Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III ist eine Reiseerzählung von Karl May. Das Buch erschien im Herbst 1902 als Band 28 von Karl May's gesammelten Reiseerzählungen und ist Teil der Tetralogie, die mit Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen I–II begann.

Das erste Kapitel (In Basra) entstand 1898 und steht völlig in der Tradition der abenteuerlichen Reiseromane. Der Rest des dritten Bandes wurde im ersten Halbjahr 1902 geschrieben und gehört zu Mays Spätwerk.

1912 erschien eine illustrierte Ausgabe mit Bildern von Claus Bergen.

Inhalt
In Basra begegnen Kara Ben Nemsi und Hadschi Halef Omar überraschenderweise Sir David Lindsay. Sie beschließen, gemeinsam nach Schiras zu reisen, werden aber versehentlich getrennt.

Halef erhält – durch einen Irrtum des Boten – einen Brief, der für den Sill Ghulam el Multasim bestimmt ist. Er nimmt den Brief an sich, und die beiden verlassen Basra.

Auf ihrem Weg werden sie nachts überfallen und all ihrer Waffen und Pferde beraubt. Während der Verfolgung der Schurken treffen sie auf eine Reitertruppe, die ihnen wieder zu ihrem Eigentum verhilft. Zum Dank sollen Kara und Halef, der langsam krank wird, sich an einem Feldzug gegen den Stamm der Dschamikun beteiligen. Beide stimmen zu.

Bei der Verfolgung eines rätselhaften Fakirs stellt sich heraus, dass dieser der Scheik der Dschamikun ist und sich selbst Pedehr nennt. Er informiert Kara und Halef, dass sowohl der Raub als auch die Wiederbeschaffung ihrer Waffen und Pferde inszeniert waren, um sich ihrer Dankbarkeit und Mithilfe zu versichern. Kara und Halef beschließen daraufhin, ihre "Gefährten" in einen Hinterhalt der Dschamikun zu locken. Das gelingt, aber Halef bricht schwerkrank zusammen. Auch Kara ist schwer typhuskrank.

Beide werden in das Tal der Dschamikun gebracht und dort von Schakara gepflegt. Schakara ist eine Urenkelin von Marah Durimeh und wurde einst (siehe Durchs wilde Kurdistan) von Kara Ben Nemsi gerettet. Während Kara sich allmählich erholt, kämpft Halef noch immer um sein Leben. Um seine Lebensgeister zu wecken, werden Hanneh und Kara Ben Halef geholt.

Kara Ben Nemsi lernt Pekala und Tifl kennen. Kara Ben Halef unternimmt mit letzterem einen Ritt in die Umgebung. Dort treffen sie auf Scheik Hafis Aram und dessen Frau, die wegen Mordes von persischen Soldaten verfolgt werden. Sie bringen die beiden ins Tal der Dschamikun. Als auch die Verfolger dort eintreffen, wird deren Anführer – ein Sill – gefangen genommen. Er droht mit Blutrache.

Der Sohn des Ermordeten, der Bluträcher, ist Ghulam el Multasim. Auch Ahriman Mirza kommt zu den Dschamikun und kündigt deren Ende an.

Geplant ist ein großes Wettrennen, bei dem die besten Pferde gegeneinander antreten sollen. Der Wettstreit soll alles entscheiden.

Entstehung und Deutung

Der Roman Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III (1902) ist zusammen mit dem zweiten Band Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen IV (1903) einer der eigenartigsten Schlüsselromane der deutschen Literatur.

Karl Mays Ehekrise, die Trennung von Emma und die Verbindung mit Klara, aber auch die Auseinandersetzung des Schriftstellers mit sich selbst und seinen literarischen Widersachern und überhaupt alle wichtigen Ereignisse seines Lebens, speziell in den Jahren 1899 bis 1903, spiegeln sich – mehrfach kodiert, poetisch verdichtet und theologisch reflektiert – in den Schlussbänden des Silberlöwen.

Emphatisch hat sich der Autor in verschiedenen Dokumenten über den Silberlöwen III/IV geäußert. Adele Einsle z. B. (der Mutter eines Münchner Gymnasiasten, mit dem Karl May seit Anfang 1903 sehr herzliche Briefe wechselte) teilte er am 21. Dezember 1902 mit: Dieser Roman "ist hochinteressant, weil er meine einzige Antwort an meine Feinde enthält!" Und drei Tage später schrieb er an Friedrich Ernst Fehsenfeld:

Am 21. Januar 1903 schrieb er an Willy Einsle:

Die zweifellos schwierige, immer nur annäherungsweise mögliche Interpretation dieses rätselhaften, in seinen Hauptpartien heterogenen und dennoch "ästhetisch bedeutsamsten" Werks Karl Mays setzt die Kenntnis seiner biographischen Hintergründe und seiner Entstehungsgeschichte voraus.

Ende Juli 1901 kündigte May dem Verleger Fehsenfeld die Schlussbände des Silberlöwen an. Das erste Kapitel des 1902 zu Ende gebrachten Silberlöwen III ist mit den 1898 verfassten Manuskriptseiten identisch, die – nach der ursprünglichen Planung – die Hausschatz-Erzählung Am Turm zu Babel fortsetzen sollten und die sich May im Juni 1901 von Pustet zurückschicken ließ. Nur den Schluss (S. 58–66 der Fehsenfeld-Fassung) hat der Schriftsteller im Frühjahr 1902 korrigiert und erweitert: Die zu Beginn dieses ersten Buch-Kapitels eingeführte Romanfigur David Lindsay, die May – angesichts seines neuen Gesamtkonzepts – wohl nicht mehr brauchen konnte, musste verabschiedet werden. Auch den früheren Manuskript-Titel Der Löwe von Farsistan änderte May: In Basra heißt nun die Überschrift des einleitenden Buchkapitels.

Der Grund, warum May diesen älteren Text überhaupt noch verwendete, kann nur vermutet werden: Einerseits wollte der Autor die Lesererwartung und das Drängen des Verlegers auf spannende Handlung nicht gänzlich unberücksichtigt lassen; und andrerseits wollte er die Kontinuität seines literarischen Schaffens vor und nach der Orientreise unter Beweis stellen. So und kaum anders wird es auch zu erklären sein, dass May sein neues Werk überhaupt als Fortsetzung des Silberlöwen präsentiert und nicht – wie in Pax/Friede – eine völlig neue, auf sämtliche Elemente des Abenteuers verzichtende Fabel geschaffen hatte.

Die noch vorwiegend abenteuerliche Handlung des Silberlöwen I/II hat May vordergründig und nicht immer konsequent in den Fortsetzungsbänden weitergeführt. Das eher leichte und heitere Einführungskapitel des Silberlöwen III sollte die bisherige Lesergemeinde nicht von vorneherein abschrecken.

Fürs Gesamtkonzept der Schlussbände förderlich war die Ortsbeschreibung des ersten Kapitels: "Jedem Leser von 'Tausend und eine Nacht' ist der Name Basra bekannt" (III, 1); zum Zeitpunkt der Erzählung freilich bietet der Märchenort "dem Auge des Besuchers nur die Zeichen des Verfalles; er steht auf versumpftem Grunde, welcher gefährliche Miasmen erzeugt" (III, 3). In Basra wurden, wie sich später herausstellt, der Ich-Erzähler Kara Ben Nemsi und das Alter Ego Hadschi Halef mit Giftstoffen infiziert. Sie erkranken im Verlauf des weiteren Geschehens an Typhus. Das schon in Die Todes-Karavane (1882) und dann wieder in Jenseits und Pax zentrale Motiv der schweren Erkrankung, des Zustandes "am Tode", wird im Basra-Kapitel vorbereitet. Insofern kann die Übernahme dieser Partie in den Silberlöwen III als plausibel und stimmig betrachtet werden.

Das "eigentliche Werk" allerdings, das mit dem Duktus des Silberlöwen I/II fast nichts mehr zu tun hat, beginnt erst jetzt: mit dem zweiten, schon im Titel Ueber die Grenze beziehungsreichen Kapitel des Silberlöwen III (S. 67 ff.).

Im April 1902 erhielt Fehsenfelds Drucker Felix Krais den ersten Teil des neuen Manuskripts, dessen Niederschrift Karl May in der Nacht zum 9. Februar begonnen hatte. Unter dem Titel Am Tode. Reiseerzählung von Karl May wurde dieser Abschnitt von Mitte Februar bis Ende April 1902 im Koblenzer Rhein- und Moselboten – einer katholischen Zeitung – vorabgedruckt: durch Johann Dederle, den mit May befreundeten ehemaligen Redakteur der Dortmunder Tremonia. Der Journal-Text entsprach dem zweiten Kapitel Ueber die Grenze und einem Teil des dritten Kapitels Am Tode in der künftigen Buchfassung des Silberlöwen III (S. 67–266).

Die neue Partie wird eröffnet mit einem überraschenden, existentiell bedeutsamen und theologisch sehr hintersinnigen Dialog über das Sterben (III, 67 ff.). Im Übrigen wirkt dieser Romanteil vordergründig wie eine Reiseerzählung im früheren Stil. Nur – die Helden sind nicht mehr die alten! Kara Ben Nemsi und Halef, deren geistige Spannkraft durch die heraufziehende Krankheit bereits geschwächt ist, unterlaufen gröbere Fehler und erhebliche Unvorsichtigkeiten. Sie lassen sich durch die List einer Nomadengruppe ihrer Pferde, ihrer Waffen und eines Teils ihrer Kleider berauben. Zu Fuß und nur unzureichend bekleidet verfolgen sie die Täter. Unterwegs begegnen sie Nafar Ben Schuri, der sich als Scheik der Dinarun-Kurden ausgibt, in Wirklichkeit aber der Anführer der Räuber ist. Nafar hilft in vorgetäuschter Freundlichkeit Kara und Halef bei der Rückgewinnung ihres Eigentums. Sein Hintergedanke: er will die Helden scheinbar zu seinen Verbündeten machen, um die "Geheimnisse" ihrer Pferde und Waffen kennenzulernen. Der Weg mit den "Dinarun" führt die beiden, durch den mysteriösen als Fakir verkleideten "Pedehr" vor Nafar inzwischen gewarnten Helden ins "Tal des Sackes". Nur der wagemutige Sprung über den Abgrund kann sie aus der "Sackgasse" befreien und ins "gelobte Land", ins Tal der Dschamikun, bringen.

Gegenüber der Pax-Handlung (1901) wirkt Am Tode insofern zunächst wie ein Rückschritt, als manche Abenteuermotive aus dem Repertoire der früheren Werke Mays wieder auftauchen. Doch als Kunstwerk gesehen ist Am Tode dem Pax-Roman mindestens ebenbürtig. Denn die oberschichtige Fabel verschlüsselt in oft mehrdeutigen Formulierungen die aktuelle Situation Karl Mays, zum Beispiel dessen zum Teil blamable Fehde mit dem Kölner Bachem-Verlag und mit Hermann Cardauns.

Symbolisch ist die ganze Romanpartie zu verstehen. Den zentralen Punkt bildet das "Reiten" – nach Ulrich Schmid eine Metapher für die schriftstellerische Tätigkeit Mays: "Aus diesem grundlegenden Bauelement entwickelt sich eine Fülle von Gleichsetzungen, bis in die Details hinein, durch die die scheinbare 'Räubergeschichte' überlagert und letztlich strukturiert wird."

Die Erzählung enthält sehr zahlreiche, geschickt chiffrierte Anspielungen auf den Lebensweg des Autors: unter anderem auf seine Glaubenskämpfe, seinen literarischen Werdegang, seine Kolportageromane, seine Schaffenskrisen, seine Lesergemeinde, seine Kontrahenten, seine diversen Verleger und deren Umgang mit seinen Werken. Doch die genaue Entschlüsselung der Handlungsdetails und des Romanpersonals ist keineswegs einfach. Allzu simple Identifizierungen (etwa "der Pedehr ist Fehsenfeld") wären verfehlt. Denn die Charaktere der Protagonisten sind "auf mehrere Bedeutungsebenen bezogen" und "aus unterschiedlichen Wirklichkeitssegmenten realer Personen" aus dem Umfeld des Autors zusammengesetzt. "Dieser Wechsel der Bezugsebene macht eine Deutung schwierig, zumal sich bei einzelnen Figuren die Funktion und damit auch ihre Kennzeichnung mit der fortschreitenden Handlung wandeln."

Nach Ulrich Schmid ist Am Tode die erste Erzählung Karl Mays, die eine symbolische Darstellungsweise eindeutig erkennen lässt. Gegen diese Auffassung wäre allerdings einzuwenden: Interessante Verschlüsselungen, auch wechselnde autobiographische Funktionen des Romanpersonals, finden wir schon im Jenseits-Band, aber auch schon im Silberlöwen I/II und überhaupt in sämtlichen früheren Reiseerzählungen Mays. Nur: so bewusst, so dicht und so konsequent allegorisch wie im Silberlöwen III dürfte May im früheren Erzählwerk noch nicht geschrieben haben.

Gleichzeitig mit dem Vorabdruck des Romanteils Am Tode im Rhein- und Moselboten bereitete May die Buchfassung des Silberlöwen III für Fehsenfeld vor. Bis Anfang Juli 1902 waren der den Journal-Text weiterführende Rest des dritten Buchkapitels Am Tode sowie das vierte Kapitel Ein Bluträcher abgeschlossen. Wenig später wurde das Schlusskapitel Ahriman Mirza fertiggestellt. Im August 1902 konnte der Silberlöwe III als Band XXVIII der Freiburger Reihe erscheinen.

"Mays körperliche und seelische Verfassung entsprach um diese Zeit ganz dem Zustand, den das Titelwort Am Tode umschreibt!" Der öffentliche Streit um seine Person und die zerbrechende Ehe verdichteten sich zu einem privaten Dilemma, das den Schriftsteller krank machen und mit dem Tode unmittelbar konfrontieren musste. Doch der Dichter resigniert keineswegs: Er schaut auf zu den Bergen, von denen die "Hilfe kommt" (III, 262; vgl. Psalm 121,1). Die Texte des Silberlöwen III geben Aufschluss, wie sich May im Wachtraum die Rettung vorgestellt hatte!

Im "Sprung über die Vergangenheit" – eine schöne, äußerst dramatische, in rhythmischer Sprache abgefasste Szene (III, 257 f.) – erreichen Kara Ben Nemsi und Halef das Hochland der Dschamikun, eines Kurdenstammes, der wie im Paradiese lebt und dessen Angehörige nichts als nur Liebe zu Gott und den Menschen kennen. Nach dem Sprung über die gähnende Felsenspalte brechen die todkranken Helden zusammen. Sie können sich selbst nicht mehr helfen. Doch die Hilfe kommt in der Gestalt des Ustad, des "Meisters", des geistlichen Oberhauptes der Dschamikun. Der Ustad, ein ehrwürdiger, über alles Niedrige erhabener Greis, hält Rosen in seiner Hand. Auch der Pedehr, der "Vater", das weltliche Haupt der Dschamikun, trägt anstelle der Waffen nur purpurblühende Schirasrosen im Gürtel. Sogar die Kühe und Ziegen der Dschamikun sind mit Blumensträußen geschmückt.

Die Heilung scheint durch die Blumen zu kommen. "Könnte doch der Mensch so wie die Blume sein!" (III, 529) Der Ustad, der Pedehr, besonders aber die junge und hübsche Schakara sind "wie die Blume": so gut, so schön und so rein. Die Hilfe für Kara Ben Nemsi kommt, vor allem, in der Gestalt Schakaras, eines fröhlich-natürlichen, sehr musikalischen und tief religiösen Kurdenmädchens, das ganz und gar "Seele" ist. Die Genesung Karas und Halefs erfolgt wie die Heilung Wallers in Pax bzw. in Friede im Tiefschlaf, der die Kräfte des Unterbewussten zur Wirkung bringt. Schakara bewacht und behütet den Schlaf des Effendi. Rosen und Veilchen, der Duft dieser Blumen und zarte Musik begünstigen als Symbole der Harmonie, der weiblichen Liebe, der verlorenen und wiedergefundenen Poesie die Heilung des Helden.

Eindrucksvoll ist auch die literarische Bearbeitung des Sujets Nahtoderfahrung in diesem Kapitel. Karl May schildert, wie Hadschi Halef Omar durch seine schwere Erkrankung dem Tode sehr nahekommt und durch die Liebe zu seiner Frau und zu seinem Sohn sowie durch seine Vorliebe für Pferde und ihre Wettrennen wieder ins Leben zurückfindet.

Das wirklich Helfende, das endgültig Rettende freilich ist im Silberlöwen und auch sonst in den Spätwerken Mays vor allem die Religion. Das fromme Gebet Schakaras (in den Schlussbänden des Silberlöwen wird viel gebetet, gelobt und gedankt) erhebt die Herzen Kara Ben Nemsis und aller Bewohner des Dschamikun-Lagers zu Gott, ihrem Ursprung und ihrem Ziel.

Der Silberlöwe III beschwört die Milde, die unendliche Güte, den Frieden mit Gott und der Schöpfung. Doch vergleichbar mit dem Finale des Friede-Romans (1904) endet der dritte Band des Silberlöwen nicht mit der Ankunft des ewigen Friedens, sondern mit dem Auftritt des Bösen, des Ahriman Mirza, dessen "von seltsamen dämonischen Lichtern durchfunkelte Rede […] an Dostojewskis Großinquisitor erinnert." Ahriman, "der sich zwischen Geist und Seele drängt, um wo möglich beide zu vernichten" (III, 635), kündigt den Dschamikun ihren Untergang an.

Nach Beendigung seines Schaffens am Silberlöwen III trat May am 21. Juli 1902 jene denkwürdige Reise an, die schließlich zur unwiderruflichen Trennung von Emma und zur endgültigen Bindung des Schriftstellers an Klara führte. Diese Reise und die anschließenden Turbulenzen erzwangen eine vier Monate lange Unterbrechung der Arbeit am Silberlöwen.

Anonyme Denunziation und kurzer Prozess in Rom
Ende März 1910 erreichte ein am 20. März verfasstes fünfseitiges, anonymes Anklageschreiben die Indexkongregation in Rom. Die sechs von dem unbekannten deutschen Denunzianten für anstößig gehaltenen Werke waren die – in falscher Chronologie genannten – Bände Im Reich des silbernen Löwen III (1902) und IV (1903), Am Jenseits (1899), Und Friede auf Erden! (1904) sowie Ardistan und Dschinnistan I und II (1909). Die Vorwürfe lauteten auf dogmenloses Christentum, Kritik an allen Konfessionen, also einschließlich der katholischen, allgemeine Religion, religiöse Gleichgültigkeit, Spiritismus, Monismus und Pantheismus. Der Sekretär der zuständigen Kongregation, der deutsche Dominikaner Thomas Esser, gab am 20. Mai 1910 kurz und knapp zu Protokoll:

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Literatur
 Otto Eicke: Der Bruch im Bau, in: Karl-May-Jahrbuch 1930 (Onlinefassung), S. 77–126.
 Arno Schmidt: Abu Kital. Vom neuen Großmystiker.  In: Dya Na Sore. Gespräche in einer Bibliothek.  Karlsruhe 1958, S. 150–193; heute in: Arno Schmidt: Dialoge 2 (Bargfelder Ausgabe, Werkgruppe II/2). Zürich 1990, S. 31–59.
 Hans Wollschläger: Das "Hohe Haus". Karl May und das Reich des Silbernen Löwen. In: Jb-KMG 1970, S. 118–133. Online-Version
 Hans Wollschläger: Erste Annäherung an den "Silbernen Löwen". Zur Symbolik und Entstehung. In: Jb-KMG 1979, S. 99–136. Online-Version
 Volker Krischel: Karl Mays "Schattenroman". Gesichtspunkte zu einer "Weltdeutungs-Dichtung".  So-KMG 37 (1982) Online-Version
 Christoph F. Lorenz: "Das ist der Baum El Dscharanil". Gleichnisse, Märchen und Träume in Karl Mays "Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III und IV". In: Jb-KMG 1984, S. 139–166. Online-Version
 Joachim Kalka: (Werkartikel zu) Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III/IV. In: Karl-May-Handbuch. Hrsg. von Gert Ueding in Zusammenarbeit mit Reinhard Tschapke. Stuttgart 1987, S. 288–301; 2. erweiterte und bearbeitete Auflage Würzburg 2001, S. 236–240.
 Hermann Wohlgschaft: "Was ich da sah, das ward noch nie gesehen". Zur Theologie des "Silberlöwen III/IV". In: Jb-KMG 1990, S. 213–264. Online-Version
 Hermann Wohlgschaft: Große Karl May Biographie. Leben und Werk, Paderborn: Igel Verlag 1994, S. 435 ff. ISBN 3-927104-61-2 Online-Version
 Dieter Sudhoff/Hartmut Vollmer (Hrsg.): Karl Mays "Im Reich des silbernen Löwen" (Karl-May-Studien, Bd. 2), Paderborn: Igel Verlag 1997, 2. Auflage Hamburg 2010 (mit ausführlicher Bibliographie). ISBN 3868155058
 Adolf Droop: Karl May. Eine Analyse seiner Reise-Erzählungen
 Arno Schmidt: Vom neuen Großmystiker
 Hans Wollschläger: Erste Annäherung an den 'Silbernen Löwen'. Zur Symbolik und Entstehung
 Walther Ilmer: Mißglückte Reise nach Persien. Gedanken zum 'großen Umbruch' im Werk Karl Mays
 Ulrich Melk: Vom klassischen Reiseroman zum mythisch-allegorischen Spätwerk. Kontinuität und Wandel narrativer Strukturen in Karl Mays 'Silberlöwen'-Tetralogie
 Wolfram Ellwanger: Begegnung mit dem Symbol. Gedanken zu Karl Mays 'Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen IV'
 Ulrich Schmid: Die verborgene Schrift. Karl Mays Varianten zum 'Silberlöwen III/IV'
 Jürgen Hahn: Sprache als Inhalt. Zur Phänomenologie des 'alabasternen Stiles' in Karl Mays Roman 'Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen'. Ein Entwurf
 Volker Krischel: "Wir wollen nicht Herren über euren Glauben sein, sondern Helfer zu eurer Freude". Anmerkungen zu Karl Mays Religionskritik im 'Silberlöwen III/IV'
 Christoph F. Lorenz: "Das ist der Baum El Dscharanil". Gleichnisse, Märchen und Träume in Karl Mays 'Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III und IV'
 Dieter Sudhoff: Karl Mays Großer Traum. Erneute Annäherung an den 'Silbernen Löwen'
 Hansotto Hatzig: Die Frauen im Reiche des silbernen Löwen. Lesenotizen und Impressionen
 Franz Hofmann: Höllensturz und Verklärung. Der Handlungsabschluß im 'Silberlöwen' als Paradigma für die Alterswerke Karl Mays
 Peter Hofmann: Karl May und sein Evangelium. Theologischer Versuch über Camouflage und Hermeneutik, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh 2016, bes. S. 120, 123, 166.
 Hans Wollschläger: Annäherung an den Silbernen Löwen. Lesensarten zu Karl Mays Spätwerk, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2016, ISBN 978-3-8353-1970-7.

Weblinks

 Volltext auf der Website der Karl-May-Gesellschaft

 Eintrag im externen Karl-May-Wiki

Werk von Karl May
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Reiseroman

Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen III


Luptele din trecătorile Bratocea și Buzău a fost o acțiune militară de nivel tactic, desfășurată pe Frontul Român, în timpul campaniei din anul 1916 a participării României la Primul Război Mondial. Ea s-a desfășurat în perioada 22 septembrie/5 octombrie - 15/28 octombrie 1916 și a avut ca rezultat stoparea înaintării forțelor Puterilor Centrale, în ea fiind angajate forțe române din Divizia 3 Infanterie și Divizia 6 Infanterie și forțe ale Puterilor Centrale din Divizia 89 Infanterie germană. A făcut parte din acțiunile militare care au avut loc în bătălia de pe Valea Prahovei.

Contextul operativ strategic

Forțe participante

Dispozitivul forțelor române

Dispozitivul forțelor inamice

Comandanți

Comandanți români
General Marin Niculescu
General Nicolae Arghirescu

Comandanți ai Puterilor Centrale
General Hans von Below

Planurile de luptă

Desfășurarea acțiunilor militare

Rezultate și urmări

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918, vol I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și

 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Bătălii de pe frontul românesc în Primul Război Mondial

Luptele din trecătorile Bratocea și Buzău (1916)


Circuitul feminin ITF  este un circuit mondial de turnee profesioniste de tenis feminin organizat de Federația Internațională de Tenis (ITF).

Istorie
Acesta servește ca un circuit de antrenament pentru circuitul WTA, organizat de Women's Tennis Association. Există câteva sute de competiții ca parte a circuitului, având loc pe tot globul (inclusiv în România), cu premii între 10.000 de dolari și 100.000 de dolari. În competițiile parte din circuit se câștigă puncte pentru calificarea în turneele WTA.

Clasamentele ITF și WTA în sezonul 2021

Din cauza întreruperii sezonului din cauza pandemiei de COVID-19 în curs de desfășurare, numărul turneelor din calendar a fost redus. Organele de conducere ale tenisului feminin, ITF și WTA, au decis astfel să mărească punctele la turneele W25 până la W80 din aprilie 2021 până la sfârșitul anului.

Ospitalitate

Turneul notat cu H (hospitality) trebuie să îndeplinească cerințe minime specifice, bazate pe cerințele Federației Internaționale de Tenis. Fiecare jucător din competiția principală de simplu are dreptul la o cameră cu pat, pentru minim patru nopți, nu mai devreme de o zi înainte de competiția principală, apoi în timpul turneului, până în ziua următoare eliminării. Fiecare jucător din competiția principală de dublu are dreptul la o cameră în ziua înscrierii, pentru minim două nopți, apoi în timpul turneului până în noaptea zilei ultimului meci. Jucătorii calificați care avansează în competiția principală sunt asigurați cu aceleași condiții.

Note

Legături externe
Official site

Tenis feminin
Fondări în 1994

Circuitul feminin ITF


Trevor Martin Chappell (born 12 October 1952) is a former Australian cricketer, a member of the South Australian Chappell family which excelled at cricket. He played 3 tests and 20 One Day Internationals for Australia. He won the Sheffield Shield with New South Wales twice, and scored a century for Australia against India in the 1983 World Cup. His career was overshadowed, however, by an incident in 1981 in which he bowled an underarm delivery to New Zealand cricketer Brian McKechnie to prevent the batsman from hitting a six.

After retiring from first class cricket in 1986, Chappell went on to become fielding coach for the Sri Lanka cricket team in 1996, and in 2001 became coach of the Bangladesh cricket team. He used to be the national coach of the Singapore cricket team.

Early life
Chappell was the youngest of the Chappell cricketing brothers, his two elder brothers being Ian and Greg, and the grandson of former Australian captain Vic Richardson. Chappell grew up playing cricket in the backyard with his brothers, and like them was coached by Lynn Foster and attended Prince Alfred College.

Greg Chappell later recalled, "I was going to be every bit the tyrant to Trevor that Ian had been to me. But TC was his own man. Trevor was quiet and unassuming, but if you pushed him too far, he'd explode. That's TC through and through: very passive most of the time, easy going, but push him too far and there's an explosion coming."

Chappell's childhood hero was Keith Miller. Throughout his early playing career he was a batsman, although his excellent fielding at cover also brought him attention. "I figured the cover region was the area where the ball went more often than not, so I thought it was a good spot to field", he later said. "It keeps you occupied and always in the game."

Over the summer of 1969/70 he toured the West Indies with the Australian Schoolboys XI, a team that also included Gary Gilmour, Gary Cosier and Ian Davis. During the tour he came down with chicken pox. He recovered to score 52 against St Kitts.

Chappell also played for South Australia in the Australian Schoolboys Cricket Council Championships in Sydney.

Early career

Early 1970s
Chappell debuted for South Australia in the 1972–73 season, replacing Ken Cunningham who had to drop out for business reasons. He later recalled:
When I first got picked for South Australia, Ian said, "You got to decide what sort of a player you want to be – whether you want to be an aggressive, attacking player, or more like a grafting sort of player." I had to think about that and that I'm not really a free hitter of the ball, so the choice I made was I was going to be more of a grafter.
His career began well, scoring 67 on debut. He made half-centuries in his next two games, but struggled thereafter and was eventually dropped from the South Australian side. Chappell:
When I first played for South Australia, I did all right. Then I got injured right at the start of the second season – I broke my nose and cheekbone in a fielding accident. I damaged my shoulder as well. I couldn't throw very well. Fielding has always been one of my main skills and I lost confidence in the fielding. I wasn't getting any runs, I wasn't bowling much in those days, and I wasn't fielding terribly well either. I ended up playing all of the first-class season and had a bad season. I still couldn't get runs in South Australia the following season but I'd go to England and get runs. I got dropped from the South Australian team.

1975: League cricket
In 1975 Chappell played for Walsden in the Central Lancashire Cricket League over the English summer. It was a highly successful season for Chappell, who found his medium pace bowling effective on English wickets. He ended up making 1,268 runs at an average of 52.8 and taking 106 wickets at an average of 14 – the first "double" of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in the Central League since 1961.

1975–76: South Africa
Over the 1975–76 Australian summer Chappell toured South Africa as part of DH Robins XI, a special invitational side managed by Richie Benaud. Chappell's teammates included David Steele and Geoff Howarth. Chappell later said "I ... did all right" on the tour. Highlights included scoring 69 against Transvaal.

When he returned to South Australia at the end of the English season Chappell continued to play club cricket in Adelaide.

1976: England
He returned to England in 1976 and enjoyed another successful English summer in the Lancashire League, this time for East Lancashire.

1976–77: Western Australia
Chappell then received an offer to play for the Scarborough Cricket Club in Perth and moved to Western Australia. He had a run of strong games with scores of 48, 88, 43 and 76. This led to him playing four first class games for Western Australia in 1976–77, in which he scored two fifties at an average of 40.

1977: England
In 1977, he played for East Lancashire again in the Lancashire League.

World Series Cricket

1977–78
In the same year, Chappell signed to play for World Series Cricket along with his brothers. He had failed to make the first team for WA for the 1977–78 season when Dennis Lillee approached him. Chappell later recalled, "Lillee said to me, "Bad luck about not making it in the WA team. Don't worry, something better might come along." I had no idea what he meant. And a few days later [Austin] Robinson, Dennis' manager, rang and said, "Do you want to join World Series Cricket" and I said, "Yeah, where do I sign?""

Chappell played ten games for WSC Australia in the Country Cup in 1977–78, scoring 339 runs, more than any other Australian batsman, although his average was only 26.

A highlight was a 110 he scored against the West Indies in Albury. He also scored 56 off 300 minutes against a World XI in a Lismore game which resulted in him being booed by the crowd for slow scoring. "Trevor Chappell batted exceptionally well and he did not deserve the rubbishing the crowd gave him", said Australian captain Ross Edwards.

1978–79: World Series Cricket
Over the 1978–79 season Chappell mostly played for the WSC Cavaliers, a team of players of various nationalities who were not selected for the top three WSC teams, competing in the Cavaliers Cup.

"We had a whole mixture and nobody probably really wanted to be there", recalled Chappell. "They would rather be in the main games. We had some surprising results. We won a few games we probably weren't expected to."

Chappell enjoyed good form that season, which he partly attributed to the captaincy of Eddie Barlow. "Eddie once said to me early on in the series, 'You gotta stop trying to play like Ian or Greg and play like you. Just be Trevor.' That definitely helped me through World Series."

Chappell's highlights that season included 93 against the West Indies and 126, 96 and 72 against the World XI.

Chappell led the aggregates out of all players in the Country Tour, making 629 runs at an average of 33.1, including one century and four half centuries.

Australian XI selection and the West Indies
This form helped earn Chappell selection in the Australian XI one-day team for the International Cup that summer (he played in three games with a top score of 14) and also on the Australian XI in the West Indies in 1979.

In the West Indies Chappell was picked in the first four of the Supertests, but was unable to reprise his Australian form in the Caribbean, his highest score in the Test matches and One Day Internationals being 28. During the first Test he was struck in the face by a delivery from Andy Roberts and required stitches.

Post-WSC

1979–80: Move to New South Wales
When World Series Cricket ended in 1979, Chappell moved to Sydney and started playing for the club Gordon. He started off the season with 55 for a Rick McCosker XI against a Ross Edwards XI in a trial game. This ensured his selection in the New South Wales side for the first Sheffield Shield match that summer, meaning Chappell had now played for three states. He was preferred to non-WSC-aligned batsman John Dyson, which caused some controversy at the time.

Chappell was under pressure to justify his selection but responded with 150 against West Australia, helping New South Wales win. He later scored 144 against Tasmania 76 not out against Queensland and 80 against the touring English. Chappell started to bowl more, and his fielding by now was amongst the best in the country; he began to be discussed as an international prospect.

1980–81: One Day International Player
At the beginning of the 1980–81 summer, Chappell's bowling spell of 3–22 helped NSW defeat Queensland.

In November, Chappell was selected in the Australian one-day side against New Zealand. Australia lost the game. Chappell managed only 12 runs and took 0–21 with the ball. He did not bat or bowl in his second game.

Chappell was kept in the team to play India, taking 1–14 and scoring 14. His figures for his next game were 0–27 and 6, then 1–40, 2–42, 1–21, 14 and 14.

Chappell did not particularly impress with the bat that summer but his bowling and fielding were useful.

Chappell's early season Sheffield Shield form was poor but he recovered to score 111 against Queensland.

He was then selected to play in the Australian side for the third test against New Zealand, replacing Shaun Graf as 12th man. He had to make way for the next test when Graf returned from injury.

He was dropped from the one-day side to make way for Jim Higgs, but soon returned.

He managed to keep his place in the squad for the finals. In the second final Chappell took 2–21. He is most remembered for what happened in the third final.

Underarm incident

Chappell became infamous after bowling an underarm delivery when playing for Australia during a match against New Zealand in 1981.

The teams were contesting the third final of the Benson and Hedges World Series Cup. New Zealand needed to score six runs to tie the match. Not wanting to risk this, Greg Chappell, Australia's captain and Chappell's brother, asked Trevor Chappell how his underarm bowling was. When Trevor Chappell replied that he didn't know because he had never bowled underarm, Greg Chappell said, "well there is only one way to find out" and then Trevor Chappell rolled the ball along the ground to batsman Brian McKechnie.

Underarm bowling, allowed at the time by the rules of the series, but already outlawed at the time in England's domestic competition, is no longer permitted in games under the playing regulations directly controlled by the ICC. In terms of The Laws of Cricket (Law 24.1b), underarm bowling is permitted in other matches provided that the captains agree to it prior to the start of the match.

Although it was not universally illegal to bowl underarm at the time, it was widely accepted to be contrary to the spirit of the game. A visibly agitated McKechnie could do little but block the ball to avoid being dismissed, then throwing his bat away in disgust, and so Australia won the game. It was described as "the most disgusting incident I can recall in the history of cricket" by the then Prime Minister of New Zealand, Robert Muldoon.

Chappell played in the fourth final, taking 1–41.

Test Cricket

1981 Ashes
In February 1981, Ian Chappell listed his possible squad for the Ashes. He wrote "if another batsman is needed for any reason, then Trevor Chappell would be my selection because he can bat anywhere in the order and is the best cover field in Australia."

Trevor Chappell returned to Sheffield Shield making 71 against WA. This form, and his bowling and fielding, helped Chappell be selected on the squad to tour England for the 1981 Ashes.

Greg Chappell chose not to tour England in 1981, and there was much speculation over who would take his spot at number three in the batting line-up. During the early stages of the tour it was thought Martin Kent would take his place at number three, and Chappell only play one-dayers and tour games. However, Kent displayed poor form while Chappell was more consistent – 47 against Somerset and 91 against Gloucestershire.

As the tour went on, Chappell's form was not particularly good but Kent's was worse, and it was felt the other batsman, Dirk Wellham, was too inexperienced. Hence, Chappell was selected in the first Test.

"I'd never really expected to play Test cricket – three family members had already played, what were the chances of a fourth?" said Trevor Chappell. "Then I was involved in World Series Cricket, throw in the underarm and the odds were getting longer. So when it did happen, it was a great thrill."

Chappell's first innings saw him come in at number five with Graham Yallop at three. He made 17 runs over 122 minutes. In the second innings, he made 20 over 94 minutes, and hit the winning runs as Australia won by four wickets.

Chappell kept his place in the team for the second Test but failed twice, scoring 2 and 5. Despite this the selectors kept their faith, and Chappell was in the third Test side, promoted to number three.

This match passed into legend. Chappell scored 27 over 161 minutes, helping Australia to a first innings total of 401, notably taking part in a 94-run partnership with John Dyson. England were dismissed for 174, Kim Hughes enforced the follow-on, and at one stage England were 7–135 in response. Then Ian Botham began one of the most famous counter-attacks in Test cricket, scoring 149 not out and helping England reach 356. Chappell was never called upon to bowl. Australia had to score 130 to win. Chappell came to the wicket when Australia were 1–13 – he and Dyson took them to 56, with Chappell making 8 off 56 balls. He was then dismissed, which triggered a collapse; Australia lost the match by 18 runs.

The fighting quality of Chappell's innings had been noted, and it was not a foregone conclusion that he would be dropped. However, by this stage Martin Kent had rediscovered his form, and he was selected in the Australian eleven for the fourth Test, with Chappell made twelfth man.

Australia lost the fourth test and there was some media talk that Chappell might find his way back in the team for the fifth test in place of Graham Yallop, who had shown weakness against fast bowling. Chappell scored 46 in a tour game, but then it seemed the wicket for the fifth test would take spin, which Yallop excelled at playing, so he kept his spot and Chappell remained twelfth man.

Chappell then won a man-of-the-match award for hitting 63 in a one-day game against Leicestershire. However, Dirk Wellham was preferred to him in the sixth Test.

1981–82 summer
At the beginning of the 1981–82 summer, Chappell was still mentioned as a Test prospect. "Trevor Chappell cannot be left out of calculation", wrote one journalist. "He is resourceful, can bat early or late, bowls a penetrative medium pacer and fields brilliantly." However, Chappell never played Test cricket again. "Being on a tour that is not very successful probably damns your chances to get another go", he later reflected.

He did participate in a 219-run stand against Tasmania for NSW. He later took 4–35 against WA in a McDonald's Cup match, and in a crucial Sheffield Shield game against Victoria he took 4–12 and made 47 runs.

1982–83
Chappell began the following summer poorly when hit by a ball at training. He recovered, and went on to deliver a number of excellent performances for NSW, including 92 against South Australia, 61 against England, 89 against New Zealand in a one-day game and 132 against Queensland.

The highlight of Chappell's summer came during the Sheffield Shield final where his second innings effort of 4–45 was crucial in helping bowl New South Wales to victory. It was the state's first Shield in a long time.

He ended the season with 633 first class runs and 27 wickets.

1983 World Cup
Chappell's efforts over the summer resulted in a surprise selection for Australian's 1983 World Cup squad. He said at the time:
I thought I was in with a chance but I didn't want to build up my hopes. The way I worked it out, it was to be me or Ken MacLeay and I knew I had a few years experience on him, having played Tests and more Sheffield Shield. This is the biggest thrill apart from my 1981 Test selection in England and helping bring back the Sheffield Shield to NSW last year.
Ken Macleay ended up joining the squad anyway, when Jeff Thomson fell injured.

Chappell was made 12th man for Australia's early games.

He was selected for a game against India and promoted to opener – he responded by scoring 110. However, he found less success in later games and never played for Australia again after the tournament.

Chappell later recalled:
I preferred to open the batting or bat in the top order somewhere. But I probably wasn't good enough to bat at No. 3 or No. 4, which is why I was where I was – down at the bottom. It just depended if we had couple of good openers so I wasn't going to get a go there and at No. 3 or No. 4 or even at 5, 6, so 7 is where I got a go in the international side.

Later career

1983–84
A series of indifferent performances led to Chappell being dropped by New South Wales during the 1983–84 season. He was kept on in the one day team and scored 54 against the Australian Capital Territory.

1984–85
During the opening game of the 1984–85 season Chappell was again dropped from the NSW Shield team down to 12th man. However he was kept in the side for the McDonald's Cup. Injuries to players and national selection duties meant Chappell found himself back in the team. New South Wales ended up winning both the Sheffield Shield and the McDonald's Cup that season.

1985–86
During the 1985–86 summer, Chappell was suspended for two premiership matches in Sydney's grade competition for disputing an umpire's decision.

Later life
Chappell retired from first-class cricket in 1986; however, he continued to play grade cricket with the North Sydney cricket club, leading them to a premiership.
He went on to coach the Gordon Women's cricket club.

In 1987, he and Brian McKechnie reunited to play a double wicket game together in New Zealand.

He was a fielding coach for Sri Lanka from 1996 to 2000 and had a short stint as national coach for Bangladesh. "I'm lucky coaching came along because I couldn't bear the thought of office work", he said later. He says coaching Bangladesh was a very rough job because of the language barrier. He was sacked as coach of Bangladesh in April 2002 after the team lost ten out of its first eleven Tests.

In 2003, Chappell, along with his brothers, were honoured by the South Australian Cricket Association when a new stand in the Adelaide Oval was named the Chappell Stand after the cricketing brothers.

Chappell then became coach of the 1st XI cricket team at The King's School, Parramatta over the Australian summer. He also began coaching the Singapore National Cricket Team. In 2006, he also participated in a game to celebrate former teammate Robert Holland's 60th birthday, as well as Greg Matthews, David Gilbert, Rick McCosker and Greg Dyer at Toronto NSW.

From July to September 2009, he undertook a 50-day stint as coach of Singapore for its ICC World Cricket League Division 6 tournament, held in Singapore.

In 2013, he said about coaching in Singapore that "I have never had my best 11 together during a training session. It is very disjointed and players offer excuses not to train, some of which are probably not legitimate. The players are amateur, so there isn't always the motivation to come to training. The work schedule is long and players can't leave work early for cricket here. So, as coach it means having to do things over and over again because we can't get guys together." "I wouldn't mind being more involved with helping the New South Wales juniors", he said. "Unfortunately, the cricket associations seem to look at players from the 1970s and '80s as from a bygone era. I have tried a few times to get a more prominent gig in Australia but it never progressed anywhere."

Personal life
Chappell married Lorraine Gavin in Canberra in 1981; Graeme Watson was his best man.

"There is not a lot non-cricketing that I have done really", he said in a later interview. "I'm not married and don't have any kids, so that is a very short story. I was married, shortly after the underarm actually, in March 1981 and then divorced before the 1980s had finished."

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
Trevor
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from Adelaide
New South Wales cricketers
People educated at Prince Alfred College
South Australia cricketers
Western Australia cricketers
World Series Cricket players
D. H. Robins' XI cricketers
Coaches of the Bangladesh national cricket team
Australian expatriates in Bangladesh

Trevor Chappell


10867 Lima este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10867 Lima este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,65 ua, o excentricitate de 0,02 și o înclinație de 5,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

10867 Lima


An Telipogon phalaena in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach ngan Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Telipogon phalaena in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon phalaena


Real Murcia Club de Fútbol, SAD, kendt som Real Murcia ([real muɾθja], "Kongelige Murcia"), er en spansk fodboldklub baseret i Murcia, i Murcia-området . Klubben er grundlagt den 8. februar 1908, og spiller for øjeblikket i Segunda División B - Gruppe 4. Hjemmekampene spilles på Estadio Nueva Condomina, som har plads 31.189 tilskuere.

I spansk fodbold har klubben vundet 9 Segunda División titler.

Hjemfarver er hovedsagelig skarlagensfarvet trøjer og hvide shorts.

I 2018 startede klubben, efter økonomiske vanskeligheder, en crowdfunding kampagne for at sælge aktier, hvor folk over hele verden blev minoritetsaktionærer.

Spillere

Se også
 Real Murcia Imperial   - Murcias reservehold

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside
 Futbolme holdprofil
 BDFutbol hold profil
 MurciaMania, alt om klubben
 La Futbolteca, Real Murcia CF

Fodboldklubber i Spanien
Etableret i 1908
Pages with unreviewed translations

Real Murcia


تيمو هيلدبراند  هو حارس مرمى ألماني ولد في 5 أبريل 1979. كان يلعب مع نادي شتوتغارت الألماني الذي فاز معه بالدوري سنة 2007 قبل أنتقاله في يونيو 2007 إلى فلنسيا الأسباني ومنه عاد إلى هوفنهايم مرة أخرى قي شتاء موسم 2008/2009.وفي سبتمبر 2010 انتقل إلى سبورتنج لشبونة في صفقة انتقال حر.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب تيمو هيلدبراند خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 7 أندية في تسعة عشر موسمًا ولم يسجل خلالها أي هدف ضمن 362 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسم واحد بالكأس وفي موسم واحد بالدوري.

خاض تيمو هيلدبراند مسيرته مع في إف بي شتوتغارت الثاني في موسم 1997–98 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، مشاركًا في 35 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي شتوتغارت في موسم 1999–00 ليلعب معه ثمانية مواسم، حيث شارك في 221 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي فالنسيا في موسم 2007–08 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 26 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي هوفنهايم في موسم 2008–09 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 38 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي سبورتينغ لشبونة في موسم 2010–11 لمدة موسم واحد، لم يشارك في أي مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي شالكه 04 في موسم 2011–12 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، مشاركًا في 39 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. ليعود وينتقل من جديد، لكن هذه المرة إلى نادي آينتراخت فرانكفورت في موسم 2014–15 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 3 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من فورمس
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو آينتراخت فرانكفورت
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الرابعة
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
لاعبو سبورتينغ لشبونة
لاعبو شالكه 04
لاعبو شالكه 04 ب
لاعبو شتوتغارت
لاعبو شتوتغارت 2
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كأس القارات 2005
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من راينلند بالاتينات
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا بي لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي شتوتغارت
لاعبو نادي فالنسيا
لاعبو هوفينهايم
مواليد 1979

تيمو هيلدبراند


جمال الردهان (15 أكتوبر 1961  -)، ممثل كويتي. حاصل على شهادة البكالوريوس في التمثيل والإخراج من «المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية». وبالإضافة إلى عمله الفني فإنه يعمل كمحاضر في معهد الفنون المسرحية لمادة الإلقاء.

أعماله

في المسرح

في التلفزيون

في الإذاعة

في السينما

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون كويتيون
مواليد 1381 هـ
مواليد 1961
مسرحيون كويتيون

جمال الردهان


Die St. Patrick's Cathedral, auch Hl.-Patricks-Kathedrale, liegt an der Straße Shahrah-e-Iraq in Saddar Town, dem Innenstadtsteil von Karatschi, Sindh, Pakistan. Sie ist die Bischofskirche des Erzbistums Karatschi.

Geschichte
Die Kathedrale ist an der Stelle errichtet, auf der 1845, zwei Jahre nach der Annexion des Staates Sindh an Britisch-Indien durch Charles James Napier, der erste christliche Kirchenbau vermutlich für Goa-Katholiken entstand.

Die heutige Kathedrale entwarf der deutsche Jesuitenpater Karl Wagner (1821–1869). Damals gehörte Karatschi zum Apostolischen Vikariat Bombay, das vom Jesuitenorden verwaltet wurde. Dort in Bombay war auch Wagner als ordensinterner Architekt ansässig. Nachdem sich die katholische Mission in Karatschi entsprechend konsolidiert hatte und die finanziellen Mittel zur Verfügung standen, legte man 1879 den Grundstein zur neuen St. Patrick`s Kirche. Pater Wagner war bereits 1869 verstorben, weshalb die Laienbrüder Fr. George Kluver SJ und Fr. Herman Lau SJ als Bauleiter fungierten und das Gotteshaus – die größte katholische Kirche der Stadt und der gesamten Region – nach seinen hinterlassenen Plänen bis 1881 fertigstellten.

Als 1947 bei der Teilung Indiens Karatschi an Pakistan fiel, gründete man 1948 die gleichnamige Diözese und erhob die St.-Patricks-Kirche zu ihrer Kathedrale.

Es handelt sich um eine dreischiffige Basilika mit Querhaus in neogotischem Stil oder Indogotik. Sie wurde aus dem gelben Gizri stone, einer  lokalen Sandsteinvariante errichtet, hat eine Länge von 52 Metern, ist 22 Meter breit und fasst 1.500 Menschen.

Auf dem Vorplatz der Kathedrale steht das Herz-Jesu-Denkmal (Sacred Heart Monument), welches 1925 aus weißem Marmor errichtet wurde.

Die St.-Patrick's-Kathedrale erschien 1979 und 2009 als Motiv auf Briefmarken der pakistanischen Post.

Weblinks

 Webseite der British Library mit geschichtlichem Abriss und historischem Foto der St. Patrick`s Kathedrale Karatschi
 Videoaufnahme der St. Patrick`s Kathedrale Karatschi

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude in Pakistan
Karatschi
Karatschi
Kirchengebäude im Erzbistum Karachi
Bauwerk in Karatschi
Karatschi

St. Patrick’s Cathedral (Karatschi)


Žensko bacanje koplja na Olimpijskim igrama 1936. u Berlinu održano je 2. kolovoza na Olimpijskom stadionu.

Natjecalo se ukupno 14 bacačica koplja iz 10 država. Zlato je osvojila Tilly Fleischer, brončana iz Los Angelesa 1932., srebro njezina sunarodnjakinja Luise Krüger, a broncu Poljakinja Maria Kwaśniewska.

Budući da je ovo bilo tek drugo izdanje ove discipline na Olimpijskim igrama, ponovo je oboren olimpijski rekord.

Rezultati

Napomena: OR označava Olimpijski rekord.

Izvori
 www.sports-reference.com - OI 1936.: Žensko bacanje koplja

Bacanje koplja na Olimpijskim igrama

Atletika na OI 1936. – žensko bacanje koplja


165. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 165. vestlige længdekreds
 165. østlige længdekreds

165. længdegrad


قد تشير إلى:

 الطود (الأقصر) قرية مصرية في محافظة الأقصر.
 الطود (كوم حمادة) قرية مصرية في محافظة البحيرة.

الطود (توضيح)


JGroups, Java dilinde yazılmış bir kayıpsız çok yöne yayın sistemidir.

Çok yöne yayın

Bir veya bir grup makine arasında iletişim için birkaç yöntem vardır:

 Tek yöne yayın: Bu yöntemde, her mesajın sadece bir kişiye ulaştırılabilir. Dolayısıyla aynı mesajı birkaç kişiye göndermek için o mesajın birkaç kopyasını çıkartmak ve her gönderilecek makineye teker teker gönderilmesi gerekir.
 Çok yöne yayın: Bu yöntemde, bir gruba gelen mesajları almak isteyen bir makine öncelikle grubun adresine kaydolur. Dolayısıyla, gruptaki tüm makinelere aynı mesajı yollamak için mesajı grubun adresine sadece bir kez yollamak yeterlidir.
 Her yöne yayın: Bu yöndemde, her mesaj ağdaki tüm makinelere yollanır. Her makine ise ilgisini çekmeyen mesajları kendisi siler.

TCP/IP, standart olarak birçok yöne yayın sistemi sunar (IGMP) ve JGroups da ilk başta bir IP çoklu yöne yayınına kolaylıkla abone olmak, mesaj almak, mesaj göndermek ve aboneliği iptel etmek için yazılmıştır. Dolayısıyla, şu özelliklere sahip idi:

 IP çoklu yöne yayın gruplarının yaratılması ve yok edilmesi. Bu gruplar, büyük ağlar arasında paylaştırılmış olabilir.
 Bu gruplara abone olunması ve aboneliğin iptal edilmesi.
 Grup içinde mesajlaşma. Öte yandan, bu mesajlaşma kayıplıdır (yani mesajlar kaybolabilir).

JGroups'un eklentileri

IP çoklu yöne yayını birçok uygulamada kullanılmaktadır:

 Gerçek zamanlı ses veya video yayını: bu durumda, bir mesaj kaybı çok önemli değildir zira zaten önceki ve sonraki mesajlardan kaybolan veri "yaratılabilir". Zaten insanlar da bu yayının mükemmel olmasını beklememektedirler.
 Routerların senkronizasyonunu sağlayan OSPF protokolü: bu durumda, mesaj kaybı bir soru değildir zira routerlar "sıkı" bir şekilde bağlı olduklarından aralarında paket kaybetmemeleri beklenir.

Bu uygulamalar veri akışına ihtiyaç duymadıkları için IP çoklu yöne yayını kayıplı ve sıralama olmayan bir protokoldür. Dolayısıyla JGroups hızlı bir şekilde daha kullanışlı ve esnek bir yapı haline getirilmiştir:

 Birçok protokol arasından seçim: UDP, TCP veya JMS.
 Gelen ve giden abonelerin tespiti.
 Cevap vermeyen (çökmüş) makinelerin tespiti ve gruptan çıkartılması.
 Kayıpsız ve sıralı mesajlaşma.
 Noktadan noktaya mesajlaşma.
 Büyük mesajların otomatik bölünmesi.
 Atomik (ya hepsi ya hiçbiri), FIFO ve tamamen sıralı mesaj değişimi.
 Şifreleme.
 vs.

Dolayısıyla JGroups, birkaç makine arasında iletişim kurmaya yarayan ve senkronizasyon, talep dağıtımı veya sorun halinde yer değişimi gibi işlemleri kolayca yapmaya yardımcı olan bir protokoldür.

Kullanımlar

JGroups birçok uygulamada kullanılmaktadır:

 Hem JBoss hem de JOnAS paylaştırılmış sunucu mimarisinin yönetimi ve önbelleğin dağıtımını JGroups vasıtasıyla yapıyor.
 GroupPac (CORBA'nın sorunlara dayanıklı sürümünün bir uyarlaması) JGroups kullanmaktadır.
 Autodesk LocationLogic JGroups'u önbellek kopyalama mekanizmasında kullanmaktadır.
 vs.

Kaynakça
 JGroups web sayfası
 JGroups'ta yapılmış basit bir talep dağıtıcısı

İnternet protokolleri
Java

JGroups


Wafa Mustafa (en arabe : وفا مصطفى) est une journaliste et militante syrienne née le 4 août 1990 à Masyaf en Syrie. Elle milite pour la libération des détenus syriens.

En tant que militante et ancien membre de Families for Freedom, Mustafa a demandé au Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies la divulgation des noms et des lieux de tous ceux que les autorités syriennes détiennent en captivité. Elle appelle à la libération de tous les détenus politiques en Syrie, qu'ils soient détenus par le régime Assad ou par des groupes d'opposition. Wafa Mustafa milite également pour la reconnaissance internationale des réfugiés syriens et contre la normalisation des relations internationales avec le régime d'Assad tant que la cause des détenus n'est pas entendue.

Jeunesse
Wafa Mustafa est née à Masyaf et est l'aînée de trois filles. Sa famille est politiquement active et libérale, son père, Ali,  emmène Wafa à une manifestations de soutien à la Palestine, à Damas, vers ses 10 ans. Mustafa manifeste devant l'ambassade de Libye au début de la révolution libyenne, en soutien aux manifestants.

En mars 2011, elle soutient les manifestations pacifiques qui débutent en Syrie pour demander davantage de liberté au gouvernement de Bachar el-Assad. Lorsque les autorités syriennes attaquent les manifestants et que la révolution syrienne commence, elle s'implique à son tour dans les manifestations.

Vie privée
En juillet 2013, une dépression avec anxiété chronique lui est diagnostiquée. Cette année-là, après la mort d'un ami proche, elle s'est enfermée chez elle pendant trois mois, ne quittant presque jamais sa chambre, ce qui entraîne une perte de poids importante. C'est son père qui la convainc de se faire soigner.

Wafa Mustafa, avec sa mère et ses sœurs, fuit la Syrie dans la semaine qui suit l'arrestation de son père, Ali Mustapha (en arabe : علي مصطفى) en juillet 2013, craignant d'être également arrêtées. Elles vivent en Turquie pendant 3 ans, dans la pauvreté, car elles n'ont emporté que leurs passeports. Wafa, arrivée en Allemagne en 2016 vit désormais à Berlin. Elle est diplômée du Bard College Berlin en 2020 avec un diplôme en sciences humaines et en arts du programme HAST.

Wafa Mustafa affirme toujours considérer la Syrie comme sa patrie et envisage d'y retourner si elle n'est plus sous le joug d'Assad.

Militantisme

Disparition forcée d'Ali Mustafa
Wafa Mustafa cite comme motivation de son militantisme la disparition de son père, Ali Mustafa, militant des droits humains, vu pour la dernière fois le 2 juillet 2013. Ce jour-là, Wafa, alors âgée de 23 ans, et des témoins rapportent qu'un groupe d'hommes attaque la maison où la famille vivait depuis deux mois, depuis la mort d'un ami proche dans une attaque à la roquette.

Ali était harcelé dès 2011 par la Sûreté de l'État et avait été arrêté, détenu et torturé à plusieurs reprises avant et surtout après le début de la révolution, en raison de son engagement en faveur des droits humains, et son soutien aux demandes de liberté. Parmi ces arrestations, il l'a été une fois aux côtés de son collègue Hussam al-Dhafri, par des hommes armés en civil au début de la répression des manifestations anti- régime en mars 2011. Hussam al Dhafri est mort sous la torture dans l'un des centres de détention du régime.

Arrestation
En septembre 2011, Wafa Mustafa est arrêtée et détenue à Damas, où elle rapporte avoir été battue et avoir entamé une grève de la faim. Elle est alors étudiante en journalisme et en médias, mais après son arrestation, son nom est inscrit sur une liste noire publique et elle est forcée d'abandonner ses études.

Travail d'activiste
Aujourd'hui, Wafa Mustafa s'efforce d'obtenir des informations sur son père et les autres détenus syriens. Elle rejoint Families for Freedom entre 2018 et 2021.

Le 30 mai 2020, Mustafa manifeste devant le palais de justice de Coblence, en Allemagne, lieu du procès d'Al Khatib. Le procès est ouvert par le procureur fédéral allemand contre deux anciens membres de l'appareil de sécurité du président Bashar el-Assad. Anwar Raslan, ancien haut responsable du renseignement militaire syrien, et son complice présumé Eyad al-Gharib sont jugés en Allemagne en vertu du principe juridique de la compétence universelle pour les crimes contre l'humanité. Ils sont accusés d'avoir supervisé 58 meurtres et la torture de 4 000 autres détenus à la branche 251, centre de détention al-Khatib, de Damas, entourée de 61 photographies de détenus et disparus, dont une photographie de son père.

Le 23 juillet 2020, Wafa Mustafa informe le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU sur les disparitions forcées et la situation de la détention en Syrie et demande que soit exigée la divulgation des noms et de la situation des détenus et disparus.

Prix

 Le 20 mai 2022, Wafa Mustafa reçoit le prix Pimentel Fonseca qui récompense les femmes journalistes

Notes et références

Journaliste syrien
Militante syrienne
Prisonnier d'opinion syrien
Réfugié de la guerre civile syrienne
Personnalité liée à la défense des droits de l'homme en Syrie
Naissance en août 1990
Naissance en Syrie

Wafa Mustafa


Amt Lauenburgische Seen er et amt i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende under Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Amtet strækker sig langs Ratzeburger See og Schaalsee i Naturpark Lauenburgische Seen. Amtsforvaltningen ligger i byen Ratzeburg, men der er også amtskontor i Groß Grönau, der som forstadslignende by ved udkanten af Lübeck, er den kommune med den største befolkningstæthed i amtet. I Sterley er der borgerservice for amtsforvaltningen.

Kommuner i amtet

Historie
Amtet blev oprindelig oprettet som  Amt Ratzeburg-Land med 18 kommuner. Ved nedlæggelsen af Amt Gudow-Sterley 1. januar 2007 blev kommunerne Brunsmark, Hollenbek, Horst, Klein Zecher, Salem, Seedorf og Sterley indlemmet i amtet, der da fik det nuværende navn.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 Amt Lauenburgische Seen

Lauenburgische Seen

Amt Lauenburgische Seen


Betty Ting Pei (丁珮, chino mandarín) (Pekín, China, 19 de febrero de 1947) es una actriz china nacionalizada taiwanesa de segundo orden perteneciente a la filmográfica Shaw Brothers Co., cuya fama está vinculada a su relación con el artista marcial Bruce Lee, la muerte de este en 1973 y las teorías de conspiración en torno a ese suceso.

Biografía
Betty Ting Pei nació como Mei-li Tong en Pekín en 1947. A la edad de dos años emigró junto a sus padres a Taiwán y comenzó su carrera artística en 1965 apareciendo en seis películas de China Motion Picture Corporation, una productora cinematográfica de segundo orden en Taiwán. Ting Pei actuó en papeles musicales, de artes marciales y mayoritariamente en escenas de alcoba, estuvo relacionada con el director Inoue Umetsugu en los temas musicales.

En 1972, Ting Pei se trasladó a Hong Kong donde tomó contacto con Raymond Chow, quien la contrató como actriz secundaria en la Brothers Shaw Co. Fue en el plató donde conoció a Bruce Lee mientras rodaba Fist of Fury y se hicieron cercanos.

Ese mismo año, Betty Ting Pei acompañó a Lee en Roma para el rodaje de la película Way of the Dragon.

Muerte de Bruce Lee
El 20 de julio de 1973, Bruce Lee acudió al mediodía al departamento de Ting Pei en el barrio de Kowloon en Hong Kong, según versiones oficiales de prensa, el motivo de la visita era hacerla partícipe del algunas partes del guion de Game of Death, película en la que ella iba a tener un papel. Más tarde, Bruce Lee debía juntarse con Raymond Chow y el actor británico George Lazenby para proyectar un trabajo en conjunto.

Cerca de las dieciséis horas, Bruce Lee se quejó de un fuerte dolor de cabeza y la actriz le proporcionó un fuerte analgésico llamado Equagesic. Lee ingirió el fármaco y se fue a recostar sumergiéndose aparentemente en un profundo sueño. Cerca de las diecisiete horas Ting Pei intentó despertarlo pero el actor no mostraba signos vitales, por lo que la actriz llamó a emergencias.
Bruce Lee fue declarado muerto a las once y media de la noche por un edema cerebral masivo intracraneano.

El hecho despertó un cúmulo de teorías de conspiración en contra de la actriz, perjudicando de algún modo su carrera: se especuló que Ting Pei estaba asociada con la mafia cantonesa, que la muerte de Lee había sido parte de una orgía sexual, que ella lo habría envenenado, etc. Los ataques personales parecieron decrecer cuando se declaró que la muerte de Bruce Lee había sido una muerte accidental.

En 1974, Ting Pei se casó con el director y productor de la Golden Harvest, Charles Heung y asimismo ella se prestó para participar en el fenómeno Bruce-explotación apareciendo en films de dudosa calidad biográfica de Bruce Lee en 1976. En 1979 Heung y Ting Pei se divorciaron sin haber tenido hijos.

En 2003, en el 30.º aniversario de la muerte de Bruce Lee, Betty Ting Pei, a sus 56 años, declaró que ella y Bruce Lee habían sido amantes ocasionales por más de un año y que planeaba escribir un libro al respecto; declaró:

En 2008, Betty Ting Pei volvió a decir a los medios que la autobiografía con los últimos momentos de Bruce Lee estaba por ser lanzada. Hasta la fecha no ha ocurrido aún.

Filmografía

Referencias

Bibliografía

Actrices de China
Teorías conspirativas
Nacidos en Pekín

Betty Ting Pei


Shunryu Suzuki (鈴木 俊隆 Suzuki Shunryū, nombre dharma Shōgaku Shunryū 祥岳俊隆) (18 de mayo de 1904 – 4 de diciembre de 1971) era un maestro zen Sōtō que difundió el Budismo zen en Estados Unidos, particularmente en los alrededores de San Francisco. Nacido en la Prefectura de Kanagawa en Japón, Suzuki fue ocasionalmente confundido con el erudito Zen  Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki, a lo que Shunryu respondía, "No, él es el gran Suzuki, yo soy el pequeño Suzuki."

Uno de los trabajos más conocidos de este maestro Zen es el libro Mente Zen, Mente de Principiante, que es una compilación de sus enseñanzas, en las que Suzuki destaca las virtudes de tener siempre una mente de principiante durante la práctica del Zen y del Zazen.

Biografía

Niñez
Shunryu Suzuki nació el 18 de mayo de 1904. Su padre, fue Butsumon Sogaku Suzuki, y tenía casi 50 años cuando él nació, por esa época era jefe (abad) de un pequeño templo Zen Soto. Su madre Yone era la hija de un sacerdote y divorciada de su primer marido por ser demasiado independiente. Shunryu creció con su medio hermano mayor del primer matrimonio de su madre y junto a dos hermanas menores.

El templo de su padre Shogan-ji, estaba localizado cerca de Hiratsuka, una ciudad en la bahía Sagami alrededor de cincuenta millas al suroeste de Tokio. El templo era muy chico y la familia debía ser muy ahorrativa.

Cuando Suzuki entró a la escuela se dio cuenta de que su familia era muy pobre. Suzuki era sensible y bueno pero era propenso a enojarse. Los otros muchachos lo ridiculizaban por su cabeza afeitada y por ser el hijo del sacerdote. El prefería estar en la clase a jugar en el patio, y siempre era el primero en la clase. Su maestro le dijo que él sería un gran hombre de mayor y para lograrlo debía irse de la Prefectura de Kanagawa y estudiar duro.

Aprendizaje
En 1916, cuando Suzuki tenía 12 años decidió ser discípulo de su padre, Gyokujun So-on Suzuki. So-on era el hijo adoptado de Sogaku, y el sacerdote del antiguo templo de Sokagu's Zoun-in. Sus padres inicialmente pensaron que él era demasiado joven para vivir lejos de su hogar, pero luego se lo permitieron.

Zoun-in está localizado en un pequeño pueblo llamado Mori, Shizuoka en Japón. Suzuki arribó durante 100 días de práctica al templo, y fue allí el estudiante más joven. Zoun-in era el templo más grande en Shoganji.

Cada mañana a las 4 a. m. se levantaba para hacer zazen. Luego cantaba los sutras y comenzaba la limpieza del templo junto a los otros monjes. Ellos trabajaban todo el día y por la tarde, terminaban con zazen. Suzuki idolatraba a su maestro, que tenía una fuerte disciplina. So-on generalmente era duro con Suzuki, pero le daba algunas libertades por ser tan joven.

Cuando Suzuki cumplió los 13 años, el 18 de mayo de 1917, So-on lo ordenó como monje (unsui). Y se le dio el nombre budista de Shogaku Shunryu, pero So-on lo apodaba Pepino Torcido por su olvidadiza e impredecible naturaleza.

Shunryu comenzó de nuevo a asistir a la escuela en Mori, pero So-on no le proporcionaba las ropas adecuadas para el. Por lo que fue objeto de burlas, a pesar de esto no se quejaba. Sino que se esforzaba más en el templo.

Cuando Shunryu llegó a Zoun-in, otros 8 niños estudiaban allí. Para 1918, era el único que se quedó con So-on. Esto provocó que su vida fuera más difícil con So-on, que tenía más tiempo para criticarlo. Durante este periodo Suzuki quería irse de Zoun-in pero igualmente no quería darse por vencido.

En 1918 So-on se hizo cabeza de un segundo templo, en las cercanías de Yaizu, llamado Rinso-in. Shunryu lo siguió allí para ayudar a poner el lugar en orden. Pronto las familias comenzaron a mandar a sus hijos allí y el templo se pudo renovar. Suzuki suspendió una prueba de admisión en una escuela cercana, entonces So-on comenzó a enseñarle al muchacho a leer y escribir Chino.

Pronto So-on mandó a sus estudiantes a entrenarse a ratos con un maestro Rinzai. Allí Shunryu estudió un Zen muy diferente, uno que promovía la iluminación por medio de la concentración en koans cuando hacía zazen. Suzuki tenía problemas sentándose con su koan. Mientras que los otros muchachos resolvían sus koan. Luego el maestro lo aprobó, pero creyó más tarde que lo había hecho por amabilidad.

En 1919, a la edad de 15 años, Suzuki fue traído de vuelta a la casa de sus padres que sospechaban maltrato por parte de So-on. Shunryu ayudó en el templo allí, y entró a la escuela secundaria. Pero, cuando llegaron las vacaciones de invierno, él estaba de vuelta en Rinso-in y Zoun-in con So-on para entrenar y ayudarlo. No quería parar de entrenar.

En la escuela Suzuki tomo Clases de Inglés y logró un buen nivel. Un doctor de la localidad, el Dr. Yoshikawa, incluso lo tomó como tutor de inglés para su hijo. Yoshikawa trato bien a Suzuki, dándole una paga y asesoramientos ocasionales.

Educación Superior
En 1924 Shunryu se enroló a la escuela preparatoria Soto en Tokio cercana a Shogan-ji, donde el vivía en el piso de los dormitorios. De 1925 a 1926 Suzuki hizo entrenamiento Zen con Dojun Kato en Shizuoka en Kenko-in. Continuó con esta escolaridad por este periodo. Aquí Shunryu se convirtió en cabeza de los monjes por un retiro de 100 días, luego del cual ya no fue considerado un mero novicio. Y completó su entrenamiento como cabeza de monjes.

En abril de 1926 Shunryu se graduó de la escuela preparatoria y entró a la Universidad de Komazawa, la Universidad Soto Zen en Tokio. Durante este periodo continuó sus conexiones con So-on en Zoun-in, yendo y viniendo cuando fuera necesario.

Aquí algunos de los maestro discutían con los estudiantes cómo el Zen Soto debía llegar a una mayor audiencia, mientras que Shunryu no comprendía como las culturas Occidentales podrían entender el Zen, estaba intrigado.

El 26 de agosto de 1926, So-on dio la transmisión del Darma a Suzuki. Él tenía 22. El padre de Shunryu se retiró de su abadía en Shogan-ji ese mismo año, y se mudaron a las tierras del Zoun-in donde el sirvió como inkyo (abad retirado).

Más tarde ese año Suzuki paso por un pequeño periodo en el hospital por tuberculosis, pero pronto se recobró. En 1927 comenzó un importante capítulo en la vida de Suzuki. Fue a visitar una profesora de Inglés en Komazawa llamada Miss Nona Ransom, una mujer que enseñó inglés al emperador de China, Pu-yi, a la última emperadora de China, Jigoro Kano (la fundadora de Judo) a los hijos del presidente Chino Li Yuanhong, y a algunos miembros de la familia real. Ella le pagó aquel día para ser traductor y para hacerle mandados. En ese periodo él se dio cuenta de que ella era ignorante acerca de la cultura japonesa y la religión budista. Ella lo respetaba muy poco y lo veía como una adoración idolatrada. Pero un día, que no había tareas para realizar, los dos tuvieron una conversación sobre budismo y ella cambió de parecer. Incluso dejó que Suzuki le enseñara a hacer zazen. Esta experiencia dio a entender a Suzuki que la ignorancia occidental sobre el budismo podía ser transformada.

El 22 de enero de 1929, So-on se retiró como abad de Zoun-in e instaló a Shunryu como su 28ª abad. Sogaku atendería el templo por Shunryu. En enero de 1930 una ceremonia llamada ten'e fue celebrada en Zoun-in para que Shunryu tomara la transición del dharma a So-on's. De esta forma las cabezas de la escuela soto le dieron permiso para enseñas como sacerdote. El 10 de abril de 1930, a la edad de 25, Suzuki se graduó en Komazawa Daigakurin con una especialización en Zen y filosofía Budista, y en idioma inglés.

Durante este periodo Suzuki mencionó a So-on que estaría interesado en ir a América para enseñar budismo Zen. So-on se oponía a esta idea. Suzuki se dio cuenta de que su maestro estaba muy apegado a él y que tomaría su viaje como un insulto. Así que no se lo mencionó de nuevo.

Citas

 "Estrictamente hablando, no existe persona iluminada, solo actividad iluminada."
 "Nuestra tendencia es la de estar interesados en algo que crece en el jardín, no en el mismo suelo desnudo, lo más importante es enriquecer el suelo y cultivarlo bien."
 "Entonces el secreto es decir ¡Si! y saltar afuera. Entonces no hay problema. Esto significa ser tú, siempre tú, sin apegarse a tú viejo yo."
 "Cuando haces algo, debes quemarte completamente, sin dejar ninguna traza de ti."
 "La práctica del Zazen es la expresión directa de nuestra verdadera naturaleza. Estrictamente hablando, para un humano, no hay otra práctica más que esta; no hay otro modo de vida que este modo de vida."
 "Hazte cargo de las cosas y ellas se harán cargo de ti."
 "En la mente de un principiante hay muchas posibilidades, en la mente de un experto muy pocas, por esto conserva siempre la mente de un principiante."
 "La vida y la muerte son la misma cosa. Cuando nos damos cuenta de esto, no le tenemos más miedo a la muerte, y ninguna dificultad en la vida."
 "Tan pronto como ves algo, tú ya comenzaste a intelectualizarlo. Tan pronto como lo intelectualizaste, este ya no es el mismo que tú miras."
 "La forma que ayuda no es la misma, esta cambia de acuerdo a la situación."
 "Ese pajarito es libre - tú me debes un pajarito."
 "Sin aceptar el hecho de que todo cambia, no podremos encontrar una perfecta compostura. Pero desafortunadamente, a pesar de que esto es verdad, es difícil para nosotros aceptarlo. Y
porque no podemos aceptar la verdad de la transitoriedad, sufrimos."

Notas

Referencias

Escritores en el budismo Zen
Monjes budistas zen
Budistas zen de Japón
Monjes budistas de Estados Unidos
Monjes budistas de Japón
Japoneses del siglo XX
Maestros zen

Shunryu Suzuki


Cyclopia (named after the Greek mythology character cyclopes), also known as alobar holoprosencephaly, is the most extreme form of holoprosencephaly and is a congenital disorder (birth defect) characterized by the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to properly divide the orbits of the eye into two cavities. Its incidence is 1 in 16,000 in born animals and 1 in 200 in miscarried fetuses.

Signs and symptoms
Typically, the nose is either missing or not functional. This deformity (called proboscis) forms above the center eye and is characteristic of a form of cyclopia called rhinencephaly or rhinocephaly. Most such embryos are either naturally miscarried or are stillborn upon delivery.

Although cyclopia is rare, several cyclopic human babies are preserved in medical museums (e.g. The Vrolik Museum, Amsterdam, Trivandrum Medical College).

Some extreme cases of cyclopia have been documented in farm animals (horses, sheep, pigs, and sometimes chickens). In such cases, the nose and mouth fail to form, or the nose grows from the roof of the mouth, obstructing airflow and resulting in suffocation shortly after birth.

Causes
Genetic defects or toxins can misdirect the embryonic forebrain-dividing process. One highly teratogenic alkaloid toxin that can cause cyclopia is cyclopamine or 2-deoxyjervine, found in the plant Veratrum californicum (also known as corn lily or false hellebore). Grazing animals are most likely to ingest this plant and induce cyclopia in offspring. People sometimes accidentally ingest false hellebore while pregnant, thinking it is hellebore, an unrelated plant which does not even resemble false hellebore, being recommended as a "natural" treatment for vomiting, cramps, and poor circulation, three conditions which may be present in the early stages of pregnancy. Cyclopia occurs  when certain proteins are inappropriately expressed, causing the brain to stay whole, rather than developing two distinct hemispheres. This leads to the fetus having one optic lobe and one olfactory lobe, resulting in the eye and nose malformations of cyclopia.

The Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene regulator is involved in the separation of the single eye field into two bilateral fields.
Although not proven, it is thought that SHH emitted from the prechordal plate suppresses Pax6, which causes the eye field to divide into two. If the SHH gene is mutated, the result is cyclopia, a single eye in the center of the face (Gilbert, 2000).

Notable cases
 A British description from 1665 of a colt that appeared to have cyclopia reads:First, That it had no sign of any Nose in the usual place, nor had it any, in any other place of the Head, unless the double Bagg CC that grew out of the midst of the forehead, were some rudiment of it. Next, That the two Eyes were united into one Double Eye which was placed just in the middle of the Brow.
 In October 1766, an infant in France was born with cyclopia, living for only a few hours. Reports of the case were made in the Mercure de France and an illustration of the infant was made by Marie Bihéron. The case was also mentioned in Volume IV of Buffon's L'Histoire Naturelle.

 On 1 March 1793, a 46-year-old woman in Boalts Torp, Glimåkra, Sweden gave birth to a child with cyclopia that died after two hours. The child was 35 cm long, its face without nose and nostrils, and its lidless eye with no eyebrow sat raised on the middle of its forehead like a large blueberry. The wrists were somewhat crooked as well as the right foot which was completely crooked and bent inwards. It was not clear whether it was a boy or a girl, but it was believed to be the former.
 In November 1889, reports emerged from Umatilla County, Oregon, of a Nez Perces child with one eye in the center of the forehead. The child was reportedly healthy and "able to see with ease, and ran about with as much freedom as any of his companions." Several individuals tried to locate the child to be put on display, but the tribe had left to hunt in the mountains by the time they arrived. It is unknown what became of the child.
 On December 28, 2005, a kitten with cyclopia, "Cy", was born in Redmond, Oregon, United States and died about one day after birth.
 In 2006, a baby girl in India with cyclopia was born. Her only eye was in the center of her forehead. She did not have a nose and her brain did not separate into two separate hemispheres (holoprosencephaly). The child died one day after her birth.
 In 2011, an albino cyclops shark fetus was discovered in the body of a caught shark in Mexico, with no discernible nose and one giant eye. The unborn fetus was turned over for medical studies.
 On October 10, 2012, a small kitten was born. Its eye was in the center of the forehead and there was no developed nose to be found. The small cat died shortly after it was born. It was nicknamed Cleyed the Cyclops.
 On May 10, 2017, in Assam, India, a black goat was born with one eye and other cyclopia-related facial abnormalities. It was reported to still be alive over a week later, which is unusual for this condition.
On September 13, 2018, in Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra, Indonesia, a baby with cyclopia was born without a nose and one eye with the weight of 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) and heart rate under 100 bpm. The child died seven hours after birth.
On March 16, 2022, a boy was born in Al Bayda, Yemen, with cyclopia. He died 7 hours after birth. He was seen in photos taken by Yemeni journalist Karim Zarai.

Cultural significance
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant used photos of babies born with cyclopia in its recruitment campaign. ISIL claimed the photos depicted Masih ad-Dajjal, who according to the Hadith, would have only one eye. Mainstream Islamic scholars consider the prophecy as referring to a one-eyed man, not a cyclops. One infant whose image was circulated in 2014 was claimed to be Israeli, but was actually Bolivian and from 2008. The baby girl from India born in 2006 (see notable cases above) also had her image used.

Gallery

Humans

Animals

See also
 Anophthalmia
 Cyclopes
 Hedgehog pathway

References

External links

Congenital disorders
Absent body parts

Cyclopia


Many (but not all) graphemes that are part of a writing system that encodes a full spoken language are included in the Unicode standard, which also includes graphical symbols.  See:

 Language code
 List of Unicode characters
 List of writing systems
 Punctuation
 :Category:Typographical symbols

The remainder of this list focuses on graphemes not part of spoken language-encoding systems.

Basic communication
 — No symbol
 Arrow (symbol)
 Character
 Emoji
 ☺ — Smiley
 ✓ — checkmark (UK: tick)
 Harvey balls
 ☆ — Star (polygon)
 I - signal
 0 - lack of signal, example: [ ],[0]

Scientific and engineering symbols
 Alchemical symbols
 Astronomical symbols
 Planet symbols
 Chemical symbols
 Electronic symbol (for circuit diagrams, etc.)
 Engineering drawing symbols
 Energy Systems Language
 Hazard symbols
 List of mathematical constants (typically letters and compound symbols)
 Glossary of mathematical symbols
 List of physical constants (typically letters and compound symbols)
 List of common physics notations (typically letters used as variable names in equations)
 Rod of Asclepius / Caduceus as a symbol of medicine

Consumer symbols

 Various currency signs (sublist)

Navigational symbols

 Traffic signs, including warning signs contain many specialized symbols (see article for list)
 DOT pictograms
 ISO 7001
 Exit sign,  "running man"
 Gender symbols for public toilets
 Map symbol
 Japanese map symbols
 International Breastfeeding Symbol
 International Symbol of Access
 Barber's pole

Food

 EC identification and health marks, for animal products
 Food safe symbol marking food contact materials in the European Union
 British Egg Industry Council lion

Kosher symbols
 Star-K Kosher Certification
 OK Kosher Certification
 EarthKosher Kosher Certification

General consumer products

 Recycling symbol
 Recycling codes
 Japanese recycling symbols
 Green Dot (symbol)
 Laundry symbol
 Period-after-opening symbol (on cosmetics as 6M, 12M, 18M, etc.)
  - keep dry
  - keep dry
 Japanese postal mark
 ℮, the European estimated sign U+212E
 Inventory tracking symbols
 Barcode such as a Universal Product Code
 QR code
 Printing registration marks intended for the manufacturer of the packaging, to ensure different colors are aligned when printed
 Various certification marks (see article for list) signifying conformance with a government or private organization's requirements
 Shipping symbols from ISO standard 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods" or ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods" which depict shipping boxes as squares with rounded corners:
 "Fragile": the silhouette of a broken wine glass
 "This end up": a horizontal line with two arrows pointing up
 "Do not stack": a filled-in box, under a crossed-out outlined box
 "Maximum stack height": three boxes stacked vertically; the bottom one is filled in, the middle one is an outline with a number inside (the number of boxes to safely stack on top of this one), and the top one is an outline and crossed out
 "Maximum stack weight": from the bottom upward: a box, a horizontal line, a wide arrow pointing down, and a number followed by "kg max"
 "Keep dry": an umbrella with rain falling on it
 "Protect from sunlight": a circle with rays coming out of it, with a box protected by a chevron
 "Protect from radiation": the radiation symbol, separated from a box by a chevron
 "Center of gravity": crosshairs pointing to the center of a dashed circle
 "Do not roll": a box with a curved arrow above, and a cross-out line coming up from the box at an angle
 "Do not use hand hooks"
 "Do not use hand truck"
 "Do not use forklift"
 "Clamp as indicated": a filled-in box with a vertical line and inward-pointing arrow on the right and left
 "Do not clamp": the same as "clamp as indicated", crossed out
 "Sling here": the silhouette of a chain
 A thermometer with a diagonal slash, indicating the maximum and minimum temperature

Property and pricing

 U+24CDⓍ, U+24E8 Ⓨ - Japanese typographic symbols used under Japan's resale price maintenance system
 Various logos
 Various trademarks

Technology symbols
 Media control symbols
 Power symbol
 Unicode symbols
 Various computer icons

Naval
Jolly Roger - "this ship is controlled by pirates"
International Code of Signals
International maritime signal flags

Religious and mystical symbols

A subset has been used as United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers.

A
Adinkra symbols
Alchemical symbols
الله Allah
Angel Moroni
Ankh
Armenian eternity sign
Astrological sign
Astrological symbols
Astrology and alchemy
ॐ Aum/Om syllable (sound symbol)
Agriculture

B
Ba guahi
Bahá'í symbols
Bhavacakra
Bindi
Bindu
Borjgali

C
☤ Caduceus, a symbol of commerce, often erroneously used as a symbol of medicine.
 Camunian rose
 Celtic cross
חַי Chai
ΧΡ Chi Rho
 Christian symbolism
 Christian cross / Christian cross variants
 Conch shell
 Coptic cross
☽ Crescent
 Cross
 Cross and Crown
 Cross and flame
 Cross of Sacrifice
 Cross of St. Peter
 Crucifix
 Crux Gemmata

D
Dharmacakra
Divided line of
 Plato
Dragon
Dragon's Eye

E
Eight auspicious symbols of Tibetan Buddhism
ੴ Ek Onkar
Endless knot
Enneagram
⊙ Eye of God
Eye of Horus
Eye of Providence

F
Flaming chalice
Fleur-de-lis

G
Gankyil
Globus cruciger
Golden spiral
Goetic seals
Geometry symbols

H
Hamsa
Hands of God
Happy Human
Heart
High cross
Holy Grail
Holy Bible

I
Ichthys
Infinity
Inuksuk
Information
Illuminati
Irminsul

K
Kagome crest
Khamsa/Hamesh Hand/Hand of Fatima
Khachkar
Khanda

L
Labarum
Cantabrian labarum
Labrys
Lauburu
Life
Lingam
Lotus
Looped square

M
Maltese Cross
Mandala
Medicine wheel
Menorah
Merkaba
Math
Mjölnir

N
Ner tamid
Nataraj

O
O1G
Occult symbols
Ouroboros

P
Papal cross
Patriarchal cross
Pearl
Pentacle
Pentagram

Q
Quincunx

R
Raven banner
Red Cross
Red Rose of Lancaster
Rod of Asclepius

S
Sacred Chao
Sacred Heart
Saint symbolism
Scientology symbols
Shield of the Trinity
Sigil
Sigillum Dei
Sigil of Baphomet
Sigils of demons
Skull and crossbones, Jolly Roger
Solar symbols
Radiate crown
Sunburst
Sun of May
Vergina Sun
Winged sun
Soyombo symbol
Star
Star and crescent
Star of David
Starburst
Star polygon
Five-pointed star
Arabic star
Sun cross
Swastika
Square and Compasses

T
Taiji
Taegeuk
Taijitu
Tanit symbol
Tarot iconography
Tattva symbols
Tetractys
Thor's Hammer
Tilaka
Tomoe
Torii
Three hares
Tree of Life
Tree of Peace
Trefoil
Trimurti
Triple Goddess
Triple spiral
Triquetra
Triratna/Three Jewels
Triskelion
Tudor Rose
Tursaansydän
Turtle

U
Unicursal hexagram
Urantia symbols

V
Vajra
Valknut
Vande matram
Vesica piscis

W
White buffalo
White Rose of York
White stag
Wreath

Y
Yantra
Yin-yang
Yoni

Heraldic symbols

Charge (heraldry)
Coat of arms
 List of coats of arms
Mon (emblem)
Mullet
Monogram
Flag
Vexillology / Glossary of vexillology
Maritime flag
Insignia

Historical
Gediminid
House mark
Rurikid
Tamga

Sports and games
 Chess symbols in Unicode
 Olympic symbols
 Paralympic symbols

Political symbols

 Anarchist symbolism
 Communist symbolism
 Fascist symbolism
 Flash and circle
 Francoist Symbol
 Meander
 Nazi symbolism
 Black Sun
 National symbol / Lists of national symbols
 Cockade
 Religion in national symbols
 Religious symbolism in the United States military
 Roundel
 Military aircraft insignia
 Sun of the Alps
 Z, a Russian military symbol

Other
 Color / Color symbolism
 St. Patrick's blue
 Cigar store Indian
 Currency symbol
 Hexafoil
 LGBT symbols
 Lucky symbols
 Musical symbols
 Overlapping circles grid
 Plant symbolism
 Hanakotoba
 Maple leaf
 Rose
 Sub rosa
 Shamrock

See also

 Cultural icon
 International common standards
 Notation
 Ornament
 Pictogram
 Sign
 Typography

References

Symbols

List of symbols


Tommy Mercer, geboren als Tony Masulo (* 1923 oder 1924; † 11. April 2001 bei Fort Lauderdale), war ein US-amerikanischer Crooner.

Leben
Mercer hieß ursprünglich Tony Masulo und wuchs in Ossining in New York auf. Seinen Künstlernamen erhielt er bei Auftreten in einer Unterhaltungstruppe der US-amerikanischen Handelsmarine im Zweiten Weltkrieg. 1946 wurde er Sänger in der Band von Charlie Spivak und später sang er in den Bands von Eddy Duchin, Buddy Morrow, Ray Anthony und Jimmy und Tommy Dorsey (wo er auch als letzter boy singer der Tommy Dorsey Band bekannt war.) Mit Ray Anthony hatte er mehrere Hits (so As Time Goes By 1952 auf Platz 10 der Billboard Charts). Er leitete zehn Jahre lang eine Band im Riverboat Nightclub im Empire State Building und ging 1972 nach Florida, wo er weiter auftrat (als Sänger, MC und Bandleiter) und außerdem Direktor und Vizepräsident der Handelskammer im Greater Fort Lauderdale-Broward County war.

1952 bis 1954 war er Sieger der Down-Beat-Leser-Polls als Bandsänger.

Weblinks
 Nachruf im Sun Sentinel 13. April 2001

Einzelnachweise

Sänger
Musiker (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 2001
Mann

Tommy Mercer


La sierra de la Cresta del Gallo es una sierra de América Central que atraviesa el norte de Guatemala y el centro de Belice. Su pico más alto es el Victoria de 1 122  cerca del pueblo de Dangriga. Recorre 16 kilómetros de longitud, en dirección este a oeste, como parte integrante de los montes Maya. Esta sierra forma parte de la sierra de mayor tamaño y parte integrante de los Andes Centroamericanos: la sierra de Chamá.

Referencias

Cordilleras de Guatemala
Geografía de Belice

Sierra de la Cresta del Gallo


În societatea japoneză, în special în istorica Japonie feudală, isagiyosa (潔さ, "puritate") este o virtute, tradus prin "calm hotărât" sau "masculintate".
Isagiyosa este capacitatea de a accepta moartea cu calm și seninătate. Stă alături de alte virtuți centrale, cum ar fi spiritul civic public (ko nu seishin), loialitate (seijitsusa), sârguință (kinbensa) și stabilitate (jimichisa).

Florile de cires, din cauza naturii lor efemere, sunt un simbol al isagiyosa în sensul acceptării efemerității lumii. Honda (2001) susține că aceste virtuți nu sunt japoneze, în mod special, dar formează un cod moral comun tuturor societățile agricole asiatice .

A se vedea

 Mono no aware

Referințe

Termeni japonezi

Isagiyosa


William Edgar Thornton (April 14, 1929 – January 11, 2021) was an American NASA astronaut. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from University of North Carolina and a doctorate in medicine, also from UNC. He flew on Challenger twice, the STS-8 and STS-51-B missions.

Early life and education
William Edgar Thornton was born on April 14, 1929. He attended primary and secondary schools in Faison, North Carolina. He received a bachelor of science degree in physics from the University of North Carolina (UNC) in 1952. In 1963, he received a doctorate in medicine from UNC.

Experience
Following graduation from the University of North Carolina and having completed Air Force ROTC training, Thornton served as officer-in-charge of the Instrumentation Lab at the Flight Test Air Proving Ground. He later became a consultant to Air Proving Ground Command.

As chief engineer of the electronics division of the Del Mar Engineering Labs at Los Angeles from 1956 to 1959, he also organized and directed its Avionics Division. He returned to the University of North Carolina Medical School in 1959, graduated in 1963, and completed internship training in 1964 at the Wilford Hall USAF Hospital at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas.

Thornton returned to active duty with the United States Air Force and was then assigned to the USAF Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, where he completed the Primary Flight Surgeon's training in 1964. It was during his two-year tour of duty there that he became involved in space medicine research and subsequently applied and was selected for astronaut training. Dr. Thornton developed and designed the first mass measuring devices for space, which remain in use today.

Thornton has logged over 2,500 hours pilot flying time in jet aircraft.

NASA experience
Thornton was selected as a scientist-astronaut in August 1967 with NASA Astronaut Group 6. He completed the required flight training at Reese Air Force Base, Texas.  Thornton was physician crew member on the highly successful Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT)—a 56-day simulation of a Skylab mission enabling crewmen to collect medical experiments baseline data and evaluate equipment, operations, and procedures.  Thornton was also the mission specialist on SMD III, a simulation of a Spacelab life sciences mission.

Thornton was a member of the astronaut support crew for the Skylab 2, 3, and 4 missions, and principal investigator for Skylab experiments on mass measurement, anthropometric measurements, hemodynamics, and human fluid shifts and physical conditioning. He first documented the shift and loss of fluid changes in body posture size and shape, including increase in height and the rapid loss of muscle strength and mass in space flight.

As a member of the Astronaut Office Operations Missions Development group, Thornton was responsible for developing crew procedures and techniques for deployable payloads, and for maintenance of crew conditions in flight. He developed advanced techniques for, and made studies in, kinesiology and kinesimetry related to space operations.

During Space Shuttle operations he continued physiological investigations in the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal and neurological areas. He developed the Shuttle treadmill for in-flight exercise and several other on-board devices. He was long an advocate for exercise as a countermeasure for conditions such as bone loss in space. His work concentrated on the space adaptation syndrome, with relevant investigations on STS-4, STS-5, STS-6, STS-7, and STS-8.

Thornton holds more than 60 patents that range from military weapons systems through the first real-time EKG computer analysis. Space-related items include the first in-flight mass measurement devices, shock and vibration isolation systems, an improved waste collection system, an improved lower body negative pressure (LBNP) apparatus, and others.

Thornton continued his work in space medicine while awaiting his next flight opportunity. He worked on problems relative to extending mission durations in the Space Shuttle, in the Space station, and in space exploration, and has designed the necessary exercise and other hardware to support such missions. He continued analysis and publication of results from studies of neurological adaptation, and the study of neuromuscular inhibition following flight, osteoporosis in space and on Earth, and post-flight orthostatic hypotension. He has completed designs for exercise and other countermeasure equipment for the Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO), and for Space Station Freedom, including improved treadmills, rowing machines, isotonic exercise devices, and a bicycle. Much of this is currently scheduled for flight.

Spaceflight experience

STS-8
STS-8 Challenger (August 30 to September 5, 1983). This was the third flight for the Challenger and the first mission with a night launch from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and a night landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Thornton, participating as a scientist-astronaut, was one of five crew members. During the flight Thornton made almost continuous measurements and investigations of adaptation of the human body to weightlessness, especially of the nervous system and of the space adaptation syndrome. This was a continuation of his previous work in these areas. Much of the equipment used was designed and developed by Thornton. The mission was accomplished in 98 orbits of the Earth, traveling 2.2 million miles in 145 hours, 8 minutes, 4 seconds. He became the oldest person to fly in space.

STS-51B
STS-51B/Spacelab-3 Challenger (April 29 to May 6, 1985). The Spacelab-3 science mission was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and returned for a night landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California. During the 7-day flight, Thornton was responsible for the first animal payload on a shuttle mission and other medical investigations. The mission was accomplished in 110 orbits of the Earth, traveling 2.9 million miles (4.7 million km) in 169 hours and 39 minutes.

At the conclusion of the STS-51B flight, Thornton had logged over 313 hours in space across his two missions.

Post-NASA career
Thornton retired from NASA effective May 31, 1994. Thornton was later a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, and was an adjunct professor at the University of Houston–Clear Lake. He donated his NASA papers and archives to the North Carolina State Archives in 2010.

Special honors
 Recipient of the Air Force Legion of Merit (1956)
 NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1972)
 NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal (1974)
 American Astronautical Society's Melbourne W. Boynton Award for 1975 (1977)
 two NASA Space Flight Medals (1983, 1985)
 University of North Carolina Distinguished Alumni Award (1983)
 Aerospace Medical Association Randy Lovelace Award (1984)
 AIAA Jeffries Medical Research Award (1985)
 Association of Military Surgeons of the United States Kern Award (1986)
 NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal (1988).

Personal life and death
Thornton was married to the former Elizabeth Jennifer Fowler of Hertfordshire, England. They had two sons.

Thornton died at his home in Fair Oaks Ranch, Texas, on January 11, 2021, at the age of 91.

References

1929 births
2021 deaths
American astronauts
United States Air Force officers
Military personnel from North Carolina
American physicists
Physician astronauts
University of Houston–Clear Lake faculty
People from Faison, North Carolina
Physicians from North Carolina
Space Shuttle program astronauts
University of North Carolina School of Medicine alumni

William E. Thornton