Idar-Oberstein () is a town in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As a Große kreisangehörige Stadt (large city belonging to a district), it assumes some of the responsibilities that for smaller municipalities in the district are assumed by the district administration. Today's town of Idar-Oberstein is the product of two rounds of administrative reform, one in 1933 and the other in 1969, which saw many municipalities amalgamated into one. The various Stadtteile have, however, retained their original identities, which, aside from the somewhat more urban character encountered in Idar and Oberstein, tend to hark back to each centre's history as a rural village. Idar-Oberstein is known as a gemstone town, and also as a garrison town. It is also the largest town in the Hunsrück.

Geography
The town lies on the southern edge of the Hunsrück on both sides of the river Nahe.

Constituent communities
The following are the divisions within the town of Idar-Oberstein as of 31 December 2015:

Centres merged in 1933 administrative reform
 Oberstein (7,834 inhabitants)
 Idar (7,897 inhabitants)
 Tiefenstein (2,489 inhabitants)
 Algenrodt (1,846 inhabitants)
Total population: 20,066

Centres merged in 1969 administrative reform
 Göttschied (2,928 inhabitants)
 Weierbach (2,536 inhabitants; area 751.6 ha)
 Nahbollenbach (1,899 inhabitants; area 821.7 ha)
 Mittelbollenbach (1,060 inhabitants; area 360.9 ha)
 Kirchenbollenbach (787 inhabitants; area 227.5 ha)
 Regulshausen (874 inhabitants)
 Enzweiler (686 inhabitants)
 Georg-Weierbach (661 inhabitants)
 Hammerstein (504 inhabitants; area 217.5 ha)
Total population: 11,935

Climate
Yearly precipitation in Idar-Oberstein amounts to 774 mm, falling into the middle third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. At 57% of the German Weather Service's weather stations, lower figures are recorded. The driest month is April. The most rainfall comes in December. In that month, precipitation is 1.6 times what it is in April. Precipitation hardly varies at all and is evenly spread throughout the year. At only 13% of the weather stations are lower seasonal swings recorded.

History

The territorial history of Idar-Oberstein's individual centres is marked by a considerable splintering of lordly domains in the local area. Only in Napoleonic times, beginning in 1794, with its reorganization and merging of various territorial units, was some order brought to the traditional mishmash of local lordships. However, shortly thereafter, the Congress of Vienna brought the future town division once again, as the river Nahe became a border, and the centres on its north bank were thereby grouped into the Principality of Birkenfeld, an exclave of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, most of whose territory was in what is now northwest Germany, with a coastline on the North Sea.

The towns of Idar and Oberstein belonged to the Barons of Daun-Oberstein (who later became the Counts of Falkenstein) until 1670. In 1865, both Idar and Oberstein were granted town rights, and finally in 1933, they were forcibly united (along with the municipalities of Algenrodt and Tiefenstein) by the Nazis to form the modern town of Idar-Oberstein.

History up to French reorganization beginning in 1794
The constituent community of Oberstein grew out of the Imperially immediate Lordship of Oberstein. The Herren vom Stein ("Lords of the Stone") had their first documentary mention in 1075. Their seat was at Castle Bosselstein, now known as the Altes Schloss ("Old Palatial Castle"), above the cliff where the Felsenkirche ("Rock Church") - itself mentioned as early as the 12th century - would later be built. The core of the area over which the lordship held sway was framed by the rivers Nahe, Idarbach, Göttenbach and Ringelbach. After 1323, the Lords of the Stone styled themselves "von Daun-Oberstein", and managed to considerably expand their domain even into lands south of the Nahe and into the Idarbann. As the lordly seat with its castle and fortifications – remnants of the old town wall built about 1410 can still be seen – Oberstein developed the characteristics of a town, however without ever earning the legal status of a market town (Flecken). In 1682, the Counts of Leiningen-Heidesheim, and in 1766 the Counts of Limburg-Styrum, became the owners of the Lordship of Oberstein, which largely shrank back to the above-mentioned lordly core after the Idarbann was ceded to the "Hinder" County of Sponheim in 1771. In 1776, the Margraves of Baden became the owners of the Lordship after the "Hinder" County of Sponheim was partitioned.

It is known from archaeological finds that human settlement in what is now Idar goes back to the very earliest times. The constituent community of Idar on the Nahe's right bank belonged, as did the villages of Enzweiler, Algenrodt, Mackenrodt, Hettenrodt, Hettstein, Obertiefenbach and Kirschweiler, to the Idarbann. This area belonged mostly to the Lords of Oberstein, and it therefore shares a history with Oberstein; however, in some centres, notably Tiefenbach and Kirschweiler, some estates and rights were held by other lords, such as the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves and Tholey Abbey.

The constituent community of Tiefenstein arose from the merger of the villages of Tiefenbach and Hettstein in 1909. This Idarbann community's territorial history is the same as Idar's and Oberstein's. Tiefenbach was mentioned as an estate in a 1283 document; a further documentary mention from 1051 cannot be related to the village with any certainty. Hettstein was mentioned as Henzestein or Hezerten in 1321 and had among its inhabitants Waldgravial subjects.

The village of Algenrodt had its first certain documentary mention as Alekenrod in a 1321 Oberstein enfeoffment document. In 1324, the Lords of Oberstein pledged it to the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves of Kyrburg. But for this, Algenrodt shares a history with the other Idarbann communities.

Enzweiler boasts traces of human habitation going back to Roman times. In 1276, Tholey Abbey owned a mill near Enzweiler. The village itself might have arisen in the 14th century, and it was always part of the Idarbann.

The village of Georg-Weierbach north of the Nahe, built in a way resembling terraces on land that falls steeply towards the river, likely goes back to the foundation of a church by Archbishop of Mainz Hatto II in the 10th century. In the 11th century, the village was mentioned in connection with the Lords of Wirebach (that is, Weierbach). In 1327, the village, which was for a short time held by the Lords of Randeck, was largely sold off to the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves and grouped into the Amt of Kyrburg. The form "Georg-Weierbach" stems from the church's patron saint.

Göttschied, which had its first documentary mention in 1271, belonged together with Regulshausen, Gerach and Hintertiefenbach to Mettlach Abbey. These four villages were therefore known as the Abteidörfer ("abbey villages"), and in 1561, they were sold to the "Hinder" County of Sponheim.

Hamerzwiller (nowadays called Hammerstein) was mentioned in 1438 in a taxation book kept by the County of Sponheim, and had been held by the "Hinder" County of Sponheim as early as 1269, when that county enfeoffed the Counts of Schwarzenberg with it.

Regarded as the origin of the village of Kirchenbollenbach is the foundation of a church by Archbishop of Mainz Willigis sometime after 975. The earliest documentary evidence of the village goes back to 1128 when it was called Bolinbach. It is first known to have been a fief held by the Lords of Schwarzenberg from the Counts of Zweibrücken, whereafter it passed in 1595 to the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves of Kirn. One local peculiarity here was that a Catholic sideline of the otherwise mainly Protestant Rhinegraves ended up holding sway in Kirchenbollenbach, and under Prince Johann Dominik of Salm-Kyrburg, this line not only founded a new Catholic parish but also introduced a simultaneum at the local church.

The foundation stone of today's village of Mittelbollenbach is said to be the estate of Bollenbach, which was mentioned in 1283 as a holding of the Lords of Oberstein in the area of the Winterhauch woodland. In 1432, the Dukes of Lorraine were enfeoffed with Nahbollenbach and Mittelbollenbach, which in the wake of the death of the last Lord of Oberstein led to bitter arguments over the complicated inheritance arrangements. Only in 1778 did Lorraine finally relinquish its claims in Electoral Trier's favour.

Until 1667, Nahbollenbach and Mittelbollenbach shared the same history. Then, Nahbollenbach was acknowledged by Lorraine as an allodial holding of Oberstein, although beginning in 1682 it was an Electoral-Trier fief held by Oberstein.

The "abbey village" of Regulshausen belonged to Mettlach Abbey, who sold it in 1561 to the "Hinder" County of Sponheim. The oldest documentary mention comes from 1491.

The village of Weierbach – not to be confused with Georg-Weierbach mentioned above – had its first documentary mention in 1232 as Weygherbach, and belonged to the Amt of Naumburg in the "Further" County of Sponheim, which itself was later held by the Margraves of Baden, which gave the village its onetime alternative name, Baden-Weierbach. The oft-used other alternative name, Martin-Weierbach, stems from the church's patron saint.

French, Oldenburg and Prussian times
After the French dissolved all the old lordships, they introduced a sweeping reorganization of territorial (and social) structure beginning in 1794. The whole area belonged to the arrondissement of Birkenfeld in the Department of Sarre. Until 1814, this was French territory. The introduction of the Code civil des Français, justice reform and, foremost, the abolition of the noble and clerical classes with the attendant end to compulsory labour and other duties formerly owed the now powerless lords quickly made French rule popular. However, there was quite a heavy tax burden imposed by the new rulers, and there was also continuing conscription of men into the French army. Both of these things weighed heavily on France's Rhineland citizens.

After Napoleonic rule ended, the area was restructured. On the grounds of Article 25 of the concluding acts of the Congress of Vienna, the northern part of the Department of Sarre was at first given to the Kingdom of Prussia in June 1815.

Since Prussia was obliged under the terms of the 1815 Treaty of Paris to cede an area out of this parcel containing 69,000 inhabitants to other powers – 20,000 souls each to Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the Duke of Oldenburg, along with smaller cessions to smaller princes – and since this had also been reconfirmed in Article 49 of the concluding acts of the Congress of Vienna, the region underwent further territorial division.

The villages south of the Nahe – Hammerstein, Kirchenbollenbach, Mittelbollenbach, Nahbollenbach and Martin-Weierbach – were therefore transferred in 1816 to the Principality of Lichtenberg, held by the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The Dukes were not satisfied with this territorial gain, and for their part, the people in the territory were not satisfied with their new rulers. In 1834, the area was sold for two million Thaler to Prussia and made into the Sankt Wendel district. Later, after the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles stipulated, among other things, that 26 of the Sankt Wendel district's 94 municipalities had to be ceded to the British- and French-occupied Saar. The remaining 68 municipalities then bore the designation "Restkreis St. Wendel-Baumholder", with the first syllable of Restkreis having the same meaning as in English, in the sense of "left over". The Prussians were themselves not well liked leaders, as they sometimes imposed their order with military might. They were known, and hated, for, among other things, putting a protest rally of the Hambach Festival in Sankt Wendel in May 1832, complete with a liberty pole in the Napoleonic tradition, to an end using military force, after Coburg had called on Prussia for help in the matter.

Idar, Oberstein, Tiefenstein, Algenrodt, Enzweiler, Georg-Weierbach, Göttschied, Enzweiler and Regulshausen became on 16 April 1817 part of the newly created Principality of Birkenfeld. They also became the Amt of Oberstein, which comprised the Bürgermeistereien ("Mayoralties") of Herrstein, Oberstein and Fischbach. French law was allowed to stand. The Duke did, however, issue a Staatsgrundgesetz ("Basic State Law") with which the people were not in agreement, because they would rather have stayed with Prussia. This continued work on the patchwork quilt of little states covering Germany was judged very critically in Idar and Oberstein, whereas Birkenfeld, which had as a result of the new political arrangement been raised to residence town, found little to complain about. The jewellery industry there, which even by this time had become national, perhaps international in scope, and indeed the jewel dealers themselves, who now found themselves living in a little provincially oriented town, perceived the new arrangement, though, as a backward step, particularly so after the years that France had ruled. It had had its worldly metropolis of Paris with its good business. The dealers, therefore, tried energetically, but without success, to have their land reannexed to Prussia. On the other hand, the Oldenburgers quickly managed to make themselves popular among the people by installing an unselfish government that established an independent judiciary and introducing various programmes that favoured farmers and the economy. A well regulated school system – in 1830, a public school was built in Oberstein – and the temporary suspension of military conscription only helped to support this positive picture. Roads were expanded and a postal coach service (for persons, bulk mailings and bulky goods) was set up. A further economic upswing was brought by the building of the Nahe Valley Railway, especially when the stretch from Bad Kreuznach to Oberstein opened on 15 December 1859.

Since the First World War
When the First World War ended, Grand Duke Friedrich August of Oldenburg abdicated, whereupon the Landesteil (literally "country part") of Birkenfeld in the Free State of Oldenburg arose from the old principality. This Landesteil, along with the whole Rhineland, was occupied by the French on 4 December 1918. They did not withdraw until 30 June 1930.

At the Oldenburg Landtag elections in 1931, the NSDAP received more than 37% of the votes cast, but could not form the government. After the Nazis had first given up a declaration of tolerance for the existing government, they were then soon demanding that the Landtag be dissolved. Since this was not forthcoming, the Nazis filed suit for a referendum, and they got their way. This resulted in dissolution on 17 April 1932. In the ensuing new elections on 20 May, the Nazis won 48.38% of the popular vote, and thereby took 24 of the 46 seats in the Landtag, which gave them an absolute majority. In Idar, which was then still a self-governing town, the National Socialists received more than 70% of the votes cast. They could thereby already govern, at least in Oldenburg, with endorsement by the German National People's Party, which had two seats at its disposal, even before Adolf Hitler's official seizure of power in 1933. One of the new government's first initiatives was administrative reform for Oldenburg, which was followed on 27 April 1933 by the similar Gesetz zur Vereinfachung und Verbilligung der Verwaltung ("Law for simplifying administration and reducing its cost") for the Landesteil of Birkenfeld. Through this new law, 18 formerly self-administering municipalities were amalgamated; this included the self-administering towns (having been granted town rights in 1865) of Idar and Oberstein, which were amalgamated with each other and also with the municipalities of Algenrodt and Tiefenstein to form the new town of Idar-Oberstein. The law foreshadowed what was to come: It would be applied within a few weeks, without further discussion or participation, to the exclusion of the public and against the will of municipalities, who had not even been asked whether they wanted it, to places such as Herrstein and Oberwörresbach, Rötsweiler and Nockenthal, or Hoppstädten and Weiersbach. The restructuring also afforded the Nazis an opportunity to get rid of some "undesirables"; under Kreisleiter (district leader) Wild from Idar, all significant public positions were held until Hitler's downfall by Nazis.

In 1937, on the basis of the Greater Hamburg Act, the Landesteil of Birkenfeld was dissolved and transferred together with the "Restkreis St. Wendel-Baumholder" to the Prussian district of Birkenfeld, a deed which put all of what are today Idar-Oberstein's constituent communities in the same district.

After the Second World War, along with the whole district, the town's whole municipal area passed to the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

On 1 April 1960, the town of Idar-Oberstein was declared a Große kreisangehörige Stadt (large town belonging to a district) by the state government, after the town itself had applied for the status.

Idar-Oberstein amalgamation

Amalgamations
In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate, nine surrounding municipalities were amalgamated with Idar-Oberstein. On 7 June 1969, the municipalities of Enzweiler, Göttschied, Hammerstein and Regulshausen were amalgamated, and on 7 November 1970 they were followed by Georg-Weierbach, Kirchenbollenbach, Mittelbollenbach, Nahbollenbach and Weierbach.

Before the administrative restructuring, there were extensive, sometimes behind-closed-doors talks by the then mayor of Idar-Oberstein, Dr. Wittmann, with offers of negotiation to all together 22 municipalities in the surrounding area. One of the reasons for this was a tendency that had been noted for people from Idar-Oberstein to move out of town to the surrounding municipalities, which were opening up extensive new building areas – among others Göttschied, Rötsweiler-Nockenthal and Kirschweiler – whereas within the town itself, given the problematic lie of the land, there were hardly any. The same problem saw to it that there was a dearth of land for industrial location. Surprising was the desire expressed by Weierbach, which came without one of Idar-Oberstein's initiatives, to join the new greater town, for at the time, Weierbach did not even border on the town, and Weierbach itself was then foreseen as the future nucleus of its own greater municipality, or perhaps even town, together with the municipalities of Fischbach, Georg-Weierbach and Bollenbach, which would have been amalgamated with this municipality had the original plan come about.

With the exception of Georg-Weierbach, the proposal to amalgamate these villages with the town of Idar-Oberstein had notable majorities, either in the villages themselves or on their councils, in favour of dissolving their respective municipalities and then merging with the town. Nevertheless, bitter discussions and even administrative legal disputes arose in the former Amt of Weierbach, which was now bereft of its core municipalities. In April 1970, the Amt of Weierbach lodged a constitutional grievance with the Verfassungsgerichtshof Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate Constitutional Court), which ruled on 8 July 1970 that the state law for administrative simplification in Rhineland-Palatinate was in parts unconstitutional. The right to self-administration of the Amt of Weierbach, it furthermore ruled, was being infringed, and the municipal league's vitality was being jeopardized. Thus, Weierbach, Georg-Weierbach, Nahbollenbach, Mittelbollenbach and Kirchenbollenbach were, with immediate effect, demerged from the town and reinstated as self-administering municipalities. After bitter arguments between the town of Idar-Oberstein together with the amalgamation supporters on the one side and the Amt of Weierbach together with the amalgamation opponents on the other, who promoted their views in demonstrations, at gatherings and in letter duels in newspaper correspondence pages, a poll was taken in early September 1970 with a vote in the Amt of Weierbach. The results favoured the state of affairs that had existed before the constitutional court's ruling with almost 80% of the vote in favour of amalgamation, whereas the remaining municipalities in the Amt of Weierbach, namely Sien, Sienhachenbach, Schmidthachenbach, Fischbach, Zaubach (a village that vanished in the late 20th century) and Dickesbach, returned a vote of roughly 95% in favour of keeping the Amt of Weierbach.

With this expansion of the town, the centres of gravity in the Birkenfeld district had been shifted considerably. Idar-Oberstein could further grow as a middle centre: the educational facilities were expanded (Realschule, Heinzenwies-Gymnasium), new building developments could be opened up (especially in Göttschied, Regulshausen and Weierbach), land was available for a new hospital building and there was room, too, for industrial and commercial operations to locate.

Since Idar-Oberstein had not only a good general infrastructure but also, after the Steinbach Reservoir was brought into service, a more than adequate water supply, the option of amalgamating themselves with the town became attractive to many further municipalities. On the initiative of Mayor Wittmann, who had a survey done by an Osnabrück planning bureau on the town's relationship with 25 other neighbouring municipalities, town council decided to promote the "unconditional amalgamation" of the municipalities of Fischbach, Dickesbach, Zaubach, Mittelreidenbach, Oberreidenbach, Schmidthachenbach, Sienhachenbach, Sien, Hintertiefenbach and Vollmersbach. The municipalities of Rötsweiler-Nockenthal, Siesbach, Gerach, Veitsrodt, Kirschweiler, Hettenrodt and Mackenrodt were each to receive an offer of amalgamation. The district administration in Birkenfeld then got involved, and it was decided by the district assembly (Kreistag) that Idar-Oberstein's amalgamation policy, which was deemed to be reckless, should be censured. Since a certain disenchantment with all these amalgamations had meanwhile set in both in the outlying centres and in the town of Idar-Oberstein itself, all further initiatives either got nowhere or were shelved.

Schinderhannes
Idar-Oberstein has its connections with the notorious outlaw Johannes Bückler (1777–1803), commonly known as Schinderhannes. His parents lived in Idar around 1790, and Oberstein was the scene of one of his earliest misdeeds in 1796. He spent a whole Louis d'or on drinks at an inn. He had stolen it from an innkeeper named Koch from Veitsrodt who had meant to use it to buy brandy.

Schinderhannes's sweetheart, Juliana Blasius (1781–1851), known as "Julchen", came from Idar-Oberstein's outlying centre of Weierbach. She spent her childhood with her father and elder sister Margarethe as a "bench singer" and a fiddler at markets and church fêtes. At Easter 1800, Schinderhannes saw "Julchen" for the first time at the Wickenhof, a now vanished hamlet near Kirn, where the 19-year-old danced. Their relationship yielded a daughter and a son, Franz Wilhelm. After Schinderhannes was beheaded for his crimes in 1803, Juliana married first a gendarme, with whom she had seven children, and then after his death a livestock herder and day labourer.

The Legend of the Felsenkirche ("Crag Church")

According to legend, there were two noble brothers, Wyrich and Emich, who both fell in love with a beautiful girl named Bertha. The brothers lived at Castle Bosselstein, which stood atop a 135 m-high hill. Bertha was from a noble line that occupied the nearby Lichtenburg Castle.

Neither brother was aware of the other's feelings for Bertha. When Wyrich, the elder brother, was away on some unknown business, Emich succeeded in securing Bertha's affections and, subsequently, married her. When Emich announced the news to his brother, Wyrich's temper got the better of him. In the heat of the moment, he hurled his brother out of a window of the castle and sent him to his death on the rocks below.

Wyrich was almost immediately filled with remorse. With the counsel of a local abbot, he began a long period of penance. At this time, Bertha disappears from the historical record. Many romantics feel that she died of a broken heart.

As Wyrich waited for a heavenly sign showing that he was forgiven, the abbot suggested that he build a church on the exact place where his brother died. Wyrich worked and prayed himself into exhaustion. However, the moment the church was completed, he received his sign: a miraculous spring opened up in the church.

Wyrich died soon after this. When the local bishop came to consecrate the new church, he found the noble lord dead on its steps. Wyrich was later placed in the same tomb with his brother.

Emigration and gemstones
Idar-Oberstein is known as a gemstone centre. Until the 18th century, the area was a source for agate and jasper. A combination of low-cost labour and energy helped the gemstone-working industry flourish. The river Nahe provided free water power for the cutting and polishing machines at the mills.

In the 18th century, though, gemstone finds in the Hunsrück were dwindling, making life harder for the local people. Many left to try their luck abroad. Some went as far as Brazil, where they found that gemstones could be recovered from open-pit mines or even found in rivers and streams. The locally common tradition of preparing meat over an open fire, churrasco, was also adopted by the newcomers and even found its way back to their homeland by way of gemstone shipping. Agate nodules were shipped back as ballast on empty vessels that had offloaded cargo in Brazil. The cheap agates were then transported to Idar-Oberstein.

In the early 19th century, many people were driven out of the local area by hunger and also went to South America. In 1827, emigrants from Idar-Oberstein discovered the world's most important agate deposit in Brazil's state of Rio Grande do Sul. As early as 1834, the first delivery of agate from Rio Grande do Sul had been made to Idar-Oberstein. The Brazilian agate exhibited very even layers, much evener that those seen in the local agates. This made them especially good for making engraved gems. Using locals' technical knowledge of chemical dyes, the industry grew bigger than ever at the turn of the 20th century.

After the Second World War, the region had to redefine itself once more, and it developed into a leading hub in the trade of gemstones from Brazil and Africa. That in turn provided local artists with a large selection of material and the region experienced a "third boom" as a gemstone centre. More recently, however, competition from Thailand and India has hit the region hard.

Politics

Town council
The council is made up of 40 honorary council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 25 May 2014, and the full-time mayor (Oberbürgermeister) as chairman.

The municipal election held on 25 May 2014 yielded the following results:

Mayors
Ever since the state government declared the town of Idar-Oberstein a Große kreisangehörige Stadt (large town belonging to a district) on 1 April 1960, the town's mayor has borne the official title of Oberbürgermeister.

Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: Im halbrunden silbernen Schild befindet sich ein aufgerichteter roter Forsthaken, begleitet im rechten Obereck von einer sechsblättrigen roten Rose mit goldenem Kelch und grünen Kelchblättern, links unten von einer roten Eichel.

The town's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Argent a cramp palewise sinister with a crossbar gules between in dexter chief a rose foiled of six of the second barbed and seeded proper and in sinister base an acorn slipped palewise of the second.

The charges are drawn from coats of arms formerly borne by both Idar and Oberstein before the two towns were merged in 1933. The current arms were approved by the Oldenburg Ministry of State for the Interior. The arms have been borne since 10 July 1934.

Twin towns – sister cities

Idar-Oberstein is twinned with:

 Achicourt, France (1966)
 Les Mureaux, France (1971)
 Margate, United Kingdom (1981)
 Turnov, Czech Republic (2006)
 Sosnowiec, Poland (2011)

Culture and sightseeing

Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments:

Idar-Oberstein (main centre)

 Burg Oberstein, so-called Neues Schloss ("New Palatial Castle"; see also below) – first mention 1336, expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries; 1855 roof frame and interior destroyed by fire; originally a triangular complex; in the centre remnants of dwellings, among others the so-called Kaminbau ("Fireplace Building") and the Esel-bück-dich-Turm ("Ass-stoop-down Tower"), both Gothic; of the bailey, possibly built later, remnants of the three towers
 Burg Stein or Bosselstein, so-called Altes Schloss ("Old Palatial Castle"), above the Felsenkirche (see also below) – first mention 1197, from the 15th century incorporated into the town fortifications, a ruin no later than the 18th century; in the northwest at the entrance and in the southwest of the girding wall remnants of dwellings, round keep
 Former Evangelical parish church, so-called Felsenkirche ("Crag Church"), Kirchweg (see also below) – on an irregular floor plan, built into a crag in 1482–1484, renovation of the Late Gothic vaulting with barrel vaulting, 1742, alteration to the tower roof, 1858, master builder Weyer, thorough renovation, 1927–1929, architect Wilhelm Heilig, Langen; polyptych altar from late 14th century, ascribed to the Master of the Mainz Mocking
 Evangelical parish church, Hauptstraße (see also below) – formerly St. Peter and Paul, cross-shaped aisleless church, 1751, expansion with transept 1894-1894, conversion 1955/1956, architect Hans Rost, Würzburg; Romanesque west tower (1114?), Baroque roof, possibly from 1712; gravestone M. C. Hauth, about 1742; in the graveyard a memorial to those who fell in the First World War
 Town fortifications – walling of Oberstein, incorporating the Felsenkirche, built of coarse volcanic rock, on the inside supported by buttresses, arose in 15th and 16th centuries; preserved parts: on the church hill halfway up to the Felsenkirche, tower Im Gebück (a lane) above Hauptstraße 476
 At Alte Gasse 5 – coat of arms of the former Imperial post office, 19th century
 Amtsstraße 2 – hospital and convent; three-floor Gothic Revival brick building, side risalto with chapel, 1900
 Austraße 6 – villa-style house with mansard roof, Renaissance Revival, two-floor conservatory, late 19th century
 Bahnhofstraße 1 – former "Centralhotel"; three-floor Historicist Revival corner building, echoes of Art Nouveau, 1905–1907, architects Gerhards & Hassert
 Bahnhofstraße 3 – sophisticated corner house, three-floor Baroque Revival building with mansard roof, echoes of Art Nouveau, 1908/1909, architect Hans Best, Kreuznach
 Klotzbergkaserne ("Klotzberg Barracks"), Berliner Straße, Bleidornplatz, Juterbogstraße, Klotzbergstraße, Ostpreußenstraße, Pestmüllerring, Pommernstraße (monumental zone) – barracks for two infantry battalions built in the course of Idar-Oberstein's expansion into a garrison town during the Third Reich, buildings on terraced lands grouped about several yards and stairwells with staff buildings, houses for men, riding hall, partly quarrystone, 1936–1938; characterizes town's appearance
 At Bismarckstraße 12 – stucco decoration on a residential and commercial house, about 1905
 Bismarckstraße 53 – Baroque Revival villa with mansard roof, 1910
 Dietzenstraße 30 – villa-style house with hipped roof, about 1910; characterizes town's appearance
 Dietzenstraße 34 – picturesque-rustic villa, early 20th century
 Dietzenstraße 55 – residential and commercial house with several floors, Classicist Revival-Baroque Revival building with mansard roof, 1926
 Dr.-Liesegang-Straße 1 – former commercial hall; building of red brick framed with yellow sandstone, 1894/1895
 Dr.-Liesegang-Straße 3 – representative house, Art Nouveau motifs, about 1905; characterizes streetscape's appearance together with no. 5
 Dr.-Liesegang-Straße 4 – cube-shaped villa with hipped roof, 1924
 Finsterheckstraße – water cistern, two-floor tower-type housing, rusticated, 1900
 Forststraße – memorial cross for Anne Freiin (Baroness) von Schorlemer, about 1905 (?); memorial stone, 1930
 Forststraße 26 – former hunting lodge; sophisticated country house in alternating materials typical of the time, last fourth of the 19th century
 Friedrich-Ebert-Ring 8 – picturesque-representative villa, 1903
 Friedrich-Ebert-Ring 10 – sophisticated villa, begun 1911, architect Julius Schneider
 Friedrich-Ebert-Ring 12–18 (monumental zone) – three sophisticated apartment blocks for French officers, 1922–1924, government master builder Metz; middle building, flanked by buildings with gable fronts that penetrate each other
 Friedrich-Ebert-Ring 59–65 (monumental zone) – four similar multi-family dwellings; three-floor cube-shaped buildings with hipped roofs on a retaining wall, 1924
 Georg-Maus-Straße 2 – former Schillerschule; mighty Baroque Revival housing, towards the back open like a cour d'honneur, 1908–1911, town master builder Müller; characterizes town's appearance
 Hasenklopp 6 – palatial castle-type complex, Baroque Revival building with mansard roof, garden pavilion, swung retaining wall, 1921–1923, architect Paul Schultze-Naumburg
 Hauptstraße 260–274 (even numbers), Naßheckstraße 1, 3 (monumental zone) – group of villas, individually characterized buildings, some with great garden complexes, towards Naßheck smaller houses, many original enclosing fences, about 1905
 Hauptstraße 48 – corner residential and commercial house, iron framing with brickwork outside, Burbach Ironworks; characterizes streetscape's appearance
 Hauptstraße 70 – former schoolhouse; three-floor cube-shaped building with hipped roof, so-called Oldenburg Late Classicism, 1856/1857, architect Peter Reinhard Casten, Birkenfeld; triangular gable after 1900, portal with balcony after 1933; characterizes town's appearance
 At Hauptstraße 71 – stuccoed façade, 1922, of a three-floor residential and commercial house from 1888
 Hauptstraße 72 – representative three-floor house, Renaissance Revival motifs, in the back stable and barn, 1863/1864
 Hauptstraße 76 – four-floor residential and commercial house, New Objectivity, 1931, architect Johannes Weiler, Cologne
 Hauptstraße 78 – representative Historicist residential and commercial house, 1900, architect Hubert Himmes, Idar-Oberstein
 Hauptstraße 103 and 105 – house with mansard roof, 1852, remodellings in 1890 and 1905; in the back commercial building, 1912; whole complex in subdued Baroque Revival forms
 Hauptstraße 108 – lordly villa, Renaissance Revival motifs with Classicist tendencies, French country house style, 1870/1871, architect Louis Purper, Paris; in the back commercial buildings
 Hauptstraße 118 (see also below) – representative Renaissance Revival villa, 1894; nowadays the Deutsches Edelsteinmuseum (German Gemstone Museum)
 Hauptstraße 123 – representative villa with hipped roof, Art Nouveau décor, 1901, architect Hans Weszkalnys, Saarbrücken
 Hauptstraße 126 – representative residential and commercial house, possibly from the 1890s; in the gateway clay reliefs
 At Hauptstraße 129 – stately Gothic Revival entrance gate
 Hauptstraße 135 – villalike house, building of red brick framed with yellow sandstone, Renaissance Revival and Baroque Revival motifs, possibly about 1890
 Hauptstraße 143 – mighty three-floor house with mansard roof, 1910; characterizes town's appearance
 Hauptstraße 145 – three-floor Historicist house, building of red brick framed with yellow sandstone, Renaissance Revival and Art Nouveau motifs
 Hauptstraße 147 – three-floor representative house, Baroque Revival, Louis XVI (early French Neoclassical) and Art Nouveau motifs, 1908
 Hauptstraße 148 – three-floor sophisticated house, Baroque Revival building with mansard roof, about 1900; whole complex with factory building and a further house in the back from 1910/1911
 Hauptstraße 149 – former "Hotel Fürstenhof"; red-brick building with plastered areas, Art Nouveau décor; 1904
 Hauptstraße 150 – small, elaborately shaped house, third fourth of the 19th century
 Hauptstraße 151 – house with entrance loggia, mansard roof, about 1910
 Hauptstraße 153 – picturesque-rustic villa, Gothic Revival motifs, about 1900
 Hauptstraße 155 – representative Renaissance Revival villa, 1894/1895, architect Massing, Trier
 Hauptstraße 156 – two-and-a-half-floor representative house, 1870/1871 and 1889
 Hauptstraße 162 – villalike house, 1893, architect Wilhelm Müller, Frankfurt; conversion 1929, architect Johannes Weiler, Cologne; wooden gazebo, lookout tower
 Hauptstraße 163 – Art Nouveau house, marked 1902, architect Hubert Himmes, Idar-Oberstein
 Hauptstraße 177 – house, Expressionistically varied Art Nouveau motifs, marked 1927/1928, architect Johannes Weiler, Cologne
 Hauptstraße 185 – bungalow, Expressionist motifs, 1923, architect Johannes Weiler, Cologne
 Hauptstraße 192 – picturesque-rustic villa, 1905; characterizes town's appearance
 Hauptstraße 194 – villa with mansard roof, 1911, architect Paul Schultze-Naumburg; characterizes town's appearance
 Hauptstraße 248 – country-house-style house with mansard roof, 1911, architect Georg Küchler, Darmstadt
 Near Hauptstraße 260 – unusual Art Nouveau fencing, 1904
 Hauptstraße 264 – sandstone villa with asymmetrical floor plan, Gothic Revival and Art Nouveau motifs, about 1905; décor
 Hauptstraße 270 – rustic villa, volcanic rock, sandstone, timber-frame, glazed brick, about 1905
 Hauptstraße 274 – villalike house, picturesquely nested plastered building with knee wall, 1905
 Hauptstraße 289 – meeting building of the lodge at the Felsentempel; symmetrically divided plastered building, Art Nouveau décor, 1906
 Hauptstraße 291 – house, sandstone-framed brick building with timber-frame parts, towards late 19th century, architect possibly Max Jager; conversion 1909 and 1914
 Hauptstraße 313 – bungalow with mansard roof, rustic and Expressionist motifs, 1923/1924, architect Julius Schneider; décor
 Hauptstraße 330 – corner house, 1882, architect R. Goering; décor
 Hauptstraße 332 – corner house, Classicist and Renaissance Revival motifs, third fourth of the 19th century
 Hauptstraße 337/339 – three-floor double house with mansard roofs, 1910/1911, architect Johannes Ranly, Oberstein
 Hauptstraße 338 – former Imperial post office, so-called Alte Post; mighty, three- and four-floor three-winged building with bell-shaped and timber-frame gables, 1910–1912, architect Postal Building Adviser Neufeldt; characterizes square's appearance
 Hauptstraße 342/344 – double house, red sandstone building with mansard roof, Late Gothic and Art Nouveau motifs, 1900, architect Hubert Himmes, Idar-Oberstein
 Hauptstraße 385 – plastered building, echoes of Swiss chalet style with Baroque elements, 1950, architect Julius Schneider; built-in shop from time of building
 Hauptstraße 386 – former Pielmeyer department store; three-floor building with mansard roof, Louis XVI and Art Nouveau motifs, about 1905, architects Gerhards & Hassert; characterizes streetscape's appearance
 Hauptstraße 391 – Renaissance Revival façade of a residential and commercial house, 1890; characterizes streetscape's appearance
 Hauptstraße 412/414 – Baroque double house with timber-frame gable, marked 1702
 Hauptstraße 417 – three-floor residential and commercial house, Art Nouveau motifs, 1906, architect Max Jager; characterizes square's appearance
 (an) Hauptstraße 418 – elaborate façade décor, Art Nouveau with Baroque elements, about 1905
 Hauptstraße 432 – three-floor timber-frame building, partly solid, late 16th century, conversion 1717
 Hauptstraße 434 – three-floor residential and commercial house with mansard roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1895; characterizes town's appearance
 Hauptstraße 468/470 – mighty three-floor balloon frame building, earlier half of the 15th century
 Hauptstraße 499 – house with mansard roof, Baroque Revival plaster décor, late 19th century
 Hauptstraße 281–309 (odd numbers) (monumental zone) – mostly two-floor residential and commercial buildings in an almost closed row giving the effect of a unified streetscape, 19th and early 20th centuries; brick with sandstonework parts, plastered, timber-frame, in parts of the back factory buildings; pattern broken somewhat by two villalike houses (no. 303 Baroque Revival, 1905; no. 309, possibly from 1890)
 Höckelböschstraße 1 – three-floor Baroque Revival corner residential and commercial house, about 1908; décor; characterizes town's appearance
 Höckelböschstraße 2 – row house with mansard roof, early 20th century
 Höckelböschstraße 8 – house, Renaissance Revival motifs, about 1877
 Hoher Weg 1/3 – double house, three-floor building with mansard roof on a retaining wall, 1912, architect Johannes Ranly; characterizes town's appearance
 Kasinostraße 7 – building of the former Hermann Leyser cardboard packaging factory; brick building, partly timber-frame, filigree wood details, late 19th century; house 1896, wing joining the two 1911
 Keltenstraße – water cistern; representative front building with brickwork walls, 1894
 Kobachstraße 4 – sophisticated residential and commercial house, Louis-XVI-style, 1912
 Luisenstraße 9 – rustic villa, bungalow with mansard roof on an irregular floor plan, 1908, architect Georg Küchler, Darmstadt
 Mainzer Straße 64 – villa, Art Nouveau décor, 1907
 Mainzer Straße 66 – representative Art Nouveau villa, 1905, architects Hubert Himmes and Adrian Wehrli, Idar-Oberstein
 Mainzer Straße 69 – representative Art Nouveau villa with mansard roof, about 1905
 Mainzer Straße 73 – representative villa on an asymmetrical floor plan, Art Nouveau décor with Baroque elements, 1905/1906, architect Hans Weszkalnys, Saarbrücken
 Mainzer Straße 75 – plastered villa on an asymmetrical floor, hipped roofs, 1901, architect Hubert Himmes, Idar-Oberstein
 Mainzer Straße 224 – Villa Wolff, sophisticated rustic villa, bungalow with mansard roof, 1923/1924, architect Julius Schneider
 Mainzer Straße 56/58, 60, 64, 66, 69, 73, 75, 77, Dr.-Liesegang-Straße 1, Hauptstraße 123 (monumental zone) – Idar-Oberstein's only mainly closed villa neighbourhood, villas in gardens, about 1900 to the 1920s; partly with sprightly roof profiles, Late Historicism, Art Nouveau, architecture of the 1920s; on the squarelike widening at the south end of Mainzer Straße the commercial hall (Dr.-Liesegang-Straße 1, see above)
 Otto-Decker-Straße 6 – three-floor Gothic Revival residential and commercial house with mansard roof, 1900, architect Hubert Himmes, Idar-Oberstein
 Otto-Decker-Straße 12 – villalike corner house, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1895–1896, architect Heinrich Güth, Saarbrücken
 Otto-Decker-Straße 16 – Historicist residential and commercial house with mansard roof, 1905
 Pappelstraße 1, 2, 3 (monumental zone) – so-called Franzosenhäuser ("Frenchman's Houses"), group of three houses built by the town for French officers in the occupational forces; buildings with tent roofs, Expressionist motifs, begun in 1920, architect Wilhelm Heilig, Langen
 Ritterstraße 11 – house, after 1882, Baroque Revival expansion 1912
 Ritterstraße 31 – row house with mansard roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, marked 1906
 Schönlautenbach 6 – representative house, three-sloped hipped roof, 1924/1925, architect Johannes Weiler, Cologne
 Schönlautenbach 27 – house with mansard roof, timber-frame bungalow on terracelike stone lower floor, 1928
 Oberstein Jewish graveyard, Seitzenbachstraße (monumental zone) – laid out possibly in the 17th century, expanded in 1820, older part dissolved in 1945; gravestones placed since the mid 19th century in the newer section's wall; memorials mainly sandstone or granite, obelisks, steles; behind Kirchhofshübel 14 further gravestone fragments and wall settings; originally belonging to the graveyard the former Jewish mortuary (Seitzenbachstraße – no number – today a workshop), central building with pyramid roof, built in 1914
 Seitzenbachstraße/Hauptstraße, Niederau Christian graveyard (monumental zone) – three-part parklike complex, laid out from 1836 to 1916; soldiers' graveyard 1914/1918; warriors' memorial 1914/1918 and 1939/1945, memorial stone for Jewish fellow inhabitants placed after 1945; hereditary gravesites: no. 1 crypt with Egyptian-style entrance; no. 3 polygonal Gothic Revival column; nos. 7 and 8 several gravestones, granite slabs, granite steles, bronze urns; no. 29 complex of Kessler & Röhl, Berlin, sculpture by H. Pohlmann, Berlin; no. 32 angel with anchor by P. Völker; no. 33: marble angel
 Tiefensteiner Straße, Idar Christian graveyard (monumental zone) – laid out in 1869 in "Mittelstweiler", first documented in 1871, enlarged several times; since 1969 newer main graveyard to the west "Im Schmalzgewann"; warriors' memorial 1870/1871: roofed stele with relief, surrounded by eight limetrees; fencing with Baroque Revival entrance possibly from about 1900; graveyard chapel, yellow sandstone building, towards 1908; warriors' memorial in graveyard of honour for those who fell in 1914/1918, 1920; graveyard for those who fell in 1939/1945 by Max Rupp, Idar-Oberstein, and Theodor Siegle, Saarbrücken, 1961; several elaborate hereditary gravesites
 Tiefensteiner Straße 20 – country-house-style house, bungalow with half-hipped roof, 1920s
 Wasenstraße 1 – three-floor residential and commercial house with Historicist elements, partly decorative timber-frame, conversion 1924/1925
 Wilhelmstraße 23 – representative manufacturer's villa with mansard roof, Baroque Revival motifs with Classicist elements, begun in 1909, architect Julius Schneider
 Wilhelmstraße 44 – manufacturer's house with garden; sandstone-framed volcanic rock building, Art Nouveau décor, 1910, architect Max Jager; décor
 Wilhelmstraße 48 – three-floor Historicist residential and commercial house, sandstone-framed brick building, 1903, in the back factory building; characterizes town's appearance
 Wilhelmstraße 40/42, 44, 46, 48, 49–51 (monumental zone) – complex of dwelling and manufacturing buildings around the Jakob Bengel metalware factory (long, two- and three-floor commercial buildings, entrepreneur's villa (no. 44), 1873 to 1906

 Bismarckturm (Bismarck Tower), east of Idar on the Wartehübel – monumental complex built out of volcanic rock, 1907, architect Hans Weszkalnys, Saarbrücken (design by Wilhelm Kreis, Dresden)
 Railway bridge on the Rhine-Nahe Railway, on the east side of the Altenberg – three-arch bridge in the Nahe valley at the Altenberg
 Railway bridges on the Rhine-Nahe Railway, west of the railway station – two brick-framed sandstone-block structures over a bend in the Nahe
 Railway bridge on the Rhine-Nahe Railway, at the Wüstlautenbach – partly heavily renovated three-arch, brick-framed sandstone-block structure over the valley of the Wüstlautenbach

Algenrodt
 Im Stäbel – entrance relief at the Straßburgkaserne ("Strasbourg Barracks") – forms characterized by National Socialism, 1936–1938; on the corner of Saarstraße a memorial, 1958
 Im Stäbel, graveyard – memorial for those who fell in the First World War by Wilhelm Heilig, about 1920

Enzweiler
 Railway bridge and tunnel on the Rhine-Nahe Railway, east of Enzweiler – two-arch bridge, volcanic rock and brick, over the Nahe, impressive sequence of Hommericher Tunnel, bridge and Enzweiler Tunnel

Georg-Weierbach
 Former Evangelical parish church, Auf der Burr – formerly Saint George's, stepped Romanesque building, west tower, quire Late Gothic altered (possibly in the 14th century), aisleless nave remodelled in Baroque; Marienglocke ("Mary's Bell") from 1350; in the graveyard gravestones about 1900
 Near Auf der Burr 13 – lift pump, cast-iron, brass, Gothic Revival, firm of Gebrüder Zilken, Koblenz, possibly from the last fourth of the 19th century
 Before Buchengasse 2 and 4 – two wrought-iron wells

Göttschied
 Evangelical church, Göttschieder Straße 43 – aisleless church with ridge turret, portal marked 1620, remodellings in 1775, 1864/1865 and 1933

Hammerstein
 Evangelical church, Hammersteiner Straße 39 – Baroque Revival aisleless church with ridge turret, 1904–1909, architect August Senz, Düsseldorf; characterizes town's appearance
 Railway bridge and tunnel on the Rhine-Nahe Railway, northwest of Hammerstein – two-arch brick-framed sandstone-block structure over the Nahe, tunnel through the so-called Hammersteiner Kipp

Kirchenbollenbach
 Former Catholic Parish Church of John of Nepomuk (Pfarrkirche St. Johann Nepomuk), Am Kirchberg 3 – two-naved Late Historicist quarrystone building, flanking tower, 1895–1898, architect Ludwig Becker, Mainz; spolia (18th century); rich décor
 Evangelical parish church, Am Kirchberg 6 – plain Baroque aisleless church, ridge turret with helmed roof, 1755, architect Johann Thomas Petri, Kirn; décor
 Am Kirchberg 8 – former Catholic rectory; one- and two-floor Baroque building with hipped roof, 1770, architect possibly Johann Thomas Petri; characterizes town's appearance
 Am Kirchberg 3, 6, 8 (monumental zone) – group made up of the Catholic  (Am Kirchberg 3) and the Evangelical church (Am Kirchberg 6) with the former rectory (Am Kirchberg 8), forecourt with altars (made of spolia), across the street, documents the village's ecclesiastical development
 Auf dem Rain 21 – former school; nested Swiss chalet style building with Expressionist details, 1926/27
 At Im Brühl 1 – wooden door, Zopf style, 18th century

Mittelbollenbach
 Im Schützenrech 57 – school; sandstone-framed plastered building penetrated by gable risalti, 1912, expansion 1962
 In der Gaß 3 – former bull shed; one-floor solid building with timber-frame knee wall, possibly from about 1910; equipment

Nahbollenbach
 Jewish graveyard, Sonnehofstraße (monumental zone) – ten mostly stele-shaped stones, 1900 to about 1933, in fenced area

Tiefenstein
 Bachweg 6 – Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street), partly timber-frame (plastered), possibly from the earlier half of the 19th century
 Granatweg – warriors' memorial; sandstone relief, 1920s, concrete stele inserted after 1945
 Tiefensteiner Straße 87 – Kallwiesweiherschleife; water-driven gemstone-cutting mill; squat building with gable roof and great iron-bar windows, 18th century, converted or renovated several times; equipment; pond
 Tiefensteiner Straße 178 – Hettsteiner Schleife or Schleife zwischen den Mühlen; former water-driven gemstone-cutting mill; quarrystone building with great iron-bar windows, 1846; equipment
 Near Tiefensteiner Straße 232 – former filling station, filling station building with sales room and workshop, mushroom-column construction with broad overlying roof, 1950s
 Tiefensteiner Straße 275 – villalike house with contemporary details, 1920s
 Tiefensteiner Straße 296 – avant-garde house, 1930/1932, architect Julius Schneider
 Tiefensteiner Straße 322 – villalike house with mansard roof, Louis XVI and Art Nouveau motifs, shortly after 1900

Weierbach
 Evangelical parish church, Obere Kirchstraße – formerly Saint Martin's, Early Classicist aisleless church, architect Wilhelm Frommel, 1792/1793; late mediaeval tower altered in the 17th century; retaining wall possibly mediaeval
 Saint Martin's Catholic Parish Church (Pfarrkirche St. Martin), Obere Kirchstraße – Gothic Revival red sandstone building, 1896/1897, architect Lambert von Fisenne, Gelsenkirchen; décor; characterizes town's appearance
 Across from Dorfstraße 1 – so-called Hessenstein; former border stone; Tuscan column with inscription and heraldic escutcheon, after 1815
 Dorfstraße 32 – former Evangelical rectory; building with half-hipped roof, Swiss chalet style, 1930/1931, architect Friedrich Otto, Kirn; characterizes streetscape's appearance
 Weierbacher Straße 12 – house, used partly commercially, with mansard roof, Expressionist motifs, 1920s
 Weierbacher Straße 22 – railway station; reception and administration building with employee dwellings, goods hall and side building, 1913/1914, architect Schenck; one- and two-floor main building, Art Nouveau décor with Classicist elements, monumental roof profile
 Weierbacher Straße 75 – former Amtsbürgermeisterei; asymmetrically divided plastered building, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1910/1911
 Jewish graveyard, east of the village on the hilltop "Am Winnenberg" (monumental zone) – seven stones or pedestals, similar to steles
 Niederreidenbacher Hof, northeast of the village (monumental zone) – first mention of a castle in the 13th century, in the 19th century an estate, from 1904 a deaconess's establishment, with dwelling and commercial buildings, mill and distillery, about 1840 and thereafter; crag cellar under the estate; conversions and expansions 1904 and thereafter; chapel, 1658 or older, expansion 1931; Imperial Baron Friedrich Kasimir Boxheim's (died 1743) gravestone; remnants of the graveyard belonging to the establishment; two water cisterns, 1930s; park and garden facilities, characterizes landscape's appearance

Mediaeval buildings

Felsenkirche
The famous Felsenkirche ("Crag Church") is the town's defining landmark. It came to be through efforts by Wirich IV of Daun-Oberstein (about 1415–1501), who in 1482 built the now Protestant church on the foundations of the Burg im Loch ("Castle in the Hole").

As far as is now known, this castle was the first defensive position held by the Lords of Stein and a refuge castle for the dwellers of the village down below that was built into the great cave in the crag, the "Upper Stone" (or in German, Oberer Stein) on the river Nahe. This, of course, explains the origin of the name "Oberstein".

The "Castle in the Hole" was the only cave castle on the Upper Nahe. The Felsenkirche can nowadays be reached by visitors through a tunnel that was built in modern times.

Castle Bosselstein

Up above the small church, on a knoll (Bossel) stands Castle Bosselstein, or rather what is left of it. The whole complex was forsaken in 1600, and all that stands now is a tower stump and remnants of the castle wall. In the Middle Ages, it was a stronghold to be reckoned with, with its two crescent moats and its two baileys.

Somewhat farther up, not far from Castle Bosselstein, the third castle arose about 1325, the one now known as Schloss Oberstein. Until 1624, it was the residence of the Counts of Daun-Oberstein. In 1855 it burnt down. In the years 1926 to 1956, the castle was used as a youth hostel, and thereafter as an inn.

In 1961, part of the east wall fell in. The castle club, Schloss Oberstein e. V., that was founded shortly thereafter, in 1963, has been worrying ever since about maintaining the acutely endangered building materials that make up this former four-tower complex. In 1998, the town of Idar-Oberstein became the castle's owner. Today there is once again a small inn, the Wyrich-Stube, and there are also now a few rooms restored by the castle club, which can be hired for festive occasions or cultural events.

St. Peter and Paul
St. Peter und Paul is the Catholic  in the constituent community of Idar. It was built in 1925 as a wooden church for the then town of Idar. Since the 17th century, the town's Catholics had had to make do with ecclesiastical services from Oberstein. By 1951, the church had fallen into such disrepair that it was extensively converted and expanded with stone.

Theatre
Besides the Town Theatre in the constituent community of Oberstein, there is also a cabaret stage. With Schloss Oberstein as the backdrop, the Theatersommer Schloss Oberstein ("Schloss Oberstein Theatre Summer") is held each year.

Museums

Since the early 1960s tourism has grown in importance for Idar-Oberstein. Today it boasts a number of modern facilities such as the Steinkaulenberg, a gemstone mine open to visitors, and the German Gemstone Museum, as well as several recreational resorts.
Nationally known is the Deutsches Edelsteinmuseum (German Gemstone Museum) in the constituent community of Idar, which boasts many gemstone exhibits.

The Museum Idar-Oberstein in the constituent community of Oberstein right below the famous Felsenkirche devotes itself to the specialized theme of "minerals", and accordingly shows not only local places where gems were discovered, but also worldwide discovery places. The Idar-Oberstein jewellery industry and gemstone processing, too, and especially the agate-cutting operation, are presented in an impressive way.

Insights into the production of Art Deco jewellery as it was done about the turn of the 20th century are offered by the Industriemuseum Jakob Bengel in the constituent community of Oberstein. It is open the year round.

At the Steinkaulenberg gemstone mines, the only gemstone mine in Europe open to visitors, and at the Historische Weiherschleife – a gemstone-grinding mill – one can learn a few things about gemstone processing and Idar-Oberstein's history. Jasper is also featured there, for Idar-Oberstein is also an important centre for that semiprecious stone.

Sport
The town's best known sport club is SC 07 Idar-Oberstein.

Idar-Oberstein has an indoor swimming pool and, since September 2005 an outdoor swimming pool fed by natural water. On the town's outskirts, a Friends of Nature house has been established, offering cyclists, hikers and tourists meals and lodging. Also, in nearby Kirschweiler is a golf course.

The Schleiferweg (Schleifer is German for "grinder" or "polisher", a reference to the town's fame as a gem-processing centre; Weg simply means "way") is a 22 km-long signposted hiking trail round Idar. The path leads around the constituent communities of Idar, Oberstein, Göttschied, Algenrodt and Tiefenstein. Especially for sophisticated hikers, the Schleiferweg offers a special hiking experience with a high section of path through thick forest. The trail leads by various tourist attractions, such as the Weiherschleife, the Steinkaulenberg, the Kammerwoog (lake) or even the Wäschertskaulen spit roast house. With the good links to the town transport network, the trail can be broken up into as many shorter stretches as the hiker chooses.

Regular events
 The New Year's Gala Concert of the Symphonisches Blasorchester Obere Nahe e. V. (wind orchestra) has been seeing the town into the New Year culturally since 1991.
 The International Trade Fair for Gemstones, Gemstone Jewellery and Gemstone Objects is held yearly in September and October (see also below).
 The regional consumer fair, better known as Idar-Obersteiner Wirtschaftstage, was created by the Wirtschaftsjunioren Idar-Oberstein 2003, and is growing into a true success story. It was organized and staged from 2003 to 2005 by the Wirtschaftsjunioren.
 The Deutsche Edelsteinkönigin ("German Gemstone Queen") is chosen every other year from the region of the Deutsche Edelsteinstraße ("German Gem Road").
 The Spießbratenfest ("Spit Roast Festival") has been held since 1967 each year from the Friday to Tuesday that includes the last Sunday in June. It is said to be the biggest folk festival on the Upper Nahe.
 The Kinderkulturtage ("Children's Cultural Days") have been being held for several years now as a successor festival to the Kinderliederfestival ("Children's Song Festival"). There are 15 to 20 events for children, youth and those who are young at heart.
 Each year in early June, the Jazztage ("Jazz Days") are held. Appearing here are regional and national jazz greats on several stages in the Idar pedestrian precinct.
 Diamond grinders, facet and surface grinders and agate grinders demonstrate the most varied working techniques within the framework of the Deutscher Edelsteinschleifer- und Goldschmiedemarkt ("German Gemstone Grinders' and Goldsmiths' Market"). Goldsmiths and jewellery designers allow a look at their creative work in Oberstein's historic town centre below the Felsenkirche.
 The Kama Festival was held from 1991 to 2007 on the lands of the Kammerwoog Conservation Area at Whitsun. It was the biggest open-air festival in Idar-Oberstein. The last festival took place in much reduced form in 2008.

Culinary specialities

Spießbraten (spit roast)
A distinction is made between Idarer Spießbraten and Obersteiner Spießbraten. The former is a kind of Schwenkbraten, whereas the latter is a kind of rolled roast. Spießbraten is rooted fast among Idar-Oberstein's and the surrounding region's culinary and cultural customs.

When making the more often consumed Idarer Spießbraten, the meat – originally prime rib, today often also roast beef or pork neck – is laid the day before cooking in raw onions, salt and pepper. The onions are good to eat while cooking at the fire with a beer. Locals favour beechwood for the fire, to give the roast its traditional flavour.

The variations on the Spießbraten recipe are also the subject of the town's slogan, which bears witness to a patronizing cosmopolitanism: Rossbeff fa die Idarer, Kamm fa die Uwersteener und Brot für die Welt – dialectal German for "Roast beef for the Idarers, pork neck for the Obersteiners and bread for the world."

Fillsel
This is toast, minced meat, diced bacon, leek, eggs, salt and pepper.

Gefillte Klees (filled dumplings)
This is coarse potato dumplings (made from raw potatoes) filled with Fillsel with a bacon sauce.

Kartoffelwurst (potato sausage)
Also dialectally called Krumbierewurscht, this was formerly "poor people's food", but today it is a speciality. Potatoes, pork, beef and onions are put through the mincer and seasoned with savoury, pepper and salt. It can be fed into the traditional gut, preserved in a jar or even eaten straightaway.

Murde on Klees (carrots and dumplings)
This is raw potato dumplings cooked and served together with carrots (sometimes known in German as Mohrrüben, or dialectally in Idar-Oberstein as Murde) and pickled or smoked pork.

Riewe on Draehurjel
This is beetroots with roast blood sausage.

Dibbelabbes
This is made by roasting Kartoffelmasse (potatoes, bacon, eggs, flour, salt and pepper) in a Dibbe (cast-iron roasting pan).

Schaales
This is Kartoffelmasse (the same as for Dibbelabbes) baked in a Dibbe in the oven with dried meat.

Economy and infrastructure
All together, Idar-Oberstein has roughly 219.3 ha of land given over to commerce. Three other areas in town, Dickesbacher Straße, Finkenberg Nord and Am Kreuz, hold a further 28 ha in reserve for economic expansion. The town also has at its disposal the rezoning area Gewerbepark Nahetal in the outlying centre of Nahbollenbach, comprising 23 ha.

The Bundesverband der Diamant- und Edelsteinindustrie e. V. ("Federal Association of the Diamond and Gemstone Industry") has its seat in Idar-Oberstein. It represents the industry's interests in dealings with lawmakers as well as federal, state and municipal representatives. It advises members in areas such as environmental protection, problems in competition, questions of nomenclature and so forth, and makes the necessary contacts as needed. To promote the designing and quality of jewellery and gemstones, the Association created the international competition revolving about the German Jewellery and Gemstone Prize.

The Deutsche Diamant- und Edelsteinbörse e. V.  ("German Diamond and Gemstone Exchange") was opened in 1974 as the world's first combined exchange for diamonds as well as coloured gemstones. It is one of the 25 exchanges in the World Federation of Diamond Bourses.

The firm Klein & Quenzer was among the best known producers of costume jewellery before it rose to become the biggest manufacturer of German medals and decorations during the two world wars.

The Wirtschaftsjunioren Idar-Oberstein were founded in 1972. Entrepreneurs and senior management join in this organization for economic, cultural and social purposes in the region.

The cookware manufacturer Fissler has its headquarters in town. The company became well known for its invention of the mobile field kitchen in 1892. Giloy und Söhne, one of Europe's biggest diamond jewellery manufacturers, has its headquarters here, too.

For more than 20 years now, the International Trade Fair for Gemstones, Gemstone Jewellery and Gemstone Objects ("Intergem") has been held in Idar-Oberstein. The fair takes place at the Jahnhaus in the constituent community of Algenrodt, although as of 2008, a move to the planned exhibition hall in the new Nahetal commercial park (former US Army storage depot Nahbollenbach) was being considered.

The Idar-Obersteiner Wirtschaftstage ("Economy Days"), initiated by the Idar-Oberstein Economic Promotional Association, are regarded in and around Idar-Oberstein as a regional fair.

Natural gemstone deposits
Gemstones from throughout the world are to be found in Idar-Oberstein, but the whole industry was begun by finds in the local area. These include agate, jasper and rock crystal.

Garrison

Since 1938, Idar-Oberstein has been a garrison town. During the 19th and 20th centuries, French and German soldiers in turn were stationed here. With the coming of the Wehrmacht, new barracks were built. After the Second World War, the Straßburgkaserne ("Strasbourg Barracks") were at first used by the United States Army. French troops were stationed at the Klotzbergkaserne, and then as of 1956, the Bundeswehr artillery school. This moved in the late 1960s to the newly built Rilchenbergkaserne. Since that time, thousands of artillerymen have undergone their basic and advanced military training here. In September 2003, new boarding school buildings and teaching rooms were dedicated so that today's artillery school has at its disposal both up-to-date lodging capacity and a training centre with all the modern equipment. Included among the teaching methods are audio, video and simulation techniques. Stationed at the Klotzbergkaserne until 31 March 2003 was the Beobachtungspanzerartillerielehrbataillon ("Observational Armoured Artillery Teaching Battalion") 51, after whose dissolution in the course of Bundeswehr reform, the language training centre for officer cadets moved in. For businesses in Idar-Oberstein and environs, the Bundeswehr is a major economic factor as both an employer and a client. Since 1988, there has been a "sponsorship" between the town of Idar-Oberstein and the artillery school, and to highlight the relationship, town council decided in 1988 to put up a second roadsign that read "Hauptstadt der deutschen Artillerie" ("German Artillery Capital"). After objections from local business, among others the local chamber of commerce, and from some of the townsfolk, too, it was decided that the town would not go to the trouble of installing such signs after all. In 2006, the officer cadet battalion was disbanded.

Transport
Idar-Oberstein station, as a Regional-Express and Regionalbahn stop, is linked by way of the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen–Saarbrücken) to the Saarland and the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region. The Rhein-Nahe-Express running the Mainz-Saarbrücken route serves the station hourly. Every other one of these trains goes through to the main railway station in Frankfurt with a stop at Frankfurt Airport. Formerly, fast trains on the Frankfurt-Paris route had a stop at Idar-Oberstein.

Local transport in Idar-Oberstein was run from 1900 to 1956 by trams, and from 1932 to 1969 by trolleybuses. Today's network is made up of six bus routes run by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Idar-Oberstein GmbH, which belongs to the Rhenus Veniro Group. Furthermore, Idar-Oberstein is the starting point for Regio bus routes to Baumholder and Birkenfeld. There is also a direct bus link to Frankfurt-Hahn Airport. The most important road link in town is Bundesstraße 41; although there is no direct Autobahn link, the A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier) can be reached through interchanges at Birkenfeld (B 41) or Freisen.

Highway over the Nahe

In the 1980s, the river Nahe was covered over with a four-lane highway, Bundesstraße 41, mentioned above, putting the river underground, beneath the town. This is unique in Germany and has greatly changed the town's appearance in this area. The first plans for this development (officially the Nahehochstraße) lay before planners as early as 1958, but they set off a wave of criticism that was felt far beyond the town's limits. On the theme of "Highway over the Nahe – yes or no", Südwestfunk broadcast a talk show in the 1980s. The project was meant to relieve traffic congestion in the inner town on the B 41, which at the time ran through what is now a narrow pedestrian precinct through the middle of the Old Town. Work on the project began in 1980, and lasted five years, after which the Nahehochstraße was at last completed. The Nahe had thus been channelled into a two-kilometre-long tunnel. A timber-frame house nearby, the Sachsenhaus, was torn down and put into storage, its pieces numbered. Its reconstruction has been indefinitely postponed. In 1986, the Naheüberbauung, as it is commonly known, was opened to traffic. For its 20th anniversary, there was an exhibition at the Idar-Oberstein Stadthaus (civic centre) with photo galleries about the planning, building and completion of the project.

For its efforts, Idar-Oberstein won an award in 1988 in a contest staged by German town planners: First Prize for Most Consequential Blighting of an Historic Townscape.

I-O/Göttschied Airfield
Idar-Oberstein/Göttschied Airfield lies north of the town between the constituent community of Göttschied and the municipalities of Gerach and Hintertiefenbach at an elevation of 480 m above sea level (1,575 feet). Its ICAO location indicator is EDRG. The grass landing strip's orientation is 06/24, and it is 650 m long and 50 m wide. The allowable landing weight is 2 000 kg; however, with PPR ("prior permission required"), aircraft of up to 3 700 kg may land. The airport is designed for helicopters, motor gliders, gliders, ultralights and, also with PPR, skydivers.

Offered here on weekends are sightseeing flights by motorized aircraft, motor glider, glider and ultralight.

Media
 Nahe-Zeitung (Rhein-Zeitung, newspaper)
 Wochenspiegel Idar-Oberstein (weekly advertising paper)
 Stadtfacette Idar-Oberstein (newspaper)
 Radio Idar-Oberstein 87.6
 SWR Studio Idar-Oberstein
 FAN (music magazine)
 Idar-Oberstein/Herrstein public-access channel
 Transmission facilities: SWR Nahetal Transmitter, Idar-Oberstein-Hillschied Transmitter

Public institutions
 Klinikum Idar-Oberstein
 The KMT-Klinik is a clinic for bone marrow transplants and haematology.
The University of Mainz specialist and teaching hospital, which grew out of the former Municipal Hospitals, is part of the Saarland Heilstätten (a group of hospitals) – even though it is not in the Saarland – and has some 500 beds and 1,000 employees, as well as departments for general, abdominal and vascular surgery, gynaecology with obstetrics, internal medicine with gastroenterology, nephrology, diabetology and dialysis, diagnostic and interventional radiology, cardiology, bone marrow transplantation and haematology/oncology, neurology with a stroke unit and neurosurgery, psychiatry with child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy, paediatrics with neonatology, radiation therapy, trauma surgery and urology as well as wards for ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology. Excluded from this is a geriatric rehabilitation clinic in Baumholder. There is also no nursing school.

Education
Idar-Oberstein is home to every kind of educational institution, and since 1986, it has been a Hochschule location. The internationally renowned programme of Gemstone and Jewellery Design of the Faculty of Design at the University of Applied Sciences Trier is the only place in Europe where artistically-scientifically oriented studies in design in the field of gemstones and jewellery can be undertaken. It is found together with the professional school centre and the town's only Realschule at the Schulzentrum Vollmersbachtal. There are several Hauptschulen throughout the town. There are moreover four Gymnasien: the Göttenbach-Gymnasium and the Gymnasium an der Heinzenwies can be attended beginning at the fifth class, while the Technisches Gymnasium and the Wirtschaftsgymnasium only admit students beginning in the eleventh class.

 The University of Mainz maintains the Institut für Edelsteinforschung (Institute for Gemstone Research) in Idar-Oberstein. The Gemstone Research Department belongs to the subject area of mineralogy in the Faculty of Earth Sciences.
 The University of Applied Sciences Trier offers at its Idar-Oberstein location a programme in Gemstone and Jewellery Design.
 The Deutsche Gemmologische Gesellschaft e. V. ("DGemG", German Gemological Association) was founded in 1932 and developed into an internationally renowned institution of technical-scientific gemmology. Successful participation in the DGemG courses in gemmology and diamond studies leads to diploma certification of performance on examinations that qualify the graduate to apply for membership in the DGemG (F. G. G. – the F is for the German word Fachmitgliedschaft, or "professional membership"). Thus far, more than 30,000 participants from 75 countries have attended the DGemG programme, which is designed with the demands of the gemstone and jewellery industry in mind.
 The Forschungsinstitut für mineralische und metallische Werkstoffe Edelsteine/Edelmetalle GmbH (FEE; Research Institute for Mineral and Metallic Materials Gemstones/Precious Metals), too, has its seat in Idar-Oberstein. The FEE specializes in growing crystals and manufacturing optical elements for lasers.
 The Deutsche Diamantprüflabor GmbH (DPL; German Diamond Testing Laboratory) has been assessing since 1970 the quality of cut diamonds. As the first laboratory of its kind in Germany (and second in the world), the DPL has been officially certified by the German Testing Accreditation System in Berlin as being able to carry out competent quality assessment of diamonds with regards to colour, size, cut and proportion in accordance with internationally recognized standards.

In 1997, a Lufthansa Airbus A319-114 (registration number D-AILN) was christened "Idar-Oberstein". It entered service on 12 September of that year. The aircraft was for a time leased to the firm Germanwings, but has since been reincorporated into Lufthansa's fleet.

Notable people

Honorary citizens
 Otto Decker, since 22 December 1947
 Harald Fissler, since 27 January 1995
 Ida Purper, honorary citizen of Idar since 24 February 1922

Notable Births
 Jakob Bengel, manufacturer
 Rainer Blatt, physicist
 Bernd Cullmann, athlete, relay racer
 Joelle Franzmann, triathlete
 Hermann Hogeback Luftwaffe bomber Ace
 Bernd Munsteiner, gemstone artist, creator of the aquamarine sculpture "Waves of the Sea"/"Dom Pedro"
 Markus Schupp, former professional footballer and Bundesliga coach
 Bruce Willis, American actor

See also
 2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting

References
General

Specific
 Steinkaulenberg Gemstone mine
 Deutsches Edelsteinmuseum (German Gemstone Museum)
 Idar-Oberstein Gemstone History Review article

External links

 Deutsches Edelsteinmuseum (German Gemstone Museum)
 Old pictures of Idar-Oberstein
 Museum below the Felsenkirche
 Oberstein's Felsenkirche ("Crag Church")

 International Trade Fair for Precious Stones and Jewellery ("Intergem")

Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Birkenfeld (district)
Naheland

Idar-Oberstein


Ademar José Gevaerd (, cunoscut și sub numele de A. J. Gevaerd) a fost un ufolog brazilian sau specialist în studiul obiectelor zburătoare neidentificate (OZN). El este editorul Revistei OZN (Revista UFO), fondator și director al Centrului brazilian de Cercetare al Farfuriilor Zburătoare (Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas de Discos Voadores  - CBPDV) și director brazilian al MUFON. El reprezintă Brazilia la Centrul pentru Studiile OZN. A apărut pe canalele TV Globo Network, Discovery Channel și Channel History. El a vorbit în multe orașe din Brazilia și în alte 29 de țări și a efectuat peste 700 de investigații pe teren ale cazurilor de OZN din Brazilia. A fost descris drept unul dintre cei mai respectați ufologi.

Cariera timpurie
La 6 martie 1982, spectatorii de la un meci de fotbal de pe stadionul Morenão din Campo Grande au văzut un obiect în formă de țigară, cu lumini la fiecare capăt, care zbura deasupra capului. La acea vreme, Ademar José Gevaerd era profesor de chimie în Maringá, statul Paraná. Convinși că obiectul era o farfurie zburătoare și auzind despre alte vizionări în același timp în São Paulo, Paraná, Argentina, Bolivia și Paraguay, el a decis să efectueze un studiu mai aprofundat al OZN-urilor. În 1985 a lansat revista Ufologia Nacional & Internacional, care și-a încetat publicarea în 1986. În 1988, a început să publice Revista UFO, încă publicată în 2014. În 1986, el și-a părăsit slujba de profesor pentru a se consacra întregului timp studiului OZN-urilor. Revista apare lunar și are un tiraj de 30.000 de exemplare. Gevaerd conduce, de asemenea, Centrul Brazilian de Cercetare al Farfuriilor Zburătoare, care are 3.300 de membri. În timpul vizitei la o conferință de la Las Vegas din 1992, el a experimentat personal ceea ce poate fi un OZN în timp ce conducea în Deșertul Mojave, Nevada din SUA, lângă baza militară Zona 51.

Păreri despre OZN-uri

La o conferință din 1996 în Chile, Gevaerd a raportat că observările OZN din întreaga lume au crescut cu peste 200% în ultimul an. El a spus că "există locuri în care a existat o creștere de 400%. Asta înseamnă un adevărat val de OZN-uri care vizitează Pământul și că are mai mult de 100 de diapozitive pentru a dovedi acest lucru." Vorbind la Simpozionul Internațional Australian despre OZN-uri din Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, în octombrie 1996, el a discutat despre doi extratereștri pretinși a fi capturați de armată după ce vehiculul lor spațial s-a prăbușit în Varginha, Brazilia, la 20 ianuarie 1996. Descrierea uneia dintre creaturi era asemănătoare cu cea a extratereștrilor gri, standard, dar avea o piele de culoare maro, ochi roșii și protuberanțe care ar fi putut fi coarne. Ambii extratereștri au fost văzuți de mulți martori, dar armata i-a avertizat să nu discute despre subiect. Vorbind mai târziu, el a spus că șase extratereștri au fost capturați și câteva părți din OZN-urile lor. Au existat martori printre pompierii care au fost primii oficiali pe teren, iar militarii au confirmat povestea.

În 1997, Comitetul de ufologi brazilieni al lui Gevaerd a organizat primul Forum mondial de ufologie din Brazilia, care a avut loc în Brazilia. Răspunzând întrebărilor audienței în timpul unui talk-show din 2001, el a descris marile progrese care au fost făcute în ufologie în ultimii ani și mai ales în Brazilia, pe care el l-a descris ca fiind un centru principal de cercetare. El a apărat cercetarea serioasă în ceea ce privește OZN-urile împotriva vânătorilor care doresc să facă bani și a comentatorilor care au ridiculizat subiectul. El a discutat despre multe apariții documentate, inclusiv rapoarte din Biblie. El a menționat că există dovezi că extratereștrii au fost implicați în construcția piramidelor egiptene. El a spus că multe specii străine au vizitat Pământul și că, din anumite motive, toți aveau două brațe, un trunchi, două picioare și un cap.

Gevaerd l-a denunțat pe controversatul Urandir Fernandes de Oliveira, declarând că a falsificat imagini ale OZN-urilor cu dispozitive cum ar fi pixuri cu laser. Vorbind despre un videoclip despre farfuriile zburătoare deasupra Haiti, lansat pe YouTube la sfârșitul anului 2007, care a avut peste 8 milioane de vizualizări pe YouTube, el a spus: "A fost cel mai mare fenomen OZN din ultimii 10 ani. Dar a fost o fraudă deliberată. Aceste lucruri, în timp ce popularizează ufologia, put." El a spus că demascarea fraudei este o sarcină importantă pentru ufologi: ușurința de a produce și de a lansa videoclipuri face dificilă separarea a ceea ce este fabricat de ceea ce este [real și] inexplicabil.

În iulie 2008, Gevaerd a întrebat: "Dacă avem deja mașini care să investigheze solul planetei Marte, de ce alte ființe extraterestre să nu poată dezvolta tehnologie pentru a ajunge pe Pământ?" El a spus că problema este că guvernele din diferite țări tratează problema ca fiind ceva secret, dar și-a exprimat speranța că factorii de decizie politică vor începe să-și schimbe atitudinea. În august 2008, el a susținut că acceptarea ET nu a fost niciodată mai mare. El a spus că 6 sau 7 din fiecare 10 persoane chestionate sunt cel puțin siguri despre faptul că nu suntem singuri în univers și că suntem vizitați de alte specii.

În februarie 2007 a fost lansat filmul documentar Fastwalkers cu interviuri cu Gevaerd și alții pe tema OZN-urilor și extratereștrilor. În iulie 2007, birourile Revistei UFO au fost percheziționate de necunoscuți, iar informații valoroase au fost preluate din dosarele cabinetului, împreună cu patru computere. Un ofițer de poliție a declarat "este clar că acțiunea a fost premeditată și efectuată de elemente care aveau cunoștințe despre activitățile Revistei UFO, experiență în computere și știau unde să găsească fișierele cele mai importante ale companiei". Gevaerd a spus că eforturile de a opri publicarea ar avea efectul opus. În săptămână jafului, revista a lansat cel de-al 25-lea documentar DVD, Luminile de la Phoenix, care prezintă unul dintre cele mai mari valuri de OZN din știri, din martie 1997, în orașul Arizona, Statele Unite ale Americii.

Gevaerd a fost un vorbitor principal în iunie 2008, la prima întâlnire internațională a experților în ufologie din Lisabona, discutând despre incidentul OZN de la Varginha. În august 2009 a fost un vorbitor principal la o conferință de ufologie din San Clemente, Chile. El a fost speaker  la cea de-a 18-a Conferință Internațională a Congresului Internațional al OZN-urilor și a Festivalului de Film din Laughlin, Nevada, în februarie 2009, vorbind despre nevoia publicului de a cere guvernului să divulge informații despre viața extraterestră.

Cercuri din culturi

Discutând despre observarea OZN-urilor și a cercurilor de cultură care au apărut în apropiere de Riolândia, São Paulo în ianuarie 2000, el a spus că plantele îndoite nu reprezintă dovezi. Ceea ce contează este apariția obiectelor discoidale. În 2002, Gevaerd a investigat cercurile de cultură din câmpurile Alton Barnes din sudul Angliei, 30 de km de stațiunea Avebury. El a speculat că cercurile și alte modele din câmpurile britanice reprezintă un fel de mesaj codificat. În noiembrie 2008, cercurile de cultură au fost găsite în vestul mării Santa Catarina. Gevaerd a investigat cercurile, despre care a spus ca erau similare cu cercurile de cultură pe care le investigase în Europa, începând cu câmpurile situate la aproximativ 150 de mile de Londra. Mai târziu a constatat că erau fraude. El a spus că s-au deosebit în mod semnificativ de cercurile autentice de cultură și că există dovezi de fabricație a acestora.

Informații guvernamentale
Gevaerd a spus că unul dintre motivele pentru care ufologii nu se lasă descurajați de lipsa dovezilor pentru teoriile lor se datorează faptului că majoritatea cred că există o conspirație guvernamentală care să ascundă adevărul de oameni. La 15 aprilie 2004, comisia de ufologi brazilieni a lui Gevaerd a lansat o campanie intitulată "Libertatea informației acum!" cu scopul de a presa guvernul să elibereze informații despre aparițiile OZN-urilor.

La 20 mai 2005, Gevaerd a condus o delegație de ufologi care s-au întâlnit cu oficialii brazilieni din cadrul Forțelor Aeriene din Brazilia, condusă de brigadierul Telles Ribeiro, șeful Centrului pentru Comunicații Publice al Forțelor Aeriene. Într-un interviu după întâlnire, Gevaerd a spus că grupul său a prezentat informații despre trei cazuri specifice: mărturia șefului din Varig, Nagib Ayub, despre un OZN văzut în spațiul aerian din Rio Grande do Sul în 1954, mărturiile unor piloți care au urmărit 21 de OZN-uri care zburau peste São Paulo, São José dos Campos și Rio de Janeiro în mai 1986 și o investigație a OZN-urilor desfășurată în 1977 în Pará, de către colonelul Uyrange Hollanda, care a murit în 1997. Potrivit lui Hollanda, "am detectat cel puțin nouă forme de obiecte. Sonde, nave spațiale în formă de farfurie. . . Toate rapoartele au fost trimise la baza militară COMAR 1 din Brasilia." La un seminar din 2007 privind OZN-urile din Chile, el a dezvăluit existența "Operațiunii Plate", un proiect de cercetare extrem de secret al OZN-urilor efectuat de Forțele Aeriene braziliene.

În august 2008, Gevaerd a declarat că guvernul are o mulțime de informații că OZN-urile intră în spațiul aerian brazilian în fiecare zi, dar refuză să-l publice. Discutând despre campania de eliberare a informațiilor guvernamentale, la o întâlnire din septembrie 2008 a entuziaștilor OZN, el a declarat: "Suntem vizitați de multe civilizații de pe alte planete. Am sentimentul că în curând vom avea un răspuns la întrebările pe care le căutăm cu toții."

În aprilie 2009, Gevaerd a descris declasificarea documentelor care au fost întotdeauna declarate TOP SECRET drept eveniment istoric. El a spus că nici o țară nu a mers atât de departe în divulgarea informațiilor despre OZN-uri. În septembrie 2009, Gevaerd a anunțat primirea unui nou set semnificativ de documente guvernamentale referitoare la OZN, dintre care unele au fost secrete timp de 80 de ani. Documentele au inclus detalii proaspete despre rapoartele OZN din noaptea de 19 mai 1986, când 21 de obiecte sferice, care, conform surselor militare, aveau diametrul de 100 de picioare, au fost detectate de radar și observate de piloți civili și au blocat literalmente principalele aeroporturi din Brazilia inclusiv São Paulo și Rio de Janeiro. Cu toate acestea, Gevaerd a spus într-un interviu că toate casetele operațiunilor de interceptare de la acel eveniment au fost distruse. În martie 2010, Gevaerd a discutat despre scăderea nivelului documentelor OZN de către administrația președintelui Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, precizând că în 2009 a primit între 50 și 80 de documente, cu un total de patru mii de pagini, informații de la ancheta forțelor armate asupra fenomenului OZN.

Într-un interviu acordat în august 2010 în Revista Terra - Terra Magazine, Gevaerd a comentat decretul guvernului federal potrivit căruia forțele aeriene ar trebui să trimită arhivei naționale înregistrări ale oricărui OZN, spunând că decizia a fost ca răspuns la campania comitetului brazilian a entuziaștilor OZN pentru libertatea informațiilor. El a menționat că documentele deja publicate confirmă faptul că OZN-urile au fost observate frecvent și a declarat că guvernul are mai mult de 12 tone de documente despre aceste apariții. Comentând câteva documente inițiale publicate de Forțele Aeriene la 20 martie 1996 cu privire la observarea OZN-urilor din cinci orașe din sudul Braziliei, el a spus: "Este doar vârful aisbergului". Forțele aeriene au declarat că nu vor elibera documente secrete. Brigadierul José Carlos Pereira, care se ocupă de înregistrările OZN, a declarat: "Dacă se produce un fenomen extraordinar, este evident că se va ține sub control".

Viața personală
Gevaerd are doi copii, Daniel și Daniela. Daniel a luat parte la "Casa de Vidro" (Casa de sticlă), o etapă preliminară a Big Brother Brasil 9, dar nu a ajuns în faza finală. Daniela a fost administratorul și managerul Revistei Ufo și a murit la 8 martie 2015 la Campo Grande într-un accident de mașină.

Referințe

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de ufologi

Nașteri în 1962
Decese în 2022
Ufologi
Jurnaliști brazilieni
Articole cu surse în limba spaniolă (es)

Ademar José Gevaerd


Rusi P. Taleyarkhan es un miembro de la facultad del Departamento de Ingeniería Nuclear en la Universidad Purdue desde 2003. Previamente había trabajado en Laboratorio Nacional de Oak Ridge (ORNL) en Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Obtuvo su grado de Bachelor of Technology (Licenciado en tecnología) en Ingeniería mecánica del Instituto Indio de Tecnología de Madrás en 1977 y grados de maestría en ciencias y doctorado en filosofía (Ingeniería Nuclear y Ciencia) del Instituto Politécnico Rensselaer (RPI) en 1978 y 1982 respectivamente. También tiene una Maestría en Administración de Negocios del RPI.
Fue juzgado culpable de mala conducta científica por "falsificación del registro de investigación" por una junta de revisión de Purdue en julio de 2008.

Trabajo de sonofusión y controversia

En 2002, mientras era un científico de último año en la ORNL, Taleyarkhan publicó un artículo sobre fusión nuclear alcanzada mediante el bombardeo de un contenedor de disolvente líquido con fuertes vibraciones ultrasónicas, un proceso conocido como sonofusión o fusión en burbujas. En teoría, las vibraciones colapsaron burbujas de gas en el disolvente, calentándolas hasta temperaturas lo suficientemente altas para fundir átomos de hidrógeno y liberar energía. Siguiendo su movimiento desde Oak Ridge hasta Purdue en 2003, Taleyarkhan publicó artículos adicionales sobre su investigación en esta área.

Otro gran número de científicos, sin embargo, no fue capaz de replicar el trabajo de Taleyarkhan, incluyendo artículos publicados en Physical Review Letters de la Universidad de Gotinga, desde la UCLA, de la Universidad de Illinois, de colegas anteriores en Oak Ridge National Labs, y un estudio financiado por la Oficina de Investigación Naval en la Universidad de California.

Los resultados de Taleyarkhan fueron según se informa repetidos por Edward Forringer de la LeTourneau University en los propios laboratorios de Taleyarkhan en Purdue en noviembre de 2006. Purdue decidió en esa ocasión no investigar más los cargos de mala conducta hacia Taleyarkhan hechos por otros miembros de la Facultad de Purdue.

La Chronicle of Higher Education (Crónica de una Educación Superior), sin embargo, notó algunos problemas con la verificación. "Durante este tiempo, el Dr. Taleyarkhan dice, otros dos científicos vinieron a su laboratorio y de manera independiente verificaron la fusión en burbuja. El Dr. Taleyarkhan sostiene que ambos eran expertos e hicieron su trabajo independientemente de él. Pero en entrevistas, ambos investigadores contradicen aspectos de su versión. Uno de esos científicos, Edward R. Forringer, profesor de física en la LeTourneau University, Texas, dice que él ciertamente no es un experto. Sin embargo, dice estar confiado de que sus resultados soportan la realidad de la fusión en burbuja". Forringer sin embargo no ha publicado su supuesta confirmación en ninguna revista arbitrada.

El 10 de mayo de 2007, Purdue anunció que ellos añadirían al menos un científico sin relación con la universidad para una nueva investigación de Taleyarkhan y su trabajo, bajo la insistencia de un panel del Congreso de los Estados Unidos que investigaría el uso de recursos federales en un intento para reproducir los resultados de Taleyarkhan. El panel citado se preocupó de que las reclamaciones de Taleyarkhan de verificación independiente fueran "altamente dudosas", y criticó a Purdue por utilizar tres de los mismos miembros de un anterior comité de investigación en su recientemente completada revisión. Taleyarkhan llamó al reporte un "reportaje unilateral y gruesamente exagerado" pero estuvo de acuerdo en cooperar.
El 10 de septiembre de 2007, Purdue reportó que su comité interno había determinado que "muchos asuntos ameritaban una mayor investigación" y que ellos estaban re-abriendo los procedimientos formales.

Este comité lo juzgó culpable de "mala conducta científica" por la "falsificación de el registro de investigación" en julio de 2008 y en el 27 de agosto de 2008 su status como miembro de la Facultad de Graduados de la Universidad de Purdue fue limitado al de "Graduado Especial de la Facultad". Le es permitido servir en comités graduados, pero no será capaz de servir como un profesor mayor o profesor co-mayor para estudiantes graduados por un periodo de 3 años.
Él está excluido por 28 meses, hasta septiembre de 2011, de recibir recursos federales de los Estados Unidos, debido a las acciones legales tomadas por la Oficina de Investigación Naval, que previamente financió algunas de sus investigaciones. Taleyarkhan recibió en septiembre de 2008 una subvención de 185 000 dólares de la National Science Foundation para investigar la fusión en burbuja a pesar de sus investigaciones mal conducidas, así que la ONR añadió en 2009 su nombre a la "Lista de Partes Excluidas" para prevenir futuras becas.

Referencias

Lectura adicional

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Perfil de Rusi Taleyarkhan en la Escuela de Ingeniería Nuclear de la Universidad de Purdue.
 (en inglés)

Alumnado de la Universidad Purdue
Mala conducta científica
Parsis

Rusi Taleyarkhan


Articles with hCards

ගරැණ්ඩුව බාරගේ පාලිත සිල්වා (උපත 1967 අගෝස්තු 30) යනු ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය නළුවෙක්, නාට්‍යකරුවෙකු, නිෂ්පාදකයෙක්, අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයෙක්, පිටපත් රචකයෙක් සහ කතුවරයෙකි. ඔහු සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ වයස අවුරුදු 15 දී ගෞරවනීය මහාචාර්ය සොලමන් ෆොන්සේකාගේ රංගන පාසලේ පුහුණුව සඳහා තෝරා ගන්නා විටය. සිල්වා රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා 400 කට වැඩි ගණනක රඟපා ඇති අතර, කීටයා, දෙවෙනි ඉනිම ටෙලි නාට්‍යවල චරිත සහ අනගාරික ධර්මපාල ශ්‍රීමතානෝ චරිතාපදාන චිත්‍රපටයේ නාමික චරිතය සඳහා වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බුද්ධාගම වෙනුවෙන් කළ සේවය වෙනුවෙන් ඔහුට මානව හිතවාදී කීර්ති ශ්‍රී වීරපුත්‍ර දේශබන්දු (ජුනි 2019) සහ කලාශුභන ජනරංජන කීර්ති ශ්‍රී දේශමාන්‍ය (ජූලි 2021) යන ගෞරව නාමයන් පිරිනමන ලදී. කලා මලික්, මයිකල් වුඩ්ස් සහ ආතර් ඩිග්නම් රංගනයෙන් දායක වූ ෂැඩෝ ඔෆ් ද කෝබ්රා ජාත්‍යන්තර චිත්‍රපටයට ද ඔහු රංගනයෙන් දායක විය.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඔහු විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ ඔහුගේ දිගුකාලීන සහකරු නාමලී සිල්වා සමඟයි. ඇය ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉන්ෂුවරන්ස් හි අලෙවි අංශයේ නියෝජ්‍ය ප්‍රධාන අධිකාරීවරියයි. ඇය ගියේ බම්බලපිටියේ ශුද්ධ වූ පවුලේ කන්‍යාරාමයට සහ කොළඹ දේවි බාලිකා විද්‍යාලයටය . ඉන්පසු නාමලී ලන්ඩනයේ වරලත් අලෙවිකරණ ආයතනයෙන් අලෙවිකරණ උපාධියක් ලබා ගත්තාය. ඇය පාලිතව හඳුනන්නේ වයස අවුරුදු 10 සිටය. ඔවුන් දෙදෙනාම ගල්කිස්සේ එකම ගමේ ජීවත් වූ අතර දෙදෙනාම ඉගෙනුම ලැබුවේ එකම දහම් පාසල, ගල්කිස්ස ධම්මෝදය දහම් පාසලයි.

වේදිකා නාට්‍ය වෘත්තිය
ඔහුගේ රංගනයට සහ නාට්‍යයට පිවිසීම ධර්මසිරි බණ්ඩාරනායකගේ ඒකාධිපති නාට්‍යය හරහා සිදු විය. තවත් එක් විරූපියක් චිත්‍රපටයේ තිර රචනය, අධ්‍යක්ෂණය සහ රංගනය වෙනුවෙන් ඔහුගේ ප්‍රථම රාජ්‍ය යොවුන් සම්මානය දිනාගෙන, 1983 දී, 18 හැවිරිදි වියේ පසුවූ ඔහු, නිහාල් සමඟ එක්ව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වඩාත්ම විවේචනාත්මක වේදිකා නාට්‍යයක් වන සාජන් නල්ලතම්බි හි රඟපාන්නට විය. සිල්වා බර්ටෝල්ට් බ්‍රෙෂ්ට්ගේ Mr Puntila and his Man Matti සහ William Shakespeare ගේ Midsummer Night's Dreams යන චිත්‍රපටවල Helena Lehtimäki ගේ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය යටතේ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කර ක්‍රියා කළාය. 1988 දී සැමුවෙල් බෙකට්ගේ Waiting for Godot චිත්‍රපටයේ එස්ට්‍රගන්ගේ චරිතය රඟපෑම වෙනුවෙන් සිල්වා ජාතික රාජ්‍ය නාට්‍ය උළෙලේ හොඳම නළුවා සම්මානය සඳහා නිර්දේශ විය. 1994 දී කස්පා වෙනුවෙන් රාජ්‍ය නාට්‍ය උළෙලේ හොඳම නළුවාට හිමි සම්මානය සිල්වාට හිමි විය.

1984 දී ඔහුගේ මංගල නාට්‍ය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය වූයේ බල්ලංගෙන් ප්‍රවේශම් වෙනු නාට්‍යය හරහාය. ජාතික යොවුන් නාට්‍ය උළෙලේදී මෙම නාට්‍යය බොහෝ සම්මාන සහ ඇගයීම් ලබා ගත්තේය. ඔහු බම්බලපිටිය ශුද්ධ වූ පවුලේ කන්‍යාරාමය සහ ගල්කිස්ස එස්. තෝමස් විද්‍යාලය වැනි පාසල් රැසක වේදිකා නාට්‍ය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළේය. ඔහු බොහෝ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ජර්මානු නාට්‍යකරුවන් සමඟ ද වැඩ කර ඇත.

වසර 28කට පසු, ඔහු සර්කස් කරයෝ නමින් තවත් වේදිකා නාට්‍යයක් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළේය, එය ප්‍රථම වරට 2012 ජූලි 31 වන දින ලයනල් වෙන්ඩ්ට් රඟහලේදී ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී

කැපී පෙනෙන කෘති

 ඒකාධිපති
 බල්ලංගෙන් ප්‍රවේශම් වෙනු
 සර්කස් කරයෝ
 සිකිරුටි සින්නතම්බි
 සිහින දේශයෙන්
 සාරි ගැටේ
 කැස්පාර් - ජර්මානු නාට්‍යකරුවෙකු සමඟ
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 සිහින රඟහල

රූපවාහිනී වෘත්තිය
1998 දී සිල්වා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ අමුත්තක් ඇවිත් ටෙලි චිත්‍රපටය සම්මානයට පාත්‍ර විය. 2000 දී ඔහු ස්වර්ණවාහිනිය සඳහා ත්‍රස්තාවඩිංගේ සිද්ධිය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළේය.  ඔහු වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය වූයේ ස්වාධීන රූපවාහිනී සේවයේ විකාශය වූ කීටයා නාට්‍ය අභිරහස් රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාව හරහාය. ඔහු දැනට ක්‍රිකට් පුහුණුකරු ලෙස දෙවෙනි ඉනිම ටෙලිනාට්‍යයේ රඟපායි.

රංගනයෙන් ඔබ්බට
ඔහු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කවුන්සිලයේ තරුණ ඉගෙනුම් මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ වැඩමුළු අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය. ඔහුගේ ලොකුම අභිලාෂය ලේඛකයෙකු වීම බව ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ඔහු 1998 දී ඊ දීගෙක ගියාය සහ 2004 ඔක්තෝබර් 8 වැනි දින අටක් බරට හෙණ්ඩුවක් ලෙස නවකතා දෙකක් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කර ඇත. ඔහු අධ්‍යක්ෂක, තිර රචක සහ සිනමාකරණය පිළිබඳ කථිකාචාර්යවරයෙකු ලෙසද කටයුතු කරයි.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය
සිල්වා සිය සිනමා ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ 1987 දී ජැක්සන් ඇන්තනි විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද කවුළුව චිත්‍රපටයෙන් සුළු චරිතයකින්. ඔහුගේ ජනප්‍රියම සිනමා රංගනය වූයේ සර් ලාස්ට් චාන්ස්, අනගාරික ධර්මපාල ශ්‍රීමතාණෝ සහ මහරජ අජාසත් යන චිත්‍රපට හරහාය. මහරජ අජාසත්හි දෙව්දත්ත රහතන් වහන්සේගේ චරිතය විචාරකයන්ගේ නොමඳ පැසසුමට ලක් විය.

 අංක ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය සිනමාවේ ඇති ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය චිත්‍රපට සංඛ්‍යාව දක්වයි.

සම්මාන සහ සම්මාන
ඔහු දේශීය වේදිකා නාට්‍ය උළෙලවල් සහ රූපවාහිනී උත්සවවලදී රංගනය සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය යන දෙඅංශයෙන්ම සම්මාන කිහිපයක් දිනාගෙන ඇත.

යොමු කිරීම්

1967 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා

පාලිත සිල්වා


Aquaman je superheroj koji se pojavljuje u američkim stripovima koje objavljuje DC Comics. Izradio ga je Paul Norris i Mort Weisinger, lik je debitirao u More Fun Comics # 73 (studeni 1941.). U početku je bila značajka za povratak u antologijskim naslovima DC-a, a Aquaman je kasnije glumio u nekoliko svezaka serijala solo stripova. Tijekom kasnih 1950-ih i 1960-ih superhero-revival razdoblje poznato kao Silver Age, on je bio osnivač Lige Pravde. Tijekom 90-tih godina, pisci su ozbiljnije protumačili Aquamanov lik, pri čemu su priče prikazivale težinu njegove uloge kralja Atlantide.

Izvorni animirani nastupi karaktera iz 1960-ih ostavili su trajan dojam, što je Aquaman prepoznao u popularnoj kulturi. Šale o svom zdravom, slabom prikazu u Super prijateljima i percipirane slabe snage i sposobnosti bile su glavne komedijske programe i stand-up rutine, koji je nekoliko puta vodio DC-u kako bi pokušao stvoriti osebujniji lik u stripovima, Moderni prikaz komičnih knjiga pokušao je pomiriti ove različite aspekte svoje javne percepcije, bacajući Aquaman ozbiljno i prožetajući, osamari beskorisnim ugledom i boreći se da pronađe istinsku ulogu i svrhu izvan njegove javne strane kao pokojni kralj i pali junak ,

Aquaman je sadržan u nekoliko adaptacija, prvo se pojavljuje u animiranom obliku u The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure iz 1967., a zatim u programu Super Friends. Od tada se pojavio u raznim animiranim produkcijama, uključujući istaknute uloge u seriji Justice League i Justice League Unlimited i Batman: The Brave and The Bold, kao i nekoliko animiranih originalnih filmova DC Universe. Glumac Alan Ritchson također je prikazivao lik u live-action televizijskoj emisiji Smallville. U DC Extended Universeu, glumac Jason Momoa prikazao je lik u filmovima Batman v Superman: Zora pravednika i Liga Pravde.

DC Comics, likovi

Aquaman