Reutlingen University (in German Hochschule Reutlingen; formerly FHTW Reutlingen) is a university of applied sciences, involved in education and research. It is located in Reutlingen in the southern German state of Baden-Württemberg.  Enrollment stands at about 5,500 students, a quarter of whom are international and exchange students.  Reutlingen University has a long tradition as a second home for international students; over a quarter of the students currently registered come from countries outside Germany.  The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs in the main fields of International Business, Engineering, Information, Medical and Natural Science and Design.  In contrast to common university structures, the orientation of the faculties is less the result of the sciences located there.  It rather results from their industry driven specialization.  The five schools of Reutlingen University are the School of Applied Chemistry, ESB Business School, the School of Information Technology, the School of Engineering and the School of Texiles & Design.  Top Five placements in various rankings and its reputation amongst industry and commerce has made it one of Germany's most prestigious universities of applied sciences.

Reutlingen University's campus sits on the southwestern edge of Reutlingen, close to recreation and sport areas (including the city soccer stadium).  Two bus lines serve the campus, and the town center is a 20-minute walk away.  Two neighborhood centers are each a five-minute walk from campus and the dormitories, featuring shopping centers, banks, and doctors.

History

Foundation in the Kingdom of Württemberg

The history of Reutlingen University goes back to the School of Weaving established in 1855 by the Kingdom of Württemberg, the city of Reutlingen, and the textile industry.  The school was renamed in 1891 and became the Royal College of Technology for Textile Industry (German: Königlich Württembergisches Technikum für Textilindustrie), a technical college for spinning, weaving, and knitting.  After the end of monarchy in 1918, the college received state recognition and changed its name once more to the State College of Technology (German: Staatliches Technikum).  Two years later, the State Testing and Examination Authority for Textiles was founded in Reutlingen.

Extension after World War II
In 1967, Mechanical Engineering was added to the State College of Technology, and in 1971, the College received official recognition as a Fachhochschule (University of Applied Sciences).  In the Department of Business Studies, the first course in International Business began.  A year later, the business course Production Management enrolled its first students.

Work began on the new Hohbuch campus in 1975, and the university moved there in 1977.  The old buildings in the center of town were handed over to the police force, and parts of the original equipment from the Weaving School and other documentation were placed in the Industrial Museum of Reutlingen.

Internationalization and Addition of Further Schools
In 1979, the European Study Program for Business Management (ESB), with its partner schools Middlesex University in London and NEOMA Business School Reims, enrolled its first students. With this new program, Reutlingen University became the first partner institution for double degrees in Germany.  With its internationalization strategy, Reutlingen University increased its global reputation.  In mid-2008, Reutlingen University merged all three of its business schools (European School of Business, School of International Business, and Production Management) into one school under the European School of Business (ESB) name. Today, ESB Business School ranks among the top business schools in Germany.

Today's Building 2, home to the School of Applied Chemistry, opened in 1983, and in 1984, the first students entered Automation Technology and Business Information Science classes.  The same year, the Export Academy Baden-Württemberg was founded at the university with a postgraduate degree course in International Marketing.

The largest building on campus opened in 1987 by the Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg with space for Reutlingen University's technology departments.  The degree course in Electronic Engineering began in 1989.  The degree courses, Mechatronics and Media/Communication Information Technology, opened their doors in 2003.  In full accordance with European agreements, all degree courses switched in 2003 to internationally recognized Bachelor's and Master's qualifications.

Establishment of International Reputation
Today, Reutlingen University comprises five schools with international accreditation: School of Applied Chemistry (AC, Angewandte Chemie), ESB Business School (ESB), School of Information Technology (INF, Informatik), School of Engineering (TEC, Technik) and School of Texiles & Design (TD, Textil & Design). It has over 200 partner universities worldwide and offers 16 Bachelor's degrees and 23 Master's degrees, including MBA's for officers of the Bundeswehr (Federal Defense of Germany).

Organization
Since 2012, Hendrik Brumme is President of Reutlingen University, succeeding his predecessor Peter Nieß und Wolfgang Hiller.  Since 2019, Alexander Leisner is chancellor and hence head of administration.  The University's President is elected by the University Advisory Board, which is responsible for the development and competitiveness of the University.  Moreover, it supervises the management of the President's Office and deals with further matters concerning its own management, such as the election of the President or decisions about its structure and development plan.  The Chairman of the University Advisory Board is Christoph Kübel, Managing Director and Director of Industrial Relations of Robert Bosch GmbH.  The schools are organized decentrally and directed by Faculty Deans, who are elected by their respective school council.  Students have an institutionalized right to participate in the decision making process through Senator mandates, seats in the school councils or as appointed members of academic commissions.  Furthermore, a so-called AStA and the constituted student body engage in improving the students' study conditions and supporting student initiatives.

Schools & Degree Programs

School of Applied Chemistry
About 500 students study at the School of Applied Chemistry (AC).  Research and teaching are focusing the fields of medical technology, environmental protection, food, automotive, plastics and electronics.

ESB Business School
With about 2500 students (of which about 30 percent come from abroad), ESB Business School (ESB) is the largest of the five schools.  The main fields for research and teaching are business administration, foreign trade, business engineering and business development.  Since 2019 ESB Business School has been accredited by the AACSB for one of the highest international quality standards. Thereby, ESB Business School belongs to the world's best five percent of all business schools.  Since 2013 it has been accredited by FIBAA, the programme "International Management Double Degree" with premium seal.

School of Information Technology
With 860 students, the School of Information Technology (INF) is the third largest faculty at the university.  The study programs concentrate on scientific areas related to digitisation and digitalization.

School of Engineering
At Reutlingen University, around 1140 students study at the School of Engineering (TEC).  The faculty's research activities are supported by the Robert Bosch Centre for Power Electronics (rbz), a research and teaching cooperation between Robert Bosch GmbH, Reutlingen University and the University of Stuttgart.

School of Textiles & Design
The School of Textiles & Design represents the oldest department (since 1855) and the historical origin of Reutlingen University.  About 690 of the over 5.000 students at Reutlingen University are enrolled here.  Thematically, researching and teaching concentrates on textile technology, fashion, retail and design.  The faculty includes affiliates such as the research laboratory F+TRC (Fashion and Textile Research Center) and an extensive machinery park with laboratories.  The faculty owns the world's most extensive collection of historically significant fabrics (approx. 900 objects).

Center for Applied Research
Applied research and development are carried out in several institutes on campus.  Research and development projects supported by state and federal ministries, and also by the European Union, are carried out in cooperation with industry - in particular with small- and medium-size enterprises.  By this means the institutes make contributions to the innovative ability of German industry and provide topical relevance to students.  Research is focused mainly in the following areas:

Institute for Applied Research (IAF)

Process analysis, control, and optimization
Clothing technology, quality management, technical textiles
Renewable resources, polymer materials
Interface analysis and surface technology

Institute for Applied Research in Automation (IFA)

Production Automation and Sensor Systems (PASS) focusing mainly on image processing, robotics, telematics, signal processing, and driverless transportation systems
CAD/CAM in Design and Simulation, innovation management, benchmarking and energy technology

ESB-Research Institute

Innovation in business and enterprises
Implications of emerging knowledge society
Processes and consequences of globalization
Cooperation with partner universities of International Partnership of Business Schools (IPBS)

Export Academy Baden-Württemberg
The Export-Akademie offers a large number of programs for international business which do not lead to academic degrees.  Most of these courses are taught or supervised by the teaching staff of the ESB Reutlingen.  The Export-Akademie consists of the following departments: SEFEX (Seminars for the Exporting Industry), ZIM (a certificate course for export managers), OBS (a retraining program by the Otto Benecke Trust), and IMI (the International Management Institute).

SEFEX (Seminars for the Exporting Industry) offers seminars over one or several days on special aspects of international business.  These are specially designed to meet the needs of small- to medium-size enterprises.  University teachers with international experience organize the seminars and deal with the fundamental principles.  External lecturers from the business world guarantee a practical orientation and up-to-date information.

ZIM offers systematic part-time training for professionals in international trade.  The program can be taken in part or as a whole.  It works to a large extent with the study materials of the part-time MBA program of the European School of Business.  There are no formal prerequisites for participation in this program.  On successful completion, participants are awarded a certificate.  Under certain circumstances, participants in the program can go on to study at the Distance Learning University of Switzerland, where they can earn an academic degree.

The OBS program is a business retraining program for economists and engineers who have come to Germany from the ex-Soviet Union.  These migrants have completed an academic degree and have work experience which is often very different from what is usual in the German market.  The aim of the OBS courses is to remove these obstacles and to adapt the participants to professional requirements in Germany.  To achieve this, it also includes trainee programs in German companies.

IMI (the International Management Institute) is designed for managers and specialists from Eastern Europe and from emerging and developing countries.  It provides these people with further training in international business and assists in setting up international business academies in these countries.  IMI takes on contracts from a number of German and international organizations.

International

The university maintains over 100 partnership and cooperation agreements with universities around the world, overseen by the International Office.

Five universities enjoy major partnerships with Reutlingen University, sending students to and from all departments and in some cases offering special courses on Reutlingen's campus: Swinburne University of Technology (Hawthorn/Melbourne, Australia), Xi'an University of Technology (Xi'an, China), Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Monterrey, Mexico), Kettering University (Flint, Michigan), and Valparaiso University (Valparaiso, Indiana). Valparaiso University also sends a resident professor to teach and facilitate the program. The Amsterdam Fashion Academy (Oosteinde 1, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) has entered into a student exchange partnership with the Fakultät Textil & Design / School of Textiles & Design Hochschule Reutlingen / Reutlingen University.

The International Office (German Akademisches Auslandsamt) is the major link in Reutlingen for domestic and international students, as well as for academic staff, regarding exchange programs and cooperation agreements with foreign universities and institutions.  In addition to its core activities, such as creating and maintaining new study-abroad opportunities for students, the International Office coordinates events such as study-related excursions and company visits, field trips, cinema and international evenings, and receptions.

The services offered by the International Office include the following:

European and international study-abroad programs for incoming and outgoing students
Information about degree programs at Reutlingen University, admissions requirements, application and registration procedures, validation of first degrees (for graduate applicants)
Support for outgoing Reutlingen students, as well as incoming international students, lecturers, and guests on campus
Information about admission requirements, deadlines and application procedures for periods abroad including study semesters, internship semesters, language courses, and degree theses
Scholarships and other types of funding for study periods and internships (DAAD, Fulbright, Landesstiftung Baden-Württemberg, InWEnt gGmbH and others)
Coordination of the awarding of LIFELONG LEARNING and ERASMUS scholarships; information about the EU's LEONARDO DA VINCI program
Organization of events and excursions via the international circle of InWEnt gGmbH
Health insurance, visa and residence permit requirements
International examinations and qualifications such as TOEFL, APIEL, GMAT, GRE, DSH, etc.
Special language courses, including German as a Foreign Language, Business German, and pre-semester intensive German courses at Reutlingen University
Assistance with accommodation for international students from partner universities

Campus Facilities
The Protestant and Catholic Student Ministry (ekhg) offers workshops about how to develop and improve the social skills one needs when studying, in one's career, and in one's private life.  They attempt to find and live by modern forms of Christian faith, and offer help and advice on both academic and personal matters.  The ekhg supports student groups and initiatives, offers help, advice, and companionship in emergencies and personal crises, and arranges contact with German families for foreign students and faculty members.  The ekhg is facilitated by the Protestant and Catholic churches.

The University's Computing Center (German Rechenzentrum) operates a series of central servers and a large number of computer labs via a high-speed gigabit network.  Altogether, approximately 1600 networked workstations are available to students on campus, as well as campus-wide wireless access.

The University Library holds around 200,000 books and 350 regular periodicals.  In addition, a number of specialized databases, 10,000 e-journals, and 4000 ebooks can be accessed on the campus network.  The library also provides space for independent study for about 90 readers.  The main holdings of older material are literature on textile-related subjects from the 19th to the first half of the 20th century, books that are held by few other German libraries.  The textile collection is kept up to this day, though the emphasis has shifted from textile technology to fashion design and textile marketing.  Further important subjects are economics, educational studies, psychology, computer science, natural sciences, and German language and literature.

Building 1 (Betriebshalle) houses a unique and comprehensive array of textile machinery used for teaching purposes.  The large laboratories for Mechanical Engineering and Chemistry are also located in this building.

The Mensa (Refectory and Cafeteria) is a central meeting point on campus.  In addition to coffee and soft drinks, there is a wide range of small snacks, as well as warm dishes and salads during weekday lunchtime.  The same building also houses a bookstore and a branch office of the health insurance company AOK, which provides student insurance.

The Student Office (German Studierendenbüro) is a central office for student services, including help with accommodation, changes of address, international student ID cards, sports on campus, reduced ticket prices for local events and sports, and so on.

References

External links
Reutlingen University Website
Reutlingen Tourism
ESB Business School

Educational institutions established in 1855
1855 establishments in Germany
Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany
Universities and colleges in Baden-Württemberg

Reutlingen University


شان هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى جرد عكار ، و يعتمد أكثر سكانها على الزراعة حيث تشتهر بزراعة الزيتون والحمضيات الأخرى وتصدر إلى المدن الأخرى جميع أنواع الفواكه والخضار ويوجد عدد كبير من سكانها في أستراليا بلد المهجر وتمتاز شان بمناخها الجميل وهي تقع على علو 600 متر عن سطح البحر توجد بها مواشي ، وكذلك يوجد بها بلديه منتخبه وعدد سكانها في سنة 2010 حوالي 3000 نسمه

القيطع
مدن لبنان

شان


Zatyki ist polnischer Ortsname in der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren:
 Zatyki (Gołdap), Dorf im Powiat Gołdapski, bis 1945: Satticken, Kreis Goldap, Ostpreußen
 Zatyki (Olecko), Dorf im Powiat Olecki, bis 1938: Sattycken, 1938 bis 1945 Satticken, Kreis Oletzko/Treuburg, Ostpreußen
 Zatyki (Zalewo), Dorf im Powiat Iławski, bis 1945: Kattern, Kreis Mohrungen, Ostpreußen

Zatyki


Antun Jovanovac, bosanskohercegovački-hrvatski nogometni trener. Vodio je HNK Orašje u sezoni 2006./07. u prvenstvu i u Kupu Bosne i Hercegovine. Te sezone Orašje je sudjelovalo u Uefinoj Europskoj ligi. Ispali su u prvom kolu od slovenskih Domžala. Vodio je poslije prvu momčad i novoosnovanu školu nogometa županijskog ligaša Zrinskog iz Bošnjaka.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometni treneri
Bosanskohercegovački nogometni treneri

Antun Jovanovac (trener)


Muzeul Atomkeller ("pivnița atomică") este un muzeu de tehnologie nucleară situat într-o scobitură din stânca de sub castelul din Haigerloch, Baden-Württemberg. Această pivniță, inițial utilizată pentru producția berii, a fost transformată către sfârșitul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial în vederea construcției reactorului experimental Haigerloch. Practic, acesta face parte din proiectul Arsenalului armatei germane de exploatare a energiei nucleare în scopuri militare. În acest scop a fost înființată societatea Uranverein (condusă de Werner Heisenberg) care a construit un reactor la Leipzig (1942); acestuia i-au urmat alți doi, unul la Berlin și cel de la Heigerloch.

Muzeul Atomkeller a fost deschis în 1980 și prezintă istoria cercetării nucleare germane de la Otto Hahn până în prezent. În muzeu există o replică la scara 1:1 a reactorului experimental, proiectat a funcționa cu uraniu natural în formă metalică drept combustibil, apă grea ca agent de răcire și moderat cu grafit. Acest reactor nu a fost niciodată funcțional. De asemenea, muzeul deține două cuburi originale de combustibil de uraniu, panouri de informare și modele și o replică a mesei de lucru utilizată de către Otto Hahn la descoperirea fisiunii nucleare. Exponatele prezintă vizitatorilor stadiul dezvoltării tehnologiei nucleare la vremea respectivă. Alături de replica reactorului Haigerlocher, sunt prezentate modele și documentația unor reactori nucleari mai recenți.

Cu ocazia celei de-a 100-a aniversări a lui Werner Heisenberg, în 2002 a fost inaugurată o expoziție permanentă numită Werner Heisenberg - Viața și Munca, situată în clădirea fabricii de ulei din apropierea muzeului.

Vezi și
 Uranprojekt
 Fisiune nucleară
 Otto Hahn
 Reactor nuclear
 Werner Heisenberg

Note

Legături externe
 Haigerloch
 Muzeul Atomkeller

Fondări în 1980
Istoria fizicii
Tehnologie nucleară
Muzee din Baden-Württemberg
Muzee științifice

Muzeul Atomkeller


Warren George Entsch is an Australian politician who has been a member of the House of Representatives from 1996 to 2007 and since 2010, representing the Division of Leichhardt. He is a member of the Liberal National Party of Queensland, and sits with the Liberal Party in federal parliament.

Early life
Entsch was born in Babinda, Queensland and served in the Royal Australian Air Force 1969–78. He was a railway porter, maintenance fitter and welder, real estate agent, farmer, grazier, crocodile catcher and company director before entering politics.

In his time outside of Parliament between 2007 and 2010, Entsch worked as an independent director on the board of CEC Group, a Cairns-based property development company, and a Director of the Australian Rainforest Foundation, a Cairns-based organisation focussing on the Daintree Rainforest.

Politics
Entsch was first elected to the House of Representatives at the March 1996 federal election. He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry, Science and Resources 1998–2001 and was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry, Tourism and Resources from 2001 to 2006. He then decided on retirement, principally to spend time with his teenage son and did not contest the November 2007 election. He was a member of the Liberal Party of Queensland until the formation of the Liberal National Party of Queensland in 2008.

On 10 November 2009, Entsch announced that he would again run for pre-selection for the seat of Leichhardt and was re-elected to parliament at the August 2010 election defeating the man who had succeeded him in 2007, Labor incumbent Jim Turnour. Entsch was subsequently appointed Chief Opposition Whip by then-opposition leader Tony Abbott.

At the 2016 federal election Entsch was re-elected with 39.4% of first- preference votes marking his seventh election victory in 20 years. He was again re-elected at the 2019 Australian federal election with 37.6% of first-preference votes. He was shortly afterwards appointed to the position of "special envoy to the Great Barrier Reef" by Prime Minister Scott Morrison. He vowed to focus his efforts in this role on the issue of plastic pollution on the reef, asserting that climate change was not a threat to the existence of the Great Barrier Reef. By the end of 2019 Entsch acknowledged climate change and its impact as a serious threat to the Great Barrier Reef. In his December 2019 report to environment minister Sussan Ley he stated "Global climage change looms as the most serious existential threat to the long-term health and viability of the Reef."

In May 2019, in his re-election victory speech, claimed his own success in the legalisation of same-sex marriage: "I've been very successful in campaigning for national change. Medical cannabis was one that I was able to successfully implement, the other was same-sex marriage, which I'm very proud of."

In his role as Chair of the Parliament's Northern Australia Committee and the Juukan Gorge Inquiry, Entsch tabled the interim report of the "Inquiry into the destruction of 46,000-year-old caves at the Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara region of Western Australia" in December 2020.

Entsch was able to retain his seat at the 2022 election.

Entsch is a member of the Moderate faction of the Liberal Party.

In March 2023, Entsch's wife Yolonde was announced by Queensland opposition leader David Crisafulli as the LNP's candidate for the electoral district of Cairns in the 2024 Queensland state election.

Support for same-sex marriage

In September 2004, Entsch publicly spoke against his party's anti-gay-marriage stance, describing laws to prevent gay marriage as "offensive" and "unnecessary". As a result of his pro-gay statements, the Family First Party – which directed their preferences to Liberal/National Coalition candidates ahead of Labor candidates in almost every other seat, nationwide – directed their preferences to Labor instead of Entsch. Nevertheless, he won re-election with an increased majority of both the primary and two-party-preferred vote.

In December 2005, he pledged support for a civil union scheme after Britain began granting civil partnerships. He was interviewed for The Pink Broad (Issue 15, published Wednesday 22 February 2006), a fortnightly gay and lesbian newspaper, in which he confirmed that he planned to sponsor a private member's bill in Federal Parliament within months that promised to eradicate discrimination and the inequities faced by Australia's gay and lesbian population under Federal law. His plan did not eventuate. In September 2010 Entsch indicated that he did not consider same-sex marriage an important issue and voted against the Australian Greens 2010 motion for members of the house to poll their constituents on the issue of same-sex marriage.

Two years later he voted against a bill sponsored by Labor's Stephen Jones that would have legalised same-sex marriage. On 17 August 2015, in defiance of Prime Minister Abbott, Entsch introduced a private member's bill to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia, saying, "The main purpose of this bill is not a complex one. It is to give same-sex couples in Australia the same right to marry the person they love as that which is currently only granted by law to heterosexual couples. This bill is designed to promote an inclusive Australia, not a divided one. A divided nation is what we will be if we continue to allow discrimination in relation to marriage on the basis of a person's sexuality."

On 7 December 2017, Entsch spoke in favour of and voted for, the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill that enabled same-sex marriage in Australia, following the plebiscite introduced by then Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull.

References

External links

Further reading
Entsch Returns to Politics
Warren Entsch wins Leichhardt for LNP

1950 births
20th-century Australian farmers
Australian people of German descent
Australian real estate agents
Living people
Australian LGBT rights activists
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia
People from Far North Queensland
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Leichhardt
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians

Warren Entsch


Luna goală în interior sau ipoteza că Luna este o navă spațială presupune ca satelitul natural al Pământului este fie complet gol în interior sau conține, în alt mod, un spațiu interior substanțial. Nicio dovadă științifică nu există pentru a sprijini aceste idei; observațiile seismice și alte date colectate de când navele spațiale au început să orbiteze sau să coboare pe Lună indică faptul că aceasta are o crustă subțire, manta extinsă și un miez mic, dens, deși în general mult mai puțin dens decât al Pământului.

Istoric
Conceptul Lunii goale în interior este similar cu mai bine cunoscuta ipoteză a Pământului gol în interior, ipoteză care a fost folosită în multe scenarii science fiction apărute înainte de zborurile spațiale.

Ipoteza că Luna este un obiect gol în interior sugerează, de obicei, că ar fi un produs al unei civilizații extraterestre. De multe ori se numește ipoteza Navei Spațiale Luna și corespunde adesea cu credințe în OZN-uri sau astronauți antici.

În 1970, academicienii sovietici Michael Vasin și Alexander Shcherbakov au avansat o teză conform căreia Luna este o navă spațială creată de ființe necunoscute. Articolul era intitulat "Este Luna creația unei inteligențe extraterestre?" și a fost publicat în revista Sputnik. Ipoteza lor se baza foarte mult pe faptul că cele mai mari cratere lunare, despre care se crede de obicei că sunt formate din impactul cu meteoriți, sunt prea puțin adânci și au fundul plat sau chiar convex. Jason Colavito subliniază faptul că toate dovezile lor sunt circumstanțiale și că în anii 1960 Uniunea Sovietică a promovat conceptul de astronauți (extratereștri) antici într-o încercare de a submina credința Occidentului în creștinism.

După ce, în 1969, Apollo 12 a prăbușit în mod deliberat racheta Modulului lunar pe suprafața Lunii lângă un seismograf amplasat anterior în apropiere s-a afirmat că Luna a vibrat ca un clopot timp de o oră, ceea ce ar fi un argument că Luna trebuie să fie goală în interior. Experimentele seismologice lunare ulterioare au arătat că satelitul are cutremure mai puțin adânci decât cele terestre și că acestea acționează în mod diferit față de cutremurele de pe Pământ datorită diferențelor de textură, tip și densitate a straturilor planetare, dar nu există nicio dovadă a oricărui spațiu gol mare în interiorul Lunii.

În mitologie
În unele scrieri și tradiții antice este descrisă o perioadă în care Luna nu a existat. Democretus și Anaxagora menționează că a existat un moment în istoria omenirii în care Luna nu putea fi văzută noaptea pe cer. Aceste relatări au făcut ca teoreticienii Lunii ca navă spațială să considere că la un moment dat cineva a adus Luna pe orbita Pământului.

În cultura populară
H.G. Wells, The First Men in The Moon (1901).  Wells descrie ființe insectoide fictive ce trăiesc în interiorul gol al Lunii.
Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Moon Maid (1926). Într-un cadru fantastic se postulează că Luna e goală la interior, are atmosferă interioară și este locuită.
C. S. Lewis, That Hideous Strength (1945).  O Lună goală la interior este o parte importantă a fundalului SF al acestui roman.
Nikolai Nosov, Dunno on the Moon (1965).  Roman basm în care este descrisă și Luna goală la interior.
Isaac Asimov, Foundation and Earth (1986). R. Daneel Olivaw trăiește într-o  Lună goală la interior.
David Weber, Empire from the Ashes (2003).  SF în care Luna este o uriașă navă spațială care a sosit acum 50 000 de ani pe orbita Pământului.
David Icke, Human Race Get off Your Knees – The Lion Sleeps No More (2010).  Icke dezbate idea unei Luni goale la interior.

Referințe și note

Vezi și
 Intratereștri

Legături externe

Bibliografie

Luna
Teme science fiction
Teorii științifice perimate
Pseudoștiință
Teorii conspirative
Ufologie
Teoria Pământului Gol
Paleoastronautică
OZN
Viață extraterestră
Mituri despre Lună
Nave spațiale fictive

Teorii despre Luna goală în interior


Gospel Oak railway station is in the London Borough of Camden in north-west London. It is on the North London line (NLL) and is also the western passenger terminus of the Gospel Oak to Barking Line – known informally as GOBLIN. Passengers using Oyster cards are required to tap on interchange Oyster card readers when changing between the two lines. The station is in Travelcard Zone 2, and is managed by London Overground which runs all passenger trains at the station.

History

The station opened in 1860 as Kentish Town on the Hampstead Junction Railway from  to Old Oak Common Junction south of . It was renamed Gospel Oak in 1867 when a new station more appropriately named Kentish Town was opened about a mile south on the same line (that station is now ). Due to financial constraints a planned connection from the Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway to Gospel Oak station was not added until 4 June 1888, some 20 years after that railway opened, and then without a link to the North London Line due to other companies' opposition.

From 1926 to 1981, the station was not a passenger interchange: passenger trains left the Barking line at Tufnell Park and descended the gradient to  station. In 1981 that passenger service from Barking was diverted from Kentish Town to Gospel Oak with the terminal platform rebuilt on the north side of the existing station.

The North London Line through Gospel Oak was electrified on the fourth-rail 660 volt DC system in 1916 by the LNWR: in the 1970s that was changed to 750 volt DC third rail. In 1996, the line from Willesden through Gospel Oak to Camden was closed during conversion to 25 kv AC overhead.

To allow four-car trains to run on the London Overground network, the North London Line between this station and  closed from February 2010 to 1 June 2010, for installing a new signalling system and for extending 30 platforms. Until May 2011, there was a reduced service with no services on Sundays while the upgrade work continued.

Design

The platforms are high above street level with stairs and two lifts, one serving westbound trains, and one serving eastbound trains and the Barking line. The North London Line has two platforms and the Barking line has a short terminal platform north of which are two separate through freight tracks which join the NLL just west of the station. Oyster ticket barriers are in operation.

Services

The typical off-peak service at the station in trains per hour is:
 4 eastbound to
 8 eastbound to
 4 westbound to Clapham Junction
 4 westbound to

Connections
London Buses route C11 serves the station.

In arts and music
The two brick skew arch bridges by which the trains cross Gordon House Road are shown in the cover photograph of the 1997 Gospel Oak EP by Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor.

Notes

References

External links

Railway stations in the London Borough of Camden
DfT Category D stations
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1860
Former Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1888
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1926
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1981
Railway stations served by London Overground

Gospel Oak railway station


The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham, first published on 15 April 1919. It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator providing a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character, Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist. The story is, in part, based on the life of the painter Paul Gauguin.

Plot summary
The book is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London. Certain chapters entirely comprise accounts of events by other characters, which the narrator recalls from memory, selectively editing or elaborating on certain aspects of dialogue, particularly Strickland's, because Strickland is said by the narrator to have a very poor ability to express himself in words. The narrator first develops an acquaintance with Strickland's wife at literary parties and later meets Strickland himself, who appears to be an unremarkable businessman with no interest in his wife's literary or artistic tastes.

Strickland is a well-off, middle-class stockbroker in London, sometime in the late 19th or early 20th century. Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. The narrator enters directly into the story at that point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband. He lives a destitute but defiantly content life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger. Strickland, in his drive to express through his art what appears to continually possess and compel him on the inside, cares nothing for physical discomfort and is indifferent to his surroundings. He is helped and supported by a commercially successful but hackneyed Dutch painter, Dirk Stroeve, coincidentally, also an old friend of the narrator, who recognises Strickland's genius as a painter. After helping Strickland recover from a life-threatening illness, Stroeve is repaid by having his wife, Blanche, abandon him for Strickland. Strickland later discards the wife, because all he really wanted from Blanche was to be a model to paint, not serious companionship. It is hinted in the novel that he indicated that to her, but she took the risk anyway. Blanche then dies by suicide. She is another human casualty in Strickland's single-minded pursuit of art and beauty, the first casualties being his own established life, and those of his wife and children.

After the Paris episode, the story continues in Tahiti. Strickland has already died, and the narrator attempts to piece together his life there from recollections of others. He finds that Strickland had taken up with a native woman, had two children by her (one of whom died), and started painting profusely. We learn that Strickland had settled for a short while in the French port of Marseilles before traveling to Tahiti, where he lived for a few years before dying of leprosy. Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but his magnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt by his wife after his death, as per his dying orders.

Inspiration

The Moon and Sixpence is not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction. It is founded on what I had heard about him, but I used only the main facts of his story and for the rest trusted to such gifts of invention as I was fortunate enough to possess.

The life of the French artist Paul Gauguin is the inspiration for the story, but the character of Strickland as a solitary, sociopathic and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of his life. The real Gauguin was a participant in the artistic developments in France in the 1880s, exhibiting his work regularly with the Impressionists, and being a friend and collaborator with many artists. Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career. However, none of that happened in the brutal way of the novel's character. Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914. Strickland is created as an extreme version of the "modern artist as 'genius'", who is indifferent and frequently hostile to the people around him.

Writing in 1953, Maugham described the idea for the book as arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: "...I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven. I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel". The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start writing.

The critic Amy Dickson examines the relationship between Gauguin and Strickland. She contrasts the novel's description of Strickland, "his faults are accepted as the necessary complement of his merits... but one thing can never be doubtful, and that is that he had genius", with Gauguin's description of himself: "I am an artist and you are right, you're not mad, I am a great artist and I know it. It's because I know it that I have endured such sufferings. To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand—which is what many people think I am." Dickson sums up the novel as follows: "Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival of modernism from Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius—The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography."

About the title
According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review in The Times Literary Supplement of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage, in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as being "so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet." According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, "If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon." Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): "He [Gauguin] may be charged with having always wanted something else."

Adaptations
The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at the New Theatre, with Henry Ainley as Strickland and Eileen Sharp as Ata. A film of the same name directed and written by Albert Lewin, was released in 1942, starring George Sanders as Charles Strickland.

The novel served as the basis for a 1957 opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry which premiered at Sadlers Wells.

S Lee Pogostin adapted it for American TV in 1959. That production, The Moon and Sixpence (1959), starred Laurence Olivier, with Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy in supporting roles.

In popular culture

Ray Noble's 1932 dance band hit "We've Got the Moon and Sixpence", sung by Al Bowlly, takes its name from the book.

The book was mentioned in Agatha Christie's 1942 mystery (Hercule Poirot series) novel Five Little Pigs, when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed. The victim in the case is a married artist infatuated with a younger woman he yearns to paint, and for whom he may or may not be about to abandon his wife.

It was mentioned in James Jones's 1951 novel From Here to Eternity, in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli.

Jack Kerouac mentions the book in his 1958 novella The Subterraneans.

In the opening scene of François Truffaut's 1966 film Fahrenheit 451, an adaptation of Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel of the same name, several firemen are preparing books for burning. In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest. That book is The Moon and Sixpence.

It is also mentioned frequently in Stephen King's 1998 novel Bag of Bones, and in passing in his 2015 novel Finders Keepers.

The Moon and Sixpence is central to the protagonist's solving the mystery in Howard Pease's 1934 novel The Ship Without a Crew.

See also

Mario Vargas Llosa's 2003 novel The Way to Paradise is also based on Paul Gauguin's life.

Notes

External links

The Moon and Sixpence at the Internet Movie Database

1919 British novels
Historical novels
Biographical novels
Novels by W. Somerset Maugham
Roman à clef novels
Novels about artists
Novels set in Paris
Novels set in Tahiti
Heinemann (publisher) books
British novels adapted into films
Novels adapted into operas

The Moon and Sixpence


Hammer ist ein Teil des Stadtgebiets von Nürnberg und des statistischen Bezirks 94 (Laufamholz).

Lage
Die ehemalige Industriesiedlung Hammer liegt im Stadtteil Laufamholz am südlichen Ufer der Pegnitz etwa 4 km östlich von Nürnbergs Stadtkern. Die Staatsstraße 2241 verläuft östlich zur Anschlussstelle 87 der Bundesautobahn 3 bzw. westlich zur Bundesstraße 4 R.

Geschichte
Bereits 1372 stand in Hammer eine Mühle. Aus ihr entwickelte sich ein Industriegut. Neben der Mühle befand sich auch ein Messinghammer. Die Ansiedlung wurde im Zweiten Markgrafenkrieg 1552 zerstört. Familie Kanler baute das Hammerwerk als Drahtziehermühle wieder auf und umgab das Gebiet mit einer Mauer. 1681 standen in Hammer ein Herrenhaus, Arbeiterwohnungen, eine Schule, ein Wirtshaus, Stallungen und wirtschaftliche Gebäude, eine Mahlmühle, eine Glühhütte und ein Brennofen. Die Firma Johann Volkamer & Co. übernahm 1718 das Messingwerk.

Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es in Hammer 6 Anwesen (1 Hammer mit Schmiede, Schmelzwerk, Mahlmühle und mehrere Häuser). Das Hochgericht übte die Reichsstadt Nürnberg aus, was von den brandenburg-ansbachischen Ämtern Schwabach und Schönberg bestritten wurde. Die Grundherrschaft über alle Anwesen hatten die Nürnberger Eigenherren von Forster und von Volckamer gemeinsam inne.

Ab 1796 unterstand Hammer unter der Verwaltung Preußens. Nach der Eingliederung Frankens in das Königreich Bayern (1806) war das "Messing- und Lahngoldwerk Hammer" die größte Fabrik im Nürnberger Land. Im Rahmen des Gemeindeedikts wurde Hammer dem 1808 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt Laufamholz und der im selben Jahr gegründeten Ruralgemeinde Laufamholz zugeordnet. In der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit unterstand der ganze Ort bis 1848 dem Patrimonialgericht Hammer.

1814 ging das kleine Dorf an die mit Volckamers verwandte Familie von Forster über. Der Sandstein-Obelisk, der heute noch auf dem Christoph-Carl-Platz steht, wurde von der Familie von Forster aus dem ehemaligen Volckamerschern Garten in Gostenhof in das Fabrikgut Hammer verlagert. Ein 1815 errichtetes Walzwerk wurde ab 1871 durch Turbinen betrieben. 1894 wurden die Hämmer durch Walzwerke ersetzt. Es wurde ein eigenes Stromnetz aufgebaut, mit dem die Ortschaften östlich von Hammer mit Strom versorgt wurden. Die Stromversorgung ging 1930 an das Fränkische Überlandwerk. Die Bombenangriffe im Zweiten Weltkrieg verschonten auch das kleine Fabrikgut nicht. Die von Herrn von Forster eingereichten Pläne für einen Wiederaufbau wurden abgelehnt. 1958 wurde das Werk endgültig stillgelegt und an die Energie- und Wasserversorgung AG (heute N-Ergie AG) verkauft. 1977 wurde Hammer als industriegeschichtliches Ensemble unter Denkmalschutz gestellt.

1938 wurde Hammer in die Stadt Nürnberg eingemeindet.

Baudenkmäler
 Ehemaliges Herrenhaus
 Ehemaliges Gasthaus Einkehr zum Hammer
 Ehemaliges Kontorgebäude
 Arbeiterwohnhäuser

Einwohnerentwicklung

Panorama

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation überwiegend protestantisch. Die Einwohner evangelisch-lutherischer Konfession sind nach Heilig Geist gepfarrt, die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Karl Borromäus gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Hammer auf der Website nuernberginfos.de

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Nürnberg
Statistischer Distrikt von Nürnberg
Ersterwähnung 1372

Hammer (Nürnberg)


جوزيف جيمس الابن  (بالإنجليزية: .Joseph James، Jr) (ولد في 4 مايو، 1959) هو مصارع أمريكي محترف وحكم يعرف أكثر بالاسم سكوت أرمسترونغ. هو الابن الأكبر لبوب ارمسترونغ والأخ الأكبر للمصارعين براد أرمسترونغ وبراين جيرارد جيمس وستيف أرمسترونغ.

المسيرة في مصارعة المحترفين

الحياة المبكرة
بدأ جيمس يتصارع عام 1983 باسم «سكوت ارمسترونغ». ولعب أكثر مبارياته في ولاية جورجيا وألباما. كما تصارع في منظمة ناشونال ريسلينغ اليانس (إن دبليو إيه) ومنظمات جيم كروكيت ومنظمة ورلد تشامبيونشيب ريسلينغ (دبليو سي دبليو) حيث كون فريقا يدعى «ذا جيمس بويز» مع أخوه ستيف. عمل جيمس في دبليو سي دبليو منذ 1992 وحتى 2001. حيث بدأ كمصارع وانتهى كحكم. كما تصارع في منظمة سموكي مونتن ريسلينغ باسم ديكسي نو-ميت.

كما عمل كحكم في منظمة توتال نونستوب أكشن ريسلينغ (تي إن إيه).

وورلد ريسلينغ إنترتاينمينت (2006-2010)
كان ظهور أرمسترونغ الأول مع منظمة وورلد ريسلينغ إنترتاينمينت (دبليو دبليو إي) في 26 يوليو، 2006، سماكداون! عندما حكم مباراة على لقب الولايات المتحدة بين فينلي ووليام ريغال. في أغسطس 2006، أصبح أرمسترونغ حكما يعمل بدوام كامل مع الدبليو دبليو إي كما أصبح كبير حكام إي سي دبليو في شهر فبراير 2007 عندما انتقل كبير الحكام السابق مايكي هانسون إلى سماكداون!. كما كان الحكم الوحيد الذي مثل قسم إي سي دبليو في حدث راسلمينا إكس إكس أي في. بعدها، انتقل إلى سماكداون حيث أصبح كبير الحكام هناك. في نوفمبر 2008، قامت المنظمة بإلغاء حصرية الحكام للأقسام. مما يعني أن جميع الحكام سيظهرون في كل الأقسام (راو وسماكداون وإي سي دبليو أو دبليو دبليو إي إن إكس تي) في أي وقت. في راسلمانيا إكس إكس في، حكم أرمسترونغ مباراة مباراة الحدث الرئيسي بين بطل الدبليو دبليو إي تريبل إتش وراندي أورتن.

في 13 سبتمبر، 2009، تورط تسبب أرمسترونغ في خساراة اندرتيكر لبطولة العالم للوزن الثقيل حدث بريكنغ بوينت حين أعلن أن سي إم بنك هو الفائز على الرغم من أن أندرتكير لم يستسلم لحركة أنكوندا فايس التي نفذها بنك عليه. وهي حادثة تشبه حادثة مونتريال سكروجوب التي أقيمت في نفس المدينة عام 1997. في 30 أكتوبر، 2009، لعب أرمسترونغ في سماكداون مباراة خسرها سريعا أمام سي إم بنك. بعدها باسبوع، قام أرمسترونغ بالعد سريعا على سي إم بنك الذي كان خرج الحلبة ويمنح الفوز لصالح ار تروث.
في 26 فبراير، 2010، قام منظمة دبليو دبليو إي بفسخ عقد ارمسترونغ.

الحياة الشخصية
جيمس متزوج من ميشيل ولديهما طفلان. في 2008، قام جيمس بالتبرع لصالح حديقة ذا زوو نورثويست فلوريدا بعد أن أصابها الإعصار إيفن.

في المصارعة
 الحركة القاضية
 سوبركيك
 حركات معروف بها
 عكس كروس بدي
 دوب كيك
 رول أب

بطولات وجوائز
 جورجيا تشامبيونشيب ريسلينغ
 بطولة إن دبليو إيه ناشونال للفرق الثنائية (مرة) – مع بوب ارمسترونغ
 نورث جورجيا ريسلينغ أسوسيايشن
 بطولة إن جي دبليو إيه للفرق الثنائية (مرة)
 إن دبليو إيه ريسل بيرمنغهام
 بطولة إن دبليو إيه ريسل بيرمنغهام للفرق الثنائية (مرة) – مع بوب ارمسترونغ
 ساوث إيسترن تشامبيونشيب ريسلينغ
 بطولة إن دبليو إيه ساوثرين للفرق الثنائية – م (مرة) مع براد ارمسترونغ
 بطولة إن دبليو إيه للوزن الثقيل الخفيف (5 مرات)
 ساوث إيسترين إكستريم ريسلينغ
 بطولة إس إكس دبليو للوزن الثقيل (مرة)
 بطولة إس إكس دبليو إمباكت
 تينيسي مونتان ريسلينغ تي إم دبليو للفرق الثنائية – (مرة) مع براد ارمسترونغ
 يونايتد تشامبيونشيب ريسلينغ
 بطولة يو دبليو سي للفرق الثنائية – (مرة) مع بوب ارمسترونغ
 يو إس إبه ريسلينغ'''
 بطولة يو إس إيه للوزن الثقيل الخفيف (مرة)

روابط خارجية

مراجع

روابط إضافية
 صفحة سكوت أرمسترونغ في موقع أون لاين وورلد أوف ريسلينغ

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حكام مصارعة المحترفين
رياضيون من ماريتا (جورجيا)
فريق السلطة
مصارعون محترفون أمريكيون
مصارعون محترفون في القرن 20
مصارعون محترفون في القرن 21
مصارعون محترفون من ولاية جورجيا
مواليد 1959
مواليد 1961
مواليد 1962
مواليد في ماريتا (جورجيا)

جوزيف جيمس الابن


Milagro es el título del noveno álbum de estudio y tercer álbum realizado en español grabado por de la cantautora estadounidense de pop latino y de música cristiana contemporánea Jaci Velásquez, Fue lanzado al mercado bajo el sello discográfico Sony Discos el 1 de abril de 2003. Este disco ganó un premio Billboard en español en la categoría "Mejor Álbum Cristiano", aunque por sus letras, sea considerado el más secular de todos sus discos. Este no fue tan exitoso como sus anteriores discos en español, debido a que Sony Discos se encontraba en bancarrota y no se le dio ninguna promoción.

Lista de canciones

Sencillos
 No hace falta un hombre (se realizó un videoclip para este tema)
 A un paso de mi amor (No se realizó un videoclip para este tema)
 Mi vida no es nada sin ti, es una versión en español de Can't Stay Away From You de Gloria Estefan

Álbumes de 2003
Álbumes de Estados Unidos de 2003
Álbumes de Jaci Velasquez
Álbumes de pop
Álbumes en español
Álbumes de Sony Discos
Álbumes producidos por Alejandro Jaén
Álbumes producidos por Emilio Estefan
Álbumes producidos por Rudy Pérez
Álbumes producidos por Estéfano

Milagro (álbum)


A submersible is an underwater vehicle which needs to be transported and supported by a larger watercraft or platform. This distinguishes submersibles from submarines, which are self-supporting and capable of prolonged independent operation at sea.

There are many types of submersibles, including both human-occupied vehicles (HOVs) and uncrewed craft, variously known as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Submersibles have many uses including oceanography, underwater archaeology, ocean exploration, tourism, equipment maintenance and recovery and underwater videography.

History

The first recorded self-propelled underwater vessel was a small oar-powered submarine conceived by William Bourne (c. 1535–1582) and designed and built by Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel in 1620, with two more improved versions built in the following four years. Contemporary accounts state that the final model was demonstrated to King James I in person, who may even have been taken aboard for a test dive. There do not appear to have been any further recorded submersibles until Bushnell's Turtle.

The first submersible to be used in war was designed and built by American inventor David Bushnell in 1775 as a means to attach explosive charges to enemy ships during the American Revolutionary War. The device, dubbed Bushnell's Turtle, was an oval-shaped vessel of wood and brass. It had tanks that were filled with water to make it dive and then emptied with the help of a hand pump to make it return to the surface. The operator used two hand-cranked propellers to move vertically or laterally under the water. The vehicle had small glass windows on top and naturally luminescent wood affixed to its instruments so that they could be read in the dark.

Bushnell's Turtle was first set into action on September 7, 1776, at New York Harbor to attack the British flagship . Sergeant Ezra Lee operated the vehicle at that time. Lee successfully brought Turtle against the underside of Eagles hull but failed to attach the charge because of the strong water currents.

Operation
Apart from size, the main technical difference between a "submersible" and a "submarine" is that submersibles are not fully autonomous and may rely on a support facility or vessel for replenishment of power and breathing gases. Submersibles typically have shorter range, and operate primarily underwater, as most have little function at the surface. Some submersibles operate on a "tether" or "umbilical", remaining connected to a tender (a submarine, surface vessel or platform). Submersibles have been able to dive to over  below the surface.

Submersibles may be relatively small, hold only a small crew, and have no living facilities.

A submersible often has very dexterous mobility, provided by propeller screws or pump-jets.

Technologies

Different basic technologies used in the design of submersibles.

Atmospheric Pressure

The earth's atmosphere exerts a pressure on its surface, similar to how water exerts pressure due to its weight. Unlike water, however, the atmosphere is compressible because it is composed of gases. Consequently, the density of the atmosphere varies with height, with highest density at sea level. As a result, the maximum atmospheric pressure is experienced at sea level, gradually decreasing with increasing altitude.

To calculate atmospheric pressure, we consider the pressure exerted by a column of seawater 10 meters in height. Under average condition, the atmosphere can support such a column, resulting in an atmospheric pressure of 103,000 Newtons per square meter (N/m2).

Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure
When measuring gas pressures, including those experienced underwater, gauge pressure and absolute pressure are essential concepts to understand.

a. Gauge Pressure: A pressure gauge is typically calibrated to read zero when the gauge is at atmospheric pressure. This gauge records only the "difference of pressure" between the measured pressure and atmospheric pressure. If a diver used such a gauge underwater, it would indicate only the pressure exerted by the water. For example, if the gauge reads 120, the measured pressure is actually 120 bar above atmospheric pressure, equivalent to 121 bar

b. Absolute Pressure: Before a diver descends beneath the surface, they are already under a pressure of 1 bar, or 103000 n/m2, which represents atmospheric pressure. As the diver descends, the pressure on them increases by 0.1 bar for every metre of depth. The total pressure on the diver at any given depth is the sum of the pressure of the water at that depth and atmospheric pressure. This total pressure is known as absolute pressure, and the relationship is as follows:

Absolute Pressure (bar abs) = Gauge Pressure(bar) + Atmospheric Pressure (1 bar)

To calculate absolute pressure, add the atmospheric pressure to the gauge pressure using the same unit. Working with depth rather than pressure is often convenient in diving calculations. In this context, atmospheric pressure is considered equivalent to a depth of 10 meters.
Absolute depth (m) = Gauge Depth (m) + 10 m.

Depth Measurement: Pressure Monitoring Devices

it is crucial to consider the pressure the diver experiences rather than the linear measurement of depth. Depth measurement in diving is standardized to overcome variations in water density.

To express the depth of a diver in water or in a compression chamber accurately, the measurement should be in meters (m). A change in depth of 10 meters corresponds to a change in pressure of 1 bar. The unit "meters of sea water" (msw) should not be used to avoid confusion and ensure consistent depth measurement.

Note: A change in depth of 10 meters for a change in pressure of 1 bar equates to a water density of 1012.72 kg/m³

Single-atmosphere submersibles have a pressure hull with internal pressure maintained at surface atmospheric pressure. This requires the hull to be capable of withstanding the ambient hydrostatic pressure from the water outside, which can be many times greater than the internal pressure.

Another technology called ambient pressure submersibles maintains the same pressure both inside and outside the vessel. The interior is air-filled, at a pressure to balance the external pressure, so the hull does not have to withstand a pressure difference.

A third technology is the "wet sub", which refers to a vehicle that may or may not be enclosed, but in either case, water floods the interior, so underwater breathing equipment is used by the crew. This may be scuba carried by the divers, or scuba carried by the vessel.

Understand the Science of Floating

When an object is submerged in a liquid filled container, the level of the liquid rises. This intriguing phenomenon occurs because the object displaces the liquid, pushing it out of the way. Before the object come into contact with the liquid, it exits in a state of equilibrium, with the weight of the liquid above being balanced by an upward force called up-thrust.

However, once the object is partially immersed, the up-thrust, which previously opposed the weight of the displaced water, starts acting on the object itself. Consequently, objects submerged in liquids appear to weigh less due to this buoyant force. This fascinating relationship between the amount of liquid displaced and the resulting up-thrust is known as Archimedes' Principle, which states:

"when an object is wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, the up-thrust it receives is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced."

Buoyancy plays a crucial role in determining whether an object floats or sinks in a liquid. The relative magnitudes of weight and up-thrust determine the outcome, leading to three possible scenarios.

Negative Buoyancy: when the weight of an object is greater than the up-thrust it experiences (weight of the liquid displaced), the object sinks.

Neutral Buoyancy: if the weight of an object equals the up-thrust, the remains in its current position without sinking or floating.

Positive Buoyancy: when the weight of an object is less than the up-thrust, the object rises and floats. As it reaches the liquid's surface, It emerges from the liquid, reducing the weight of the displaced liquid and, consequently, the up-thrust. Eventually, the reduced up-thrust balances the weight of the object, allowing it to float in a state of equilibrium.

Buoyancy control
During underwater operation a submersible will generally be neutrally buoyant, but may use positive or negative buoyancy to facilitate vertical motion. Negative buoyancy may also be useful at times to settle the vessel on the bottom, and positive buoyancy is necessary to float the vessel at the surface. Fine buoyancy adjustments may be made using one or more variable buoyancy pressure vessels as  trim tanks, and gross changes of buoyancy at or near the surface may use ambient pressure ballast tanks, which are fully flooded during underwater operations. Some submersibles use high density external ballast which may be released at depth in an emergency to make the vessel sufficiently buoyant to float back to the surface even if all power is lost, or to travel faster vertically.

Deep-diving crewed submersibles

Some submersibles have been able to dive to great depths. The bathyscaphe Trieste was the first to reach the deepest part of the ocean, nearly  below the surface, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench in 1960.

China, with its Jiaolong project in 2002, was the fifth country to send a person 3,500 meters below sea level, following the US, France, Russia and Japan. On June 22, 2012, the Jiaolong submersible set a deep-diving record for state-owned vessels when the three-person sub descended  into the Pacific Ocean.

Among the most well-known and longest-in-operation submersibles is the deep-submergence research vessel , which takes 3 people to depths of up to . Alvin is owned by the United States Navy and operated by WHOI, and as of 2011 had made over 4,400 dives.

James Cameron made a record-setting, crewed submersible dive to the bottom of Challenger Deep, the deepest known point of the Mariana Trench on March 26, 2012. Cameron's submersible was named Deepsea Challenger and reached a depth of .

Commercial submersibles
Private firms such as Triton Submarines, LLC. SEAmagine Hydrospace, Sub Aviator Systems (or 'SAS'), and Netherlands-based U-boat Worx have developed small submersibles for tourism, exploration and adventure travel. A Canadian company in British Columbia called Sportsub has been building personal recreational submersibles since 1986 with open-floor designs (partially flooded cockpits).

A privately owned U.S. company, OceanGate, also participated in building submersibles, though the company fell under scrutiny when their newest submersible imploded underwater with no survivors.

MROVs

Small uncrewed submersibles called "marine remotely operated vehicles," or MROVs are widely used today to work in water too deep or too dangerous for divers.

Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) repair offshore oil platforms and attach cables to sunken ships to hoist them. Such remotely operated vehicles are attached by an umbilical cable (a thick cable providing power and communications) to a control center on a ship. Operators on the ship see video and/or sonar images sent back from the ROV and remotely control its thrusters and manipulator arm. The wreck of the Titanic was explored by such a vehicle, as well as by a crewed vessel.

See also

Sources

External links

Submarines
Ship types
Research submarines

  Video of a dive with a tourist submersible, shipvideos.net

Submersible


Le musée Csontváry de Pécs (en hongrois Csontváry Múzeum) est un musée de la ville de Pécs consacré à l'œuvre du peintre hongrois Tivadar Kosztka Csontváry (1853-1919).

Histoire
Le musée a ouvert ses portes en 1973, à l'occasion de la célébration du 120ème anniversaire de la naissance du peintre.

Il est installé dans le centre-ville de Pécs, dans un bâtiment de style néo-Renaissance.

Collections permanentes
Le fonds exposé au musée de Pécs comprend une centaine de portraits, peintures et dessins réalisés par Csontváry au cours de ses voyages en Italie, en Dalmatie, dans le massif des Tatras et au Moyen-Orient (Liban, Palestine). Son style singulier peut s'apparenter à l'expressionnisme et à l'art naïf.

Parmi les œuvres exposées figurent notamment :

 Vue de Selmecbánya (Selmecbánya látképe) (1902)
 Castellammare di Stabia (1903)
 Pont romain à Mostar (Római híd Mostarban) (1903)
 Tempête sur la plaine de Hortobágy (Vihar a Hortobágyon) (1903)
 Arrivée au mur des Lamentations à Jérusalem (A Panaszfal bejáratánál Jeruzsálemben) (1904)
 La vallée de la chute d'eau du grand Tarpatak dans les Tatras (A Nagy Tarpatak völgye a Tátrában) (1904-1905)
 Baalbek (1906)
 Le Cèdre solitaire (Magányos cédrus) (1907)
 Le puits de Marie à Nazareth (Mária kútja Názáretben) (1908)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Csontváry
Pécs

Musée Csontváry


Tugt & utugt er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2001 instrueret af Torben Skjødt Jensen og Ghita Beckendorff.

Handling
Skildring af seksualitetens forvandling igennem det 20. århundrede, set fra en dansk/svensk perspektiv

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Tugt & utugt


ZATEMAS je web sustav za organizaciju informatičkih natjecanja. Najvažniji dijelovi su evaluator, u kojem se rješenja programerskih zadataka automatski ocjenjuju, i sustav za organizaciju natjecanja.

Osim glavnih autora, dijelove su napisali Boran Car, Nikola Kičić, Matija Folnović i Ivana Kajić. Dizajn glavne teme je izradila Ivana Kajić.

ZATEMAS je u upotrebi u Zagrebačkom računalnom savezu, a koristio se i u XV gimnaziji. Povremeno se koristio i na kampovima Hrvatskog saveza informatičara.

Evaluator

Evaluator je automatski ocjenjivač programskih zadataka. Sadrži bazu programerskih zadataka u kojoj se nalaze zadaci s natjecanja Informatijada Božo Težak, zadaci koji su korišteni za predavanja i vježbu, te zadataka s ostalih natjecanja poput Hrvatske programerske lige i njenog nasljednika Hrvatskog otvorenog natjecanja u informatici, Dana mladih informatičara Hrvatske i slično.

Evaluator se koristi za natjecanja, za vježbu i slično. U prošlosti je u XV gimnaziji povremeno korišten za vježbu na satovima informatike.

Slično kao kod ostalih automatskih ocjenjivača, korisnik putem weba u evaluator postavlja svoje rješenje za pojedini zadatak, koje se prevodi u izvršnu datoteku. Zatim se rješenje izvršava s ulaznim "test primjerima". Izlazi se uspoređuju s ispravnim rješenjem, te se na temelju toga dobivaju bodovi. Među potpuno podržanim jezicima su C, C++ i Pascal, a djelomično podržanima Java i BASIC.

Natjecanja

Prijave na natjecanje, zadaci, rješenja i rezultati zadataka za natjecanja Zagrebačkog računalnog saveza organizirala su se u podsustavu za organizaciju natjecanja odvojenom od evaluatora. Natjecanja su se grupirala u sezone, a svako natjecanje sastojalo se od više podskupina i kola.

Nagrade

U sklopu Smotre softverskih radova na Danima mladih informatičara Hrvatske u 2006., državnom natjecanju iz informatike, ZATEMAS je dobio status nagrađenog rada.

Izvori

Vidi još
 Zagrebački računalni savez
 Hrvatski savez informatičara

Računarstvo u Hrvatskoj
Web stranice

ZATEMAS


NGC 6717 je kuglasti skup u zviježđu Strijelcu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6717
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6717 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6700 - 6749

6717

NGC 6717


Bedri Yağan (1959, Erzurum – ö. 6 Mart 1993, Kartal, İstanbul), Türkiye'de 1978 yılında kurulan Devrimci Sol örgütünün kurucu üyelerindendir.

25 Ekim 1989 tarihinde Dursun Karataş ile birlikte İstanbul Bayrampaşa Cezaevi'nden kaçtı. Daha sonra önce gıyabında ölüm cezası verildi, sonra ömür boyu hapse çevrildi. 1992'de örgüt içinde Dursun Karataş ile arasında bir iktidar kavgası başladı. İktidar kavgası kanlı çatışmalara ve örgütün bölünmesine yol açtı. 13 Eylül 1992'de rakibi Karataş'ın kaldığı evi basarak, örgütü ele geçirmeye çalıştı. Bu yüzden Bedri Yağan ve destekçileri, daha sonra DHKP-C adını alacak olan rakipleri tarafından "darbeciler" olarak anıldılar.

6 Mart 1993'te, İstanbul Terörle Mücadele Şube Müdürlüğü timleri tarafından Esentepe, Kartal'daki Deniz Apartmanı 13 numaradaki daireye baskın düzenlendi. Hanefi Avcı'nın yönettiği operasyonda, yarım saat süren bir çatışmanın sonucunda evde bulunan Bedri Yağan ile birlikte Menekşe Meral, Gürcan Özgür ve ev sahipleri Asiye ve Rıfat Kasap öldürüldü. Ev sahiplerinin çocukları 11 aylık Sebahat ve 5 yaşındaki Özgür yara almadan kurtuldu. Olayla ilgili otopsi raporunda Bedri Yağan, Rıfat Kasap ve Gürcan Özgür'de 6, Menekşe Meral'de 16, Asiye Kasap'ta ise 18 kurşun deliği tespit edildiği kaydedildi. Olay, bazı basın organları ve Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti yönetimi tarafından yargısız infaz olarak değerlendirildi. Rakipleri Yağan'ı Dursun Karataş'ın ihbar ettiğini ileri sürdüler. Yağan'ın ölümünden sonra da Karataş ve Yağan yanlıları arasında kanlı çatışmalar devam etti. Operasyonda yer alan polislerden Ayhan Çarkın, yargısız infaz yapıldığını yıllar sonra itiraf etti.

Kaynakça

1959 doğumlular
1993 yılında ölenler
Erzurum doğumlular

Bedri Yağan


An Luisia curtisii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gunnar Seidenfaden. An Luisia curtisii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luisia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luisia

Luisia curtisii


Nissan Qashqai este un SUV crossover compact (segmentul C) dezvoltat și comercializat de producătorul japonez de automobile Nissan din 2006. Prima generație a fost vândută sub numele Nissan Dualis în Japonia și Australia, iar Qashqai pe alte piețe. A doua generație, care a fost lansată în 2014, nu este disponibilă în Japonia și este cunoscută sub numele de Qashqai în toate țările în care este vândută, cu excepția Statelor Unite, unde este numită Nissan Rogue Sport.

Nissan a numit vehiculul după poporul Qashqai, care locuiește în centrul și sud-vestul Iranului muntos.

Prima generație (J10; 2006)

Dezvăluit pentru prima dată ca concept la Salonul Auto de la Geneva din 2004, prima generație Qashqai a fost prezentat la nivel global la Salonul Auto de la Paris din 2006.

A doua generație (J11; 2013)

Qashqai J11 a fost introdus la Londra pe 7 noiembrie 2013, la o lansare difuzată la nivel mondial.

Facelift
Facelift-ul pentru Qashqai a fost dezvăluit la Salonul Auto de la Geneva din 2017.

A treia generație (J12; 2021)

A treia generație de Qashqai a fost dezvăluită pe 18 februarie 2021. O versiune hibrid Qashqai e-Power este disponibilă.

Note

Legături externe

Qashqai

Nissan Qashqai


Arundinaria is a genus of bamboo in the grass family the members of which are referred to generally as cane. Arundinaria is the only bamboo native to North America, with a native range from Maryland south to Florida and west to the southern Ohio Valley and Texas.
Within this region Arundinaria canes are found from the Coastal Plain to medium elevations in the Appalachian Mountains.

Prior to the European colonization of the Americas, cane was an important resource for Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Early European explorers in the U.S. described vast monotypic stands of Arundinaria that were common in river lowlands and covered hundreds of thousands of hectares. In the modern era, Arundinaria canebrakes are small and isolated, but there has been interest in restoring them due to the cultural and ecological importance of the plant. Canebrakes provided land for crops, habitat for wild game, and year-round forage for livestock. The cane itself was used for construction, weapons, jewelry, medicines, fuel, and food. Canebrakes declined significantly after colonization due to clearing, farming and fire suppression.

Description
Arundinaria species have running rhizomes and have slender, woody culms that reach heights from . Arundinaria produce seeds only rarely and usually reproduce vegetatively, forming large clonal genets. When seed production does occur, the colony usually dies afterwards, possibly because the dense thickets of a mature canebrake would otherwise prevent seedling establishment. Only two flowering events are known for A. appalachiana. A colony of cane will expand rapidly using asexual reproduction following disturbances, particularly fire, which triggers new shoots to immediately sprout from the underground rhizomes after the above-ground part of the plant has burned. These shoots grow quickly, up to 1.5 inches per day. Among the distinctive features of the canes is a fan-like cluster of leaves at the top of new stems called a topknot, so-called because of its resemblance to topknot hairstyles.

Accepted species
There are currently three recognized species of the genus Arundinaria accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as of March 2016. For each species listed below, binomial name is followed by author citation.

Conservation
The organization Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources, using funding from the Cherokee Preservation Foundation, has helped establish restoration sites for Arundinaria gigantea.

Use
Ethnobotanists consider cane to have been extremely important to Native Americans in the Southeastern Woodlands before European colonisation. The plant was used to make structures, arrow shafts, weapons, fishing equipment, jewelry, baskets, musical instruments, furniture, boats, pipe stems, and medicines. Arundinaria gigantea, or river cane, has historically been used to construct Native American flutes, particularly among tribes of the Eastern Woodlands. The Atakapa, Catawba, Muscogee Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, and other Southeastern tribes have traditionally used this material for mat and basket weaving, and the Chitimacha and Eastern Band Cherokee still widely weave with rivercane today, though basket makers have started making smaller baskets in order to use less material and preserve the increasingly rare river cane. Bean poles made from dried canes can last for several years if properly stored when not in use.

Food uses include flour, cereal, and even "asparagus" of young shoots; however, caution should be used whenever foraging for cane seeds, as the extremely toxic fungus Ergot (Claviceps spp.) can colonize its seeds as well as those of the common cereals. Ergot-infected plants will have pink or purplish blotches or growths about the size of a seed or several times larger.

Medicinally, the Choctaw use the roots for their painkilling properties.

Systematics
Two of the three species currently placed in the genus, Arundinaria gigantea and Arundinaria tecta, were first described scientifically by Thomas Walter in his 1788 Flora Caroliniana. Walter placed them in the grass genus Arundo. In 1803, the French botanist André Michaux, unaware of the flora prepared by Walter, also published a description of the canes he encountered. Michaux recognised only one species, but created a new monotypic genus for it: Arundinaria macrosperma Michx..  The name of the genus he used is derived from the same Latin word used by Walter for the plants he described; namely arundo, meaning "reed".

Despite the work done by Walter and Michaux, subsequent researchers had difficulty interpreting their circumscriptions of species boundaries. Walter designated no type specimens, and his Latin protologues that describe the species are vague, including features that could be any of the three species currently recognized. Michaux did designate a type specimen for the species he described, but it does not include enough of the plant to determine with confidence which species it represents, while his protologues were likewise not detailed enough to avoid ambiguity. In 2009, epitypes, a new form of botanical type allowed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature in order to clarify older ambiguous types, were designated for Arundo gigantea Walt. and Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.. This allows current and future researchers to know precisely what is being discussed when the scientific names applied to these plants are used.

Taxonomic history
The genus Arundinaria has a complex taxonomic history spanning over two centuries. The canes of the southeastern U.S. were originally described as two species of reed grasses in the genus Arundo by Thomas Walter in 1788. André Michaux, working in 1803 and unaware of Walter's work, correctly interpreted the canes as a distinct group and created the genus Arundinaria with one species. However, neither of these researchers left enough information to their successors, leading to confusion surrounding the identity of the species they had described. A decade later in 1813, G.H.E. Muhlenberg noticed the affinities between the two previous authors' work and transferred Walter's two species to Michaux's new genus, yielding a combinatio nova for each, namely Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. and Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl.. Muhlenberg considered the genus to consist of these two species in addition to Arundinaria macrosperma Michx..

The phenotypic diversity of the American Arundinaria bamboos subsequently led to a variety of taxonomic treatments, with some authors arguing that only the North American species should be included, while others included dozens of Asian species otherwise considered members of other genera (Bashania, Oligostachyum, Sarocalamus, Fargesia, Sasa, etc.). Even African bamboos were placed in Arundinaria under broad concepts for the group. Some outdated systems during this era assigned Arundinaria more than 400 species.

A. S. Hitchcock reviewed the taxonomic state of the North American bamboos in 1951. He interpreted Michaux's Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. as a synonym of Walter's Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., reducing the genus to two species. By the late 20th century, Floyd Alonzo McClure's 1973 survey of Arundinaria was also considered authoritative, and included only one species, Arundinaria gigantea. Most recently, in 2006 researchers from Iowa State University and the University of North Carolina recognised and described a third species, Arundinaria appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark. The plants that form this species were previously thought to form part of the natural genetic diversity of Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., but upon in depth analysis using modern phylogenetic methods based on morphology and amplified fragment length polymorphisms, the researchers determined that the canes form three species.Phylogenetic studies in 2006 using molecular and morphological evidence have suggested that the genus forms three natural species confined to the southeastern United States.

See also
Canebrakes

References

External links
 Description of Arundinaria

Bambusoideae
Bambusoideae genera
Flora of the United States
Native American culture
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine

Arundinaria


Grubonja (de Grubegna, Grubagna, Grubegna, Grubogna, Grubonia, Lucbogna) je hrvatska plemićka obitelj iz Zadra. U Zadru od 12. do 15. stoljeća. Grana roda Vitača (Vitaze). Obnašali razne visoke gradske i diplomatske dužnosti.

Obiteljsko ime izvedeno je iz osobnog imena Grube. Rodonačelnik je Grube Lomprin (Grube Lampredii). Zabilježen kao svjedok pri utvrđivanju granica posjeda benediktinskog samostana sv. Marije u Zadru travnja 1190., a u svibnju među Zadranima koji su vratili zadarskom benediktinskom samostanu sv. Krševana otok Maun. Grubin sin Marin bio je 1. kolovoza 1247. nazočan kao pregovarač pri sklapanju mira između Zadrana i Mletačke Republike (1243. Mlečani su podigli vojnu na Zadar). Marinova kuća je data po zadarskom knezu Leonardu Quirinu, a po duždevu nalogu, dominikancima za samostan. Grubonje su bili pristaše Anžuvinaca. Dali brojne poznate pripadnike, od kojih se ističe kraljevski vitez, poslanik i rektor u Zadru Pavao, poslanik i član Tajnog vijeća Ilija, egzaminator Krševan. Dobivali su odgovorne diplomatske zadaće, pa su Grubonje bili pregovarači pri sklapanju mirovnih sporazuma (mletačko-zadarski), izaslanici kod kraljeva (Žigmund Luksemburški) i vojvoda (Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić). Padom Zadra pod Mletke uloga Grubonja slabi. Jedan ogranak obitelji završio je u Kotoru. Imali su posjede na Ugljanu, Babinu Dubu, Zadru, Ižu.

Izvori

Hrvatsko plemstvo
Zadar

Grubonja


Javier Perez-Capdevila (nascido em 7 de fevereiro de 1963) é um cientista, matemático e professor cubano, conhecido pela introdução da operação misturas mistas de Conjuntos difusos, entre outras contribuições teóricas para a matemática fuzzy, bem como por introduzir um conceito de trabalho competências com um método para medi-las.

Principais contribuições científicas
A partir do conceito de índice ou Coeficiente de adequação dado por Jaume Gil Aluja em 1996, muitos empates na adequação podem ocorrer. Para resolvê-lo, Pérez Capdevila introduziu os conceitos de excesso de peso na adaptação, coeficiente fuzzy para coeficientes de adequação iguais e coeficiente de desempate ajustado para coeficientes de adequação iguais, que ele define com precisão, para desempacotar em um número indefinido de casos com coeficientes de adequação iguais, arredondando assim apresentar uma teoria sobre a adequação dos candidatos para um perfil predefinido

Construiu a operação de mistura de Conjuntos difusos, onde a partir de elementos de naturezas distintas novos elementos são obtidos com seus certos graus de pertencimento.

No campo da Matemática aplicada ele obteve avanços importantes em relação à avaliação dos efeitos económicos e controlo dos invasora exóticas Espécie introduzida, e ele tem realizado importantes contribuições teóricas. Ele contribuiu para os conceitos de benefício individual de uma espécie exótica invasora, benefício coletivo de uma espécie exótica invasora, análise de custo-benefício a priori de uma espécie exótica invasora, análise de custo-benefício a posteriori de uma espécie exótica invasora, bem como um método para realizar essas análises.

No campo organizacional, utilizando a mistura de Conjunto difuso e o método teórico de Análise e Síntese, estuda as definições cronológicas de competências, e fornece uma nova definição destas (Competência (organização)), o que facilita a sua mensuração. Com base nesse fato científico, Perez-Capdevila constrói um Algoritmo de trabalho para medir competências a partir da percepção humana e construir mapas (definindo-as), fornece uma classificação das pessoas com base nos elementos de suas competências, fornece um procedimento para correlacionar competências e salários, e constrói um simulador que vincula competências com produtividade e qualidade do trabalho.

Ele criou um método para determinar a relação entre competências de trabalho e salários,  que avalia as perdas que podem ser geradas por falta de competências (sejam laborais ou profissionais). Da mesma forma, ele construiu um dispositivo de simulação para relacionar competências com produtividade do trabalho e qualidade do trabalho.

Critica a forma como a Análise SWOT (Forças, Oportunidades, Fraquezas e Ameaças) é realizada. De acordo com Perez-Capdevila, o uso de opções limitadas para avaliar os impactos, bem como a ponderação igual entre todos os Pontos Fortes, Oportunidades, Fraquezas ou Ameaças. Segundo ele, é um modelo que não se ajusta à realidade. Ele propôs um procedimento alternativo para realizar essa análise, onde aborda o problema da inconsistência que poderia ser gerada nos votos dos especialistas.

Dirigiu o primeiro estudo de percepção de ciência e tecnologia realizado em Cuba, tendo como contexto a província de Guantánamo onde reside, e destacou-se como pesquisador no primeiro estudo de avaliação da Sustentabilidade em Cuba], em colaboração com várias universidades cubanas e espanholas.

Contribuiu com dois novos conceitos: potencial de retorno e potencial de imigração, cuja aplicação se destina ao processo de repovoamento das montanhas cubanas.

É autor de diversos livros e artigos científicos entre os quais se destacam "A Idade do Conhecimento", "Definição, medição e mapas das competências laborais" e "Ciência e tecnologia na perspetiva popular".

Prêmios e distinções

 Prêmio Nacional da Academia Cubana de Ciências, que é o maior prêmio concedido pela Academia Cubana de Ciências a cientistas cubanos por resultados relevantes com impactos manifestos.
 Medalha (Distinção) Carlos Juan Finlay: É o maior reconhecimento científico concedido em Cuba. Este prêmio é conferido pelo Conselho de Estado da República de Cuba aos cidadãos cubanos e estrangeiros em reconhecimento aos méritos extraordinários por contribuições valiosas para o desenvolvimento das Ciências Naturais ou Sociais, para atividades científicas ou de pesquisa que tenham contribuído excepcionalmente para o progresso das ciências. e para o benefício da humanidade.
 Selo Comemorativo "Antonio Bachiller y Morales": Prêmio máximo concedido pela Sociedade Cubana de Ciências da Informação por contribuições relevantes para a Gestão do Conhecimento, tanto no campo teórico quanto prático.
 Selo Honorário "Forjadores do Futuro": Concedido pela Presidência Nacional das Brigadas Técnicas Juvenis de Cuba de forma excepcional a destacadas personalidades da ciência.
 Distinção Juan Tomás Roig, por mais de 30 anos de serviços, em reconhecimento aos méritos alcançados como trabalhador vinculado ao trabalho científico em vários ramos da economia e da vida social do país.
 Título honorário (acadêmico) de Professor da Fundação COMFENALCO da Colômbia.

Referências
  Sinfonía inconclusa para un conjunto borroso Periódico "Venceremos"

Fontes

Cientistas de Cuba
Matemáticos do século XXI
Matemáticos do século XX

Javier Perez-Capdevila


is a feminine Japanese given name.

 is a Japanese surname, also romanized as Aikoh or Aiko.

Aiko or Ayko is also a traditional male given name in Scandinavia and especially northern Germany. In Germany it is considered one of the old "gentry names". It is a variation of the name Ekke or Eike. Ekke translates to "blade".

Possible meanings
The meaning varies depending on the kanji used to write it.  Several written forms include:
  — Love, child, child of love
  — Love fortune.
  — Hollyhock and child; the same kanji can be used to write Riko and Kiko as well as the more similar Aoko, Aoiko, and Ako.
 - Indigo, child.

Notable people with this name

 Aiko (singer) (愛子), a Japanese singer-songwriter
 Aiko, Princess Toshi (愛子内親王), a Japanese princess
 Aiko Anzai (安西愛子), a vocalist and politician
 Aiko Asano (浅野愛子), an actress and singer
 Aiko Dinale (愛子), a Japanese Italian Robot scientist
 Aiko Doden (道傳愛子), a news presenter
 Aiko Fukumorida (福盛田藍子), a manga artist
 Aiko Gibo (宜保愛子), an occultist
, Japanese synchronized swimmer
 Aiko Iguchi (井口愛子), a pianist
 Aiko Ikuta (幾田愛子), a singer
 Aiko Itō (いとうあいこ), an actress
 Aiko Kaito (皆藤愛子), an announcer
 Aiko Kayo (嘉陽愛子), a pop singer
 Aiko Kitahara (novelist) (北原亞以子), a novelist
 Aiko Kitahara (singer) (北原愛子), a singer
 Aiko Klostermann, a German computer scientist
 Aiko Melendez, popular actress in the Philippines
 Aiko Mimasu (三益愛子), an actress
 Aiko Miyake (三宅愛子), a freestyle swimmer
 , Japanese badminton player
 , Japanese sculptor
 Aiko Moriyama (森山愛子), a singer
 Aiko Nakagawa, a street artist also known as Lady Aiko
 Aiko Nakamura (中村藍子), a professional tennis player
 Aiko Okumura (奥村愛子), a singer
 Aiko Onozawa (:ja:小野沢 愛子), a Japanese former volleyball player
, Japanese sailor
, Japanese writer
, Japanese actress
, Japanese judoka
 Aiko Shimajiri (島尻あい子), a politician
 Aiko Takahama (高浜愛子, born 1984), women's professional shogi player
 Aiko Uemura (上村愛子), a mogul skier
 Jhene Aiko, an American singer/songwriter

Fictional characters
 Aiko, an anime-style 3D figure created by DAZ3D
 Aiko Senoo (妹尾 あいこ) (Mirabelle Haywood), a character in the shōjo anime Ojamajo Doremi
 Aiko Miyazaki (Honey Lemon), a Marvel Comics superhero associated with Big Hero 6, a Japanese team
 Aiko Tanaka (田中 愛子), a character and the primary love interest of the slice of life manga Oyasumi Punpun
 Aiko Takada, a character from the fantasy manga Elfen Lied
 Aiko Yumi, a Japanese college professor and a dateable character in the dating simulation videogame HuniePop

See also

 A.I.C.O. -Incarnation-, a 2018 Japanese original net animation produced by studio Bones

References

Japanese feminine given names
Feminine given names

Aiko