O duocilindro, também chamado de cilindro duplo ou bidisco, é um objeto geométrico embutido no espaço euclidiano de 4 dimensões, definido como o produto cartesiano de dois discos de raios respectivos r1 e r2:

É análogo a um cilindro no espaço tridimensional, que é o produto cartesiano de um disco com um . Mas ao contrário do cilindro, ambas as hipersuperfícies (de um duocilindro regular) são congruentes.

Seu dual é um duofuso, construído a partir de dois círculos, um no plano XY e outro no plano ZW.

Geometria

Variedades de 3 delimitadoras

O duocilindro é limitado por duas variedades de 3 mutuamente perpendiculares com superfícies semelhantes a toros, respectivamente descritos pelas fórmulas:

e

O duocilindro é assim chamado porque essas duas variedades tridimensionais podem ser pensadas como cilindros tridimensionais "dobrados" no espaço quadridimensional, de modo que formem loops fechados nos planos XY e ZW. O duocilindro tem simetria rotacional em ambos os planos.

Um duocilindro regular consiste em duas células congruentes, uma face plana quadrada do toro (o cume), zero arestas e zero vértices.

O cume

O cume do duocilindro é a variedade de 2 que é o limite entre as duas células delimitadoras (sólidas) do toro. Tem a forma de um , que é o produto cartesiano de dois círculos. Intuitivamente, pode ser construído da seguinte forma: Enrole um retângulo bidimensional em um cilindro, de modo que suas bordas superior e inferior se encontrem. Em seguida, role o cilindro no plano perpendicular ao hiperplano tridimensional em que o cilindro se encontra, de modo que suas duas extremidades circulares se encontrem.

A forma resultante é topologicamente equivalente a um toro de 2 euclidiano (uma forma de rosquinha). No entanto, ao contrário do último, todas as partes de sua superfície são deformadas de forma idêntica. Na rosquinha (superfície 2D, incorporada em 3D), a superfície ao redor do "buraco da rosquinha" é deformada com curvatura negativa (como uma sela) enquanto a superfície externa é deformada com curvatura positiva (como uma esfera).

O cume do duocilindro pode ser pensada como a forma global real das telas de jogos eletrônicos (video games) como Asteroids, onde sair da borda de um lado da tela leva ao outro lado. Ele não pode ser inserido sem distorção no espaço tridimensional, porque requer dois graus de liberdade ("direções") além de sua superfície bidimensional inerente para que ambos os pares de arestas sejam unidos.

O duocilindro pode ser construído a partir da esfera de 3 "cortando" a protuberância da esfera de 3 em ambos os lados do cume. O análogo disso na esfera de 2 é desenhar círculos de latitude menores em ± 45 graus e cortar a protuberância entre eles, deixando uma parede cilíndrica e cortando os topos, deixando os topos planos. Esta operação é equivalente a remover vértices/pirâmides selecionadas de polítopos, mas como a esfera de 3 é lisa/regular você tem que generalizar a operação.

O ângulo diedro entre as duas hipersuperfícies 3D em ambos os lados do cume é de 90 graus.

Projeções

As projeções paralelas do duocilindro no espaço tridimensional e suas seções transversais com o espaço tridimensional formam cilindros. As projeções em perspectiva do duocilindro formam formas semelhantes a toros com o "buraco da rosquinha" preenchido.

Relação com outras formas

O duocilindro é a forma limitante dos , pois o número de lados nos prismas poligonais constituintes se aproxima do infinito. Os duoprismas, portanto, servem como boas aproximações politópicas do duocilindro.

No espaço tridimensional, um cilindro pode ser considerado intermediário entre um cubo e uma esfera. No espaço de 4 existem três formas intermediárias entre o tesserato (bola de 1 × bola de 1 × bola de 1 × bola de 1) e a hiperesfera (bola de 4). Eles são:

 o cubindro (bola de 2 × bola de 1 × bola de 1), cuja superfície consiste em quatro células cilíndricas e um toro quadrado.
 o  (bola de 3 × bola de 1 ), cuja superfície consiste em três células - duas esferas e a região intermediária.
 o duocilindro (bola de 2 × bola de 2), cuja superfície consiste em duas células toroidais.

O duocilindro é o único dos três acima que é regular. Essas construções correspondem às cinco  de 4, o número de dimensões.

Ver também

* Fibração de Hopf
 Variedade

Referências

 A quarta dimensão simplesmente explicada, Henry P. Manning, Munn & Company, 1910, Nova Iorquw. Disponível na biblioteca da Universidade da Virgínia. Também acessível online: A quarta dimensão simplesmente explicada — contém uma descrição de duoprismas e duocilindros (cilindros duplos)
 O guia visual para dimensões extras: Visualizando a quarta dimensão, politopos de dimensões superiores e hipersuperfícies curvas, Chris McMullen, 2008,

Ligações externas

 Rotachora (objetos quadridimensionais com superfícies circulares) (em inglês)
 Classificação dos rotatopos (em inglês)
 Diagramas de duocilindros projetados no espaço tridimensional (em inglês)
 Explorando o hiperespaço com o produto geométrico
(cópia no Wayback Machine)

Quatro
Topologia algébrica

Duocilindro


Tvrđava Nehaj
Kaštel Nehaj u Kaštel Štafiliću
Kaštel Nehaj (urbanistička cjelina)

Kaštel Nehaj


Mactan is a densely populated island located a few kilometers (~1 mile) east of Cebu Island in the Philippines. The island is part of Cebu province and it is divided into the city of Lapu-Lapu and the municipality of Cordova. The island is separated from Cebu by the Mactan Channel which is presently crossed by three bridges: the Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX), the Mactan–Mandaue Bridge, and the Marcelo Fernan Bridge. The island covers some  and has a population of 527,071 as of 2020, making it the nation's most densely populated island. Along with Olango Island Group, the isles are administered by a city and a municipality covering .

Mactan–Cebu International Airport is located on the island.

Etymology

The modern name Mactan descended from an earlier form, Manctan. However, evidence of this earlier form is scant as, even as early as the 17th century, the island was already named Mactan. This form is attested in the original copy of the Philippine Declaration of Independence, where Lapu-Lapu was mentioned as the king of "Manktan". This is supported by oral histories, which claim that the name Mactan evolved from the name Mangatang. The name means "pirate" (lit. "those who lie in wait"), and was acquired during a period where the island's population would prey on passing trade ships on the way to the harbors of Sugbu. The ancient name of the island in precolonial times is Opong, which became the name of the Spanish settlement of Opon (renamed to Lapu-Lapu in 1961).

History
The island was already a thriving settlement before it was colonized by Spain in the 16th century. It was a strong ally of the Lakanate of Lawan, a prosperous kingdom in Samar. Datu Hadi Iberein ruled the Lakanate of Lawan. He was described by historian William Henry Scott as a "Samar datu by the name of Iberein was rowed out to a Spanish vessel anchored in his harbor in 1543 by oarsmen collared in gold; while wearing on his own person earrings and chains." Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived on the island in 1521 and became involved in warfare among the kingdoms only to be killed in battle by the warriors of Datu Lapu-Lapu, the sovereign in the island. However, oral tradition also dictates that the island where the Battle of Mactan might have taken place in is Poro Island in the northeast instead. The oral tradition is backed by recent archaeological evidence of such a battle taking place in Poro island during the 16th century.

By 1730, the Catholic Augustinian friars established the town of Opon. It was later renamed as the city of Lapu-Lapu by means of the Republic Act 3134, signed by Pres. Carlos P. Garcia on June 17, 1961. Congressman Manuel A. Zosa, the representative of the Sixth District of Cebu, sponsored the Bill converting the former municipality of Opon into the present day City of Lapu-Lapu.

Economy

Apart from the airport, today the island is known for its industrial factories, which are some of the most successful industrial ventures in the Philippines. Many of them are located at the Mactan Export Processing Zone (MEPZ), an industrial tax-free zone opened in 1979 that includes over 35 business ventures, about 50 percent of which are Japanese-owned.

Also important to the island is its high-class tourism industry and the production of furniture, as well as guitars, ukuleles and other musical instruments.

Tourist attractions

Being one of the major tourist islands of Cebu, Mactan Island boasts of a diverse collection of tourist spots and attractions. Being a coral island, Mactan offers some of the best diving, snorkeling, island hopping, jet ski, sailing and cultural activities of any island in the Philippines.

Gallery

References

External links

 Mactan International Airport
 Lapu-Lapu City Government

Islands of Cebu
Beaches of the Philippines
Coral islands
Lapu-Lapu City

Mactan


Mavi ladin (Picea pungens), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından 25–30 m'ye kadar boylanan ve 1,5 m'ye kadar çap yapabilen ladin türü.

Morfolojik özellikleri

600-800 yaşına kadar yaşayabilir. Kabukları ince ve pulludur. Genç ağaçlarda taç konik, yaşlılarda silindiriktir. Sürgünler kalın, turuncu-kahverengi, genellikle pürüzsüzdür. İğne yapraklar 15–30 mm uzunlukta, kalın, soluk boz-yeşil veya parlak mavi, ucu sivridir ve altında tek bir stoma bandı yer alır. İğne yapraklar koparılınca kötü bir koku verir.

Kozalaklar sarkık, ince uzun, silindirik, 6–11 cm uzunlukta, kapalıyken 2 cm genişliğinde, açıkken ise 4 cm genişliğindedir. İnce bükülebilen kozalak pulları 20–24 mm uzunluğunda kenarları dalgalıdır. Kırmızımsı menekşe renkli kozalaklar 5-7 ay sonunda olgunlaşır. Tohumlar siyah, 3–4 mm uzunluğunda, ince uzun, tohum kanadı 10–13 mm olup donuk kahverengidir. Doğada 10 mavi ladinden 1i mavi renkte olmaktadır. Peyzaj amaçlı mavi renk vermek için ağaçlara aşılama yapılması gerekir.

Mavi ladin fidelerinin ilk yıl boyunca toprağın yalnızca 6,4 cm (2,5 inç) kadar derinine nüfuz eden sığ kökleri vardır. Mavi ladinlerde donma çok fazla zarar vermese de don, fide kaybına neden olabilir. İlkbaharın sonlarında ve sonbaharın başlarındaki gölgeler, bu don kabarma kaybını en aza indirir. Sığ köklere rağmen, mavi ladin kuvvetli rüzgarlara karşı koyabilir. Dikimden beş yıl önce mavi ladin kökleri budanarak 2 metre yüksekliğindeki ağaçların toplam kök yüzey alanı iki katına çıkartılabilir. Mavi ladin genellikle bol nem ile en iyi büyüdüğü kabul edilir. Bununla birlikte, bu tür kuraklığa diğer tüm ladinlerden daha iyi dayanır.Son derece düşük sıcaklıklara (-40 derece C) da dayanabilir. Ayrıca, bu tür diğer ilişkili türlere kıyasla yüksek güneş ışığına ve don hasarına karşı daha dayanıklıdır

Doğal olarak batı Kuzey Amerika'da, Utah ve Colorado ile Arizona ve New Meksiko'da bulunur. 1800–3000 m yüksekliğe kadar çıkar, bazı yerlerde Engelman ladini (Picea engelmanni) ile karışıklığa girer.

Habitat

Alpin kuşağının bir türü değildir. Genel olarak dağların vadi boyunca devam eden nemli düz topraklarında iyi bir büyüme gösterir, diğer yandan az yağmur alan yerlerde yavaş büyüme yapar. Mavi ladin diğer ladin türleriyle melez yapmaz, Engelman ladini ile nadiren melez yapar.Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah ve Wyoming'de doğal olarak bulunur. Başka yerlerde geniş çapta dikilmiştir ve doğal aralığının çok ötesinde birçok yerde peyzaj ağacı olarak kullanılır.

Peyzajda kullanımı

Mavi ladin, iğne yapraklı türler içerisinde en popüler olanıdır ve gösterişli parlak koyu yeşilimsi mavi iğne yapraklar için yetiştirilir. Ticari değeri son derece yüksektir; tohumdan, çelik yoluyla ve aşı ile üretimi yapılmaktadır.

Kültivarları

 Hoopsii : Mavi ladinin en yoğun mavi rengi olan formudur.
 'Glauca Globosa : bodur mavi ladin
 'Fat Albert : 3 metreye kadar büyür. Güzel şekilli koni yapar. Mavi-gümüş renktedir.
 'Glauca Pendula : 2.4 metre genişlik 1.2 metre uzunluk yapar.
 'Sester's Dwarf : Yoğun yapraklıdır. Yavaş büyür. 2 metre boya ulaşır.
 'Koster : Dar konik büyüme alışkanlığına sahiptir. Sarımsı yaprakları, yaşla birlikte gri-yeşile dönüşen gümüşi mavidir.
 'Baby Blue Eyes : soğuğa dayanıklıdır.
 'Baby Blue

Galeri

Kaynakça

Picea
Colorado'nun sembolleri

Mavi ladin


ديبنهامز ؛ هي شركة عالمية متخصصة للبيع بالتجزئة. الشركة تأسست قديماً عام 1778 في إنجلترا وتغير الاسم أكثر من مرة نظرا لتداخل الشراكة وتمتلك الشركة فروعاً في أكثر من 21 دولة وتمتلك الشركة واسعة الانتشار 153 فرعاً في إنجلترا وأيرلندا فقط.

الفروع العالمية

مصر

كان بدايه وخطوة جديده لتوسع شركه Debenhams ديبنهامز العالمية للازياء والموضة سيكون ديبنهامز الإسكندرية أول فرع للشركه في مصر وأفريقيا والمتجر مبني علي مساحه 1500 مترا. وهو متواجد بسيتى سنتر الأسكندريه.

فروع أخرى

 إيران
 ماليزيا
 الكويت
 قطر
 السعودية
 تركيا
 الإمارات العربية المتحدة
 أيرلندا
 الهند
 الأردن
 البحرين

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 2020 في المملكة المتحدة
انحلالات سنة 2020 في إنجلترا
تأسيسات سنة 1778 في إنجلترا
شركات بريطانية انحلت في 2020
شركات بريطانية أسست في 1778
شركات أسست في 1778
شركات تجارة التجزئة سابقة في المملكة المتحدة
شركات تجارة التجزئة في الدنمارك
شركات تجارة التجزئة في المملكة المتحدة
شركات تجارة التجزئة في إنجلترا
شركات تجارة التجزئة مقرها في لندن
شركات كانت مدرجة في سوق لندن للأوراق المالية
شركات متعددة الجنسيات
شركات مدرجة في بورصة لندن
محلات لندن

ديبنهامز


Tunglferðin (franska: Le voyage dans la lune) er frönsk vísindaskáldsögumynd frá 1902 eftir Georges Méliès. Myndin byggist á ýmsum sögum, þar á meðal skáldsögunni Ferðin til tunglsins eftir Jules Verne frá 1865. Í myndinni ferðast hópur stjörnufræðinga til tunglsins með hylki sem skotið er úr risastórri fallbyssu. Þar hitta þeir fyrir tunglbúa sem hafast við neðanjarðar. Þeir komast aftur til jarðar með því að velta hylkinu út í geiminn með reipi, en einn tunglbúinn grípur í reipið og fylgir með þegar hylkið fellur til jarðar og lendir í sjónum þar sem þeim er bjargað.

Franskar kvikmyndir
Vísindaskáldsögumyndir
Kvikmyndir frumsýndar 1902

Tunglferðin (kvikmynd frá 1902)


An ultramarathon, also called ultra distance or ultra running, is any footrace longer than the traditional marathon length of . Various distances, surfaces, and formats are raced competitively, from the shortest common ultramarathon of  and up to 3100 miles. World Championships are held by the International Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) for 50 km, 100 km, 24 hours, and ultra Trail running. The Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoners (GOMU) holds World Championships for 48 hours and 6 days. World Records are ratified and recognized by World Athletics (50 km and 100 km), the IAU (50 km up to 6 days), and by GOMU (48 hours up to 5000 km).

Around  is typically the longest course distance raced in under 24 hours, but there are also longer Multiday races commonly held as 48 hours, , or more, sometimes raced in stages with breaks for sleep.

The largest ultramarathons are on road, including the Comrades Marathon (over 10,000 finishers annually) and Two Oceans Marathon (over 6,000 finishers annually). The world's longest certified Footrace is the Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race. Many ultras have historical significance, including the Spartathlon, based on the 246 km run of Greek messenger Pheidippides from Athens to Sparta during the Battle of Marathon in a day and a half to seek aid against the Persians.

There is also overlap with the sports of trail running and mountain running. Some  races are among the oldest and most prestigious events, especially in North America.

Overview
There are two main types of ultramarathon events: those that cover a specified distance or route, and those that last for a predetermined period (with the winner covering the most distance in that time). The most common distances are , 50 miles (80.47 km), , , and continue up to the longest certified race distance of 3100 miles. Timed events range from 6, 12, and 24 hours to 3, 6, and 10 days (known as Multiday races). Timed events are generally run on a track or a short road course, often one mile (1.6 km) or less.

The format of ultramarathons and the courses vary, ranging from single loops (some as short as a  track), to point-to-point road or trail races, to cross-country rogaines. Many ultramarathons have significant obstacles, such as inclement weather, elevation change, or rugged terrain. Usually, there are aid stations, whether every lap of a track, small road or trail loop courses, or extending up to perhaps , where runners can replenish food and drink supplies or take a short break.

There are some self-supported ultramarathon stage races in which each competitor has to carry all their supplies including food to survive the length of the race, typically a week long. The Marathon des Sables 6-day stage race in Morocco and the Grand to Grand Ultra in the US are examples.

The International Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) organises the World Championships for various ultramarathon distances, including , , 24 hours, and ultra trail running, which are also recognized by World Athletics. Many countries around the world have their own ultrarunning organizations, often the national athletics federation of the country, or are sanctioned by such national athletics organizations.

50-kilometer and 100-kilometer races are recognized as World Records by World Athletics, the world governing body of track and field. The International Association of Ultrarunners recognizes IAU World Records for 50-kilometers, 100-kilometers, 6 hours, 12 hours, 100 miles, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 6 days. The Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoners (GOMU) recognizes Multiday race World Records for standard and non-standard distances and times between 48 hours and 5000 km.

There are ultramarathon Racewalking events that are usually 50 km, although 100 km and 100-mile (160 km) "Centurion" races are also organized. Furthermore, the non-competitive International Marching League event Nijmegen Four Days March has a regulation distance of 4 × 50 km over four days for those aged 19 to 49.

In 2021, concerns were raised about planning and medical care available for ultramarathons in China, after dozens of racers died from hypothermia and at least one from a heart attack while competing in an ultramarathon in the Yellow River Stone Forest. The government later announced a ban on "extreme" competitions.

In August 2023, a partnership between Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB) and Ironman Triathlon was announced and the new formation of the UTMB World Series, an ultra-distance circuit that culminates with UTMB held in August. Concerns have been raised about rising entry fees, homogenization of racing experiences, and bulldozing of smaller events.

IAU World Record performances
Until 2014, the IAU maintained lists of the world best performances on different surfaces (road, track, and indoor). Starting in 2015, the distinction between the surfaces was removed and the records were combined into a single category. Some governing bodies continue to keep separate ultramarathon track and road records for their jurisdictions.

Starting in January 2022, the IAU began to recognize and ratify performances as IAU World Records. World Athletics also began to ratify the 50k distance as a World Record for both mixed and women, respectively, along with 100k.

Record performances that have not yet been ratified are as follows:

 At the Jackpot 100 US Championship in February 2022, Camille Herron set 12-hour and 100-mile marks of 151.111 km and 12:41:11, respectively. However, there were problems with the course arrangement and distance.
 In October 2022, CJ Albertson ran 50 km in 2:38:43.
 Aleksandr Sorokin ran 100 km in 6:05:35 in May 2023.

The IAU World Records as of September 2023 are as follows.

Men

Women

Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoner World Record performances
The Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoners (GOMU) was founded in October 2021 to recognize Multiday race World Records that are not recognized by the International Association of Ultrarunners.

GOMU recognizes the IAU-ratified World Records for 48 hours and 6 days. They recognized standard times/distances for 48 hours, 72 hours, 6 days, 10 days, 500 miles, 1000 miles, 2000 miles, 3000 miles, 3100 miles, 500 km, 1000 km, 2000 km, 3000 km, 4000 km, and 5000 km. They also recognize records for a number of non-standard formats (4 days to 49 days, 200 miles to 2900 miles, and 300 km to 4900 km).

IAU World Championships
There are four IAU World Championships: the IAU 100 km World Championships, IAU 50 km World Championships, IAU 24 Hour World Championship, and the IAU Trail World Championships.

GOMU World Championships
GOMU World Championships are held for 48 hours and 6 days to encourage multi-day athletes from around the world to come together, compete on a level playing field, and aspire for world, national, age-group, and personal records.

Record holders
The following is a selected list of world or international-record-holding, or world-championship-winning, ultramarathon runners.

 Al Howie, record holder for the trans-Canada, 7295.5 kilometers in 72 days, 10 hours and 23 minutes
 Aleksandr Sorokin, IAU World Record holder for 6h, 12h, 24h, 100 kilometers and 100 miles; Winner of the IAU 24 Hour World Championship and Spartathlon
 Ann Trason, fourteen-time winner Western States 100; 2-time winner of the Comrades Marathon; World 50 mi record holder (5:40:18), American 100k record holder (7:00:48)
 Anna Frost, 2-time winner Hardrock 100, 2-time The North Face Endurance Challenge, Transvulcania, Maxi-Race du Lac d'Annecy
 Arthur F. H. Newton, 5-time Comrades Marathon winner, former world records for 50 and 100 miles and 24-hours
 Bongmusa Mthembu, 3-time winner of the Comrades Marathon and the Two Oceans Marathon, the African record holder for 100 km
 Bruce Fordyce, 9-time Comrades Marathon winner, former world records for 50 miles and 100 km
 Camille Herron, Only athlete to win the 50 km, 100 km, and 24 Hour world championships; Spartathlon Champion and course record; Comrades Marathon and JFK 50 Mile Champion; holds the 50 miles World Best and IAU World Records for 100 miles, 24h, and 48h
 Caroline Chaverot, winner of the 2016 Trail World Championships, 2016 Skyrunning World Championships Ultra, also winner of UTMB, Courmayeur-Champex-Chamonix, 2-time Lavaredo Ultra Trail, Transgrancanaria, Maxi-Race du Lac d'Annecy, Hardrock 100, Eiger Ultra Trail, Madeira Island Ultra Trail (cr), and Festival des Templiers
 Carolyn Hunter-Rowe, world record 40 mi, 2-time IAU 100 km World Champion, winner Two Oceans.
 Courtney Dauwalter, former American 24-hour record holder; 2-time winner and course record of UTMB, Western States 100, and Hardrock 100; winner and FKT of the Transgrancanaria; winner of the Moab 240, Tahoe 200, and Grand Raid
 Don Ritchie, world record 100 miles for 25 years, world record for 100 km for nearly 40 years
 Edit Bérces, 24-hour treadmill world record; several Hungarian records
 Ellie Greenwood, 2-time IAU 100k Championship winner, Comrades Marathon winner, winner of Courmayeur-Champex-Chamonix and Festival des Templiers, former course records at the Western States 100, JFK 50 Mile, and the Canadian Death Race
 Fotis Zisimopoulis, 3-time winner of Spartathlon and course record holder
 François D'Haene, 3-time winner of UTMB and course record holder, 3-time winner of Grand Raid, 2-time of Madeira Island Ultra Trail and course record, Maxi-Race du Lac d'Annecy
 Frith van der Merwe, set 50k world record en route to winning the Two Oceans Marathon, downhill course record at Comrades Marathon
 Gerda Steyn, 2-time winner of the Two Oceans Marathon; set an uphill course record in winning the 2019 Comrades Marathon
 Ida Nilsson, 3-time winner Transvulcania and course record, 2-time The North Face Endurance Challenge, Swiss Alpine Marathon, and Ultravasan
 Jim Walmsley, World record for 50 miles, World Long Distance Mountain Running champion; course records: Western States 100 (3-time winner), JFK 50 Mile, Tarawera Ultramarathon and 100k; Grand Canyon rim-to-rim-to-rim FKT, winner Ultravasan
 Jonas Buud, 2015 IAU 100 km World Championships winner and 4-time silver medallist, 8-time winner of the Swiss Alpine Marathon, Ultravasan course record, 2nd at Comrades Marathon
 Kaneenika Janakova, former course record for the Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race, holds multiday World Records for 19-49 days, several distances between 1400-2900 miles and 2100km-4900km.
 Kilian Jornet, Course record for UTMB (4-time winner), Hardrock 100 (5-time winner), and Zegama-Aizkorri skymarathon (10-time winner), winner of Western States 100, 3-time Buff SkyRunner World Series champion, FKT ascent + descent for Matterhorn and Mont Blanc, former FKT for Kilimanjaro, Denali, Aconcagua, and the Bob Graham Round
 Lizzy Hawker, 5-time winner of Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc, 2006 IAU 100 km World Championships winner, Spartathlon winner, former 24h world best holder
 Mami Kudo, former women's 24h track world record holder (, Soochow TPE, 2011), 2013 female winner of IAU 24 Hour World Championship
 Ollie Garrod, set 40 mile world record en route to winning the Barry 40.
 Patrycja Bereznowska, 2017 IAU 24 Hour World Championship winner and former 24h world best holder; won and set course records at Spartathlon and Badwater Ultramarathon; former 48h IAU World Record
 Pau Capell, winner of the Ultra Trail World Tour (2018), UTMB, 3-time Transgrancanaria
 Pete Kostelnick, best known for the overall coast-to-coast FKT of the United States in 42 days, 6 hours, and 30 minutes, 2-time Badwater Ultramarathon
 Ragna Debats, gold at the 2018 and bronze at the 2016 Trail World Championships, winner of Marathon des Sables, Transvulcania, Courmayeur-Champex-Chamonix, and 2018 Skyrunning World Championship Ultra
 Ryōichi Sekiya, four time IAU 24 Hour World Championship World Championship winner, two-time winner of Spartathlon
 Sandy Barwick, World Record holder for standard distances/times for 6 days, 10 days, 500 miles, 1000 miles, 2000 km, 4-17 days, and 400-1200 miles
 Sandra Villines, best known for the female coast-to-coast FKT of the United States in 54 days, 16 hours, and 24 minutes, Badwater Ultramarathon
 Satu Lipiäinen, 12 hour IAU World Record holder, finished 3rd at the 2023 Spartathlon
 Scott Jurek, 7-time winner of Western States 100, Hardrock 100, 2-time Badwater Ultramarathon, 3-time Spartathlon, former American record for 24-hour
 Shingo Inoue, 2010 winner of IAU 24-hour run World Championship ()
 Sumie Inagaki, current women's 48-hour track world record holder (, Surgeres FRA, May 2010), 2-time female winner of IAU 24-hour run World Championship, two time female winner of Spartathlon
 Surasa Mairer, World Record holder for 1000 km and 1300 miles (18 days)
 Takahiro Sunada, former men's 100 km Road world record holder (6:13:33, Lake Saroma Ultramarathon, 1998)
 Ted Corbitt, "the father of American ultrarunning"; 1952 US Olympic team member; former American world record holder at various distances
 Tsai Wen-Ya, course record of 45+ days 12:28:44 at the 2023 Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race
 Tomoe Abe, current women's 100 km Road world record holder (6:33:11, Lake Saroma Ultramarathon, 2000)
 Wally Hayward, multiple winner of the Comrades Marathon, London to Brighton, and many other ultramarathons; set early world records
 Xavier Thévenard, only trail athlete to have won all four Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc races including 3-time winner of UTMB
 Yiannis Kouros, often considered the best ultrarunner in history for the longest track and road races, holder of numerous world records from 24-hour to 1,000 miles, course record holder of the Spartathlon since its inception in 1983

Ultramarathons by regions
Ultra Marathons are run around the world with more than 600,000 people completing them every year.

Africa
Several ultra-distance events are held in Africa.

 Egypt has joined the Ultramarathon races with more adding up each year.
 Hathor 100 km is a Trail ultramarathon race in Sinaï. With distances of 50 km, 100 km, and 130 km.
 Qarun 66 km Trail Ultramarathon race. Dated on March of each year in the city of Faiyum with distances 44 km and 66 km.
 South Africa hosts a number of notable ultra marathon events.
 On road: the world's oldest and largest ultramarathon, the  Comrades Marathon. Approximately 12,000 runners complete the Comrades each year, out of approximately 17,000 who start, with 23,961 competing in 2000.
 The  Two Oceans Marathon in Cape Town in the southern autumn attracts approximately 11,000 runners.
 Off-road: The Salomon Sky Run is a grueling  self-supported, unmarked trail race held in a particularly scenic part of the country.
The Namib Race is a six-stage race that takes place along the Skeleton Coast in Namibia. It is part of the 4 Deserts Ultramarathon Series.
 The Washie 100 road race is the oldest one hundred miler road race in Africa.
 Trail: The Peninsula Ultra Fun Run (PUFfeR)  supported, unmarked trail run crossing the Table Mountain range in Cape Town South Africa.
 The Grand Raid de la Réunion is held annually on Réunion in October, crossing the island over  with an altitude gain of . This race attracts 2,350 competitors, with 1,000 runners from overseas.
 The Marathon des Sables is a 6-day stage race which covers  through the Sahara desert in Morocco.
 The Spanish Canary Islands off the African coast are the location of some prestigious ultramarathons, including the 46-mile Transvulcania.

Asia
Ultrarunning has become popular in Asia, and countries such as Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea have hosted IAU World Championships.

 A night race called the Sundown Marathon has been held in Singapore annually since 2008, over a double marathon distance (84 km) up to 2010 and 100 km since then.
 Clark Freeport Zone in the Philippines is the venue for two of the Philippines' premier ultramarathon events.  The Clark Miyamit Ultra, known as CM50 a 60K and 50Mile Trail Ultramarathon that takes runners to traverse from Clark to the Aeta Villages, lahar bed, mountain ranges near Mt. Pinatubo and the iconic Miyamit Falls. Cardimax – Clark Ultramarathon is a road ultramarathon of 50K and 100K distances which brings and gathers ultramarathoners from aspiring ones to the most competitive elites.
 In Israel, two major ultramarathon races are Mount to Valley relay race; over 215 km, from the hills of the Upper Galilee to the Jezreel Valley, and the Valley Circle race in the Jezreel valley; contains several distances, including 160 km and 200 km.
 In the Cebu, Philippines, an All-Women Ultra Marathon race covering a distance of 50 kilometers is held annually on the weekend of International Women's Day since 2012.
 India's first ultra-marathon, the Bangalore Ultra was held in 2007. Since 2010, Indian Himalayas have hosted La Ultra – The High, a 333 km course crossing Khardung La, touted to be the world's highest motorable mountain pass.
 Indonesia's first ultramarathon race, Mount Rinjani Ultra (52K), was held in August 2013 and Indonesia's first 100K & 160K ultramarathon race, Bromo Tengger Semeru 100 Ultra, was held in November 2013. Tambora Challenge (320 km) held from 2015
Japan had its first 100 km event in 1987 as Lake Saroma Ultramarathon and hosted the IAU 100 km World Championship in 1994 (Lake Saroma), 1998 (River Shimanto) and 2005 (Lake Saroma). Japan hosts more than 50 ultramarathon events throughout the year, including the Trans Japan Alps Race (TJAR) ( with more than  cumulative altitude gain crossing Japan Alps, crossing Japan's mainland from Japan Sea to Pacific Ocean in 7 days), Hasetsune cup ( in steep foggy mountains) and the Ultra-Trail Mt. Fuji ( loop around World Heritage Mount Fuji with a cumulative altitude gain of about ).
 Malaysia's first ultra trail marathon was founded in November 2011 and is known as the TMBT (The Most Beautiful Thing) in Sabah at Mount Kinabalu, South East Asia's highest mountain. The event has a 55% dropout rate and is a 3-point qualifying race for UTMB and a 2-point qualifying race for the 55-kilometer category of the event. This was followed by the Beaufort Ultra Marathon in Sabah organized in 2012 and a 60-kilometer endurance run under 35-39-degree Celsius heat with a 60% finish rate amongst runners. First 100 miles ultra-marathon road race, Putrajaya 100 Miles, was held on 22–23 November 2014.
 Nepal hosts several ultramarathon races, including the Annapurna 100, the Kanchenjunga Ultra Marathon Trail Running Race and the Everest Ultra. Running a total of 1,504 km in a bit more than 24 days, Ryan Sandes and Ryno Griesel set a new FKT during March 2018 for the Great Himalaya Trail.
 Northern Mongolia hosts an annual 100 km summer race, Mongolia Sunrise to Sunset.
 Soochow International 24H Ultra-Marathon is held since 1999 in Taipei, and is an official IAU-registered event.
 South Korea's first ultramarathon was held in 2000.
 The Gobi March in northwest China was China's first ultramarathon, first staged in 2003. The Gobi March is part of the 4 Deserts Race Series.

Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand
Australia and New Zealand are hosts to some 100 organized ultramarathons each year. Additionally, a handful of runners have run the entire length of New Zealand, a distance of around .

Australia

In Australia, the Westfield Ultra Marathon was an annual race between Sydney and Melbourne contested between 1983 and 1991. Greek runner Yiannis Kouros won the event five times during that period. Australia is also the home of one of the oldest six-day races in the world, the Cliff Young Australian 6-day race, held in Colac, Victoria. The race is held on a 400-meter circuit at the Memorial Square in the centre of Colac and has seen many close races since its inception in 1984. The 20th Cliff Young Australian six-day race was held between 20 and 26 November 2005. During that event, Kouros beat his existing world record six-day track mark and set a new mark of . The Coast to Kosciuszko inaugurated in 2004, is a  marathon from the coast to the top of Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mountain.

Australia has seen a steep growth in ultrarunning events and participants in recent years. Many new races have come into inception, covering a range of ultramarathon distances from 50 km right through to multi-day events. The cornerstone of Australian Ultra events is such races as Ultra-Trail Australia 100, The Great North Walk Ultras, Surf Coast Century, Bogong to Hotham, Alpine Challenge, GC50 Run Festival, and the Cradle Mountain Run.  The Australian Ultra Runners Association (AURA) has a comprehensive list and links of events and their respective results.

New Zealand
New Zealand's first ultramarathon, called the Kepler Challenge, was held on a  trail through Fiordland National Park. It has been running since 1988 and is one of the country's most popular races. New Zealand's Northburn 100 ultra mountain run is the first 100-mile (160 km) race through the Northburn Station. The Te Houtaewa Challenge has a 62 km race on a ninety-mile beach, in Northland. The runners have to contend with rising tides and soft beach sand and the March race dates often mean the race is run in the cyclone season. In 2014 the ultramarathon was postponed because of Cyclone Lucy. The Tarawera Ultramarathon is currently one of the most competitive ultras in New Zealand and part of the Ultra-Trail World Tour.

In December 2013 in Auckland, Kim Allan ran 500 km in 86 hours, 11 minutes, and 9 seconds, breaking the  women's record.

In April 2013, a Feilding man, Perry Newburn, set a new New Zealand record by running  without sleep at Feilding's Manfeild Park.

Ultramarathon running in New Zealand has a national body: the New Zealand Ultrarunners Association.

Oceania
New Caledonia Trail Festival has several annual ultramarathon including the Ultra Trail New Caledonia 136 km / 6 000m D+ and the Endurance Shop Trail race 70 km / 3 000m D+ on Pentecost long Week end. The Trail des Cagous is another 60 km ultramarathon held in April.

Papua New Guinea has the Kokoda Challenge Race, an annual 96 km endurance race held in late August that runs the length of the historic Kokoda Track.

Papua New Guinea also has the Great Kokoda Race, a multi-stage 96 km (3-day) race held in early July where competitors run or walk the length of the Kokoda Track.

Europe
In Europe, ultrarunning can trace its origins to early documentation of ultrarunners from Icelandic sagas, or ancient Greece from where the idea of the Marathon, and the Spartathlon comes.  The history of ultrarunners and walkers in the UK from the Victorian Era has also been documented. The IAU hosts annual European Championships for the 50 km, 100 km and 24 hours. The European Ultramarathon Cup is an annual cup event covering some of the biggest ultramarathon races in Europe. Also worth mentioning is the ultramarathon CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail, the highest race in Spain and second in Europe, with the participation of several countries and great international repercussions. Besides trail ultramarathons, Europe features large road ultramarathons such as Spartathlon and the Millau 100K, which have gathered thousands of runners for the past 50 years.

There are over 300 ultramarathons held in Europe each year,.
This includes the Harz Run in the Harz Mountains, the Irish Connemarathon, the British Spine Race and Welsh Dragon's Back Race which covers 315 km with 15,500m of height gain.

The UTMB, through France, Italy, and Switzerland has been considered the world's most competitive trail ultra. The other races in the UTMB festival, including the CCC, TDS, and OCC, are also significant events in the ultrarunning calendar.

In 2021 the Megarace was held. The race was 1001 km and was planned to be held on trails through Germany, Czech Republic, and Austria.  Due to Covid, 2021, the course was modified to only go through Germany.

Antarctica
Due to logistics and environmental concerns, there are only a handful of ultramarathons held in Antarctica, and travel costs can mean entrance fees as high as  $14,000.
Ultramarathons in Antarctica include The Last Desert, part of the 4 Deserts Race Series, a multi-stage footrace, and the Antarctic Ice Marathon – a marathon and 100-kilometer race.

North America
There are several hundred ultramarathons held annually in North America. One of the best known is the Western States Endurance Run, the world's oldest 100-mile trail run that is still held. The race began in 1977, founded by Wendell Robie, of Auburn California.

The first mountain trail ultramarathon held in the United States was the 1911 Mount Baker Race (50K), in Bellingham, Washington. Runners raced by car or train to the trailheads, ran up and down Mount Baker 10,000 feet, and then returned to the city.

An early ultramarathon was held in Mexico in 1926, and at the time was part of the Central American Games. Tomas Zafiro and Leoncio San Miguel, both Tarahumara Indians, ran 100 km from Pachuca to Mexico City in 9 hours and 37 minutes. At the time, the Mexican government petitioned to include a 100 km race in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.

In 1928, sports agent C. C. Pyle organized the first of two editions of the 3,455-mile-long Bunion Derby (the first went along U.S. Route 66 from Los Angeles to Chicago before heading toward New York; the 1929 Derby reversed the route). Neither the race nor the accompanying vaudeville show was a financial success.

In the 1980s, Gary "Lazarus Lake" Cantrell and Karl "Raw Dog" Henn conceived the Barkley Marathons, an annual trail race held in March or April in Frozen Head State Park, Tennessee. The course is approximately 20 miles long with approximately 11,000 feet of vertical climb, and runners have 60 hours to complete five laps. The run is notorious not only for its difficulty but also for its secretive nature; entrants must undergo a selection process and entry dates and requirements are not announced, meaning entrants rely on word-of-mouth for details on how to enter. The first Barkley Marathons took place in 1986, and as of 2022, only fifteen runners have ever completed the 100-mile course.

Since 1997, runners have been competing in the Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race, which is billed as the longest official footrace in the world. They run 100 laps a day for up to 50 days around a single block in Queens, NY, for a total distance of . The current recordholder is Ashprihanal Pekka Aalto, at 40 days 09:06:21 for a daily average of  in 2015.

The Fastest known time (FKT) keeps track of supported and unsupported speed records for running, cycling, or hiking routes. Some notable North American routes include the Trans America Run, Pacific Crest Trail, Appalachian Trail, and the Grand Canyon Crossings.

In April 2006, the American Ultrarunning Hall of Fame was established by the American Ultrarunning Association (AUA). Candidates for the Hall of Fame are chosen from the 'modern era' of American ultras, beginning with the New York Road Runners Club 30 Mile race held in 1958. The Inaugural inductees were Ted Corbitt, a former US Olympian, winner of the aforementioned race in 3:04:13, and co-founder of the Road Runners Club of America, and Sandra Kiddy, who began her ultra career at age 42 with a world record at 50 kilometers, 3:36:56, and who went on to set a number of US and world ultra records.

The Yukon Arctic Ultra is described as the coldest and toughest ultra in the world, requiring racers to start from Whitehorse to Dawson City, Yukon, a distance of 430 miles (692 km) in 13 days under the territory's extremely cold conditions in February.

South America
There are a small number of ultramarathons in South America, but participation in the sport is increasing. The Brazil 135 Ultramarathon is a single-stage race of  with a 60-hour cutoff, held in Brazil. This is a Badwater "sister race".
Several ultramarathons are held in Chile and with both local and international participation. Ultramarathons held in Chile include:
Atacama Xtreme 50K, 80K, and the first 100 Miles in Chile. One loop for each distance starting and finishing in San Pedro de Atacama at an avg. of 2,400 above sea level.
 The Atacama Crossing, established in 2004, a 250 km (155-mile) ultramarathon which takes place in the Atacama desert, around San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, and crosses through the driest place on earth. There are six stages in seven days, with almost four marathons running in the first four days, then a 74 km stretch, then a rest day, and a final stage of 11 km. It is part of the 4 Deserts Series. The race covers rugged terrain, with a harsh climate and an altitude that averages 2500 m (8000 ft). The race uses the town of San Pedro de Atacama as its host town, and in 2012 the race began at its highest point of over 3,000m in the Arcoiris Valley.
 The Endurance Challenge, a 10K, 21K, 50K, and 80K trail running race held in the Andes mountain range near Santiago. It is part of the global Endurance Challenge circuit. The race seeks to promote the sport, outdoor activity, and the use of mountain trails, taking care to have the lowest impact possible on the environment.
 The Lican Ray-Villarrica Ultramarathon, a 70 km marathon that starts in Lican Ray, climbs Villarrica Volcano and ends in downtown Villarrica.

 "Extreme Challenge Peru Ultra" at 210 km, 105 km, 50 km and 25 km. This is a race where participants run for 5 consecutive days traveling to Sierra (9,000 to 11,000 feet elevation), the desert (running on top desert dunes), the coast, and the last day at the high elevation jungle (5,900 feet elevation). Some participants also run shorter distances.
 The Patagonian International Marathon, organized by NIGSA, takes place in Torres del Paine National Park, southern Chilean Patagonia. The event features four race distances: an ultramarathon (63 km), a marathon (42 km), a half marathon (21 km), and a 10K. Each distance has a different starting point, but everyone finishes in the same place. The event has the secondary goal of promoting the conservation of Chilean Patagonia and contributing to the sustainable development of the region through the planting of trees in the Torres del Paine National Park through the "Corre y Reforesta" (Run and Reforest) campaign run by the organization "Reforestemos Patagonia"  (Let's Reforest Patagonia)
 The Rapa Nui GrandTrail, an 80k ultramarathon that takes place on Easter Island, Valparaíso Region, Chile. This exotic trail, far out in the Pacific Ocean, takes in the famous Moai statues of the island.

Argentina
There are several ultramarathon races in Argentina.

La Mision has been going on for almost 15 years. There are different editions, one in Villa La Angostura in Patagonia with 3 distances. 110 km with cumulative altitude gain of about 4500m, 160 km with cumulative altitude gain of about 8000m and 200 km with cumulative altitude gain of about 9000m. There is other edition of the race (Short & Half) in Villa San Javier, Cordoba with 2 distances, 35k and 70k.

In April 2019 for the 1st time UTMB took place in Ushuaia (Ushuaia by UTMB) A very tough race facing the wild Patagonia weather with 4 different distances, 35k, 50k, 70k and 130k. The race brings together in one competition all the landscapes and geographies of the southern Andes (forests, rocky terrains, mountains, hills, glaciers, lakes, rivers, and wetlands, among others) The race has a technical, non-stop format and is ruled by the principle of semi-autonomy.

Cerro Champaqui in Cordoba is the landscape of different races. Champa Ultra Race with 5 different distances, 8k / 18k / 26k / 42k, and 62k. Also the UTACCH – Ultra Amanecer Comechingón with 7 different distances, 16k, 26k, 42k, and 4 ultras of 55k, 70k, 110k, and 100 miles.

Ushuaia, at "the end of the world" also hosts Ultra Maratón Glaciar Martial with 3 different distances, 10k, 25k, and 50k.

International Trail Running Association
Many ultramarathon organizers are members of the International Trail Running Association (ITRA), an organization that promotes values, diversity, health, and safety during races, as well as working to further the development of trail running and helps to coordinate between the national and international bodies with an interest in the sport. ITRA also evaluates the difficulty of specific ultramarathon routes according to a number of criteria, such as the distance, the cumulative elevation gain, and the number of loops and stages. ITRA maintains a calendar of ultra Trail running events.

Nutritional Demands of Ultra-Marathons
Ultra-marathon running requires meticulous attention to nutrition for both training and racing. In training, daily caloric needs are influenced by factors like body weight, training duration, and terrain, with carbohydrates comprising around 60% of the macronutrient distribution. Ketogenic diets are discouraged due to potential fatigue. Proper hydration is crucial. In racing, energy intake, carbohydrate availability, protein intake, and strategies to offset dehydration are essential. GI distress can be minimized by avoiding concentrated carbs and saturated fats, with probiotics and prebiotics offering potential relief. Runners should be cautious with supplements and medications, avoiding NSAIDs, and carefully managing caffeine intake. Tailoring nutrition to individual factors is key for ultra-marathon success.

See also

 Fastpacking
 Fell running
 List of ultramarathons
 Skyrunning
 Trail running

References

External links

 Official International Trail Running Association website
 RunUltra.co.uk Global ultramarathon calendar with reviews
 The history of ultrarunning
 Ultra running at IAAF web site
 ULTRAmarathonRunning.com Global ultramarathon calendar
 UltraSignup, global race list and signup site

Endurance games
Long-distance running
Road running distances
Ultrarunning

Ultramarathon


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Houston, Texas, republican capital 1837-1839
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Hurricane Alicia
Husband, Rick
Hutchison, Kay Bailey

I
id Software
Images of Texas
commons:Category:Texas
Inks Dam
Inks Lake
Institute for Christian Studies
Interstate highway routes in Texas
Ireland, John
Irving, Texas
Islands of Texas

J
JCPenney
John Connally Unit
John F. Kennedy assassination
John Redcorn
John Sealy Hospital
Johnson, Lady Bird
Johnson, Lyndon Baines
Johnston, Albert Sidney
Jones, Anson
Jones, Jerry
Joplin, Janis
Jordan, Barbara
Joseph Gribble
JPMorgan Chase Tower - Dallas
JPMorgan Chase Tower - Houston

K
Katy, Texas
Kettle Restaurants
Killeen, Texas
Kimberly-Clark
King of the Hill
King Ranch
Kirk, Ron
Knowles, Beyoncé
Koresh, David
KTRK-TV

L
Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge
Lake Marble Falls
Lakes in Texas
Lady Bird Lake
Lake Austin
Lake Buchanan
Lake LBJ
Lake Travis
:Category:Lakes of Texas
commons:Category:Lakes of Texas
Lamar, Mirabeau B.
Landmarks in Texas
commons:Category:Landmarks in Texas
Landry, Tom
Lane, Walter P.
Laredo International Airport
Laredo, Texas
Las Colinas
Lee College
Legal status of Texas
Leland, Mickey
LeTourneau University
Lipan Apache language
Lipan Apache people
Lists related to the State of Texas:
List of airports in Texas
List of census statistical areas in Texas
List of cities in Texas
List of colleges and universities in Texas
List of companies in Texas
List of counties in Texas
List of county name etymologies in Texas
List of county seat name etymologies in Texas
List of farm to market roads in Texas
List of forts in Texas
List of freeways in the Dallas-Fort Worth area
List of ghost towns in Texas
List of governors of Texas
List of high schools in Texas
List of highways in the Houston area
List of highways in the San Antonio area
List of hospitals in Texas
List of individuals executed in Texas
List of Interstate highway routes in Texas
List of islands of Texas
List of lakes in Texas
List of law enforcement agencies in Texas
List of mayors of Austin, Texas
List of mayors of Dallas, Texas
List of mayors of El Paso, Texas
List of mayors of Fort Worth, Texas
List of mayors of Houston, Texas
List of mayors of Plano, Texas
List of mayors of San Antonio, Texas
List of museums in Texas
List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas
List of newspapers in Texas
List of people from Texas
List of radio stations in Texas
List of railroads in Texas
List of Registered Historic Places in Texas
List of rivers of Texas
List of school districts in Texas
List of state forests in Texas
List of state highway loops in Texas
List of state highway spurs in Texas
List of state highways in Texas
List of state parks in Texas
List of state prisons in Texas
List of symbols of the State of Texas
List of telephone area codes in Texas
List of television stations in Texas
List of United States congressional delegations from Texas
List of United States congressional districts in Texas
List of United States representatives from Texas
List of United States senators from Texas
List of U.S. highway routes in Texas
Literature of Texas
Llano Estacado
Llano River
Llano Uplift
Longhorn Dam
Longview, Texas
Louisiana Purchase of 1803
Love Field
Lower Colorado River Authority
Luanne Platter
Lubbock, Francis
Lubbock International Airport
Lubbock, Texas
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

M
Machemehl, Charles W.
Machemehl, Chuck
Machemehl, Louis A.
Machemehl, Paul
McAllen, Texas
McAllen-Miller International Airport
McClure, Jessica
Magnolia Hotel (Dallas, Texas)
Magnolia Hotel (Houston)
Mansfield Dam
Mass shootings in Texas
Maps of Texas
commons:Category:Maps of Texas
Marshall, Texas
Mesquite Championship Rodeo
Mesquite, Texas
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas
METRORail
Mexican Texas
Michelson Museum of Art
Midland, Texas
Miller, Laura
Minute Maid Park
 Missing in Brooks County
Mission, Texas
Monuments and memorials in Texas
commons:Category:Monuments and memorials in Texas
Moody Gardens
Moores School of Music
Mountains of Texas
commons:Category:Mountains of Texas
Mount Bonnell
Murrah, Pendleton
Museums in Texas
:Category:Museums in Texas
commons:Category:Museums in Texas
Music of Texas
:Category:Music of Texas
commons:Category:Music of Texas
:Category:Musical groups from Texas
:Category:Musicians from Texas
Mustangs at Las Colinas

N
Nancy Gribble
National Forests of Texas
commons:Category:National Forests of Texas
Natural history of Texas
commons:Category:Natural history of Texas
Nature centers in Texas
commons:Category:Nature centers in Texas
Neiman Marcus
New Braunfels, Texas

O
Odessa, Texas
Option fee (Texas)
Orange, Texas
Orbison, Roy
Outdoor sculptures in Texas
commons:Category:Outdoor sculptures in Texas

P
Palo Duro Canyon
Parker, Cynthia Ann
Parker, Daniel
Parker, Quanah
Pasadena, Texas
Pecos River
Pedernales River
Peggy Hill
People from Texas
:Category:People from Texas
commons:Category:People from Texas
:Category:People by city in Texas
:Category:People from Texas by county
:Category:People from Texas by occupation
Perry, Rick
Plano, Texas
Poe, Ted
Politics of Texas
:Category:Politics of Texas
commons:Category:Politics of Texas
Port Arthur, Texas
Protected areas of Texas
commons:Category:Protected areas of Texas

Q
Quinn, Paul

R
Radio Shack
Railroad museums in Texas
commons:Category:Railroad museums in Texas
Red Line (Dallas Area Rapid Transit)
Red River of the South
Registered Historic Places in Texas
Redneck
Reliant Astrodome
Reliant Energy
Reliant Park
Reliant Stadium
Religion in Texas
:Category:Religion in Texas
commons:Category:Religion in Texas
Renaissance Tower (Dallas)
Republic of Texas
Republic of Texas (group)
Resendiz, Angel Maturino
Reunion Arena
Rice University
Rice, William Marsh
Richards, Ann
Richardson, Texas
Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport
Rio Grande
Rio Grande Valley
Rio Grande Valley White Wings
Rivas, George
Rock formations in Texas
commons:Category:Rock formations in Texas
Roller coasters in Texas
commons:Category:Roller coasters in Texas
Round Rock Express
Ryan, Nolan

S
Sabine River
St. Edward's University
Saint Mary's University of San Antonio
San Angelo Colts
San Angelo, Texas
San Antonio Bay
San Antonio de Béxar, colonial capital 1772-1824
San Antonio Area Foundation
San Antonio International Airport
San Antonio Silver Stars
San Antonio Spurs
San Antonio, Texas
San Benito, Texas
San Jacinto College
San José Island (Texas)
San Marcos, Texas
Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge
Schlitterbahn
Seal of the State of Texas
Seguin, Texas
Selena
Selena, Death of
Service Corporation International
Settlements in Texas
Cities in Texas
Towns in Texas
Villages in Texas
Census Designated Places in Texas
Other unincorporated communities in Texas
List of ghost towns in Texas
Sharpstown scandal
Sherman, Texas
Shasta
Shiner beer
Sid Richardson College
Six Flags
Six Flags Astroworld
Smith, Preston
South by Southwest Festival
Southeast Texas Regional Airport
Southern Methodist University
South Padre Island, Texas
South Park Mexican
Southwest Airlines
Southwest Conference
Spindletop
Sports in Texas
:Category:Sports in Texas
commons:Category:Sports in Texas
:Category:Sports venues in Texas
commons:Category:Sports venues in Texas
Max Starcke Dam
State Fair
State Fair of Texas
State of Texas  website
Government of the State of Texas
:Category:Government of Texas
commons:Category:Government of Texas
Strauss, Annette
Structures in Texas
commons:Category:Buildings and structures in Texas
Sugar Land Regional Airport
Sugar Land, Texas
Superconducting Super Collider
Superfund sites in Texas
Symbols of the State of Texas
:Category:Symbols of Texas
commons:Category:Symbols of Texas
the

T
Tandy Center Subway
Tejanos
Telecommunications in Texas
commons:Category:Communications in Texas
Telephone area codes in Texas
Temple, Texas
Texans for Fiscal Accountability
Texans for Vaccine Choice
Texarkana, Texas
Texas  website
:Category:Texas
commons:Category:Texas
commons:Category:Maps of Texas
Texas 7
Texas A&M University
Texas A&M University at Galveston
Texas Annexation
Texas Asia Society
Texas Association of Licensed Investigators
Texas Border Coalition
Texas Bureau of Child and Animal Protection
Texas Cart War
Texas Centennial Exposition
Texas Christian University
Texas City Disaster
Texas City, Texas
Texas Co-op Power magazine
Texas Civil Service Testing
Texas County & District Retirement System
Texas Declaration of Independence
Texas Fair Trade Coalition
Texas Fund Trapping Notice
Texas Gas Service
Texas Health and Science University
Texas Highland Lakes
Texas Highway Patrol Association
Texas Hill Country
Texas Historical Commission
Texas in the American Civil War
Texas Instruments
Texas Junior Golf Tour
Texas Legation
Texas Legislature
Texas literature
Texas Longhorn (cattle)
Texas Longhorn sports teams (The University of Texas)
Texas Medical Center
Texas Millionaires Chorus
Texas Mini GP Series
Texas Municipal Retirement System
Texas Night Train
Texas Our Texas
Texas Panhandle
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
Texas Policy Evaluation Project
Texas Psychological Association
Texas Rangers (baseball)
Texas Ranger Division (the "Texas Rangers")
Texas Revolution
Texas Soaring Association
Texas Southern University
Texas State Capitol
Texas State Guard
Texas State Guard Commanding General's Individual Award
Texas State University
Texas Statutes
Texas Tech University
Texas Woman's University
Tex-Mex cuisine
Thanks-Giving Square
Theatres in Texas
commons:Category:Theatres in Texas
Timeline of the Texas Revolution
Toll bridges, tunnels, and ferries in Texas
Tom Miller Dam
Tonkawa
Tourism in Texas  website
commons:Category:Tourism in Texas
Toyota Center (Houston)
Transportation in Texas
:Category:Transportation in Texas
commons:Category:Transport in Texas
Travis, William B.
Treaty Oak (Austin, Texas)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848
Trinity Metro
Trinity Railway Express
Trinity River
Tropical Storm Allison
Turtle Bayou Resolutions
TX – United States Postal Service postal code for the State of Texas
Tyler, Texas

U
United States of America
States of the United States of America
United States census statistical areas of Texas
United States congressional delegations from Texas
United States congressional districts in Texas
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas
United States District Court for the Western District of Texas
United States representatives from Texas
United States senators from Texas
University of Houston
University of Houston–Clear Lake
University of Houston–Downtown
University of Houston Law Center
University of Houston System
University of Houston–Victoria
University of North Texas
University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas at El Paso
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
University of Texas at San Antonio
University of Texas System
Unpuncliegut
Uptown Houston
U.S. highway routes in Texas
US-TX – ISO 3166-2:US region code for the State of Texas
USS Texas

V
Van Zandt, Isaac
Vaughan, Stevie Ray
Velasco, Republic of Texas, republican capital 1836
Victoria, Texas

W
Waco, Texas
Walker, Texas Ranger
Waller, Edwin
Walnut Springs Park
Washington, Republic of Texas, republican capital 1836
Water parks in Texas
Waterfalls of Texas
commons:Category:Waterfalls of Texas
Wells Fargo Plaza (El Paso)
Wells Fargo Plaza (Houston)
West Texas
West Texas A&M University
Whataburger
Wheatley Place
White, D. P.
White, Mark
Whitman, Charles
Wichita Falls, Texas
Wikimedia
Wikimedia Commons:Category:Texas
commons:Category:Maps of Texas
Wikinews:Category:Texas
Wikinews:Portal:Texas
Wikipedia Category:Texas
Wikipedia Portal:Texas
Wikipedia:WikiProject Texas
:Category:WikiProject Texas articles
Wikipedia:WikiProject Texas#Participants
Wiley College
William P. Hobby Airport
Williams Tower
Wind power in Texas
Wines of Texas
Wirtz Dam
Women's Shelter of South Texas

X
XIT Ranch

Y
Yates, Andrea Pia

Z
Zellweger, Renée
Zoos in Texas
commons:Category:Zoos in Texas
ZZ Top

See also

Topic overview:
Texas
Outline of Texas

Topic articles

.

Texas

Index of Texas-related articles


Os Mogholis (Mogul, Mongul) são um povo mongol as descendentes dos soldados do Império Mogol na área do Afeganistão. Eles vivem nas aldeias Kundur e Karez-i-Mulla daProvíncia de Herat e falam a língua mogholi. Os Mogholis às vezes se chamam "Shahjahan", porque se juntaram ao exército do Imperador Xá Jeã do Império Mogol. Anteriormente, as aldeias Moghol podiam ser encontradas na província Ghor, em todo o Hazarajat, e no extremo leste da província de Badaquexão.

História
Os ancestrais dos mogholis se estabeleceram na região nos séculos XIII e XIV servindo como soldados durante as Conquistas e invasões mongóis. Eles ocuparam o Império Corásmio e a área que logo se tornaria o Ilkanate durante esse período. Enquanto os Mogholis viviam em todo o Afeganistão, seus assentamentos foram reduzidos a Herat em meados do século XX. Nas últimas décadas, a maioria dos Mogholis adotou a Língua dari e, assim, a língua Mogholi pode vir a ser extinta.

Os mogholis aderiram ao  Sunismo.

Notas

 Mogholis
 Moghois
Moghois
Moghois

Mogholis


Skarlatstoppur (fræðiheiti Lonicera x brownii) er blendingur af geitblaðsætt á milli tegundanna þyriltopps (L. hirsuta) og pípnatopps (L. sempervirens) eða talinn sjálfstæð tegund.

Hann hefur lítið eitt verið reyndur á Íslandi.

Heimild

Geitblaðsætt

Skarlatstoppur


عبد الله السناني (25 أكتوبر 1965)، ممثل سعودي.

عن حياته
ولد في المدينة المنورة ، وعمل في القطاع العسكري في بدايته ثم استقال عام 1987، وفي عام 1988 اتجه إلى الرياض، وكان لديه موهبة في إضحاك الناس وكان يطمح أن يكون ممثلا، وقصد الممثل محمد العلي الذي تبناه، وأول عمل قدمه هو أخلاقنا وعرفه الجمهور من خلال مسلسل البداية والنهاية.

أعماله

من المسلسلات
 طاش ما طاش.
 وش وشه.
 شيكات.
 سليم ودستة حريم.
 ملف علاقي.
 مزحه برزحه.
 المقطار.
 جاري يا حمودة.
 عقاب - الجزء الثالث.
 يا ناس ياهوه.
 بيني وبينك - الجزء الثاني.
 عمشه بنت عماش.
 ابوشلاخ البرمائي.
 الوهم.
 سواق المعازيب.
 طالع نازل.
 ألو مرحبا.
 منا وفينا.
 سيلفي.
بدون فلتر.
العاصوف

من المسرحيات
 حمود ومحيميد.
 الريموت.

من البرامج
 مو معقول.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من المدينة المنورة
ممثلون وممثلات سعوديون
مواليد 1385 هـ
مواليد 1965

عبد الله السناني


Lord Elphinstone is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created by King James IV in 1510.

History
The title of Lord Elphinstone was granted by King James IV in 1510 to Sir Alexander Elphinstone of Elphinstone, who was killed at the Battle of Flodden three years later. He was succeeded by his son, the second Lord, killed at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547. His grandson, the fourth Lord, served as Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. His great-great-great-great-grandson, the eleventh Lord, sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1778 to 1794. He was succeeded by his son, the twelfth Lord, who was a Lieutenant-General in the Army, a Scottish Representative Peer from 1803 to 1807 and Lord Lieutenant of Dunbartonshire.

His son, the thirteenth Lord, served as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1833 to 1834 and from 1847 to 1849, and he was also Governor of Bombay and of Madras. In 1859, he was created Baron Elphinstone, of Elphinstone in the County of Stirling, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. However, this title became extinct on his death in 1860 while he was succeeded in the lordship by his first cousin, the fourteenth Lord. He was the son of Admiral the Hon. Charles Elphinstone Fleeming, second son of the eleventh Lord.

When he died the following year, this line of the family also failed and he was succeeded by his second cousin, the fifteenth Lord. He was the grandson of the Hon. William Elphinstone, third son of the tenth Lord. Lord Elphinstone sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1867 to 1885 and served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) in the Conservative administrations of Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Salisbury. In 1885, he was created Baron Elphinstone, of Elphinstone in the County of Haddington, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Lords Elphinstone sat in the House of Lords in right of this title until the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the upper chamber of Parliament.

He was succeeded by his son, the sixteenth Lord, who in 1910 married Lady Mary Bowes-Lyon, second daughter of Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and elder sister of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, wife of King George VI and mother of Queen Elizabeth II. He was succeeded by his son, the seventeenth Lord, who was taken Prisoner of War on 12 June 1940. Between 1944 and 1945, he was one of the 'Prominente' prisoners at Colditz Castle (Oflag IV-C). On his death in 1975, the titles passed to his nephew, the eighteenth Lord.

, the titles are held by the latter's son, the nineteenth Lord, who succeeded in 1994 at the age of fourteen. He is Chief of Clan Elphinstone. Lord Elphinstone is a third cousin of the Prince of Wales.

Other members of the Elphinstone family include James Elphinstone, 1st Lord Balmerino, younger son of the third Lord Elphinstone. Lord Balmerino's younger son was James Elphinstone, 1st Lord Coupar. Another member was George Keith Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith, who was the fifth son of the tenth Lord Elphinstone. Lord Keith's daughter Margaret Keith, 2nd Baroness Keith (who had succeeded to the two baronies of Keith held by her father according to special remainders in the letters patent), inherited the Lordship of Nairne in 1837, a title which is now held by the Viscount Mersey.

The family seat is Whitberry House near Tyninghame, East Lothian.

Lords Elphinstone (1510); Barons Elphinstone (1885)
 Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone (d. 1513)
 Alexander Elphinstone, 2nd Lord Elphinstone (1510–1547)
 Robert Elphinstone, 3rd Lord Elphinstone (1530–1602)
 Alexander Elphinstone, 4th Lord Elphinstone (1552–1638)
 Alexander Elphinstone, 5th Lord Elphinstone (1577–1648)
 Alexander Elphinstone, 6th Lord Elphinstone (1620 - 1654)
 Alexander Elphinstone, 7th Lord Elphinstone (1647–1669)
 John Elphinstone, 8th Lord Elphinstone (1649–1718)
 Charles Elphinstone, 9th Lord Elphinstone (1676–1757)
 Charles Elphinstone, 10th Lord Elphinstone (1711–1781)
 John Elphinstone, 11th Lord Elphinstone (1737–1794)
 John Elphinstone, 12th Lord Elphinstone (1764–1813)
 John Elphinstone, 13th Lord Elphinstone (1807–1860)
 John Elphinstone, 14th Lord Elphinstone (1819–1861)
 William Buller Fullerton Elphinstone, 15th Lord Elphinstone, 1st Baron Elphinstone (1828–1893)
 Sidney Herbert Elphinstone, 16th Lord Elphinstone, 2nd Baron Elphinstone (1869–1955)
 John Alexander Elphinstone, 17th Lord Elphinstone, 3rd Baron Elphinstone (1914–1975)
 James Alexander Elphinstone, 18th Lord Elphinstone, 4th Baron Elphinstone (1953–1994)
 Alexander Mountstuart Elphinstone, 19th Lord Elphinstone, 5th Baron Elphinstone (b. 1980)

Arms

See also
 Clan Elphinstone
 Elphinstone baronets
 Lord Balmerinoch
 Lord Coupar
 Lord Nairne
 William Elphinstone, Lord Elphinstone, a senator of the College of Justice, 1637

References

Attribution

Lordships of Parliament
Lists of Scottish people
People associated with Stirling (council area)
People associated with East Lothian

Noble titles created in 1510

Lord Elphinstone


Un jubileo de diamante (Diamond Jubilee en inglés) es una celebración para conmemorar el sexagésimo (60.º) aniversario de un evento (en el caso de un aniversario de bodas, la duración del reinado de un monarca, etcétera.) o el 75 aniversario de un evento en el caso de una institución (la fundación de una universidad, por ejemplo).

Commonwealth
La reina Victoria celebró su jubileo de diamante el 22 de junio de 1897.

La reina Isabel II (reina del Reino Unido, Canadá, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Jamaica y sus otros reinos y territorios) celebró su jubileo de diamante del 2 al 5 de junio de 2012, junto con su 86 cumpleaños.

Japón
El reinado de sesenta años del Emperador de Japón se les llama en japonés rokujuu Go-Zai-i-nen Kinen (御 在位 60 年 记念). El emperador Hirohito celebró su jubileo de diamante el 29 de abril de 1986.

Tailandia
Tailandia celebró el aniversario de diamante del rey Bhumibol Adulyadej en el año 2006.

Véase también

 Jubileo (aniversario)

Referencias

Aniversarios
Monarquía

Jubileo de diamante


Das Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York City (MCC New York) ist ein US-amerikanisches Bundesgefängnis im New Yorker Stadtteil Manhattan. Es wurde 1975 eröffnet und befindet sich an der Park Row hinter dem Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse am Foley Square.

Das MCC New York ist eine Einrichtung für Strafgefangene, die vor Bundesgerichten angeklagt werden. Es ist für männliche und weibliche Gefangene aller Sicherheitsstufen angelegt. 2017 waren dort knapp 800 Personen inhaftiert.

Bekannte Insassen

Weblinks
 MCC New York (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

New York City
Bauwerk in Manhattan
Gefängnis in New York
Organisation (Manhattan)


Pneumatik (prema grč. πνευματιϰός: koji se odnosi na vjetar, zrak, dah) je zrakom napuhani elastični dio kotača cestovnoga vozila (često se naziva automobilska guma, kamionska guma ili druga guma). Pneumatik treba vozilu osigurati dobro prianjanje i prijenos uzdužnih i bočnih sila na površinu ceste, što manji otpor kotrljanja, dobro prigušivanje vibracija i što manju buku, uz što veću trajnost. To se postiže odgovarajućim ustrojem građe gume, izborom izmjera (dimenzija), materijala, profilacije i drugim.

Danas se osim pneumatskih guma proizvode i gume napunjene polimernim materijalom, koje zadržavaju oblik i funkciju čak i ako se probuše.

Dijelovi
Osnovni su dijelovi automobilske gume:
 vanjski sloj s profiliranim gaznim slojem i bokom gume;
 karkasa ili kostur, koji nosi opterećenje kada je guma napuhana;
 korda, to jest gumirane niti od kojih su sastavljeni slojevi platna.

Automobilske se gume razlikuju prema kutu polaganja kordnih niti u odnosu na uzdužnu os gaznoga sloja:
 kod dijagonalnih guma niti su položene naizmjenično koso,
 a kod radijalnih guma su pod pravim kutom. Danas su sve gume radijalne, a označavaju se dogovorenim oznakama.

Povijest
Prvi pneumatik izradio je 1845. škotski inženjer Robert W. Thomson, no nije našao primjenu. Ne znajući za taj izum, J. B. Dunlop izradio je 1888. pneumatike za tricikl svojega sina, a samo godinu dana poslije u Dublinu je otvorio prvu tvornicu za proizvodnju automobilskih guma.

Izvori

Dijelovi cestovnih vozila
Guma

Pneumatik


Berneray () is an island and community in the Sound of Harris, Scotland. It is one of fifteen inhabited islands in the Outer Hebrides. It is famed for its rich and colourful history which has attracted much tourism. It lies within the South Lewis, Harris and North Uist National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development.

With an area of , Berneray rises to a height of  at Beinn Shlèibhe (Moor Hill) and  at Cnoc Bhuirgh (Borve Hill). It is known for its sandy beaches backed with sand dunes. Tràigh Iar (West Beach), a three-mile stretch of wide, clean and often deserted sand, is widely acclaimed.

There is strong evidence that points to Berneray being inhabited since the Bronze Age, and possibly before. The island is scattered with ancient sacred sites, stone circles, signs of Viking inhabitation and historical buildings, some several centuries old.

Although Berneray is geographically closer to North Uist, it is part of the Bays of Harris Estate and under the Parish of Harris.

Etymology
The name "Berneray" is from the Old Norse Bjarnar-øy and means either "Bjorn's island" or possibly "bear island". This island is known by Gaelic speakers as Beàrnaraigh na Hearadh, meaning "Berneray of Harris" to distinguish it from Beàrnaraigh Cheann Bharraigh, literally "Berneray of Barra Head ", now usually known in English simply as Barra Head. More recently Gaelic speakers have also used Beàrnaraigh Uibhist, i.e. "Berneray of Uist" to refer to the northern Berneray.

Demographics

In common with most islands in the Outer Hebrides, the population declined during the 19th and 20th centuries. However, the past few years has seen a stabilisation. The island's population was 138 as recorded by the 2011 census a small rise since 2001 when there were 136 usual residents. During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. Most people on Berneray speak Scottish Gaelic, many as a first language.

Commerce and transport

The main industries are fishing, crofting (small-scale individual farming), media/IT and tourism. Broadband internet provision became available in January 2006, giving an incentive to people wishing to relocate to Berneray and helping sustain the population and community.

A key feature of Berneray is its machair. The machair is a coastal plain made up of windblown shell sand. Traditional crofting practice, which involves summer agriculture using seaweed together with dung from winter grazing animals as natural fertiliser, has, over time, bound together and stabilised the land. The machair is ploughed in rotation, giving a patchwork of crops and fallow of different ages which supports a wide range of flowers. Berneray has a particularly fine machair, a result of careful husbandry by the island's crofters, helped by the absence of rabbits.

The youth hostel on Berneray is part of the Gatliff Hebridean Hostels Trust. The hostel consists of two restored black houses and is located at a magnificent setting overlooking the sound of Harris.

Possibly the greatest change in modern times occurred in 1999 when the causeway opened between Berneray and Otternish on North Uist. This has eased travelling on and off the island, improving employment prospects and accelerating the carriage of produce (notably, crabs and lobster). The causeway contains culverts that allow the easy passage of otters and fish from one side of the structure to the other. The causeway was formally opened by Prince Charles in April 1999. It is the first of a series of causeways connecting islands in the area. The North Ford Causeway (the A865) connects North Uist to the Isle of Benbecula. The South Ford Causeway (still the A865) connects Benbecula to South Uist. Finally, the Eriskay Causeway connects South Uist to Eriskay.

Berneray is served by regular local bus services from Lochmaddy on North Uist, many of which form part of the "Spine Route" from Eriskay. Most services are operated by Grenitote Travel, with funding from Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. Berneray is also linked to Harris, Scotland via Leverburgh by the ferry , operated by Caledonian MacBrayne.

The CalMac ferry  is named after the largest loch on Berneray. It can occasionally be seen relieving for MV Loch Portain.

Nature

The crofting practices also encourage a wide array of wildlife on Berneray. On early summer evenings you can sometimes hear snipe drumming, and even the rasp of a corncrake. Mute swans can be seen on Loch Brusda, and greylag geese are common. In the winter they are joined by barnacle, and a few brent geese. Ravens, grey herons and buzzards are often to be seen. Golden eagles and hen harriers are rarer sights, usually in the winter. Wading birds on the shore include redshank, sanderling, turnstone, oystercatcher, dunlin, curlew, whimbrel, ringed plover.

Further out, around the shores of Berneray, are mallards, eiders, red-breasted mergansers, and, more rarely, black-throated and great northern divers. Shags and cormorants fish in the seas around Berneray throughout the year, and in summer you can see gannets diving. Common seals often congregate at low tide on the rocks in Bays Loch, and can often be seen from the parking area a little way beyond the Post Office or by taking a boat trip out into the bay. Grey seals, which are larger and can be distinguished by the long "Roman" noses, also haul out there occasionally, but are more common off the West Beach. Though the otters of Berneray are out during the day more often than on the mainland, they are still elusive, and it takes patience and luck to see one.

Media and the arts
A documentary entitled Shepherds of Berneray was aired on UK television in 1981.

Berneray was in world news in 1987 when it was found that Charles, Prince of Wales had visited the island to live a normal Berneray life as a crofter. He lived and worked with a crofter for one week and his visit spawned the later television documentary, A Prince Among Islands, in 1991.

In 2007 a DVD called The Old New Year – a living tradition on the Isle of Berneray - was released about the island's Oidhche Challainn ("New Year's Eve", literally "Night of the Calends) celebration of New Year on 12 January in line the former Highland tradition of following the Julian Calendar.

In 2009 it was reported that Berneray's west beach had been used to advertise Kae Bae beach in Trat Province, Thailand. A VisitScotland spokeswoman said that "I'm sure it is a compliment in disguise."

The traditional Gaelic song 'Fàgail Bheàrnaraigh' (Leaving Berneray) later became the American folk song "O, Waly, Waly' The Water is Wide" with new lyrics added in English.

The English singer Vashti Bunyan wrote much of her debut album Just Another Diamond Day while living in a croft on Berneray. She revisits her old home at the end of Kieran Evans' documentary film about Bunyan's early life, Vashti Bunyan: From Here To Before.

Famous residents
 Berneray is the birthplace of the giant Angus MacAskill.
 Iain Eairdsidh MacAsgaill, a World War I veteran of the King's Own Cameron Highlanders, Western Australian bush poet in Scottish Gaelic, and highly important figure in 20th-century Scottish Gaelic literature, was born and raised on Berneray.
 Donald MacKillop (1926 - 2015), a songwriter, poet, and important figure in Scottish Gaelic literature, was also from Berneray.

See also

 List of islands of Scotland
 Burghead - an east coast village that also celebrates the Old New Year.
 Newtonferry - a village on North Uist

References

External links

Panorama of Berneray Beach (QuickTime required)
Am Paipear Community Newspaper
Berneray community website

Islands of the Sound of Harris
Uist islands

Berneray (North Uist)


بلدية سانتو دوميغنو دي سايلوس , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برغش, التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة وليون, والتي تقع في شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 305 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة برغش
بلديات برغش

سانتو دوميغنو دي سايلوس


Damga, Reşat Nuri Güntekin tarafından 1924 yılında yazılmış kısa romanlardan biridir. Türk edebiyatının sevilen eserlerinden biridir. Ağırlıklı olarak Osmanlı'nın son yıllarını anlatan bir romandır. İkinci Meşrutiyet'in ilanından hemen sonraki yaşamı anlatır. Güntekin, çocukluk anılarının dile getirildiği eski İstanbul günlerini anlatmaktadır.

Genel yorumlar
Romanın ana kahramanı "İffet" adlı bir adamdır. Vedia'ya duyulan büyük aşkın, sonunda boş bir kuruntu nedeniyle umutsuzluğa dönüşmesi hüzünlü şekilde ifade etmektedir. Özlenen bir evliliğin gerçekleşmemesi, büyük bir düş kırıklığına yol açar.

Konu
İffet hep ağabeyi Muzaffer'den farklı olmak istemiştir. Bunu gören Mahmut Efendi İffet'i hep Muzaffer'den ayrı sever. İffet, Kamiyap Kalfa sayesinde haftada iki gün Paşa babasından habersiz mahalle okuluna gider, oradaki çocuklarla arkadaşlık eder. Yazları ise, Karamürsel'deki Damlacık Çiftliğinde yaşayan Hatice halasının yanında geçirir. Burada geçirdiği iki ay onun için çok farklıdır. Özellikle halasının anlattığı hayaletli değirmen öyküsünden çok etkilenir. Bu hikâyede; birbirini çok seven Fatma ve İsmail, İsmail'in askere gitmesi nedeniyle ayrılırlar. Fatma, İsmail'i iki yıl bekler ama çevresindekilerin baskısıyla Gaffar Ağa'yla evlendirilir. Aradan zaman geçtikten sonra İsmail Yemen'den geri döner ve Fatma'nın evlendiğini öğrenir. Yalnız ikisi de hala birbirlerini çok sevmektedirler. Bu nedenle geceleri gizli gizli değirmende buluşurlar. Bir gün basılmak üzereyken İsmail, Fatma'nın namusunu kurtarmak için değirmenden kendisini soğuk sulara atar ve cesedi bile bulunamaz.

İffet bu masaldan çok etkilenir. Bu masal ona sevilen bir kadın için kendini feda etmeyi öğretir. İffet büyür, ağabeyi hünkar yaveri olur ve sırma kordonlar takar. İffet ise babası tarafından idadi mektebine verilir. İffet'in okul'da özgürlükçü ve meşrutiyetçi fikirleri olan bir Celal Ağabeyi vardır. Celal'e, fikirlerini saklamayıp açıklıkla savunduğu için saygı duymaktadır. Ama okuldaki bir öğretmeninin, ihtilal ve meşrutiyet hakkındaki sözlerinden dolayı tutuklanması, İffet'in okuldan uzaklaştırılmasına neden olur.

Kısa bir zaman sonra Meşrutiyet ilan edilir ve İffet'in babası Halis Paşa görevden alınarak Midilli'ye sürgün edilir. İffet'te babasıyla iki buçuk yıl Midilli'de yaşar. Babasının ölümü üzerine İstanbul'a dönerek bir evde paralı öğretmen olarak çalışır. Evin hanımı Vedia Hanım ile arasında duygusal bir yakınlaşma doğar. Geceleri gizlice sahilde buluşurlar. İffet her gece kayıkhane harabesinde Vedia'yı bekler. İffet Vedia'ya Damlacık'taki su değirmeninin masalını anlatır. Bir köy delikanlısının sevdiğini ele vermemek için yaptığı fedakarlığın aynısını bir gün kendisinin de yapabileceğini söyler. Bir gün yine gizlice buluşurlarken basılırlar ve İffet aynen masaldaki gibi, sevdiği kadının namusunu kurtarmak için hırsız damgası yiyerek, altı ay hapse mahkûm edilir.

Bir Mayıs günü, Vasif Efendi ile hapisten çıkar. İffet, dışarıda kendini iyi hissetmemektedir. Ne yapacağını şaşırır. Birkaç gün yakınlarının yanında kaldıktan sonra bir oda kiralar. Hapisten çıktıktan sonra Celal, İffet için sadece bir arkadaş değil, bir baba gibi olmuştur. İffet'in Hatice Halası kadar çok sevdiği bir Fahriye Yengesi vardır. Bir gün Muzaffer'den yengesinin durumunun iyi olmadığını haber alır ve zorunlu olarak Fahriye Yengesini görmeye gider. Fahriye Yenge onu çok iyi karşılar ve bir istekte bulunur: 400 bin lirasını bankaya yatırmalıdır. İffet çok şaşırır. Çünkü, kendi ağabeyinin bile kendisine güveni kalmamıştır. İffet sürekli olarak kendi yediği damlayı düşündüğünden bu görevi kabul etmez. Psikolojisi hep böyledir. Celal, İffet'e bir iş bulur. Görüşmek için giden İffet ilk iş görüşmesinde büyük bir ümitsizliğe kapılır. Kendisinden istenen gümrükten ,eşya çıkarmasıydı. "Yarın gelirim "diye mağazadan ayrılır.Ama bu olayın tesiri günlerce üstünden atamaz, namuslu bir iş bulmaktaki ümidi giderek azalır.

Yaz bitiyordu ve İffet hala iş bulamaz. Elinde ne varsa satar, bazı geceler aç yatardı. Ev kirasını ödemek için en son babasının yadigarı olan altın saati bile satar. En sonunda Celal, İffet'e Hukuk-u Milliye gazetesinde iş bulur. İffet bundan çok mutlu olarak yorulmadan çalışmaya başlar. Çevresindekiler artık rahatsız olmaz çok kısa zaman sonra gazete bütün İffet ve arkadaşları Telgraf gazetesinde çalışmaya başlar.Fakat kısa zaman sonra Telgraf gazetesinden de ayrılır, yine aç ve açıktadır. Celal geçinemeyip Konya'ya gider. İffet ayda bir Muzaffer abisinin gönderdiği parayla ev kirasını öder.

Bir gün sokakta yürürken Celal'e rastlar. Celal Konya'da avukatlık görevinden ayrılarak ticarete atılmıştır. İffet'e de kendi yanında bir iş verir. İffet'in işi şehirler arası yolculuklarda mal taşımaktır. İffet yeni yüzler, yeni insanlar tanıdıkça hayata bağlılığı artmakta, yaptığı işten memnun kalmaktadır. Yolda gördüğü insanlara yardım eder ve onların ihtiyaçlarını karşılar. Yine kötü hava şartlarında İzmir'den İstanbul'a doğru hareket eder. Tren Afyon'da hareket edemez duruma gelir. Dışarı çıkar ve kendisinden hasta annesi için yardım isteyen Rana'ya yardım eder. Rana, masum ve çocuksu bir kızdır. İffet Rana'dan çok hoşlanır, yalnız yediği damga yüzünden Rana'dan uzaklaşır.

İffet uzun süre sonra Hocası Mahmut Efendi'yi görmeye gider. Mahmut Efendi'nin eşi ölmüş kendisine gelini bakar. Mahmut Efendi ile uzun uzun konuşurlar,eski hatıraları anarlar. Gece Mahmut Efendi'den ayrıldıktan sonra sokakta kavga eden bir kadın ve erkekle karşılaşır. Adam kadını hırsızlıkla suçlar ve polise götürmekle tehdit eder. İffet, bu kadını görünce Rana aklına gelir ve bu kadının masum olduğunu, kendisi gibi damga yediğini düşünerek onu kendi himayesi altına almayı düşünür. Adama para vererek kızı kurtarır. Yalnız kadın hiç düşündüğü gibi çıkmaz. Bir geceyi beraber geçirdikten sonra kadın ayrılır ve İffet'in duyguları yine incinir.

Muzaffer Ağabeyinden gelen telgraf İffet'in moralini yükseltir. Telgrafta ev ve yatırımlar hakkındaki mahkemeyi kazandıkları yazar. İffet İstanbul'a döner ve eline epeyce para geçer. İstanbul'da iyi bir malikane alır. Yanına da Mahmut Efendi öldükten sonra tek başına kalan gelini ve torununu alır. Eline para geçtikten sonra eski akrabaları ile tekrar görüşmeye başlar.

Bir gün İffet Beyoğlu'nda gezerken Vedia ile karşılaşır. Hiçbir şey olmamış gibi iki çift karşılıklı konuşurlar. İffet tekrar Vedia'ya karşı duygular hisseder. Yalnız Vedia tekrar İffet'le olmak istemez.

Klasik Türk romanları
Reşat Nuri Güntekin romanları

Damga (roman)


Kimçi, ayrıca kimchi, gimçi, gimchi veya kimchee olarak da bilinen, mayalanmış kırmızıbiber ve sebzelerden özellikle Çin lahanasından yapılan, geleneksel bir Kore yemeğidir. Kelimenin eski telaffuzu çim-çae (chim-chae) (Hangul: 침채; Hanja: 沈菜) şeklindedir ve "sıvıya bastırılıp bekletilen/batırılmış sebze" anlamına gelir. Ancak, telaffuzdaki büyük değişiklikle, kimçinin artık aslı Hanja ile bir ilgisi kalmamıştır.

Kore'de, kimçi daha çok yemeklerin yanında garnitür olarak servis edilir ama bazı yemeklerde malzeme olarak kullanıldığı da olur: kimçi jjigae (kimçi güveç), kimçi bokkeumbap (kimçi kızartılmış pirinç) ve diğer yemekler gibi.

Malzemeler
Kimçi genellikle bir sebze ve aroma verici baharatlar karışımından oluşur. En bilinen ve yaygın malzeme Çin lahanası olmakla beraber bölgesel ve mevsimsel çeşitlemeler mevcuttur. Turp, sarımsak, kırmızı biber, taze soğan, mürekkep balığı, istiridye, diğer deniz ürünleri, taze zencefil, tuz ve şeker kullanılır. Popüler çeşitlerden bazıları turpla yapılan kkakdugi ve acı baharatlarla doldurulmuş salatalık kimçi oisobaegidir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kore geleneksel kimçisi
 Kore Ulusal Turizm Organizasyonu'nun Kimçi sayfası
 Kimçi Saha Müzesi, Seoul
 Kimçi tarifi  fotoğraflarla

Kore mutfağı
Turşular
Mayalanmış yiyecekler

Kimçi


Giorgia Lo Bue () este o canotoare italiană. În timpul campionatului mondial de canotaj din 2018, de la Plovdiv, Bulgaria, a devenit campioană mondială.

Note

Nașteri în 1994
Sportivi italieni în viață
Oameni în viață

Giorgia Lo Bue