Edwin Powell Hubble (20 Kasım 1889–28 Eylül 1953), Amerikalı astronom.

Biyografi
Hubble ABD'de doğup büyüdü. Önceleri Chicago Üniversitesinde laboratuvar asistanlığı yaptı. Sonrasında Oxford Üniversitesinde hukuk okudu. Fakat babası öldüğü zaman hukuktan vazgeçip astronomiye geri döndü. Yaşamının geri kalan bölümünde Wilson Dağı Gözlemevi'nde çalıştı. 1923'te Hubble, Andromeda adı verilen bir gökadayı inceledi. O zamanlar çoğu gök bilimci, bütün evrenin, bizim gökada Samanyolu'ndan ibaret olduğunu düşünüyordu. Fakat Hubble, Andromeda Gökadası'nın ucunda birtakım yıldızlar gördü ve onların Samanyolu'nun çok ötesinde oldukları tahmininde bulundu. Çalışmaları, Andromeda Gökadası'nın başka bir gökada olduğunu, dolayısıyla bizimkinin dışında başka gökadaların da var olduğunu kanıtladı. Sonra, o ve başkaları yavaş yavaş birçok gökada saptamaya başladılar. Ayrıca Hubble, ışık tayfı konusunu da inceledi. Kızıla kaymanın olabilmesi için, yıldızların bizden uzaklaşmaları gerektiğini fark etti. Gökadalar zayıfladıkça kızıla kaymanın artışı da dikkatini çekti. Ayrıca ünlü Hubble Uzay Teleskobu, ismini astronom Edwin Hubble'dan almaktadır.

Hubble ayrıca Büyük Patlama teorisinin en büyük ispatçılarından biridir. Çünkü yıldızların ve gezegenlerin ışık tayfı sayesinde dünyadan uzaklaştığını buldu. Daha sonra bütün gezegenlerin birbirlerinden uzaklaştığını buldu. Bu da evrenin genişlediği anlamına geliyordu. Aslında  Albert Einstein teorik olarak evrenin durağan olamayacağını ispatlamış ancak zamanın görüşlerine ters düşmemek için açıklamamıştır ve bu konuyu kariyerimin pişmanlığı olarak açıklamıştır. Ve evreni bir balon, üzerindeki noktaları ise birer gezegen olarak kabul edersek balon şiştikçe gezegenler birbirlerinden uzaklaşacaktır. Buna dayanarak balonun gazını salarsak; yani zamanı geri alırsak, gezegenler birbirlerine yaklaşacak ve 0(sıfır) hacim ve sonsuz yoğunluğu oluşturacaktı. Evrenin başlangıcının Bigbang yani büyük bir patlama ile olacağını tahmin etmiştir.

Kaynakça

1889 doğumlular
1953 yılında ölenler
Amerikalı astronomlar
Amerikalı agnostikler

Edwin Hubble


A M26 é uma granada de mão de fragmentação desenvolvida pelos militares dos Estados Unidos. Ela entrou em serviço por volta de 1952 e foi usada em combate durante a Guerra da Coreia. Sua forma distinta de limão levou a ser apelidada de "granada de limão".

A fragmentação é aprimorada por uma bobina de fragmentação entalhada especial que fica ao longo do interior do corpo da granada. Esta bobina tinha uma seção transversal circular na granada M26 e uma seção transversal quadrada melhorada nos projetos M26A1 e posteriores.

As granadas foram armazenadas dentro de tubos cilíndricos de transporte de fibra de duas partes (Container M289) e foram embaladas 25 ou 30 em uma caixa.

Usuários
: A África do Sul produziu a M963, uma variante da M312 portuguesa, sob licença. A produção mais tarde incluiria uma cópia da granada M26 padrão designada como M26 HE Hand Grenade, uma versão de treinamento azul com um corpo de alumínio reutilizável designada como M26 Practice Hand Grenade e uma versão de treinamento inerte designada como M26 Drill Hand Grenade, com esses projetos permanecendo em produção e no serviço militar e policial sul-africano.
: Usada pelo Bundeswehr da Alemanha Ocidental até que a granada DM51 foi adotada por volta de 1975.
: A Austrália adotou a M26, mas foi substituída pela granada F1 australiana.
: Usada pelo Exército Brasileiro.
: O Canadá adotou a M61, mas desde então foi substituída pela granada C13, uma versão canadense da granada M67.
: Usada pelo Exército Colombiano. Produzida pela INDUMIL.
: Usada pelas forças especiais norte-coreanas.
: A M26 foi introduzida durante a Guerra da Coréia. Era uma edição padrão limitada no início da Guerra do Vietnã e logo foi substituída pela M26A1 / M61 (1958), M26A2 / M57 (1960) e M33 / M67 (1968) como edição padrão.
: Usado pelas Forças Armadas das Filipinas e Força de Ação Especial da Polícia Nacional das Filipinas
: A M26A2 foi adotada em Israel como a M26, e ainda está em uso naquele país.
: Série L2 britânica fornecida às forças do governo nigeriano durante a Guerra Civil da Nigéria.
: Portugal adotou a M26A1 e a produziu sob licença como a M312.
: A série L2 substituiu a M36 Mills Bomb no serviço britânico. Foi substituída pela granada L109A1 durante os anos 2000.
: Granadas sul-africanas M26 fornecidas ao governo ruandês em outubro de 1992.
: O Vietnã do Sul recebeu a granada M26 como ajuda dos EUA. A produção e as vendas do M26 continuaram no Vietnã do Sul, mesmo depois que os militares dos EUA adotaram o M26A1 / M61 e o M33 / M67.

Granadas de mão
Granadas de mão dos Estados Unidos
Equipamentos militares de 1950-1959

M26 (granada)


Zajari Oleksíyovich Chepiga (, 1725-Ekaterinodar, 14 de enero de 1797) también conocido Jarkó o Jaritón (Харько́, Харито́н) fue el segundo atamán de la hueste de cosacos del Mar Negro, tras Sidir Bili, y general mayor del ejército ruso. Comandó tropas en las guerras ruso-turcas de la segunda mitad del  y en la migración hacia el Kubán.

Se desconoce la fecha y el lugar exacto de su nacimiento, aunque la mayoría de los investigadores la sitúan alrededor de 1725. Su apellido real era Kulishev y provenía de una familia aristócrata local. Llegó al Sich alrededor de 1750, inscribiéndose al servicio del asentamiento Kisliakovski. En 1767 fue designado a labores de vigilancia de fronteras y participó en la guerra ruso-turca de 1768-1774, tras la que fue nombrado coronel (polkovnik) en 1775. Fue asignado a la escolta del kniaz Prozorovski.

En 1777 fue nombrado capitán. Ese año fue adjuntado a la escolta del  kniaz Potiomkin a partir de 1787, participando en la guerra ruso-turca de 1787-1792 ya con la hueste de cosacos del Mar Negro, surgida de la hueste de cosacos de Zaporizhia. En 1788, fue nombrado atamán. Sus tropas se distinguieron en la toma de Ochákov, en la isla de Berezan, en Jadsibey, en la fortaleza de Akkerman y Bender, mostrando gran valor en el asalto a Izmail en 1790. En el transcurso de esta campaña fue herido penosamente en el hombro, por lo que fue ascendido a jefe de brigada y recibió la Orden de San Jorge y la Orden de San Vladimiro.

Tras la guerra, se ocupó de la organización de los nuevos asentamientos (kuren) de la hueste de cosacos en el Kubán. En 1794 participó en el apaciguamiento de la insurrección de Kościuszko. Chepiga se convirtió en un potentado latifundista con tierras tanto en Ucrania como en las nuevas tierras circasianas, con una gran propiedad a orillas del río Kirpili, y varios establecimientos en el territorio del actual krai de Krasnodar. Murió en 1797 y fue enterrado en Ekaterinodar. A su muerte fue nombrado atamán Antín Golovati.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Artículos en el sitio Казачество XV-XXI вв (en ruso)
 Кошевые атаманы Черноморского казачьего войска XVIII столетия. Sidor Beloi, Zajari Chepega. Ensayo histórico biográfico de P. P. Korolenko, «Вестник Казачьих Войск». 1901. (en ruso)
 V. G. Markarian y B. Y. Frolova. «Наградное и жалованное оружие первых атаманов Черноморского войска» на сайте Кубановедение (en ruso).
 O. V. Kniga Matvéyeva, B. Y. Frolova. «В вечное сохранение и напоминание славных имён…» (К 100-летию пожалования Вечных шефов первоочередным полкам Кубанского казачьего войска). Krasnodar, 2004, en el sitio  Кубанское казачье войско (en ruso)
 H. Kvitka-Osnovianenko - Holovatyi in: Zaporozhtsi. Istoriyi Kozatskoyi kultury Kiev, 1993. p.`130-140 (en inglés)
 A. Kaschenko - Opovidannia pro Slavne vijsko zaporoz'ke nyzove - Kiev, 1992.
 Enciclopedia de los cosacos de Ucrania
 Enciclopedia de los cosacos de Ucrania, Kiev 2006 p. 629.

Militares de Rusia del siglo XVIII
Atamanes de los cosacos del Mar Negro
Personas de la Insurrección de Kościuszko

Zajari Chepiga


Félix Ismael Rodríguez Mendigutia (d. 31 Mayıs 1941, Havana), Domuzlar Körfezi Çıkarması'nda, Che Guevara'nın sorguya çekilmesi ve öldürülmesinde yer almasıyla ünlü ve İran Kontra Olayı'nda George H. W. Bush ile olan bağlarıyla tanınan eski CIA ajanı.

Yaşayan insanlar
1941 doğumlular
Havana doğumlular
İspanyol asıllı Kübalılar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Kübalı göçmenler
Amerikalı antikomünistler
Amerikalı casuslar
Che Guevara

Félix Rodríguez


Otok Cooper () je mali otok Britanskih Djevičanskih otoka u Karibima.

Na otoku postoji pet posjeda u privatnom vlasništvu, plus mali klub na plaži. Cooper Island Beach Club ima 12 hotelskih soba, restoran, rum bar, kafić, pivovaru na solarnu energiju i suvenirnicu. Sadržaji su otvoreni za goste, dnevne posjetitelje i jahte koje koriste obližnje vezove. Manchioneel () Bay ima 30 vezova koje primaju plovila do 18 metara.

Otok Cooper popularno je odredište za jahte, grupne izlete koji posjećuju The Baths na Virgin Gordi i dnevne najmove brodova iz Tortole, St. Thomasa i St. Johna.

Otok se nalazi uz "uličicu olupina", popularno mjesto za ronjenje na olupinama na Britanskim Djevičanskim otocima gdje su brojna plovila namjerno potopljena da bi bili ronilačke lokacije. Lokalna ronilačka trgovina u blizini kluba na plaži iznajmljuje boce certificiranim roniocima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Beach Cottages of Cooper Island
 Cooper Island Beach Club
 Rental Villa Quart-A-Nancy Point, Cooper Island

Otoci Britanskih Djevičanskih otoka

Cooper (Britanski Djevičanski otoci)


The People Trap (Capcana oamenilor)  este o colecție de povestiri științifico-fantastice de Robert Sheckley din 1968. A fost publicată de Dell Publishing.

Conține povestirile:
 "The People Trap" (The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction 1968/6)
 "The Victim from Space" (Galaxy 1957/4)
 "Shall We Have a Little Talk?" (Galaxy 1965/10)
 "Restricted Area" (Amazing Stories 1953/6&7)
 "The Odor of Thought" (Star Science Fiction Stories No.2, editată de  Frederik Pohl, 1953)
 "The Necessary Thing" (Galaxy 1955/6)
 "Redfern's Labyrinth"
 "Proof of the Pudding" (Galaxy 1952/8)
 "The Laxian Key" (Galaxy 1954/11) - Cheia laxiană
 "The Last Weapon" (Star Science Fiction Stories No.1, editată de Frederik Pohl, 1953)
 "Fishing Season" (Thrilling Wonder Stories 1953/8)
 "Dreamworld"
 "Diplomatic Immunity" (Galaxy 1953/8)
 "Ghost V" (Galaxy 1954/10)

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Cărți din 1968
Colecții de povestiri științifico-fantastice
Povestiri americane
Colecții de povestiri de Robert Sheckley
1968 în științifico-fantastic
Cărți Dell Publishing

Capcana oamenilor


Süblimleşme, katı maddelerin ısıtılınca, ara bir hâl olan sıvı hâle geçmeden doğrudan gaz hâle geçmesi. Süblimleşme endotermik faz değişimidir. Faz diyagramındaki üçlü noktanın altında gerçekleşir. Süblimleşme'nin tersine ise kırağılaşma denir.

Normal basınç altında çoğu kimyasal bileşikler ve elementler değişik sıcaklıklarda üç farklı özellik gösterirler. Bu durumlarda katı hâlden gaz hâle geçiş için ara bir hâl olan sıvı hâl gereklidir. Burada bahsedilen basınç maddenin kısmi basıncıdır, tüm sistemin basıncı (atmosfer basıncını vs. kapsar) değildir. Gereken buharlaşma basıncına belli bir sıcaklıkta sahip olan bütün katılar genellikle süblimleşebilir. Karbon, arsenik gibi bazı maddelerin üçlü noktalarının yüksek olması dolayısıyla süblimleşmesi, eriyip buharlaşmasından daha kolaydır.

Süblimleşme endotermik bir hâl değişimi olduğundan dışarıdan enerji absorbe eder. Süblimleşme entalpisi, füzyon entalpisi ve buharlaşma entalpisinin toplamı olarak hesaplanabilir.

Örnekler
 Karbondioksit
Katı karbondioksit -78,5 °C'de atmosferik basınç altında süblimleşir. Sıvı karbondioksit ise üçlü noktanın üzerinde sıcaklık ve basınç değerlerinde elde edilebilir (5,2 atm, -56,4 °C).

 Su
Kar ve buz erime noktasının altında çok yavaşça süblimleşebilir. Bu durum ıslak çamasırların dondurucu sıcaklıkta asılıp sonradan kuru olarak alınmasını sağlayabilir.

 Diğer

 Kuru buz
 Naftalin
 Arsenik
 İyot

Kaynakça
King, R. B. Organometallic Syntheses. Volume 1 Transition-Metal Compounds; Academic Press: New York, 1965. ISBN 0-444-42607-8.
Laurence M. Harwood, Christopher J. Moody. Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice (Illustrated edition ed.). pp. 154–155.

Notlar

Simyasal süreçler
Kimyasal işlemler
Laboratuvar teknikleri
Atmosferik termodinamik
Hâl değişimi

Süblimleşme


Yapıldak, Eskişehir ilinin Seyitgazi ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 105 km, Seyitgazi ilçesine 46 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Seyitgazi'nin mahalleleri

Yapıldak, Seyitgazi


Hrvatska republička nogometna liga (također i kao "Hrvatska nogometna liga", "Hrvatska regionalna nogometna liga", "Republička nogometna liga Hrvatske", "Jedinstvena Hrvatska nogometna liga") je bila najviša nogometna liga koju je organizirao "Nogometni savez Hrvatske" u vrijeme Socijalističke Jugoslavije, te je uglavnom predastavljala ligu trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.

Povijest lige
Prvo izdanje "republičke lige" je bilo 1946. godine kao dio kvalifikacija za novoformiranu "1. saveznu ligu", koju je osvojio "Hajduk" iz Splita, a Hrvatski nogometni savez ovo priznaje kao službeno prvenstvo Hrvatske. Od sezone 1946./47. do 1951. "Hrvatska republička liga" je bila liga drugog, trećeg i četvrtog stupnja prvenstva Jugoslavije.
U sezoni 1947./48. republička liga nije igrana, nego "Zonske lige prvenstva Hrvatske", sa završnim doigravanjem za prvaka Hrvatske. Slično je bilo i u sezoni 1952. – igrano je pet "podsaveznih", odnosno "zonskih" liga s doigravanjem za prvaka Hrvatske.
"Hrvataska republička liga" liga potom nije igrana do sezone 1973./74.
Ekvivalent republičke lige je u to vrijeme bio:
 "Hrvatsko-slovenska liga", igrana u sezonama 1952./53., 1953.,/54. i 1954./55.
 "Nogometne zone NSJ", igrane u sezonama 1955./56., 1956./57. i 1957./58., kao zamjena za privremeno ukinutu "2. saveznu ligu"
 "Zonske" i "podsavezne" lige na području NR / SR Hrvatske, kao ligama trećeg stupnja, ispod "2. savezne lige". Također su po završetku liga igrano "Prvenstvo Hrvatske" kao dio kvalifikacija za "2. saveznu ligu", a od 1969. do 1973. godine je igrano i "Amatersko prvenstvo Hrvatske", u kojem su sudjelovola drugoplasirane ili trećeplasirane momčadi "zonskih" liga
"Hrvatska republička liga" je nanovo formirana za sezonu 1973./74. (iako je bila planirana i u 1960.-ima), kao liga trećeg stupnja, te je do sezone 1982./83. igrana kao jedinstvena liga ili u dvije skupine ("Sjever" i "Jug"). Od sezone 1983./84. republička je liga podijeljena u četiri skupine ("Istok", "Sjever", "Zapad" i "Jug"), te se stoga skupine također nazivale i kao "Hrvatska regionalna liga".
U sezoni 1987./88. se formira "Jedinstvena Hrvatska republička liga" kao liga trećeg stupnja, a dotadašnje četiri skupine nose naziv "2. hrvatska republička liga".
Od sezone 1988./89. Jugoslavenski nogometni savez formira "Međurepubličke lige" kao lige trećeg stupnja, te se ukida "Jedinstvena republička liga", a ostaju skupine "2. hrvatske republičke lige", koje u sezoni 1989./90. nanovo nose naziv "Hrvatska republička liga".
Osamostaljenjem Hrvatske, dotadašnji članovi "Hrvatske republičke lige", koji su bili u mogućnosti se natjecati zbog ratnih zbivanja u Hrvatskoj su 1992. godine postali članovi "Prve", "Druge" i "Treće hrvatske nogometne lige".

Prvaci i doprvaci

Popis sudionika

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Hrvatski nogometni savez
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u nogometu
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u nogometu (1945.-1991.)
 Prva hrvatska nogometna liga
 Prva savezna liga
 Druga savezna liga

Vanjske poveznice
 sportnet,hr forum, Hrvatska republička liga 1945-91

Izvori

 Franjo Frntić, Dragutin Hripko i dr.: "Sto godina nogometa u Hrvatskoj : 1880-1980.", Zagreb, 1983., UDK: 796.332(497.13)"1880/1980", str. 145-149
 Miroslav Habunek, Zvone Mornar: "Deset godina nogometnog sporta u NR Hrvatskoj : decenij nogometnih trijumfa", Zagreb, 1955.
 Fredi Kramer: "Hrvatski nogometni savez: 80. obljetnica (1912-1992)", Zagreb, 1992., UDK: 796.332(497.5)(091)
 Ico Kerhin, Miroslav Rede: "Platinasti jubilej Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza : 1919 - 1994", Zagreb, 1995., UDK: 796.332(497.5 Zagreb)"1919/1994"
 exyufudbal.in.rs, Tabele - SFRJ, wayback arhiva
 "Sportske novosti", Zagreb
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", arhiv
 library.foi.hr, "Vinkovački list"

Hrvatska republička nogometna liga


Stranka revolucije (Tanzanija)
prostorni centimetar
CCM (kriptografija)
Combined Cipher Machine
suvremena komercijalna glazba

CCM


An Liparis cathcartii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Liparis cathcartii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis cathcartii


In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.

Contrast with stops and trills
The main difference between a tap or flap and a stop is that in a tap/flap there is no buildup of air pressure behind the place of articulation and consequently no release burst. Otherwise a tap/flap is similar to a brief stop.

Taps and flaps also contrast with trills, where the airstream causes the articulator to vibrate. Trills may be realized as a single contact, like a tap or flap, but are variable, whereas a tap/flap is limited to a single contact. When a trill is brief and made with a single contact it is sometimes erroneously described as an (allophonic) tap/flap, but a true tap or flap is an active articulation whereas a trill is a passive articulation. That is, for a tap or flap the tongue makes an active gesture to contact the target place of articulation, whereas with a trill the contact is due to the vibration caused by the airstream rather than any active movement.

Tap vs. flap
Many linguists use the terms tap and flap indiscriminately. Peter Ladefoged proposed for a while that it might be useful to distinguish between them. However, his usage was inconsistent and contradicted itself even between different editions of the same text. One proposed version of the distinction was that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, but a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."

Later, however, he used the term flap in all cases. Subsequent work on the labiodental flap has clarified the issue: flaps involve retraction of the active articulator, and a forward-striking movement.

For linguists who do not make the , alveolars are typically called taps, and other articulations are called flaps.

A few languages have been reported to contrast a  at the same place of articulation. This is the case for Norwegian, in which the alveolar apical tap  and the post-alveolar/retroflex apical flap  have the same place of articulation for some speakers,
and Kamviri, which also has apical alveolar taps and flaps.

IPA symbols
The tap and flap consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

The Kiel Convention of the IPA recommended that for other taps and flaps, a homorganic consonant, such as a stop or trill, should be used with a breve diacritic:

However, the former could be mistaken for a short trill, and is more clearly transcribed , whereas for a nasal tap the unambiguous transcription  is generally used.

Types of taps and flaps

Most of the alternative transcriptions in parentheses imply a tap rather than flap articulation, so for example the flap  and the tapped stop  are arguably distinct, as are flapped  and tapped .

Alveolar taps and flaps

Spanish features a good illustration of an alveolar flap, contrasting it with a trill: pero  "but" vs. perro  "dog". Among the Germanic languages, the tap allophone occurs in American and Australian English and in Northern Low Saxon. In American and Australian English it tends to be an allophone of intervocalic  and , leading to homophonous pairs such as "metal" / "medal" and "latter" / "ladder" – see tapping. In a number of Low Saxon dialects it occurs as an allophone of intervocalic  or ; e.g. bäden /beeden/ →  'to pray', 'to request', gah to Bedde! /gaa tou bede/ →  'go to bed!', Water  →  'water', Vadder /fater/ →  'father'. (In some dialects this has resulted in reanalysis and a shift to ; thus bären , to Berre , Warer , Varrer .) Occurrence varies; in some Low Saxon dialects it affects both  and , while in others it affects only . Other languages with this are Portuguese, Korean, and Austronesian languages with .

In Galician, Portuguese and Sardinian, a flap often appears instead of a former . This is part of a wider phenomenon called rhotacism.

Retroflex flaps
Most Indic and Dravidian languages have retroflex flaps. In Hindi there are three, a simple retroflex flap as in  big, a murmured retroflex flap as in  leper, and a retroflex nasal flap in the Hindicized pronunciation of Sanskrit  ruby. Some of these may be allophonic.

A retroflex flap is also common in Norwegian dialects and some Swedish dialects.

Lateral taps and flaps
Many of the languages of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific that do not distinguish [r] from l may have a lateral flap. However, it is also possible that many of these languages do not have a lateral–central contrast at all, so that even a consistently neutral articulation may be perceived as sometimes lateral  or , sometimes central . This has been suggested to be the case for Japanese, for example.

The Iwaidja language of Australia has both alveolar and retroflex lateral flaps. These contrast with lateral approximants at the same positions, as well as a retroflex tap , alveolar tap , and retroflex approximant . However, the flapped, or tapped, laterals in Iwaidja are distinct from 'lateral flaps' as represented by the corresponding IPA symbols (see below). These phones consist of a flap component followed by a lateral component, whereas In Iwaidja the opposite is the case. For this reason, current IPA transcriptions of these sounds by linguists working on the language consist of an alveolar lateral followed by a superscript alveolar tap and a retroflex lateral followed by a superscript retroflex tap.

A velar lateral tap may exist as an allophone in a few languages of New Guinea, according to Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson.

Non-coronal flaps
The only common non-coronal flap is the labiodental flap, found throughout central Africa in languages such as Margi. In 2005, the IPA adopted a right-hook v,

for this sound. (Supported by some fonts: .) Previously, it had been transcribed with the use of the breve diacritic, , or other ad hoc symbols.

Other taps or flaps are much less common. They include an epiglottal tap; a bilabial flap in Banda, which may be an allophone of the labiodental flap; and a velar lateral tap as an allophone in Kanite and Melpa. These are often transcribed with the breve diacritic, as . Note here that, like a velar trill, a central velar flap or tap is not possible because the tongue and soft palate cannot move together easily enough to produce a sound.

If other flaps are found, the breve diacritic could be used to represent them, but would more properly be combined with the symbol for the corresponding voiced stop. A palatal or uvular tap or flap, which unlike a velar tap is believed to be articulatorily possible, could be represented this way (by ).

Though deemed impossible on the IPA chart, a velar tap has been reported to occur allophonically in the Kamviri dialect of the Kamkata-vari language and in Dàgáárè, though at least in the latter case this may in fact be a palatal tap.

Nasal taps and flaps
Nasalized consonants include taps and flaps, although these are rarely phonemic. Many West African languages have a nasal flap  (or ) as an allophone of  before a nasal vowel; Pashto, however, has a phonemic nasal retroflex lateral flap.

Tapped fricatives
Voiced and voiceless tapped alveolar fricatives have been reported from a few languages. Flapped fricatives are possible but do not seem to be used. See voiced alveolar tapped fricative, voiceless alveolar tapped fricative.

See also
List of phonetics topics

Notes

References

External links
A Crosslinguistic Lexicon of the Labial Flap

Manner of articulation

Tap and flap consonants


Zećira Mušović ( PRONÚNCIA; TRANSLITERADO Zecira Musovic; n. Falun, 26 de maio de 1996) é uma futebolista sueca que atua como goleira (pt: guarda-redes). Atualmente (2023) joga pelo Chelsea F.C. Women, clube sediado na cidade de Londres em Inglaterra.
Integra a Seleção Sueca de Futebol Feminino desde 2018.

Clubes

Jogou por vários clubes:

  Stattena IF (2011-2012)
  FC Rosengård (2012-2020)
  Chelsea F.C. Women (2021-)

Carreira

Mušović começou a jogar futebol no Stattena IF aos nove anos. Ela passou duas temporadas com a equipe feminina sênior do clube na Divisão 2 em 2011 e 2012, ajudando o clube a garantir a promoção na última campanha. Em maio de 2019, foi uma das três goleiras selecionadas pela Suécia para a Copa do Mundo, ficando com a terceira colocação.
Integrou a Seleção Sueca de Futebol Feminino na Copa do Mundo de Futebol Feminino de 2023, tendo a Suécia ficado em 3.º lugar, e conquistado a medalha de bronze.

Títulos
Zećira Mušović conquistou vários títulos durante a sua carreira desportiva:

 FC Rosengård
Campeonato Sueco de Futebol Feminino -  2013,  2014,   2015
Copa da Suécia de Futebol Feminino –  2016,  2017,  2018
Supercopa da Suécia de Futebol Feminino –  2015,  2016
 Chelsea
Campeonato Inglês de Futebol Feminino –  2020/21
Copa da Inglaterra –  2020/21
 Suécia
Algarve Cup –  2018
Jogos Olímpicos – Futebol feminino -  2020
Copa do Mundo de Futebol Feminino -  2023

Ver também
Seleção Sueca de Futebol Feminino

Ligações externas

Futebolistas da Suécia
Jogadoras da Seleção Sueca de Futebol Feminino
Futebolistas olímpicos da Suécia
Futebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Jogadoras da Copa do Mundo de Futebol Feminino de 2023

Zećira Mušović


Bohdanovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.100 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Bohdanovce este atestată documentar din 1335.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Bohdanovce


Motori Minarelli ist ein italienischer Motorenhersteller mit Sitz in Calderara di Reno bei Bologna.

Geschichte
Das Unternehmen wurde 1951 als Motorradhersteller F.B.M. (Fabbrica Bolognese Motori) in Bologna gegründet und stellt seit 1956, als F.B. Minarelli, nur noch Zweitaktmotoren her. 1967 folgte die Umbenennung zu Motori Minarelli.

Im Jahr 2002 wurde Minarelli von der Yamaha Corporation übernommen.

Im Oktober 2020 verkaufte Yamaha das Unternehmen an die italienische Fantic Motor S.p.A.

Motorradsport
Der spanische Weltmeister Ángel Nieto fuhr u. a. für Minarelli und errang in der Motorrad-Weltmeisterschaft 1979 und 1981 jeweils den Titel in der 125-cm³-Hubraumklasse der Motorrad-Weltmeisterschaft.

Weblinks

 Website der Motori Minarelli S.p.A.

Einzelnachweise

Motorenhersteller
Ehemaliger Motorradhersteller (Italien)
Unternehmen (Emilia-Romagna)
Calderara di Reno
Gegründet 1951

Minarelli


Dissociation is a concept that has been developed over time and which concerns a wide array of experiences, ranging from a mild emotional detachment from the immediate surroundings, to a more severe disconnection from physical and emotional experiences. The major characteristic of all dissociative phenomena involves a detachment from reality, rather than a loss of reality as in psychosis.

The phenomena are diagnosable under the DSM-5 as a group of disorders as well as a symptom of other disorders through various diagnostic tools. Its cause is believed to be related to neurobiological mechanisms, trauma, anxiety, and psychoactive drugs. Research has further related it to suggestibility and hypnosis, and it is inversely related to mindfulness, which is a potential treatment.

History
French philosopher and psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947) is considered to be the author of the concept of dissociation. Contrary to some conceptions of dissociation, Janet did not believe that dissociation was a psychological defense.

Janet claimed that dissociation occurred only in persons who had a constitutional weakness of mental functioning that led to hysteria when they were stressed. Although it is true that many of Janet's case histories described traumatic experiences, he never considered dissociation to be a defense against those experiences. Quite the opposite: Janet insisted that dissociation was a mental or cognitive deficit. Accordingly, he considered trauma to be one of many stressors that could worsen the already-impaired "mental deficiency" of a hysteric, thereby generating a cascade of hysterical (in today's language, "dissociative") symptoms.

Although there was great interest in dissociation during the last two decades of the nineteenth century (especially in France and England), this interest rapidly waned with the coming of the new century. Even Janet largely turned his attention to other matters. There was a sharp peak in interest in dissociation in America from 1890 to 1910, especially in Boston as reflected in the work of William James, Boris Sidis, Morton Prince, and William McDougall. Nevertheless, even in America, interest in dissociation rapidly succumbed to the surging academic interest in unscientific psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

For most of the twentieth century, there was little interest in dissociation. Despite this, a review of 76 previously published cases from the 1790s to 1942 was published in 1944, describing clinical phenomena consistent with that seen by Janet and by therapists today. In 1971, Bowers and her colleagues presented a detailed, and still quite valid, treatment article. The authors of this article included leading thinkers of their time – John G. Watkins (who developed ego-state therapy) and Zygmunt A. Piotrowski (famed for his work on the Rorschach test). Further interest in dissociation was evoked when Ernest Hilgard (1977) published his neodissociation theory in the 1970s. During the 1970s and 1980s an increasing number of clinicians and researchers wrote about dissociation, particularly multiple personality disorder.

Attention to dissociation as a clinical feature has been growing in recent years as knowledge of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increased, due to interest in dissociative identity disorder (DID), and as neuroimaging research and population studies show its relevance.

Psychopathological
Historically the psychopathological concept of dissociation has also another different root: the conceptualization of Eugen Bleuler that looks into dissociation related to schizophrenia.

Diagnosis

Dissociation is commonly displayed on a continuum. In mild cases, dissociation can be regarded as a coping mechanism or defense mechanism in seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress – including boredom or conflict. At the non-pathological end of the continuum, dissociation describes common events such as daydreaming.  Further along the continuum are non-pathological altered states of consciousness.

More pathological dissociation involves dissociative disorders, including dissociative fugue and depersonalization disorder with or without alterations in personal identity or sense of self. These alterations can include: a sense that self or the world is unreal (depersonalization and derealization), a loss of memory (amnesia), forgetting identity or assuming a new self (fugue), and separate streams of consciousness, identity and self (dissociative identity disorder, formerly termed multiple personality disorder) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Although some dissociative disruptions involve amnesia, other dissociative events do not. Dissociative disorders are typically experienced as startling, autonomous intrusions into the person's usual ways of responding or functioning. Due to their unexpected and largely inexplicable nature, they tend to be quite unsettling.

Dissociative disorders are sometimes triggered by trauma, but may be preceded only by stress, psychoactive substances, or no identifiable trigger at all. The ICD-10 classifies conversion disorder as a dissociative disorder.  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders groups all dissociative disorders into a single category and recognizes dissociation as a symptom of acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder.

Misdiagnosis is common among people who display symptoms of dissociative disorders, with an average of seven years to receive proper diagnosis and treatment. Research is ongoing into etiologies, symptomology, and valid and reliable diagnostic tools. In the general population, dissociative experiences that are not clinically significant are highly prevalent with 60% to 65% of the respondents indicating that they have had some dissociative experiences.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Diagnoses listed under the DSM-5 are dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, other specified dissociative disorder and unspecified dissociative disorder. The list of available dissociative disorders listed in the DSM-5 changed from the DSM-IV-TR, as the authors removed the diagnosis of dissociative fugue, classifying it instead as a subtype of dissociative amnesia. Furthermore, the authors recognized derealization on the same diagnostic level of depersonalization with the opportunity of differentiating between the two.

The DSM-IV-TR considers symptoms such as depersonalization, derealization and psychogenic amnesia to be core features of dissociative disorders. The DSM-5 carried these symptoms over and described symptoms as positive and negative. Positive symptoms include unwanted intrusions that alter continuity of subjective experiences, which account for the first two symptoms listed earlier with the addition of fragmentation of identity. Negative symptoms include loss of access to information and mental functions that are normally readily accessible, which describes amnesia.

Peritraumatic dissociation
Peritraumatic dissociation is considered to be dissociation that is experienced during and immediately following a traumatic event. Some of the symptoms include but are not limited to  depersonalization, derealization, dissociative amnesia, out-of-body experiences, emotional numbness, and altered time perception. This specific disorder has been related to self preservation and the body's natural instinct to protect itself. The Association Between Peritraumatic Dissociation and PTSD Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Negative Beliefs About the Self Research is on-going related to its development, its importance, and its relationship to trauma, dissociative disorders, and predicting the development of PTSD.

Measurements
Two of the most commonly used screening tools in the community are the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory. Meanwhile, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV – Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) and its second iteration, the SCID-D-R, are both semi-structured interviews and are considered psychometrically strong diagnostic tools.

Other tools include the Office Mental Status Examination (OMSE), which is used clinically due to inherent subjectivity and lack of quantitative use. There is also the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS), which lacks substantive clarity for differential diagnostics.

Peritraumatic dissociation is measured through the Peritraumatic Dissociative Scale.

Etiology

Neurobiological mechanism
Preliminary research suggests that dissociation-inducing events, drugs like ketamine, and seizures generate slow rhythmic activity (1–3 Hz) in layer 5 neurons of the posteromedial cortex in humans (retrosplenial cortex in mice). These slow oscillations disconnect other brain regions from interacting with the posteromedial cortex, which may explain the overall experience of dissociation.

Trauma
Dissociation has been described as one of a constellation of symptoms experienced by some victims of multiple forms of childhood trauma, including physical, psychological, and sexual abuse. This is supported by studies which suggest that dissociation is correlated with a history of trauma.

Dissociation appears to have a high specificity and a low sensitivity to having a self-reported history of trauma, which means that dissociation is much more common among those who are traumatized, yet at the same time there are many people who have suffered from trauma but who do not show dissociative symptoms.

Adult dissociation when combined with a history of child abuse and otherwise interpersonal violence-related posttraumatic stress disorder has been shown to contribute to disturbances in parenting behavior, such as exposure of young children to violent media. Such behavior may contribute to cycles of familial violence and trauma.

Symptoms of dissociation resulting from trauma may include depersonalization, psychological numbing, disengagement, or amnesia regarding the events of the abuse. It has been hypothesized that dissociation may provide a temporarily effective defense mechanism in cases of severe trauma; however, in the long term, dissociation is associated with decreased psychological functioning and adjustment.

Other symptoms sometimes found along with dissociation in victims of traumatic abuse (often referred to as "sequelae to abuse") include anxiety, PTSD, low self-esteem, somatization, depression, chronic pain, interpersonal dysfunction, substance abuse, self-harm and suicidal ideation or actions.  These symptoms may lead the victim to present the symptoms as the source of the problem.

Child abuse, especially chronic abuse starting at early ages, has been related to high levels of dissociative symptoms in a clinical sample, including amnesia for abuse memories.  It has also been seen that girls who suffered abuse during their childhood had higher reported dissociation scores than did boys who reported dissociation during their childhood. A non-clinical sample of adult women linked increased levels of dissociation to sexual abuse by a significantly older person prior to age 15, and dissociation has also been correlated with a history of childhood physical and sexual abuse.  When sexual abuse is examined, the levels of dissociation were found to increase along with the severity of the abuse.

Psychoactive substances

Psychoactive drugs can often induce a state of temporary dissociation. Substances with dissociative properties include ketamine, nitrous oxide, alcohol, tiletamine, amphetamine, dextromethorphan, MK-801, PCP, methoxetamine, salvia, muscimol, atropine, ibogaine, and minocycline.

Psychoactive substances that cause temporary dissociation tend to be NMDA receptor antagonists or Κ-opioid receptor agonists. Although, this is not necessarily always the case and dissociation can occur with non-hallucinogenic drugs.

Correlations

Hypnosis and suggestibility
There is evidence to suggest that dissociation is correlated with hypnotic suggestibility, specifically with dissociative symptoms related to trauma. However, the relationship between dissociation and hypnotic suggestibility appears to be complex and indicates further research is necessary.

Aspects of hypnosis include absorption, dissociation, suggestibility, and willingness to receive behavioral instruction from others. Both hypnotic suggestibility and dissociation tend to be less mindful, and hypnosis is used as a treatment modality for dissociation, anxiety, chronic pain, trauma, and more. Difference between hypnosis and dissociation: one is suggested, imposed by self or other, meaning dissociation is generally more spontaneous altering of awareness.

Mindfulness and meditation
Mindfulness and meditation have shown an inverse relationship specifically with dissociation related to re-experiencing trauma due to the lack of present awareness inherent with dissociation. The re-experiencing episodes can include anything between illusions, distortions in perceived reality, and disconnectedness from the present moment. It is believed that the nature of dissociation as an avoidance coping or defense mechanism related to trauma inhibits resolution and integration.

Mindfulness and meditation also can alter the state of awareness to the present moment; however, unlike dissociation, it is clinically used to bring greater awareness to an individual's present state of being. It achieves this through increased abilities to self-regulate attention, emotion, and physiological arousal, maintain continuity of consciousness, and adopt an approach to the present experience that is open and curious. In practice, non-judgmental awareness has displayed a positive relationship with lower symptoms of PTSD avoidance, which can relate to greater opportunities for success with exposure therapy and lowering PTSD symptoms of hypervigilance, re-experiencing, and overgeneralization of fears.

When using mindfulness and meditation with people expressing trauma symptoms, it is crucial to be aware of potential trauma triggers, such as the focus on the breath. Often, a meditation session will begin with focused attention and move into open monitoring. With severe trauma symptoms, it may be important to start the meditation training and an individual session at the peripheral awareness, such as the limbs. Moreover, trauma survivors often report feeling numb as a protection against trauma triggers and reminders, which are often painful, making it good practice to start all trainings at the limbs as a gradual exposure to body sensations. Doing so will also increase physical attachment to the present moment and the sense of grounding, thereby increasing tolerance to trauma reminders and decreasing the need and use of dissociation.

Treatment
When receiving treatment, patients are assessed to discover their level of functioning. Some patients might be higher functioning than others. This is taken into account when creating a patient's potential treatment targets. To start off treatment, time is dedicated to increasing a patient's mental level and adaptive actions in order to gain a balance in both their mental and behavioral action. Once this is achieved, the next goal is to work on removing or minimizing the phobia made by traumatic memories, which is causing the patient to dissociate. The final step of treatment includes helping patients work through their grief in order to move forward and be able to engage in their own lives. This is done with the use of new coping skills attained through treatment. One coping skill that can improve dissociation is mindfulness due to the introduction of staying in present awareness while observing non-judgmentally and increasing the ability to regulate emotions. Specifically in adolescents, mindfulness has been shown to reduce dissociation after practicing mindfulness for three weeks.

Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytical defense mechanisms belong to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, not to Janetian psychology.

A 2012 review article supports the hypothesis that current or recent trauma may affect an individual's assessment of the more distant past, changing the experience of the past and resulting in dissociative states.

Jung
Carl Jung described pathological manifestations of dissociation as special or extreme cases of the normal operation of the psyche. This structural dissociation, opposing tension, and hierarchy of basic attitudes and functions in normal individual consciousness is the basis of Jung's Psychological Types. He theorized that dissociation is a natural necessity for consciousness as well.

See also

 Borderline personality disorder
 Cognitive dissonance
 Dissociative identity disorder
 Emotional detachment
 Fantasy prone personality
 International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation
 Mind-wandering
 Repressed memory
 Splitting (psychology)
 Derealization

References

External links

   International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation
 The official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), published between 1988 and 1997

Dissociative disorders
Borderline personality disorder
Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
Psychological concepts
Defence mechanisms

Dissociation (psychology)


ASALA ( tamlamasının kısaltmasıdır;  Hayastani Azatagrut'yan Hay Gaghtni Banak) veya tam adı ile Ermenistan'ın Kurtuluşu için Ermeni Gizli Ordusu, 1975 ve 1994 yılları arasında, Türkiye dahil 16 farklı ülkede Türk ve diğer sivil, mülki ve diplomatik hedeflere karşı bombalı ve silahlı eylemlerde bulunmuş solcu ve aşırı milliyetçi silahlı örgüttür.

Dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde gerçekleştirilmiş toplamda 50'den fazla bombalı saldırının sorumluluğunu üstlenen örgüt kimi kaynaklarda 'terör örgütü' olarak nitelendirilmektedir. 1980-1990 yıllarında ABD'nin terör örgütü listesinde de yer almaktaydı.
1985 yılından sonra aktif olmayan ASALA, ABD'nin 2001'de hazırladığı "Yabancı Terörist Örgütler (Foreign Terrorist Organisations)" listesine ve "Ülkeye Girişi Yasak Olan Teröristler (US Terrorist Exclusion List)" listesine, Birleşik Krallık'ın "Yasadışı Gruplar (UK Proscribed Group)" listesine, Avustralya'nın, Kanada'nın, Avrupa Birliği'nin ve Rusya'nın "Tanımlanmış Gruplar (Specified Groups)" listelerine dahildir.

Tarihi
1975 yılında Lübnan İç Savaşı esnasında, Beyrut şehrinde, sempatizan Filistin Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi'nin yardımı ile Agop Agopyan tarafından kurulmuştur. Agopyan'a göre, örgütün temel amaçları Ermeni ilkesininin dünya kamuoyuna tanıtılması ve yurtdışı Ermeni toplumunda milliyetçi duygunun yükseltilmesi olmuştur. ASALA bağımsız bir Ermenistan kurmak, Ermeni Kırımı'nın Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarafından soykırım olarak kabul edilmesini ve tazminat ödenmesini sağlamak ve Büyük Ermenistan için çalışmıştır. ASALA militanları bir dönem Yunanistan ve Suriye İstihbarat servislerinin her türlü eğitim, öğrenim ve lojistik destek kolaylıklarından yararlanmışlardır.

Saldırıları
1970'li ve 1980'li yıllarda, genelde Türk hedeflere karşı saldıran ASALA, aynı zamanda değişik nedenlerle Madrid'de Trans World Airlines ve Los Angeles'ta Air Canada ofislerini de bombaladı.

Asala'nın eylemlerinde 1979 yılından itibaren artış gözlenmeye başlandı. Eylemciler, 21 ülkenin 38 kentinde, 39'u silahlı, 70'i bombalı, biri de işgal şeklinde olmak üzere toplam 110 silahlı saldırı gerçekleştirdi. Bu saldırılarda Türkiye'nin 42 diplomatı ile 4 yabancı uyruklu kişi hayatını kaybederken, 15 Türk ve 66 yabancı uyruklu kişi de yaralandı.

ASALA'nin Türkiye içindeki ilk eylemi 1982'nin 7 Ağustos tarihinde Ankara Esenboğa Havalimanı'nda gerçekleştirdiği bombalı saldırı olmuştur. Saldırı sonucunda 9 kişi hayatını kaybetmiş, 72 kişi yaralanmıştır.

ASALA'ya mal edilen saldırılar farklı kaynaklarda değişiklikler arz etmektedir. Amerikan hükûmet kaynaklarına göre 1968'den itibaren ASALA, 84 olayda 299 kişiyi yaralamış 46 kişiyi öldürmüştür.

Paris'te Türk Hava Yollarını bombalayan örgüt üyelerine 30 ay ceza verilmiştir. 1983 Temmuz'unda örgüt tarafından gerçekleştirilen Orly Havaalanı katliamında 8 kişi ölmüş 52 kişi yaralanmıştır.

ASALA, kendi milliyetçi hedeflerinin yanı sıra benzer eğilimleri olan İrlanda Cumhuriyet Ordusu (IRA), PKK/Kongra-Gel/KADEK, ve Kızıl İtalyan Tugayları (Italian Red Brigades) gibi diğer uluslararası silahlı örgütler ile işbirliği yapmıştır.

Örgüt; saldırılarının hepsini sivil hedeflere karşı gerçekleştirmiştir. 1985 yılından sonra ise ASALA tarafından kayda değer bir eylem gerçekleştirilmemiştir.

Örgütün hedef seçimi
Hedeflerin dağılım yüzdeleri şu şekildedir:

 Sivil şahıslar ve malları %2
 Havaalanları ve havayolu şirketleri %34
 İş yeri %14
 Diplomatik hedefler %41
 Basın-yayın %1
 Dini şahıslar ve kuruluşlar %1
 Taşımacılık %2
 Diğer %2

Hedefler

 Mehmet Baydar, Santa Barbara, Kalifornia, Başkonsolos, 27 Ocak 1973
 Bahadır Demir, Konsolos, Santa Barbara, Kalifornia, 27 Ocak 1973
 Daniş Tunalıgil, Viyana, Büyükelçi, 27 Ekim 1975
 İsmail Erez, Paris, Büyükelçi, 24 Ekim 1975.
 Talip Yener, Şoför, Paris, 24 Ekim 1975
 Oktar Cirit, Türk Büyükelçiliği Birinci Sekreteri, Beyrut, 16 Şubat 1976
 Taha Carım, Büyükelçi, Vatikan, 9 Haziran 1977.
 Necla Kuneralp, Madrid, Türk Büyükelçisi Zeki Kuneralp'in eşi, 2 Haziran 1978
 Beşir Balcıoğlu, Madrid, Emekli Büyükelçi, Bayan Kuneralp'ın erkek kardeşi 2 Haziran 1978
 Ahmet Benler, Lahey, Büyükelçinin oğlu, 12 Ekim 1979
 Yılmaz Çolpan, Paris, Turizm Müşaviri, 22 Aralık 1979.
 Galip Özmen, Atina, Ataşe, 31 Temmuz 1980
 Neslihan Özmen, Atina, Ataşe Özmen'in kızı, 31 Temmuz 1980
 Şarık Arıyak, Sidney, Başkonsolos, 17 Aralık 1980
 Engin Sever, Ataşe, 17 Aralık 1980
 Reşat Moralı, Paris, Çalışma Ataşesi, 4 Mart 1981
 Tecelli Arı, Din Görevlisi, 4 Mart 1981
 Mehmet Savaş Yergüz, Cenevre, Yerel Sekreter, 9 Haziran 1981
 Cemal Özen, Paris, Ataşe, 24 Eylül 1981
 Kemal Arıkan, Los Angeles, Başkonsolos, 28 Ocak 1982 (ESAK üyeleri Hampig Sassounian ve bir suç ortağı tarafından Los Angeles'te öldürüldü.)
 Orhan Gündüz, Boston, Fahri Başkonsolos, 4 Mayıs 1982
 Erkut Akbay, Lizbon, İdâri Ataşe, 7 Haziran 1982
 Atilla Altıkat, Ottawa, Albay, Askerî Ataşe, 27 Ağustos 1982
 Bora Süelkan, Burgaz, İdâri Ataşe, 9 Eylül 1982
 Nadide Akbay, Lizbon, İdâri Ataşenin karısı, 8 Ocak 1983
 Galip Balkar, Belgrad, Büyükelçi, 9 Mart 1983
 Dursun Aksoy, Brüksel, İdâri Ataşe, 14 Temmuz 1983
 Cahide Mıhçıoğlu, Lizbon, Danışmanın karısı, 27 Temmuz 1983
 Işık Yönder, Tahran, Yerel Sekreterin karısı, 28 Nisan 1984
 Erdoğan Özen, Viyana, Çalışma Ataşesi, 20 Haziran 1984
 Evner Ergun, Viyana, Uluslararası Memur, 19 Kasım 1984
 Çağlar Yücel, Bağdat, Ataşe, 11 Aralık 1993

Dağılışı
1983 Paris Orly Havaalanı saldırısından sonra örgüt birçok ufak gruba bölünmüştür. Zamanla örgüt içi çekişmeler ve anlaşmazlıklar ortaya çıkmış, kurucularından Agopyan 1988 yılında öldürülmüş. Ermeni halkından da yeterli destek görememiş ve 1994 yılında eylemlerini sonlandırmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ermeni Devrimci Federasyonu
 Ermeni Soykırımı Adalet Komandoları
 Ermeni Devrimci Ordusu (ESAK'ın devamı)
 Yeni Ermeni Direnişi

Kitaplar
 Erich Feigl. "A Myth of Terror", Zeitgeschichte, 1987.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Öldürülen diplomatlar
 Ermenistan Erivan ASALA Mezarlığından Resimler
 Kaliforniya Ermenileri tarafından hazırlanan bir anı sitesi
 ASALA üyesi Levon Ekmekçiyan mahkeme görüntüleri
 Agop Agopyan'ın Orhan Gündüz'ün öldürülmesi eylemini üstlenişi (Konuşma İngilizce)
 Alek Yenikomşiyan ve Monte Melkonyan bir ASALA konferansında
 12 Mart 1981'de Lübnan'da düzenlenen bir ASALA konferansı
 Ocak 1984'te Ermenistan'ın Kurtuluşu için Ermeni Gizli Ordusu: Devam Eden Bir Uluslararası Tehdit başlığı ile CIA tarafından hazırlanmış ASALA raporu
 ASALA hakkında bir dergi yayını; Armenian Terrorism in the Twentieth Century

Milis gruplar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tarafından terör örgütü olarak tanımlanmış örgütler
Birleşik Krallık tarafından terör örgütü olarak tanımlanmış örgütler
Ermeni örgütleri
Türk karşıtlığı
Kanada tarafından terör örgütü olarak tanımlanmış örgütler
Rusya tarafından terör örgütü olarak tanımlanmış örgütler
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Komünist terörizm

ASALA


De Stella Nova in Pede Serpentarii (em português: Na nova estrela do pé de Ophiuchus), geralmente conhecido como De Stella Nova, foi um livro escrito por Johannes Kepler entre 1605 e 1606, quando o livro foi publicado em Praga.

Kepler escreveu o livro após o aparecimento da supernova SN 1604, também conhecida como Supernova de Kepler. Esta estrela apareceu na constelação de Ophiuchus, o grego (Ὀφιοῦχος Ophioukhos) "portador da serpente", que também é conhecido em latim como Serpentarius.

A supernova SN 1604 foi observada por quase um ano, de outubro de 1604 a outubro de 1605. As condições de observação eram boas, especialmente quando foi visível pela primeira vez. Uma conjunção de Júpiter e Marte estava ocorrendo perto do lugar onde a supernova apareceu, significando que os astrônomos estavam olhando em sua direção. Como resultado, houve muitas testemunhas de seu aparecimento, mas as observações de Kepler foram particularmente meticulosas. O cuidado que ele teve não apenas em registrar suas próprias observações, mas em compilar as observações de outros astrônomos, tornou De Stella Nova um registro muito importante tanto da própria supernova quanto da astronomia do início do século XVII.

Referências
Johannes Kepler

De Stella Nova


Aderus disconiger é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1907.

Referências

disconiger
Insetos descritos em 1907
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus disconiger


O Festival de Cinema de Salonica é uma instituição cultural sediada em Salonica, na região da Macedônia, na Grécia, com foco no cinema. A instituição organiza anualmente o Festival de Cinema de Salonica, no mês de novembro, e o Festival de Documemtário de Salonica todo mês de março. Aas atividades anuais ainda incluem o Museu de Cinema de Salonica e a Cinemateca Salonica, bem como exibições e homenagens especiais realizadas ao longo do ano, e programas educacionais. O Festival de Cinema de Salonica é a maior instituição cinematográfica da Grécia. Sua atividade atrai mais de 300.000 visitantes anualmente.

Missão
O Festival de Cinema de Salonica visa promover a cultura cinematográfica e a educação, apoiar a indústria cinematográfica nacional e internacional, formar parcerias com instituições culturais nacionais e internacionais e promover a identidade cultural única de Salonica.

Atividade
No centro da atividade do Festival de Cinema de Salonica estão seus dois festivais anuais:

 O Festival de Cinema de Salonica, realizado em novembro, é um dos mais antigos festivais de cinema do mundo e um dos principais eventos cinematográficos do sudeste da Europa, atraindo um público de mais de 80.000 pessoas por ano.
 O Festival de Documentários de Salonica, realizado em março, está entre os mais prestigiados festivais de documentários do mundo.

A atividade da Instituição inclui ainda:

 O Museu de Cinema de Salonica, o maior museu de cinema da Grécia.
 A Cinemateca Salonica, realizando exibições, homenagens e retrospectivas para grandes cineastas ao longo do ano.
 The Film Library, a maior biblioteca dedicada ao cinema nos Balcãs, com 15.000 volumes.
 As publicações do Festival de Cinema de Salonica.
 Quatro salas de cinema, duas no teatro "Olympion" e duas no Armazém 1 do porto de Salonica, exibindo filmes de estreia ao longo do ano.
 Exibições de filmes e programas de homenagem em toda a Grécia em parceria com instituições locais.
 Exibições ao ar livre em cinemas ao ar livre e em vários locais de Salonica.
 O arquivo digital do Festival de Cinema de Salonica, disponível em www.myfestival.gr. O arquivo online inclui catálogos de festivais, publicações raras, revistas e livros, muitos dos quais esgotados.
 A rara coleção HELLAFFI, tombada como patrimônio cultural pela Direção Geral de Antiguidades e Patrimônio Cultural. O acervo, composto por pôsteres gigantes de filmes, rascunhos a lápis, litografias, aquarelas e pinturas a nanquim, está exposto nas dependências do festival e está disponível em seu arquivo digital.
 Exibições de filmes ao longo do ano nos dois cinemas do Complexo "Olympion" e nos teatros "John Cassavetes" e "Stavros Tornes" no porto de Salonica.

Instalações
A Instituição está sediada no histórico teatro "Olympion", na Praça Aristotélica central, onde estão localizados seus escritórios e os cinemas "Olympion" e "Pavlos Zannas". O Complexo Olympion também abriga dois bares populares de Salonica, "Room with a View" e "Green Room".

O Museu do Cinema de Salonica está localizado no Armazém 1 no porto de Salonica. A missão do museu é recolher, preservar e promover a história do cinema nacional. A Cinemateca está alojada nas instalações do museu.

O Armazém C no porto de Salonica foi designado para o Salonica Film Festival desde 2019. Ele serve como o centro do Festival de Cinema de Salonica e do Festival de Documentários de Salonica.

A Instituição também administra os teatros "John Cassavetes" e "Stavros Tornes" no porto de Salonica.

Festivais de cinema da Grécia

Festival de Cinema de Salonica


The pie floater is an Australian dish sold in Adelaide. It consists of a meat pie in a thick pea soup, typically with the addition of tomato sauce. Believed to have been first created in the 1890s, the pie floater gained popularity as a meal sold by South Australian pie carts. In 2003, it was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon.

Development
Pea soup with meat has long been part of English culinary history, with mentions in the 19th century, including the "pea and pie supper" (in Yorkshire), "pea soup with eel", and suet dumplings or saveloys.  (Dumplings in soup were known as "floaters".)  It may have developed from those dishes, which are useful for feeding groups of people on a budget, such as at a sports match or at harvest time.
A pie floater commonly consists of a traditional Australian-style meat pie, usually sitting, but sometimes submerged (traditionally upside down) in a bowl of thick pea soup made from blue boiler peas. It is often self-garnished with tomato sauce, and the consumer may also add a combination of mint sauce, salt, pepper, or malt vinegar according to personal preference.

Early records in South Australia state that the pie floater was reputedly born in Port Pirie conceived by one Ern "Shorty" Bradley in 1890s, but it remains unknown if he did and how it came about.

Pie carts
Pie floaters were typically purchased in the street from pie-carts as a late evening meal. Pie-carts are typically a form of caravan/trailer/cart, originally horse-drawn, with an elongated "window" along one or both sides where customers could sit or (more usually) stand to eat their purchases. The pie-cart was typically moved into position at lunchtime and in the evening. As traffic became busier and on-street car-parking in demand, the carts evolved to have one window on the "footpath side", and were moved into position after afternoon peak-hour traffic had ebbed. They did business until late evening or early morning, after which they were returned to their daytime storage locations.

South Australia has had pie carts in the Adelaide metropolitan area since the 1870s. In the evenings, the Norwood pie-cart was located on The Parade adjacent to the Norwood Town Hall. It was also the only place where members of the public could buy draft Hall's "Stonie" ginger beer directly from the keg. In the Adelaide city centre in the 1880s, there were 13 pie-carts operating in King William Street and North Terrace. By 1915 there were nine pie-carts in operation. By 1958 this had reduced to two: Balfour's pie-cart on North Terrace outside the Adelaide railway station, and Cowley's in Victoria Square outside the Adelaide General Post Office. In 2007, the Glenelg tram line was extended from Victoria Square along King William Street and North Terrace past Adelaide railway station, and the Balfour's pie-cart was forced to close.

In 2003, the South Australian National Trust traced the history of the pie floater back over 130 years. The pie floater was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon by the National Trust of South Australia, although it is now available at very few locations; among them are the Café de Vilis, Enjoy Bakery on Norwood Parade, The Kings Head Pub on King William Street  and the Upper Sturt General Store.

See also

 List of legume dishes

References

External links
 Pie Floater article (includes a photo of the South Australian version of the pie floater)

Street food
Culture of Adelaide
South Australian cuisine
Australian pies
Savoury pies
Legume dishes
Soups
Australian soups

Pie floater


Halogenarea este un tip de reacție chimică în cadrul căreia are loc o reacție de adiție a unuia sau mai multor atomi de halogen la molecula unui compus chimic sau material. Reacția de halogenare poate decurge în mai multe feluri, cu obținerea de diferiți produși pentru aceeași reactanți, depinzând de substratul organic și de grupele funcționale constituente. Este întâlnită atât în rândul compușilor organici (în special la aceștia), cât și rândul compușilor anorganici. Halogenarea mai poate și fi prin substituție.

Un exemplu ar fi reacția dintre un halogen precum bromul, care se adiționează la legătura dublă dintr-o alchenă (conform regulii lui Markovnikov în cazul adiționării acidului bromhidric). În urma acestei bromurări, se obține un derivat bromurat al unui alcan (haloalcan):

RCH=CHR′ + Br2 → RCHBr–CHBrR′

Reacții organice

Substituție
Hidrocarburile saturate nu dau reacții de adiție a halogenilor, dar au o reacție specifică de substituție fotochimică, prin care un atom de halogen substituie un atom de hidrogen de la atomul de carbon. Această reacție este folosită pe larg la nivel industrial pentru obținerea derivaților clorurați ai metanului (clorura de metil), clorura de metilen, clorura de metin (cloroform) și tetraclorura de carbon):

Adiție
Compușii organici nesaturați, în special alchenele și alchinele, dau reacții de halogenare prin adiție de halogen la legătura dublă:
RCH=CHR′ + X2 → RCHX–CHXR′
Adiția de halogeni la alchene are loc cu formarea unor ioni intermediari de haloniu, care au fost chiar separați în cazuri mai speciale.

Halogenare aromatică
Compușii aromatici dau reacții de halogenare electrofilă:
RC6H5 + X2 → HX + RC6H4X

Modul în care decurge halogenarea este influențată de tipul de halogen. Fluorul și clorul sunt mult mai electrofili, fiind astfel agenți de halogenare mai agresivi. Bromul este un agent mai slab de halogenare, iar iodul este cel mai puțin reactiv dintre halogeni.

Vezi și
 Substituție electrofilă
 Adiție
 Halogen

Referințe

Reacții organice
Reacții de substituție

Halogenare


Mavi Sakal, 1987 yılında yayımlanan Kurt Vonnegut romanı.
 Mavi Sakal, 1697 yılında yayımlanan Charles Perrault masalı.
 Mavi Sakal, Türk rock müziği grubu.

Mavi Sakal


Zanakiji, narod u Africi
zanakijski jezik, jezik kojim govore Zanakiji

Zanaki


An Bonia amplexicaulis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni L.C.Chia, H.L.Fung ngan Ya Ling Yang, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nian He Xia. An Bonia amplexicaulis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bonia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bonia (Poaceae)

Bonia amplexicaulis


Le raïon de Zolotchiv (en ) est un raïon (district) dans l'oblast de Lviv en Ukraine.
Avec la réforme administrative de l'Ukraine de 2020, le raïon absorbe une part des raions de Brody, de Busk et une part du raïon de Zolochiv est transféré au raïon de Lviv.

Patrimoine
Le Monastère du bois de la Croix de Pidkamine fondé au , la tombe, classée, de Sofia Karaffa-Korbout à Koutkir.

Notes et références

Zolotchiv

Raïon de Zolotchiv


Senekerim Balyan (1768-1833), Osmanlı döneminde yaşamış ünlü Balyan mimarlar ailesinden bir mimardır.

Birçok projesini kardeşi Krikor Balyan'la birlikte yapmış, kendisi daha ziyada arka planda kalmıştır. Kardeşi Krikor Balyan'ın ahşap olarak inşa ettiği Bayezid Kulesini, bir yangında büyük zarar görmesi üzerine 1826 yılında betondan yeniden inşa etmiştir. Ayrıca İstanbul'un Ortaköy semtindeki Surp Asdvadzazdin Ermeni Kilisesine de imzasını atmıştır (1824).

Balyan ailesi
1768 doğumlular
Osmanlı Ermenileri
Osmanlı mimarları
1833 yılında ölenler

Senekerim Balyan


Alt bărbat, altă femeie (titlul original: Un autre homme, une autre chance) este un film dramatic franco-american, realizat în 1977 de regizorul Claude Lelouch protagoniști fiind James Caan și Geneviève Bujold.

Conținut

Distribuție
 James Caan - David Williams
 Geneviève Bujold - Jeanne Leroy
 Francis Huster - Francis Leroy
 Jennifer Warren - Mary Williams
 Susan Tyrrell - Debbie / Alice
 Rossie Harris - Simon Williams
 Linda Lee Lyons: Sarah Leroy
 Diana Douglas - Marys Mutter
 Fred Stuthman - Marys Vater
 Bernard Behrens - Springfield
 Jacques Villeret - Kunde
 Michael Berryman - erster Bandit
 Dominic Barto - Verletzter
 Richard Farnsworth - Kutscher

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1977
Filme western
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Claude Lelouch

Alt bărbat, altă femeie


Simolestes ist eine Gattung ausgestorbener Meeresreptilien aus der Gruppe der Pliosauroidea, die während der mittleren und späten Jurazeit lebte. Die Typusart Simolestes vorax wurde 1909 von Charles William Andrews auf Basis eines nahezu vollständigen Skeletts beschrieben, das aus der Oxford-Clay-Formation in England stammt. Derzeit werden zwei weitere Arten anerkannt, Simolestes indicus und Simolestes keileni, die aus Indien und Frankreich stammen. Der Pliosauroidea werden zwei Gruppen zugeordnet, die Rhomaleosauridae und die Pliosauridae, wobei umstritten ist, zu welcher dieser Gruppen Simolestes zu rechnen ist. Die meisten jüngeren Studien legen allerdings nahe, dass die Gattung zu den Pliosauridae gezählt werden kann.

Merkmale

Wie bei anderen Vertretern der Pliosauroidea handelte es sich um ein großes, fleischfressendes Tier mit einem spindelförmigen Körper und kurzem Schwanz. Der aus etwa 20 Halswirbeln bestehende, verhältnismäßig kurze Hals endete in einem verhältnismäßig großen Kopf. Vorder- und Hintergliedmaßen waren zu Paddeln umgebildet, wobei das vordere Paddelpaar deutlich kürzer war als das hintere. Simolestes erreichte eine Länge von mehr als 10 m und zählt damit zu den größten Pliosauriden.

Der Schädel war im Vergleich mit anderen Pliosauroidea relativ kurz und breit. Auf jeder Seite des Unterkiefers saßen etwa 26 Zähne, die im Querschnitt rund waren und keine Schneidekanten aufwiesen. Die Unterkiefer liefen in der Schnauzenspitze zu einer löffelförmigen Rosette zusammen, deren fünf bis sechs Zähne gegenüber den restlichen Zähnen vergrößert waren. Eine derartige Rosette war typisch für Vertreter der Rhomaleosauridae, fehlte jedoch bei den meisten Vertretern der Pliosauridae.

Systematik, Arten und Fossilbericht

Die systematische Position von Simolestes innerhalb der Plesiosauroidea ist umstritten. Die kurze Schnauze und die löffelförmige Schnauzenspitze weisen auf eine Zugehörigkeit zu den Rhomaleosauridae, während der Bau des Gaumens für eine Zugehörigkeit zu den Pliosauridae spricht. Die meisten jüngeren Studien klassifizieren die Gattung innerhalb der Pliosauridae. So könnte sich die löffelförmige Schnauzenspitze bei Simolestes und den Rhomaleosauriden unabhängig voneinander (konvergent) entwickelt haben, möglicherweise aufgrund ähnlicher Ernährungsgewohnheiten.

Die Typusart Simolestes vorax basiert auf einem nahezu vollständigen Skelett (Exemplarnummer BMNH R.3319), das nahe Peterborough in England entdeckt wurde und aus der Unteren Oxford-Clay-Formation stammt. Diese Gesteinseinheit wird auf das Callovium (Mitteljura) datiert. Noé (2001) schrieb dieser Art zudem einen Schädel zu (Exemplarnummer PETMG R296), der bereits 1990 entdeckt wurde und anfangs Liopleurodon zugeschrieben wurde. Neben der Typusart werden zwei weitere Arten anerkannt: Der aus dem Oberjura (Tithonium) Indiens stammende Simolestes indicus sowie der aus dem Mitteljura (Bajocium) Frankreichs stammende Simolestes keileni. S. indicus wurde bereits von Lydekker (1877) als eine Art der Gattung Plesiosaurus und später der Gattung Thaumatosaurus beschrieben; Bardet und Kollegen (1991) ordneten sie schließlich der Gattung Simolestes zu. S. keileni wurde von Godefroit (1994) beschrieben, basierend auf einem fragmentarischen Skelett aus der Lothringer Gemeinde Montois-la-Montagne. Der 1983 bei Straßenarbeiten nahe Metz (zwischen Montois-la-Montagne und Sainte-Marie-aux-Chênes) in Lothringen (Lorraine) entdeckte Fund wurde zwar zunächst der Gattung Simolestes zugeordnet, wurde aber 2023 nach detaillierten Untersuchungen zur Definition einer neuen Gattung, nämlich des vor rund 170 Millionen Jahren lebenden Lorrainosaurus, herangezogen.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Adam S. Smith: Simolestes Andrews, 1909. The Plesiosaur Directory.

Flossenechsen
Sauropterygia

Simolestes


Roberto Dueñas Hernández (* 1. November 1975 in Madrid) ist ein ehemaliger spanischer Basketballspieler. Mit einer Körpergröße von 221 cm ist er der größte spanische Basketballer aller Zeiten und galt während seiner Zeit beim FC Barcelona als einer der dominantesten Center im europäischen Basketball.

Laufbahn
Roberto Dueñas, der an Riesenwuchs aufgrund einer Fehlfunktion der Hypophyse leidet, spielte 17-jährig in der Jugend von CB Móstoles als er in einer Busstation entdeckt und zu einem Probetraining beim Zweitligisten Baloncesto Fuenlabrada eingeladen und später verpflichtet wurde. Schnell wurde sein Talent erkannt und so sicherte sich der spanische Spitzenklub FC Barcelona 1994 seine Dienste, verlieh ihn jedoch 1994/95 weiter an Fuenlabrada. In der Saison 1995/96 spielte er die meiste Zeit über für CB Cornellà, das zugleich als Farmteam für den FC Barcelona diente, debütierte jedoch am 17. Dezember 1995 in einem Spiel gegen CB Gran Canaria bereits in der Liga ACB. In der folgenden Spielzeit gehörte er bereits dem Profikader der Katalanen an, kam jedoch während des Grunddurchgangs meist von der Bank. Sein Durchbruch sollte 1997 in den Playoffs um die Meisterschaft folgen, wo er in der Finalserie gegen den Erzrivalen Real Madrid zum Schlüsselspieler aufstieg. Im entscheidenden fünften Spiel gelangen Dueñas 13 Punkte, 12 Rebounds und 2 Blocks. Dueñas wurde für seine Leistung als MVP der Finalplayoffs geehrt. Im darauffolgenden Sommer wurde der junge Spanier als 58. Pick von den Chicago Bulls gedraftet und war damit erst der dritte Spanier der von einem NBA-Team gewählt wurde. Er entschloss sich jedoch zu einem Verbleib in Europa. Während seiner zehn Jahre bei Barça sollten ihm zahlreiche Erfolge gelingen, neben dem Gewinn von sechs Meistertiteln und zwei Pokalsiegen, machte er mit seiner Mannschaft auch international auf sich aufmerksam. In der Euroleague Saison 2002/03 holte er mit dem FC Barcelona den Titel und beendete die Saison als bester Rebouder der Mannschaft, schon 1998/99 hatte Dueñas den Korać-Cup gewonnen. Dueñas bestach nicht nur durch seine Größe und Defensivstärke als Rebounder und Shotblocker, zu seinen Qualitäten zählte auch sein Passspiel und seine Übersicht. Zur Saison 2005/06 verließ er den FC Barcelona und wechselte zu Akasvayu Girona, wo er jedoch aufgrund zahlreicher Verletzungen nicht an die Leistungen vergangener Tage anschließen konnte. Im November 2006 verließ er den Klub Richtung Joventut de Badalona, wo er es jedoch nur auf 10 Einsätze brachte und zu Saisonende aufgrund chronischer Rückenbeschwerden seinen Rücktritt vom aktiven Basketball verkündete. Als Ehrung wurde seine Trikotnummer 12 bei seinem langjährigen Klub FC Barcelona gesperrt.

Nach seiner aktiven Laufbahn wechselte Roberto Dueñas in den Trainerstab vom FC Barcelona, wo er im Jugendbereich sowie als Scout tätig ist.

Nationalmannschaft
Roberto Dueñas nahm mit Spanien an der U-22-EM 1996 teil und scheiterte erst im Finale an Litauen. Sein Debüt für die A-Nationalmannschaft feierte er am 15. Juni 1997 in einem Freundschaftsspiel gegen Griechenland. Sowohl bei der Europameisterschaft 1997 als auch bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1998 war Dueñas Teil des Spanischen Aufgebots und beendete beide Turniere auf dem fünften Platz. Seinen größten Erfolg feierte er bei der EM 1999, wo er mit seiner Mannschaft erst im Endspiel mit 56:64 an Italien scheiterte und Silber holte. Sowohl bei den Olympischen Spielen 2000 in Sydney als auch 2004 in Athen war Roberto Dueñas Teil des spanischen Kaders, ein weiterer Podiumsplatz sollte ihm aber nicht gelingen.

Erfolge und Ehrungen
Verein
 EuroLeague (1): 2002/03
 Korać-Cup (1): 1998/99
 Spanischer Meister (6): 1995/96, 1996/97, 1998/1999, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, 2003/2004
 Spanischer Pokalsieger (2): 2000/2001, 2002/2003

Nationalmannschaft
 Europameisterschaft 1999: Silber
 U-22-Europameisterschaft 1996: Silber

Ehrungen
 MVP der Finalserie um die spanische Meisterschaft 1996/97

Weblinks
 Profil auf acb.com (spanisch)

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2000
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2004
Basketballnationalspieler (Spanien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Spanien)
Spanischer Meister (Basketball)
Sportler (Madrid)
Geboren 1975
Mann
Spanier
Basketballspieler (Joventut de Badalona)
Basketballspieler (FC Barcelona)
Basketballspieler (CB Girona)
Basketballspieler (Baloncesto Fuenlabrada)
Basketballspieler (CB Cornellà)
Basketballspieler (CB Prat)

Roberto Dueñas


Um museu de aviação, museu aéreo ou museu aeroespacial é um museu que exibe a história e os artefatos da aviação. Além de aeronaves reais, réplicas ou reproduções precisas, as exposições podem incluir fotografias, mapas, modelos, dioramas, roupas e equipamentos usados por aviadores.

Visão geral

Os museus de aviação variam em tamanho, desde abrigar apenas uma ou duas aeronaves até centenas. Eles podem ser de propriedade de governos nacionais, regionais ou locais ou ser de propriedade privada. Alguns museus também abordam a história e os artefatos da exploração espacial, ilustrando a estreita associação entre aeronáutica e astronáutica.

Muitos museus de aviação concentram-se na aviação militar ou civil, ou na história da aviação de uma determinada época, como a "era pioneira da aviação" ou a subsequente "Idade de Ouro da Aviação" entre as Guerras Mundiais, aeronaves da Segunda Guerra Mundial ou um tipo específico de aviação, como planadores.

Os museus de aviação podem exibir suas aeronaves apenas no solo ou fazer voar algumas delas. Os museus que não voam suas aeronaves podem ter decidido não fazê-lo porque as aeronaves não estão em condições de voar ou porque são consideradas muito raras ou valiosas. Os museus podem voar suas aeronaves em shows aéreos ou outros eventos relacionados à aviação, aceitando o risco que isso acarreta.

Alguns museus de aviação possuem conjuntos de periódicos, manuais técnicos, fotografias e arquivos pessoais. Estes são muitas vezes disponibilizados para pesquisadores de aviação para uso na escrita de artigos ou livros ou para especialistas em restauração de aeronaves que trabalham na restauração de uma aeronave.

Leitura adicional

Ligações externas

 Aviation Heritage UK
 Mutual Concerns of Air and Space Museums Conference

Museus de aeronáutica

Museu de aviação


La route régionale 863 () est une route régionale allant de Taivalkoski jusqu'à Posio en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 863 est une route régionale d'Ostrobotnie du Nord.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

863

Transport à Posio
Transport à Taivalkoski

Seututie 863


Maestru al Trezoreriei sau Mare Trezorier (, , ,  sau ,  ) a fost un oficial regal în Regatul Ungariei începând din secolul al XII-lea.

Cu toate că inițial trezorierii erau responsabili cu colectarea și administrarea veniturilor regale, cu timpul au primit mai multe funcții judiciare și s-au transformat în cei mai înalți judecători ai domeniului.  Din secolul al XIV-lea, trezorierii au prezidat instanța de appel pentru  un grup de orașe libere regești incluzând Buda (Budapesta, Ungaria), Bártfa (Bardejov, Slovacia), Eperjes (Prešov, Slovacia), Kassa (Košice, Slovacia), Nagyszombat (Trnava, Slovacia), și Pressburg (Pozsony, Bratislava, Slovacia).

Note

Referințe

  Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. ISBN 963-8312-44-0.

 Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.

  Fallenbüchl, Zoltán (1988). Magyarország főméltóságai ("High Dignitaries in Hungary"). Maecenas Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-02-5536-7.

  Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod (Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute) (1969). Enciklopedija Leksikografskog zavoda II. izdanje, svezak 6: SKA-ŽV, Zagreb 1969., str. 336 (General Encyclopedia of the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute, second edition, sixth volume SKA-ŽV)

 Rady, Martyn (2000). Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary. Palgrave (in association with School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London). ISBN 0-333-80085-0.

 Segeš, Vladimír (2002). Entry Taverník (treasurer) in: Škvarna, Dušan; Bartl, Július; Čičaj, Viliam; Kohútová, Mária; Letz, Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon; Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. Wauconda (Illinois); ISBN 0-86516-444-4.

 Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517) (Edited and translated by János M. Bak, Péter Banyó and Martyn Rady with an introductory study by László Péter) (2005). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers. ISBN 1-884445-40-3.

  Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.

Vezi și
 Palatin al Regatului Ungariei
 Judecător regal

Barons of the realm (Kingdom of Hungary)
Ungaria
Istoria Ungariei
Titluri

Mare Trezorier


NK Omladinac, hrvatski nogometni iz Pliskog Polja.

Povijest
Osnovan je 1948. godine. Natjecao se u viškoj ligi od 1948. do 1960. godine.

Izvori

Vis
Nogometni klubovi u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

NK Omladinac Plisko Polje


Henri Bédarida (* 9. März 1887 in Lyon; † 22. Dezember 1957 in Paris) war ein französischer Romanist, Italianist  und Literaturwissenschaftler.

Leben

Bédarida bestand die Agrégation d'italien und habilitierte sich 1927 in Paris mit den beiden Thèses Parme et la France de 1748 à 1789 (Paris 1927, Genf 1977; italienisch Mailand 1985) und Les Premiers Bourbons de Parme et l'Espagne (1731-1802). Inventaire analytique des principales sources conservées dans les Archives espagnoles et à la Bibliothèque nationale de Madrid (Paris 1927, Florenz/Paris 1969). Er lehrte an den Universitäten Grenoble und Lyon. 1936 wurde er als Nachfolger von Henri Hauvette auf den Lehrstuhl für Italienisch der Sorbonne berufen (später auch zum Dekan). Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges engagierte er sich in der katholischen Résistance und protestierte gegen die Rassenpolitik des Vichy-Regimes. Er war der erste Präsident des Centre catholique des intellectuels français (CCIF). Von 1955 bis zu seinem Tod zählte Bédarida zu den Mitgliedern des Wissenschaftlichen Beirates in der Sachbuchreihe Rowohlts deutsche Enzyklopädie.

Henri Bédarida war der Vater des Historikers François Bédarida (1916–2001) und der Schwiegervater der Historikerin Renée Bédarida (1919–2015).

Schriften

 (Übersetzer) Benedetto Croce, Histoire de l'Italie contemporaine (1871–1915), Paris 1929
 A l'apogée de la puissance bourbonienne. Parme dans la politique française au XVIIIe siècle, Paris 1930
 Théophile Gautier et l'Italie, Paris 1934
 (mit Paul Hazard) L'influence française en Italie au dix-huitième siècle, Paris 1934
 (Hrsg.) Gabriele d'Annunzio, Textes inédits, versions nouvelles, souvenirs et essais, Paris 1942
 (Übersetzer) Francesco Perri, Le Disciple inconnu. Roman historique de l'époque du Christ, Paris 1946 (Original: Il discepolo ignoto,  Mailand 1940)
 (Hrsg.) A travers l'art italien du XVe au XXe siècle. Essais, notes et commentaires, Paris 1949
 (Hrsg.) Pensée humaniste et tradition chrétienne aux XVe et XVIe siècles. Essais, notes et documents, Paris 1950
 (Übersetzer) Benedetto Croce, Histoire de l'Europe au dix-neuvième siècle, Paris 1959, 1973, 1994 (Original 1935)

Literatur

 Henri Bédarida, A travers trois siècles de littérature italienne.[Hommage à Henri Bédarida, par Carlo Pellegrini], Paris 1957 (Gesammelte Schriften)
 Christophe Charle, Les professeurs de la Faculté des Lettres de Paris, Bd. 2, Paris 1986
 Jean-Claude Polet, Patrimoine littéraire européen. Anthologie en langue française, Bd. 13, Brüssel 2000, S. 840

Weblinks

 Catalogue général
 Le Centre universitaire catholique (mit Foto)

Romanist
Hochschullehrer (Sorbonne)
Franzose
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1957
Mann

Henri Bédarida


جسر مييو  هو أعلى وأطول جسر في العالم يليه بالطول جسر ريون أنتيريون في اليونان. يقع جسر مييو في الجنوب الفرنسي على وادي نهر تارن وعلى الطريق السريعة "A75" الواصلة بين مدينة كليرمون فيران في الوسط ومدينة بيزييه في الجنوب في إقليم أفيرون.
استمرت الدراسات لهذا المشروع ثلاثة عشر عامًا وبعد ذلك ثلات سنوات من الأعمال الإنشائية، بدأت الدراسات سنة 1988 وتم افتتاح الجسر في عام 2004.
إن فترة ستة عشر عاماً من الدراسات والبناء ليست طويلة إذا ما قورنت بالصعوبات الاسثنائية التي اعترضت المشروع على المستوى التقني والمناخي وخصوصية المكان، إذ ليس من السهل إقامة وصلة بجودة عالية وبطول يتجاوز 2500 متر وعمق 270 متر (في النقطة الأكثر ارتفاعاَ) وذلك في منطقة زلزالية تعجُّ بالرياح التي تتجاوز سرعتها 200 كيلو متر في الساعة.
يعتبر هذا العمل إلى لحظة كتابة هذه السطور هو الجسر الأعلى في العالم، إذ فيه دعامتين يصل ارتفاعهما إلى أكثر من 200 متر وهما بحسب المخطط p 2 == 244, 96، P3 == 221, 05، وكذلك بسطح ارتفاعه الأقصى عن سطح النهر 270 م. كما أن فيه أطول سطح جسر معلق في العالم، وهذا السطح مركب من دعامات رقيقة ومزدوجة ومن سطح معدني رقيق جداً مع سبع دعائم فقط مرتكزة على الأرض.

التصميم
نفذ المشروع المهندس ميشال فيرلوغو مع فريقه وذلك تنفيذاً لفكرة المهندس المعماري نورمان فوستر Norman Foster، وقد كلّف المشروع 320 مليون يورو وقد مُوِّل من قِبل  في إطار امتياز لمدة 75 سنة.
أراد مصمم الجسر المهندس البريطاني نورمان فوستر أن يدمجه بطريقة غير ملحوظة داخل المناظر الطبيعية الفريدة التي تعد من أهم مناطق الجذب السياحي في فرنسا. وكانت النتيجة شكلا جذاباً فريداً يرتفع بميل بسيط (%3.025) من الشمال إلى الجنوب ليعطي شكل منحنى خفيف (نصف قطر التقوس 2000 متر). وفوستر كان صمم من قبل برلمان برلين في ألمانيا ومترو مدينة بلباو الأسبانية، بالإضافة إلى مطار مدينة هونغ كونغ ومقر الصليب الأحمر في لندن.
وحول تصميمه جسر مييو الذي يشق غابات وأنهار الجنوب الفرنسي، قال: «إنه راعى أن تكون المواد المكونة للجسر متناغمة مع الطبيعة كي لا يظهر كأنه دخيل على الطبيعة المحيطة به والتي يشق مساره جنباتها».
ولم يخف المهندس البريطاني الأبعاد الروحانية التي راعاها في تصميمه الجسر، حيث قال في تصريحات نقلتها صحيفة «لومند» الفرنسية 14-12-2004: «أي شخص يتخذ الجسر طريقا له سينتابه شعور روحاني بالسمو والعلو؛ إذ يتجاوز هذا الجسر ارتفاع برج إيفل (في فرنسا) بـ23 متراً، مشيراً إلى أن المناظر الطبيعية المحيطة ستغذي هذا الشعور الروحاني».
وأوضح فوستر أنه -سعياً إلى تأكيد هذه الأبعاد الروحية في جسر مييو- صممه مشدودا إلى سبعة أعمدة ضخمة، وهو رقم (7) المشحون بالرموز في الأدبيات الروحانية.
وأضاف أن «هندسة الجسر الذي استغرق تصميمه 8 أعوام، تمكن سائق السيارة من الاستمتاع بمناظر الغابات والأنهار المحيطة به، وكذا مشاهدة مدينة مييو بسهولة».

هذا العمل فيه خمس أرقام قياسية:
 السطح المعلق الأطول في العالم.
 الدعامة الأطول في العالم.
 قمة قبة الأعلى في العالم.
 سطح الجسر الطرقي الأعلى في العالم. مع العلم أن هناك جسراً في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في ولاية كولورادو يصل ارتفاعه إلى 321 متر ولكن هذا الجسر ليس طرقياً وهو مخصص للمشاة فقط.
 الوزن الأعلى في العالم لسطح جسر محمول.
وآخر ميزة لهذا المشروع متعلقة بالبيئة وهي تقليل كميات المواد المستخدمة في الموقع أي ان عدد المحركات اقل وكذلك عدد سيارات النقل وبالتالي كميات الرمل والحجارة والحصى...

وقد حصل الجسر على مجموعة من الجوائز مثل
جائزة: Environnemental Design and Architecture Award في 2005.
وجائزة: Oustanding structure award في 2006.

لاقى هذا المشروع العديد من الاعتراضات من قبل عدة منظمات مثل منظمة البيئة الفرنسية وكذلك من عدد من رجال السياسة؛ وقد تركزت الاعتراضات على:
 كلفة المشروع العالية جداً بالرغم من وجود دراسات بكلفة أقل.
 تعرفة العبور، بما أن الجسر مدفوع فالناس لن يأخذوه وبالتالي سيفقد الكثير من قيمته المدعاة...
 إن الدعامات التي تجاوزت أرقاماً قياسية لن تكون على درجة عالية من القوة بسبب ارتكازها على حوض نهري.
 إن الجسر الذي يوفر على الناس عناء المرور بمدينة مييو سيفقد هذه المدينة أحد مصادرها السياحية.

البناء

الأعمدة

إن لكل عامود من أعمدة الجسر السبعة قاعدة مرتكزة في العمق على أربعة أعمدة (حفرة) قطر الحفرة بين 4,5 و 5 أمتار وعمق بين 9 و17 متراً. إن بعض القواعد استهلكت بين 1100 و 2100 متر مكعب من الخرسانة، ووصلت مدة ضخ الخرسانة في بعض الأحيان إلى 30 ساعة.
صممت الأعمدة الحاملة للجسر بحيث تحتمل التمدد الحراري للطريق وكذلك أعراض الرياح. وهي من حيث العرض قد تصل إلى 27 م في الأسفل وتنتهي بعشرة امتار. وتصبح الأعمدة مزدوجة في الجزء العلوي منها أي في الـ 90 متر الأخيرة بغض النظر عن طول العامود؛ وهذا الأمر لم يراع الناحية الجمالية للجسر ولكنه أخذ بعين الاعتبار تجاوب العامود مع تمدد سطح الجسر إلى 40 سم.
استعمل لبناء هذه الأعمدة إسمنت ذو أداء عالٍ béton hautes performances (BHP) B60.
كما تطلـّب وضع خمسة صفوف من أوتاد مؤقتة هي عبارة عن أعمدة معدنية شاهقة الارتفاع تستخدم كدعامات بين عمودين متتاليين لرفع أطول الأجزاء أو وصلات من جسم الجسر. إن أعلى ارتفاع لهذه الأعمدة سيكون 175 مترا سيتم رفعها باستخدام أساليب تليسكوبية لتوفير الامان التام. إن كل وصلة من وصلتي سطح الجسر مزودة بعمود مربع وبأسلاك داعمة مؤقتة في طرفه سوف يتم دفعها الواحدة تلو الأخرى إلى أن تلتحما نهائيا على ارتفاع 245 مترا ً.

سطح الجسر

 صُممت على شكل تجويف انسيابي يتناسب مع سرعة رياح تصل إلى أكثر من 205 كلم في الساعة. وزن السطح 36 ألف طن وهي بوزن أربعة أضعاف برج إيفل، صممت الحواف بحيث لا تقاوم الرياح وتحمي العابرين بنفس الوقت بالرغم من أن الجسر محظر على المشاة.

الأمان الصناعي

ان 96 % من ساعات عمل العمال ستكون في مواقع أرضية خلف الدعامات أي دون التعرض لعناء العمل في ظروف جوية قاسية كالبرد والرياح والثلوج، وبعيداً عن مخاطر العمل في ارتفاعات شاهقة. إذن تقوم الشركة المنفذة بتوفير الأمان للعمال ولكن أيضا الأمان الهندسي لأن عوارض الصندوق المعدني (درابزون الجسر) المرصوصة عرضيا هي أقل تأثرا بالرياح الجانبية ـ إحدى المشاكل الكبرى التي يواجهها المشروع ـ من الدعامات الخرسانية المثبتة من طرف واحد والتي قد تهتز من جراء العواصف الشديدة.
ولم تقع طوال ثلاث سنوات استغرقها إنشاء الجسر أي حادثة عمل قاتلة.

على بعد أربعة كيلو مترات من الجسر يوجد مركز لجباية تعرفة المرور من العابرين التي تتراوح بين 3 يورو للدراجات النارية وتصل إلى 27 يورو للشاحنات الكبيرة.
ويعبر الجسر يومياً حوالي 10 آلاف سيارة خلال فصل الخريف، وحوالي 28 ألفا خلال الصيف...

زار الجسر العديد من الشخصيات السياسية مثل الرئيس السابق جاك شيراك، وزير المواصلات الصيني مع فريقه. واستعلموا من الناحية التكنيكية والتمويلية للجسر، وذلك من أجل بناء جسر مشابه في الصين.

انظر أيضًا

المرجع: مجلة أبولودور للعمارة والفن، العددالعاشر ـ السنة الثالة.

مراجع

النقل في الأوكيتانية
تأسيسات سنة 2004 في فرنسا
جسور اكتملت في سنة 2004
جسور في فرنسا
مييو
عمارة فائقة التكنولوجيا
مبان ومنشآت في أفيرون
معالم فرنسا
منشآت نورمان فوستر
عمارة القرن 21 في فرنسا

جسر مييو


Sagami may refer to:
Sagami, an 11th-century waka poet
Sagami Province, an old province in Japan
Sagami River, a river in Kanagawa and Yamanashi
Sagami Bay, a bay south of Kanagawa Prefecture in Honshū
Sagami Line, a railway roughly along the east bank of the Sagami River
Sagami Railway, a railway company operating three lines in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
Sagami Railway Main Line, a railway line extending from Yokohama to Ebina
Sagami Railway Izumino Line, a railway line extending from Futamatagawa in Yokohama to Shōnandai in Fujisawa
Sagami-ji, a Buddhist temple in Hyōgo, Japan

Sagami


La Ford Windstar es una minivan que fue producida y vendida por Ford Motor Company de 1994 a 2004. Es tracción delantera, siendo el segundo diseñado de la empresa en este tipo de camionetas, sustituyó a la Aerostar, sin embargo los dos segmentos salieron a la venta hasta 1997 año en que se detuvo la producción del Aerostar. En el año 2004, la Windstar de tercera generación fue presentada con el nombre Ford Freestar.

Primera Generación (1994-1999)

La Windstar fue lanzada en octubre de 1994. Las características estándar en la Windstar eran sistema de frenos antibloqueo, doble bolsa de aire, asientos para siete pasajeros, y un motor 3.8L en V6 Ford Essex, este motor produce 155 caballos de fuerza y 220 libras de torque y hasta 1998 se incluyó un segundo motor a gasolina 3.0L V6 para la versión base, año en el que recibió un pequeño cambio estético frontal. En su año inaugural, el Windstar estaba disponible en la base GL y en acabado de alta calidad LX.

Segunda Generación (1999-2004)

La Windstar fue completamente rediseñada para el modelo 1999, la parte más visible fue la inclusión de dos puertas corredizas. Construida sobre una plataforma dedicada, a diferencia de la anterior generación basada en el Ford Taurus. Entre las nuevas características fueron montadas en los asientos delanteros bolsas de aire laterales, las dos puertas corredizas y sensores traseros para estacionarse. En el modelo 2001 realizaron mínimos cambios estéticos como lo son el volante de dirección, común en todos los vehículos ford en ese año, y la parrilla frontal, también se introdujo una versión tope de línea Limited y una versión en competencia directa de la Dodge Grand Caravan Sport, la Windstar Sport

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Windstar

Ford Windstar


Nintendo Switch er en spillekonsol udviklet af Nintendo. Konsollen var kendt under kodenavnet NX frem til afsløringen den 20. oktober 2016, og blev lanceret internationalt den 3. marts 2017. Nintendo betragter Switch som en "hybrid"-konsol: Den er primært designet som en hjemmekonsol, hvor hovedenheden placeres i en dockingstation for at oprette forbindelse til et fjernsyn. Alternativt kan den fjernes fra dockingstationen og bruges på samme måde som en tablet-computer via dens LCD touchscreen eller placeres i en stand-alone tabletop tilstand, synlig for flere spillere.

Nintendo Switch bruger trådløse Joy-Con-controllere, som har standardknapper, analoge kontrolpinde og bevægelsesfølsomhed og som kan give tilbagemeldinger i form af vibrationer. Joy-Con kan fastgøres på begge sider af konsollen som gør den egnet til håndholdt spil, eller fastgøres til tilbehør, for at tage form som en traditionel kontroller eller bruges individuelt i hånden på samme måde som Wii Remote og Nunchuk.

Nintendo har per 31. december 2020 solgt 79,87 millioner Nintendo Switch-konsoller. De bedst sælgende spil til konsollen er blandt andre The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (enogtyve millioner), Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (toogtyve millioner), Animal Crossing: New Horizons (enogtredive millioner) og Mario Kart 8 Deluxe (treogtredive millioner kopier).

Se også
 Nintendo videospilkonsoller

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside (Danmark)
 Officiel hjemmeside (Storbritannien og Irland)
 Officiel hjemmeside (USA)

Switch

Nintendo Switch


Joachim "Jochen" Balke (* 12. September 1917 in Dortmund; † 19. Januar 1944 vermisst bei Nowgorod) war ein deutscher Schwimmer, der 1938 den Europameistertitel gewann.

Balke gewann, für Westfalen Dortmund schwimmend, bei den Deutschen Meisterschaften 1936 den Titel im 200-Meter-Brust-Schwimmen. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1936 erreichte er auf dieser Strecke das Finale und belegte den sechsten Platz.

Balkes erfolgreichstes Jahr war das Jahr 1938. Über 100 Meter Brust stellte er am 12. November in 1:09,5 Minuten einen neuen Weltrekord auf. Über diese Strecke gab es allerdings keine Meisterschaften, über 200 Meter wurde er, mittlerweile für den Bremischen SV startend, in 2:43,2 Minuten Deutscher Meister; bei den Schwimmeuropameisterschaften 1938 in London siegte er in 2:45,8 Minuten.

Balke erschwamm 1940 und 1941 noch zwei deutsche Meistertitel über 200 Meter Brust, 1940 gewann er einen weiteren Titel auf der Kurzbahn.

Literatur
 Bodo Harenberg (Red.): Die Stars des Sports von A–Z. Darmstadt 1970.

Weblinks

 Deutsche Schwimmmeisterschaften

Schwimmer (Deutschland)
Europameister (Schwimmen)
Deutscher Meister (Schwimmen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Deutschland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1936
Deutscher
Geboren 1917
Gestorben 1944
Mann

Joachim Balke