

2001 yılından itibaren vücut tarafından absorbe edilen elektromanyetik dalga miktarı birimi (Specific Absorption Rate [SAR]) Avrupa'da standart hale getirilmiştir. Birçok ülkede cep telefonu üreticileri SAR bilgisini tüketiciye vermek zorundadır. Düşük SAR'lı bir telefon modeli seçmek cep telefonlarının muhtemel kanserojen etkilerinden korunmada etkili olabilir.

Kimyasal maddelerin doğaya vereceği zararları minimuma indirmek için ömrünü tamamlayan cep telefonları doğaya terkedilmemeli, geri dönüşüm yapılmalıdır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Nomofobi (cep telefonu bağlantısını kaybetme korkusu)
 Baz istasyonu

Kaynakça

Mobil telekomünikasyon

Video mesajlaşma

Cep telefonu


Şeki (Azerice: Şəki rayonu), Azerbaycan'da rayon. Merkezi Şeki şehridir.

Hakkında
Eski adı Nuha olan şehirin adı . 1968'de Şeki olarak değiştirildi.
Şeki Hanlığı ve Şeki Hakimliyinin başkentliğine ev sahipliği eden şehir Azerbaycanın Kuzey-Batısında Şeki-Zakatala bölgesinde yerleşiyor. Şekinin etnogenizinin ise eski Türkler olan Sakalardan geldiği tahmin ediliyor. Sakalar eski Türkler olup Orta Asyadan Krıma kadar göç etmiş sonra ise Kimerlerle olan savaşlarında Kimerleri kovalayarak şimdiki Şeki şehrine kadar ulaşmışlar.
Şeki ve Zengezur şehirlerini Sakaların kurduğu öngörülmektedir . Sakaların büyük hükümdarları - Alp Er-Tunga ve Tomris olarak görülür .Ayrıca Şeki Azerbaycanda mustakilliğini ilan eden ilk hanlıktır Şeki Hanı Hacı Çelebi han Şeki hanlığının kurucusudur .

Rayonda çok sayda tarihsel eserler ve turistik merkezler var. Şeki Han Sarayı, Gelesen-Göresen Kalesi bu şehirdedir.

Demografi
1 Ocak 2013 tarihli resmi verilere göre rayon nüfusu 177.487 kişidir.

Etnik yapı

Not

Dış bağlantılar
Resmi web sitesi

Kafkas Dağları

Şeki (rayon)


Norantea est un genre de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Marcgraviaceae, comportant 7 espèces néotropicale valides, et dont l'espèce type est Norantea guianensis Aubl..

Histoire naturelle

En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante :

Liste d'espèces
Selon The Plant List :

Espèces valides

Taxons non résolus

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Marcgraviaceae
Genre d'Ericales (nom scientifique)
Végétation tropicale américaine
Plante décrite par Aublet

Norantea


An Eurystyles lobata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Guy Robert Chiron ngan Vitorino Paiva Castro. An Eurystyles lobata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eurystyles, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eurystyles

Eurystyles lobata


Aulopiformes  is a diverse order of marine ray-finned fish consisting of some 15 extant and several prehistoric families with about 45 genera and over 230 species. The common names grinners, lizardfishes and allies, or aulopiforms are sometimes used for this group. The scientific name means "Aulopus-shaped", from Aulopus (the type genus) + the standard fish order suffix "-formes". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek aulós (αὐλός, "flute" or "pipe") + Latin forma ("external form"), the former in reference to the elongated shape of many aulopiforms.

They are grouped together because of common features in the structure of their gill arches. Indeed, many authors have considered them so distinct as to warrant separation in a monotypic superorder of the Teleostei, under the name Cyclosquamata. However, monotypic taxa are generally avoided by modern taxonomists if not necessary, and in this case a distinct superorder seems indeed unwarranted: together with the equally dubious superorder "Stenopterygii", the grinners appear to be so closely related to some Protacanthopterygii to be included in that superorder. In particular, this group might be the sister taxon of the Salmoniformes (salmon, trout, and relatives). As an alternative, the superorders are sometimes united as an unranked clade named Euteleostei, but in that case the Protacanthopterygii would need to be split further to account for the phylogenetic uncertainty. This would result in a highly cumbersome and taxonomically redundant group of two very small and no less than four monotypic superorders.

Description
Many aulopiforms are deep-sea fishes, with some species recognized as being hermaphrodites, some with the ability to self-fertilise. Some are benthic, but most are pelagic nekton. In general, aulopiform fish have a mixture of advanced and primitive characteristics relative to other teleost fish.

Aulopiforms have either a vestigial gas bladder, or lack it entirely, a hypaxialis muscle that is unusually extended to forward at its upper end and attaches to the neurocranium below the spine (perhaps to snap the upper part of the skull down when catching prey) and the position of the maxillary bone. Their second pharyngobranchial is greatly elongated posterolaterally away from third pharyngobranchial, which lacks a cartilaginous condyle to articulate with the preceding, but is contacted by the elongated uncinate process of the second epibranchial. Other features include the position of the pelvic fins far back on the body, the fused medial processes of pelvic girdle, and the presence of an adipose fin (which is also typical for the Protacanthopterygii).

The larvae of some Aulopiformes are extremely bizarre-looking, with elongated fins, and do not resemble the adult animals. They were not only described as distinct species, but also even separated as genera and finally in a family "Macristiidae" which was allied with various Protacanthopterygii (sensu lato), but the initial assessment – which found "Macristium" to resemble the deepwater lizardfishes (Bathysauridae) in some details – was not far off the mark: "Macristium" species are larvae of Bathysaurus, while the supposed other "macristiids",   "Macristiella" species are larvae of the deepsea tripodfish Bathytyphlops.

Classification

 Suborder Alepisauroidei
 Family Alepisauridae – lancetfishes
 Family Anotopteridae – daggertooths (may belong in Paralepididae)
 Family Evermannellidae – sabertooth fishes
 Family Omosudidae – hammerjaw (sometimes included in Alepisauridae)
 Family Paralepididae – barracudinas
 Family †Polymerichthyidae – an extinct alepisauroid closely related to the daggertooths and lancetfish
 Family Scopelarchidae – pearleyes
 Suborder Chlorophthalmoidei
 Family Bathysauroididae – pale deepsea lizardfish
 Family Bathysauropsidae – lizard greeneyes (sometimes included in Ipnopidae)
 Family Chlorophthalmidae – greeneyes
 Family Ipnopidae – deepsea tripodfishes
 Family Notosudidae – waryfishes
 Suborder Enchodontoidei (including Halecoidei, Ichthyotringoidei, may belong in Alepisauroidei; fossil)
 Genus Nardorex (fossil, tentatively placed here)
 Genus Serrilepis (fossil, tentatively placed here)
 Genus Yabrudichthys (fossil, tentatively placed here)
 Family Apateopholidae (fossil)
 Family Cimolichthyidae (fossil)
 Family Dercetidae (fossil)
 Family Enchodontidae (fossil)
 Family Eurypholidae (fossil)
 Family Halecidae (fossil)
 Family Ichthyotringidae (fossil)
 Family Prionolepididae (fossil)
 Suborder Giganturoidei
 Family Bathysauridae – deepwater lizardfishes
 Family Giganturidae – telescopefishes
 Suborder Synodontoidei
 Family Aulopidae – flagfins
 Family Paraulopidae – "cucumberfishes"
 Family Pseudotrichonotidae – sandliving lizardfishes, sand-diving lizardfishes
 Family Synodontidae – typical lizardfishes

Timeline of genera

Footnotes

References

Articles which contain graphical timelines
Ray-finned fish orders

Aulopiformes


Africa Movie Academy Award du meilleur film dans une langue africaine est un mérite annuel décerné par l'Africa Film Academy pour récompenser le meilleur film africain dans une langue autochtone.

Il a d'abord été récompensé lors de la première édition en tant que meilleur film autochtone. Cependant, il a été renommé Meilleur film dans une langue africaine de la 5e à la 9e édition.

Depuis la 10ème édition, il a été utilisé pour immortaliser Ousmane Sembène et par conséquent renommé Sembene Ousmane Awards du meilleur film en langue africaine.

Références

Liste de personnes récompensées ou distinguées
Récompense de cinéma pour le meilleur film
Africa Movie Academy Awards
Pages avec des traductions non relues


An Philodendron leyvae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni García-barr.. An Philodendron leyvae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Philodendron

Philodendron leyvae


السير لويس كارل دافيدسون هاملتون  ولد في 7 يناير عام 1985 في ستيفنيدج بإنجلترا هو بطل سباق سيارات فورمولا 1. ويخوض السباقات حالياً لصالح فريق مرسيدس جي بي . كان البطل الأصغر في تاريخ سباق الفورمولا 1 قبل تحقيق السائق الألماني سيباستيان فيتل لقب موسم 2010. كما يعتبر أول شخص أسمر يشارك في هذا السباق. ليتوج بأول بطولة في تاريخه القصير الذي لم يتجاوز العامين وقت تحقيق البطولة. وحقق لويس هاميلتون بطولة العالم للفورمولا 1 ، 8 مرات أعوام 2008 و 2014 و 2015 و 2017 و 2018 و 2019 و 2020 و2021.

كما أن لويس هاميلتون يُعَد صاحب الرقم القياسي كأكثر من حقق مركز الانطلاق وكان أول المنطلقين في سباق جائزة بول ريكارد في فرنسا وهي المرة 86 له كأول المنطلقين كما أن لويس هاميلتون قد حطم الرقم القياسي المسجل باسم مايكل شوماخر بعدد 91 واصبح الأكثر فوزا في تاريخ الفورمولا 1

نشأته

ولد لويس كارل ديفيدسون هاميلتون في الخامس من يناير كانون الثاني 1985 بإنجلترا. من أب أسمر وأم شقراء وانفصل والده عن والدته عندما كان يبلغ عامين من العمر ، هاجر جده لأبيه لبريطانيا من جزيرة غرينادا الواقعة في البحر الكاريبي في الخمسينات وعمل في نظام مترو أنفاق لندن. وعمل والده انطوني في شركة السكك الحديدية البريطانية.

مسيرته الرياضية

بدأت مسيرة هاميلتون في عالم سباقات السيارات في سن الثامنة وفاز بأول بطولة كارتينغ في بريطانيا عندما كان في سن العاشرة. وسجّل هاميلتون اسمه ضمن برنامج السائقين الشبان في مكلارين في عقد تنشئة في عام 1998. في عام 2003 بات هاميلتون بطلا لبطولة رينو لسباقات السيارات في بريطانيا بعد فوزه بعشرة سباقات. كما فاز هاميلتون بلقب السلسلة الأوروبية (الفئة الثالثة) في عام 2005 بعد أن حقق 15 انتصارا وبعد تسجيل أسرع زمن عشر مرات وانطلق من موقع أول المنطلقين في 13 سباقا. كما فاز أيضا بسباق جائزة موناكو الكبرى لسباقات (الفئة الثالثة). فاز هاميلتون ببطولة جي. بي. 2 في عام 2006 في أول موسم في سلسلة البطولات المغذية لسباقات الفورمولا 1. وحقق هاميلتون الفوز بخمسة سباقات وسجل أسرع زمن ست مرات بما في ذلك الفوز في موناكو والفوز مرتين في سيلفرستون.

حقق أول فوز بسباق للفورمولا 1 في كندا في يونيو عام 2008 وأصبح أول سائق أسود يفوز بسباق للجائزة الكبرى. يعد هاميلتون السائق الوحيد في عالم سباقات الفورمولا 1 الذي ينهي تاسع سباق له على منصة التتويج. في عام 2007 فاز هاميلتون بأربعة سباقات مع انطلاقه ست مرات من موقع أول المنطلقين وكاد يفوز باللقب لولا الحظ العاثر ووقوف زميله الإسباني فرناندو ألونسو في وجه إنجازه بإعاقته أكثر من مرة أشهرها حادثة وقفة الصيانة في المجر.

ورغم أن عمر لويس هاميلتون في سباقات الفورميلا وان لا يتعدى العامين حيث أن بدايته الفعليه كانت في موسم 2006 إلّا أنه كسب الأضواء من جميع المنافسين وكان قاب قوسين أو أدنى من لقب بطولة العالم في عام 2007 في أول مواسمه لولا سوء الحظ الذي رافقه في الجولة الأخيرة من سباق سان باولو حيث حل في المركز السابع بعد أن كان يحتاج فقط لأن يتواجد في أحد المراكز الثلاثة المتقدمة ليذهب اللقب إلى سائق فيراري الفنلندي كيمي رايكونين وفي 2008 كاد التعثر أن يعود من جديد وعبر حلبة البرازيل لكن هذه المرة الحظ وقف مع هاميلتون في آخر لفة السباق بعد أن تعثر سائق تويوتا تيمو غلوك ليحقق هامليتون المركز الخامس ويتفوق على البرازيلي فيليبي ماسا بفارق نقطة واحدة.

انظر أيضًا

 قائمة أبطال الفورمولا 1 للسائقين
 ماكس كوهين أوليفار

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أبطال جي بي 2
أبطال فورمولا 3 يوروسريز
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص يعانون من عسر القراءة
أعضاء رتبة الإمبراطورية البريطانية
أفراد دنفر برونكوز
إنجليز مغتربون في موناكو
إنجليز من أصل غرانادي
إنجليز ناشطون في حقوق الإنسان
إنسانيون إنجليز
بريطانيون مغتربون في سويسرا
دربيات فورمولا 1
رومان كاثوليك إنجليز
رياضيون إنجليز سود
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في سويسرا
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في موناكو
رياضيون إنجليز من أصل غرينادي
رياضيون بريطانيون سود
رياضيون من هيرتفوردشاير
سائقو سباقات جي بي 2
سائقو سيارات سباق إنجليز
سائقو فورمولا 1 إنجليز
سائقو فورمولا 1 حائزون على بطولة العالم
سائقو ماكلارين للفورمولا 1
سائقو مرسيدس بنز للفورمولا 1
فاعلو خير إنجليز
فرسان المملكة المتحدة
كاثوليك بريطانيون
مغتربون إنجليز في سويسرا
ممارسو الكاراتيه إنجليز
ممارسو الكاراتيه بريطانيون
مواليد 1985
نباتيون بريطانيون

لويس هاملتون


An Eleocharis ochrostachys in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Eleocharis ochrostachys in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis ochrostachys


Michael Connell Biehn ( ; born July 31, 1956) is an American actor, primarily known for his roles in science fiction films directed by James Cameron; as Sgt. Kyle Reese in The Terminator (1984), Cpl. Dwayne Hicks in Aliens (1986), and Lt. Coffey in The Abyss (1989). His other films include The Fan (1981), Tombstone (1993), and The Rock (1996). On television, he has appeared in Hill Street Blues (1984), The Magnificent Seven (1998–2000), and Adventure Inc. (2002–2003). Biehn received a Best Actor Saturn Award nomination for Aliens.

Early life
Biehn was born in Anniston, Alabama, the second of three boys born to Marcia (née Connell) and Don Biehn, a lawyer. He is of German and English descent on his father's side and Irish, Scottish, German and English descent on his mother's side. When he was young, he moved with his family to Lincoln, Nebraska, and then to Lake Havasu City, Arizona, where he was a member of the high school drama club before graduating. He attended the drama program at the University of Arizona, where he was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity before moving to Hollywood.

Career
Biehn got his start in movies with a bit part in the film version of Grease in 1978. He appears in two scenes; in one scene, John Travolta's character, Danny, hits Biehn's uncredited character in the stomach while playing basketball.

In 1981, Biehn appeared in the role of Douglas Breen, a stalker, in the 1981 film version of Bob Randall's novel The Fan, starring Lauren Bacall.

On television, Biehn made a guest appearance on Hill Street Blues.

In 1984, Biehn played Sgt. Kyle Reese, a soldier sent back in time by John Connor to save his mother, Sarah Connor, in the film The Terminator. Biehn appeared opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger and Linda Hamilton; the film was directed by James Cameron. Biehn stated in 2019 that he was initially not enthusiastic about appearing in a Schwarzenegger film, as he had hoped to act alongside the likes of Al Pacino and Robert De Niro. (Biehn went on to have a small role in the sequel, Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), briefly reprising his role as Reese in a scene cut from the final film but restored for the Director's Cut version.) In 2019, Biehn confirmed in an interview that he would not be reprising the role for Terminator: Dark Fate or any other future installments.

Biehn starred in a second film directed by James Cameron: Aliens (1986), in which he portrayed Corporal Hicks, a corporal in the Colonial Marines. Originally, Hicks was to be portrayed by James Remar, who was fired from Aliens shortly after production started. Cameron chose Biehn as a last-minute replacement, being familiar with Biehn as they previously worked together in Terminator, so Biehn could immediately commence filming without having to go through "boot camp" training as the rest of the cast had done. Due to his late casting, Biehn was unable to customize his character's combat armor as the other actors had done; Biehn rejected the padlock heart motif that he was given, joking that it was like a giant bullseye on his chest.  Sigourney Weaver (who portrayed protagonist Ellen Ripley in Aliens) praised Biehn for bringing "a sensitivity to the role of Hicks, an alpha male who had no problem following a woman's lead". For his work in Aliens, Biehn was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor.

In an early draft of Alien 3 written by William Gibson, Biehn's character Hicks (who had survived the events of Aliens) was to become the protagonist, replacing Ellen Ripley (Sigourney Weaver). Walter Hill and David Giler wrote the final script, which had Hicks killed off in the opening scene. Biehn, upon learning of his character's demise, demanded and received almost as much money for the use of his likeness in one scene as he had been paid for his role in Aliens. Biehn reprised the role of Hicks by voicing the character in the video game Aliens: Colonial Marines and again in 2019 for an audio drama adaptation of Gibson's un-filmed script for Alien 3 released by Audible.

Biehn had his third collaboration with James Cameron in The Abyss (1989), portraying Lieutenant Hiram Coffey who suffers from high-pressure nervous syndrome. Biehn received strong reviews for his performance, with the studio lobbying unsuccessfully for him to be nominated for an Oscar as Best Supporting Actor.

Biehn played the role of Johnny Ringo in Tombstone including the showdown scene with Val Kilmer as Doc Holliday.

Biehn portrayed a Navy SEAL for the third time, in the action film The Rock (1996). While The Rock was most successful movie of Biehn's career in terms of box office gross, it also saw his billing and screen time diminished, and after that he never landed a part in a big budget Hollywood film.

In the 2000s, Biehn took acting roles ranging from low budget films such as The Art of War and Clockstoppers, to video games like Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun and independent movies, such as Havoc. He also starred in three TV series including the CBS drama The Magnificent Seven (1998–2000), the Tribune Entertainment syndicated TV series Adventure Inc. (2002–2003), and the NBC TV series Hawaii (2004). All three shows were subsequently cancelled because of low ratings. Biehn was considered to portray Colonel Miles Quaritch, the main antagonist of James Cameron's science fiction epic film Avatar (2009), but Cameron felt his appearance in the film coupled with that of Weaver would remind people too much of Aliens.

Biehn directed the 2010 film The Blood Bond. In 2011 he wrote, directed and starred in The Victim. In 2020, Biehn was cast as the villain Lang in the second season of the Star Wars television series The Mandalorian. In 2022, he portrayed Ian in the eleventh season of the AMC horror series The Walking Dead.

Personal life

Coinciding with the decline of his acting career during the 1990s, Biehn suffered from alcoholism until the mid-2000s.

Biehn suffered a stroke around 2008 and had open heart surgery.

When questioned on why he did not attain stardom despite having lead roles in well-regarded hit films like Terminator and Aliens, Biehn told the Hollywood Reporter "People always talk about me being an '80s star. I was not an '80s star. Bruce Willis was an '80s star. Tom Cruise was an '80s star. Schwarzenegger and Stallone. Mel Gibson. Those guys were making $20 million [a picture]. I never even got $1 million. I kind of liked it that way." Biehn nonetheless remains financially well-off due to his SAG pension. James Cameron has suggested that perhaps "what held Michael back was that he didn't like playing the Hollywood game — schmoozing people and all that. For him it was all about the work". Biehn has never hired a publicist and was reportedly never interested in the "fame aspect of the business, even though his agent — and Cameron — both believed he had what it took to be a major star".

Biehn has been married three times and has five sons. In 2019, he stated that he had prioritized his family over his acting career by turning down projects involving long film shoots.

Biehn's second wife was Gina Marsh.

As of 2016, Biehn is married to actress Jennifer Blanc, who co-produced and starred alongside him in The Victim. The couple have one son, Dashiell King Biehn.

Filmography

References

External links

 Phoenix – Michael Biehn Archive

20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Living people
Male actors from Arizona
Male actors from Nebraska
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
Actors from Lincoln, Nebraska
People from Anniston, Alabama
People from Lake Havasu City, Arizona
University of Arizona alumni
1956 births

Michael Biehn


طور جون ك. ولز عام 1995 أبجدية مناهج تقييم الكلام الصوتية الموسعة (؛ ) مصمما إياها لتوحيد أبجديات مناهج تقييم الكلام الصوتية، وأيضا كي تشمل جميع رموز الأبجدية الصوتية الدولية، مع استخدام الرموز المعيارية الأمريكية لتبادل المعلومات فقط.

ر أيضا
 أبجدية صوتية دولية عربية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 اقتراح توسيع أبجدية مناهج تقييم الكلام الصوتية
 تحويل رموز أبجدية مناهج تقييم الكلام الصوتية الموسعة إلى رموز الأبجدية الصوتية الدولية

أبجدية مناهج تقييم الكلام الصوتية
علم الحاسوب في 1995
كلية لندن الجامعية


An Odontochilus crispus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Odontochilus crispus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Odontochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Odontochilus

Odontochilus crispus


Geindre peut désigner :
 Geindre, métier de la boulangerie ;
 François Geindre (1946-2023), homme politique français.

Geindre


Teodósio () foi um oficial bizantino do começo do , ativo durante o reinado do imperador Focas . Servia como assistente (subadiuva) do mestre dos ofícios. Em 7 de junho de 605 ou 607, foi executado junto de vários outros oficiais por conspirar contra o imperador, quiçá para sucedê-lo por Teodoro..

bibliografia

Bizantinos do século VI
Oficiais do Império Bizantino do século VII
Oficiais de Focas
Rebeldes do Império Bizantino do século VII
Bizantinos executados no século VII

Teodósio (assistente do mestre dos ofícios)


Lane Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Lane Township (Indiana)
 Lane Township (Greenwood County, Kansas)
 Lane Township (Smith County, Kansas)

Lane Township


Karahasanlı, Nevşehir ilinin Kozaklı ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Karahasanlı Sadıklı olarak geçmektedir. 28 Şubat 1968 tarihinde Sadıkali, Ortaköy ve Dereköy köylerinin birleştirilerek "Karahasanlı" adıyla  beldeye dönüşen kasabanın belediye statüsü, nüfusunun 2000 kişinin altına düşmesi üzerine 2013 yılında sona erdi.

Coğrafya
Köy; Nevşehir iline 110 km, Kozaklı ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Yönetim

Belediye başkanlığı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kozaklı belde ve köyleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Karahasanlı, Kozaklı


مسعود أوزيل (؛ ؛ مواليد 15 أكتوبر 1988) لاعب كرة قدم سابق ألماني من أصول تركية كان يلعب كوسط هجومي سبق وإن لعب لعدة أندية أبرزها نادي ريال مدريد ونادي أرسنال.

لعب سابقًا مع المنتخب الألماني قبل اعتزاله في عام 2018. تتم مقارنته بأسطورة كرة القدم الفرنسية زين الدين زيدان في طريقة لعبه ومهارته وتمريراته السحرية. بدأ مسعود أوزيل مسيرته مع نادي روت ويس إيسن بضواحي مدينة غيلسنكيرشن لينتقل بعدها عام 2005 إلى نادي شالكه 04 ولكنه تعرض للعديد من المشاكل مع إدارة النادي مما أدى إلى انتقاله إلى نادي فيردر بريمن والذي فجر فيه مواهبه بوسط الميدان قاده على إثرها لنهائي الدوري الأوروبي والذي خسره بصعوبة، بعد تألقه في نهائيات كأس العالم 2010 تعاقد معه النادي الملكي ريال مدريد الإسباني في أغسطس 2010 والذي جعله نجماً من نجوم كرة القدم، وحاز معه في الموسم الأول له على كأس ملك إسبانيا ضد الغريم التقليدي برشلونة على ملعب ميستايا.

بدأ مسعود أوزيل مشاركاته الدولية مع منتخب ألمانيا 19 وسجل 4 أهداف من 11 مباراة، وانتقل إلى منتخب ألمانيا 21 سنة 2009 وحصل معه على بطولة بطولة أوروبا تحت 21 سنة بعد تسجيله لأحد أهدافه الأربعة في مرمى منتخب إنجلترا. بدأ مسيرته مع منتخب ألمانيا الأول تحضيرا لنهائيات كأس العالم 2010 والتي برز واكتسب الاهتمام الدولي خلالها بعد وصوله مع المنتخب لنصف نهائي البطولة، ورُشّح لنيل جائزة أفضل لاعب في البطولة بعد أدائه الرائع.

أطلق عليه اسم «دييغو الجديد» في إشارة إلى سلفه في فيردر بريمن،، كما أطلق عليه أيضًا اسم «ميسي الجديد».

مسيرته الكروية

روت ويس إيسن
بدأ أوزيل مسيرته الرياضية في أحد النوادي الصغيرة في مدينة غيلسنكيرشن قبل أن ينضم إلى نادي روت ويس إيسن."

شالكه 04
في عام 2005، انضم إلى نادي شالكه 04، وبدأ اللعب كصانع ألعاب في الفريق الرديف في النادي بديلاً عن اللاعب لينكولن، وبعد أدائه الجيد ضد أندية بايرن ميونخ وباير ليفركوزن، ضُمّ إلى الفريق الأول، لكنه لم يلعب أي مباراة في موسمه الأول، وأنهاه على مقاعد الاحتياط. وفي موسم 2006–07، حصل على فرصته الأولى ولكنه تعرض للكثير من المشاكل مع إدارة النادي بخصوص تمديد العقد، وهو ما عجل برحيل النجم الصاعد بعد مشاركة باهتة مع النادي بـ 39 مباراة وتسجيله هدف وحيد.

استغل نادي فيردر بريمن الموقف، وأعلن تعاقده مع أوزيل في الانتقالات الشتوية لموسم 2008–09.

فيردر بريمن
في 31 يناير 2008، انتقل مسعود أوزيل إلى نادي فيردر بريمن الألماني مقابل مبلغ يصل إلى 4.3 مليون € بعقد مدته ثلاث سنوات، لينضم إلى زميله السابق في النادي الأزرق سيباستيان بوينيش، والذي استقدم في يونيو. ولعب أوزيل نصف الموسم المتبقي كاحتياطي للاعب البرازيلي دييغو نجم الفريق الأول وقتها، وسجل أوزيل أول أهدافه ضد نادي كارلسروه.

أبدع أوزيل وأعاد نادي فيردر بريمن للوصول للمركز الثاني في البوندسليغا، وقاده للوصول إلى نهائي كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي (الدوري الأوروبي حالياً) ضد نادي شاختار دونيتسك الأوكراني، ولكنه خسره، مما شكل خيبة أمل للاعب الصاعد.

حقق أوزيل في موسم 2009–10 مع نادي فيردر بريمن ما لم يحققه مع ناديه السابق، فلعب 106 مباراة وسجل 15 هدفًا، ومرر أكثر من 43 كرة حاسمة في سنتين ونصف فقط. ومنذ استقدامه لنادي فيردر بريمن، أبهر كل متابعي الدوري الألماني وكشافي المواهب، وتوقعوا له مستقبل زاهر، وهو ما توّج باستدعاء من طرف المدرب الألماني يواخيم لوف للمشاركة في كأس العالم 2010.

بعد مشاركة ناجحة مع المنتخب الألماني في كأس العالم 2010 (7 مباريات، هدف واحد و3 تمريرات حاسمة)، فُتحت أمام أوزيل أبواب الشهرة على مصراعيها، وبدأت معها تكثر الإشاعات عن عروض كبرى من نادي اللندني أرسنال وعملاقي إسبانيا ريال مدريد وبرشلونة، ولكن نادي فيردير بريمين نفى ذلك إلى حد التأكيد على عدم تلقيه أي عروض.

مصطفى أوزيل، والد مسعود قال أنه تلقى عرضًا بقيمة 30 مليون يورو من نادي إنتر ميلان، وكاد نادي فيردر بريمن أن يقبل بهذا العرض من أبطال أوروبا لعام 2010، ثم أعرب رئيس البلانكوس فلورنتينو بيريز رغبة ناديه الاستفادة من خدمات اللاعب الألماني، وعرض عليه صفقة ولكن بمبلغ لا يتجاوز 15 مليون يورو. تمت الصفقة بنجاح بدافع رغبة مسعود أوزيل اللعب لنادي ريال مدريد، لتحقيق حلمه باللعب في نفس نادي لاعبه المفضل وقدوته زين الدين زيدان، وهو ما صرح به: «أنا سعيد جدًا لأنني سألتقي زيدان، زيدان هو مثلي الأعلى منذ الصغر، وكنت معجبًا برؤية فنياته وتقليدها في الملعب.»

ريال مدريد

2010–11 : بزوغ نجمه في الليغا

في 17 أغسطس 2010، أعلن ريال مدريد عن ضم اللاعب أوزيل بمبلغ 15 مليون يورو، ولعب أول مباراة ودية له كبديل. ورسميًا، كانت أول مباراته في الدوري ضد نادي أوساسونا الذي لعب فيها أساسيًا، وأطلق ما في جعبته من فنيات جعلت من أنصار الريال يصفقون له، وذلك بالتلويح بالمناديل البيضاء الشهيرة التي تؤكد فرحتها أو العكس"، وأعلن أوزيل: م، وفي مباراة ضد أجاكس أمستردام في دوري أبطال أوروبا كشف اللاعب عن موهبته، فمرر كرة حاسمة لغونزالو هيغواين والتي هلل لها جماهير الريال بالتصفيق له.

بعد بضعة أسابيع مع ريال مدريد، تحول أوزيل من مجرد لاعب صاعد إلى واحد أفضل لاعبي الفريق مع تشابي ألونسو، وذلك بفضل كراته الحاسمة وجودة تمريراته المتقنة للمهاجمين كرونالدو وهيغواين ودي ماريا.

في 3 أكتوبر 2010، سجل أوزيل أول أهدافه مع الريال بعد تحقيق النادي لنتيجة ثقيلة في ملعب ديبورتيفو لاكورونيا (6–1). وبعد أسبوعين، في 20 أكتوبر، فعل ذلك مرة أخرى بتسجيله الهدف الأول في مسيرته في دوري أبطال أوروبا ضد ميلان الإيطالي (2–0)، وهو ما جعل مدربه جوزيه مورينهو يقول أنه لاعب «ساحر»، وأضاف: «وجود هذا العنصر وراء جونزالو هيجوين وكريستيانو رونالدو، أمر رائع».

في مباراة الريال ضد نادي إيركوليس يوم 30 أكتوبر 2010، أدخل مسعود نفسه في منظومة لعب المدرب البرتغالي جوزيه مورينهو بنادي ريال مدريد، وقدم مرة أخرى مستوى عال من الأداء، مما جعل رئيس النادي فلورنتينو بيريز يصرح: «بالنسبة لي، أوزيل إذا ما استمر زخمه، سوف يصبح ببساطة أفضل لاعب على هذا الكوكب.»

ومع المستوى المقدم من أوزيل، اعتبر اللاعب واحد من اللاعبين المفضلين من قبل مشجعي ريال مدريد. ففي نوفمبر 2010، حصل على المركز الثاني كأحسن صفقة موقعة من ريال مدريد"، وفقًا لدراسة نشرت على موقع صحيفة ماركا، وراء أنخيل دي ماريا، بـ 28.6% من الأصوات.

وفي 26 أكتوبر 2010، كشف الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم عن قائمة المرشحين لجائزة الكرة الذهبية لعام 2010، حيث تم ترشيح مسعود أوزيل جنبًا إلى جنب مع أربعة لاعبين ألمانين (ميروسلاف كلوزه وفيليب لام وتوماس مولر وباستيان شفاينشتايجر) في القائمة لكنه لم يفز بها.

وفي 20 أبريل 2011، فاز أوزيل بأول ألقابه مع فريقه ريال مدريد، وهي كأس ملك إسبانيا وذلك بعد تغلبه على غريمه التقليدي نادي برشلونة بهدف من الفتى الذهبي كريستيانو رونالدو، وصرح أوزيل للوكالة الألمانية للأنباء:«إنه اللقب الأول في بطولات إسبانيا. وأشعر بسعادة بالغة. تحلينا بالثقة في أنفسنا حتى الدقيقة الأخيرة من المباراة»

2011–12
في مطلع ريال مدريد موسم 2011–12 ارتدى مسعود أوزيل القميص رقم 10 في إشارة واضحة لنية المدرب البرتغالي آنذاك في استخدامه كصانع لعب رئيسي، بدأ موسم أوزيل بتسجيله هدف في ذهاب السوبر الإسباني في مباراة الكلاسيكو، لكن الريال خسر تلك البطولة بعد أن طُرد أوزيل في مباراة الإياب بعد مشاداة كلامية مع لاعبي برشلونة، واستطاع أوزيل من تحقيق أول ألقاب الدوري مع مدريد وحقق خلالها 100 نقطة في الدوري، وسجل في المباراة التي حسمت الدوري أمام نادي بيلباو في ملعب الأخير، كما قام أوزيل صناعة 17 هدف طوال مباريات الدوري.

2012–13
بعد وصول لوكا مودريتش إلى النادي، ادعت بعض وسائل الإعلام عدم سعادة أوزيل من هذه الصفقة، لكنه أنكر هذا الكلام في إحدى مقابلاته، وقال بأنه يتطلع إلى زيادة مستواه للحفاظ على مكانه في التشكيلة الأساسية، رغم أن هذا الموسم لم يتمكن النادي من إحراز أي لقب إلا أنه أوزيل قدم أداءً متميزًا بصناعته 29 هدفاً.

أرسنال
في صيف 2013 وفي آخر يوم من سوق الانتقالات وافق أوزيل على الانتقال إلى نادي أرسنال الإنجليزي، وتمت الصفقة بالفعل، وبصفقة بلغت 42.5 مليون يورو، وقام بارتداء القميص رقم 11، نجح أوزيل بإحراز لقب كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي في أول مواسمه، وأيضاً تكرر الأمر في الموسم التالي حيث أحرز لقب كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي، مع عد كبير من صناعات الأهداف برفقة لاعبين مميزين في نفس الفريق مثل أليكسيس سانشيز وأوليفيه جيرو.

مع المنتخب

منتخب ألمانيا للشباب
بدأ أوزيل اللعب مع المنتخب الألماني تحت 19 سنة في سبتمبر 2006 ضد منتخب النمسا، وكانت أول مباراة له مع المنتخب الألماني في فبراير 2009 ضد منتخب النرويج.

في يونيو 2009، لعب أوزيل مع منتخب ألمانيا تحت سن 21 وفاز بكأس الأمم الأوروبية مع المنتخب الألماني، حيث فازوا في المباراة النهائية على إنجلترا وسجل أوزيل أحد الأهداف الأربعة.

كأس العالم 2010

تم اختيار مسعود أوزيل ضمن 23 لاعب للمنتخب الألماني للمشاركة في نهائيات بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010.

على الرغم من مهارة أوزيل في استخدام قدمه اليسرى، إلا أن المدرب يواخيم لوف حضره بشكل انتقالي للعب خلف المهاجمين ميروسلاف كلوزه ولوكاس بودولسكي، ولعب أوزيل دورًا كبيرًا في تخطي ألمانيا للدور الأول بعد فوزها على أستراليا برباعية نظيفة، وبعدها الفوز على منتخب غانا، وانتقل مع المنتخب الألماني لمواجهة منتخب الإنجليزي، والتي نجح المنتخب في تجاوزه بقيادة أوزيل. ولكنه سقط ضد منتخب إسبانيا المتألق، وخرج المنتخب الألماني من المسابقة للمرة الثانية على التوالي بعد بطولة كأس العالم 2006 في عقر داره محتلًا المركز الثالث بعد فوزه على منتخب الأوروغواي.

بعد الأداء الرائع لأوزيل مع المنتخب الألماني في كأس العالم بجنوب أفريقيا صرح مدربه بأن:«أوزيل هو مستقبل كرة القدم الألمانية».

يورو 2012
سجل مسعود أوزيل مع منتخبه الألماني أحد أحسن تصفيات أوروبية في تاريخ المسابقة، بعد الفوز بكل مبارياته العشر، بدأها مع المنتخب البلجيكي واختتمها مع نفس المنتخب. وقد شارك أوزيل في جميع المباريات ماعدا مباراة الإياب ضد المنتخب التركي بعد تعرضه لإصابة، وسجل أوزيل خمس أهداف كاملة، كما أكد أوزيل أنه أحد أفضل اللاعبين في التصفيات بـ7 تمريرات حاسمة، وبذلك تأهلت ألمانيا إلى كأس الأمم الأوروبية 2012 بعد تحقيقها مع المنتخب الإسباني العلامة الكاملة.

وضع مسعود أوزيل مع زملائه في المنتخب التتويج باللقب نصب أعينهم بعد أن بات يمتلكون القدرات اللازمة للفوز بها. وقال مسعود أوزيل صانع ألعاب المنتخب الألماني ونادي ريال مدريد الأسباني: «حان الوقت لفوز المنتخب الألماني بلقب كأس الأمم الأوروبية مرة أخرى، إننا فريق يافع ومتعطش، ينبغي أن يكون طموحنا جلب الألقاب لألمانيا».

ومع بدء البطولة تمكن المنتخب الألماني من التأهل في مجموعة صعبة ضمّت المنتخب البرتغالي والدانماركي والهولندي، ونجح في الوصول إلى المباراة نصف النهائي بعد أن تخطى دور الثمانية، لكنه خرج على يد المنتخب الإيطالي بخسارة 2–1 وسجل أوزيل هدف الشرف في تلك المباراة من ضربة جزاء.

كأس العالم 2014
استطاع المنتخب الألماني بمساعدة أوزيل وزملائه من التأهل إلى نهائيات كأس العالم، ونجح في التأهل من المجموعات برصيد 7 نقاط بفوزين وتعادل في مجموعة ضمت المنتخب البرتغالي والأمريكي والغاني، وفي دور ثمن النهائي استطاع أوزيل تسجيل الهدف الثاني أمام الجزائر في الدقيقة 119 لتنتهي المباراة بنتيجة 2–1 ويتأهل إلى دور ربع النهائي حيث واجه المنتخب الفرنسي الذي قاموا بإقصائه من البطولة بعد فوزٍ ثمين بنتيجة 1–0، ثم تخطى المنتخب لبرازيلي صاحب الأرض بنتيجة 7–1 في نصف النهائي ليواجه المنتخب الأرجنتيني في النهائي، لعب أوزيل 120 دقيقة في النهائي قبل أن يتم استبداله بميرتساكر في الدقيقة الأخيرة، وحينها انتصر المنتخب الألماني بنتيجة 1–0 ليفوز في بطولة كأس العالم ويحقق اللقب الرابع له في تاريخه.

يورو 2016
في 12 يونيو 2016، لعب أوزيل 90 دقيقة كاملة من المباراة الافتتاحية لألمانيا أمام أوكرانيا في المباراة التي انتهت بفوز ألماني 2–0. وصنع هدف باستيان شفاينشتايغر في الدقيقة 92. في 21 يونيو 2016، أكمل أوزيل 99% من تمريراته بشكل صحيح، وخلق ست فرص وحصل على جائزة أفضل لاعب في المباراة في مباراة فوز ألمانيا 1–0 على أيرلندا الشمالية. بعد خمسة أيام، لعب أوزيل في مباراة الفوز 3–0 في الدور الـ16 على سلوفاكيا. في الدقيقة الثالثة عشر من المباراة، أضاع أوزيل ركلة جزاء تصدى لها الحارس ماتوش كوزاتشيك. في 2 يوليو 2016، سجل أوزيل الهدف الأول في مرمى إيطاليا في دور الثمانية ليعطي التقدم لألمانيا 1–0، قبل أن تعادل إيطاليا بعد ذلك من خلال ركلة جزاء ليوناردو بونوتشي. ومع ذلك، فازت ألمانيا بركلات الترجيح 6–5، على الرغم من فشل أوزيل في تحويل ركلة الجزاء بعد أن ارتطمت في القائم.

كأس العالم 2018
تم اختيار أوزيل من قبل المدير الفني يواخيم لوف للمشاركة مع المنتخب الألماني في كأس العالم 2018. في 27 يونيو، وفي أكبر مفاجآت مونديال روسيا غادر أوزيل برفقه منتخبه ألمانيا كأس العالم من دور المجموعات بعد الخسارة أمام منتخب كوريا الجنوبية 2–0.

اعتزال اللعب الدولي
بعد مشاركته في كأس العالم 2018، قرر أوزيل اعتزال اللعب الدولي حيث قال في بيان منشور: «بحزن بالغ وبعد فترة تفكير طويلة بسبب الأحداث الأخيرة لن ألعب مع ألمانيا على المستوى الدولي مرة أخرى بسبب شعوري بإهانة عنصرية وعدم احترام». وذلك على خلفية تعرضه لانتقادات بعد لقائه بالرئيس التركي رجب طيب أردوغان. وقد علق أوزيل على الصورة التي جمعته بأردوغان بالقول «لا علاقة له بالسياسة أو بالانتخابات، بل الأمر عبارة عن احترام أعلى منصب في موطن عائلتي».

أسلوب لعبه

ذكر في أحد المرات مدرب منتخب ألمانيا للشباب هورست هروبريتش:«نحن في ألمانيا عرضة للجنون والهذيان بسبب مدحنا ووتهليلنا للاعبين الأجانب كالإنجليزي واين روني والبرتغالي كريستيانو رونالدو والأرجنتيني ليونيل ميسي، ولكن نحن أيضًا لدينا ميسي أخر، وهو مسعود أوزيل». ويمتاز أوزيل بالبراعة والارتجال في اللعب ويمكن بسحرية رجله اليسرى أن يفتح كل الأبواب بتمريراته الدقيقة المذهلة لمساعدة زملائه في التسجيل وأحسن مثال زميله في ريال مدريد الإسباني البرتغالي كريستيانو رونالدو الذي سجل 40 هدف في الدوري الإسباني عام 2011، 26 هدف سجله البرتغالي كلها من تمريرات الحاسمة لمسعود أوزيل. وهو رائع في السيطرة على الكرة والرؤية الثاقبة مثل الأرجنتيني ليونيل ميسي، ويمتلك مسعود أوزيل قدرة التسديد من بعيد كما يتضح خلال مباراته ضد منتخب غانا خلال بطولة كأس العالم 2010.

حياته الشخصية
ينحدر مسعود أوزيل من الجيل الثالث للأتراك المقيمين في ألمانيا، ينحدرون من مدينة زنغولداق في شمال تركيا.

يعتبر مسعود أوزيل من اللاعبين المسلمين الذين قبل بداية كل مباراة يقرؤون سورة من القرآن لمساعدته على التركيز، وتحدث إلى صحيفة دير شبيغل الألمانية ومقرها برلين عن ذلك، وذكر أوزيل «أفعل ذلك دائمًا قبل أن أخرج (في الملعب). أصلي وزملائي يعرفون أنهم لا يستطيعون التحدث معي خلال هذه الفترة القصيرة.»

وفي سنة 2010، حصل مسعود أوزيل على جائزة بامبي لكونه المثال الناجح للاندماج في المجتمع الألماني.

المواقف السياسية
في الثالث عشر من ديسمبر 2019، تضامن لاعب كرة القدم الألماني مسعود أوزيل مع الأويغور على حسابه على تويتر مشيرًا لسنجان باسم تركستان الشرقية، كما أطلق على الأويغور المعتقلين اسم «محاربون في وجه الاضطهاد». بالإضافة إلى دعوته للصمود والمقاومة، أشار أيضا إلى تقارير معسكرات الاعتقال ومحاربة الإسلام في المنطقة، كما أشار إلى فشل وسائل الإعلام العالمية في تسليط الضوء على القضية.

كتب أوزيل: «القرآن يُحرق، المساجد تُغلق، المدارس ممنوعة، ومعلمو الدين يُقتلون واحدًا تلو الآخر. إخواننا محتجزون في المعسكرات، بينما العائلات الصينية تستقر في أماكنهم، كما تُجبر أخواتنا على الزواج من رجال صينيين».

بعد ذلك بيومين، كانت مباراة أرسنال ضد مانشستر سيتي والتي لم تذع على التلفزيون الصيني. قال المتحدث باسم وزارة الخارجية الصينية معقبًا: «لا أعرف إذا كان السيد أوزيل قد زار سنجان بنفسه. ولكن يبدو أن الأخبار المضللة قد خدعته، وأن حكمه تأثر بالكلام المضلل. يبدو أن أوزيل لا يعرف أن الحكومة الصينية تحمي حرية العقيدة لكل المواطنين الصينيين بما في ذلك الأويغور، طبقًا للقانون، ويبدو أنه لا يعرف أيضًا أن تدابير الصين المناهضة للإرهاب في سنجان يدعمها الناس المحليون من كل المجموعات العرقية، وأنه لم يقع أي حادث إرهابي في سنجان لثلاث سنوات متتالية».

في تداعيات ذلك، حُذف أوزيل من لعبة الفيديو برو إفولوشن سوكر في الصين، بسبب «جرح مشاعر المشجعين الصينيين وخرق الروح الرياضية الداعية للحب والسلام». أسرع المسؤولون عن نادي أرسنال بالتأكيد على أن هذه الآراء لا تمثل سوى اللاعب نفسه ولا تعبر بأي صورة عن رأي الفريق الإنجليزي الذي يكن كل الاحترام لمشجعيه في الصين.

في أكتوبر 2020، أعرب عن دعمه لأذربيجان خلال حرب مرتفعات قرة باغ 2020. وبعد الحرب، في يناير 2021، أثناء تقديمه إلى فنربخشة، وقف مع العلم الأذربيجاني.

الإحصائيات

النادي

المنتخب

الإنجازات

النادي
 فيردر بريمن
 كأس ألمانيا (1): 2008–09
 ريال مدريد
 الدوري الإسباني (1): 2011–12
 كأس ملك إسبانيا (1): 2010–11
 كأس السوبر الإسباني (1): 2012
 أرسنال
 كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي (4): 2013–14، 2014–15, 2016-17, 2019-20
 درع الاتحاد الإنجليزي (4): 2013-14, 2014-15, 2016-17 2019-20

المنتخب
 ألمانيا تحت 21 سنة
 بطولة أوروبا تحت 21 سنة (1): 2009
 ألمانيا
 كأس العالم (1): 2014

الفردية
 الكرة الذهبية ترشح للجائزة: 2010.
 كأس العالم ترشح لأفضل لاعب شاب: 2010.
 كأس العالم: ترشح لأفضل ممرر: 2010.
 أفضل ممرر في أوروبا سنة 2011 بـ26 تمريرة حاسمة.

اقتباسات
 ريكاردو كارفاليو: .
 غونزالو هيغواين: .
 جوزيه مورينيو:
 كريستيانو رونالدو: .

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الملف الشخصي على موقع أرسنال الرسمي
 الملف الشخصي على موفع الدوري الإنجليزي
 مسعود أوزيل على kicker.de
 الملف الشخصي في كأس العالم 2010

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ألمان من أصل تركي
ألمان من أصل كردي
خلافات رياضية
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون ألمان من أصل تركي
رياضيون من غلزنكيرشن
كتاب سيرة ذاتية ألمان
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
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Operation Bagration (, Operatsiya Bagration) was the codename for the 1944 Soviet Byelorussian strategic offensive operation (, Belorusskaya nastupatelnaya Operatsiya Bagration), a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern Front of World War II, just over two weeks after the start of Operation Overlord in the west, causing Nazi Germany to have to fight on two major fronts at the same time. The Soviet Union destroyed 28 of 34 divisions of Army Group Centre and completely shattered the German front line. It was the biggest defeat in German military history, with around 450,000 German casualties, while 300,000 other German soldiers were cut off in the Courland Pocket.

On 22 June 1944, the Red Army attacked Army Group Centre in Byelorussia, with the objective of encircling and destroying its main component armies. By 28 June, the German 4th Army had been destroyed, along with most of the Third Panzer and Ninth Armies. The Red Army exploited the collapse of the German front line to encircle German formations in the vicinity of Minsk in the Minsk Offensive and destroy them, with Minsk liberated on 4 July. With the end of effective German resistance in Byelorussia, the Soviet offensive continued on to Lithuania, Poland and Romania over the course of July and August.

The Red Army successfully used the Soviet deep battle and maskirovka (deception) strategies for the first time to a full extent, albeit with continuing heavy losses. Operation Bagration diverted German mobile reserves to the central sectors, removing them from the Lublin–Brest and Lvov–Sandomierz areas, enabling the Soviets to undertake the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive and Lublin–Brest Offensive. This allowed the Red Army to reach the Vistula river and Warsaw, which in turn put Soviet forces within striking distance of Berlin, conforming to the concept of Soviet deep operations—striking into the enemy's strategic depths.

Background
Germany's Army Group Centre had previously proven tough to counter as the Soviet defeat in Operation Mars had shown. But by June 1944, despite shortening its front line, it had been exposed following the defeats of Army Group South in the battles that followed the Battle of Kursk, the Battle of Kiev, the Dnieper–Carpathian offensive and the Crimean offensive in the late summer, autumn, and winter of 1943–44. In the north, Army Group North was also pushed back, leaving Army Group Center's lines protruding towards the east and at risk of losing contact with neighbouring army groups.

The German High Command expected the next Soviet offensive to fall against Army Group North Ukraine (Field Marshal Walter Model), while it lacked intelligence capabilities to divine the Soviet intentions. The Wehrmacht had redeployed one-third of Army Group Centre's artillery, half of its tank destroyers, and 88 per cent of tanks to the south. The entire operational reserve on the Eastern front (18 Panzer and mechanised divisions, stripped from Army Groups North and Centre) was deployed to Model's sector. Army Group Centre had a total of only 580 tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns. They were opposed by over 4,000 Soviet tanks and self-propelled guns. German lines were thinly held; for example, the 9th Army sector had 143 soldiers per km of the front.

A key role in the subsequent collapse of Army Group Center during Operation Bagration was being played by the Soviet Dnieper–Carpathian offensive in Ukraine. The success of this Soviet offensive had convinced the German High Command that the southern sector of the Eastern Front would be the staging area for the main Soviet summer offensive of 1944. As a result, German forces stationed in the south, panzer divisions in particular, received priority in reinforcements. Furthermore, during this Soviet offensive in the spring of 1944, aimed at the city of Kovel, Army Group Center was significantly weakened by being forced to transfer nine divisions and numerous independent armored formations from its main front to its far right flank, located deep in the rear at the junction with Army Group South. These forces would then be attached to Army Group North Ukraine, the successor to Army Group South. This meant that Army Group Center was effectively deprived of well over 100,000 personnel and 552 tanks, assault guns and self-propelled guns at the start of Operation Bagration.

Operation Bagration, in combination with the neighbouring Lvov–Sandomierz offensive, launched a few weeks later in Ukraine, allowed the Soviet Union to recapture Byelorussia and Ukraine within its 1941 borders, advance into German East Prussia, but more importantly, the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive allowed the Red Army to reach the outskirts of Warsaw after gaining control of Poland east of the Vistula river. The campaign enabled the next operation, the Vistula–Oder Offensive, to come within sight of the German capital. The Soviets were initially surprised at the success of the Byelorussian operation which had nearly reached Warsaw. The Soviet advance encouraged the Warsaw Uprising against the German occupation forces.

The battle has been described as the triumph of the Soviet theory of the "operational art" because of the complete coordination of all the strategic front movements and signals traffic to fool the enemy about the target of the offensive. The military tactical operations of the Red Army successfully avoided the mobile reserves of the Wehrmacht and continually "wrong-footed" the German forces. Despite the massive forces involved, Soviet front commanders left their adversaries completely confused about the main axis of attack until it was too late.

Soviet plans

Strategic aims and deception

The Russian maskirovka is roughly equivalent to the English camouflage, but it has broader application in military use. During World War II the term was used by Soviet commanders to describe measures to create deception with the goal of inflicting surprise on the Wehrmacht forces.

The Oberkommando des Heeres expected the Soviets to launch a major Eastern Front offensive in the summer of 1944. The Stavka (Soviet High Command) considered a number of options. The timetable of operations between June and August had been decided on by 28 April 1944. The Stavka rejected an offensive in either the L'vov sector or the Yassy-Kishinev sectors owing to the presence of powerful enemy mobile forces equal in strength to the Soviet strategic fronts. Instead they suggested four options: an offensive into Romania and through the Carpathian Mountains, an offensive into the western Ukrainian SSR aimed at the Baltic coast, an attack into the Baltic, and an offensive in the Byelorussian SSR. The first two options were rejected as being too ambitious and open to flank attack. The third option was rejected on the grounds the enemy was too well prepared. The only safe option was an offensive into Byelorussia which would enable subsequent offensives from Ukraine into Poland and Romania.

The Soviet and German High Commands recognised western Ukraine as a staging area for an offensive into Poland. The Soviets, aware that the enemy would anticipate this, engaged in a maskirovka campaign to catch the German armoured forces off guard by creating a crisis in Byelorussia that would force the Germans to move their powerful armoured forces, fresh from their victory in the First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive in April–June 1944, to the central front to support Army Group Centre. This was the primary purpose of Bagration.

In order to maximize the chances of success, the maskirovka was a double bluff. The Soviets left four tank armies in the L'vov-Peremyshl area and allowed the Germans to know it. The attack into Romania in April–June further convinced the Soviets that the Axis forces in Romania needed removing and kept the Germans concerned about their defences there and in southern Poland, while drawing German forces to the L'vov sector. Once the offensive against Army Group Centre, which lacked mobile reserves and support, had been initiated, it would create a crisis in the central sector that would force the German armoured forces north to Byelorussia from Poland and Romania, despite the presence of powerful Soviet concentrations threatening German-occupied Poland.

The intent of the Soviets to strike their main blow towards the Vistula can be seen in the Red Army's (albeit fragmented) order of battle. The Soviet general staff studies of both the Byelorussian and L'vov-Sandomierz operations reveal that the L'vov-Przemyśl operation received the overwhelming number of tank and mechanized corps. Six guards tank corps and six tank corps along with three guards mechanized and two mechanized corps were committed to the L'vov operation. This totaled twelve tank and five mechanized corps. In contrast, Operation Bagrations Baltic and Byelorussian Fronts were allocated just eight tank and two mechanized corps. The 1st Byelorussian Front (an important part of the L'vov-Peremshyl operation) is not mentioned on the Soviet battle order for the offensive. It contained a further six armies and was to protect the flank of the Lublin–Brest Offensive as well as engage in offensive operations in that area.

The bulk of tactical resources, in particular anti-tank artillery, was allocated to the 1st Ukrainian Front, the spearhead of the Vistula, L'vov-Premyshl operation. Thirty-eight of the 54 anti-tank regiments allocated to the Byelorussian-Baltic-Ukrainian operations were given to the 1st Ukrainian Front. This demonstrates that the Soviet plans for the L'vov operation were a major consideration and whoever planned the offensive was determined to hold the recently captured territory. The target for this operation was the Vistula bridgehead and the enormous anti-tank artillery forces helped repulse big counter-attacks by German armoured formations in August–October 1944. One American author suggests that these Soviet innovations were enabled, in part, by the provision of over 220,000 Dodge and Studebaker trucks by the United States to motorize the Soviet infantry.

Most of the aviation units, fighter aircraft and assault aviation (strike aircraft) were given to the L'vov operation and the protection of the 1st Ukrainian Front. Of the 78 fighter and assault aviation divisions committed to Bagration, 32 were allocated to the L'vov operation, nearly fifty per cent of the aviation groups committed to Bagration and contained more than was committed to the Byelorussian operation. This concentration of aviation was to protect the Vistula bridgeheads against air attack and to assault German counteroffensives from the air.

Success of deception
Towards the beginning of June 1944, the German High Command, Army Group Center and the army commands had identified a large part of the concentration against Army Group Centre, although they still considered that the main operation would be against Army Group North Ukraine. On 14 June, the Chief of Staff of Army Group Centre told General Kurt Zeitzler, the Chief of the Army General Staff, that "...the Russian concentration here [in front of 9th Army] and at the Autobahn clearly indicates that the enemy attack will be aimed at the wings of the Army Group". On 10 June the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) adopted the opinion of Army Group Centre in its estimate of the enemy situation:

On 19 June, Army Group Centre noted in its estimate of the enemy situation that the concentration of enemy air forces had become greater (4,500 out of 11,000) and that this left new doubts regarding OKH's estimate. OKH saw no grounds for this supposition. Shortly before the beginning of the Soviet offensive, the army commands had detected some enemy forces near the front and had identified the places where the main Soviet attacks would take place, with the exception of 6th Guards Army near Vitebsk. The Soviet strategic reserves were not detected.

Operations Rail War and Concert
The start of Operation Bagration involved many Soviet partisan formations in the Byelorussian SSR, which were instructed to resume their attacks on railways and communications. From 19 June large numbers of explosive charges were placed on rail tracks and though many were cleared, they had a significant disruptive effect. The partisans were also used to mop up encircled German forces once the breakthrough and exploitation phases of the operation were completed.

Disposition of forces
The Stavka had committed approximately 1,670,300 combat and support personnel, approximately 32,718 artillery pieces and mortars, 5,818 tanks and assault guns and 7,799 aircraft. Army Group Centre's strength was 486,000 combat personnel (849,000 total, including support personnel). The army group had 3,236 field guns and other artillery pieces (not including mortars) but only 495 operational tanks and assault guns and 920 available aircraft, of which 602 were operational. Army Group Centre was seriously short of mobile reserves: the demotorized 14th Infantry Division was the only substantial reserve formation, though the 20th Panzer Division, with 56 tanks, was positioned in the south near Bobruisk and the Panzergrenadier Division Feldherrnhalle, still in the process of forming, was also held in reserve. Furthermore, the Germans were supported by collaborationist troops such as the Lithuanian Security Police. The relatively static lines in Byelorussia had enabled the Germans to construct extensive field fortifications, with multiple trench lines to a depth of several kilometres and heavily mined defensive belts.

Besides the pro-German and pro-Soviet forces, some third-party factions were also involved in the fighting during Operation Bagration, most notably several resistance groups of the Polish Home Army. The latter mostly fought both the German as well as the Soviet-led troops. Some Home Army partisan factions regarded the Soviet Union as the greater threat, however, and negotiated ceasefires or even ad-hoc alliances with the German occupation forces. Such deals were condemned by the Home Army's leadership, and several partisan officers who cooperated with the Germans against the Soviets were subsequently court-martialed. However, many times Polish Home Army fought Soviet troops in self-defence. Most often, Polish Home Army supported approaching Soviet forces and attacked German troops according to a plan of Operation Tempest. The plan was to cooperate with the advancing Red Army on a tactical level, while Polish civil authorities came out from underground and took power in Allied-controlled Polish territory. The plan failed, as Soviet troops would attack Polish Home Army groups after cooperation against German troops. Many Polish Home Army soldiers were killed in action, enlisted to the Soviet-controlled Polish People's Army, murdered, imprisoned or deported.

Order of battle

Feste Plätze
The Wehrmacht's forces were based on logistic lines of communications and centres, which on Hitler's orders were declared Feste Plätze (fortified towns to be held at all costs) by OKH. General Jordan of 9th Army was very worried at how vulnerable this immobility made the army, correctly predicting that "if a Soviet offensive breaks out the Army will either have to go over to a mobile defence or see its front smashed". Because the initial offensive in Belarus was thought to be a feint, the Feste Plätze spanned the entire length of the Eastern Front. Army Group Centre had Feste Plätze at Vitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, Baranovichi, Minsk, Babruysk, Slutsk, and Vilnius.

Battle – first phase: tactical breakthrough

Operation Bagration was launched on a staggered schedule, with partisan attacks behind German lines beginning on 19–20 June. On the night of 21–22 June, the Red Army launched probing attacks on German frontline positions, combined with bombing raids on Wehrmacht's lines of communication. The main offensive began in the early morning of 22 June, with an artillery bombardment of unprecedented scale against the defensive works. The initial assault achieved breakthroughs almost everywhere.

The first phase of Soviet deep operations, the "deep battle", envisaged breaking through the tactical zones and forward German defences. Once these tactical offensives had been successful, fresh operational reserves were to exploit the breakthrough and the operational depths of the enemy front using powerful mechanized and armoured formations to encircle enemy concentrations on an Army Group scale.

Vitebsk–Orsha offensive

Army Group Centre's northern flank was defended by the 3rd Panzer Army under the command of Georg-Hans Reinhardt; the lines ran through marshy terrain in the north, through a salient round the city of Vitebsk, to a sector north of the main Moscow–Minsk road, held by the 4th Army. It was opposed by the 1st Baltic Front of Hovhannes Bagramyan, and Ivan Chernyakhovsky's 3rd Belorussian Front, which were given the task of breaking through the defences to the north and south of Vitebsk and cutting off the salient.

In the north, the 1st Baltic Front pushed the German IX Corps over the Dvina, while encircling the LIII Corps in the city of Vitebsk by 24 June, opening a gash in the frontline of  wide. The Soviet command inserted its mobile forces to begin exploitation in operational depth. To the south, the 3rd Belorussian Front attacked the VI Corps, pushing it so far to the south that it came under the command of the 4th Army.

The LIII Corps had received permission to retreat on 24 June with three divisions, while leaving one division behind in the fester Platz Vitebsk. However, by the time the order arrived, the city was already encircled. General Friedrich Gollwitzer, the commander of the Vitebsk "strongpoint", decided to disobey the order and have all units of his corps break out at the same time. Abandoning its heavy equipment, the corps began a breakout attempt in the morning of 26 June but quickly ran into Soviet roadblocks outside the city. Vitebsk was taken by 29 June, with the entire LIII Corps of 28,000 men eliminated from the German order of battle.

The 3rd Belorussian Front simultaneously opened operations against the 4th Army's XXVII Corps holding Orsha and the main Moscow-Minsk highway. Despite a tenacious German defense, Orsha was liberated by 26 June, and the 3rd Belorussian Front's mechanized forces were able to penetrate far into the German rear, reaching the Berezina River by 28 June.

The central sector of Soviet operations was against the long front of 4th Army, under the command of Kurt von Tippelskirch. Soviet plans envisaged the bulk of it, the XXXIX Panzer Corps and XII Corps, being encircled while pinned down by attacks from the 2nd Belorussian Front in the parallel Mogilev Offensive Operation. By far the most important Soviet objective, however, was the main Moscow–Minsk road and the town of Orsha, which the southern wing of Chernyakhovsky's 3rd Belorussian Front was ordered to take. A breakthrough in this area, against General Paul Völckers' XXVII Corps, would form the northern pincer of the encirclement. The Minsk highway was protected by extensive defensive works manned by the 78th Assault Division, a specially reinforced unit with extra artillery and assault gun support. Orsha itself had been designated a Fester Platz (stronghold) under the 78th Division's commander.

The Soviet assault on this sector opened on 22 June with a massive artillery barrage that destroyed defensive positions, flattened bunkers, and detonated ammunition stores. Infantry from the 11th Guards Army, 5th Army and 31st Army then attacked the German positions, breaking through the first defensive belt on the same day. The German deployment of its only reserve division was met the next day with the insertion of the massed Soviet tank brigades, which achieved the operational breakthrough. By 25 June, Soviet forces began to advance into the German rear.

Völckers' position was further threatened by the near-collapse of the 3rd Panzer Army's VI Corps, immediately to the north. By midnight on 25 June, the 11th Guards Army had shattered the remains of VI Corps, and 26 June saw the German forces in retreat. Soviet tank forces of the 2nd Guards Tank Corps were able to push up the road towards Minsk at speed, with a subsidiary force breaking off to encircle Orsha, which was liberated on the evening of 26 June. The main exploitation force, Pavel Rotmistrov's 5th Guards Tank Army, was then committed through the gap in the German lines. VI Corps finally crumbled completely; its commander, General Georg Pfeiffer, was killed on 28 June after losing contact with his divisions. Achieving complete success, the operation effectively ceased with the arrival of 5th Guards Tank Army's forward units at the Berezina River on 28 June.

Mogilev offensive

The centre of the 4th Army was holding the tip of the Byelorussian bulge, with the bulk of its forces on a shallow bridgehead east of the Dnieper River. The Mogilev Offensive opened with an intense artillery barrage against the German defensive lines on the morning of 22 June. The goal of the 2nd Belorussian Front (Colonel-General Gyorgy Zakharov) was to pin the 4th Army near Mogilev while the developing Vitebsk–Orsha and Bobruysk Offensives encircled it.

East of Mogilev, General Robert Martinek's XXXIX Panzer Corps attempted to hold its lines in the face of an assault by the 49th Army during which the latter suffered heavy casualties. The 4th Army commander, Tippelskirch, requested that the army be allowed to withdraw on 25 June. When the permission was not forthcoming, he authorised his units to withdraw to the Dnieper; this was countermanded by the Army Group commander, Busch, who instructed Tippelskirch to order the units to return to their positions. This was however impossible as a cohesive frontline no longer existed. With the front collapsing, Busch met with Hitler on 26 June and received the authorisation to pull the army back to the Berezina River,  west of Mogilev. The 49th Army forced the Dnieper crossings on the evening of 27 June and fought its way into the city during the night, while mobile units enveloped the garrison from the northwest.

During the day both the German XII Corps and XXXIX Panzer Corps began falling back towards the Berezina crossings. Travel was nearly impossible by day, due to the omnipresence of the Soviet air force, while Soviet tank columns and roadblocks provided constant obstacles. The main body of 4th Army arrived at the crossing on 30 June. It largely completed the crossing by 2 July, under heavy Soviet bombardment, but was retreating into a trap. The Mogilev Offensive fulfilled all its immediate objectives; not only was the city itself taken, but the 4th Army was successfully prevented from disengaging in time to escape encirclement in the Minsk Offensive, which commenced immediately afterwards.

Bobruysk offensive

To capture Bobruysk, General Konstantin Rokossovsky proposed during the planning of Operation Bagration a multi-pronged approach by seizing both Bobruysk and Slutsk and ultimately destroying the German 9th Army under Generalfeldmarschall Hans Jordan by attacking both fortress cities with equal priority and strength, with which the Soviet General Staff and Joseph Stalin himself had initially disagreed. However, Rokossovsky stubbornly insisted and promised Stalin that the operation would be a success.

According to Rokossovsky's plan, the 1st Belorussian Front would be divided into two sectors - the Soviet 3rd Army under the command of General Alexander Gorbatov striking from Rogachev and the sector comprising the Soviet 10th, 28th and 65th Armies as well as the Cavalry-Mechanised Group(KMG) under the command of Lieutenant General Issa Pliyev mounting its assault from Parichi. The Rogachev sector would be supervised by Marshal Georgy Zhukov, while the group of forces in Parichi would be commanded by Konstantin Rokossovsky himself. A rivalry formed between the two of the most competent commanders of the Soviet Red Army as the two raced against each other towards Bobruysk.

On 24 June 1944, 7000 guns, mortars and BM-13 Katyusha rocket launchers of the 1st Belorussian Front unleashed their fury of projectiles upon the troops of the German 9th Army, while the Ilyushin-2 Shturmovik "Flying Tank" ground-attack aircraft strafed and bombed the German columns as the Red Air Force firmly controlled the skies of the Belorussian balcony. Following the colossal bombardment which was supposed to shatter the forward defences of the 9th Army, troops of the Soviet 3rd Army launched their assault from Rogachev, but were met with obstinate resistance from the Germans in that sector and sustained heavy casualties, while not many advancements were attained. Meanwhile, the sector under Konstantin Rokossovsky met much less retaliation, as the lines around Parichi were not heavily guarded by the German troops. In a magnificent demonstration of the Soviet Red Army's mastery over the deployment of mobile troops in accordance with the Deep Battle doctrine, the Cavalry-Mechanised Group(KMG) under the command of Lieutenant General Issa Pliev consisting of the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps and the 1st Mechanised Corps swept hastily across the edge of the Pripyet Marshes, subduing the German 9th Army troops defending fester platz Slutsk, cutting through the fortress, effectively hindering the bulk of the 9th Army's ability to flee through the south and ultimately sealing the fate of the battle-hardened unit on the lands of Belorussia. It was the ability of KMG Pliev to seize Slutsk and swing south against the 9th Army that truly showed the effectiveness of the combination of the anachronistic horse-mounted Soviet cavalrymen and the fleet of mechanised beasts of the Soviet armoured formations in the form of the Cavalry-Mechanised Group in striking deep into the operational depth of the opponent as envisaged by Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky's Deep Battle doctrine.

With the flanks secured by the Cavalry-Mechanised Group and the escape routes of the 9th Army severed, the Soviet 65th Army swung north and soon entered the fortress city of Bobruysk. Heavy hand-to-hand fighting and ferocious urban warfare ensued, but the 65th Army was able to ultimately overcome the German 9th Army, capturing the stronghold by the 29th of June. The 9th Army was destroyed on 28 June after heavy fighting against the 65th Army, while they were unable to escape due to the fact that they had been cut off by the prior Soviet manoeuvres.

Due to the failures of the commander of Army Group Centre, Generalfeldmarschall Ernst Busch, to commit the 20th Panzer Division as a relief force to the 9th Army, he was sacked on the 28th by Adolf Hitler and replaced with the experienced master of defensive warfare, Walther Model.

The success of the Bobruysk Offensive was one that was so stupendous and respectable that Joseph Stalin began addressing Rokossovsky as Konstantin Konstantinovich as a sign of respect, a privilege that was only bestowed upon one other military officer, Boris Shaposhnikov. The vital victory at the crucial railway junction of Bobruysk had also earned Konstantin Rokossovsky the title of the Marshal of the Soviet Red Army, bringing the position and reputation of the former Gulag prisoner along those of Georgy Zhukov and Ivan Konev.

Second phase: strategic offensive against Army Group Centre
The second phase of the operation involved the entire operation's most significant single objective: the retaking of Minsk, capital of the Byelorussian SSR. It would also complete the large-scale encirclement and destruction, set up by the first phase, of much of Army Group Centre.

Minsk offensive

From 28 June, the main exploitation units of the 3rd Belorussian Front (the 5th Guards Tank Army and an attached cavalry-mechanised group) began to push on to secure crossings of the Berezina, followed by the 11th Guards Army. In the south, exploitation forces of the 1st Belorussian Front began to close the lower pincer of the trap developing around the German 4th Army.
The Germans brought back the 5th Panzer Division into Byelorussia to cover the approaches to Minsk, while the units of 4th Army began to withdraw over the Berezina crossings, where they were pounded by heavy air bombardment. After forcing crossings of the Berezina, Soviet forces closed in on Minsk. The 2nd Guards Tank Corps was the first to break into the city in the early hours of 3 July; fighting erupted in the centre, which was finally cleared of German rearguards by the following day. The 5th Guards Tank Army and 65th Army closed the encirclement to the west of Minsk, trapping the entire German 4th Army, and many of the remnants of the 9th Army.

Over the next few days, the pocket east of Minsk was reduced: only a fraction of the 100,000 soldiers in it escaped. Minsk had been liberated, and Army Group Centre destroyed, in what was possibly the Wehrmacht's greatest defeat of the war. Between 22 June and 4 July 1944, Army Group Centre lost 25 divisions and 300,000 men. In the few subsequent weeks, the Germans lost another 100,000 men.

Polotsk offensive

The Polotsk offensive had the dual objective of taking Polotsk itself, and of screening the northern flank of the main Minsk Offensive against a possible German counter-offensive from Army Group North.

The 1st Baltic Front successfully pursued the retreating remnants of the 3rd Panzer Army back towards Polotsk, which was reached by 1 July. German forces attempted to organise a defense using rear-area support units and several divisions hurriedly transferred from Army Group North.

Units of the 1st Baltic Front's 4th Shock Army and 6th Guards Army fought their way into the city over the next few days, and successfully cleared it of German forces by 4 July.

Third phase: strategic offensive operations in the north
As German resistance had almost completely collapsed, Soviet forces were ordered to push on as far as possible beyond the original objective of Minsk, and new objectives were issued by the Stavka. This resulted in a third phase of offensive operations, which should be regarded as a further part of Operation Bagration.

Field Marshal Walter Model, who had taken over command of Army Group Centre on 28 June when Ernst Busch was dismissed, hoped to reestablish a defensive line running through Lida using what was left of the 3rd Panzer, 4th and 9th Armies along with new reinforcements.

Šiauliai offensive

The Šiauliai offensive covered the operations of the 1st Baltic Front between 5 and 31 July against the remnants of the 3rd Panzer Army. Its main objective was the Lithuanian city of Šiauliai (; ).

The 43rd, 51st, and 2nd Guards Armies attacked towards Riga on the Baltic coast with 3rd Guards Mechanised Corps attached. By 31 July, the coast on the Gulf of Riga had been reached. 6th Guards Army covered Riga and the extended flank of the penetration towards the north.

A hurriedly organised German counter-attack restored the severed connection between the remnants of Army Group Centre and Army Group North. In August, the Germans attempted to retake Šiauliai in Operation Doppelkopf and Operation Cäsar, but they failed.

Vilnius offensive

The Vilnius offensive was conducted by units of the 3rd Belorussian Front subsequent to their completion of the Minsk Offensive; they were opposed by the remnants of 3rd Panzer Army and the 4th Army.

Units of the 4th Army, principally the 5th Panzer Division, attempted to hold the key rail junction of Molodechno, but failed. It was taken by units of the 11th Guards Army, 5th Guards Tank Army and 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps on 5 July. German forces continued a precipitate retreat, and Soviet forces reached Vilnius, held by units of the 3rd Panzer Army, by 7 July.

By 8 July, the city had been encircled, trapping the garrison, who were ordered to hold fast at all costs. Soviet forces then fought their way into the city in intense street-by-street fighting (alongside an Armia Krajowa uprising, Operation Ostra Brama). On 12 July, 6th Panzer Division counter-attacked and temporarily opened an escape corridor for the besieged troops, but the majority of them were lost when the city fell on 13 July (this phase of the operation is commonly known as the Battle of Vilnius). On 23 July, the 4th Army commander, Hoßbach, in agreement with Model, committed the newly arrived 19th Panzer Division into a counter-attack with the intention of cutting off the Soviet spearheads in the Augustow Forest. This failed.

Belostok offensive

The Belostok offensive covered the operations of 2nd Belorussian Front between 5 and 27 July, with the objective of the Polish city of Białystok (Belostok). The 40th and 41st Rifle Corps of 3rd Army, on the front's left wing, took Białystok by storm on 27 July, after two days of fighting.

Lublin–Brest offensive

The Lublin–Brest offensive was carried out by Marshal Rokossovsky's 1st Belorussian Front between 18 July and 2 August, and developed the initial gains of Operation Bagration toward eastern Poland and the Vistula. The 47th and 8th Guards Armies reached the Bug River by 21 July, and the latter reached the eastern bank of the Vistula by 25 July. Lublin was taken on 24 July; the 2nd Tank Army was ordered to turn north, towards Warsaw, to cut off the retreat of forces from Army Group Centre in the Brest area. Brest was taken on 28 July and the Front's left wing seized bridgeheads over the Vistula by 2 August. This effectively completed the operation, the remainder of the summer being given over to defensive efforts against a series of German counter-attacks on the bridgeheads.
The Operation ended with the defeat of German Army Group North Ukraine and Soviet bridgeheads over the Vistula river west of Sandomierz.

Kaunas offensive

The Kaunas offensive covered the operations of Chernyakhovsky's 3rd Belorussian Front from 28 July to 28 August, towards the Lithuanian city of Kaunas, subsequent to their completion of the offensive against Vilnius. By 30 July all Wehrmacht resistance on the approaches to the Neman River had retreated or been annihilated. Two days later the city of Kaunas was under Soviet control.

Osovets offensive

This offensive covered the operations of 2nd Belorussian Front from 6–14 August, after their completion of the Belostock Offensive, with the objective of the fortified area at Osowiec on one of the tributaries of the Narew River. The very large fortress complex there secured the approaches to East Prussia through the region's marshes.

German forces were able to stabilise their line of defense along the Narew, which they held until the East Prussian offensive of January 1945.

Aftermath

This was by far the greatest Soviet victory in numerical terms. The Red Army recaptured a vast amount of Soviet territory and occupied some Baltic and Polish territories whose population had suffered greatly under the German occupation. The advancing Soviets found cities destroyed, villages depopulated, and much of the population killed or deported by the occupiers. To show the outside world the magnitude of the victory, some 57,000 German prisoners, taken from the encirclement east of Minsk, were paraded through Moscow: even marching quickly and twenty abreast, they took 90 minutes to pass. This was later known as the Parade of the Vanquished.

The German army never recovered from the materiel and manpower losses sustained during this time, having lost about a quarter of its Eastern Front manpower, exceeding even the percentage of loss at Stalingrad (about 17 full divisions). These losses included many experienced soldiers, NCOs and commissioned officers, which at this stage of the war the Wehrmacht could not replace. An indication of the completeness of the Soviet victory is that 31 of the 47 German divisional or corps commanders involved were killed or captured. Of the German generals lost, nine were killed, including two corps commanders; 22 captured, including four corps commanders; Major-General Hans Hahne, commander of 197th Infantry Division disappeared on 24 June, while Lieutenant-Generals Zutavern and Philipp of the 18th Panzergrenadier and 134th Infantry Divisions died by suicide.

The near-total destruction of Army Group Centre was very costly for the Germans. Exact German losses are unknown but newer research indicates around 400,000–540,000 killed, missing or wounded. Soviet losses were also substantial, with 180,040 killed and missing, 590,848 wounded and sick, together with 2,957 tanks, 2,447 artillery pieces and 822 aircraft also lost. The offensive cut off Army Group North and Army Group North Ukraine from each other and weakened them as resources were diverted to the central sector. This forced both Army Groups to withdraw from Soviet territory much more quickly when faced with the following Soviet offensives in their sectors.

The end of Operation Bagration coincided with the destruction of many of the strongest units of the Wehrmacht engaged against the Allies on the Western Front in the Falaise Pocket in Normandy, during Operation Overlord. After these victories, supply problems rather than German resistance slowed the Allies' advance. The Germans transferred armoured units from the Italian front, where they could afford to give ground, to resist the Soviet advance near Warsaw.

This was one of the largest Soviet operations of WWII with 2.3 million troops engaged, three Axis armies eliminated and vast amounts of Soviet territory recaptured.

References

Notes
 Figures for the exact casualties of the German forces during Operation Bagration vary significantly.  Wartime Soviet estimates claim 540,000 German overall casualties (including 158,480 captured), with material losses listed at 2,375 tanks, 8,702 guns, 631 aircraft, and 57,152 motor vehicles. Western estimates put German casualties lower at about 300,000–350,000 men. Newer research done by the MGFA and led by historian Karl Heinz Frieser put German casualties at 399,102 soldiers.

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Operation Bagration: Soviet Offensive of 1944
 Operation Bagration (video) : lecture by the military historian Robert Citino at the 2014 International Conference on World War II, via the official Livestream channel of The National WWII Museum.

1944 in Belarus
1944 in the Soviet Union
20th century in Minsk
Belarus in World War II
Conflicts in 1944
Battles and operations of the Eastern Front of World War II
Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front
Soviet Army
Military strategy
German Army (1935–1945)
Polotsk
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lublin

Operation Bagration


Svend Hersleb Grundtvig (9. september 1824-14. júlí 1883) var danskur bókmenntasögufræðingur og þjóðfræðingur. Hann er einkum þekktur í heimalandi sínu fyrir að hafa safnað dönskum þjóðkvæðum. Grundtvig hafði snemma gífurlega mikinn áhuga á dönskum sagnadönsum eða danskvæðum. Hann safnaði þeim og gaf út í riti sínu er ber heitið Danmarks gamle folkeviser. Svend Grundtvig safnaði einnig íslenskum fornkvæðum (sagnadönsum) með Jóni Sigurðssyni forseta og gáfu þeir út afraksturinn árin 1854-1859 í 3. bindum í ritröðinni Nordiske oldskrifter. Þetta þriggja binda verk innan ritraðarinnar þeirra Jóns og Grundtvigs fékk heitið Íslensk fornkvæði.

Tungumálakunnátta Grundtvigs var afar mikil og lærði hann til að mynda engilsaxnesku, latínu og íslensku í æsku með atbeina föður hans N. F. S. Grundtvig.

Tengsl Grundtvigs við Ísland
Svend Grundtvig gaf út safn sitt af íslenskum fornkvæðum með Jóni Sigurðssyni forseta á árunum 1854-59. Þá var Grundtvig fyrstur manna til þess að færa rök fyrir því að Snorri Sturluson hafi samið Egils sögu.

Tengsl Grundtvigs við Færeyjar
Svend Grundtvig hvatti færeyska kollega sinn og félaga V. U. Hammershaimb til þess að safna færeyskum þjóðkvæðum (sagnadönsum) af vörum samlanda hans. Afraksturinn var ritið Føroya kvæði: Corpus Carminum Færoensium. Söfnun Hammershaimbs á færeyskum þjóðkvæðum og dönsum er ómetanlegt framlag hans til færeysku þjóðarinnar enda eru kvæðin talin með helstu menningarverðmætum þeirra.

danskir sagnfræðingar
danskir þjóðfræðingar

Svend Grundtvig


Roger Vandenberghe (nascido Robert Adler), apelidado de Vanden, ou Le tigre noir (O tigre negro), nasceu em 26 de outubro de 1927 em Paris e morreu em 5 de janeiro de 1956 em Nam Định, foi um soldado francês e operador especial conhecido por suas ações no Tonquim na Guerra da Indochina. Ele foi condecorado com a Légion d'Honneur aos 21 anos.

Ele é o suboficial mais condecorado do exército francês no século XX, com dezoito citações e oito feridas, em sua maioria recebidas durante a Guerra da Indochina. Ele realizou um grande número de operações "golpe de mão" à noite atrás das linhas do Viet-Minh, à frente de seu comando de guerrilheiros vietnamitas apelidado "os tigres negros". Ele causava medo nos vietnamitas a tal ponto que sua cabeça foi colocada a prêmio. Ele foi traído e assassinado por um de seus homens (ex-Viet-Minh) aos 24 anos."Que a França me dê cem Vandenberghes, e nós derrotaremos o Viet-Minh..." - General de Lattre de Tassigny

Infância
Roger Vandenberghe nasceu em 26 de outubro de 1927 no 14º distrito de Paris. Seu pai Émile Raoul Vandenberghe (nascido em Le Havre em 26 de dezembro de 1885), um inválido de guerra (gasado) de origem belga, gravemente doente com tuberculose e desempregado, teve que partir pouco depois para um sanatório para obter tratamento. Sua mãe Toba Adler, nascida em Galatz, na Romênia (não confundir com a região espanhola da Galícia) e de fé judaica (que mais tarde lhe valeu a deportação pelo comboio 66 do campo de Drancy para campo de Auschwitz em 20/01/1944; ela não voltou da deportação), então tentou atender às necessidades de sua família fazendo trabalhos domésticos, mas, por sua vez doente, ela finalmente resolveu colocar Roger e seu irmão Albert (nascido Albert Adler), três anos mais velho, ao cargo da assistência pública em 1932. Eles passam anos difíceis lá no internato. Em 1935, foram confiados a duas famílias de camponeses bearneses da aldeia de Arthez-de-Béarn para ajudar no campo enquanto continuavam a frequentar a escola.

Durante esses anos no campo, o jovem Roger dificilmente se concentra nos estudos. Ele prefere vagar pelas colinas circundantes, guardando os rebanhos e destacando-se por sua habilidade com o estilingue e suas habilidades de caça furtiva. Apesar de tudo, conseguiu o certificado escolar em 1938. No ano seguinte, seu pai morreu e a guerra estourou.

Primeiras combates
Ele quer se juntar à Resistência, mas, apesar de sua constituição forte, é recusado por ser muito jovem. finalmente, em 14 de julho de 1944, aos 16 anos, com seu irmão, ingressou no Corps franc Pommiès que, do ponto de vista operacional, depende diretamente do BCRA de Londres, o serviço secreto francês livre. Ele rapidamente se destacou dentro desta trupe, que foi a primeira a retornar à Alsácia. Em 10 de janeiro de 1945, aos 17 anos, foi ferido pela explosão de uma mina durante um reconhecimento para o qual se voluntariara. Esta ação lhe vale a citação na ordem do regimento. Ao final da guerra, Vanden, como passou a ser apelidado a partir de então, decidiu permanecer no exército. Ele foi então designado no dia 12 de fevereiro à 2ª companhia do 49º Regimento de Infantaria, formado por veteranos do Corps franc Pommiès, estacionado na Alemanha. Nomeado cabo em 1946, ofereceu-se com seu irmão para a Indochina e ingressou no 2º Batalhão de Marcha do Corpo Expedicionário Francês no Extremo Oriente.

A estadia na Indochina

Em 11 de janeiro de 1947, Vanden embarca em Marselha. Um mês depois, chega a Tourane em Annam e apaixona-se por este país que parece conhecer desde sempre.

Em 6 de janeiro de 1948, seu irmão mais velho Albert foi morto em Ha Dong durante um assalto; após a morte de seu irmão, seu destino se cristaliza. Este luto terrível que o priva de qualquer família consangüínea será provavelmente a principal fonte de sua motivação em suas lutas futuras.

Gravemente ferido em fevereiro de 1949, quando era sargento e comandante de uma seção de guerrilheiros do 6ª Regimento de Infantaria Colonial, foi nomeado Cavaleiro da Legião de Honra aos 21 anos. Após oito meses de convalescença, ele voltou para a Indochina. Muitos feitos de armas foram realizados, entre outros em maio de 1951, o ataque a Ninh Binh para recuperar o corpo do Tenente Bernard de Lattre de Tassigny, morto quando seu posto caiu nesta região chamada de calcário.

Mais tarde, o General de Lattre de Tassigny, comandando a Força Expedicionária Francesa no Extremo Oriente, decidiu criar 8 comandos do Vietnã do Norte, unidades leves com supletivos locais supervisionados por suboficiais e oficiais franceses. O objetivo é desferir golpes no Viet Minh usando os mesmos métodos que ele. O número de comandos sobe para 45, incluindo o nº 24 comandado pelo Adjudant-chef Vandenberghe com dois fiéis assistentes, o sargento Puel, um bearnês como ele do 49º Regimento de Infantaria, e Tran Dinh Vy, um ex-professor que mais tarde se tornaria coronel da Legião Estrangeira.

O Comando nº 24 chamado comando "Vandenberghe", todo vestido de preto, que mais tarde seria chamado de "Les Tigres Noirs" (Os Tigres Negros), incluía guerrilheiros e recrutados locais, poucos em número no início (cerca de 50); posteriormente, aumentando o número deles, o que não lhes permitia mais seguir todo o seu efetivo e garantir a confiabilidade de cada um.

Fazendo-se passar por prisioneiro de seus próprios homens disfarçado de soldados do Viet-Minh, ele ataca um posto-de-comando (PC) independentista sobre o qual investe após penetrar vários quilômetros em território controlado pelo inimigo. Terá consigo homens que lhe igualarão a coragem e lhe reconhecerão o valor de líder e eminente estrategista que soube assimilar as táticas de seus adversários. Ele havia entendido e imitado perfeitamente o método dos guerrilheiros separatistas de infiltração na retaguarda do adversário e, com grande meticulosidade, multiplicou por dez a eficácia de seus golpes. O Ajudante-chefe Vanden era um homem alto, atlético, mas taciturno. Ele não fumava e nem bebia; sua vida se resume neste momento exclusivamente ao seu comando e à Indochina que ele adora. Um combatente formidável, seus homens o seguiam por toda parte.

Entre seus homens estava o Cabo Ehret, um jovem alsaciano; Hubert, um operador de rádio de Metz; o Sargento Gracelli, o Sargento Puel (24 anos, Medalha Militar e 6 citações, será morto ao mesmo tempo que seu chefe) e o sargento vietnamita Tran Dinh Vy (que mais tarde, após um período no exército vietnamita e a queda de Saigon, terminará como coronel da Legião Estrangeira com Legião de Honra, Medalha Militar e 20 citações francesas, americanas e vietnamitas). Deve-se notar que Vanden estava no conselho de promoção para o posto de segundo-tenente pouco antes de sua morte.

Em 5 de janeiro de 1952, o 2º Tenente Nguien Tinh Khoï (ex-comandante da unidade de assalto do 36º Regimento da 308ª Brigada do Viet Minh, capturado durante a Batalha do Rio Day em 1951) o traiu e o assassinou enquanto ele dormia em Nam Định, assim como o Sargento Puel. Vanden passou pela guerra da Indochina como um raio e morreu aos 24 anos.

Seu túmulo era o número 263 no Cemitério de Nam Định. Com o apoio de várias associações de veteranos da Indochina, seu caixão, assim como o de seu irmão Albert, foram repatriados para a França em suas regiões de adoção em 1987, Albert para o cemitério de Arthez-de-Béarn e Roger para o cemitério de Castillon, uma aldeia próxima. Uma estela em seu nome domina o vale de Béarn.

Honras e Distinções

 A 27ª promoção (1968) da Escola Nacional de suboficiais da ativa de Saint-Maixent-l'École leva o nome de Adjudant-Chef Vandenberghe.
 O Chœur Montjoie Saint Denis homenageia Vanden com uma música de mesmo nome em seu álbum Chants d'Europe IV.

Condecorações
 Cavaleiro da Legião de Honra (6 de julho de 1949)

 Medalha Militar (27 de junho de 1948)

 Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 (1 citação)

 Cruz de Guerra para Teatros de Operações Externas (17 citações, incluindo 9 palmas)

 Medalha de Feridos de Guerra (8 estrelas)

Citações

 Menção na Ordem do Regimento e premiação da Croix de guerre 1939-1945 com estrela de bronze (9 de fevereiro de 1945)
 Menção à Ordem da Brigada e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com estrela de bronze (8 de junho de 1947)
 Menção à Ordem da Brigada e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com estrela de bronze (10 de janeiro de 1948)
 Menção na Ordem da Divisão e Condecoração da Cruz de Guerra TOE com Estrela de Prata (28 de abril de 1948)
 Medalha militar, citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma (27 de outubro de 1948)
 Menção à Ordem do Corpo de Exército e Concessão da Cruz de Guerra TOE com estrela de carmim (30 de novembro de 1948)
 Citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma (31 de janeiro de 1949)
 Menção à ordem da brigada e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com estrela de bronze (14 de março de 1949)
 Citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma (25 de março de 1949)
 Citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma (21de abril de 1949)
 Cavaleiro da Legião de Honra, citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma (6 de julho de 1949)
 Menção à Ordem do Corpo de Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com estrela de carmim (25 de agosto de 1950)
 Menção à Ordem do Corpo de Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com estrela de carmim (16 de dezembro de 1950)
 Menção à Ordem do Corpo de Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com estrela de carmim (19 de setembro de 1951)
 Citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma (19 de setembro de 1951)
 Citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma (13 de dezembro de 1951)
 Citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração com a Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma (22 de fevereiro de 1952)
 Citação à Ordem do Exército e condecoração da Cruz de Guerra TOE com palma postumamente (10 de abril de 1952)

Ferimentos

 Ferido por mina (4 de fevereiro de 1945)
 Ferido na coxa direita por estilhaços de granada (23 de outubro de 1947)
 Baleado na coxa direita (21 de fevereiro de 1948)
 Ferido na coxa esquerda e no braço direito pela explosão de uma mina (12 de janeiro de 1949)
 Tiro no peito (18 de fevereiro de 1949)
 Baleado na coxa direita (12 de fevereiro de 1951)
 Baleado em ambas as pernas (30 de maio de 1951)
 Baleado na coxa esquerda (16 de setembro de 1951)

Notas e referências

Bibliografia

 Erwan Bergot, Vandenberghe: le seigneur du Delta, Balland, 1973
 Bernard Moinet, Vanden: le commando des tigres noirs, éditions France-Empire, Paris, 1987
 Charles-Henry de Pirey, Vandenberghe: le commando des Tigres noirs, Indo Éditions, Paris, 2003
 Jean Pierre Pissardy, Commandos Nord-Viêt Nam 1951-1954, Indo Éditions, 1999

Artigos relacionados

 Comandos do Vietnã do Norte
 Grupo de Comandos Aerotransportados Mistos
 Guerra da Indochina
 Jorge Boudarel
 Comandos Negros
 Soldat blanc (Soldado Branco), um filme de TV com um dos personagens principais inspirado em Roger Vandenberghe

Ligações externas
 Fotografias de Roger Vandenberghe e seu comando em julho de 1951, Ministério da Defesa, ECPAD
 Suboficial Roger Vandenberghe em opex360.com

Militares da França
Cavaleiros da Ordem Nacional da Legião de Honra
Pessoas da Primeira Guerra da Indochina

Roger Vandenberghe


مجمع عسكري ويسمي بها الجيش نفسه
 قرية عسكر في البحرين
 مدينة العسكر التي أنشأها صالح بن علي أول وال للعباسيين في مصر شمال الفسطاط وكانت في البدء مقصورة على الجنود العباسيين وهي أحد المدن التي شكلت قاهرة المعز.
 قرية عسكر قرب مدينة نابلس في الضفة الغربية في فلسطين
 مخيم عسكر للاجئين، المحاذي لقرية عسكر قرب مدينة نابلس في فلسطين

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

عسكر (توضيح)