Vodeni orašac (lat. Trapa natans), jednogodišnja vodena biljka iz porodice vrbičevki, raširena po velikim dijelovima Europe (uključujući i Hrvatsku) i dijelovima Azije i Afrike. Na područje Sjeverne Amerike je uvezena.

To je plutajuća biljka koja raste po stajaćim vodama, jezerima, kanalima sa slabim strujama, barama i močvarama a važna je kao izvor hrane za ptice i stanište za mrijest riba.

U Aziji se plodovi vodenog oraška koriste se i u medicini (elefantijaza, reuma, čirevi, opekline, laksativ) i kao hrana, proizvodi se brašno ili se jedu sirovi.

Podvrste
 Trapa natans var. africana Brenan
 Trapa natans var. bicornis (Osbeck) Makino
 Trapa natans var. borysthenica (V.N. Vassil.) N.N. Tzvelev
 Trapa natans var. europaea (Flerow) N.N. Tzvelev
 Trapa natans var. hamata N.N. Tzvelev
 Trapa natans var. japonica Nakano
 Trapa natans var. komarovii (Skvortzov) C. J. Chen
 Trapa natans var. pumila Nakano ex Verdc.

Izvori

Vrbičevke

Vodeni orašac


Fenotip (grč. phainein - prikazati; typos - tip, vrsta) su sve vidljive karakteristike ili osobine nekog organizma, poput njegove morfologije, razvoja, biokemijskih ili fizioloških svojstava, ponašanja, i sl. Fenotip rezultira iz izražaja genskog koda, odn. genotipa, kao i zbog utjecaja okoline i interakcija toga dvoje. Ako u istoj populaciji neke vrste postoje dva ili više različita fenotipa, vrsta se proglašava polimorfnom.

Razlikovanje fenotipa i genotipa predložio je Wilhelm Johannsen 1911. godine kako bi se pojasnila razlika između genskog naslijeđa i završnih rezultata tog naslijeđa.

Richard Dawkins je 1978., te u knjizi iz 1982. The Extended Phenotype predložio kako ptičja gnijezda i druge strukture poput dabrovih brana možemo smatrati "proširenim fenotipima".

Izvori

Genetika

Fenotip


José Manuel Joly Braga Santos, ComSE (; May 14, 1924July 18, 1988) was a Portuguese composer and conductor, who was born and died in Lisbon. He wrote six symphonies.

Biography
José Manuel Joly Braga Santos was born in Lisbon in 1924 and died in this city in 1988, at the peak of his musical creativity. Having studied violin and composition at the National Conservatoire of Lisbon, he became a disciple of Luís de Freitas Branco (1890–1955), the leading Portuguese composer of the preceding generation.

After the Second World War, he was able to go abroad, having studied conducting with Hermann Scherchen and Antonino Votto, and composition with Virgilio Mortari. In 1945 he visited England where he met Ralph Vaughan Williams, who encouraged him to use his native folksong in his symphonic music and also suggested that he should take lessons in counterpoint. He was undoubtedly the leading Portuguese symphonist of the 20th century, and perhaps of all time. Apart from an innate sense of orchestration, his musical language is based on a strong musical architecture as well as drama, with long melodic phrases and a natural instinct for structural development. In his own words, he wanted "to contribute toward a Latin symphonism and to react against the predominant tendency, of the generation that preceded me, to reject monumentalism in music".

In his first works, the composer showed a modal tendency motivated by the desire to establish a connection between contemporary music and the golden age of Portuguese music: the Renaissance. We also find a melodic outline of the oldest folk songs of his country. Although he was not particularly interested in the Portuguese folklore, studying and composing at the country home of his mentor, in the rural south of Portugal - the Alentejo - he naturally accepted the influence of the very old local folklore that he considered "of mesmerizing originality and grandeur".

The first four symphonies, which followed each other quite rapidly (between the ages of 22 and 27), were immediately performed by the Portuguese Radio Symphony Orchestra in Lisbon, and met with great success. The conductor and founder of the Portuguese Radio Symphony Orchestra was the great Portuguese conductor Pedro de Freitas Branco, a friend of Maurice Ravel, Manuel de Falla, and former director of the Orchestre Lamoureux. Pedro de Freitas Branco early recognised his brother's pupil's talent and launched Joly Braga Santos's international career during the 1950s, conducting several international premieres of his works around Europe. Other works of this period are the Concerto for Strings, Variations on an Alentejo Theme, and three Symphonic Overtures. Most of the works were recorded, from the 1970s onwards, by the Portuguese label Strauss SP, and more recently, by the Naxos / Marco Polo label.

Following closely the works of post-war European composers, his style became, from 1960 onwards, more chromatic. The period of travel and the time he devoted to conducting provided him with what he described as a useful period of rest, decisive for the evolution of his musical style toward increased chromaticism and less traditional form. To this period belong the works Three Symphonic Sketches, Sinfonietta, the Requiem, his 5th and 6th Symphonies, and Divertimento no. 2.

Joly Braga Santos also wrote three operas, chamber music for a wide variety of instruments and ensembles, film scores, and several choral works based on poems from the great classical and modern Portuguese and Spanish poets such as Camões, Antero de Quental, Teixeira de Pascoaes, Fernando Pessoa, Garcilaso de la Vega, Antonio Machado and Rosalía de Castro.

Joly Braga Santos lectured on composition at the National Conservatoire of Lisbon, where he introduced the chair of Musical Analysis. He was also director of the Oporto Symphony Orchestra and one of the founders of the Juventude Musical Portuguesa (Portuguese Musical Youth). As a critic and journalist he produced a vast range of work for several Portuguese and foreign newspapers and journals.

He died in Lisbon, of a stroke.

Awards
The Three Symphonic Sketches (1962) were distinguished by Donemus in 1963, and the 5th Symphony, by the «Tribune Internationale des Compositeurs» (UNESCO) in 1966.

In 2004, the recording of the Symphony No. 4 by Naxos/Marco Polo, performed by the National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland and conducted by Álvaro Cassuto received the Cannes Classical Award for the CD Premier category.

Honors
In 1977, Joly Braga Santos was distinguished with the Order of Santiago de Espada by António Ramalho Eanes, the President of the Portuguese Republic.

Selected works

Opera
1958 – Mérope, Opera in 3 Acts, on a play by Almeida Garrett; Soprano, Tenor, Bass, 3 Baritons, Choir and Orchestra - 95'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1959, S. Carlos Theater, conducted by the author.
1970 – Trilogia das Barcas, Opera based on three plays by Gil Vicente; "To my Daughters"; 20 parts (singers and actors) double choir, orchestra and sound recording 120'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1970, Gulbenkian Festival; Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, Maria Oran, Carmen Gonzales, Hugo Casais, Alvaro Malta, Ana Lagoa. Gulbenkian Orchestra and Choir, conducted by Gianfranco Rivoli.

Ballet
1967 – Encruzilhada (Crossings) - Ballet; 2,2,2,2 2,2, Tp. Perc. 2, M., strings 30'; Premiere: Lisbon 1968, Gulbenkian Ballet; Recordings: Marco Polo 8.225216, 2001.

Symphonies
1947 – Symphony No. 1 (in D) - "To the Heroes and Martyrs of the last World War"; 3,3,3,3 4,3,3,1 – Tp., Perc. 2, strings 40'; Premiere: Lisbon 1947, National Radio Symphony Orchestra, 	; Pedro Freitas Branco, conductor; Recordings: Strauss SP 4112 of live concerto 1960 - CD issue 1996; Strauss SP4048 1989;	Marco Polo 8.223879 1997.
 1948 – Symphony No. 2 (in B minor) 3,3,2,2 4,3,3,1 Tp. 2, Perc. 1, strings. 60'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1948, National Radio Symphony Orchestra; Pedro de Freitas Branco. International Premieres: Paris, 1948, Orch. Radiodifusion Française, Pedro de Freitas Branco conductor. Rome, 1959 Orchestra della R.A.I., Frederico de Freitas, conductor; Recordings: Marco Polo 8.225216, 2001.
1949 – Symphony No. 3 (in C M) "To Luis de Freitas Branco"; 2,2,2,2 4,3,3,1 Tp., Perc.4, H. 2, strings 37'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1949, National Radio Symphony Orchestra; Pedro de Freitas Branco, conductor; Recordings: Strauss SP8770022 1986; Marco Polo 8.225087 1997.
1950 – Symphony No. 4 (in E m) " To the Portuguese Musical Youth"; 3,3,3,3 - 4,4,3,1 Tp., Perc.4, H., strings - 50'	; Premiere: Lisbon 1951, National Radio Symphony Orchestra; Joly Braga Santos, conductor; Score for Orchestra and Choir, 1968; Premiere: National Radio Symphony Orchestra, Gulbenkian Choir; Silva Pereira conductor, 1968; Recordings: Strauss SP4059, 1989; Marco Polo 8.225233, 2003.
1966 – Symphony No. 5 op.39 -"virtus lusitaniae"; 4,4,5,4 6,4,3,1 Tp. 2, Perc. 9, Piano, Celesta, H. 2, strings - 31'; Premiere: Lisbon 1966, National Radio Orchestra, conducted by the author. Distinguished by the Tribune International des Compositeurs (UNESCO) -1968. Recordings: Strauss SP4043 1968; CD issue 1989; Marco Polo 8.223879, 1997.
1972 – Symphony No. 6 "To my Daughter Maria da Piedade"; Soprano solo, Choir 3,3,4,3 4,4,3,1-Tp. Perc. 4, Celesta, H. 2, strings 28'. Premiere: Lisbon, 1972, Tivoli Theatre, National Radio Symphony Orchestra, S. Carlos Theatre Choir, soloist soprano Elsa Saque, Álvaro Cassuto conductor. Recordings: Marco Polo 8.225087, 1997.

Orchestral
1946 – Symphonic Overture No. 1 "To Pedro de Freitas Branco";3,3,3,3 4,3,3,3, Tp. Perc. 2, strings 7'; Premiere: Lisbon 1946, National Radio Symphony Orchestra, 	; Pedro de Freitas Branco, conductor.
1947 – Symphonic Overture No. 2 (in E); 3,3,3,3 4,4,3,1 Tp. Perc.3, strings 15'; Premiere: Lisbon 1947, National Radio Symphony Orchestra, Pedro de Freitas Branco, conductor.
1948 – Elegy to Vianna da Motta 3,3,3,3 - 4,3,3,1 Tp., Drum, strings 9'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1949, National Radio Symphony Orchestra; Pedro de Freitas Branco, conductor; Recordings: Strauss SP4053, 1989; Koch-Shwaan 3-1510-2, 1994.
1951 – Concerto for Strings in D - "To the Chamber Music Academy"; Strings Orchestra 18'	; Premiere: Lisbon, 1951, Chamber Music Academy; Recordings: 	Strauss SP 870017/PS, 1986;	Koch Schwann 3-1510-2, 1994;	Marco Polo 8.225186, 2002.
1951 – Variations on an Alentejo Theme "To Pedro de Freitas Branco"; 3,3,3,3 4,4,3,1 Tp., Perc. 4, H.2, strings - 14'; Premiere: Bordeaux 20.02.1952, Orchestre Philharmonique de Bordeaux, Pedro de Freitas Branco conductor; Recordings: Strauss SP4053, 1989; Marco Polo 8.225233, 2003.
1954 – Symphonic Overture No. 3 "To Elisa de Sousa Pedroso"; 2,2,2,2 4,2,3,1, Tp., Perc.3, H., strings 13'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1954, National Radio Symphony Orchestra, 	; Pedro de Freitas Branco, conductor; Recordings: Strauss SP4048, 1989.
1960 – Divertimento I "To Virgilio Mortari"; 2,2,2,2 2,2 Tp. Perc. 2, strings, 24'; Premiere: Naples 1961, Orchestra Scarlatti della R.A.I., conducted by the author; Recordings: Strauss 870017/PS, 1989;	Marco Polo 8.225271, 2004.
1962 – Three Symphonic Sketches "To Silva Pereira"; 3,2,2,2 4,3,3,1-Tp. Perc. 4, Celesta, strings - 11'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1962, National Radio Symphony Orchestra; Silva Pereira conductor; Donemus Prize 1963; Recordings: Strauss SP4053/PS, 1989.
1963 – Sinfonietta for Strings Orchestra, 18';"To Álvaro Cassuto and the Gulbenkian Orchestra"; Premiere: Lisbon 1963, Gulbenkian Orchestra, Álvaro Cassuto conductor; Recordings:	Strauss CD870017/PS, 1986;	Koch - Shwaan 3-1510-2, 1994;	Marco Polo 8.225186, 2002.
1967 – Variations for Orchestra "To Adrian Sunshine"; Strings Orchestra, Harp, 2 Violins, Viola, Cello 16'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1967, Gulbenkian Festival. Gulbenkian Orchestra; Adrian Sunshine conductor.
1978 – Divertimento II – String Orchestra 14'; Premiere: Lisbon 1978, Gulbenkian Orchestra, Gustav Kuhn conductor; Recordings: Koch Shwann 3-1510-2, 1994;	 Marco Polo 8.225271, 2004.
1988 – Staccato Brilhante – "To The New Phylarmonic Orchestra"; Premiere: Lisbon 1988, The New Phylarmonic Orchestra, conducted by Álvaro Cassuto.

Concertante works
1947 – Nocturne for Strings (in B minor) - Strings Orchestra and viola 7'; Premiere: Lisbon 1947, National Radio Strings Orchestra; Pedro de Freitas Branco, conductor; Recordings: Marco Polo 8.225271, 2004.
1960 – Viola Concerto "To François Broos"; 2,2,2,2 4,3,3,1 Tp. Perc. 3, H., strings - 28' 30"; Premiere: Lisbon 1960, National Radio Symphony Orchestra; François Broos, viola; conducted by the author. Recordings: Strauss SP870008/PS, 1989.
 1968 – Violin and Cello Concerto for String Orchestra and Harp - 18'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1970, National Radio Symphony Orchestra; Fritz Rieger, conductor; Soloists: Leonor Prado (violin), Madalena Sá e Costa (cello); Recordings: Marco Polo 8.225186, 2002.
1973 – Piano Concerto; 3,3,2,2 4,3,3,1 Tp. Perc.3, cordas 24'; Premiere: Lisbon 1974, National Radio Symphony Orchestra; soloist, Helena de Sá e Costa, Silva Pereira conductor.
1987 – Cello Concerto - 2,2,2,2 - 2,2 - 1,2 - strings; Premiere: Lisbon 1987, Gulbenkian Orchestra, Clélia Vital soloist; Recordings: Marco Polo 8.225271, 2004.

Chamber music
1942 – Nocturne (in E) Violin and Piano 4'. Premiere: Lisbon, 1942; Soloists: Silva Pereira (violin) and João de Freitas Branco (piano).
1943 – Aria I Cello and Piano 4'. Premiere: Oporto, 1943; Soloists: Madalena Sá e Costa and Helena Sá e Costa.
1945 – String Quartet I (in D m) - "To Luís de Freitas Branco"; 2 violins, viola e cello, 30'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1945. Soloists: l. Gomes, J. Nogueira, F. Caldeira, C. Figueiredo; Recordings: Strauss SP 4356 1990.
1957 – Quartet with piano piano, violin, viola and cello 18' "To the Lisbon Quartet"; Premiere: Würtzburg 1957, Residenz Hall, by the Lisbon Quartet.
1957 – String Quartet II 2 violins, viola and cello 30';Premiere: 1989, S. Carlos Theater, Capela Quartet;Recordings: Strauss SP 4356 1990.
1977 – Aria II – Cello and Piano 6' "To Luisa de Vasconcelos"; Premiere: Madrid 1977, Luísa de Vasconcelos, soloist.
1984 – Aria a Tre con variazioni for Clarinet, Viola and Piano;Premiere: Lisbon 1984, Goethe Institut, Diogo Pais (clarinet), Leonor Braga Santos (viola) and António Chagas Rosa (piano).
1984 – Dance Suite Piano, Viola, Oboé and Bass;Premiere: Lisbon 1986, Opus Ensemble; Recordings: EMI Valentim de Carvalho – EMI 7496622, 1988, Opus Ensemble.
1985 – Trio for Piano, Violin e Cello - "To the Mirecourt Trio"; Premiere: Lisbon 1986, by the Mirecourt Trio.
1985 – Suite for wind instruments; Premiere: Lisbon, 1985, Lisbon Wind Ensemble. Recordings: Numérica, Lisbon, 1997. Lisbon Soloists.Deux Elles Limited, 2003 DXL 1084, The Galliard Ensemble.
1986 – Sextet - To Alberto Lysy;2 Violins, 2 Violas, 2 Cellos;Premiere (original score): Lisbon, 1989;Strings Orchestra score,1986.Premiere: 1986, Algarve Festival, Gulbenkian Orchestra.
1988 – Improviso for clarinet and piano. Premiere: Naples, Italy 1988; António Saiote, clarinet; Last composition.

Vocal
1943 – Four Songs on poems by Fernando Pessoa for Soprano voice and piano. Premiere: Lisbon 1946; International premiere: Dublin 2004.
1945 –  Sonnet by Antero de Quental - "To Carmélia Âmbar"; Mezzo-soprano and Orchestra; Premiere: (with piano) Lisbon, 1953.
1964 – Requiem "In memoriam of Pedro de Freitas Branco"; 3 Sopranos, 1 Mezzo, Tenor, Bariton, Bass, Choir; 4,4,5,4 4,4,3,1 Tp., Perc. Sistro, celesta, H.3, strings - 35'; Premiere: Lisbon, 1964, Gulbenkian Festival, Gulbenkian Orchestra and Choir, António 	de Almeida, conductor.
1974 – Choral compositions on Classic Castilian Poems – "A Capella" Choir; Premiere: Avila Festival, Spain 1974. Iglesia del Salvador, Gulbenkian Choir.
1975 – 2 Motets – "A Capella" Choir 6' 30"; Premiere: Cuenca Festival 1976. Iglesia de San Miguel, Gulbenkian Choir.
1982 – Cantares Gallegos for Soprano e Orchestra on poems by Rosalía de Castro, "To Maria Oran".
1988 – Aquella Tarde on a dramatic poem by António Machado. Soprano or tenor and orchestral ensemble; Premiere: Lisbon, 1988 - Gulbenkian Encounters of Contemporary Music, by the Contemporary Music Group, conducted by Jorge Peixinho.

Solo piano
1944 – Siciliana Piano 2'. Premiere: Lisbon, 1944. Published by Valentim de Carvalho S.A.R.L. (out of print).
1945 – Three Sonnets by Camões - "To Carmélia Âmbar"; Original score for Mezzo-Soprano or Baritone and Piano; Score for Mezzo-Soprano or Baritone and Orchestra; Premiere: Lisbon, 1970, Lisbon Phylarmonic Orchestra, Helena Cláudio, soloist, Joly Braga Santos, conductor.

Discography
Symphony 3
Concerto for Strings, Sinfonietta, Variationes Concertantes, Concerto for violin, cello, strings and harp
Symphony 4

References

Sources

 Latino, Adriana. "Santos, Joly Braga", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed July 8, 2007), (subscription access)
 Who's Who in Music,
 Marquis Who's Who,
 Dictionnaire de La Musique (Marc Honnegger)
 The World of Twentieth-Century Music.
 Delgado, Alexandre "A Sinfonia Em Portugal" ed. Caminho Da Musica ()

20th-century classical composers
Portuguese classical composers
1924 births
1988 deaths
Musicians from Lisbon
Portuguese male classical composers
20th-century male musicians

Joly Braga Santos


Agrilus aethiops é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Hespenheide, 1990.

Referências

aethiops

Agrilus aethiops


هاينريش كورنيليوس أجريبا (Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa) (1486 – 1535) هو مؤلف ألماني وله إسهامات في مجالات مختلفة مثل الطب والقانون بالإضافة إلى التنجيم الذي يشتهر به، خاصةً مجموعة الدراسات المعنونة باسم ثلاث كتب في فلسفة السحر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من كولن
أطباء ألمان في القرن 16
أطباء من كولونيا
إنسانيون ألمان في عصر النهضة
حقوقيون ألمان في القرن 16
حقوقيون في القرن 16
خيميائيون ألمان
خيميائيون في القرن 16
رجال نسويون
غموضيون ألمان
غموضيون في القرن 16
غموضيون مسيحيون
كتاب ألمان في القرن 16
كتاب باللغة اللاتينية في القرن 16
كتاب ذكور ألمان في القرن 16
كتاب ذكور في القرن 16
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور ألمان
مبتكرو أنظمة الكتابة
منجمون ألمان
منجمون في القرن 16
مواليد 1486
مواليد في كولونيا
نسويون ألمان
وفيات 1535
وفيات في غرينوبل

هاينريش كورنيليوس أجريبا


مركز الحسين الثقافي أحد أهم الصروح الثقافية التابعة لأمانة عمان الكبرى، والمركز يقع على بعد خطوات قليلة من مبنى أمانة عمان الكبرى.

افتتح المركز سنة 2001م، ويضم العديد من القاعات المتعددة الأغراض، إضافةً إلى مكتبة أمانة العاصمة المركزية، حيث ستضم المكتبة كل ما نشر عن عمّان سواء أكان ذلك بطريقة النص المكتوب أو الصور الفوتوغرافية أو الأشرطة السينمائية. وتتكون المكتبة من خمسة طوابق، ويوجد 28 مركزاً تابعاً للمكتبة موزعين على أحياء مدينة عمّان المختلفة.

ويجاور مركز الحسين الثقافي- في تكوين معماري متداخل- المسرح البلدي، وقد افتتح بتاريخ 30 كانون الثاني، 2001م. وقد شهد المسرح حفل الافتتاح الرسمي بتدشين عمّان عاصمة للثقافة العربية للعام 2001م.

انظر أيضًا
 المعهد الوطني للموسيقى

المصادر

 عـمّـان ... مدينة المياه!- مجلة العربي؛ للكاتب طارق حسني

مبان ومنشآت في مدينة عمان
مراكز ثقافية أردنية
مسارح في الأردن

مركز الحسين الثقافي


Stemness este termenul consacrat din biologia anglo-americană, care insumează toate caracteristicile celulelor stem, adică acele proprietăți specifice, prin care celulele stem se deosebesc de restul celulelor din organism. Celulele stem din ziua de asăzi au preluat toate calitațile celulei ancestrale LECA (last eukaryotic common ancestor, engl.) puse la punct cu peste un miliard de ani în urmă. Calitatea de stemness a dus la diferențiere celulară și in final la formarea țesuturilor si a organelor. Urmărind modelul de dezvoltare a unor organisme unicelulare moderne, cum ar fi Entamoeba invadens, avem posibilitatea să înțelegem baza mecanismelor ancestrale ce privesc diferențiere celulară pimitivă.

Diviziunea asimetrică și "soarta" celulelor fiice
Diviziunea simetrică este diviziunea celulară prin care o celulă eucariotică mamă  (celulă cu nucleu "adevărat")  produce două celule fiice diferite (non- identical daughter cells, engl.),  mai bine zis două celule fiice de comportament diferit. La procariote, celulele evolutionar mai vârstnice (de expl. bacterii, fără nucleu bine conturat) diviziunea asimetrică este incipientă și sporadică, fapt ce se poate observă la sporularea bacteriilor și formarea de endospori. Celulele eukariote au perfecționat diviziunea asimetrică, care a devenit apoi cea mai importantă diviziune celulară, în dezvoltarea organismelor eukariote [1,2]. Cele doua celule fiice au "soartă" (cell fate, engl.) diferită .

Prin ce se deosebesc cele două celule fiice? Una dintre ele continuă ciclu celular și devine la rândul ei  celulă mama, producând și ea două celule inegale. În literatură anglo-americană această celulă se numește "self-renewing cell", iar reînoirea "self renewal". Cea de a două celulă fiică  intrerupe ciclul celular, se oprește la sfârșitul  fazei G1- timpurie (early G1, engl.) și nu întră în faza G1- târzie (late G1). De aici încolo există două posibilități: unele celule revin în ciclu după o ieșire temporară, și amplifică linia celulară,  altele părăsesc ciclul mitotic definitiv și diferențiază in alte tipuri de celule.  Procesul de diferențiere are loc,  in măsura in care celula este în prealabil programată pentru diferențere (committed, engl.). Celula determinată pentru diferențiere trece prin mai multe stadii intermediare și-și termină "cariera" ca celulă "adultă",  terminal diferențiată. Trecerea de la un fenotip la altul se realizeaza prin aportul unor factori de mediu (stimuli) si procese epigenetice, modelate de sistemul de reglementare al genelor (gene regulatory network, GRN, engl.)

Celule oprite temporar in faza G0 (celule vegetativ-somatice) nu diferențiază autonom
Starea G0 este o stare temporară,  fiind o stare de pasivitate și repaus. Se consideră că celulele G0 părăsesc ciclul celular pentru o  perioadă de timp nedefinită (ore, zile, luni). Stimuli favorabili din mediu extern reîntorc celulele G0 în ciclul celular. Se pare că reintroducerea are loc în același punct al ciclului, unde celulele au ieșit in prealabil. Odată revenită în ciclu, celula în cauză e determinată pentru mitoză și diviziune. Celulă determinată (commited, engl.) trece printr-un  punct de restricție (RP), care o forțează să termine ciclul celular, trecând prin fazele G1- târzie, S și G2  și terminând ciclul printr-o nouă  diviziune asimetrică. În general, acest comportament îl au celulele vegetativ-somatice. În alte condiții de mediu, celulele vegetativ-somatice renuntă la oprirea temporară în G0, ambele celule fiice comportându-se in acest caz ca celule "self renewing". Diviziunea devine așa dar simetrică.

Celule fiice ce părăsesc definitiv ciclul mitotic sunt determinate pentru diferențiere (celule "reproductive")
Un alt tip de celule fiice părăsesc la sfârșitul fazei G1-timpurie (early G1) definitiv ciclul mitotic și întră irevocabil intr-un proces de diferențiere celulară. Cu alte cuvinte ele exprimă un  potențial de diferențiere, înscris în genomul lor. La organisme unicelulare cum sunt Entamoebele produsul diferențierii este un chist reproductiv, care în condiții prielnice da naștere la 8 celule fiice (progenie). Celulele precursoare ce produc chistul reproductiv aparțin unei sublinii de celule reproductive (sublinie progenitoare), care duce fiecare a două celulă fiică in diferențiere (diferențiere ciclică). Este un ciclu de  poliploidizare si depoliploidizare prin diviziuni nucleare reductive. Înainte de a ieși din faza G1, această celulă fiică este determinată pentru diferențiere (commited, engl.)

Potențialul de diferențiere
La eucariote primitive, ca de pildă Entamoeba invadens, mai toate celulele au potențial de diferențiere, indiferent dacă e vorba de celule vegetative - care nu produc chiști in culturi - sau celule reproductive care diferențiază chiști prin diferentiere ciclică. Cu alte cuvinte jumatate din celulele reproductive inchistează in culturi  in mod autonom (fără doar și poate), in timp ce celulele vegetative-somatice exprimă potențialul de diferențiere numai în situații de stres, când sunt expuse unor stimuli externi nocivi, sau metabolic nefavorabili. Diferențiierea se produce numai din faza G1. Celule din faza G2 fac întâi o diviziune simetrica, producând doua celule fiice identice, care diferentiază amândouă.

Prin ce se deosebesc celulele reproductive, capabile  de diferențiere chistică, față de celulele vegetativ-somatice, ce nu exprimă potențialul de diferențiere, pe care îl țin ascuns? Se bănuește că este vorba de un șalter molecular (molecular switch, engl.) care schimbă soarta celulei (cell fate, engl.), în funcție de faptul dacă este închis sau deschis. Când șalterul este deschis (ON) celulă nu se oprește în stadiul G0, ci trece mai departe în procesul de diferențiere. Când șalterul este închis (OFF), celula rămâne în G0, neputând continuă drumul ei în diferențiere (2). la celulele de reinoire (self-renewing) șalterul e permanent în poziția OFF.

Geneza celulelor diferențiate si plasticitatea lor
Cele 8 microcelule ce diseminează din chistul reproductiv formează la eucariotele primitive (i) linia  de celule stem, care prolifereză  în culturi prin cicluri asimetrice. Concentrații diferite de oxigen converg linia de celule stem, fie (ii) într-o sublinie reproductivă (5-6% oxigen) capabilă de diferențiere ciclică, fie (iii) într-o sublinie somatic-vegetativă, ce nu diferențiază chisti în cultură (< 5% oxigen). Anaerobioza încetinește ciclul celular al ambelor sublinii și convergă linia reproductivă într-o nouă sublinie vegetativ-somatică. Sublinia vegetativ-somatică îsi poate schimba fenotipul respectiv profilul genotipic în funcție de stimuli extrinsici din micromediu. Aceste schimbări se realizează prin mecanisme epigenetice (gene regulatory networks, GRN, engl.), ce pot modifica o stare celulară in alta. Cele trei linii celulare formează un lineaj celular primitv care întreține ciclul de viața al eucariotelor primitive. Linia de celule stem cuprinde celule nediferențiate, multipotente.

Lineaje primitiv-atavistice in lumea eucariotelor superioare si cancer
Lineaje primitive - ca cele descrise mai sus - au fost preluate și modificate în mod specific de către  toate organismele pluricelulare (Metazoare, mamifere, om), ceeace poate fi observat în Embriologie. Sistemele de diferențiere sunt controlate de mecanisme GRN relativ stabile, care împiedică de regulă diferențieri și dezvoltări aberante. Și totuși, lineajul primitiv pus la punct cu un miliard de ani în urmă de către organismul ancestral LECA, nu a fost îndepărtat din genom, ci numai transpus într-o stare silențioasă, dormindă. În mod nefericit, el poate fi reactivat în anumite condiții, de către stimuli din interiorul organismului sau dinafara acestuia. Aceasta reactivare pare a se întâmpla în cancer. În ultimii ani, teoria atavistică privind inițierea cancerului [3,4] - pornind de la o celulă umană dereglată mitotic -  câștigă din ce în ce mai mult în importanță. Lineajul atavistic pare a diferenția atât celulele stem canceroase (CSC) cât și sublinii (clone) vegetativ-somatice și reproductive, ce-și schimbă în permanență fenotipul respectiv genotipul, ducând la forme aberante și tumori (vezi modelul Niculescu la capitolul "Celule stem").

Note
1. Niculescu VF (2015) The stem cell biology of the protist pathogen Entamoeba invadens in the context of eukaryotic stem cell evolution. Stem Cell Biol Res. 2015; 2:2. http://dx.doi.org/10.7243/2054-717X-2-2

2. Niculescu Vladimir F. (2017) Regulatory Mechanisms of Asymmetric/Symmetric Cell Division and Quiescence in the Primitive-/ Stem Progenitor Cell Lineage of Entamoeba. J Stem Cell Res. 1(2): 1-7.

3. Niculescu VF (2018) Carcinogenesis: recent insights in protist stem cell biology lead to a better understanding of atavistic mechanisms implied in cancer development. MOJ Tumor Res 1(1): 00004. doi: 10.15406/mojtr.2018.01.00004

4. Niculescu VF (2018). The cancer stem cell family: atavistic origin and tumorigenic development. MOJ Tumor Res.1(2):71‒74. doi : 10.15406/mojtr.2018.01.00015

Stemness


Lauderdale County is the name of several counties in the United States:

 Lauderdale County, Alabama
 Lauderdale County, Mississippi
 Lauderdale County, Tennessee

Lauderdale County


Die Washington Township ist eine von 17 Townships im Dubuque County im Osten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Iowa.

Geografie
Die Washington Township liegt im Osten von Iowa rund 20 km südlich von Dubuque, dem am Iowa von Wisconsin und Illinois trennenden Mississippi gelegenen Zentrum der Region.

Die Washington Township liegt auf 42°20′14″ nördlicher Breite und 90°43′36″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 93 km².

Die Washington Township grenzt innerhalb des Dubuque County im Westen an die Prairie Creek Township, im Nordwesten an die Vernon Township, im Norden an die Table Mound Township und im Nordosten an die Mosalem Township. Im Osten und Süden grenzt die Washington Township an das Jackson County.

Verkehr
Durch die Washington Township verläuft in Nord-Süd-Richtung der U.S. Highway 61, der die kürzeste Verbindung von Dubuque zu den südlich gelegenen Quad Cities bildet. Im äußersten Nordwesten führt ein kleiner Abschnitt des zum Freeway ausgebauten U.S. Highway 151 durch die Washington Township. Alle weiteren Straßen innerhalb der Township sind County Roads und weiter untergeordnete und zum Teil unbefestigte Straßen.

Der Dubuque Regional Airport liegt unmittelbar nördlich der Washington Township.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 432 Einwohner. Innerhalb der Washington Township gibt es neben Streubesiedlung mit Zwingle nur eine selbständige Gemeinde (mit dem Status "City"). Sie liegt zu einem Teil im benachbarten Jackson County.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Washington Township

Washington Township (Dubuque County, Iowa)


Cem Özdemir (* 27. Juli 1992 in Seyhan) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler.

Karriere

Verein
Özdemir begann, in der Jugend von Seyhan Belediyespor im Verein Fußball zu spielen und spielte anschließend für die Jugendmannschaft Adanaspor. Im Sommer 2010 erhielt er hier einen Profivertrag, war aber weiterhin überwiegend für die Reservemannschaft tätig. Er wurde aber am Training der Profis beteiligt und debütierte in einem Pokalspiel für die Profimannschaft. Zum Saisonende 2011/12 erreichte man den Einzug ins Playoff-Finale der TFF 1. Lig. Im Finale unterlag man in der Verlängerung Kasımpaşa Istanbul 2:3 und verpasste den Aufstieg in die Süper Lig erst in der letzten Begegnung. Mit diesem Verein beendete er die Saison 2014/15 als Zweitligameister und stieg mit seinem Verein in die Süper Lig auf.

Nachdem er mit Adanaspor am Ende der Saison 2016/17 den Klassenerhalt nicht erreichen konnte, wechselte Özdemir im Sommer 2017 zum Erstliga-Aufsteiger Sivasspor. In Hinrunde kam er bei seinem neuen Verein zu keinem Ligaeinsatz und wurde im Januar 2018 für sechs Monate an Kardemir Karabükspor und für die Saison 2018/19 an den Drittligisten Manisa Büyükşehir Belediyespor ausgeliehen.

Nationalmannschaft
Özdemir spielte 2010 einmal für die türkische U-18-Jugendnationalmannschaft.

Erfolge
Mit Adanaspor
 Meister der TFF 1. Lig und Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2015/16

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Adanaspor)
Fußballspieler (Kardemir Karabükspor)
Fußballspieler (Manisa FK)
Fußballspieler (Sivasspor)
Fußballspieler (Fethiyespor)
Geboren 1992
Türke
Mann

Cem Özdemir (Fußballspieler)


جيان  هي إحدى أقسام شركة متعددة الجنسيات، متخصصة في سلسلة المراكز التجارية، و مقرها الرئيسي فرنسا. وتمتلك حاليا حوالي 113 متجرا تجاريا ضخما حول العالم. و من اهدافها توفير جميع المستلزمات مثل الأواني المنزلية، الأطعمة، الحواسيب وأجهزة الترفية المنزلية تحت سقف واحد. و تعتير السلسلة خامس أكبر سلسلة متاجر تجزئة في العالم وثاني أكبر سلسلة في فرنسا بعد كارفور.

جيان حول العالم

 :
 :
 360 درجة .

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 جيان فرنسا
 جيان تايوان

تأسيسات سنة 1970 في فرنسا
جروب كازينو
شركات المساحات التجارية الكبرى
شركات تجارة التجزئة أسست في 1970
شركات فرنسية
شركات مقرها في أوفيرني-رون ألب
علامات تجارية فرنسية
سلسلة متاجر

جيان (شركة)


O Cruzeiro foi um jornal diário brasileiro, lançado no Rio de Janeiro, em . Nesta mesma data, Machado de Assis, em sua coluna "História de Quinze Dias" na revista Ilustração Brasileira, registrou o surgimento do jornal nestes termos: "Apareceu mais um campeão na imprensa diária, o Cruzeiro, jornal anunciado há algumas semanas. Desejamos longa vida ao nosso novo e brilhante colega." O escritor se tornaria colaborador assíduo do novo jornal, em cujo folhetim publicou o romance Iaiá Garcia, a coluna semanal de crônicas Notas Semanais sob o pseudônimo Eliezar, bem como outros textos. Quando o jornal passou a defender ideias escravagistas, a maioria dos redatores e colaboradores debandou. A última edição saiu em .

Jornais extintos do estado do Rio de Janeiro

O Cruzeiro (jornal)


محمد ثابت باشا الجركسي (1820 ـ 26 يناير 1902) من أعيان الشراكسة في مصر ومن الشخصيات السياسية فيها. يُعرف عادة بلقبه ثابت باشا. يعتبر من رجال محمد علي باشا والي مصر ورأس العائلة المالكة فيها. ارتبط بالوالي بصلة النسب وذلك بأن تزوّج الأميرة جولسن هانم ابنة السيد طوسون باشا نجل الأميرة زهرة شقيقة محمد علي باشا.

نشأته
وُلد في القاهرة عام 1820م وتربّى وتعلم مع أنجال محمد علي باشا، وتلقى العلم معهم في مدرسة الخانقاه. أنعم عليه الوالي برتبة الأميرالاي وأخذه معه أثناء سفره إلى الآستانة وأدخله بصحبة الأمير مصطفى فاضل باشا في قلم الباب العالي (ديوان السلطان العثماني) للتدريب واكتساب الخبرة.

تدرجه في المناصب
 عاد بعد ثلاث سنوات إلى مصر وعُيّن مديراً للجيزة ثم للقليوبية ثم وكيلا لتفتيش الوجه القبلي.
 عُيّن رئيساً لمجلس تجارة القاهرة في زمن سعيد باشا ثم عُيّن في مجلس الاستئناف ثم في مجلس الأحكام.
 عُين محافظاً للقاهرة ثم الإسكندرية، وتقلّد وظائف أُخرى عالية.
 أُختير ناظراً (وزيراً) للمعارف والأوقاف في وزارة محمد شريف باشا.
 قام بمهمة خاصّة للخديوي توفيق باشا في الآستانة أيام الثورة العرابية، وبعد عودته عُيّن مهرداراً للخديوي ثم ناظراً للداخلية في وزارة نوبار باشا عام 1301 هـ / 1884م.
 عُيّن رئيساً للديوان الخديوي في عهد الخديوي توفيق وأول عهد الخديوي عباس حلمي الثاني، وسافر مع الخديوي إلى الآستانة.
 تقاعد بعد عودته من الآستانة وانقطع للعبادة وعمل المبرّات الخيرية.
 توفي في مصر في شهر شوال عام 1319 هـ / 1902م.

مراجع

 أعلام الشراكسة، تأليف فيصل حبطوش خوت أبزاخ، مؤسسة خوست للإعلان، عمان، الأردن، 2007م
 *القاموس الإسلامي- احمد عطبة الله- مكتبة النهضة المصرية- القاهرة 1976م

محافظو الإسكندرية
محافظو القاهرة
مصريون شراكسة
مواليد 1820
وزراء أوقاف مصريون
وزراء داخلية مصريون
وزراء معارف مصريون
وفيات 1319 هـ
وفيات 1901

محمد ثابت باشا


Standard Fémina de Liège er Standard Liège's kvindeafdeling og det mest vindende hold i kvindernes fodbold i Belgien, med 17 mesterskabstitler - 15 i den Belgiske føstedivision, dengang den var den øverste række i kvindernes fodbold i Belgien, og to gange i Super League, den nuværende øverste række. Derudover var holdet det best placerede belgiske hold i den nu nedlagte liga BeNe League, der var en fælles begisk-Hollandsk fodboldliga for kvinder fra 2012-13 til 2014-15. Standard Liège vandt titlen i den sidste sæson af BeNeLeague.

Holdet blev etableret i 1971 som Saint-Nicolas FC Liège, før de skiftede navn til det nuværende tre år senere, efter at de havde vundet den første udgave af den belgiske fodboldliga for kvinder.

Aktuel trup

Pr. 6. juni 2020

Kilde: www.standard-femina.be

Resultater fra UEFA turneringer

Referencer

Kvindefodboldklubber i Belgien

Standard Liège (kvinder)


Rivière des Créoleshttp://itouchmap.com/?c=mp&UF=-1354947&UN=-1951086&DG=STM o bien Río de los Criollos es un río en el sureste de la isla y nación africana de Mauricio. Que fluye al sureste por al menos 13 kilómetros, alcanzando el océano Índico cerca de la ciudad de Mahébourg, en las coordenadas geográficas

Véase también
 Geografía de Mauricio
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Créoles

Rivière des Créoles


An Paspalum delavayi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jan Theodoor Henrard. An Paspalum delavayi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum delavayi


بلدية كونجيستا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قرطبة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 485 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات قرطبة

كونجيستا (قرطبة)


Vlaška es un topónimo que puede referirse a:

Bosnia y Herzegovina
 Vlaška, una villa situada en la municipalidad de Trebinje, República Srpska;

Serbia
 Vlaška (Ćuprija)|Vlaška, una villa situada en la municipalidad de Ćuprija, distrito de Pomoravlje]];
 Vlaška, una localidad situada en la municipalidad de Mladenovac y sobre suelo de la ciudad de Belgrado.

Vlaška (desambiguación)


إذاعة صوت إسرائيل (باللغة العبرية: קול ישראל ويلفظ كول يسراييل) هي الإذاعة العامة لدولة إسرائيل، وهي تعمل على ست موجات عبرية إضافة إلى موجات بعدّة لغات أخرى ومنها الإنجليزية والفرنسية والإسبانية والعربية والفارسية.

إذاعة صوت إسرائيل تتبع للسلطة الإسرائيلية للإذاعة والتلفزيون، وهي مؤسسة عمومية تخضع لإشراف لجنة إدارية تمثل مختلف قطاعات المجتمع الإسرائيلي والتيارات السياسية. وتبث الإذاعة برامجها من استوديوهات في القدس وتل أبيب وحيفا وبئر السبع.

ويعمل في القسم العربي للإذاعة نحو 120 موظفا يهوديا و عربيا وأبرزهم ايمان القاسم سليمان سماح حسنين بكرية رائد ذياب محمد بكرية .

انظر أيضا
 إذاعة الجيش الإسرائيلي
 ايمان القاسم سليمان

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع صوت إسرائيل بالعربية

إذاعات إسرائيلية
تأسيسات سنة 1947 في الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين
شبكات مذياع
محطات تمول شعبيا
محطات إذاعية أسست في 1947

صوت إسرائيل


Les Lyrellales sont un ordre d'algues de l'embranchement des Bacillariophyta  et de la classe des Bacillariophyceae.

Description

Distribution

Liste des familles
Selon  :
 Lyrellaceae D.G.Mann

Systématique
Le nom correct complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Lyrellales D.G.Mann.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Algue (nom scientifique)

Lyrellales


Delta waves are high amplitude neural oscillations with a frequency between 0.5 and 4 hertz. Delta waves, like other brain waves, can be recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) and are usually associated with the deep stage 3 of NREM sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), and aid in characterizing the depth of sleep. Suppression of delta waves leads to inability of body rejuvenation, brain revitalization and poor sleep.

Background and history

"Delta waves" were first described in the 1930s by W. Grey Walter, who improved upon Hans Berger's electroencephalograph machine (EEG) to detect alpha and delta waves. Delta waves can be quantified using quantitative electroencephalography.

Classification and features

Delta waves, like all brain waves, can be detected by electroencephalography (EEG). Delta waves were originally defined as having a frequency between 1 and 4 Hz, although more recent classifications put the boundaries at between 0.5 and 2 Hz. They are the slowest and highest amplitude classically described brainwaves, although recent studies have described slower (<0.1 Hz) oscillations Delta waves begin to appear in stage 3 sleep, but by stage 4 nearly all spectral activity is dominated by delta waves. Stage 3 sleep is defined as having less than 50% delta wave activity, while stage 4 sleep has more than 50% delta wave activity. These stages have recently been combined and are now collectively referred to as stage N3 slow-wave sleep. During N3 SWS, delta waves account for 20% or more of the EEG record during this stage. Delta waves occur in all mammals, and potentially all animals as well.

Delta waves are often associated with another EEG phenomenon, the K-complex. K-Complexes have been shown to immediately precede delta waves in slow wave sleep.

Delta waves have also been classified according to the location of the activity into frontal (FIRDA), temporal (TIRDA), and occipital (OIRDA) intermittent delta activity.

Neurophysiology

Sex differences

Females have been shown to have more delta wave activity, and this is true across most mammal species . This discrepancy does not become apparent until early adulthood (in the 30s or 40s in humans), with males showing greater age-related reductions in delta wave activity than females.

Brain localization and biochemistry

Delta waves can arise either in the thalamus or in the cortex. When associated with the thalamus, they are thought to arise in coordination with the reticular formation. In the cortex, the suprachiasmatic nuclei have been shown to regulate delta waves, as lesions to this area have been shown to cause disruptions in delta wave activity. In addition, delta waves show a lateralization, with right hemisphere dominance during sleep.
Delta waves have been shown to be mediated in part by T-type calcium channels. During delta wave sleep, neurons are globally inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Delta activity stimulates the release of several hormones, including growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH and prolactin (PRL). GHRH is released from the hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary. The secretion of (PRL), which is closely related to (GH), is also regulated by the pituitary. The release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), is decreased in response to delta-wave signaling.

Development

Infants have been shown to spend a great deal of time in slow-wave sleep, and thus have more delta wave activity. In fact, delta-waves are the predominant waveforms of infants. Analysis of the waking EEG of a newborn infant indicates that delta wave activity is predominant in that age, and still appears in a waking EEG of five-year-olds. Delta wave activity during slow-wave sleep declines during adolescence, with a drop of around 25% reported between the ages of 11 and 14 years. Delta waves have been shown to decrease across the lifespan, with most of the decline seen in the mid-forties. By the age of about 75, stage four sleep and delta waves may be entirely absent.
In addition to a decrease in the incidence of delta waves during slow-wave sleep in the elderly, the incidence of temporal delta wave activity is commonly seen in older adults, and incidences also increase with age.

Disruptions and disorders

Regional delta wave activity not associated with NREM sleep was first described by W. Grey Walter, who studied cerebral hemisphere tumors. Disruptions in delta wave activity and slow wave sleep are seen in a wide array of disorders. In some cases there may be increases or decreases in delta wave activity, while others may manifest as disruptions in delta wave activity, such as alpha waves presenting in the EEG spectrum. Delta wave disruptions may present as a result of physiological damage, changes in nutrient metabolism, chemical alteration, or may also be idiopathic.
Disruptions in delta activity is seen in adults during states of intoxication or delirium and in those diagnosed with various neurological disorders such as dementia or schizophrenia.

Temporal low-voltage irregular delta wave

Temporal low-voltage irregular delta wave activity has been commonly detected in patients with ischemic brain diseases, particularly in association with small ischemic lesions and is seen to be indicative of early-stage cerebrovascular damage.

Parasomnias

Parasomnias, a category of sleep disorders, are often associated with disruptions in slow wave sleep. Sleep walking and sleep talking most often occur during periods of high delta wave activity. Sleep walkers have also been shown to have more hypersynchronous delta activity (HSD) compared to total time spent in stages 2, 3, and 4 sleep relative to healthy controls. HSD refers to the presence of continuous, high-voltage (> 150 µV) delta waves seen in sleep EEGs. Parasomnias which occur deep in NREM sleep also include sleep terrors and confusional arousals.

Sleep deprivation

Total sleep deprivation has been shown to increase delta wave activity during sleep recovery, and has also been shown to increase hypersynchronous delta activity.

Parkinson's disease

Sleep disturbances, as well as dementia, are common features of Parkinson's disease, and patients with this disease show disrupted brain wave activity. The drug Rotigotine, developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, has been shown to increase delta power and slow-wave sleep.

Schizophrenia

People with schizophrenia have shown disrupted EEG patterns, and there is a close association of reduced delta waves during deep sleep and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. During slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4), people with schizophrenia have been shown to have reduced delta wave activity, although delta waves have also been shown to be increased during waking hours in more severe forms of schizophrenia.
A recent study has shown that the right frontal and central delta wave dominance, seen in healthy individuals, is absent in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the negative correlation between delta wave activity and age is also not observed in those with schizophrenia.

Diabetes and insulin resistance

Disruptions in slow wave (delta) sleep have been shown to increase risk for development of Type II diabetes, potentially due to disruptions in the growth hormone secreted by the pituitary. In addition, hypoglycemia occurring during sleep may also disrupt delta-wave activity. Low-voltage irregular delta waves, have also been found in the left temporal lobe of diabetic patients, at a rate of 56% (compared to 14% in healthy controls).

Fibromyalgia

Patients with fibromyalgia often report unrefreshing sleep. A study conducted in 1975 by Moldovsky et al. showed that the delta wave activity of these patients in stages 3 and 4 sleep were often interrupted by alpha waves. They later showed that depriving the body of delta wave sleep activity also induced musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.

Alcoholism

Alcoholism has been shown to produce sleep with less slow wave sleep and less delta power, while increasing stage 1 and REM incidence in both men and women. In long-term alcohol abuse, the influences of alcohol on sleep architecture and reductions in delta activity have been shown to persist even after long periods of abstinence.

Temporal lobe epilepsy

Slow waves, including delta waves, are associated with seizure-like activity within the brain.
W. Grey Walter was the first person to use delta waves from an EEG to locate brain tumors and lesions causing temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurofeedback has been suggested as a treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy, and theoretically acts to reduce inappropriate delta wave intrusion, although there has been limited clinical research in this area.

Other disorders

Other disorders frequently associated with disrupted delta-wave activity include:
 Narcolepsy
 Depression
 Anxiety
 Obsessive–compulsive disorder
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its three subtypes.
 Juvenile chronic arthritis
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS)
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Consciousness and dreaming

Initially, dreaming was thought to only occur in rapid eye movement sleep, though it is now known that dreaming may also occur during slow-wave sleep. Delta waves and delta wave activity are marked, in most people, by an apparently unconscious state, and the loss of physical awareness as well as the "iteration of information".

Delta wave activity has also been purported to aid in the formation of declarative and explicit memory formation.

Pharmacology

While most drugs that affect sleep do so by stimulating sleep onset, or disrupting REM sleep, a number of chemicals and drugs have been shown to alter delta wave activity.
 Delta sleep-inducing peptide, as the name suggests, induces delta wave EEG activity.
 Alcohol reduces SWS delta wave activity, thereby restricting the release of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary.
 The muramyl peptide, muramyl dipeptide (MDP, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) has been shown to increase delta wave activity during slow wave sleep.
 The drug Gabapentin, a drug used to control epileptic seizures, increases delta-wave activity and slow wave sleep in adults.
 While hypnotics like zolpidem increase slow wave sleep, they do not increase delta wave activity, and instead increase spindle activity during slow wave sleep.
 Gamma-hydroxy butyrate (GHB) increases delta slow-wave sleep as well as sleep-related growth hormone (GH).
 Administration of high-dose nitrous oxide is associated with transient, large amplitude slow-delta oscillations.

Effects of diet

Diets very low in carbohydrates, such as a ketogenic diet, have been shown to increase the amount of delta activity and slow wave sleep in healthy individuals.

See also

Brain waves
 Delta wave – (0.1 – 4 Hz)
 Theta wave – (4 – 7 Hz)
 Alpha wave – (8 – 12 Hz)
 Mu wave – (7.5 – 12.5 Hz)
 SMR wave – (12.5 – 15.5 Hz)
 Beta wave – (16 – 31 Hz)
 Gamma wave – (32 – 100 Hz)

References

Electroencephalography

Delta wave


Irene Camber-Corno () este o fostă scrimeră italienă specializată la floretă. A cucerit o medalie de aur la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1952 din Helsinki și o medalie de bronz la cele din 1960 de la Tokyo. A fost și campioană mondială la individual în 1953 și pe echipe în 1957.

Carieră
S-a apucat de scrimă la vârsta de opt ani pentru a urma pașii fratelui mai mare. În 1942, sub îndrumarea maestrului Carlo de Palma, a ajuns în finală la Campionatul național al Italiei. A fost nevoită să-și întrerupă pregătirea în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial și s-a dedicat la studiile de chimie industrială și de pian la Padova. La scurt timp după ce a preluat scrima în 1947, a participat la Olimpiada de la Londra, unde a fost învinsă în primul tur grupelor.

În 1952, a creat surpriza când a cucerit medalia de aur, după ce a învins-o pe dubla campioană olimpică Ilona Elek, scorul fiind 4–3. În anul următor a devenit campioană mondială la Bruxelles. S-a căsătorit cu Giacomo Corno, cu care a avut trei fii. Fiind gravidă în perioada respectivă, nu a luat parte la Olimpiada din 1956 de la Melbourne, dar a cucerit o medalie de bronz la cea din 1960 de la Tokyo.

După ce s-a retras, a devenit antrenoară lotului național feminină al Italiei. Sub îndrumarea sa, Antonella Ragno a câștigat medalia de aur la Jocurile Olimpice din 1972.

Referințe

Legături externe

Floretiști
Scrimeri olimpici italieni
Medaliați olimpici cu aur italieni
Medaliați olimpici cu bronz italieni
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1948
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1952
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1960
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1964

Irene Camber


La alondra de Degodi (Mirafra gilletti degodiensis) es una subespecie de la alondra de Gillet (Mirafra gilletti) endémica de Etiopía.

Sus hábitats naturales son: matorral árido tropical o subtropical.

Está amenazada por pérdida de hábitat.

Referencias

«Mirafra degodiensis». The Internet Bird Collection (IBC). Consultado el 14 de noviembre de 2011. (en inglés)

Enlaces externos
Nombre de las aves del mundo recomendados por la sociedad Española de Ornitología. Ardeola 51(2), 2004, pág 497.

gilletti godiensis
Aves de África

Mirafra gilletti degodiensis


The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 was the first treaty between the Tsardom of Russia and the Qing dynasty of China. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Range and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal. This border along the Argun River and Stanovoy Range lasted until the Amur Annexation via the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860. It opened markets for Russian goods in China, and gave Russians access to Chinese supplies and luxuries.

The agreement was signed in Nerchinsk on 27 August 1689. The signatories were Songgotu on behalf of the Kangxi Emperor and Fyodor Golovin on behalf of the Russian tsars Peter I and Ivan V.

The authoritative version was in Latin, with translations into Russian and Manchu, but these versions differed considerably. There was no official Chinese text for another two centuries, but the border markers were inscribed in Chinese along with Manchu, Russian and Latin.

Later, in 1727, the Treaty of Kiakhta fixed what is now the border of Mongolia west of the Argun and opened up the caravan trade. In 1858 (Treaty of Aigun) Russia annexed the land north of the Amur and in 1860 (Treaty of Beijing) took the coast down to Vladivostok. The current border runs along the Argun, Amur and Ussuri rivers.

Names
Treaty of Nerchinsk is written in other languages as follows:

 (transliteration: Nerčinskij dogovor)
Manchu: , (Möllendorff transliteration: nibcu-i boji bithe)

History

From about 1640, Russians entered the Amur basin from the north, into land claimed by the Qing dynasty which at this time were just beginning their conquest of the Ming dynasty. The Qing had, by the 1680s, completed the conquest of China proper and eliminated the last Ming successor states in the south. With the Qing dynasty now firmly in control of China, it was in a position to deal with what they saw as Russian encroachment in Manchuria, the ancient homeland of the ruling Aisin Gioro clan. By 1685 most of the Russians had been driven out of the area. See Sino–Russian border conflicts for details.

After their first victory at Albazin in 1685, the Qing government sent two letters to the Tsar (in Latin) suggesting peace and demanding that Russian freebooters leave the Amur. The Russian government, knowing that the Amur could not be defended and being more concerned with events in the west, sent Fyodor Golovin east as plenipotentiary.  Golovin left Moscow in January 1686 with 500 streltsy and reached Selenginsk near Lake Baikal in October 1687, from whence he sent couriers ahead. It was agreed the meeting would be in Selenginsk in 1688. At this point the  Oirats (western Mongols) under Galdan attacked the eastern Mongols in the area between Selenginsk and Peking and negotiations had to be delayed. To avoid the fighting Golovin moved east to Nerchinsk where it was agreed that talks would take place. Qing troops with a size of 3,000 to 15,000 soldiers under the command of Songgotu left Peking on June 1689 and arrived in July. Talks went on from August 22 to September 6.

The language used was Latin, the translators being, for the Russians, a Pole named Andrei Bielobocki and for the Chinese the Jesuits Jean-Francois Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira. To avoid problems of precedence, tents were erected side by side so that neither side would be seen as visiting the other. Russian acceptance of the treaty required a relaxation of what had been, in Ming times, an iron rule of Chinese diplomacy, requiring the non-Chinese party to accept language which characterized the foreigner as an inferior or tributary. The conspicuous absence of such linguistic gamesmanship from the Treaty of Nerchinsk, together with the equally conspicuous absence of Chinese language or personnel, suggests that the Kangxi Emperor was using the Manchu language as a deliberate end-run around his more conservative Han bureaucracy. The Yuan dynasty's rule of Mongol tribes living around Lake Baikal was claimed by the Qing, who incited the defection of the Nerchinsk Onggut and Buryat Mongols away from the Russians.

The Qing dynasty wished to remove the Russians from the Amur. They were interested in the Amur since it was the northern border of the original Manchu heartland. They could ignore the area west of the Argun since it was then controlled by the Oirats. The Kangxi Emperor of China also wished to settle with Russia in order to free his hands to deal with the Dzungar Mongols of Central Asia, to his northwest. The Qing dynasty also wanted a delineated frontier to keep nomads and outlaws from fleeing across the border.

The Russians, for their part, knew that the Amur was indefensible and were more interested in establishing profitable trade, which the Kangxi Emperor had threatened to block unless the border dispute were resolved. Golovin accepted the loss of the Amur in exchange for possession of Trans-Baikalia and access to Chinese markets for Russian traders. The Russians were also concerned with the military strength of the Qing dynasty, who had demonstrated their capability, in 1685 and 1686, by twice overrunning the Russian outpost at Albazin.

At this time, Russia could not send large forces to the Far East, as they were launching a war with the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, the Dzungars captured Mongolia, threatening the Qing dynasty, so Russia and Qing dynasty were inclined to sign a peace treaty as soon as possible.

The border
The agreed boundary was the Argun River north to its confluence with the Shilka River, up the Shilka to the "Gorbitsa River", up the Gorbitsa to its headwaters, then along the east-west watershed through the Stanovoy Mountains and down the Uda River (Khabarovsk Krai) to the Sea of Okhotsk at its southwest corner.

The border west of the Argun was not defined (at the time, this area was controlled by the Oirats). Neither side had very exact knowledge of the course of the Uda River. The Gorbitsa is hard to find on modern maps.

Treaty details

The treaty had six paragraphs: 1 and 2: definition of the border, 3. Albazin to be abandoned and destroyed. 4. Refugees who arrived before the treaty to stay, those arriving after the treaty to be sent back. 5. Trade to be allowed with proper documents. 6. Boundary stones to be erected, and general exhortations to avoid conflict.

Economic aspects
The treaty was "a triumph of intercultural negotiation" that gave Russians access to Chinese markets for expensive furs; Russians purchased porcelain, silk, gold, silver, and tea as well as with provisions for the northern garrisons.  The cross-border trade created a multiethnic character to Nerchinsk and Kyakhta in Siberia. They became locales for the interaction of Russian, Central Asian, and Chinese cultures. The trade extended European economic expansion deep into Asia. Profitable trade fell off in the 1720s because the policies of Peter I limited private initiative and ended Siberia's role as a major economic link between the West and East.

Later developments
Russian interest in the Amur River was revived in the 1750s. In 1757 Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov was sent to map the area. He mapped the Shilka, which was partly in Chinese territory, but was turned back when he reached its confluence with the Argun. In 1757 Vasili Fedorovich Bradishchev was sent to Peking to investigate the possibility of using the Amur. He was received cordially and given a definite no.  After that the matter was dropped.

In 1799, when Adam Johann von Krusenstern visited Canton he saw an English ship that had brought furs from Russian America in five months as opposed to the two years or more for the Okhotsk–Yakutsk–Kyakhta route. He saw that this could replace the overland trade. He submitted a memoir to the Naval Ministry which led to his command of the first Russian circumnavigation. He was able to sell American furs at Canton after some official resistance. Only when he returned to Kronstadt did he learn that his presence in Canton had provoked an edict making clear that Russian trade with the Middle Kingdom would be confined to Kyakhta.

For the rest see Treaty of Kyakhta and Amur Annexation.

See also
 Foreign relations of imperial China
 History of Sino-Russian relations

Notes

References
 Bao, Muping. "trade centres (maimaicheng) in Mongolia, and their function in Sino–Russian trade networks." International Journal of Asian Studies 3.2 (2006): 211–237.
 Chen, Vincent. Sino Russian Relations in the Seventeenth Century. (Martinus Nijhoff, 1966).
 Frank, V.S. "The Territorial Terms of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689". Pacific Historical Review 16#3 (Aug., 1947), pp. 265–270 online
 Gardener, William. "China and Russia: The Beginnings of Contact" History Today, 27 (January 1977): 22–30.
 Maier, Lothar. "Gerhard Friedrich Müller's memoranda on Russian relations with China and the reconquest of the Amur." Slavonic and East European Review (1981): 219–240. online
 Mancall, Mark. Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728. Harvard University Press, 1971.

Perdue, Peter C. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.
 Perdue, Peter C. "Boundaries and trade in the early modern world: Negotiations at Nerchinsk and Beijing." Eighteenth-Century Studies (2010): 341–356. online
 Perdue, Peter C. "Nature and Power: China and the Wider World." Social Science History 37.3 (2013): 373–391.
 Perdue, Peter C. "Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia." Modern Asian Studies 30.4 (1996): 757–793. online
 Stolberg, Eva-Maria.  "Interracial Outposts in Siberia: Nerchinsk, Kiakhta, and the Russo-Chinese Trade in the Seventeenth/Eighteenth Centuries." Journal of Early Modern History 4#3–4 (2000): 322–336.

External links
The Russian-Chinese Border: Today's Reality

History of Manchuria
1689 in China
1689 in Russia
1689 treaties
China–Russia treaties
Nerchinsk
Nerchinsk
Prose texts in Latin

Treaty of Nerchinsk


Das Schloss Zwesten befindet sich am südlichen Ortsrand von Bad Zwesten im nordhessischen Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, unmittelbar südlich des von Odershausen und Braunau kommenden Wälzebachs, der den Südteil des Orts durchfließt.

Die Anlage
Es handelt sich um einen schlichten, langgestreckten und zweigeschossigen klassizistischen Bau aus verputztem Fachwerk mit einem flachen Dreiecksgiebel in der Mitte der Vorderfront. Der Bau wurde im Jahre 1782 als repräsentatives Herrenhaus durch den hessen-kasseler Oberjägermeister Wilhelm Treusch von Buttlar errichtet. Nach dem Anbau eines klassizistischen Portalvorbaus mit Balkon unter dem Dreiecksgiebel im Jahre 1915 wird der Bau als Schloss bezeichnet. Das Schloss steht auf einer Höhe von etwa 200 m über NN mit der Vorderfront nach Osten ausgerichtet, über den Löwensteiner Grund und die Schwalmniederung auf die 433 m hohe Altenburg weisend, inmitten eines sich nach Süden erstreckenden Parks. Unmittelbar nördlich steht im rechten Winkel zum Schloss das etwa 200 Jahre alte, auch aus Fachwerk gebaute sogenannte Kavaliershaus, das ursprünglich Gesindehaus mit Scheune und Stallungen war.

Geschichte

Das Anwesen war ursprünglich Teil eines landwirtschaftlichen Guts des alten hessischen Adelsgeschlechts derer von Löwenstein, deren größtes Dorf lange Zeit Zwesten war, in dem sie aber ab 1774 keinen Besitz mehr hatten. Das Gut kam zunächst durch die Heirat von Christine Hedwig von Löwenstein, Tochter des Kaspar Bernhard von Löwenstein, mit Bernhard Heinrich von Hanstein an die Familie von Hanstein, dann durch Kauf an Carl Reinhard Goddaeus, der es an seine Schwester Maria Amalia vermachte, die Frau des hessen-kasselschen Geheimen Rats und Vizekanzlers Christian Heinrich von Motz (1687–1751). Diese verkaufte es an den waldeckischen Landdrosten Florenz Anton Heinrich Georg Philipp von Eppe zu Reckenberg, der 1785 kinderlos verstarb. Seine Erben verkauften es an Wilhelm Treusch von Buttlar, der im Jahr 1782 das benachbarte Herrenhaus errichten ließ. Seine Ehe mit Caroline von Lehrbach blieb kinderlos, und die Anlage kam durch Erbschaft im Jahre 1800 an den Sohn seiner Schwester Wilhelmine von Buttlar gen. Treusch (1720–1803), den späteren kurhessischen Generalleutnant und Gouverneur von Kassel Wilhelm Georg Ludwig Kasimir von und zu Urff (1753–1834), dessen Nachkommen, insbesondere der letzte Besitzer des Guts aus dem Hause Urff, Karl von Urff, bis 1912 einen großen Teil der zugehörigen Ländereien und Wälder veräußerten. 1913 erwarb einer der 1811 während der Zeit des Königreichs Westphalen in den Freiherrenstand erhobenen Treusch von Buttlar zu Brandenfels das Herrenhaus. Er ließ den Portikus mit Balkon anbauen, so dass das Gebäude ab 1915 als Schloss bezeichnet wurde.

Heutige Nutzung
Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg nutzten die Buttlar das Schloss nicht mehr selbst. Bis 1952 bewohnte es der ehemalige Landrat des Kreises Fritzlar-Homberg, Freiherr Carl von Funck. Dann wurde es dem Ritterschaftlichen Stift Kaufungen vermacht und von diesem als Altenheim genutzt.

Eine bedeutende, von der Familie Treusch von Buttlar zusammengetragene Sammlung europäischer und ostasiatischer Kunstwerke befand sich bis zu ihrer Auflösung 1963 im Schloss.

Heute sind sowohl das Schloss als auch das Kavaliershaus in Privatbesitz. Das Schloss wird als Wohnanlage und Zahnheilklinik genutzt. Im gemäß Denkmalschutzrichtlinien renovierten Kavaliershaus befindet sich ein Hotel mit Wellness-Betrieb.

Literatur
 Rolf Müller (Hrsg.): Schlösser, Burgen, alte Mauern. Herausgegeben vom Hessendienst der Staatskanzlei, Wiesbaden 1990, ISBN 3-89214-017-0, S. 388.
 Werner Ide, Von Adorf bis Zwesten. Ortsgeschichtliches Taschenbuch für den Kreis Fritzlar-Homberg. A. Bernecker Verlag, Melsungen, 1971, S. 431
 Marcus Angebauer u. a.: Herrenhäuser, Schlösser, Burgen & Gutshöfe. Fotografische Spaziergänge zwischen Schwalm, Eder, Fulda, Werra und Weser: Herrenhäuser, Schlösser, Burgen & Gutshöfe, Band 1. Verlag M. Faste, Kassel, 2003

Einzelnachweise

Zwesten
Bauwerk in Bad Zwesten
Klassizistisches Bauwerk in Hessen
Zwesten

Schloss Zwesten


Lancaster ile şu maddeler kastedilmiş olabilir:

Yerler
Birleşik Krallık
 Lancaster: Kuzey-Batı İngiltere'de bir kent.
 Lancaster Şehri: Lancashire Kontluğu'nun altında ikinci seviyede bir "metropoliten-olmayan-bölge" yerel idaresi. Merkezi Lancaster, Lancashire olup bu kent ile birlikte daha küçük kentler, kasabalar, köyler ve kırsal alanlar da sınırları içinde bulunur.

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
 Lancaster, Kaliforniya
 Lancaster, Kansas
 Lancaster, Kentucky
 Lancaster, Massachusetts
 Lancaster, Minnesota
 Lancaster, Missouri
 Lancaster County, Nebraska
 Lancaster, New Hampshire
 Lancaster, New York:
 Lancaster (town), New York
 Lancaster (village), New York
 Lancaster, Ohio
 Lancaster, Pensilvanya:
 Lancaster, Pensilvanya (city)
 Lancaster County, Pensilvanya
 Lancaster Township, Pensilvanya
 Lancaster, Güney Karolina:
 Lancaster, Güney Karolina (city)
 Lancaster County, Güney Karolina
 Lancaster, Teksas
 Lancaster, Virjinya:
 Lancaster, Virjinya (city)
 Lancaster County, Virjinya
 Lancaster, Wisconsin

Kanada
 Lancaster, Ontario

Kişiler
 Burt Lancaster
 Don Lancaster
 Joseph Lancaster
 Kelvin Lancaster
 Mark Lancaster
 Martin Lancaster
 Ron Lancaster

Diğer
 Avro Lancaster - II. Dünya Savaşı bombardıman uçağı
 House of Lancaster - Britanya soylu hanedanlığı
 Duchy of Lancaster - Britanya düklüğü
 Lancaster - 1982 yapımı bilgisayar oyunu

Lancaster


L'Urburschenschaft poursuit l'idée d'abolir les unions régionales dans les universités et de regrouper tous les étudiants dans une « Burschenschaft générale ». En politique aussi, les petits États doivent être abolis au profit d'un État allemand uni. Les protagonistes de ces idées sont Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Ernst Moritz Arndt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte et Jakob Friedrich Fries. Un  est l'historien d'Iéna .

Création

Comme dans une grande partie de la population (principalement dans la région prussienne-protestante), un patriotisme allemand distinct se développe pendant la domination étrangère napoléonienne également au sein du corps étudiant. Dès 1811-1812, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn et Karl Friedrich Friesen proposent le premier plan pour fonder une Burschenschaft ( est le terme contemporain pour étudiant). Les tâches doivent résider dans le renforcement de l'esprit allemand, l'amélioration morale et la préparation de la libération et de l'unification allemandes.

Les idées sont bien reçues dans les universités des États allemands. Lorsque la formation d'associations de volontaires est autorisée en Prusse à l'époque des guerres napoléoniennes, de nombreux étudiants - dont beaucoup sont plus tard membres fondateurs de l'Urburschenschaft - rejoignent le corps franc Lützow, où ils entrent en contact avec les idées des Jahn-Friesenschen Burschenordnung. Après le retour victorieux de France, une « Wehrschaft » est fondée à Iéna en 1814, la « Teutonia » à Halle (qui est déjà fortement caractérisée par des fraternités et a pour devise « Liberté, Honneur, Patrie ! ») et à Gießen (« Noirs de Giessen » ou « Inconditionnel ») est l'une des premières associations de fraternité.

Vers 1815, les associations étudiantes dominantes sont des groupes d'étudiants d'une même origine régionale. Pour les étudiants d'Iéna, ils sont un symbole de la fragmentation des États allemands. Cependant, les associations étudiantes ne tardent pas à manifester des sentiments nationaux. Dans la nuit du 5 au 6 septembre 1812, la Landsmannschaft Vandalia Jena organise le premier festival étudiant patriotique allemand du  célébré au  avec un grand feu, des chants patriotiques et des discours. Le 29 mai 1815, la Convention des anciens des Jenaische Landsmannschaften décide de se dissoudre. Le 12 juin 1815, les fraternités existantes de Thuringe, Vandalia, Franconia, Saxonia et Curonia se dissolvent et fondent la fraternité dans l'auberge «  » à Wenigenjena.

La fraternité se considère comme un mouvement de réforme étudiante et est donc initialement soutenue par l'université. Le bizutage des jeunes étudiants () et les duels sont monnaie courante dans les associations étudiantes. Dans le document constitutionnel d'Iéna, la cohabitation au sein de la fraternité est décrite en détail et l'exécution des mensurations est soumise à des règles strictes.

La cérémonie de fondation a lieu dans l'auberge "Grüne Tanne" à Wenigenjena, car cet endroit offre aux étudiants suffisamment d'espace. Le mythe selon lequel cet emplacement a été choisi parce qu'il se trouvait en dehors des limites de la ville d'Iéna et donc hors de la juridiction de l'université est faux, car la fraternité en tant que mouvement de réforme est soutenue par l'État et l'université au début. En signe de dissolution, les associations étudiantes baissent leurs drapeaux. Les responsables sont élus parmi les 143 donateurs présents : 9 directeurs et 21 membres du comité. Avec cela, la fraternité est née. , le dernier senior de la Landsmannschaft Vandalia Jena, est nommé premier orateur.

Contrairement à l'évolution ultérieure, l'idéal de regrouper tous les étudiants d'une université peut être imposé à l'Université d'Iéna vers 1815, du moins au début, dans une certaine mesure. Ainsi, 859 étudiants actifs au total appartiennent à l'« Urburschenschaft », soit environ 60% de tous les étudiants d'Iéna ayant étudié à Iéna entre le semestre d'été 1815 et le semestre d'hiver 1819/20. Aucune Burschenschaft ou autre type d'association n'a pu atteindre un tel taux de couverture par la suite.

La liste complète de tous les membres de la fraternité d'origine, le "Stamm-Buch", est maintenant en possession de la Burschenschaft Arminia auf dem Burgkeller d'Iéna et est révisée et publiée en 2005.

Le mouvement des fraternités se répand bientôt dans touts les États allemands et contraste avec les premières associations étudiantes, qui jusqu'alors prétendaient représenter les étudiants d'une université.

Dès le début, les fraternités sont des organisations politiques avec des revendications politiques : avant tout, pour des réformes démocratiques et l'unification allemande. Les associations étudiantes, en revanche, se considèrent comme des associations de régulation commune de la vie étudiante.

C'est en 1817, lors d'une rencontre de nombreux étudiants au château de la Wartbourg (Fête de la Wartbourg), que le nouveau mouvement fait sa première apparition publique. C'est à cette occasion qu'est formulé l'objectif de réunir les étudiants en une organisation unique, anticipant ainsi l'unité de l'Allemagne dans le domaine universitaire. C'est ainsi que la revue  cite quelques orateurs au fête de la Wartbourg en 1817.

Symboles d'identité

Un symbole du nouveau mouvement national est une forme spéciale de vêtements et de coiffure qui a déjà émergé pendant les guerres napoléoniennes et s'appelle l', bien qu'il n'y a pas de modèles historiques. Ce costume se veut un contrepoint aux "folies de la mode française" et se compose d'une longue jupe fermée avec un col de chemise largement ouvert en haut, d'un pantalon large et d'un large béret velouté. Les cheveux longs et la barbe sont considérés comme indispensables. Ce costume est considéré comme tellement provocateur et séditieux qu'il est partiellement interdit par les autorités.

Les couleurs de l'Urburschenschaft remontent directement aux fanions de lance des uhlans du corps franc "von Lützow", divisés en rouge et noir, en plus décorés d'un ourlet frangé doré (percussion). Il se trouve aujourd'hui en prêt permanent à la  à Iéna, en tant que propriété commune des fraternités Arminia,  et . Plus tard, le "Wartburgfahne" (drapeau de la Wartbourg) est créé, rouge avec une barre noire, le tout recouvert d'une branche de chêne dorée et orné d'un ourlet à franges doré. L'un des premiers drapeaux noir, rouge et or est également accroché aujourd'hui dans la grande salle du château de la Wartbourg. Le drapeau doit former l'origine des "couleurs allemandes" . Ceux-ci, à leur tour, remontent aux couleurs uniformes du corps franc de Lützow dans les guerres contre Napoléon : il est noir avec un passepoil rouge et des boutons dorés.

Impact
Alors que l'idée de la fraternité s'est répandue dans tous les États allemands et que de nouvelles fraternités sont fondées dans tous les États allemands, l'unification de tous les étudiants d'une université ne peut pas être appliquée ailleurs comme à Iéna. La tentative en 1818 de fonder une « Fraternité générale allemande » pour tous les étudiants des États allemands est également vouée à l'échec après les décrets de Carlsbad. Dans de nombreuses universités, les anciennes associations étudiantes, qui se sont appelées plus tard corps, continuent d'exister ou sont rétablies.

Bientôt, il y a aussi des luttes d'orientation au sein du mouvement « fraternité ». En 1819, l'Urburschenschaft d'Iéna se scinde en trois fraternités égales : Teutonia Jena, Germania Jena et Arminia Jena. Arminia représente des idées progressistes et Germania représente le contraire. Bientôt on parle d'une direction arministe et d'une direction germaniste au sein du mouvement des fraternités. Les Corps Saxonia, Thuringia et  se reforment également à partir de 1820.

À l'occasion de la dissolution de l'Urburschenschaft,  compose la chanson  en 1819.

Les couleurs noir, rouge et or y sont mentionnées pour la première fois, qui sont ensuite devenues le symbole du mouvement de fraternité et de démocratie dans les États allemands. Le tricolore aux couleurs allemandes est montré pour la première fois à la fête de Hambach en 1832, mais principalement selon la tradition d'Iéna de bas en haut, c'est-à-dire que la bande de couleur noire est en bas, l'or en haut.

Avec l'émancipation et la différenciation de la bourgeoisie et l'académisation de la noblesse, l'Urburschenschaft échoue avec son idéal d'un corps étudiant uniforme. Au contraire, les convents des anciens se sont renforcées. Les objectifs de l'Urburschenschaft sont ensuite en partie repris et poursuivis par le , par l' et - plus conséquent - par l'.

Plus de 100 ans plus tard, le national-socialisme échoue dans ses efforts pour aligner le corps étudiant allemand. Certaines fraternités étudiantes évitent d'être mises au pas et sont suspendues.

Membres

Bibliographie
 , Walther Koch (Hrsg.): Die Urburschenschaft als Jugendbewegung. In zeitgenössischen Berichten zur Jahrhundertfeier des Wartburgfestes herausgegeben. Jena 1917.
 Karl Schulze-Western: Das Vermächtnis der Urburschenschaft. Verlauf und Gedankenwelt einer studentischen Bewegung nach zeitgenössischen Lebensdokumenten dargestellt. Bochum-Langendreer 1952.
 : Aufbruch. Urburschenschaft und Wartburgfest. Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1967 und: Urburschenschaft und Wartburgfest. Freiburg 1991.
  (Bearb.): Stamm-Buch der Jenaischen Burschenschaft. Die Mitglieder der Urburschenschaft 1815–1819 (= Abhandlungen zum Studenten- und Hochschulwesen. Bd. 14). SH-Verlag, Köln 2005, .

Liens externes

 Liberaler Stichtag zum 200. Gründungstag der Urburschenschaft (Memento vom 1. Juni 2015 im Webarchiv archive.today) bei  der Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit

Références

Université d'Iéna
Fondation en 1815
Disparition en 1819

Urburschenschaft


Marcel Augusto Ortolan (født 12. november 1981) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Marcel Augusto Ortolan


Arcelia Ramírez, née le  à Mexico (Mexique), est une actrice mexicaine.

Elle est apparue dans plus de cinquante films et émissions de télévision depuis 1985. Elle a joué dans le film C'est la vie, qui a été projeté dans la section Un certain regard au Festival de Cannes 2000.

Biographie

Filmographie partielle

Au cinéma
 1988 : El secreto de Romelia de Bosi Cortès
 1992 : Les Épices de la passion
 1999 :
 2000 : C'est la vie
 2001 : Parfum de violettes
 2003 :
 2006 :
 2010 :
 2011 :  d'Arturo Ripstein
 2013 : Ni repris ni échangé d'Eugenio Derbez
 2013 :
 2013 :
 2015 :
 2016 :
 2017 :
 2020 :
 2021 : La Civil

À la télévision
 2014 : El color de la pasión (rôle secondaire)
 2016 : Un camino hacia el destino (rôle secondaire)
 2016 : Por siempre Joan Sebastian: (rôle récurrent)
 2016 : Sin rastro de ti : (apparition spéciale)
 2018 : Hijas de la luna (rôle secondaire)
 2020 : Vencer el miedo (co-protagoniste)

Distinctions

Notes et références

Liens externes

Actrice mexicaine
Naissance en décembre 1967
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Actrice mexicaine de cinéma
Actrice mexicaine de télévision
Actrice mexicaine de théâtre

Arcelia Ramírez


Constanta lui Coulomb, sau constanta forței electrice, sau constanța electrostatică (notată ke) este o constantă de proporționalitate în ecuațiile electrodinamicii. A fost numită după fizicianul francez Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806), care a introdus legea lui Coulomb.

Valoarea constantei
Constanta lui Coulomb este constanta de proporționalitate din legea lui Coulomb,

unde  este un versor în direcția , iar

unde  este constanta structurii fine,  este viteza luminii,  este constanta Planck redusă, și  este sarcina elementară. În SI:
 ,
Această formulă poate fi calculată din ,

Luând această integrală pentru o sferă de rază , din jurul unei sarcini punctiforme, constatăm că punctele câmpului electric sunt întotdeuna radiale spre exterior și este normal pentru diferite elemente de pe suprafața sferei, și de asemenea sunt constante pentru toate punctele echidistante față de sarcina punctiformă.

Observând că  pentru unele sarcini test ,

În sistemele moderne de unități de măsură, constanta Coulomb  este o constantă exactă, în  , în  (de asemenea, numite unități raționalizate)  și în SI , unde   ≈, viteza luminii în vid  este , în   este 4π×10-7 H m−1,
așa că

Utilizarea constantei lui Coulomb
Constanta lui Coulomb este utilizată în multe ecuații electrice, deși este uneori exprimată ca fiind produsul constantei :
 .
Constanta lui Coulomb apare în multe expresii, incluzând următoarele:

Legea lui Coulomb:
 .
Energia potențială electrică:
 .
Câmp Electric:
 .

Vezi și,

Referințe

Legături externe
 Constanta lui Coulomb pe Google Books — Fizică fenomenologică - Compendiu (volumul I) de Nicolae Sfetcu
 Constanta lui Coulomb — Elasticitate liniară - Introducere matematică în statica solidului elastic de Liviu Solomon

Constante fizice
Electricitate
Electrostatică

Constanta lui Coulomb


PADI (Professional Association of Diving Instructors) (Profesyonel Dalış Eğitmenleri Birliği), dünyanın en büyük eğlence/sportif amaçlı dalış üyeliklerine sahip bir organizasyondur. Üyeleri; dalış firmaları, sayfiye aktiviteleri, akademik enstitüler, hocalık eğitmenleri, dalış eğitmenleri, dalgıçlar, şnorkelciler ve diğer su sporu hayranlarından oluşmaktadır. Profesyonel PADI Üyeleri (dalış merkezleri, sayfiyeleri, eğitim fakülteleri, eğitmenler, asistan eğitmenler ve divemaster'lar), dünyanın büyük çoğunluğundaki dalgıçlara eğitimler vererek, her sene yaklaşık 1,000,000 adet sertifika çıkartmaktadır. PADI Profesyonelleri, herkese sualtını keşfetme ve maceraya katılma imkânı sağlarken, dalış eğitimi, güvenlik ve müşteri hizmetleri alanlarında da en yüksek standartları vermeyi hedeflemiştir. PADI'nin birçok uluslararası merkezi bulunmakta, bunlardan üç tanesi (PADI Avrupa, PADI International Ltd ve PADI Nordic) Avrupa Standartları tarafından doğrudan etkilenen 30 ülkeyi kapsamaktadır.

Kaynakça
 "Why PADI (Professional Association of Diving Professionals)?" , "PADI Web sitesi (ing)", 2006.

Dış bağlantılar
 PADI'nin resmi sitesi (ing)
 Project AWARE Resmî site

Uluslararası kuruluşlar
Dalgıçlık
1966'da kurulan kuruluşlar

Profesyonel Dalış Eğitmenleri Birliği


فيتانجيلو سبادافيتشيا  (مواليد 25 نوفمبر 1982 في مولفيتا - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى باري الإيطالي منذ 2000 في مركز حارس مرمى .

مراجع

حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو كرة قدم من بوليا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مولفتا
خلافات كرة القدم
فائزون بميداليات فضية في الألعاب المتوسطية لإيطاليا
فائزون بميداليات في الألعاب المتوسطية في كرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو باري
لاعبو بسكارا 1936
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو سامبينيديتيزي
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
مجرمون إيطاليون في القرن 21
منافسون في ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط 2001
مواليد 1982
مواليد في مولفتا

فيتانجيلو سبادافيتشيا


Jan Bens (* 1921 in Rotterdam, Niederlande; † 12. Mai 2012) war ein niederländischer Fußballspieler und Fußballtrainer.

Leben
Bens kam bereits als Jugendlicher zu Feyenoord Rotterdam und bestritt als Jugendspieler 1937 ein Spiel anlässlich der feierlichen Eröffnung von De Kuip. Einige Zeit später wurde er Spieler der Ersten Mannschaft. Er bestritt bis Ende der 1940er Jahre 76 Meisterschaftsspiele und erzielte 25 Tore.

Am 6. Dezember 1942 erhielt Bens als erster Spieler Feyenoords einen Platzverweis, wobei das Besondere daran war, dass er von seinem eigenen Mannschaftskapitän des Feldes verwiesen wurde. Während eines Spiels gegen Ajax Amsterdam bekam er einen Strafstoß zugesprochen, allerdings weigerte sich Ajax-Torwart Gerrit Keizer den Ball abzugeben, worauf Bens Keizer anging. Feyenoord-Kapitän Bas Paauwe lief daraufhin zu Bens und stellte ihn wegen unsportlichen Verhaltens vom Platz.

In den 1960er Jahren war er zeitweise als Fußballtrainer tätig und war bis 1966 erster Trainer des 1964 gegründeten Vereins SC Cambuur-Leeuwarden. Nachdem er zwischen 1968 und 1970 abermals Trainer von SC Cambuur-Leeuwarden war, betreute er zwischen 1970 und 1972 als Nachfolger von Rinus Gosens, der ihn 1972 auch wieder als Trainer ablöste, den Verein Schiedamse Voetbal Vereniging als Trainer.

Bens, der fast 80 Jahre Mitglied des Vereins war, war zum Zeitpunkt seines Todes der älteste noch lebende Spieler, der in der Ersten Mannschaft von Feyenoord Rotterdam gespielt hatte.

Weblinks
 Oer-Feyenoorder Bens overleden (nos.nl, 14. Mai 2012) (Seitenaufruf am 15. Mai 2012)

Fußballspieler (Feyenoord Rotterdam)
Fußballtrainer (Niederlande)
Niederländer
Geboren 1921
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Jan Bens


Bergama, Türkiye'nin İzmir ilinin bir ilçesidir. Yüzölçümü olarak İzmir'in en büyük ilçesidir. İlçenin güneyinde Aliağa, doğusunda Kınık ve Manisa ili, kuzeyinde Balıkesir ili, batısında Dikili, güneybatısında Ege Denizi bulunmaktadır.

Tarımsal faaliyetler, sanayi, ticaret, tarih ve turizm bakımından Bakırçay havzasının en önemli ilçesidir. İyonya, Helen, Roma, Bizans dönemlerine ait anıtsal yapılar bulunan Bergama,Selçuk ilçesi ile birlikte İzmir'de kültürel turizmin iki temsilcisinden birisi sayılmaktadır.  İlçenin merkezinde kurulu Pergamon antik kenti Helenistik dönemin kültür, bilim ve sanat merkezi olarak önem taşır.
En önemli bitki örtüsü fıstık çamı ve pamuk bitkisidir.

Köken bilimi
Özhan Öztürk'ün iddiasına göre Bergama, Hitit dilinde "Yüksek yerleşim/üs", Hitit-Kaşka sınırındaki Argoma (Suluova) ise aynı dilde "sınır yerleşimi/üssü" anlamına gelmektedir. Yunanca Πέργαμος (Pergamos) olarak bilinmektedir.

Tarihçe
Bergama ilçe merkezi, Helenistik dönemde Pergamon Krallığı'nın başkenti olan antik Pergamon kentinin yer aldığı yamaçta kuruludur. Pergamon Krallığı'nın kurulmasından önce küçük ölçüde ziraat ile uğraşan insanların toplandığı bir yer olan Pergamon'un bilinen en eski tarihinin MÖ 3. bin yıl olduğu kabul edilir. Yörenin en eski yeri Yortanlı Mezarlığı'dır.

Antik kent, M.Ö. 280-133 arasında Anadolu'daki en güçlü Hellenistik krallıklarından biri haline gelen Pergamon Krallığı'nın başkentliğini yapmış ve birçok önemli mimari eserle donatılmıştır. Döneminin en ünlü yapılarından olan Pergamon Kütüphaneleri ile antik dünyanın sağlık merkezi Pergamon Asklepieionu inşa edildi.

Roma İmparatorluğu M.Ö. 133'te Pergamon kentini ve devletini vasiyet yolu ile devraldı. Pergamon, bir Roma eyalet metropolü olarak Asya eyaletinin diğer metropolleri olan Smyrna (İzmir), Efes (Selçuk) ile rekabeti sürdürdü. Hekim Galen'in bildirdiğine göre Pergamon kent merkezinin nüfusu M.Ö. 2. yüzyılda 120 bine ulaştı. Kent, 262'deki depremde büyük zarar gördü.

7. ve 8. yüzyıllarda Arap akınlarına maruz kalan kenti 716'da Arap komutan Mesleme fethetti. Bu olayda erkekleri öldürülen, kadınlar ve çocukları ise köle olarak satılan satılan kent, yaklaşık 200 yıl virane olarak kaldı.

1170 yılında Bizans imparatoru I. Manuil döneminde yeniden inşa edildi. 1302'de Bizanslılar tarafından terkedilen şehir bundan az sonra bu bölgede faaliyet gösteren Karesioğulları'nın idaresinde kaldı. 1333'te şehre gelen İbn Battuta buranın harap bir belde olduğunu, fakat son derece müstahkem kalesinin bulunduğunu belirtmiştir.

Bergama Emiri Yahşi Han'ın 1341'den ölümünden sonra Bergama Osmanlılar hakimiyetine geçti. 1868'e kadar merkezi Balıkesir olan Karesi Sancağı'na bağlı olan Bergama, 1868-1877 arası merkezi Manisa olan Saruhan Sancağı'na, daha sonra İzmir Sancağı'na bağlandı. İzmir Sancağı'nın 10 kazasından biri olan Bergama'nın 6 nahiyesi bulunuyordu. 1831 yılında yapılan ilk Osmanlı nüfus sayımına göre Bergama'nın erkek nüfusu 3452 kişi idi ve hiç gayri-müslüm yoktu. 1879 tarihli Aydın Vilayeti Salnamesine göre ise; kazanın 32 bin nüfusunun 25 bini Müslim, 6 bini gayr-ı müslim idi. 1877-1878 Osmanlı Rus Savaşı ve Balkan Savaşları'ndan sonra yaşanan toplu göç sonucunda muhacirlerin yerleştirildiği kazalardan birisi de Bergama idi.

Coğrafya
Bergama, İzmir'in kuzeyinde, Bakırçay Havzası'nda yer alır. Türkiye'nin en büyük ilçelerinden biri olan Bergama'nın yüzölçümü 1.544 km2'dir. İlçenin güneyinde Aliağa, doğusunda Kınık ve Manisa ilinin Soma ve Yunusemre ilçeleri, kuzeyinde Balıkesir ilinin İvrindi, Burhaniye ve Ayvalık ilçeleri, batısında Dikili, güneybatısında Ege Denizi bulunmaktadır. İl merkezine uzaklığı 103 km'dir. Bergama'ya toplam 137 mahalle bağlıdır.

İlçe, Ege Bölgesi'nin kuzeybatısında olup 39° 07 kuzey enleminde ve 27° 12 doğu boylamında yer almaktadır. Kuzeyinde Madra Dağı, güneyinde Yunt Dağı, dağ silsileleri ile çevrili Bakırçay Havzası'nda kurulmuştur. Bakırçay Ovası'nın uzunluğu 45 km, genişliği yer yer 15–20 km arasında değişmektedir. İlçe merkezinin rakımı 68 metre, Akropol'deki rakımı 331 metredir. İlçenin İzmir'e ve komşu iller olan Manisa, Balıkesir gibi merkezlere olan uzaklığı 100 km civarındadır. İlçe, merkezi dahil olmak üzere, Zeytindağ, Yuntdağ, Göçbeyli, Turanlı ve Kozak bucakları olarak altı bucağa ayrılmıştır. Kozak bucağı, eskiden Karesi Sancağı'na bağlı bir ilçe idi.

İklim
Yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları ılık ve yağışlı Akdeniz iklimi egemendir. Kışlar çok sert geçmez. Hava sıcaklıkları genel ortalamalar içerisindedir. Rüzgarlar yaz ve kış kuzeyden yıldız, kuzeydoğudan poyraz, kuzeybatıdan karayel şeklinde eser. Lodos ve batı rüzgarları yağmur getirir. Yıllık toplam yağış tutarı 601 mm civarındadır.

Nüfus

Ekonomi
Bergama ekonomisi ağırlıklı olarak tarıma dayalıdır. Verimli Bakırçay Ovası'nda tütün, pamuk, zeytin ve üzüm yetiştirilmektedir. Kozak Yaylası'nda ekonomik getirisi yüksek olan çam fıstığı önemli bir gelir kaynağıdır. Günümüzde özellikle dağ köylerinde arıcılık giderek gelişmekte ve önemli bir geçim kaynağı haline gelmektedir. Tarıma dayalı sanayi de son yıllarda gelişme göstermektedir. İlçede halıcılık ve kilim dokumacılığı gelişmiştir.

Pergamon antik kenti, Bergama Müzesi, Kızıl Avlu, Selçuklu ve Osmanlılardan kalan cami, hamam, han, köprü gibi yapılar yıllar önce Bergama'da kültür turizminin başlamasına ve gelişmesine zemin hazırlamıştır.

Kültür

Tarihi Yerler

Akropol
II. Eumenes devrinin en önemli yapıları arasında Galatların mağlup edilmesi anısına inşa edilen Zeus Sunağı, Athena Tapınağı'nın propylonu ve onu çevreleyen stoaları; 200.000 kitap rulosunun muhafaza edildiği ünlü kütüphane, büyük saray ve kent surları yer alır. Bu gelişme dönemi sırasında daha önce inşa edilmiş olan Athena Tapınağı ile on bin seyirci kapasiteli antik çağın en dik tiyatrosu korunmuş, kent bu çekirdeğin üç bir tarafında yelpaze biçiminde açılan bir plan düzeni içerisinde gelişmiştir.

Yukarı şehir daha çok kral aileleri ile ileri gelenlerin, aydınların, komutanların ikamet ettiği bir merkezdeydi. Bu nedenle burasının resmi bir karakteri vardır.

Kentin orta kesiminde kuzeyden güneye doğru Hera ve Demeter kutsal alanları, Asklepios Tapınağı, Gymnasionlar ve kent çeşmesi yer almaktaydı. Bu yönü ile orta kentte, yönetim ile doğrudan ilgili olmayan yapılarla, halkın rahatlıkla girip çıktığı toplantı yerleri bulunmaktaydı.
Aşağı kentte Aşağı Agora, orta ve yukarı şehre çıkan ana yolun iki yanında sınırlanan çok sayıda dükkân, Attalos evi olarak adlandırılan peristylli evler yer alır. Yukarı şehirdeki agora, mevki ve konum olarak yüksekte yer alıyordu. Dolayısıyla aşağı agora kentin ticaret merkezi olarak yer almaktaydı.

Asklepion
Bergama Asklepion'u Eskiçağ'da önemli bir sağlık tedavi merkezi idi. Pausanias'a göre Bergama'da ilk Asklepios Tapınağı M.Ö. 4. yüzyılın ilk yarısında kurulmuştu. Kazılarda kutsal yerin M.Ö. 4. yüzyıldan beri var olduğu ve Hellenistik Dönemde geliştiği saptanmıştır. Asklepios Kutsal Alanı, galerili avlusu, 3500 kişilik tiyatro yapısı, İmparator Hadrianus'a ait kült salonu, kütüphanesi, yuvarlak planlı Asklepios Tapınağı ile Roma Dönemi'nde oldukça önemli bir sağlık merkeziydi.

Güney kesiminde Hellenistik Dönemden kalma üç küçük tapınak ile uyku odaları, kutsal kaynak ve havuzlar bulunmaktadır. Kutsal kaynak yanında burada tedavi gören hastaların soğuk ve sıcak havadan korunmasını sağlamak amacıyla uzun bir yer altı tüneli yapılmıştır.
Bu yer altı tünelinin hemen kuzeyinde yuvarlak planlı Asklepios Tapınağı yer alır. Bu tapınak Roma'daki Pantheon örnek alınarak M.S. 150 yıllarında Konsül L.C Rufinus tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Burada genellikle telkin ve fizik tedavinin bugün halen kullanılmakta olan çeşitli şekilleri uygulanmaktaydı. Kutsal sudan içilmesi, su-çamur banyoları, açlık-susuzluk kürleri, şifalı otlar, kremlerle yağlanma başlıca tedavi yöntemleriydi.

Bazilika
Binanın tamamının tuğladan yapılmış olması ve büyük ön avlusu sebebi ile tapınak halk arasında "Kızıl Avlu" olarak adlandırılmıştır. Avlusu yüksek duvarlarla dışarıya kapalı idi. Mısır Tanrılarına verilen önem sebebi ile tapınak Roma Dönemi aşağı Bergama kentinin tam merkezine inşa edilmiştir.

Tapınağın avlusu ile bütünleşmesine engel teşkil eden Selinos çayında, bugün halen kullanılmakta olan su tünelleri inşa edilmiştir.

Kült ve sanat tarihi verilerine dayanarak tapınağın M.S. ikinci yüzyılda, muhtemelen İmparator Hadrian döneminde inşa edildiği ve Mısır tanrıları hem Serapis hem İsis'e ithaf edildiği söylenebilir. Ancak tapınağın iki yanındaki yuvarlak yapıda kült mihraplarının bulunmasına karşılık tanrıların kimler olduğu bilinmemektedir. Erken Bizans döneminde kutsal mekânın içine ilaveler yapılan tapınak Anadolu'daki erken yedi kiliseden biri olarak kullanılmaya devam etmiştir.

Allianoi
Allianoi, "Sağlık Tanrısı Asklepois"in yurdu olarak biliniyor. ASKLEPIOS Antik Grek mitolojisinde hasta insanlara şifa dağıtan, hekimliğin ve tıp biliminin tanrısıydı. Apolion oğlu Asklepiosu yarı at yarı insan olan Khiron'a emanet etti. Khiron ona okuma, yazma ve önemli hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçların formüllerini öğretti. Asklepios'un ünü kısa sürede yayıldı. Asklepios ölüleri de diriltiyordu. Zeus buna kızdığı için Asklepiosu öldürttü. Yunanlılar Asklepiosun adını yaşatmak amacı ile aynı isimle sağlık merkezleri yaptılar. Allianoi de bunlardan birisidir.

Topraklarından 45 derece kükürtlü su çıkan şifa merkezi Allianoi, bu özelliğiyle dünyanın dört büyük sağlık merkezinden birisidir. Pergamon Krallığı'nın sayfiye yeri olan bölge, yıllarca Hydroterapi (suyla tedavi) merkezi olarak hizmet vermiş. Yortantı Barajı'nın yapım aşamasında antik değeri anlaşılan bölgede, hızlandırılan kazı çalışmaları esnasında, bölgenin Helenistik Çağ'da kurulduğu ve en parlak dönemini Roma İmparatorluğu Hadrian'la yaşadığı ortaya konulmuştur. Bu kazı çalışmaları sayesinde, kentin sağlık merkezi Asklepionlar'dan biri olduğu anlaşılmış.
Kazılar sayesinde Bergama, arkeoloji alanında bölgenin ve Türkiye'nin önemini daha da artıran Asklepieion kültürünün Anadolu'da yaygın olduğunu da kanıtlandı. Bergama'nın yaklaşık 23 kilometre doğusunda Bergama-İvrindi karayolunun üzerinde yapılan kazı çalışmalarıyla ortaya çıkarılan Allianoi antik yerleşmesi M.Ö. 1. yüzyılda Paşa Ilıcası ve çevresinde kurulmuştur. 1998-99 yılı kazıları sonucunda Helenistik Çağ, mimari, buluntularının yanı sıra özellikle M.S. 2.yüzyıla ait pek çok arkeolojik eser ele geçirildi. Ayrıca kazılarda; çok sayıda heykeltıraşlık eser, metal eserler, çanak çömlek, kandiller, kemik objeler, çok sayıda üzeri işlemeli cam eser, 1500 civarında altın, gümüş ve bronz sikke, en son olarak da 2. yüzyıl Roma döneminden kalma mermer Afrodit heykeli bulundu. Bugüne kadar kazıda çıkan önemli eserler arasında Afrodit heykeli, iki Asklepios başı, torsolar, termal havuzlar, heykeltıraşlık parçalar, dükkânlar, çeşme, şarap imalathanesi, seramik fırınları, antik kaideler bulunmaktadır.

Halk oyunları
Bergama Zeybeği, Harmandalı, Bergama Bengisi, Güvende, Somalı, Yalabı, Dağlı, Arpazlı, Çekirdeksiz Bağlarım karma oyunlardır. İsmailli, Jandarma, Yunddaği, Sebai, Üç parmak, Koca Arap, Nacakoğlu erkeklerin oynadığı oyunlardır. Bergama Konakları, Entarisi Mavili, Zahide Molla, Findik Sıdıkam, Al Basma, Kız Harmandalısı, Ey Yüceler, Al Basmadan Donu Var, Sepetçioğlu ise kadınların oynadığı oyunlardır. Tahir Musa Ceylan'ın "Diri Aşk" romanının bir kısmı Bergama'da geçmektedir.

UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi
Uzun uğraşlar sonucunda Bergama 22.06.2014 tarihinde Katar'ın başkenti Doha'da düzenlenen toplantının ardından UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi'ne girdi.Türkiye'nin, 2011'de geçici listeye kabul edilen diğer adayı Bergama da bu toplantıyla, "Bergama Çok Katmanlı Kültürel Peyzaj Alanı" dosyasıyla asıl listeye girdi.Bergama UNESCO Dünya Mirası'ne giren 999. miras oldu.

Yönetim
Belediye başkanları

Eğitim
İlçede; 134 ilköğretim, 15 orta öğretim kurumu bulunmaktadır. Bu okullarda 16074 öğrenci eğitim görmekte ve 1012 öğretmen görev yapmaktadır. Yüksek öğrenim kurumları olarak da Ege Üniversitesi ve Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Meslek Yüksekokulları bulunmaktadır.

Altyapı
Bergama'da kurulan katı atık yönetim tesisi Bakırçay Havzası'ndaki ilçelere hizmet vermektedir. İZBAN'ın Aliağa'dan Bergama'ya kadar 50 km uzatılması için çalışmalar 2018'de başladı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Bergama Kermesi
 Bergama FK

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Bergama Belediyesi
 T.C. Bergama Kaymakamlığı

İzmir'in ilçeleri

Bergama


An Luzula subsessilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Sereno Watson, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau. An Luzula subsessilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luzula

Luzula subsessilis


An Scleria macrolomioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Heinrich Pfeiffer. An Scleria macrolomioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria macrolomioides


An Cephalocarpus confertus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Louis Gilly. An Cephalocarpus confertus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cephalocarpus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cephalocarpus

Cephalocarpus confertus


Thomas Friedrich (* 28. Oktober 1948 in Dresden; † 13. Mai 2011 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Publizist.

Leben und Leistungen
Friedrich wuchs in West-Berlin auf. Nach einer wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeit an der FU Berlin war er seit 1977 als Publizist und Ausstellungskurator tätig.

Im August 1977 wurde er Mitbegründer des Kleinverlags "LitPol". Bis zum Herbst 1984 arbeitete er als Lektor und in der Bildredaktion.

Friedrich war Mitglied in der AG "Wem gehört die Welt" (Ausstellung 1977) in der Neuen Gesellschaft für Bildende Kunst Berlin (NGBK). Von Februar 1981 bis März 1983 war er Kurator des Ausstellungsprojekts "Grauzonen Farbwelten" der NGBK. Danach war er bis Mai 1986 freier Mitarbeiter an Ausstellungen und Publikationen. Von Juni 1986 bis Juli 1987 war er als Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Dokumentation "Topographie des Terrors, Berlin" verantwortlich unter anderem für die Konzeption des stadtgeschichtlichen Teils der Ausstellung. Ein Jahr später gehörte er zum Team der Ausstellung "Vor aller Augen: Der Novemberpogrom 1938", die aus Anlass des 50. Jahrestages der Pogrome in der Akademie der Künste in West-Berlin gezeigt wurde. Die Ausstellung erregte nicht zuletzt deswegen Aufsehen, weil es Friedrich gelungen war, das Titelmotiv der Ausstellung (ein bekanntes Foto vom Novemberpogrom in Baden-Baden) neu zu analysieren, nachdem es in zahlreichen Publikationen und Archiven jahrzehntelang unter einer falschen Bezeichnung geführt worden war. Seit 1986 war Friedrich als Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter des Museumspädagogischen Dienstes Berlin (heute "Kulturprojekte Berlin") Leiter des Fachbereichs Geschichte und Redakteur am "Museums-Journal". Seit November 1998 war er als Mitglied der Planungsgruppe des Jüdischen Museums Berlin (JMB) tätig in der Redaktion von Publikationen und Konzeption der ersten Dauerausstellung bis zur Eröffnung im Jahr 2001. Von 2001 bis 2006 erarbeitete er das Buch Die missbrauchte Hauptstadt. Hitler und Berlin. Gleichzeitig forschte er im Bereich Fotografie, Publizistik und Pressefotografie. Seit 2002 hatte er Lehraufträge am Institut für Europäische Ethnologie, und an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, unter anderem zu "Erna Lendvai-Dirksen: Menschenbild und Volksgesicht" und "1968". Ab 2004 war er Kurator des Europäischen Monats der Fotografie (Ausgabe 1 bis 4/2011).

Weblinks

 Nachruf, Tagesspiegel Berlin 2011
 Interview mit Thomas Friedrich auf arte.tv

Publizist
Ausstellungskurator
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter eines Museums in Berlin
Deutscher
Geboren 1948
Gestorben 2011
Mann

Thomas Friedrich (Publizist)