The Maldives are formed by 20 natural atolls, along with a few islands and isolated reefs today which form a pattern stretching from 7 degrees 10′ North to 0 degrees 45′ South. The largest of these atolls is Boduthiladhunmathi, while the atoll containing the most islands is Huvadhu.

Some atolls are in the form of a number of islands by time and in the form of isolated reefs, which could be classified as smaller atoll formations. All land above the surface in the Maldives is of coralline origin. The atolls of the Maldives form a quite regular chain and, especially in the northern and central atolls, an arrayed structure is apparent. There are broad and deep channels in between some atolls. The origin of the word "atoll" itself is in the language of the Maldives. "Atoll" (from ) is now used in many languages worldwide.

Traditionally, Maldivians call the atolls ending in '-madulu' or '-mathi' by their name without adding the word "Atoll" at the end. For example, it is correct to write simply Kolhumadulhu, without adding the word 'Atholhu' at the end. This is also the case in the atoll known as Faadhippolhu.

The atolls of the Maldives are very complex structures and formerly they were very dangerous for navigators. In 1834–1836, British captain Robert Moresby undertook the laborious and difficult cartography of the Maldive Islands, drawing the first accurate maritime charts of this complicated Indian Ocean atoll group.

These Admiralty charts were printed as three separate large maps by the Hydrographic Service of the Royal Navy. Although they contain a few errors, Moresby's charts were so good that they were favoured by Maldivian pilots navigating through the treacherous waters of their atolls until the 1990s.

Nowadays there are more accurate maps of the Maldives based on satellite surveys. However, Maldivian navigators still claim that Commander Moresby's charts provide a wealth of data that the modern maps don't give. At the time that they were drawn, the maps of the Maldives were deemed of such a high quality that they were inspected personally by Queen Victoria. Even today in some atolls, the modern day marine GPS can be inaccurate. The GPS mapping may indicate reef where it does not exist and does not show other reefs where they should be located.

Owing to the many beautiful diving grounds of the numerous atolls of the Maldives, this country has been marketed as a prime destination for scuba divers worldwide.
Hence, during the last couple of decades many guides and maps of the best diving spots have been published and some of them are very accurate and give a wide array of useful hints.

The Atolls
The list below are the names of the geographical or natural atolls and single islands of the Maldives archipelago, going from north to south, together with a brief description. Included in the description are the administrative divisions which they belong to.

Ihavandhippolhu
Ihavandhippolhu Atoll is the northernmost atoll in the Maldives, and the capital island of Ihavandhippolhu atoll is Ihavandhoo. It is a small natural atoll  in length.

It has 25 islands lying all around the boundary reef. One long barrier reef forms the western side of the atoll. There are several coral patches in the lagoon and the general depth in the centre is 20 to 30 fathoms (35 to 55 m).

Ihavandhippolhu is bounded in the north by the broad channel known as Māmalē Kandu (or Maliku Kandu) which separates the islands of Maldives from those belonging to India.

Administratively, Ihavandhippolhu belongs to the North Thiladhunmathi (Haa Alifu) Atoll administrative division which also includes the northernmost portion of the Thiladhunmathi natural atoll.

Thiladhunmathi
Boduthiladhunmathi Atoll (Tiladummati in the Admiralty Charts) is the largest of the Maldives atolls and the world's largest atoll (not taking into account the mostly submerged Great Chagos Bank and Saya de Malha Bank). It is very open, a typical atoll without a clearly delimited lagoon.

It is a huge atoll stretching SSW for  and contains nearly forty islands generally of a fair size. Kelaa, a large island forms a prominent point in the NE of this atoll.

The western boundary has fewer islands but more isolated reefs or micro-atolls (called faru in Maldivian), with wide passages between them. The German explorer Hans Hass observed the formation of this phenomenon called "micro-atoll" by Porites corals in the Maldives. Its lagoon has few shoals but many large faru, often topped with islands. The average depth is from 18 to 24 fathoms (33 m to 44 m).

The Miladhunmadulu group is also naturally a part of Thiladhunmati Atoll, comprising the southern half of the atoll. The length of this part of the atoll is  and it contains 101 islands.

The general depth of the centre of this part is 20 to 25 fathoms (37 m to 46 m) and the bottom is sandy. Along its western edges there are not many islands but more detached reefs with shallow lagoons (called vilu in Maldivian) which seldom exceed 10 fathoms (18 m) in depth.

Administratively, Thiladhunmathi Atoll together with the Miladhunmadulu group are divided among four administrative divisions, namely North Thiladhunmathi (Haa Alifu) Atoll, South Thiladhunmathi (Haa Dhaalu) Atoll, North Miladhunmadulu (Shaviyani) Atoll and South Miladhunmadulu (Noonu) Atoll.

Maamakunudhoo
Māmakunudhoo Atoll or Makunudhoo (Malcolm Atoll in the Admiralty Chart) is the westernmost atoll in the Maldives. A large reef with lagoon,  long with and average breadth of . It has only one inhabited island, Makunudhoo and three other islands (namely Innafushi, Fenboahuraa and Dhipparufushi) and it lies  west of the NW part of the Miladhummadulhu group. It is said to have been unknown to non-Maldivians previous to the 1834-36 survey of the Maldives. According to the locals, many ships have been lost on its barren reefs with crew, cargo and all. These include the Persia Merchant (August, 1658), Hayston (July, 1891), George Reid (September, 1872) and many more. Owing to the violence of the surf and the perpendicular sides of the reef scarcely a vestige of the wreck remains after a few hours. The lagoon is quite deep but it is full of coral patches.

Etthingili Alifushi Atoll
Etthingili Alifushi Atoll consists of two islands, Alifushi and Etthingili (also known as Kalhifushi), known as 'The Powell Islands' in the Admiralty Chart. The islands stand on a detached reef of their own with very deep waters (no sounding) between this reef and the northern end of the main Atoll. The length of this atoll is  with a width of . Today, of the two islands, only Alifushi is inhabited.

Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi

Maalhosmadulu Uthuruburi (Northern Maalhosmadulu Atoll) is  in length from N to S, and  across at its broadest part. Its western fringe is composed of a series of round or oval reefs (farus) irregularly placed (a feature peculiar to all the larger Northern Atolls). The centre is heavily dotted with coral patches (giri), some submerged and some awash. The concentration of giri is especially dense towards its SW quarter, close to Kandholhudhoo Island (where there is the place most crowded with small reefs and shoals in the whole Maldives), but its narrower northern end is quite clear of reefs. The general depths of the lagoon are from 23 to 27 fathoms (42 to 49 m).

Fasdhūetherē (Fasdhūtherē)
Fasdhūtherē Atoll. Sandwiched between two atolls, the northern part of South Maalhosmadulu forms a clearly delimited, roughly triangular, natural atoll without a distinctive name (Fasdhūtherē merely means 'between five islands'). It is  in length from east to west. It has 11 islands with the only inhabited island being Kudarikilu Island on its SE corner just opposite Landaa Giraavaru Island of Southern Maalhosmadulhu Atoll. Its lagoon becomes narrower towards the west and its average depth is 19 fathoms (35 m). It is separated from North Maalhosmadulhu by a deep channel (known as Moresby Channel in the Admiralty Chart and Hani Kandu locally) and from the southern part of Southern Maalhosmadulhu Atoll by the narrow Geydhoshu Kandu (also known as Ge'aa'badhigedheytherey Kandu) running from east to west.

Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi
Maalhosmadulu Dhekunuburi (Southern Maalhosmadulu Atoll) has many large farus on its western side. Its maximum length is . The inner lagoons (vilu) present an idyllic view. The depth of their waters is not more than a few meters, with perhaps a few coral heads awash. Its eastern fringe is a succession of separate, quite regular, oval reefs with some islands. The interior of the lagoon has also large faru towards its southern half. The average depth is from 24 to 27 fathoms (44 to 49 m).

Goidhu Atoll
Goidhu Atoll or Goifulhafehendhu Atoll ( 'Horsburgh Atoll' in the Admiralty Chart) is separated from South Maalhosmadulhu by a  channel. This atoll is oval in shape and small, its greatest length being . It is composed of 7 islands, 3 of which are inhabited. The inner lagoon has a depth of 17 to 20 fathoms (31 to 37 m); it has a sandy bottom mixed with mud and clay. Unlike the lagoons of most small atolls of the Maldives, this lagoon is free from coral heads in its centre.

Faadhippolhu
Faadhippolhu Atoll is a smaller atoll with a well-defined barrier reef to the east, on which the NE monsoon (iruvai) breaks with violence. Its western side has farus and reef patches. There are about 52 islands, of which only 5 are inhabited.
The lagoon is fairly open and its general depths are from 25 to 30 fathoms (about 50 m). Its bottom is sandy and there are a number of coral patches and sunken reefs dotting it, except for the south-eastern side.

Kaashidhu Atoll
Kaashidhu Atoll, lies towards the eastern end of the channel to which it gives its name ('Kardiva Channel' in the Admiralty Chart). This atoll had two islands namely Kaashidhoo and Kaashidhoo Huraa from which only Kaashidhoo exists today. Kaashidhoo is surrounded by deep waters and there is generally heavy surf all around. The Atoll has an oval-shaped lagoon (vilu) with a narrow fringing reef on its NW side.

Gahaafaru (Gaafaru) Atoll
Gahaafaru Atoll also known as Gaafaru Atoll or Gaafarufalhu is a small atoll at the eastern end of a large elliptical reef that has proved disastrous to many vessels with the wrecks of Aracan (1873), SS Seagull (1879), Clan Alpine (1879), Erlangen (1894), Crusader (1905) and Lady Cristine (1974).  long and  wide Gaafaru reef is as much a separate atoll as Goidu or Rasdhu which are similar in structure and size. It is separated from Malé Atoll by a narrow but deep Gaafaru Kandu channel. Its lagoon has an average depth of 16 fathoms and has no coral patches or shoals in its centre.

Male'atholhu Uthuruburi
Male'atholhu Uthuruburi also known as North Malé Atoll is of irregular shape. It is  long and contains about 50 islands (including the capital Malé). There are also sandbanks, coral patches, innumerable farus and submerged shoals (called "haa" in Dhivehi). The general depths of the interior are between 25 and 35 fathoms (46 to 64 m). The bottom is sandy. There are numerous passages on all sides. Seen from space it is considered one of the most beautiful atolls on the planet.

Male'atholhu Dhekunuburi
Male'atholhu Dhekunuburi also known as South Malé Atoll is separated from North Malé Atoll by a deep channel (Vaadhu Kandu). Oblong in shape, this atoll is  in length. It contains 22 islands, all except for 5 are situated in its eastern fringes. Inside this atoll there are also many reefs and little coral patches which make navigation difficult. The general depths of the lagoon are from 25 to 32 fathoms (46 to 59 m), sandy bottom. South of the atoll lies the deep Fulidhoo Kandu.

Thoddu Atoll
Thoddu Atoll is a solitary round-shaped atoll located in deep waters at the western entrance of the Kardiva Channel. Its reef is steep and it lacks a lagoon.

Rasdhu Atoll
Rasdhu Atoll also known as Rasdhukuramathi Atoll ('Ross Atoll' in the Admiralty Chart) is a small atoll with an almost round lagoon. It is located almost  from the NE point of Ari Atoll. The northern and western sides are one continuous barrier reef, and the eastern side is another. The  lagoon has soundings from 15 to 20 fathoms (27 to  37 m) and abounds in detached coral patches.

Ari Atoll
Ari Atoll is the second westernmost atoll of the Maldives, only after Maamakunudhoo Atoll. It is oblong in shape,  in length by only  in breadth. It contains some 50 islands, generally small, which lie mainly along its eastern fringe. Its features are intermediate between Maalhosmadulhu and North Malé atolls. Except for a small barrier reef in its southern end, it is shaped by a succession of large, separate oval reefs, like the large atolls in the North, with a clear rim of large faru to the east. In the interior the general soundings are 30 to 40 fathoms (55 to 73 m), with mud and sand. In places its lagoon contains small reef-patches, but it is generally dotted with many large coral reefs, some of which remain submerged even at low tide.

Felidhe Atoll
Felidhe Atoll has a very irregular outline; it is surrounded by continuous barrier reefs, or by small patches with vilu separated by narrow passages. Felidhu Atoll has only 10 islands even though it is quite large. The Atoll's western "horn" is devo westernmost point of this atoll (Fussaru) are dangerous for local navigation. Many ships plying along the route between Malé and the Southern Atolls, have been lost in these treacherous reefs. The distance between both points is . The inner lagoon is open with few reefs or shoals. Its general depth is of 40 fathoms (73 m); hard bottom of sand. The Atoll is also home the eastern most island and point of the Maldives.

Vattaru Atoll (Falhu)
Vattaru Atoll (Falhu) is an egg-shaped reef or small atoll about  in length. It has only one small uninhabited bushy islet close to its only entrance in the south. The depth of its inner lagoon is between 12 and 20 fathoms (22 to 37 m) and its bottom is sandy.

Mulaku Atoll
Mulaku Atoll is a very shut-in atoll with an open lagoon surrounded by barrier reefs which are remarkably straight and broad in its western fringe. It is separated from the other Maldive atolls by the channels Vattaru Kandu in the north, Kudahuvadhoo Kandu in the south and the Hatharu-Atholhu Medu Kandu in the west. Mulaku Atoll is  long and contains 21 islands, which lie mostly on its SE quarter. The shoals inside the lagoon are generally smaller than in the Northern atolls. There are many coral patches and the depth of the water varies from 28 to 40 fathoms (51 to 73 m); sandy bottom.

Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi
Nilandhe Atholhu Uthuruburi (Northern Nilandhe Atoll) is  long. It forms a perfect semicircle on the east, but its western side is rather indented. There are not many islands on its fringes. In the interior of its lagoon there are four islands and several large farus, dry at low tide. The average depth of its lagoon is 25 to 35 fathoms (55 to 64 m). The atoll is separated from Ari Atoll by the channel known as Ariadhoo Kandu.

Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi
Nilandhe Atholhu Dhekunuburi (Southern Nilandhe Atoll) is separated from Northern Nilandhe Atoll by a  channel. It is larger than its northern neighbor, with a length of . It is separated from its northern sister atoll by the narrow channel called the Dheburudheetheree Kandu. Its shape is slightly oval, with some barrier reefs that are quite straight in the eastern fringe. There are 21 islands, but only two or three are on its western side. The lagoon is comparatively open, with few, but relatively greater farus as well as a few small coral patches or shoals (giri); average depth 27 to 35 fathoms (49 to 64 m), muddy bottom.

Kolhumadulu
The eastern and western rows of atolls that form Central Maldives end in Kolhumadulu Atoll south of the channel Kudahuvadhoo Kandu. It is mostly rimmed by barrier reefs which are topped by islands or deep pools (vilu). There are many islands along its southern boundary. Owing to its typical atoll shape, it differs in no respect from atolls in the Pacific Ocean, save for its greater size. The length of Kolhumadulhu Atoll is . The lagoon is comparatively open, although it is studded with numerous small coral patches or shoals which are awash at low tide. The general depth is from 32 to 42 fathoms (59 to 77 m) and it is mud-bottomed at the centre. South of the atoll lies the deep Veymandoo Kandu channel which separates it from the Hadhdhunmathee Atoll.

Haddhunmathi
Haddhunmathi Atoll ( 'Haddummati' in the Admiralty Chart) is regular in shape and  in length. Excepting for the projection of the reef at its NE corner (Isdhū Muli), it closely resembles Kolhumadulhu. Its reefs are generally of little breadth, with no signs of vilu, except for its eastern fringes which are covered with islands that are quite large by Maldive standards. The lagoon is comparatively open, containing scattered shoal patches and no emerged islands; the bottom is muddy and the average depth is from 30 to 34 fathoms (55 to 62 m).

Huvadhoo Atoll
Huvadhoo Atoll ( 'Huvadu Atoll' in the Admiralty Chart) measures  from north to south, embracing an area of about 2,900 square km. Huvadhu Atoll is fringed by a well-defined and almost continuous rim-reef. The exterior islands, formed in general of coral boulders on their seaward side (futtaru) and sand on the reef's inner face (etherevaru), are string along the east, south and SW sides of the atoll.
There are over 230 islands with 30 sandy islands in the centre of its lagoon, more than any other atoll of the Maldives. The  stretch between the channels of Kaadedhoo Kandu and Fiyoaree Kandu alone has 77 islands, only 5 being inhabited and many unnamed. The atoll's lagoon is open and very free from reef patches, although some precipitous shoals approach the surface. The lagoon bottom is covered with sand and has a maximum depth of 50 fathoms (91 m), being on average deeper than any other lagoon of the Maldive Atolls. It is a relatively isolated atoll with the  Huvadhoo Kandu (Suvadiva Channel) to the north and the  Addoo Kandu (South Equatorial Channel) to the south. This is the worlds 3rd largest atoll. Geographically from the number of islands and from the area this atoll is known as the world biggest atoll.

Fuvahmulah
Fuvahmulah ('Fua Mulaku' in the Admiralty Chart) is a large single island (by itself a small detached atoll) which lies in the Equatorial Channel. In the distant past Fuvahmulah was a small coral atoll whose southern end was open at a spot called Diyarehifaando and the inside of the island was a saltwater lagoon forming a natural harbour. There is a spot in the southern end known as a Kudhuheraivali (the forest of the small islet), which indicates that there was a separate little island in that area in ancient times. But long ago the channel connecting the lagoon with the ocean was closed by massive coral boulders. Thus the inside of the island is lower than its edges. In time the inner lagoon lost its saltiness and all that remains today are two small lakes, wetlands and marshy taro fields. Therefore, Fuvahmulah is a small Atoll that closed and filled in with silt, like Nukutavake in the Central Pacific.

Addu Atoll

Addu Atoll marks the southern end of the Maldive archipelago. Addu Atoll is  long and it is fringed by broad barrier reefs with large islands on its eastern and western sides. Its lagoon has no islands and is relatively open with few shoals in its centre, but having mazes of coral patches close to the NW and NE corners of its encircling reefs in 7 to 10 fathoms (13 to 18 m) of water. The general depths vary from 20 to 25 fathoms (37 to 46 m), with mud and sand at the bottom.

The distance from Addu Atoll to the closest island in the Chagos Archipelago (Île Yeye, Peros Banhos Atoll) is about , with nothing but deep ocean in between them.

Note: Further south Haddhummati in the middle of the vast emptiness of the Huvadu Channel there is a small bank known as Medutila (also called Derahaa). This place is the peak of a submarine mountain, and perhaps an atoll in the process of formation. This bank is very difficult to spot for at its shallowest point there is a depth of 6 fathoms (11 m). It looks like a paler blue patch surrounded by huge expanses of the deepest ocean. There, no island can be seen in the horizon for many dozens of miles.

Etymology of atoll names
The names of the natural atolls of the Maldives are the names given to them by the first settlers of the country or the names derived from these. The atolls are usually named after islands that belong to the atoll and perhaps those that were the first sites of settlements in each atoll, or the main island of each atoll. The etymology of the names of the atolls can be traced as follows.
 Ihavandhippolhu Atoll- after the island of Ihavandhoo in the south east of the atoll.
 Thiladhunmati- after the island of Thiladhoo (now part of Dhiddhoo island).
 Māmakunudhoo- the major (mā) division to which the island of Makunudhoo belong to.
 Miladummadulu- after the island of Milandhoo on the eastern fringes of the atoll.
 Faadhippolhu- after Faadhoo island. Traditionally the name was Faadu Bur (that is, a complete circle from Fadhoo back to Faadhoo).
 The Maalhosmadulu Atolls- after the island of Maalhos, now in the southern atoll.
 Fasdhūtherē Atoll- literally means 'what lies between the five islands'.
 Goifulhafehendhu Atoll- amalgamation of the names of the three inhabited islands of the atoll, Goidhoo, Fulhadhoo and Fehendhoo.
 The Male' Atolls- after the island of Male', the capital of the Maldives since 1117.
 Ari Atoll- after Ariadhoo island, an important historic religious centre of the Maldives in the pre-Islamic era.
 Rasdhukuramathi Atoll- amalgamation of the names of the two largest islands of the atoll, Rasdhoo and Kuramathi.
 Felidhu Atoll- after the island of Felidhoo, the capital of the atoll.
 Mulaku Atoll- after the island of Boli Mulah, an important historic centre of the Maldives.
 The Nilandhe Atolls- after the island of Nilandhoo, now in the northern atoll and was an important historic religious centre of the Maldives in the pre-Islamic era.
 Kolhumadulu- meaning atoll at the end (kolhu) in reference to the end of the east-west divide of the Maldives Atolls between Kaashidhoo Kandu and Kudahuvadhoo Kandu.
 Haddhunmathi- from Ihadhunmathi meaning the first seen (iha'dhuh) part (mathi) or after the island of Ihadhoo (first island) that was located east of Isdhoo; this is believed to be the first region of the archipelago that was settled by the ancient Dheyvis people.
 Huvadhu Atoll- after the island of Keyhuvadhoo which was located between Hoandedhoo and the island of Hunigondiréhaa (few remains of the settlement such as coral wells can be seen on what is now a reef). The name Huvadhu itself means 'the forbidden place'.
 Fuvahmulah- Areca nut (Fuvah in the local language) is a major product of this atoll or island in vast quantities from ancient times. The original name of the island could have simply been Mulah, but was called Fuvahmulah (the Mulah (island) of the arecanut palms) to distinguish it from Boli Mulah - another important island in ancient Maldives.
 Addu Atoll- after the island of Addu which was located south of Gan. The island of Addu was dredged off by the British in 1959 to construct the Gan airfield.

The few atoll names on the Admitralty charts that differ from their local Dhivehi names (namely Malcolm Atoll, Horsburg Atoll and Ross Atoll) were named by Robert Moresby in honor of famous commanders and officers of the British Empire, after the Moresby Cartographic Survey (1834–1836) of the Maldive Islands.

Channels

There are broad channels between the atolls known locally as kandu. These were important for ancient mariners plying along the spice route trying to bypass the long atoll chains without harm. The most important ones were the Maliku Kandu, the Kardiva Channel and the Suvadiva Channel.

There are other types of channel in the atolls. One is the channel into the atoll's lagoon and the other is the passage on top of the reef into the vilu. These are very important for Maldivian sailors.

Island environment

The islands in the atolls of the Maldives rest on the shelf provided by the reefs. Many reefs have no islands at all, but all islands in the Maldives have an underlying coralline reef. Usually islands are flat and sandy. Often there is a rocky bottom made up of a coral rock conglomerate underneath the island proper. Some islands are long and sandy while others have a rounder shape. The round islands often are lower in the centre, sometimes having a muddy or marshy spot.

Islands may disappear when the currents on the reef change. Maldivians call this phenomenon of erosion giramun dhiyun. New islands also may appear, beginning as sandbanks or coral gravel heaps at another location of the reef (a phenomenon that is known among Maldivians as vodemun dhiyun). Therefore, in the Maldives, islands are constantly eroding and constantly being formed. Human action, in the form of jetties or the dredging of channels on the reef, may change the pattern of currents on the reef and accelerate erosion.

The atolls in Maldives are often separated from each other by vast expanses of the deepest ocean; but despite the great distances, the daily life of Maldivians in the individual inhabited islands shows very few differences all along the length of the atoll chain.

Except for the capital, Malé (pop. 90,000), the environment in most islands is dominated by practically the same small number of ingredients: trees of a few types, low houses with small yards, the waterside always close at hand and almost no dramatic variations in the landscape.
The Maldives has about 200 inhabited islands. The typical population is about 300 inhabitants per island, distributed in about fifty households.

Neighboring island groups
The Maldive atolls are part of the long submerged mountain range that extends from the Laccadives, or Lakshadweep, in the north, to the Chagos in the south. Northern Maldivians used to often visit  Maliku, Minicoy Island, before the 1960s when it was allowed for them to do so. In fact, Minicoy was called 'Avatteri Maliku', which means 'neighbor Maliku'. But even Northern Maldivians knew little about the Laccadive islands further north.

The Laccadives are different in structure from the Maldives. The most conspicuous fact is the absence of large atolls and the low density of reef and island structures. Most reefs have only one island on them.

In the south of Maldives the Chagos Archipelago is known as Hollhavai (Fōlhavahi in official Divehi). But even in these remote and strongly oceanic Southern Maldive atolls, knowledge about their neighboring island group is only vague and fragmentary.
The Chagos group is a combination of different coralline structures. Unlike in the Maldives there is not a clearly discernible pattern of arrayed atolls, which makes the whole archipelago look somewhat chaotic.

However, one of the atolls of the Chagos, Peros Banhos, is very similar in structure to the typical Maldive atoll. Although it is rather small by Maldive standards, it is the largest emerged atoll in the Chagos. Peros Banhos is approximately as large as Northern Nilandhe Atoll.

Historic nomenclature
The earliest mention of all the names of the atolls of the Maldives is in describing the Deeva Mahal Kingdom of King Koimala Siri Mahaabarana around 1117 A.D. He was the first king to rule over the whole of Maldives. His kingdom was referred to as being Malikaddu dhemedhu- or 'all that lies between the Maliku and Addu. He fought against the Raja Dada Indians to claim the two northernmost atolls for the newly formed Maldivian kingdom. All 14 atolls of his kingdom from the north to south were then named as follows:
 Malikatholhu (now Minicoy island belonging to India)
 Thiladunmathi (Northern and southern parts of Thiladhunmathi Atoll)
 Miladunmaduva (Northern and southern parts of Miladhunmadulhu Atoll)
 Maalhosmaduva (North and South Maalhosmadulhu Atolls)
 Faadu Bur (Faadhippolhu)
 Mahal Atholhu (The Male' Atolls)
 Ari-adhe Atholhu (Ari Atoll)
 Felide Atholhu (Felide Atoll)
 Mulakatholhu (Mulaku Atoll)
 Nilande Atholhu (North and South Nilande Atolls)
 Kolhumaduva (Kolhumadulu)
 Ihadhunmathi (Haddhunmathi Atoll)
 Suvadinmathi (Huvadhu Atoll)
 Addumulah (Addu and Fuvahmulah Atolls)

It is not clear where exactly Ihavandhippolhu Atoll, Maamakunudhoo Atoll, Goifulhafehendhu Atoll, Fasdūtherē Atoll, Vattaru Faru/Atholhu, Gahaafaru Atoll, Rasdhukuramathi Atoll as well as the islands of Alifushi-Ethingili, Kaashidhoo and Thoddoo were grouped in this early classification.

Recent divisions
For administrative purposes, the country has been divided into twenty-one administrative divisions (20 administrative atolls and Malé city). Since these Administrative Divisions of the Maldives are called 'atolls', but are not always consisting of an atoll proper, they should not be confused with a natural atoll.

The introduction of code-letter names has been a source of much puzzlement and misunderstandings, especially among foreigners. Many people have come to think that the code-letter of the administrative atoll is its new name and that it has replaced its geographical name. Under such circumstances it is hard to know which is the correct name to use.

Aware of the extent of this problem, Maldivian expert Mr. Ibrahim Luthfee wrote a book on Maldivian geography before he died. With this book, which is unfortunately available only in Divehi, the late Mr. Luthfee tried to clear a number of misconceptions that carelessly researched tourist publications have generalized even among Maldivians. Much of this article has been translated and adapted from his posthumous work.

In 2009 the 20 administrative divisions (that is, excluding Male') were grouped under seven provinces, with each province comprising two or more natural atolls (with the exception of the Medhu-Dhekunu Province made up of solely Huvadhu Atoll). The seven new provinces correspond to the historic divisions of Uthuru Boduthiladhunmathi. Dhekunu Boduthiladhunmathi, Uthuru Medhu-Raajje, Medhu-Raajje, Dhekunu Medhu-Raajje, Huvadhu (or Uthuru Suvadinmathi) and Addumulakatholhu (or Dhekunu Suvadinmathi).

Notes

References
 Hasan A. Maniku, The Islands of Maldives. Novelty. Male 1983.
 Hasan A. Maniku, Changes in the Topography of the Maldives. Novelty. Male 1990.
 Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999,
 John Stanley Gardiner, The Formation of the Maldives. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3. Cambridge 1902.

Atolls of the Maldives


El cine moderno es la época cinematográfica que comienza en los años 59 y termina en los 80 con la introducción del . A diferencia del cine clásico, el cine moderno busca separarse de las películas con una trama y un mensaje claro y constante.

El cine moderno comienza tras el declive del sistema de estudios de Hollywood y el fin del código Hays a finales de los años 60. Debido a esto, durante los 70 los cineastas comenzaron a incluir en sus películas contenido sexualmente explícito y escenas de violencia muy gráfica. Podemos apreciar las características del cine moderno en las historias del cine negro de los años 40 y 50 en las que se observa el uso de finales inesperados, personajes con una moralidad oscura y enigmática y diferencias muy difusas entre el protagonista y el antagonista. En 1971 salieron Perros de paja y The French Connection, las primeras películas que causaron controversia debido al aumento de la violencia en el cine.

En los años 70 surgió un grupo de cineastas como Francis Ford Coppola, Steven Spielberg o George Lucas que consiguieron mucho más control sobre sus proyectos de lo que les habría sido posible conseguir anteriormente. Esto dio lugar a unas películas muy exitosas como El padrino, Star Wars y Encuentros en la tercera fase. El éxito de películas como Star Wars y Tiburón dieron lugar a la creación de los Blockbusters, películas con un alto presupuesto e inmensas campañas publicitarias.

También surgió en los 70 un gran incremento el género de artes marciales, gracias a Bruce Lee y su renovado estilo Jeet Kune Do, que le daba un mayor realismo a las escenas de acción. De este modo el cine de acción de Hong Kong comenzó a recibir fama con estas películas que cambiarían a un tono más cómico con Jackie Chan en los años 80 tras una pérdida de popularidad.

En esta época el cine musical no tenía demasiado éxito en Hollywood; sin embargo, la popularidad de este género aumentó en el cine de la India, donde crearon el nombre Bollywood en vistas a la creciente industria cinematográfica en Bombay que acabó conquistando el cine del sur de Asia. Los cineastas hindúes crearon un género llamado Masala en el que combinaron las características del género musical americano con el antiguo teatro indio que conquistó el cine indio durante el final del siglo XX

Véase también
 Portal: Cine
 Historia del cine
 Hollywood
 Géneros cinematográficos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Historia del cine

Cine moderno


Calligra Sheets (formerly KSpread and Calligra Tables) is a free software spreadsheet application that is part of Calligra Suite, an integrated graphic art and office suite developed by KDE.

Among Sheets' features are multiple sheets per document, assorted formatting possibilities, support for more than 300 built-in functions, templates, chart, spell-check, hyperlinks, data sorting and scripting with Python, Ruby and JavaScript.

Sheets' native file format has been OpenDocument since version two and previously used its own XML format, compressed with ZIP. Sheets also has the ability to import several spreadsheet formats, including XLS (Microsoft Excel), Applix Spreadsheet, Quattro Pro, CSV, dBase, Gnumeric, SXC (OpenOffice.org XML), Kexi and TXT. It supports export of OpenDocument Spreadsheet, SXC, Tables document, CSV, HTML, Gnumeric, TeX and TXT. Sheets does not support export of XLS.

KChart
KChart is the charting tool of Calligra Suite.

The plug-in is relatively simple compared to other office applications such as OpenOffice, being designed for small datasets, and using only the most common 5–6 types of chart (histograms, pie charts, line charts, etc.)

See also

 Comparison of spreadsheet software

References

Calligra Suite
Free spreadsheet software
Spreadsheet software

Calligra Sheets


The Ilyushin Il-96 () is a Russian quadjet long-haul wide-body airliner designed by Ilyushin in the former Soviet Union and manufactured by the Voronezh Aircraft Production Association in Russia. It is powered by four high-bypass Aviadvigatel PS-90 two-shaft turbofan engines.

It is used as the main Russian presidential aircraft.

Development

It was first flown in 1988 and certified in 1992.
In June 2005, the Volga-Dnepr Group signed a 15-year financial agreement with Ilyushin Finance Corporation (IFC) to take delivery of two new-build Il-96-400T aircraft, to be operated by Volga-Dnepr's subsidiary AirBridge Cargo. The first was due to have been delivered in late 2006.

The Cuban Government newspaper Granma announced on 3 January 2006 the first official flight of the Cubana Il-96-300, from Havana to Buenos Aires, Argentina.

On 11 August 2009 Russian Minister of Industry and Trade Viktor Khristenko announced that manufacturing of the Il-96-300 would cease. In particular, the Il-96-300 had been deemed inferior to counterparts from Boeing and Airbus, and the manufacturer could not arrange commercially viable mass production, making only one aircraft per year. The Il-96-400T cargo version was to remain in production.

On 9 October 2015, it was announced that an updated version of the Il-96 may be produced. This decision was taken due to the current diplomatic situation between Russia and the West, and the dependency of the Russian aerospace industry on Airbus and Boeing. In September 2017, the Vice President of Russia's United Aircraft Corporation Aleksandr Tulyakov announced the start of development of the 250–280 seat, wide-body long-haul aircraft in partnership with Chinese builders.  The aircraft is to be a development of the Russian-designed IL-96 and will be assembled in China. A new engineering center will be built in Russia to undertake technical and electronics production.

In March 2022, after International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War, the CEO of Rostec Sergey Chemezov announced a large scale production relaunch of the Il-96.

Design

The Ilyushin Il-96 is a shortened, long-range, and advanced technology development of the Soviet Union's first widebody airliner, the Ilyushin Il-86. It features supercritical wings fitted with winglets, a glass cockpit, and a fly-by-wire control system. The basic Il-96-300 is equipped with modern Russian avionics integrating six multi-function colour LCD displays, inertial and satellite navigation systems, and a Traffic Collision Avoidance System (including mode "S"). It allows the airplane to be operated with two crew members. The avionics correspond to modern requirements on international routes in Europe and North America (RNP-1) and allow navigation and landing under ICAO CAT III/A conditions. The Il-96 is offered in three main variants: the Il-96-300, Il-96M/T and Il-96-400.

The Il-96-300 has a standard passenger capacity of 262 seats in a two-class configuration with 18 seats with a seat pitch of  and 244 seats with a pitch of , of which typical seating is 3–3–3 (layout), but low density seating is possible with 2–4–2 (layout). Galleys are positioned on the upper deck, and the lower deck can accommodate 18 LD-3 containers and crew rest areas.

Variants
There are two variants of the Il-96. The Il-96-300 was launched in 1985 with introduction into service in 1993. The Il-96M was launched in 1993 with introduction into service in 2000.

Il-96-300

The Il-96-300 is the initial variant and is fitted with Aviadvigatel (Soloviev) PS-90A turbofans with a thrust rating of 16,000 kgf (157 kN, 35,300 lbf). Development started in the mid-80s while the first prototype flew on 28 September 1988. The first Il-96 entered service with Aeroflot in 1993. Range with 262 passengers and fuel reserves (for holding 75 minutes at an altitude of 450 m) in a two-class configuration is about 11,000 km (5,940 nmi), allowing flights from Moscow to US west coast cities, a great improvement over the Ilyushin Il-86.

Il-96-300PU
A highly customized version of the Il-96-300, called the Il-96-300PU, is used as the primary aircraft in the Russian presidential aircraft fleet. Four were used by Russian president Vladimir Putin, and by Dmitry Medvedev as VIP planes. The VIP aircraft is operated by Russia State Transport Company. The Cuban leadership use the IL-96-300.

Il-96-300V
There were plans to produce a variant dubbed Il-96-300V which would include two sets of airstairs in it.

Il-96M
The Il-96M is a stretched variant of the Il-96-300. It features a 10 m (30 ft) fuselage stretch, is 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) heavier, is fitted with Western-style avionics, and is powered by four Pratt & Whitney PW2337 engines with a thrust rating of 165 kN (37,000 lbf). Range with 312 passengers in a three-class configuration or 92 tonne (203,000 lb) payload is about 10,400 km (5,600 nmi). This turned it into a true—but vastly more capable—Il-86 successor. Development on the M/T variant stalled when the US Export–Import Bank suspended talks on financing the engines and avionics, following pressure from Boeing. The dispute was later settled following an Aeroflot order for ten Boeing 737-400s—placed in April 1997 in a deal worth US$440 million that were granted a tax exemption by the Russian government. Nevertheless, the financing was blocked again when four Boeing 767-300ERs also ordered by Aeroflot were not included in the accorded exemption. The deal was never realised.

Il-96T
This is the freighter version of the Il-96-400. It is powered by four Aviadvigatel PS-90A1 engines.

Il-96-400

The Il-96-400 is similar to the Il-96M, but features Russian avionics and engines. It is powered by four Aviadvigatel PS-90A1 turbofans and can carry up to 436 passengers. Typical two-class configuration will have 386 passengers. Range with 315 passengers in a three-class configuration is about 10,000 km. A special version, dubbed Il-96-400VT, was reported on Friday 19 March 2010 by the Wall Street Journal to bid on the US$40 billion Air Force Tanker Program contract. In February 2013, Cubana signed a deal for the order of three 350-seater Ilyushin Il-96-400s.

Il-96-400VPU
One modified Il-96-400, the Il-96-400VPU, nicknamed the "doomsday plane," is being converted to serve as an Airborne Command Post by the Russian Aerospace Forces as part of "Project Zveno-3S" calling for two such aircraft to enter service to replace the current Il-80-based planes.

Il-96-400M
In February 2017, it was announced that Russia's United Aircraft Corporation had signed a contract with its subsidiary Ilyushin Aviation Complex for the development of a new version of Ilyushin Il-96-400 wide-body passenger airliner to compete with the Boeing 777-9 and Airbus A350-1000. Il-96-400M is the passenger version of the Il-96-400T cargo aircraft. Its fuselage is 9.65 m longer than the existing Il-96-300 passenger variant. The new interior planned seating capacity is 390 passengers.
In 2017, the Russian Government injected ₽3.6 billion ($ million) into the Ilyushin Il-96-400M.

By January 2020, the first test-flight airframe was in final assembly and the wing and fuselage were joined, to be finished at the end of 2020 before a first flight in 2021, but by April 2021 it was announced that the aircraft will not enter mass production as expected because of "lack of interest from the airlines and the worldwide idling of the long-range fleet due to the pandemic". Still, due to sanction, on 15 August 2022, Il-96-400M was announced that the first flight of the variant is planned. On 7 June 2023, the United Aircraft Corporation rolled-out Russia's future wide-body passenger airliner.

Il-96-400TZ
In January 2015, a new tanker variant of the Il-96, designated the Il-96-400TZ (Russian: ТЗ for топливозаправщик - fuel replenisher), was proposed, with an initial order for two aircraft placed by the Russian Ministry of Defense. The new tanker would have been able to transfer more than 65 tons (IL-78M 40 tons) of fuel at a distance of up to 3500 km (Il-78M 3000 km). Universal aviation refueling systems ORM-1, proven on existing combat aircraft tankers Il-78/78М, would have been installed on the aircraft. According to Alexei Krivoruchko, Russian Deputy Minister of Defense, factory trials of the Il-96-400TZ are expected to be completed in May, 2020. However this is previously cancelled due to differences between Russian MoD and Ilyushin, and in favor of much proven Il-76MD-90A platform, which is the Il-78M-90A.

Il-96-500T
Projected freighter version of Il-96 with an enlarged fuselage to transport oversize cargo.

Il-96-550
Projected double-deck version of Il-96 for 550-600 passengers and powered by Kuznetsov NK-93 propfan engines. Following flight tests in 2007 the engines were removed and the aircraft was not developed further.

Twin engine
, Ilyushin is studying a new variant of airliner based on Il-96, powered by two Aviadvigatel PD-35s rated at , developed by 2025 from the PD-14, or powered by foreign powerplants. The goal would be to reduce fuel consumption and maintenance costs.

Operators

Current operators
As of December 2016, current operators of the Ilyushin Il-96 are:

Production by year
The following sheet lists the number of finished aircraft per year since the start of its production:

Accidents and incidents
In the entire history of operation with the Il-96, there have been no accidents causing the deaths of passengers or crew.

 In 2005, Russia indefinitely grounded Ilyushin Il-96-300 passenger aircraft after transport inspectors pointed out malfunctions in the jets' braking systems. The decision came just weeks after a technical glitch in an Il-96-300 forced Russian President Vladimir Putin to fly in a back-up plane during a visit to Finland.
 On 3 June 2014, RA-96010 of Aeroflot, which had been retired from service, was damaged beyond economical repair in a fire while parked in storage at Sheremetyevo International Airport, Moscow.

Specifications

Avionics

The airplane has the following systems installed, providing compliance with ICAO recommendations and Eurocontrol requirements:
 Integrated communication and navigation control panel and flight management system
 Upgraded EFIS with LCD indicators
 Inertial navigation system
 Ground proximity warning system
 TCAS
 SELCAL
 Weather radar
 Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System with satellite communication.
 Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder

See also

References

External links

 Ilyushin HP (Il-96-300)
 Voronezh Aircraft Building Plant (Il-96-300)
 Voronezh Aircraft Building Plant (Il-96-400)
 Ilyushin Finance Co. (Il-96)
 Il-96 production/orders list with statistics

Il-096
1980s Soviet airliners
Quadjets
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1988
Wide-body aircraft

Ilyushin Il-96


L'Association espagnole de géographie (AGE, Asociación Española de Geografía) est une association professionnelle de géographes, à but non lucratif, qui exerce son activité dans les domaines de l'enseignement, de la recherche et du libre exercice de la profession. Elle a été fondée le 30 mai 1977. Son objectif est de développer la recherche en géographie et la diffusion des connaissances géographiques dans la société. Avec la Société royale de géographie, l'AGE assure la présidence du Comité espagnol de l'Union géographique internationale.

Publications
L'AGE publie trois revues scientifiques :

 Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, BAGE (ISSN papier: 0212-9426; ISSN numérique: 2605-3322), est une revue d'accès libre qui publie des articles en ligne en espagnol et en anglais, avec publication continue et rapport trimestriel. Son objet principal est la diffusion des recherches réalisées par la communauté géographiques espagnole et internationale, tant académique que professionnelle, ainsi que d'autres disciplines des sciences sociales, environnementales et expérimentales intéressées par les processus territoriaux qui se déroulent à différentes échelles. Le BAGE est inclus dans le Journal Citation Reports (Social Science Edition) et est évalué par le SCImago Journal & Country Rank, la FECYT, le LATINDEX, DICE, RESH, Google Metrics, MIAR, ERIH PLUS et CARHUS PLUS. En outre, le BAGE est indexé dans les bases de données scientifiques principales, dont Social Science Citation Index, Scopus, DOAJ, GeoRef, ISOC, Dialnet, CrossRef, etc.
 Didáctica Geográfica  est une revue éditée annuellement par le groupe de recherche didactique de géographie de l'AGE. C'est une revue de référence en ce qui concerne la recherche et l'innovation éducative en relation avec la géographie et son enseignement. Elle est indexée dans le Dialnet et DOAJ et est évaluée dans le Latindex, DICE, MIAR et ERIH PLUS.
GeoFocus Revista Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Información Geográfica  est une revue semestrielle publiée par le groupe de technologie d'information géographique de l'AGE. Il s'agit d'une publication scientifique technique internationale spécialisée dans la science et la technologie de l'information géographique et de ses diverses applications. Elle est indexée dans le Emerging Sources Citation Index  (ESCI), GeoRef, FECYT, ISOC, Dialnet, DOAJ et est évaluée dans le Latindex et MIAR.

Références

Liens externes

 Asociación Española de Geografía
 Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, BAGE
 GeoFocus Revista Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Información Geográfica
 Didáctica Geográfica

Société de géographie
Fondation en 1977

Association espagnole de géographie


Gunnar Peterson (Teksas, 1962.) američki je filmski i televizijski glumac, tjelograditelj i osobni trener brojnih hollywoodskih zvijezda.

Životopis

Rođen u Teksasu, kao dijete zbog očeva posla odlazi u Švicarsku, gdje se školovao. Nakon što mu je kao desetogodišnjakh liječnik zbog pretilosti propisana dijeta, počeo je vježbati u teretani. U srednjoj školi vježbanje je preraslo u ovisnost te se počeo baviti i tjelogradnjom.

Nakon što je na Beverly Hillsu, njegova prva slavna klijentica bila je Kelly McGills, koja ga je preporučila hollywoodskim kolegama. Za dugogodišnje klijente imao je Brucea Willisa, koji mu zahvaljuje tjelesnu spremu u svojim filmovima, Angelinu Jolie, koju je pripremao g
za ulogu Lare Croft, Halle Berry, sestre Khardashian, Sylvestera Stallona i Dwaynea Johnsona (zbog svoje građe poznatog i kao »Stijena«). Trenirao je i Mikea Tysona na vrhuncu njegove karijere, kao i Sofiju Vergaru.

Surađuje i s NBA i NFL igračima. Više godina radio je kao kondicijski trener za Los Angeles Lakerse. Između ostalog, trenirao je košarkaše Carlosa Boozera i Ivicu Zubca.

Filmografija
 Rocky Balboa kao trener dizača utega
 Izlazeće sunce kao Valet
 My Fellow Americans kao Bruce
 Savršeni atentatori kao urednik vijesti

Pojavio se u jednoj epizodi poznate humoristične serije Dadilja, kao i u manje poznatim serijama Santa Barbara, Falon Crest i Kineska plaža.

Izvori

Životopisi, Teksas
Američki filmski glumci
Američki televizijski glumci

Gunnar Peterson


Sugar Doors – A Jupiter Apple 4-Track Experience (também conhecido como Sugar Doors) é o sexto álbum de estúdio do músico brasileiro Flávio Basso, lançado postumamente. Foi lançado em formato físico em Fevereiro de 2023 e posteriormente disponibilizado em streaming no dia 1 de Março de 2023.  As gravações foram feitas no ano 2000 por Flávio juntamente com o baterista Clayton Martin e o guitarrista Ray-Z, ambos ex-integrantes da banda Os Ostras e amigos de longa data de Flávio.

Algumas das canções presentes no álbum ganhariam depois, novos arranjos e roupagens que fariam parte do repertório de Uma Tarde na Fruteira e outras que seriam lançadas como singles. Há também material inédito como exemplo a faixa-título, que é uma versão em inglês de As Tortas e as Cucas, do álbum A Sétima Efervescência.

Antecedentes
Flávio voltava a São Paulo depois de umas férias em Londres. Desejava montar uma banda e voltar aos palcos. Juntou-se, então, aos dois amigos no estúdio montado na garagem da casa do baterista Clayton e começaram a ensaiar e a registrar, em um estúdio portátil (Tascam) de quatro canais, as novas composições.

Lista de Faixas

Ficha Técnica
 Flávio Basso - Vocais, baixo, guitarra, violão, teclado
 Clayton Martin - Bateria, percussão
 Ray-Z - Guitarra, violão
 Raysa Moreno - Arte
 Leo Bigode - Produtor Executivo
 Arthur Joly - Masterização
 Clayton Martin - Produção, gravação, mixagem
 Pedro Brandt - Texto (Encarte da versão física)

Álbuns de Júpiter Maçã
Álbuns de 2023
Álbuns de rock psicodélico


Die Pii Operai Catechisti Rurali, (lat.: Congregatio Piorum Operariorum Ruralium), Ordenskürzel: POCR, ist eine in Italien tätige Kongregation päpstlichen Rechts der römisch-katholischen Kirche. Sie entstand 1943 durch den Zusammenschluss zweier älterer Vorgängerkongregationen. Im Jahre 2016 zählte die Gemeinschaft 50 Mitglieder.

Geschichte
Der ältere Vorgänger wurde im Jahr 1600 von Carlo Carafa in Neapel gegründet. Die Vereinigung nannte sich zunächst Congregazione della Dottrina Cristiana. Die Gemeinschaft erhielt die erste päpstliche Bestätigung 1606 durch Papst Paul V. Die Statuten wurden endgültig durch Papst Gregor XV. 1621 anerkannt. Von da an nannte sich die Gemeinschaft lateinisch Congregatio Piorum Operatorum, in der italienischen Form Pii Operai. Die Nachricht von der päpstlichen Anerkennung erreichte die Mitglieder des Kongregation in der neapolitanischen Kirche Santa Maria ai Monti, daher wählten sie als Ordenszeichen das Marienmonogramm auf einem Dreiberg.

Das ursprüngliche Tätigkeitsfeld war die Missionierung des Volkes im ländlichen Raum. Die Gemeinschaft um Carafa arbeitete mit Erfolg, was auch in Rom dazu führte, dass sich ein Ableger bildete, seit 1687 ist sie dort ansässig. Sie bekam nacheinander verschiedene Kirchen zugewiesen, darunter seit 1713 auch Santa Maria ai Monti. Ihre eigene Kirche baute die Kongregation ab 1730, es ist San Giuseppe alla Lungara im XIII. römischen Rione Trastevere. Ab 1760 folgte der Bau eines Klosters unmittelbar an die Kirche anschließend, sämtliche Baukosten trug Papst Clemens XIII. Das Kloster ist heute Sitz des Generalprokurators und dient der Ausbildung neuer Kongregationsmitglieder.  Neben der Volksmission, von Rom aus im Latium, trat früher noch die Bekehrung von Juden sowie die Katechese in den römischen Vororten.

Die jüngere Vorgängerkongregation war die 1928 gegründeten Associazione Religiosa degli Oratori Rurali (ARDOR, kurz: Missionari Catechisti Rurali), nach dem Ordenskürzel ARDOR in Italien auch als Missionari Ardorini bekannt. Die Gemeinschaft wurden von Monsignore Gaetano Mauro gegründet und entstand ursprünglich im kalabresischen Montalto Uffugo. Auch sie widmete sich der Missionierung im ländlichen Raum.

Die Pii Operai waren seit etwa 1870 in Personalschwierigkeiten, 1943 war nur noch ein Kongregationsmitglied im Dienst. Daraufhin vereinigte der Heilige Stuhl die beiden Gemeinschaften am 28. Juni 1943 zur heutigen Kongregation. Derzeitiger Generalsuperior (Preposito Generale) ist Rosario Cimino POCR.

Literatur
 Brigitte Kuhn-Forte: Handbuch der Kirchen Roms. Begründet von Walther Buchowiecki, 4. Band, Verlag Brüder Hollinek, Wien 1997, ISBN 3-85119-266-4.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Katholische Lebensgemeinschaft

Pii Operai Catechisti Rurali


Le bâtiment Castelao est un bâtiment d'architecture moderne du début du  situé à l'angle des rues Padre Amoedo Carballo et rue Sierra à Pontevedra, en Espagne, en bordure du centre historique. Il appartient au musée de Pontevedra.

Histoire
Le 2 mai 2003, lors de l'inauguration de l'extension du bâtiment Fernández López du musée de Pontevedra, son directeur a annoncé qu'un nouveau bâtiment du musée serait construit entre les rues Cobián Roffignac et Sierra.

Le bâtiment a été construit entre 2004 et 2008 selon un projet des architectes Eduardo Pesquera et Jesús Ulargui pour remédier au manque d'espace d'exposition du musée de Pontevedra. Il est situé sur le site de l'ancien verger du collège des Jésuites dans la ville, à l'arrière de celui-ci et de l'église Saint-Barthélemy.

Le bâtiment a été financé par la Députation de Pontevedra, avec le soutien du ministère de la Culture espagnol, de la Xunta de Galice et du conseil municipal de Pontevedra. Le projet a impliqué la création d'une nouvelle rue piétonne entre les rues Padre Amoedo et Arcos de San Bartolomé.

L'espace d'exposition temporaire a été inauguré en juillet 2008 avec la Biennale d'art consacrée au Maghreb. Après la mise en œuvre de la muséographie, le bâtiment a été inauguré le 4 janvier 2013. Le 2 décembre 2021, il a été nommé Bâtiment Castelao, en hommage à Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao, l'un des fondateurs du musée de Pontevedra.

Description
Le bâtiment couvre une superficie de  carrés et se compose de 3 étages et d'un rez-de-chaussée. Il a 23 salles d'exposition permanente, avec des œuvres pour la plupart picturales, qui permettent d'apprécier l'évolution de l'art galicien depuis l'époque gothique jusqu'à nos jours, ainsi que les manifestations artistiques réalisées dans d'autres régions d'Espagne depuis l'époque de Goya jusqu'au milieu du . Trois des salles sont consacrées à Castelao et il existe également de vastes espaces pour la riche collection de peinture espagnole de peintres tels que Goya, Fortuny, Rusiñol et Vázquez Díaz, et pour l'art galicien avec une large représentation de rénovateurs tels que Maside, Torres, Souto, Colmeiro et Laxeiro.

Le bâtiment a aussi des salles d'exposition temporaire, un auditorium, une cafétéria et des espaces d'atelier. De plus, dans son étage souterrain, on peut contempler une section de  des vestiges des anciens remparts de Pontevedra, intégrée au bâtiment.

La caractéristique la plus remarquable du bâtiment est sa luminosité. Il s'articule autour de deux structures rectangulaires reliées par des passerelles en verre. L'intérieur combine le béton blanc dans la structure avec des sols en granit et des planchers en bois blanchi dans les salles. Le module sud, plus petit, est vitré pour lui donner de la légèreté et pour faciliter la transition avec le bâtiment Sarmiento du musée, auquel il est relié par deux passerelles également vitrées à mi-hauteur. La structure nord, plus imposante et hermétique, possède des murs extérieurs en granit et des panneaux de sécurité longitudinaux en verre qui permettent à la lumière naturelle de pénétrer par la partie supérieure des salles et qui fonctionnent comme des fenêtres zénithales.

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Musée de Pontevedra

Liens externes
 Bâtiment Castelao du musée de Pontevedra
  Bâtiment Castelao - Architecture contemporaine à Pontevedra

Pontevedra
Architecture à Pontevedra
Monument dans la province de Pontevedra
Architecture en Galice
Province de Pontevedra
2008 en Espagne
Architecture civile du XXIe siècle
Musée en Galice

Bâtiment Castelao