Louis McLane (May 28, 1786 – October 7, 1857) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware, and Baltimore, Maryland. He was a veteran of the War of 1812, a member of the Federalist Party and later the Democratic Party. He served as the U.S. representative from Delaware, U.S. senator from Delaware, the tenth U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, the twelfth U.S. Secretary of State, ambassador (Minister Plenipotentiary) to Great Britain, and president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

As a member of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet, McLane was a prominent figure during the Bank War. McLane pursued a more moderate approach towards the Second Bank of the United States than the President, but agreed with Jackson's decision in 1832 to veto a Congressional bill renewing the Bank's charter. He also helped draft the Force Bill in 1833. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1831.

Early life and family
Louis McLane was born in Smyrna, Delaware, on May 28, 1786 to Allan McLane and Rebecca Wells McLane.

McLane's father, was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, appointed by George Washington in 1797 to the lucrative federal position of Customs collector for the Port of Wilmington. As a well-known and fervently loyal Federalist, he received the strong backing of James A. Bayard, enabling him to keep his appointment despite the election of a political opponent, Thomas Jefferson. Allan McLane retained the position for over 30 years, under presidents of both parties, until his death during the administration of Andrew Jackson. Much of his income came from the seizure of contraband. Louis McLane inherited much of this wealth, along with legal issues that lasted well beyond the death of his father.

Louis married Catherine Mary (Kitty) Milligan in 1812. Their 13 children included Robert Milligan McLane (1815–1898), a governor of Maryland and U.S. ambassador; Louis McLane (1819–1905), who became a president of Wells Fargo & Co.; and Lydia Milligan Sims McLane (1822–1887), wife of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston.

Education and early career
Louis McLane attended private schools and served as a midshipman on the  for one year before he turned 18. He then attended Newark College, later the University of Delaware.

He studied law under James A. Bayard, and was admitted to the bar in 1807. He began a practice in Wilmington, Delaware.

During the War of 1812, McLane joined the Wilmington Artillery Company, formed for the purpose of defending Wilmington. When Baltimore was threatened, they marched to its defense, but were sent back due to lack of provisions for them in Baltimore. Ultimately, they saw no action, and McLane left the unit with the rank of first lieutenant.

Congressional service
Following the War of 1812, Delaware was unique in continuing to have a viable Federalist Party. Never tainted by the secessionist activities of the New England Federalists and adaptive enough to institute modern electioneering practices, they held the loyalty of the majority Anglican/Methodist downstate population against the seemingly more radical Presbyterians and Irish immigrants in New Castle County. They remained the dominant political force in the state well into the 1820s, when the party finally disappeared, split between an allegiances to Andrew Jackson or to John Quincy Adams and the "American system" of Henry Clay and the Whigs. New Castle County manufacturers joined most of the old Federalist Party leadership in making the Whigs the new majority in the state. This included McLane's mentor, James A. Bayard and various members of the Clayton family, especially Thomas Clayton and his cousin, John M. Clayton.

McLane was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives by defeating Thomas Clayton for the Federalist nomination, as Clayton was politically damaged by having voted for a Congressional pay raise in the previous session. From then on the Clayton cousins became McLane's principal political opponents in Delaware. Nevertheless, McLane was elected six times as a Federalist to the U.S. House of Representatives, from 1816 through 1826. He had a most distinguished career in the U.S. House, serving five full terms from March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1827. In spite being a Federalist, he was Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee and it was only his Federalist affiliation that prevented him from being elected Speaker.

During these sessions the Federalist Party was so small and weak that partisan divisions mattered much less than the personal relationships that developed among the members. McLane quickly became a friend and admirer of William H. Crawford and Martin Van Buren, and at the same time became an opponent of Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. These friendships were based more on personality than policy agreement, and were so important that McLane was one of Crawford's strongest proponents in the presidential election of 1824. Once Crawford returned to Georgia, McLane, Van Buren, and the other Crawford supporters fell into the party of Andrew Jackson. This was all the easier for him given his existing friendship with Martin Van Buren, who became his mentor and advocate.

McLane moved to the U.S. Senate and served there from March 4, 1827 until his resignation in 1829, in expectation that President Jackson would appoint him to a federal office.  During the period leading up to Andrew Jackson's victory in the presidential election of 1828, Senator McLane had worked very hard in an unsuccessful effort to win Delaware's electoral votes for Jackson.

Service in the Jackson administration

Having failed to win an appointment to Jackson's initial cabinet, as he had hoped, McLane nevertheless resigned from the Senate on April 29, 1829. In doing so, he completely cut his ties to the Claytons and the dominant political faction in the state. With little hope of reelection to the U.S. Senate or any future in Delaware politics, McLane counted on the new president to reward all of his considerable hopes with a prestigious position. However, a former Federalist from an inconsequential opposition state would have to wait until Jackson met other obligations. In October 1829, McLane reluctantly accepted an appointment as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom, which had been arranged by his friend Martin Van Buren, now U.S. Secretary of State.

McLane was instructed to inform the English that his appointment signaled a break from the John Quincy Adams administration, and that issues of dispute under the Adams Administration would no longer be issues in a Jackson administration. His main assignment was to open up trade between the United States and the British West Indies. In this effort he was well received by Lord Aberdeen, the Foreign Secretary, and successfully accomplished his mission. During his tenure, his personal secretary was Washington Irving, who was thereafter a close and loyal family friend.

Two years later, McLane finally received the cabinet appointment he had so longed for. When Jackson decided he needed to purge his cabinet of supporters of U.S. Senator John C. Calhoun, Van Buren was able to convince the president to appoint McLane to be the Secretary of the Treasury. McLane returned from England and served as Treasury Secretary from August 8, 1831 to May 28, 1833. The major issues confronting McLane in this new role were the tariff rates and the status of the Second Bank of the United States.

When McLane entered Jackson's cabinet, he immediately assumed a position of leadership. Articulate, persuasive and energetic, he had mastered the issues under debate and was confident he could lead the others in the administration, including the President. Recognizing there was a difference of opinion with Jackson over the Bank, he sought to work out a plan with the bank president, Nicholas Biddle, to provide for the upcoming renewal of the bank's charter in return for the accomplishment of a key objective of the President, the retirement of the national debt. On December 7, 1831 he proposed a sweeping plan to accomplish that and more. Acclaimed for its Hamiltonian creativity, McLane had taken the initiative on the administration's agenda, and was acting very much in the role of a Prime Minister. With enough time he was certain Jackson would soften his position and consent to the approach.

Events conspired to frustrate the plan, however. First of all, Attorney General Roger B. Taney sought to convince Jackson that McLane's plan was really a new packaging of the old Federalist program and in contradiction with Jackson's own past positions. At the time Jackson was somewhat flexible on the issue, and McLane wanted to postpone the decision until after the presidential election of 1832. But Henry Clay decided that renewal of the bank charter was an issue he could use to defeat Jackson and convinced bank president Biddle to press for an immediate re-charter. By itself, this crystallized Jackson's opposition to re-chartering, which he vetoed when passed by the Congress. This caused him to view his eventual victory in the presidential election as a popular endorsement of his bank policy.

Liking McLane personally and unwilling to make more controversial Cabinet changes so quickly, Jackson removed the bank issue from McLane's purview. However, when McLane refused to remove the governments deposits from the Second Bank of the United States, Jackson had to replace him with someone that would, and offered McLane the prestigious U. S. Secretary of State instead. As his replacement, Jackson settled on William J. Duane, a man as unwilling as McLane to withdraw the deposits. The appointment was a great embarrassment to Jackson, and many blamed McLane for urging it.

While all this was going on, McLane negotiated what seemed to be a satisfactory tariff bill, but when South Carolina continued to object and triggered the Nullification Crisis, McLane prepared the important Force Bill of 1833 to provide for the tariff's enforcement.

By shuffling his cabinet, Jackson hoped to keep the talented McLane in his service by removing from him the obligation to implement his planned permanent destruction of the Second Bank of the United States. Appointed U.S. Secretary of State in a recess appointment, McLane served from May 29, 1833 until June 30, 1834. He quickly managed the first major reorganization of the department, by establishing seven new bureaus. He also managed a dispute with France, over what were known as the "Spoliation Claims". In 1832 France had agreed to reimburse the United States for certain shipping losses incurred during the Napoleonic Wars. However, successive French governments had failed to appropriate the funds required, all the while maintaining their desire to do so. Jackson was impatient to resolve the issue and worked with McLane to develop a hard line policy, confronting the French. Martin Van Buren was now Vice President and felt otherwise. Without consulting McLane, he intervened directly and convinced Jackson to give the French more time. McLane was furious with his old mentor for this intervention, and resigned his position, recognizing his apparent lack of authority in a direct area of responsibility. The incident also ended his friendship with Van Buren, and they never spoke again.

Canal and railroad businesses
Although he had some inherited wealth from his father, with 13 children McLane always needed to provide additional earned income in his own right. With his managerial talents, resume and connections, he was quickly sought out. The first to find him was the Morris Canal and Banking Company. A New Jersey corporation, largely based in New York City, it operated a canal from Phillipsburg to Newark, New Jersey, primarily to carry coal from Pennsylvania to New York City. It was also a bank and had a charter that provided banking opportunities. McLane was President for one year, implemented many improvements, and produced one of the few profitable years the company had. But his beloved family was in Wilmington and at their second home, "Bohemia," was in Cecil County, Maryland. New York City was too far away.

Therefore, when an offer to assume the Presidency of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was made, it was quickly accepted. This company operated a railroad between Baltimore and Washington, but its ambition was built a route to the Ohio River, and move commerce from the west through the City of Baltimore. In 1837 the western tracks went only as far as Harpers Ferry, Virginia and McLane's great accomplishment was seeing to the extension of the "main line" as far as Cumberland, Maryland. This brought the route into proximity with enough coalfields to provide a regular profit. The profits were not substantial, however, and McLane was consumed with financing rearrangements and negotiations with Pennsylvania and Virginia over possible routes west. Ultimately Wheeling and an all Virginia route was decided upon, but it was left to McLane's immediate successor to see the goal realized. McLane never seemed to appreciate the value of this work and ultimately retired on September 13, 1848.

Further diplomatic service and the Oregon cession
In spite of his political setbacks McLane never lost his ambition for high political office. One of his last remaining political friends from the congressional days was James K. Polk, who was now President of the United States. While he dreamed of something much greater, McLane took a leave of absence from the railroad in 1845 and 1846 to return to England as Minister Plenipotentiary, primarily for the purpose of coordinating negotiations over the Oregon boundary. McLane was remembered fondly from his previous service, and renewed his old friendships. The basis of the settlement was easily established, but the hard line public position of Polk was shaken only by outbreak of the Mexican–American War. McLane succeeded in keeping the British agreeable to the eventual settlement until the administration came to the same conclusion, even if he risked suggesting the president was posturing when he insisted on "54-40 or Fight." McLane never received the higher appointment desired and reluctantly returned to the railroad.

Death and legacy

The son of a Scots-Irish adventurer and politician from Delaware, McLane had married into the Eastern shore gentry of Maryland and ever longed for the idyllic plantation life seemingly promised. Acquiring Milligan Hall from his wife's family gave him a beautiful seat on the Bohemia River that became his favorite home. Called Bohemia, by the McLane family, it was always their gathering place and favorite retreat. Further, with his adherence to the party of Andrew Jackson and resignation from the United States Senate in 1829, McLane effectively admitted his political career in Delaware was over. So it was only natural for McLane to move his primary residence to Baltimore when he joined the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He remained there after his retirement and entered the political life of his new home. Most notably he was an active participant in the Maryland constitutional convention of 1850.

McLane died in Baltimore, Maryland and is buried in Green Mount Cemetery.

McLane's biographer, Professor John A. Munroe, described him as follows:

He owned the Zachariah Ferris House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.  His own house, the Louis McLane House, was listed in 1973.

Federal service

Public offices

Congressional service and election returns

References

Further reading

External links
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (includes images)
Delaware's Members of Congress
Guide to Research Papers of Louis McLane

McLane-Fisher Family Papers
The Political Graveyard

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1786 births
1857 deaths
19th-century American politicians
People from Smyrna, Delaware
American Episcopalians
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
United States Secretaries of State
Jackson administration cabinet members
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Delaware
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Delaware
Jacksonian United States senators from Delaware
Delaware Democrats
Delaware Jacksonians
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
19th-century American diplomats
Politicians from Baltimore
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Lawyers from Wilmington, Delaware
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad people
Lawyers from Baltimore
University of Delaware alumni
Burials at Green Mount Cemetery
American military personnel of the War of 1812
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Louis McLane


Robin Harris (Falmouth, Cornwall, 22. lipnja 1952.), britanski je povjesničar, novinar, pisac i publicist.

Životopis
Robin Harris rođen je u Falmouthu 1952. godine. Studirao je na Oxfordskome sveučilištu. Doktorirao je modernu povijest na Oxfordskome sveučilištu.

Od ožujka 1978. godine do studenoga 1990. godine radio je bilo za Konzervativnu stranku ili Britansku Vladu kao posebni savjetnik u Ministarstvu financija, posebni savjetnik u Ministarstvu unutarnjih poslova, ravnatelj odjela za konzervativna istraživanja, u uredu britanske predsjednice vlade Margaret Thatcher a nakon 1990. godine nastavio je kao njezin savjetnik i pisac govora.

Hrvatski je državljanin od 2006. godine, govori hrvatski jezik i predavač je na Odjelu za povijest Hrvatskoga katoličkoga sveučilišta. Članom je uprave Centra za obnovu kulture u Zagrebu.

Djela
 Konzervativna zajednica : korijeni i budućnost tačerizma (The Conservative Community: The Roots of Thatcherism - and its Future, 1989.)
 Valoaška Guyenne : studija politike, uprave i društva kasnosrednjovjekovne Francuske (Valois Guyenne: A Study of Politics, Government and Society in Late Medieval France, 1994.)
 Priča o dva Čileanca - Pinochet i Allende (A Tale of Two Chileans - Pinochet and Allende, 1999.)
 Povijest Dubrovnika (Dubrovnik: A History, 2003., hrvatsko izdanje 2006.)
 Više od prijateljstva : budućnost anglo-američkih odnosa (Beyond Friendship: The Future of Anglo-American Relations, 2006.)
 Talleyrand : izdajnik i spasitelj Francuske (Talleyrand: Betrayer And Saviour Of France, 2007.)
 Povijest konzervativaca (The Conservatives - A History, 2011.)
 »Not for Turning« : život Margaret Thacher (Not for Turning: The Life of Margaret Thatcher, 2013.)
 Stepinac : njegov život i vrijeme (Stepinac: His Life and Times, 2016.)

Nagrade
 Gibbs Prize in History
 Red Britanskog Carstva (CBE)
 2007.: Nagrada Grada Dubrovnika
 2009.: Red Danice hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
  Robin Harris, Croatia since Communism: Values, Structures, Prospects, thomasmoreinstitute.org.uk, 25. svibnja 2010.

Britanski povjesničari
Britanski novinari
Pisci
Britanski publicisti

Robin Harris


Pestova steht für:

 Pestova (Kosovo), Siedlung im Kosovo

Peštová oder Pestowa ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Daniela Peštová (* 1970), tschechisches Fotomodell
 Eva Peštová (* 1952), tschechische Eiskunstläuferin
 Marina Pestova (* 1964), russische Eiskunstläuferin
 Marina Nikolajewna Pestowa (* 1964), russische Eiskunstläuferin

Siehe auch:

 Pestowo, Ort in Russland
 Zdeňka Pešatová (* 1999), tschechische Skispringerin

Pestova


La iglesia de Santa Ana es un templo católico de la localidad española de Plasencia.

Descripción
La construcción de la iglesia, que se encuentra en el barrio de los Caballeros, se remonta al siglo . Las obras comenzaron en 1555. Cuenta con una portada principal de estilo renacentista decorada con la imagen de Santa Ana y el niño, en las esquinas se encuentra decorada con los escudos de armas del obispo fundador Gutierre de Vargas Carvajal.

El interior de la iglesia esta desacralizada como consecuencia de la desamortización de Mendizábal. Se conserva aún su magnífico artesonado en la bóveda de cañón, los restos de las capillas laterales y del retablo mayor. En la actualidad se ha adaptado para uso como auditorio.

Referencias

Iglesias de Plasencia
Plasencia
Bienes desamortizados en España

Iglesia de Santa Ana (Plasencia)


William Bovill (-) est un avocat, homme politique et juge conservateur anglais. Il est juge en chef des plaids communs entre 1866 et sa mort en 1873.

Biographie
Bovill est né à Allhallows, Barking, fils cadet de Benjamin Bovill, de Wimbledon, Londres .

À la sortie de l'école, Bovill ne va pas à l'université mais est stagiaire dans un cabinet d'avocats. Il entre au Middle Temple et exerce pendant une courte période en tant que plaideur spécial en dessous de la barre. Il est admis au barreau en 1841 et rejoint le circuit intérieur. Sa formation spéciale dans un cabinet d'avocat et la connexion qui en résulte, combinée à une connaissance approfondie des détails de l'ingénierie, acquise grâce à son intérêt pour une entreprise manufacturière de l'est de Londres, lui valent rapidement une pratique très étendue en matière de brevets et de commerce .

Bovill devient conseiller de la reine (QC) en 1855 et, le 28 mars 1857, est élu député de Guildford. À la Chambre des communes, il est très zélé pour la réforme juridique, et le Partnership Law Amendment Act 1865, qu'il aide à faire adopter, est toujours appelé Acte de Bovill. En 1866, il est nommé solliciteur général, poste qu'il quitte en devenant juge en chef des plaids communs en remplacement de Sir  en novembre de la même année .

Vie privée
Bovill épouse, en 1844, Maria Bolton, fille aînée de John Henry Bolton de Lee Park, Blackheath. Ils vivent d'abord à Londres, puis déménagent à Worplesdon, où ils habitent à Worplesdon Lodge (rebaptisé plus tard Worplesdon Place).

Il meurt à Kingston upon Thames le 1er novembre 1873. Maria, Lady Bovill est décédée à Londres le 21 octobre 1901 .

Bovill est fait chevalier en 1866. En mai 1867, il est élu membre de la Royal Society .

Références

Liens externes

Membre du Conseil privé du Royaume-Uni
Membre de la Royal Society
Juge anglais
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Avocat général pour l'Angleterre et le pays de Galles
Député du 19e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 18e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 17e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du Parti conservateur (Royaume-Uni)
Décès en novembre 1873
Naissance en mai 1814
Décès à 59 ans

William Bovill


El Cántico de las criaturas (en italiano: Cantico delle creature; en latín: Laudes Creaturarum), también conocido como Cántico del hermano sol, es un cántico religioso cristiano compuesto por San Francisco de Asís en dialecto umbro a finales del año 1224 o principios del 1225, poco antes de su muerte. Francisco se encontraba enfermo y casi ciego, fuertemente decepcionado por la marcha de la orden que había fundado. En una noche de tormento espiritual salió de su choza y elaboró el cántico como expresión de alabanza a todas las criaturas terrenales así como a las fuerzas de la naturaleza. El texto contiene además algunos elementos de la lengua latina, toscana e italiana. Es considerado como una de las primeras obras escritas en lengua italiana.
De acuerdo con la tradición, este cántico fue entonado por primera vez por el propio san Francisco de Asís y por los hermanos León y Ángel, dos de sus compañeros más cercanos.

Contrariamente a otros cánticos religiosos de esa época, el Cántico de las criaturas no se enfoca únicamente a Dios, a la Virgen o a otros santos, sino que le agradece al Creador por otras criaturas como el "Hermano Fuego", la "Hermana Agua", la "Hermana Tierra" y todas las criaturas del mundo. Mostraba así su creencia de que todo lo creado era obra divina y que todos los seres debían tratarse como "hermanos" y "hermanas". Además, San Francisco advierte del grave riesgo de irse de este mundo en pecado mortal.

Históricamente, el Cántico de las criaturas fue mencionado por primera vez en Vita Prima de Tommaso da Celano, en 1228.

Este cántico inspiró al papa Francisco para redactar su encíclica Laudato si' sobre el cuidado de la casa común, también conocida como la «encíclica ecológica».

Texto completo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Letra
 Lectura completa del texto original

Iglesia latina
Himnos cristianos
Francisco de Asís
Espiritualidad franciscana

Cántico de las criaturas


NN, Nn, or nn may refer to:

NN/nn, Nynorsk, a Norwegian written language (ISO 639 alpha-1 code "nn"). Sometimes used on websites to distinguish it from its counterpart Bokmål. E.g. nn.wikipedia.org vs no.wikipedia.org.

Businesses and organizations
Nationale-Nederlanden, a Dutch insurance company commonly referred to as NN
 Netroots Nation, a political convention for American progressive activists
 Nevada Northern Railway (reporting mark NN)
 Norilsk Nickel, а metallurgical and mining company
 VIM Airlines (IATA airline designator NN)
 Nigerian Navy, A part of the armed forces of Nigeria

Places
 NN postcode area, UK, for areas of Northamptonshire, England
 Nizhniy Novgorod, a Russian city/major trading center

Science and technology
 Nearest neighbor (disambiguation), with several related uses in mathematics
 Net neutrality, the principle that Internet service providers should treat all data the same
 Neural network, a computing network inspired by biological neural networks
 Normalnull, a German height reference system preceding Normalhöhennull (NHN)
 nn, the chemical symbol for the hypothetical element Neutronium

Other uses
 N. N., a pseudonym of 18th-century Italian priest Camillo Almici
 N. N., pseudonym of Russian economist Sergei Prokopovich
 NN (film), a 2014 Peruvian film
  is a digraph, see
 Ñ, a letter in Spanish, originally derived from the written "nn"
 Double net lease, a type of lease used for commercial real estate
 Nomen nescio (Latin for "no name"), a person whose name is unknown
NN, the production code for the 1967 Doctor Who serial The Abominable Snowmen
Nick Nurse, head coach of the NBA's Toronto Raptors

NN


Catherine Bréchignac , París) es una física francesa, expresidenta del CNRS de 2006 a 2010, y del «Alto Consejo de las Biotecnologías, desde abril de 2009 a diciembre de 2010, y es secretaria perpetua de la Academia de las Ciencias francesa desde el  y puesta en funciones en enero de 2011.

Biografía
Es hija del físico Jean Teillac, habiendo hecho sus estudios en la Escuela Normal Superior de Montemorelos ay-aux-Roses y de la Facultad de Ciencias de Orsay de la Universidad de París desde 1967 hasta 1971. Obtuvo su maestría en física, en 1969, y el Diploma de Estudios Avanzados en física cuántica, en 1970. Fue nombrada profesora agregada de física en 1971, y luego fue destinada desde 1971 hasta 1984 al Centre national de la recherche scientifique al seno del Laboratorio Aimé Cotton, de Orsay, primero como investigadora, a un año después de obtener su doctorado en ciencias físicas en la Universidad Paris XI de Orsay, en 1977, como investigadora. Fue nombrada Directora de Investigación, en 1985.

En 1989, toma la dirección del Laboratorio Aimé Cotton, uno de los más grandes laboratorios situados en la Universidad París XI. A continuación, entre 1995 hasta 1997 fue directora científica del Departamento de Ciencias físicas y matemáticas del CNRS, puis directrice générale de l'organisme de 1997 à 2000. Elle défend alors clairement l'indépendance de l'institution, notamment face au ministre Claude Allègre. Après son remplacement demandé par Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg, elle reprend ses recherches. En parallèle, Catherine Bréchignac est nommée présidente de l'Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée en 2003 et du Palais de la découverte en 2004. En 2005, elle est élue présidente du Conseil international des unions scientifiques.

Fue nombrada presidenta del CNRS y luego del Consejo de ministros, desde , a propuesta del Ministro de Educación Superior e Investigación François Goulard, después de una crisis de liderazgo que había visto competir entre su predecesor y el CEO del CNRS. Se formó entonces un tándem con Arnold Migus como directores generales, mas el rol predominante de la presidencia está claro.

Políticamente, se declara progresista y libre para trabajar. A petición de la UMP, ha participado en la elaboración del programa concerniente a las investigaciones para las elecciones presidenciales de Francia de 2007.

Fue elegida Miembro de la Academia de las Ciencias francesa en 2005 y le hizo ganar varios premios por su trabajo, incluyendo el de la misma Academia. Catherine Bréchignac fue nombrada presidenta del Alto Consejo de las Biotecnologías el . Después de haber sido elegida por sus pares, el  Secretaria perpetua de la Academia de las Ciencias, dejó la presidencia del Alto Consejo el 31 de diciembre de 2010, para poder concentrarse plenamente a su nueva función.

Es igualmente miembro del Consejo Científico de la Oficina Parlamentaria de Ciencia y Tecnológica (OPECST).

El 20 de enero de 2010, fue reemplazada a la cabeza del CNRS por Alain Fuchs cuando era candidata a su propia sucesión. Fue nombrada Embajadora Delegada de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación.

Aportes científicos
Catherine Bréchignac es una especialista en física atómica, subespecializándose en la física molecular. Su investigación se ha preocupado principalmente de los agregados de átomos, conocidos en inglés como "clusters". Es una de los primeros en estar interesados en esos objetos, a veces cerca de las nanopartículas. Es autora o coautora de más de 120 artículos en revistas con referato.

Otras funciones y desarrollos sociales
 Presidenta del CNRS
 Miembro del Instituto
 Presidenta del Consejo de Administración del Palais de la Découverte
 Presidenta electa del ICSU
 Miembro de la Académie des technologies
 Secretaria perpetua de la Academia de las Ciencias francesa
 Directora de la Renault

Algunas publicaciones

Libros
 . 2007. Nanomaterials and nanochemistry. Edición ilustrada de Springer, 747 pp. ISBN 3-540-72992-5

Honores
Miembro de
 1997 : correspondiente de la Academia de las Ciencias francesa
 2005 : la Academia de las Ciencias francesa
 Miembro de la Académie des technologies

Distinciones
 1991 : Premio de la Academia de las Ciencias francesa
 1994 : Medalla de plata del CNRS
 2003 : laureada con el premio Holweck
 Oficial de la Légion d'honneur
 Doctora honoris causa de la Universidad Libre de Berlín, de la Georgia Tech y de la EPFL

Referencias

Alumnado de la Universidad de París
Científicos de París
Científicas de Francia
Físicas
Físicos de Francia del siglo XX
Físicos de Francia del siglo XXI
Ópticos de Francia
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias de Francia
Premio Holweck
Medalla del CNRS
Oficiales de la Legión de Honor
Miembros de la Real Academia de Bélgica
Nacidos en París

Catherine Bréchignac


فاكروشيف  هي مدينة في مقاطعة ساخالين أوبلاست في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2652 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة ساخالين

فاكروشيف (ساهالين)


1. prosinca
Najnovija rezolucija Vijeća sigurnosti o okupiranim dijelovima Hrvatske i tehničkom produžetku mandata UNCRO-a do sredine siječnja iduće godine ne znači produženje mandata UNCRO-a, nego je riječ o prijelaznoj rezoluciji, prijelaznom mandatu, dok Vijeće ne odluči koje će snage poslati da provedu temeljni sporazum o reintegraciji okupiranih hrvatskih područja, izjavio predsjednik Tuđman na konferenciji za domaće i strane novinare u Zagrebu.
U očekivanju odluke o provedbi Rezolucije 1.022 Vijeća sigurnosti, kojom su suspendirane trgovinske sankcije protiv SRJ, Austrija ukinula zapreke za uvoz i izvoz za Srbiju i Crnu Goru.
NATO odobrio odluku da u BiH pošalje prethodnicu od 2.600 američkih, francuskih i britanskih vojnika, kako bi se pripremila operacija provedbe mira u BiH, u kojoj će sudjelovati ukupno 60.000 pripadnika međunarodnih snaga.
OESS je bila prva međunarodna organizacija u koju je samostalna Hrvatska bila primljena, a bila je i prva koja je bivšu država SFRJ zbog agresije suspendirala iz članstva, izjavio u intervjuu za Večernji list hrvatski veleposlanik u OESS-u dr. Darko Bekić.
Čelnik bosanskih Srba Karadžić traži od Francuske potporu za postizanje boljeg rješenja za Srbe u Sarajevu u zamjenu za oslobađanje dvojice francuskih pilota, piše Le Figaro.

2. prosinca
Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske dr. Franjo Tuđman primio u Predsjedničkim dvorima izaslanstvo američkih kongresmena, koje boravi u Zagrebu u sklopu priprema za glasovanje Kongresa o odluci predsjednik Clintona o slanju i ulozi američkih snaga u BiH.
Vijećnici udruge sedam oporbenih stranaka izabrali gradonačelnika i predsjednika Skupštine grada Zagreba, dok predstavnici HDZ-a, koji ima relativnu većinu, drže da je to nedemokratski postupak, jer će prema Poslovniku za konstituiranje Skupštine potrebna dvotrećinska nazočnost.
Ukidanje sankcija omogućuje Beogradu ne samo zahvat u dosad zamrznute financijske rezerve bivše SFRJ, nego se mogu aktivirati i zaustavljeni ugovori. Tako, jedan s Rusijom (vojni) i milijardski zajam iz Švicarske, piše Večernji list.
Predsjedništvo HDZ-a BiH prihvatilo Daytonski sporazum i ostavke Krešimira Zubaka na dužnost predsjednika Predsjedničkog vijeća HR HB i predsjednika Federacije BiH, te ostavku Darija Kordića na dužnost predsjednika HDZ-a BiH.
Američki predsjednik Bill Clinton potpisao zapovijed o slanju prvih američkih vojnika u BiH.

3. prosinca
U Rovinju počinje Europski kongres Međunarodnog vijeća za vojni pport - CISM. Organiziranje kongresa dobila Hrvatska na Svjetskom kongresu CSIM-a u Pekingu, nakon operacije Bljesak.
Dosad ekshumirano više desetaka žrtava srpskih zločina u zadarsko-kninskoj županiji Lovincu, Obrovcu, Nadinu, Lisičiću, Medviđi, Benkovcu i Sopotu.
S obzirom na to da na sjednici Skupštine Zagreba nije bilo dvotrećinske većine, potrebne prema privremenom Poslovniku Gradske skupštine, Gradska skupština grada Zagreba nije izabrana, izjavio za Večernji list ministar uprave hrvatske Vlade Davorin Mlakar.
Nekoliko tisuća Posavaca prosvjedovalo na zagrebačkom Trgu Francuske Republike protiv Daytonskog sporazuma.

4. prosinca
Sljedeći mjesec demobilizirat će se 42.000 vojnika, a uklanjanje mina jedan je od preduvjeta za gospodarsku obnovu ratom pogođenih područja, zaključak sjednice Vijeća obrane i nacionalne sigurnosti održane pod predsjedanjem dr. Franje Tuđmana.
Važno je okrenuti se budućnosti odnosno rješavanju humanitarnih pitanja, izgradnji povjerenja i svekolikoj normalizaciji odnosa među državama proizašlim iz bivše Jugoslavije, izjavio predsjednik Tuđman primajući posebnu izvjestiteljicu Komisije za ljudska prava UN Elizabeth Rehn.
Na temelju izvješća ministra uprave Davorina Mlakara, a na prijedlog potpredsjednice dr. Ljerke Mintas-Hodak, hrvatska Vlada zaključila da 2. prosinca nije konstituirana Gradska skupština Zagreba, niti Skupština Zagrebačke županije, jer na sjednici nije bilo prisutno potrebnih dvije trećine članova.
Predsjednik Predsjedništva BiH Alija Izetbegović zamolit će mudžahedine iz muslimanskih zemalja da napuste BiH, izjavio u Washingtonu zapovjednik američke vojske general John Sahlikashvilr. Prema navodima UN u BiH je između t .500 i 3.000 mudžahedina.

5. prosinca
Predsjednik Tuđman, primajući u Predsjedničkim dvorima visoku povjerenicu UN-a za izbjeglice Sadako Ogatu, istaknuo da ni jedna država nije do te mjere opterećena pitanjem izbjeglica i prognanika kao Hrvatska, te da je pomoć međunarodne zajednice do sada bila nedostatna. Ogata je najavila financijsku potporu Hrvatskoj u visini 32 milijuna dolara.
Glavni tajnik i Vijeće sigurnosti pripremaju provediv model reintegracije istočne Slavonije, Baranje i zapadnog Srijema, zatim će uslijediti međusobno priznavanje Hrvatske i Srbije u međunarodno priznatim granicama, izjavio u intervjuu 'Večernjem listu hrvatski veleposlanik pri UN-u Mario Nobilo.
Američki predsjednik Bill Clinton razmišlja o mogućnosti da ovog mjeseca posjeti Sarajevo, kako bi pokazao američku potporu mirovnom procesu, piše Washington Post.
Posrednik EU Carl Bildt prihvatio dužnost koordinatora provedbe mirovnog plana za BiH.

 6. prosinca
Budući da svi koji su došli u istočnu Slavoniju mog ostati ili otići, a istodobno svi protjerani imaju pravo na povratak, to će u praksi stvoriti probleme, rekao potpredsjednik hrvatskog Sabora Vladimir Šeks u razgovoru s predstavnicima Međunarodne komisije za Balkan.
Prethodnica od 45 NATO-vih vojnika stigla u Zagrebačku zračnu luku Pleso gdje će se zadržati neko vrijeme, a krajnji cilj njihova putovanja je Sarajevo.
Treba kazniti one koji su osumnjičeni za ratne zločine učinjene na tlu bivše Jugoslavije, jer se bez pravde neće moći uspostaviti nikakav mir izjavio američki predsjednik Bill Clinton skupni predstavnika privatnih humanitarnih udruga u Washingtonu.

 7. prosinca
Daytonski mirovni plan ne donosi radost u Grbavicu, Ilijaš, Hadžiće i Vogošću, rubna područja Sarajeva, koja su Srbi izgubili. Srbi kažu da ne žele imati ništa sa sporazumom, za koji tvrde da će ih istjerati iz njihovih kuća, piše Washington Post.
Na temelju Daytonskog sporazuma, u Zagrebu održan prvi sastanak zajedničke Komisije za traženje nestalih osoba Republike Hrvatske i SRJ.
Predsjednik Tuđman primio u Predsjedničkim dvorima vjerodajnice veleposlanika Republike Indonezije u Hrvatsko Hassana Abdula Đalila, koji mu je izručio poziv indonezijskog predsjednika Suharta da posjeti Indoneziju.
Sporazum u Daytonu katastrofalan je i potpun politički i moralni poraz Hrvatske politike u BiH, rekao dr. Zoran Božić Sotinsky, član glavnog odbora i glasnogovornik Saveza Hrvata BiH, na konferenciji za novinare u Zagrebu.
Na zasjedanju ministara vanjskih poslova zemalja OESS-a u Budimpešti hrvatsko izaslanstvo predlaže da se misija OESS-a, koja nadgleda poštovanje ljudskih prava na područjima oslobođenim Olujom, uputi u istočnu Slavoniju, izjavio dr. Mate Grani.

 8. prosinca
Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske dr. Franjo Tuđman primio u Predsjedničkim dvorima apostolskog nuncija Svete stolice msgr. Giulija Einaudija, koji je istaknuo potporu Svetog Oca sporazumu postignutom u Daytonu.
Predsjednik Tuđman primio izvjestitelja Odbora za politička pitanja Parlamentarne skupštine vijeća Europe Pierrea Renea van der Lindena, a razgovaralo se o područjima oslobođenim u Oluji, pitanjima odbjeglih i njihovom povratku, te situaciji u istočnoj Slavoniji.
Nekadašnje republike bivše SFRJ održat će sljedeći mjesec sastanak, na kojem bi trebalo donijeti mjere koje će spriječiti otuđivanje imovine bivše SFRJ, procijenjene na 60 milijardi dolara, a koje su započele Srbija i Crna Gora, prenosi agencija Reuter.
Misija OESS-a u istočnoj Slavoniji imat će važnu ulogu u normalizaciji života na tom teritoriju i u očuvanju suvereniteta Republike Hrvatske, izjavio dr. Mate Granić u svom izlaganju na zasjedanju Ministarskog vijeća OESS-a u Budimpešti. Granić je izrazio nadu da će misija tijesno surađivati s hrvatskom Vladom u implementaciji Osnovnog sporazuma u provedbi ljudskih i manjinskih prava, razvitku demokratskih institucija, provedbi izbora, dijalogu etničkih skupina, te povratku izbjeglih i prognanih.
U Londonu počela velika Donatorska konferencija o BiH, na kojoj sudjeluju predstavnici kontaktne skupine, EU, Svjetske i Europske banke, UN-a, UNHCR-a i NATO-a, te većeg broja zemalja.

 9. prosinca
Predsjednik Tuđman primio u Predsjedničkim dvorima pomoćnika glavnog tajnika SAD Richarda Holbrookea, a razmatrane pripreme za mirovnu konferenciju u Parizu. Holbrooke novinarima izjavio da SAD jamče reintegraciju hrvatskih teritorija, a da na čelo Prijelazne uprave SAD namjeravaju predložiti umirovljenog američkog generala visokog ranga.
Ako sve bude teklo prema planu, realno je očekivati da će nakon siječanjske sjednice Političkog odbora hrvatski slučaj' biti na stolu Parlamentarne skupštine Vijeća Europe u travnju iduće godine, rekao u intervju Večernjem listu izvjestitelj Odbora za politička pitanja Parlamentarne skupštine Vijeća Europe Pierre Rene van der Linden.
Nacionalna federacija američkih Hrvata (NFCA) pozvala sve svoje udruge članice da izraze podršku inicijativi predsjednika Clintona u slanju američkih snaga u BiH.

10. prosinca
Predsjednik Tuđman primio Predsjedničkim dvorima izaslanstvo američkih kongresmena i tom prigodom pozdravio odluku američkog Predsjednika o slanju snaga NATO-a u BiH.
Članovi Biskupske konferencije BiH uputili otvoreno pismo potpisnicima i svjedocima Daytonskog sporazuma, u kojem napominju da su se svojim izjavama obratili javnosti, skupno ili u zajedništvu s biskupima Republike Hrvatske, bar 25 puta u 4 godine, za prestanak agresorskog rata i uspostavljanje čvrstog i pravednog mira u BiH.
Geopolitički gledano, Hrvatska BiH su prirodni partneri, važno je to što obje zemlje imaju interes da se okrenu na novu realizaciju u smislu integracije prema Europi, Zapadu i islamskom svijetu, rekao ministar vanjskih poslova BiH Muhamed Šaćirbej u intervjuu Večernjem listu.
Zastupnički dom Hrvatske Republike Herceg-Bosne traži od izaslanstava Hrvatske i BiH te međunarodne zajednice da na pregovorima u Parizu ishode uključenje cjelovite Bosanske Posavine u sastav hrvatsko-bošnjačke Federacije, kako je bilo predviđeno planom kontaktne skupine i Washingtonskim sporazumom.
Doprinos Nizozemske snagama IFOR-a u BiH bit će 2.060 vojnika. Konačna odluka Den Haaga vezana za prihvaćanje Vijeća sigurnosti. Naime, debakl Nizozemaca ovog ljeta u Srebrenici, kada su kao zaštitnici kukaviči otiši kuć ostavljajuć Mladićevim četnicima stanovnike enklave, teško je oštetio ugled Nizozemske. Javnost ih optužuje da su izravno krivi za smrt 6.000 Srebreničana.

11. prosinca
Da nismo potpisali sporazum u Daytonu, međunarodna bi zajednica optužila Hrvatsku kao glavnog krivca za propast njezinih napora u rješavanju krize, izjavio dr. Mate Granić u svom izvješću na sjednici Zastupničkog doma Sabora Republike Hrvatske.
U Zagrebu umro Ante Miko Tripalo, političar i publicist, zastupnik u prijašnjem sazivu Zastupničkog doma Sabora RH i predsjednik Akcije socijaldemokrata Hrvatske.
Rasporednanje snaga NATO-a u BiH trebalo bi biti dovršeno u roku 60 dana, izjavio u Zagrebu na čelnik stožera IFOR-a general William Carter.
Pozivajući se na izjavu ruskog ministra Andreja Kozireva, agencija Inter-tass objavila da se ruska vlada obratila Sudu u Haagu sa zahtjevom da se protiv Karadžića i Mladića obustavi postupak.
Vijeće Županijskog suda u Zadru izreklo presude 18-orici optuženih za ratni zločin počinjen 18. studenoga 1991. u Škabrnji, a osmoricu optuženih zasad oslobodilo optužbe. U Škabrnji su toga dana na okrutan način umorena 44 mještana.

12. prosinca
Započela Pariška konferencija.
Ustavotvorna skupština Federacije BiH prihvatila u Sarajevu Daytonske sporazume, uz velike zamjerke zemljovidu.
Skupština Republike BiH izglasala odluku kojom zadržava pravo na otkazivanje mirovnog sporazuma iz Daytona,u slučaju neopravdanog produženja njegove provedbe.
Francuski piloti, satnik Frederic Chifot i poručnik Jose Souvigent, koji su duže vrijeme bili zatočenici bosanskih Srba, oslobođeni i stigli u Zvornik, priopćio pariški ured predsjednika Jacquesa Chiraca.

13. prosinca
Kongres SAD dao podršku američkim vojnicima upućenim u BiH, ali nije dao podršku i odluci američkog predsjednika o slanju 20.000 američkih vojnika u BiH.

14. prosinca
Veleposianica SAD pri UN Madeleine Albright uputila oštre kritike Boutrosu Ghaliju za neodlučnost u pristupu pitanju formiranja snaga za istočnu Slavoniju.
Na mirovnoj konferenciji u Parizu potpisan Mirovni sporazum o BiH. Opći okvirni sporazum prvi potpisali predsjednici dr. Franjo Tuđman, Alija Izetbegović i Slobodan Milošević. Dok je primanje između Srbije i BiH postalo dijelom Sporazuma, primanje između Srbije i Hrvatske ostaje za nove pregovore. Hrvatska i BiH potpisale sporazum o uspostavi Zajedničkog vijeća Republike Hrvatske, Republike i Federacije BiH.
Za Hrvatsku je od posebne važnosti da se što prije ostvari reintegracija preostalog okupiranog područja u ustavno-pravni poredak Hrvatske, istaknuo u svom pariškom izlaganju predsjednik Tuđman.
Predsjednik SAD Bill Clinton sastao se u Parizu s predsjednicima Tuđmanom, Izetbegovićem í Miloševićem, najprije zajedno, a zatim pojedinačno. Na sastanku s predsjednikom Tuđmanom Federacija BiH bila ključno pitanje.

15. prosinca
Nema odgode rješenja za hrvatsko Podunavlje, a Ghalijev prijedlog o rješavanju nije usmjeren na provedbu Temeljnog sporazuma, izjavio predsjednik Tuđman na konferenciji za novinare po povratku iz Pariza u Zagreb.
Na dvodnevnom sastanku franjevačke provincije Bosne Srebrene, održanom u Visokom, ocijenjeno da je Mirovni sporazum o BiH doprinos miru, međutim, franjevci ga ne smatraju pravednim rješenjem.

16. prosinca
Hrvatski veleposlanik pri UN dr. Mario Nobilo odbacio u New Yorku prijedlog Boutrosa Ghalija o načinu provedbe Temeljnog sporazuma o hrvatskom istoku. Dok glavni tajnik želi stvoriti novu zaštićenu zonu, koja bi čuvala status quo, SAD smatraju da UN samo trebaju provesti prijenos odgovornosti s pobunjeničkih vlasti na hrvatsku vlast.
Vijeće sigurnosti odobrilo slanje snaga NATO-a u BiH, koji Ee također tamo preuzeti i ovlasti UN-a.

17. prosinca
U Izbjegličkom kampu Kuplensko još uvijek se nalazi više od 18.000 muslimanskih stradalnika iz Velike Kladuše.
Rusija ponudila utočište i novu karijeru osumnjičenom ratnom zločincu Ratku Mladiću, piše britanski Sunday Times.

18. prosinca
U Petersbergu pokraj Bonna počela konferencija o mjerama povjerenja i kontroli naoružanja na tlu bivše Jugoslavije, na kojoj sudjeluju ministri vanjskih poslova Hrvatske, Srbije i BiH, predstavnici bosanske Federacije i tzv. republike srpske, susjednih država Slovenije i Makedonije, Europske unije, NATO-a, kontaktne skupine, islamskih država, ukupno 32 zemlje i udruge, medu kojima je 16 ministara vanjskih poslova.
Hrvatska vjeruje da je mirna reintegracija istočne Slavonije ključna za trajnu stabilnost u regiji. Bez toga svi ćemo se suočiti s opasnostima novih neprijateljstava i destabilizacije cijele regije s nepredvidivim posljedicama, istaknuo ministar Granić na međunarodnoj konferenciji o bivšoj Jugoslaviji u Bonnu.
Hrvatski ministar vanjskih poslova dr. Mate Granić susreo se uoči početka međunarodne konferencije o mjerama povjerenja i kontroli naoružanja na tlu bivše Jugoslavije u Bonnu s njemačkim ministrom vanjskih poslova Klausom Kinkelom, koji je obećao njemačku potporu Hrvatskoj u ponovnoj. uspostavi pregovora o integraciji Hrvatske u europske strukture.
Glavni stožer vojske Jugoslavije objelodanio da postupno prevodi oružanu silu u stanje stalne (mirnodopske) borbene spremnosti.
Predstavnici UNPROFOR-a u Sarajevu potvrdili kako Će se prijenos ovlasti na Međunarodne snage za provedbu mirovnog sporazuma (IFOR) obaviti 20. prosinca.
Vijest o pogibiji milanskog imama Anwae As-Sayd Shabana, koji je u Italiji optužen za terorizam i stoga tražen, navodno u sukobu s hrvatskim snagama kod Žepča,dobila velik odjek u talijanskim glasilima. Gama al Islamyja najavila novu osvetu Hrvatskoj (poslije riječkog atentata).

19. prosinca
Otpravnik poslova u misiji SRJ pri UN-u Vladislav Jovanović poslao pismo predsjedatelju Vijeća sigurnosti, u kojem za srebreničku tragediju optužuje snage vlade BiH.
Hrvatski članovi Vlade Federacije BiH izdali u Mostaru priopćenje da su preglasani prigodom usvajanja Prijedloga zakona o Vladi Republike BiH, Vladi Federacije BiH, te zakona o republičkim i federalnim ministarstvima, a usvojena rješenja suprotna su Daytonu.
Predstavnici Međunarodnog suda za ratne zločine učinjene na tlu bivše Jugoslavije i NATO-a razgovarali u Haagu o praktičnim i pravnim načinima privođenja ratnih zločinaca u Den Haag. Prema odlukama koje su prihvaćene 15. prosinca na Vijeću NATO-a vojnici u sklopu IFOR-a neće biti zaduženi za traženje ratnih zločinaca, ali su obvezni zadržati ih i predati ih ako na njih nadu.
Predstojnik Ureda Predsjednika Republike dr. Ivo Sanader primio u Predsjedničkim dvorima posebnog izaslanika Boutrosa Ghalija Kofija Annana i tom prigodom mu ponovio hrvatska stajališta glede provedbe Temeljnog sporazuma, istaknuvši da Hrvatska ne može prihvatiti nazočnost međunarodnih snaga u opsegu koji predlaže glavni tajnik UN-a nego se zalaže za manje snage, koje bi najbrže i najučinkovitije provele sporazum.
Kao najgore teritorije što se tiče poštovanja ljudskih prava američka udruga za ljudska prava Freedom House iz New Yorka navodi: Istočni Timor, Kašmir, Tibet i Kosovo.
Priznanje hrvatske suverenosti nad istočnom Slavonijom ključno je pitanje sadašnjeg trenutka, istaknuo na TV Slovenija slovenski predsjednik Milan Kučan.

20. prosinca
Banjolučki biskup dr. Franjo Komarica, nakon 231 dana kućnog pritvora, konačno slobodno izašao iz svoje biskupske rezidencije.
Predsjednik RH dr. Franjo Tuđman primio u Predsjedničkim dvorima otpravnika poslova SAD Roberta Finna na njegov zahtjev i tom prigodom prihvatio sugestiju državnog tajnika SAD Christophera o razmjeni posjeta ministara vanjskih poslova Hrvatske i SAD.
Pobunjeni Srbi tumače Temeljni sporazum na svoj način i insistiraju na nekakvoj srijemsko-baranjskoj oblasti.
Međunarodne snage za provedbu mirovnog sporazuma (IFOR) u BiH preuzele ovlasti od UNPROFOR-a. Primopredaju ovlasti u sarajevskoj zračnoj luci obavili francuski general Janvier i britanski general Michael Walker, zapovjednik NATO-vih Snaga za brzo djelovanje.

21. prosinca
Glavni tajnik UN-a Boutros Gali odlučio poslati američkog pričuvnog generala Jacquesa Kleina u istočnu Slavoniju, kako bi u tom hrvatskom području obavio pripreme za uspostavu prijelazne vlasti.
Glavna zadaća IFOR-a, kako piše u Daytonskom sporazumu, jest uspostava trajnog prekida neprijateljstava, za što je NATO tražio i dobio velike ovlasti. Tako će apsolutnu vlast u BiH sljedećih godinu dana imati glavni zapovjednik Snaga za provedbu Daytonskog sporazuma američki admiral Leightori Smith, odnosno njegovi najbliži suradnici.

22. prosinca
U Zagrebu održana prva sjednica Predsjedničkog vijeća, kojom j je predsjedao dr. Franjo Tuđman.
U ime predsjednika Republike dr. Franje Tuđmana, dr. Mate Granić susreo se u zračnoj luci Pleso s češkim predsjednikom Vaclavom Havelom, koji se je u Zagrebu zadržao na svom putu za Sarajevo.

23. prosinca
Vlada Republike Hrvatske, koja je poništila sve odluke do sada konstituiranih Gradske i Županijske skupštine Zagreba, sazvala nove konstituirajuće sjednice 2. siječnja.

24. prosinca
Hrvatska se zajedno s Kambodžom i BiH nalazi na samom svjetskom vrhu po broju posijanih mina, stoji u podacima objavljenim u publikaciji uz 50. UNICEF-ov rođendan.
Vukovarci insistiraju na naknadama ratnih šteta zbog uništenje pokretne i nepokretne imovine, a o obnovi neka skrbi Ministarstvo obnove, rečeno na sjednici vukovarskog Gradskog poglavarstva održanoj u Zagrebu.

25. prosinca
Nakon oslobađanja okupiranih teritorija upozorili smo na ono protiv čega smo se uvijek borili za vrijeme rata, da se ni u zakonitoj obrani ne čine zlodjela koja bi prešla granicu zakonite obrane, izjavio u svom božićnom intervjuu Večernjem listu nadbiskup zagrebački kardinal Franjo Kuharić.

26. prosinca
Blagdan Božić svečano proslavljen u cijeloj Hrvatskoj.
U Posušju obavljena svečana primopredaja dužnosti s dosadašnjeg načelnika Glavnog stožera HVO-a general bojnika Tihomira Blaškića na general bojnika Živka Budimira.
Armija BiH i snage bosanskih Srba razmijenile 245 ratnih zarobljenika.
Predsjednik SAD Bill Clinton uputio božićnu poruku naciji, u kojoj se posebno obratio predstavnicima američkih oružanih snaga, medu ostalim, rekavši im: Vaša misija mira i dobre volje u Bosni podsjeća nas na to što ovo doba godine znači za ljude širom svijeta.

27. prosinca
Izvještaj o stanju ljudskih prava u Hrvatskoj i na prečac prihvaćena Predsjednička izjava Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a stvorili pogrešan dojam o postojanju ozbiljnih problema i napetosti u Hrvatskoj, ističe u pismu predsjedavajućem Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a ruskom veleposlaniku Sergeju Lavrovu stalni hrvatski predstavnik pri UN-u Mario Nobilo.
Da nije bilo čvrstih jamstava vodećih svjetskih čimbenika da ćemo mirne reintegrirati okupirane dijelove zemlje, već bismo ove godine vojno oslobodili hrvatsko Podunavlje, rekao predsjednik Tuđman na primanju za članove Sabora, Vlade, ostalih visokih državnih tijela i predstavnike gospodarstvenika u Predsjedničkim dvorima.
Ustavni sud donio odluke po kojima oporba u Zagrebu nije bila u pravu, pa Vladini zaključci i odluka o sazivanju nove konstituirajuće sjednice zagrebačke Gradske i Županijske skupštine za 2. siječnja 1996. godine - ostaju na snazi. Gradska se skupština treba konstituirati na temelju Privremenog poslovnika, koji je na snazi, što znači da će biti potrebna nazočnost barem dvije trećine izabranih članova.
Srpski 'Radio Mirkovci' u više navrata ponovio da će srpska dobrovoljačka garda, poznatija kao zločinački arkanovci, nakon uspostave prijelazne administracije UN-a neko vrijeme ostati na području Baranje, istočne Slavonije i zapadnog Srijema, kako bi se uvjerila poštuju li se odredbe Erdutskog sporazuma.

28. prosinca
Ne počne li demilitarizacija 16. siječnja i ne bude li omogućen povratak prognanika do kraja ožujka 1996., tražit ćemo od hrvatske Vlade da poduzme sve mjere, uključujući i vojno-redarstvene, za oslobađanje istočne Hrvatske, izjavio predsjednik Zajednice prognanika Hrvatske Mato Šimić u intervjuu Večernjem listu.
Predsjednik Hrvatske bratske zajednice Bernard Luketić poslao pismo predsjedniku SAD Billu Clintonu, u kojem prosvjeduje zbog izjave američkog pukovnika Gregoryja Fontenota; objavljene u Wall Street Journalu, da su Hrvati rasisti koji ubijaju ljude zbog boje kože.
Pripadnici Armije BiH i vojske bosanskih Srba ispunili dio obveze iz Mirovnog sporazuma o BiH i do ponoći se povukli s ključnih položaja na crtama razdvajanja oko Sarajeva.

29. prosinca
Svojim pobjedama Hrvatska je izmijenila ne samo svoje lice pred svijetom nego i ovaj dio svijeta, rekao predsjednik Republike Hrvatske dr. Franjo Tuđman na svečanom primanju za predstavnike Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova, Ministarstva obrane, Hrvatske vojske, udruga dragovoljaca i prognanika u Predsjedničkim dvorima.
Predsjednik Tuđman primio u Predsjedničkim dvorima posebnog izaslanika glavnog tajnika UN-a general bojnika Jacquesa Kleina, zapovjednika Prijelazne uprave UN-a za istočnu Slavoniju, Baranju i zapadni Srijem, koji mu je naglasio da su hrvatska suverenost i teritorijalni integritet neupitni, te da je međunarodna zajednica odlučna u namjeri da se reintegracija izvrši što brže.

30. prosinca
Zapovjednik IFOR-a u BiH američki admiral Leighton Smith i formalno obavijestio vlasti pobunjenih bosanskih Srba da ne može produljivati rok za povratak dijelova Sarajeva pod njihovom kontrolom u okvir Federacije BiH.

Izvori

1995/12

Kronologija Domovinskog rata: prosinac 1995.


Kızıl Kule, Antalya'nın ilçesi Alanya'da Alanya Liman'nda bulunan Alanya Kalesi ile kentin simgelerinden biri olan kule.

Geçmiş
Kentin sembolü olan sekizgen planlı yapı 13. yüzyıl Selçuklu eseridir. 1226 yılında Selçuklu Sultanı I. Alaeddin Keykubad tarafından Sinop Kalesi'ni yapan Halepli yapı ustası Ebu Ali Reha el Kettani'ye yaptırılmıştır.

İnşaat sırasında belli bir yükseklikten sonra taş blokları kaldırmak güç olduğu için üst kısmı pişmiş kırmızı tuğlalarla yapılmış ve bu nedenle Kızılkule adını almıştır. Kule duvarlarında antik çağdan kalma mermer bloklar görülmektedir. Sekizgen planlı ve her bir duvarı 12.5 metre genişliğinde olan kulenin yüksekliği 33 metre, çapı 29 metredir. İçinde zemin dahil beş kat vardır. Kulenin üstüne yüksek aralıklı ve 85 basamaklı taş merdivenle çıkılır. Kulenin tepeden aldığı güneş ışığı birinci kata kadar ulaşır. Kulenin ortasında bir sarnıç bulunur.

Kulenin sağlamlığını arttırmak için harcında yumurta akı kullanılmıştır. Kırmızı rengini veren ise dış yüzeyine sürülmüş olan yumurta sarısıdır.

Kule denizden gelecek saldırılara karşı limanı ve tersaneyi korumak amacıyla yapılmış ve yüzyıllar boyunca askeri amaçla kullanılmıştır. 1950'li yıllarda onarılan kule 1979 yılında ziyarete açılarak birinci katı Alanya Etnografya Müzesi'ne dönüştürülmüştür.

Kızıl kule 1992'den 2005'e kadar bir dönem tedavülde olan 250.000 TL'lik banknotların arka yüzünde kullanılmıştır.

Alanya'daki yapılar
Antalya'daki kuleler
Antalya ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Türkiye'deki kale kuleleri
Etnografya
Türk lirası üstünde görünen yapılar
1226

Kızılkule


Termoreglarea este abilitatea unui organism de a-și menține temperatura într-un anumit interval fiziologic, indiferent de temperatura mediului ambiant. Termoreglarea corpului uman se face în funcție de mai mulți factori. În mod normal corpul uman menține o temperatură aproximativ constantă, dar are capacitatea de a creste temperatura în caz de infecție sau de a o scădea în alte situații. Diencefalul este partea din creier responsabilă cu această funcție.

Alte sensuri
Termoreglarea reprezintă proprietatea unui sistem de a își controla temperatura.

Acest lucru se realizează printr-un mecanism de detecție completat de o buclă de verificare si finalizată prin aducerea sistemului la parametri setați.

În domeniul electronic se realizează termoreglarea sistemelor pentru a introduce bucle de protecție în caz de supraîncălzire. Acest lucru se realizează prin dispozitive de tip bandgap în interiorul căruia se face setarea parametrilor, citirea senzorului de căldură și bucla de reglare. Mai departe acest bloc este urmat de un mecanism de protecție în caz de depășire a parametrilor inițiali.

Note

Homeostazie
Transmiterea căldurii
Fiziologie animală

Termoreglare


An Carex fulva in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Samuel Goodenough. An Carex fulva in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex fulva


Societatea Feroviară de Turism "S.F.T. – C.F.R. SA" se ocupă cu organizarea de trasee folosind trenuri de epocă. Societatea are 6 trenuri cu ecartament normal și două trenuri de linie îngustă pe ecartament de 760 mm. În patrimoniul societății există 7 locomotive cu abur:

Vezi și
 Material rulant al CFR Călători
 Material rulant al CFR Marfă

Note

Legături externe
  Galerie foto locomotive românești

Material rulant
Societatea feroviară de turism

Material rulant al Societății Feroviare de Turism


Pentagram, Pentagram grubunun kendi adını taşıyan ilk müzik albümüdür.

1990 yılında Nepa Müzik Yapım tarafından piyasaya sürülmüştür. Şarkı sözleri İngilizce'dir. O dönem Türkiye'de piyasaya çıkmış en agresif yapılı albümlerden biridir. "Powerstage" adlı şarkı da o dönemki Pentagram hayran kulübüne de ismini vermiştir.

Şarkı listesi

Kadro
 Hakan Utangaç - vokal,ritim gitar
 Murat Net - Elektro gitar (bu albümden kısa bir süre sonra gruptan ayrılmıştır.)
 Tarkan Gözübüyük - bas gitar
 Cenk Ünnü - davul
 Güven Araz - klavye (Sadece "Intro (Wreck)" adlı parçada çalmıştır.)

Pentagram albümleri
1990 albümleri

Pentagram (albüm)


فقدان الشهية  هو مصطلح طبي لعدم الرغبة في تناول الطعام. في حين أن المصطلح في المنشورات غير العلمية غالبًا ما يستخدم بالتبادل مع فقدان الشهية العصابي، توجد العديد من الأسباب المحتملة لفقدان الشهية، وبعضها قد يكون غير ضار، في حين يشير البعض الآخر إلى حالة طبية خطيرة أو يشكل خطرا كبيرا.

فقدان الشهية هو أحد الأعراض وليس تشخيصا. لا ينبغي الخلط بين فقدان الشهية واضطراب الصحة العقلية فقدان الشهية العصبي. نظرا لأن مصطلح «فقدان الشهية» غالباً ما يستخدم كشكل قصير من فقدان الشهية العصبي، لتجنب الارتباك، يجب على مقدم الخدمة أن يوضح للمريض ما إذا كان يشير ببساطة إلى انخفاض الشهية أو اضطراب الصحة العقلية. يمكن لأي شخص أن يظهر فقدان الشهية على أنه فقدان الشهية، بغض النظر عن جنسه أو عمره أو وزنه.

يمكن أن يكون فقدان الشهية بسبب مجموعة من الأمراض والظروف، فضلا عن العوامل البيئية والنفسية.

المظاهر الشائعة
يظهر فقدان الشهية ببساطة على أنه انخفاض أو نقص الشهية. يمكن أن يظهر هذا على أنه عدم الشعور بالجوع أو الافتقار إلى الرغبة في تناول الطعام. في بعض الأحيان لا يلاحظ الناس حتى أنهم يفتقرون إلى الشهية حتى يبدأوا في إنقاص الوزن من تناول كميات أقل. في حالات أخرى، يمكن أن يكون أكثر وضوحا، مثل عندما يشعر الشخص بالغثيان من مجرد التفكير في تناول الطعام. أي شكل من أشكال انخفاض الشهية يؤدي إلى تغييرات في الجسم (مثل فقدان الوزن أو فقدان العضلات) لا يتم عن قصد كجزء من اتباع نظام غذائي له أهمية سريرية.

الأسباب الشائعة
عادة ما يصاحب فقدان الشهية أو عدم الرغبة في تناول الطعام عدة مشاكل منها الحالات الطبية المؤقتة أو طويلة الأمد، انزعاجات القناة الهضمية، أو الاضطرابات النفسية.

 انخفاض ضغط الدم

 حمى
 زكام
 سلوك مُصاحب للمرض
 فقدان شهية عصابي
 تسمم غذائي
 فقر الدم
 داء اديسون
 نقص فيتامين بي12
 نقص الزنك
 داء السيلياك
 الغثيان
 عدوى
 التهاب المعدة
 التهاب المعدة والامعاء
 التهاب الزائدة الدودية
 التهاب القولون التقرحي
 داء كرون
 متلازمة القولون العصبي
 تجفاف
 فقر الدم الخبيث
 ألم مزمن
 كوفيد-19
 فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية/أيدز
 السرطان
 التهاب كبدي
 فشل كلوي
 مرض الكلى المزمن
 فرط سكر الدم
 ضغط نفسي
 اكتئاب
 قلق
 هوس
 ذهان
 خرف
 صدمة
 متلازمة انسحاب البنزوديازيبين
 فرط فيتامين (د)
 فرط كالسيوم الدم
 قصور الغدة الدرقية وأحيانا فرط نشاط الغدة الدرقية
 اضطراب أيضي
 اضطراب هرموني
 التهاب البنكرباس
 اضطراب ثنائي القطب
 الفصام
 متلازمة انسحاب كحولي
 أثر جانبي لبعض المخدرات
 ادمان الكحول
 متلازمة التقيؤ المفرط التالي للماريجوانا
 متلازمة انسحاب الماريجوانا
 متلازمة ميلاس
 متلازمة الإفراز غير الملائم للهرمون المضاد لإدرار البول
 ثلاسيميا
 اضطراب تعاطي المواد الافيونية
 داء الانسداد الرئوي المزمن
 كبد دهني
 فيروس إيبولا
 شلل المعدة
 سل
 متلازمة الاشعاع الحادة
 متلازمة الشريان المساريقي العلوي
 أثر جانبي لبعض الأدوية

فقدان الشهية العصبي
وهو مرض نفسي وجسماني الذي يصاب به البالغين والأطفال.

اسبابه

 العوامل البيولوجية: تساعد المهدئات الطبيعية التي يفرزها الجسم على تقليل الشعور بإحساس الجوع في المرضى المصابين بفقد الشهية العصبي، فقد أظهرت بعض الدراسات اختلال في وظائف النواقل العصبية وبالذات السيروتونين وكذلك الأدرينالين والدوبامين والتي تشكل أهمية بالغة في تنظيم الشهية للطعام من خلال الهيبوثلاموس. وكذلك اختلال وظائف الغدة الدرقية والهرمونات بشكل عام. كما أظهرت الكثير من الدراسات الإشعاعية بالأشعة المقطعية وجود توسع في الفراغات التي تحوي السائل الدماغي والتي قد تعود لطبيعتها بمجرد زيادة الوزن.
 العوامل الاجتماعية: يجد المصابون بفقد الشهية العصبي ما يشجع سلوكهم اجتماعياً حيث تكون مقاييس الجمال فتتخذ النحافة والتمارين الرياضية كنمط ممتاز للحياة كتقليدهم لأحد المشاهير من الناحية الجسمانية خصوصا عندما يتميزون بالنحافة، وكذلك بعض المهن التي تتطلب نحافة مثل عارضات وعارضين الأزياء، مضيفي الطيران، لاعبي الباليه وبعض الألعاب الرياضية التي لا تتحمل زيادة في الوزن. كمان البحوث دلت أيضا إلى أن الجو الأسري لهؤلاء المرضى يتميز بأجواء غير محببة وعدوانية فيعاني المريض من درجة كبيرة من الانعزالية وقلة الشعور بالتعاطف بين أفرادها.
 العوامل النفسية: يجمع الكثير من المعالجين النفسيين لهذه الحالات على أن المرضى يعانون من عدم القدرة على الاستقلال عن الأم بالذات ويميل البعض الآخر إلى تفسير سلوكهم على أنه عبارة عن محاولة غير واعية لتدمير أجسادهم المسكونة بآثار الأم المتسلطة.

ويقترن انعدام الشهية بضعف العظام التي تصبح هشة ونحيفة بشكل خطير. ويعود السبب في ذلك إلى فقدان الوزن ونقص المواد المغذية مثل الكاليسيوم، وقد يقود انخفاض الكثافة المعدنية في العظام إلى زيادة مخاطر الكسر والتهشم.
يعاني المصابون بهذا المرض من مشاكل طبية عديدة مثل:

 انخفاض درجة الحرارة (تتدنى لأقل من 35 درجة).
 تورم القدمين وبطء ضربات القلب.
 انخفاض ضغط الدم، وتغير الشعر، كما يلجأ بعض المرضى لاستخدام المسهلات بكثرة مما يؤدي لتغير في درجة حموضة الدم.
 اضطرابات في ضربات القلب وصغر حجمه وبالذات في المراحل المتأخرة من المرض وقد يكون السبب في هذه الاضطرابات انخفاض البوتاسيوم في الدم والذي قد يكون خطيرا.

المضاعفات
من مضاعفات هذا المرض أيضا تقلص حجم العضلات، انخفاض نشاط الغدة الدرقية، اضطراب في وظائف المعدة كتأخر إفراغها من الطعام، الإمساك والألم المتكرر في البطن، تورم والتهاب الغدد اللعابية والبنكرياس.
ومن المضاعفات أيضا انقطاع الدورة الشهرية واختلال نسبة الهرمونات في الدم، انخفاض المغنيسيوم وقد يصاب المريض بتشنجات صرعية أيضا وانخفاض في قدراته الذهنية.

العلاج
علاج فقدان الشهية العصبي أمر صعب، خاصة إذا كان شديداً. ولكن في الحالات البسيطة والمتوسطة فإن العلاج النفسي بشقيه الدوائي والسلوكي المعرفي، يؤدي إلى نتائج مقبولة، وإن كانت ليست بالمستوى المطلوب، ولكن يجب تدارك الأمر من البداية، فكلما بدأ العلاج مبكراً كان أفضل.
ويؤدي العلاج الأسري والاجتماعي دوراً مهماً في تحسن نتائج العلاج. ولكن هذه النتائج تتفاوت من مريض إلى آخر، فالبعض يتعافى بعد نوبة واحدة فقط، والبعض يتعرض لانتكاسات وتستمر حياتهم بين نوبات من الاضطراب وفترات من الشفاء والتحسن، ولكن بعضهن يستمر الاضطراب معهن ليصبح مزمناً، وتتدهور حالتهم بشكل مريع. وتحتاج حالة الفئة الأخيرة إلى الدخول إلى المستشفيات لتغذيتهم وعلاجهن بأدوية نفسية وبرنامج علاج نفسي مكثف لفترة زمنية محددة، قد تطول أو تقصر حسب شدة المرض.
أما أهم طرائق العلاج النفسي، فهي: العلاج بالإيحاء والعطف والتشجيع والإرشاد والحث على تناول الطعام. وكل ذلك ينبغي أن يحدث بالتنسيق بين الطبيب البدني والاختصاصي النفسي وذوي المريض، وصولاً إلى حل الأسباب الرئيسة للمرض، وتلافياً للانتكاسات.

فقدان الشهية لدى الأطفال

يعتبر فقدان الشهية لدى الأطفال من المشكلات الشائعة في طب الأطفال، وتعتبر من المسائل التي تؤرق الأبوين ودائما تكون شكواهم لأطباء الأطفال عن هذه المشكلة.

أنواعه

أولا: فقدان الشهية الحاد: وهو فقدان مؤقت للشهية، ويحدث في أغلب الأحوال مع الإلتهابات الفيروسية البكتيرية المختلفة، وكذلك التهابات، وتقرحات الفم واللسان، وأثناء فترة التسنين أي عند بداية ظهور الأسنان للطفل. وعادة تعود شهية الطفل إلى طبيعتها بزوال السبب، وهذه المجموعة لا تحتاج إلى فاتح للشهية.
ثانيا: فقدان الشهية الفسيولوجي المزمن: ويحدث للأطفال بين سن 1-6 سنوات، حيث يلاحظ الأبوان أن الطفل لم يعد يأكل نفس كمية الطعام المعتاد عليها. وهذا يرجع أساسا إلى أن السعرات الحرارية التي يحتاجها الطفل في هذه السن تقل عن السنة الأولى من العمر. وقد يلجأ الأبوان إلى إطعام الطفل عنوة، وهذا بدوره قد يعقد الأمر وقد يؤدي ذلك إلى زيادة رفض الطفل للطعام. ويلاحظ أن الأطفال في هذه المجموعة لديهم النمو العقلي والجسماني في الطول والوزن مناسبا مع أعمارهم، ويمكن معرفة ذلك من منحنيات وجداول الطول والوزن بالنسبة للعمر.

ثالثا: فقدان الشهية العضوي المزمن: وفي هذه المجموعة يكون فقدان الشهية مصاحبا لأمراض مزمنة مثل الالتهابات الفيروسية والبكتيرية والالتهابات الروماتيزمية وأمراض الجهاز التنفسي وأمراض الكلى والكبد المزمنة وكذلك العيوب الخلقية بالقلب والدماغ. وفي هذه الحالة فإن فقدان الشهية ليس العرض الوحيد الموجود ولكن توجد أعراضا أخرى للأمراض المسببة، مثل ارتفاع مزمن في درجة الحرارة ونقص في الوزن وقلة النشاط والحركة وتأخر النمو العقلي والجسماني، وأنيميا، وتضخم في الغدد الليمفاوية والأعضاء الداخلية بالجسم.

المصادر

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مصطلحات طبية

فقدان الشهية


Farafangana ist eine Stadt in Madagaskar. 2005 lebten dort 25.046 Menschen.

Geografie
Farafangana liegt in der Region Atsimo-Atsinanana, in der Provinz Fianarantsoa an der Ostküste Madagaskars. Die Stadt ist der Hauptort und Verwaltungssitz der Region, als auch des gleichnamigen Distriktes. Das Naturreservat Manombo liegt einige Kilometer südlich der Stadt. Der Fluss Manampatrana mündet an der nördlichen Stadtgrenze in den Indischen Ozean.

Farafangana liegt knapp 400 km südlich der Hauptstadt Antananarivo.

Klima
In Farafangana herrscht tropisches Regenwaldklima (Af). Die Jahresdurchschnittstemperatur beträgt 23,4 °C.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Knapp 80 % der Einwohner leben von der Landwirtschaft, wobei hier die wichtigsten Güter Kaffee, Reis und Pfeffer sind. 5 % leben vom Fischfang und 15 % arbeiten im Dienstleistungssektor.

Verkehr
Farafangana hat mit der Route nationale 12 eine Nord-Süd Straßenverbindung nach Vangaindrano und Manakara. Die Route nationale 27 führt von Farafangana ins Inland nach Ihosy. Die Ortschaft verfügt über einen Flughafen. Der Canal des Pangalanes führt von der Stadt in nördlicher Richtung über Manakara nach Toamasina.

Religion
Die Stadt ist Sitz des Bistums Farafangana.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Atsimo-Atsinanana
Farafangana (Distrikt)
Ort in Afrika

Farafangana (Stadt)


PET şu anlamlara gelebilir:
 Polietilen tereftalat, polyester ailesine ait termoplastik bir malzeme
 Pozitron emisyon tomografisi, bir nükleer tıp görüntüleme tekniği
 Pre-eklempsi, gebelikte görülebilen tıbbi bir durumdur.
 Pet hayvanlar, evcil köpek, kedi, kuş, balık, iguana gibi hayvanlara verilern genel ad.

PET


Ioan Roșescu () a fost un pilot român de aviație, as al Aviației Române din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Căpitanul av. Ioan Roșescu a fost decorat cu Ordinul Virtutea Aeronautică de război cu spade, clasa Crucea de Aur cu 2 barete (4 noiembrie 1941) "pentru eroismul dovedit în luptele aeriene dela Manheim și Duboșari, doborând două avioane inamice, precum și pentru curajul arătat în cele 72 misiuni pe front".

Decorații
  Ordinul "Virtutea Aeronautică" de Război cu spade, clasa Crucea de Aur cu 2 barete (4 noiembrie 1941)

Note

Nașteri în secolul al XX-lea
Decese în 1941
Ași ai aviației române din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul Virtutea Aeronautică
Oameni uciși în Al Doilea Război Mondial

Ioan Roșescu


Ameríkuáll (Anguilla rostrata) er önnur af tveimur álategundum sem finnast við Ísland, hin verandi Evrópuállinn. Ameríkuállinn er líkt og aðrir álar langur og slöngulaga og með eins konar slímlag yfir roðinu sem gerir hann sérstaklega sleipan. Ameríkuáll hefst við í bæði saltvatni sem ferskvatni en fer þó aðeins úr ferskvatni í tímgunarferðir til Þanghafsins.

Álar

Ameríkuáll


Death Cab for Cutie (commonly abbreviated to DCFC or Death Cab) is an American rock band formed in Bellingham, Washington, in 1997. Death Cab for Cutie's music has been classified as indie rock, indie pop, and alternative rock. The band is currently composed of Ben Gibbard (vocals, guitar, piano), Nick Harmer (bass), Dave Depper (guitar, keyboards, backing vocals), Zac Rae (keyboards, guitar), and Jason McGerr (drums).

The band was originally a solo project by Gibbard, who expanded the project into a complete group upon getting a record deal. They released their debut album, Something About Airplanes, in 1998. The band's fourth album, 2003's Transatlanticism, broke into the mainstream both critically and commercially; its songs were featured in various TV series and films. The band's major label debut for Atlantic Records, 2005's Plans, went platinum. Founding guitarist Chris Walla left the band in 2014 after 17 years. The band's tenth and latest studio album, Asphalt Meadows, was released on September 16, 2022. Alongside their ten full-length studio albums, the band has released four EPs, two live EPs, one live album, and one demo album.

History

Early years (1997–2002)
Death Cab for Cutie, the name deriving from the Vivian Stanshall/Neil Innes song "Death Cab For Cutie", began in 1997 as a solo project by Ben Gibbard when he was a guitarist for the band Pinwheel. He recorded under the name All-Time Quarterback. As Death Cab for Cutie, he released a cassette, You Can Play These Songs with Chords, during the same year. The release was surprisingly successful, and he decided to expand the project into a band, hiring Chris Walla (who worked on the cassette) on guitar, Nick Harmer on bass guitar, and Nathan Good on drums. Death Cab for Cutie was formed at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington. Lyrics from early songs include local references that were important to the band's development. Many of the early songs were recorded in the basement of a house on Ellis Street in which Gibbard lived with several roommates.

The four released their debut album, Something About Airplanes, on August 18, 1998. In 1998, the band met their manager, Jordan Kurland. Kurland had heard the band praised, and after a failed attempt to see them perform at South by Southwest he met them while touring with a client.

The band released We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes in March 2000. Nathan Good left the band during the making of the album and was replaced briefly by Jayson Tolzdorf-Larson. Gibbard played drums on the majority of the album, with Good's playing on "The Employment Pages" and "Company Calls Epilogue" kept on the final release. Although Tolzdorf-Larson did not contribute to the album, he did appear on the song "Spring Break Broke" from the "Death Cab for Fiver" 7-inch record. He also joined the band on two tours, including their first full tour of the United States. Tolzdorf-Larson was later replaced by Michael Schorr, who would first appear on The Forbidden Love EP, released on October 24, 2000.

In 2001, Death Cab for Cutie released their third album, The Photo Album. Limited editions of this album contained three bonus tracks, which were later released separately as The Stability EP. The album produced the band's first charting single, "A Movie Script Ending", which reached number 123 on the UK Singles Chart, and was the first of three songs by the band to be used on the television show The O.C. "I Was a Kaleidoscope" and "We Laugh Indoors" reached numbers 115 and 122 on the UK Singles Chart, respectively.

Transatlanticism (2003)

In 2003 there was another change of drummer with Jason McGerr, who had previously played in the band Eureka Farm with Gibbard and Harmer, joining the band. McGerr's debut came with the band's next release, their fourth album Transatlanticism, which was released in October 2003. The album received critical acclaim and launched the band into mainstream commercial success, with the two singles "The Sound of Settling" and "Title and Registration", appearing in the soundtracks of the television shows The O.C., Six Feet Under, CSI: Miami and Californication, and the films Wedding Crashers, Easy A, and Mean Creek. A tenth-anniversary version containing demos and outtakes was released in 2013.

Signing to Atlantic and Plans (2004–2006)

In early 2004, the band recorded a live EP, entitled The John Byrd EP, named for their sound engineer. It was released on Barsuk Records in March.

Death Cab for Cutie had been contacted by major labels on-and-off for several years, but it was only after the proven success of Transatlanticism that they decided to start talking to labels about a potential deal. The fact that they had already achieved considerable success allowed the band to negotiate with a lot of creative freedom. According to their manager Jordan Kurland, the band had spoken to "pretty much all of them", and then decided they were most satisfied with their offer from Atlantic Records. In November 2004, the band signed a "long-term worldwide deal" with Atlantic, leaving their long-time label Barsuk Records. Gibbard stated on the band's official website that nothing would change, except that "next to the picture of Barsuk holding a 7", there will be the letter 'A' on both the spine and back of our upcoming albums." After signing to Atlantic, the band was still nervous about corporate economics, and encouraged fans to download its songs from the Internet.

The band released their fifth studio album and debut major-label release, Plans, on August 30, 2005, to critical and commercial success. Two singles from the album, "Soul Meets Body" and "Crooked Teeth", reached the top ten of the US Billboard Alternative Songs chart, while the single "I Will Follow You into the Dark" became the band's best-selling single to date. Death Cab for Cutie performed "Crooked Teeth" live on Saturday Night Live on January 14, 2006. Plans received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album of 2005, as well as achieving gold certification in 2006 after being featured on the Billboard Album chart for 47 consecutive weeks, and later was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in early May 2008.

The band released a touring DVD, Drive Well, Sleep Carefully, in 2005. Copies of the DVD were given away to promote animal rights, and the band are supporters of the activist group PETA. In early 2006, the band announced the upcoming release of Directions: The Plans Video Album, which features eleven short films inspired by songs from the Plans album, each directed by a different person. The videos were posted one at a time on the band's website, and the DVD went on sale April 11, 2006. The iTunes Store began selling the videos (formatted for iPod) early on March 28, 2006. Lance Bangs, P.R. Brown, Ace Norton, Jeffrey Brown, Lightborne, Autumn de Wilde, Rob Schrab, Laurent Briet and Monkmus, as well as Aaron Stewart-Ahn, are among directors that have contributed to the project. An episode of MTV2's Subterranean played these videos for the whole hour, plus discussion with members of the band. Death Cab for Cutie made their first appearance at Neil Young's annual Bridge School Benefit, and completed their lengthy 2006 tour of the United States on December 10, 2006, finishing with a show at the KeyArena in Seattle, Washington.

Narrow Stairs and The Open Door EP (2007–2009)

Walla claimed on October 18, 2007, that a new album was "in full swing" and that they had six songs completed. He went on to call the new music "weird," "spectacular," and "creepy," saying that it contained "lots of blood." He noted that the album had a "Can jam" that lasted 10 minutes, which Walla said that he would have never imagined doing in 1998. In a Billboard piece in January 2008, the band promised the album to be a "curve ball" and said that although it would have slower songs, there would be some surprises. Walla said, "I'm really excited about it. It's really got some teeth. The landscape of the thing is way, way more lunar than the urban meadow sort of thing that has been happening for the last couple of records." Walla added that the album was "louder and more dissonant and ... abrasive." They claimed that they were influenced by "synth-punk band Brainiac."

Their sixth full-length album, Narrow Stairs, was released on May 12, 2008. The first single, "I Will Possess Your Heart", was released on March 18, 2008. The album version of the song is over eight minutes in length, leading radio and promotional edits to remove the extended intro to shorten the song to four minutes. The second single, "Cath...", was released on July 21, 2008, and the third single, "Grapevine Fires", was released on March 3, 2009. The two singles "I Will Possess Your Heart" and "Cath..." both reached the top ten of the Alternative Songs chart, while "Grapevine Fires" reached number 21. In an album review, MTV writer James Montgomery said "Narrow Stairs is a great album, one that could make them very famous, but could very well also kill their careers," and although "Death Cab for Cutie had gone insane," he believed the LP could be "an early contender for the best album of 2008." Indeed, Narrow Stairs was nominated for "Best Alternative Music Album" and "I Will Possess Your Heart" received a nomination for "Best Rock Song" at the 51st Grammy Awards. The band lost in both categories, but prompted debate after appearing at the ceremony sporting blue ribbons to protest against what they view as the excessive use of Auto-Tune in the music industry. Narrow Stairs was their first album to reach No.1 on the Billboard 200 chart on May 31, 2008. Though the album achieved strong success, Gibbard went on to call it the band's most "depressing record".

On March 31, 2009, the band released The Open Door EP, containing tracks left off Narrow Stairs as well as a demo for "Talking Bird". The Open Door EP was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards. In 2009 the band wrote the song, "Meet Me on the Equinox" for The Twilight Saga: New Moon soundtrack. "Meet Me on the Equinox" was not the first song that Death Cab for Cutie contributed to a soundtrack, as they contributed "Soul Meets Body" to the soundtrack for Catch and Release in 2006.

Codes and Keys (2010–2012)

The band's seventh album, Codes and Keys, was released on May 31, 2011. Ben Gibbard and Nick Harmer have both been quoted as saying that the album was "a much less guitar-centric album than we've ever made before". The 1983 album Dazzle Ships, by English electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), was a major influence on the record.

In March 2011, Ben Gibbard performed a new Death Cab for Cutie song at a solo concert in San Francisco, which would later be revealed as the title track from Codes and Keys. The track list for the album was released on Death Cab for Cutie's website on March 15, 2011.

The first single from the album, "You Are a Tourist", was released on March 29, 2011. The song's music video was their first ever live, scripted, one-take music video shoot: the group streamed a live performance of the music video as it was being recorded on April 5, 2011. The video was accomplished in a single take, using multiple cameras, and no edits or re-takes. The production employed dancers, actors, and projected images. "You Are a Tourist" was also Death Cab for Cutie's first (and to date, only) single to reach number one, topping the Billboard Alternative Songs, Adult Alternative Songs, and Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles charts, as well as reaching number three on the Rock Songs. The band released the video for the song "Home is a Fire" on May 9, 2011, featuring street artist Shepard Fairey plastering lyrics from the song around Los Angeles. "Stay Young, Go Dancing" was released as the second single on September 26, 2011, reaching number 31 on the Alternative Songs chart. "Underneath the Sycamore" was released as the third single on January 10, 2012, but did not chart. Codes and Keys was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 54th Grammy Awards in 2012.

The band was due to play at the Ottawa Bluesfest on July 17, 2011, but the outdoor stage collapsed earlier in the evening after sudden severe weather hit the area. On their website, the band posted: "Our hearts go out to those that were injured and we are so thankful that no one was killed."

In 2012, the band toured across the globe, starting in Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia. In April and May, the band toured in the United States with members of the Magik*Magik Orchestra, who collaborated on tracks on Codes and Keys. After headlining the inaugural Bunbury Music Festival in Cincinnati, the band played summer festivals in Europe.

Departure of Walla and Kintsugi (2013–2016)

On October 11, 2013, they began working on their eighth studio album, produced by Rich Costey. In an interview with Stereogum, Gibbard said of the new album, "I do think from start to finish it's a much better record than Codes And Keys. If that record turned anybody off, I feel pretty strongly that this one could win them back. There are threads in this one that connect back to our earliest stuff that people love."

As part of the 2014 Record Store Day, the band released its first live album, a vinyl-only double LP recorded during various 2012 tour dates with Magik*Magik Orchestra. Included within the packaging was a code for a digital download of the recording.

On August 13, 2014, after 17 years as a member of Death Cab for Cutie, guitarist and songwriter Chris Walla decided to part ways with the band, with his last performance occurring on September 13, 2014, at the Rifflandia Music Festival in Victoria, British Columbia. In a 2015 interview, Walla explained that he left the band because he found himself uninterested in the music they were working on for Kintsugi.  He critiqued the songs as "flat," none of his ideas seemed to be sticking, and he felt the band needed an infusion of fresh blood; "I was really dissatisfied with where the Death Cab stuff had gotten to when I quit as producer, and that's why I quit." Walla plans to "continue making music, producing records, and erring on the side of benevolence and beauty whenever possible." When asked in an interview about Walla's involvement in the eighth album, McGerr confirmed that Walla "played on everything and has been involved all the way through, even in the mixing. Even though he's played his last show with us, he's still been involved in everything involving this record."

On January 12, 2015, the band officially announced the album, titled Kintsugi, which was released on March 31, 2015. Kintsugi was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album. The band toured Kintsugi across the world through September 2016, with new touring members Dave Depper (guitar/keyboards/backing vocals) and Zac Rae (keyboards/guitar) replacing Walla. The album was the first since Gibbard's highly publicized divorce from actress Zooey Deschanel, which is believed to have been a major influence on several of the album's songs.

In October 2016, the band announced the release of a new standalone single, entitled "Million Dollar Loan". The song, intended to be a protest song against Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump, was released as a part of a campaign entitled 30 Days, 30 Songs , in which a previously unreleased song by a different artist was put out each day. Other artists participating in the project included Aimee Mann, who sang on Gibbard's solo album, as well as My Morning Jacket's Jim James and R.E.M. In a Facebook post about the song, Gibbard mentioned both Depper and Rae as part of the band and contributors to the writing of the song's arrangement, indicating that the two had joined the band on a full-time basis.

Kintsugi, the name of the album, means "(Noun) To repair with gold; The art of repairing metal with gold or silver lacquer and understanding that the piece is more beautiful for having been broken."

Thank You for Today and The Blue EP (2017–2020)

On November 17, 2017, the band announced via Instagram that they had begun work on a new studio album due in 2018. On May 1, 2018, the band published a teaser video indicating an August 2018 release date. On June 12, 2018, the band announced the title of the new album, Thank You for Today, and shared the lead single from the album, "Gold Rush". Following this, on July 19, 2018, "I Dreamt We Spoke Again" was released. "Autumn Love" was the last single to be released on August 1, 2018.

The album was released on August 17, 2018. It is the band's first album without Chris Walla, and the first album to feature Depper and Rae. Lauren Mayberry was also featured on the album, contributing vocals on "Northern Lights". On August 28, 2018, the album ranked No. 1 on the Billboard Top Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts.

On July 29, 2019, the band announced a new EP, The Blue EP, would be released on September 6, 2019. On the same day, they also released the first single from the EP, "Kids in 99", whose lyrics are loosely based on the Olympic pipeline explosion. On 16 August 2019, the EP's second single, "To The Ground" was released.

On December 2, 2020, the band announced that a Bandcamp exclusive EP titled "The Georgia E.P." would be released for 24 hours only on December 4. The album is a collection of covers by artists from Georgia. The proceeds will go to Stacey Abrams organization Fair Fight Action in honor of Georgia voting for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election, as well as the 2020–21 United States Senate election in Georgia and the 2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia.

Asphalt Meadows (2021–present)

The band returned to in-person live performances after 18 months in September 2021, playing shows with Perfume Genius and Deep Sea Diver. On October 29, 2021, the band shared a commemorative 20-year anniversary reissue of The Photo Album which featured studio outtakes, demos and rare recordings.

In February 2022, the band shared their first new music since the release of The Georgia E.P.: A cover of Yoko Ono's "Waiting for the Sunrise", which was recorded as part of Gibbard's curated tribute album to Ono entitled Ocean Child: Songs of Yoko Ono.

On May 5, 2022, the band confirmed that they had finished work on their tenth studio album, which was announced the following week on May 11 as being titled Asphalt Meadows, which was released on September 16. The album's lead single, "Roman Candles", was released on the same day, alongside the announcement of a North American tour with Low and Yo La Tengo.

In fall 2023, the band embarked on an arena tour with Gibbard's other project, The Postal Service, performing both Transatlanticism and Give Up in full to celebrate the albums' 20th anniversaries.

Musical style
Death Cab for Cutie's music has been labeled indie rock, indie pop, emo, and alternative rock.  Death Cab for Cutie's early work on You Can Play These Songs with Chords was described by Rolling Stone as "emotion through its lack of emotion". Pitchfork also remarked that the work on the cassette was "ultra-lo-fi". On Something About Airplanes the band's style remained similar, with some new instrumental work introduced; "flute, synth, or cello" were noted by AllMusic's Nitsuh Abebe. On We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes the band again expanded their use of unorthodox instruments, including organ and glockenspiel. Pitchfork called them a "gentle niche" in the current rock climate, compared with bands such as Modest Mouse and Built to Spill.

Rolling Stone reviewed Transatlanticism and commented that it contained "melodic, melancholy songs about feeling both smart and confused, hopelessly romantic but wary of love." Gibbard's voice was described as "plaintive boy-next-door" Entertainment Weekly commented on the music on Plans, saying "The lush arrangements are long on hothouse organs and pianos, but short on the squirmy guitars and squirrelly beats that, on Gibbard's best work, offset his sweet voice and borderline-maudlin poetics with a sense of emotional danger." The band's music on Plans was described by the Dallas Morning News as "a literate, whispery style, the kind of stuff that normally sounds better in headphones than in large venues".

In an interview with Shave Magazine, Ben Gibbard commented on his song writing saying that he "never sit[s] down to write an album number one. I just kind of sit down and write songs and the theme kind of makes itself apparent. But I would never say I was writing about searching for something as much as just trying to document with every song where I am in that moment when I'm writing that song. If a theme kind of makes itself apparent in a record, it has more to do with the fact that just what's been on my mind recently. So I guess clearly I have been and was and am, but it was never a conscious decision."

Band name
Gibbard took the band name from the song "Death Cab for Cutie", which was written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and recorded by their group the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band. The song is a track on the Bonzo's 1967 debut album, Gorilla, and was performed by them in the Beatles film Magical Mystery Tour. The title was originally that of a story in an old pulp fiction crime magazine that Innes came across in a street market. In a 2011 interview, Gibbard stated, "The name was never supposed to be something that someone was going to reference 15 years on. So yeah, I would absolutely go back and give it a more obvious name."

Members

Current members
 Ben Gibbard – lead vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards (1997–present), bass (1997), drums, percussion (1997, 2000)
 Nick Harmer – bass (1997–present), backing vocals (2008–present), keyboards, organ (2001–2003), guitar (2011–2012)
 Jason McGerr – drums, percussion (2003–present)
 Dave Depper – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016–present; touring musician 2015–2016)
 Zac Rae – keyboards, piano, guitar, backing vocals (2016–present; touring musician 2015–2016)

Former members
 Chris Walla – guitar, piano, keyboards, backing vocals (1997–2014)
 Nathan Good – drums, percussion (1997–1999)
 Jayson Tolzdorf-Larson – drums, percussion (2000)
 Michael Schorr – drums, percussion (2000–2003)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Something About Airplanes (1998)
 We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes (2000)
 The Photo Album (2001)
 Transatlanticism (2003)
 Plans (2005)
 Narrow Stairs (2008)
 Codes and Keys (2011)
 Kintsugi (2015)
 Thank You for Today (2018)
 Asphalt Meadows (2022)

Awards and nominations
Grammy Award

|-
| 2006
| Plans
| Best Alternative Music Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007
| Directions
| Best Long Form Music Video
|
|-
| "I Will Follow You into the Dark"
| Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2009
| "I Will Possess Your Heart"
| Best Rock Song
|
|-
| Narrow Stairs
|rowspan="3"| Best Alternative Music Album
|
|-
| 2010
| The Open Door EP
|
|-
| 2012
| Codes and Keys
|
|-
| 2016
| Kintsugi
| Best Rock Album
|
|}

MTV Video Music Award

|-
|rowspan="2"| 2008
|rowspan="2"| "I Will Possess Your Heart"
| Best Editing (Editor: Aaron Stewart-Ahn and Jeff Buchanan)
|
|-
| Best Cinematography (Director of Photography: Aaron Stewart-Ahn and Shawn Kim)
|
|-
| 2009
| "Grapevine Fires"
| Breakthrough Video
|
|-
| 2011
| "You Are a Tourist"
| Best Art Direction (Art Director: Nick Gould, Tim Nackashi and Anthony Maitz)
|
|}

Notes

References

External links

Death Cab for Cutie at the Internet Archive's Live Music Archive

Alternative rock groups from Washington (state)
Atlantic Records artists
Barsuk Records artists
Indie pop groups from Washington (state)
Indie rock musical groups from Washington (state)
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in Washington (state)
Fierce Panda Records artists
Sub Pop artists
American emo musical groups
Grand Hotel van Cleef Records artists
MTV Video Music Award winners

Death Cab for Cutie


NGC 167 este o galaxie spirală localizată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în anul 1886 de către Francis Leavenworth. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată de către Herbert Alonzo Howe și fotografiată încă o dată în 3 noiembrie 1898 de către DeLisle Stewart.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 166
 NGC 168

Legături externe
 NGC 167 pe WikiSky
 NGC 167 pe spider.seds.org

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1886
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Francis Leavenworth

NGC 167


Ida Farè, née le  et décédée le  à Milan, est une écrivaine et architecte féministe italienne.

Biographie
À partir du printemps 1968, Ida Faré s'implique en politique en rejoignant le mouvement Avanguardia Operaia (Avant-garde ouvrière) dès sa création, une organisation militante ouvriériste léniniste et maoïste. Elle rédige de très nombreux articles dans les journaux Il Manifesto et Il Quotidiano del Nazioni sur la politique, le terrorisme, la santé, la prostitution ou l'environnement avec un point de vue féministe.

Après la fièvre des années 1970, Elle rédige deux essais sur les années de plomb, un sur les femmes activistes et un pour défendre l'innocence de . Elle écrit également deux romans. Elle participe à  l'émission Malafemmina diffusé par Radio Popolare.

Ida Faré est maitresse de conférences d'anthropologie et enseigne l'architecture sociale à l'École polytechnique de Milan. Elle écrit des ouvrages sur l'architecture et le design urbain en tenant compte du point de vue des femmes aussi bien dans les espaces publics que privés. Elle est l'une des fondatrices du groupe Vanda, laboratoire de recherche sur la théorie et les œuvres des femmes en architecture actif de 1990 à 2000.

Principaux livres

Essais
 avec Franca Spirito, Mara e le altre : le donne e la lotta armata, Milano : Feltrinelli, 1979 traduit en français  par Raymonde Coudert Mara et les autres : des femmes et la lutte armée   Paris : des Femmes, 1982 .
L'Ultimo processo : patologia di un'istruttoria : omicidio Coco, imputato Giuliano Naria, Milano : Milano libri, 1980.
 avec Roberto Biorcio et Joan Haim, Massimo Gorla : un gentiluomo comunista : cinquant'anni della nostra storia , Roma : Sinnos, impr. 2005.
 avec Lorenzo Pezzica, Anarchiche : donne ribelli del Novecento, Milano : Shake, 2013.

Romans
La mia signora : romanzo, Milano : SugarCo, 1986
Malamore  	Milano : SugarCo, 1988

Architecture
 avec Nives Ciardi et Cesare Stevan, I luoghi dell'esperienza umana, Milano : CLUP, 1983.
 avec Gisella Bassanini, Il discorso dei luoghi : genesi e avventure dell'ordine moderno, Napoli : Liguori, 1992.
 avec Gisella Bassanini, Architetture del quotidiano : la stanza delle sculture radiose : la casa del qui e ora, Napoli : Liguori, 1995
 avec Sergio Marsicano, Abitare la cura : riflessioni sull'architettura istituzionale, Milano : Angeli, 2002
 avec Silvia Piardi, Nuove specie di spazi, Napoli : Liguori, 2003.
 avec Bianca Bottero et Anna Di Salvo, Architetture del desiderio, Napoli : Liguori, 2011.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Personnalité italienne du XXe siècle
Architecte italien
Féministe italienne
Naissance en janvier 1938
Décès en août 2018
Décès à Milan
Décès à 80 ans

Ida Farè


Velika nagrada Velike Britanije (službeno:2017 Formula 1 Rolex British Grand Prix) utrka je bolida Formule 1. Održana je 16. srpnja 2017. godine na Silverstoneu u Engleskoj. Bila je to deseta utrka sezone 2017.

Sudionici utrke

* Zamjena, treći vozač

Izvještaj
Finac Valtteri Bottas u Mercedesu, odvezao je najbrža vremena u petak na prva dva slobodna treninga. Nakon što je bio najbrži na trećem treningu, Britanac Lewis Hamilton osvojio je prvo startno mjesto. Drugo i treće mjesto pripalo je Kimiju Räikkönenu i Sebastianu Vettelu u Ferrariju. Četvrti je bio Bottas, koji je zbog kazne od pet mjesta na gridu startao deveti. Australac Daniel Ricciardo u Red Bullu, imao je problema s bolidom u trećoj kvalifikacijskoj rundi. Belgijac Stoffel Vandoorne, prvi put ove sezone je bio bolji od momčadskog kolege Fernanda Alonsa. Kvalifikacije su vožene po laganoj kiši.

Hamilton je vodio od početka do kraja i stigao do pete pobjede na ovoj stazi. Start utrke odgođen je za jedan dodatan formacijski krug nakon što je Jolyon Palmer već nakon nekoliko zavoja prakirao svoj bolid pokraj staze zbog problema na pogonskoj jedinici. Vettel je imao loš start, te je izgubio poziciju od Maxa Verstappena, kojeg je kasnije u utrci pretekao kroz bokseve. U prvom krugu došlo je do sudara vozača Toro Rossa, Španjolca Carlosa Sainza i Rusa Daniila Kvyata, nakon čega je Sainz odustao. Bottas, koji se probijao s devetog mjesta na startu, otišao je u boks po promjenu guma nešto kasnije od ostalih, kada se nalazio na drugom mjestu iza Hamiltona. Vratio se na stazu na četvrtom mjestu, a ubrzo je pretekao Vettela. Pred sam kraj utrke, Bottas je sustigao i pretekao Räikkönena koji je zbog problema s prednjom lijevom gumom otišao u boks dva kruga prije kraja utrke. Verstappen je dobio poziv da uđe u boks odmah nakon što je eksplodirala guma Fincu. Samo krug kasnije, Vettelu je također eksplodirala prednja lijeva gume, te je Nijemac u posljednjem krugu s 3. mjesta pao na 7. mjesto. Odličnu utrku odvezao je Ricciardo, koji se nakon starta sa začelja probio nekoliko pozicija naprijed, da bi onda izletio sa staze i ponovo morao krenuti sa samog začelja, utrku završio na 5. mjestu iza momčadskog kolege.

Najbrža vremena treninga

Rezultati kvalifikacija

 — Valtteri Bottas je dobio 5 mjesta kazne zbog promjene mjenjača.
 — Fernando Alonso je dobio 30 mjesta kazne zbog promjene elemenata pogonske jedinice.
 — Daniel Ricciardo je dobio 15 mjesta kazne zbog promjene mjenjača i dijelova motora.

Rezultati utrke

 – Jolyon Palmer je odustao u formacijskom krugu i nije startao utrku.

Zanimljivosti

Vozači
 57. pobjeda za Lewisa Hamiltona.
 67. najbolja startna pozicija za Lewisa Hamiltona.
 16. postolje za Valtterija Bottasa.
 87. postolje za Kimija Räikkönena.

Konstruktori
 70. pobjeda za Mercedes.
 81. najbolja startna pozicija za Mercedes.

Ukupan poredak nakon 10 od 20 utrka

 Velika nagrada Austrije 2017. - Prošla utrka ← Formula 1 – sezona 2017. → Sljedeća utrka -  Velika nagrada Mađarske 2017.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 2017 British Grand Prix StatsF1

Velika Britanija-2017
Velika Britanija

Velika nagrada Velike Britanije 2017.