4 Times Square (also known as 151 West 42nd Street or One Five One; formerly the Condé Nast Building) is a 48-story skyscraper at Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Located at 1472 Broadway, between 42nd and 43rd Streets, the building measures  tall to its roof and  tall to its antenna. The building was designed by Fox & Fowle and developed by the Durst Organization. 4 Times Square, and the Bank of America Tower to the east, occupy an entire city block.

Fox & Fowle planned a masonry facade facing south and east, as well as a glass facade facing west and north. The northwest corner of the building's base contains the eight-story cylindrical facade of Nasdaq MarketSite, which includes a large LED sign. The top of 4 Times Square includes an antenna mast and four large illuminated signs on each side which read 'H&M'. The building contains  of floor space, much of which was originally taken by publishing company Condé Nast and law firm Skadden Arps. The lowest three stories contain retail space while the fourth story has a food hall for tenants, originally designed by Frank Gehry for Condé Nast. 4 Times Square is an early example of green design in commercial skyscrapers in the United States.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, Park Tower Realty and the Prudential Insurance Company of America had planned to develop a tower for the site as part of a wide-ranging redevelopment of West 42nd Street. After long opposing a tower there, Douglas Durst proposed an office building on the site in late 1995. Condé Nast and Skadden Arps leased the majority of the building in 1996, and the structure was finished in 1999. After Condé Nast and Skadden Arps moved out of the building during the 2010s, a variety of office tenants have occupied 4 Times Square. Several modifications have been made to the building after it opened, including an expansion of the antenna mast atop the building in 2003, as well as a renovation in the late 2010s.

Site
4 Times Square is on the eastern side of Broadway, between 42nd Street and 43rd Street, at the southern end of Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The land lot is trapezoidal and covers . The site has a frontage of  on Broadway and a depth of .

4 Times Square, as well as the Bank of America Tower and Stephen Sondheim Theatre to the east, comprise the entire city block. Other nearby locations include the Town Hall theater and the Chatwal New York hotel to the northeast, 1500 Broadway to the north, 1501 Broadway to the northwest, One Times Square and 3 Times Square to the west, Times Square Tower  and 5 Times Square to the southwest, and the Knickerbocker Hotel and Bush Tower to the south.  An entrance to the New York City Subway's Times Square–42nd Street station, served by the , is across 42nd Street. There is also an entrance to the 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue station, served by the , less than a block east.

3, 4, and 5 Times Square and the Times Square Tower comprise a grouping of office buildings that were developed at Times Square's southern end in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The northern portion of 4 Times Square's site had been occupied by George M. Cohan's Theatre and the Fitzgerald Building before 1938, then by the Big Apple Theatre and a Nathan's Famous. The southern portion of the site had contained the Longacre Building. The Nathan's space was originally a Toffenetti's restaurant, which opened in 1940. Designed by Walker & Gillette, the Toffenetti's restaurant had 1,000 seats; the Nathan's opened in the Toffenetti's building in 1968.

Architecture
The building was designed by Fox & Fowle and developed by the Durst Organization. WSP Cantor Seinuk was the structural engineer, while Tishman Construction was the main contractor. Other companies involved with the project included wind consultant CPP Wind Engineering and Air Quality Consultants, elevator contractor Otis Worldwide, mechanical engineer Cosentini Associates, photovoltaic contractor Kiss + Cathcart Architects, lighting contractor Fisher Marantz Renfro Stone, and cladding contractor Heitmann & Associates. The New York City Economic Development Corporation owns the structure.

4 Times Square has 48 usable floors above ground, as well as two basement floors. Including mechanical stories atop the building, 4 Times Square is 52 stories tall. The building measures  to its architectural tip and  to the top of the antenna mast. The main roof is only  high.

4 Times Square is one of the first examples of green design in commercial skyscrapers in the United States. The design incorporates many environmentally efficient features. In particular, Fox & Fowle had been chosen for its experience designing ecologically sustainable buildings. One of the building's original major tenants, publisher Condé Nast, had committed to designing its space to environmentally efficient standards (the other major tenant, law firm Skadden Arps, did not make a similar commitment). The building's high energy usage limits the extent of the energy savings; Suzanne Stephens wrote for Architectural Record that the inclusion of such features was "a little like opening up a smoke-enders clinic on a tobacco farm".

Form
The building is part of the 42nd Street Development Project and, thus, could bypass many city zoning rules such as those relating to floor area ratio (FAR). Bruce Fowle of Fox & Fowle estimated that the building had a FAR of 35, while The New York Times stated that the FAR was only 31. The massing of the building contains several setbacks, which were not mandated by zoning ordinances but were included to make the building's design fit in with its setting. The 43rd story contains a glass setback with a cavetto-shaped cornice. Stephens wrote that the building contained a combination of neo-Modernist and traditional design elements. While the building is divided into a base, shaft, and pinnacle similar to older skyscrapers, the design of the facade was more varied.

Antenna mast
If the building's antenna mast is included, the structure's total height is . The original antenna mast measured  and was built primarily for Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia, Inc.) as a backup transmitter site. After the broadcast equipment atop the World Trade Center's towers was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, the main transmitters for radio stations WKTU, WNYC-FM, and WPAT-FM and the backup transmitter for WSKQ-FM were transferred to 4 Times Square. In 2003, the original installation was replaced with a  mast. This allowed WKTU, WNYC-FM, and WPAT-FM to build main transmitters at the Empire State Building without disrupting existing FM tenants there. The topmost antenna, designed for Univision's WFUT-TV, was removed in 2015 and replaced with a very high frequency (VHF) antenna for television station WJLP, bringing the mast to  tall.

The mast includes five antennas. The topmost one is used by WJLP. The second-highest tier contains two antennas for ultra high frequency (UHF) broadcasts; the antenna serving UHF channels 40–60 is above that serving channels 24–45. Below that are two antennas for VHF broadcasts: one for low-VHF broadcasts and the other for FM radio stations. The antenna systems and mast were constructed by Andrew Corporation, Dielectric Communications, Shively Labs, and Electronics Research Inc. , the mast at 4 Times Square is used as a primary site by FM radio stations WBGO, WKCR, WNYE, and WBAI. In addition, the mast has been used as a backup site for FM stations such as WKTU, WNYC, WPAT, WSKQ, WHTZ, WAXQ, WWPR, WLTW, and WCAA.

Facade

Fox & Fowle planned a masonry facade, largely oriented south toward 42nd Street and east toward Bryant Park, as well as a glass facade, largely facing west toward Broadway and north toward 43rd Street. The arrangement was meant to fit in with the livelier character of Broadway and the more restrained character of 42nd Street and Bryant Park. This led multiple media sources to compare the facade to the two-faced god Janus. In general, the lower stories have low-reflective glass to increase transparency, while the upper stories have highly reflective glass that deflects heat.

The masonry facade wraps around much of the north, east, and south elevations. In a 1996 press release, Fox & Fowle described the character of the masonry facade as presenting "a more composed personality appropriate to the context of Midtown Manhattan". The offices are accessed from an entrance on 42nd Street, which is named One Five One after its street address of 151 West 42nd Street. The main entrance has a recessed glass wall and originally had an angled glass canopy, which complemented the curving ceiling of the lobby. The entrance originally contained glass doors and was flanked by stone blocks. The masonry facade has windows measuring , larger than in typical office buildings. The large windows were meant to reduce the amount of electricity required for illuminating the offices.

The glass facade, which wraps around the west elevation and part of the south elevation, is designed to blend in with the surrounding signage. The glass facade contains green panels and is divided by vertical steel mullions. The west elevation on Broadway was designed with video screens, which cover  and are mandated by the zoning law. There are ten signs, which could be rented to advertisers; when the building was constructed, the signs were projected to earn $7 million per year. The signs were included as part of Robert A. M. Stern's 42nd Street Now! master plan, which required a variety of lighting and signage for facades along Times Square.

The 37th through 43rd stories of the south and east elevations have photovoltaic (PV) panels. These were installed in place of some of the spandrels that separate windows on different floors. There are 208 panels covering , half a percent of the facade's total area. While the panels can generate enough power for five or six houses, they only supply one-half of a percent of the total power needs of 4 Times Square. The PV modules are placed on a thin glass pane that is then laminated on both sides. The PV panels were included because they were inconspicuous and only cost  more than conventional spandrels. Originally, the architects had planned for  of PV panels. Before deciding to use PV panels, Fox & Fowle had considered installing solar panels on the roof, as well as wind turbines. Douglas Durst of the Durst Organization said the panels were intended to indicate the building's energy-saving features, as the PV panels could be upgraded when the technology was more advanced.

Nasdaq MarketSite

The eight-story cylindrical facade of 4 Times Square's northwest corner, on Broadway and 43rd Street, contains Nasdaq MarketSite. The facade was part of the building's original design and was included before Nasdaq had leased the space. At street level is a three-story glass facade, which contains a view of the studio inside. Above the studio, the facade consists of a giant LED display, variously cited as measuring  or . The display was the world's largest at the time of its completion. The display is allowed because 4 Times Square is exempt from the zoning rules regarding signs.

The LED sign over the studio cost $37 million. The display can show information at a computer display standard of 1280x1824, and it has over 18 million LEDs. The display is made of about 8,200 or 8,400 panels, manufactured by Saco Smart Vision. It is  thick and is interrupted by thirty square windows. The windows are arranged into five rows, which illuminate a portion of Condé Nast's space. There is a  catwalk and a ventilation space behind the display, creating a gap of about  between the sign and the actual facade. At 4 Times Square's opening, Nasdaq leased the sign space from Durst for $2 million a year.

Top-story signs
The top of the building was originally ornamented with four signs, each measuring  and displaying the address 4 Times Square. Unlike the signs at the base, the top stories' signs are not required by zoning. While modern New York City building code prohibits logos from being more than  above the curb or occupying over  on a blockfront, the top-story signs are protected because they are in the 42nd Street Development Project.

The panels were originally vacant, though Durst had sought to market them to tenants at $1 million a year. In 2000, after the building opened, panels with the name of wireless provider Teligent Telecom were installed on the top stories, measuring . The signs were subsequently replaced by the number "4" during the mid-2000s. Since 2013, the top of the building has contained four illuminated panels with the name of clothing retailer H&M, a retail tenant at the base.

Mechanical and environmental features

Fuel cells

The building is partially powered by two fuel cells that are capable of  each. They are installed on the fourth floor. The two cells could provide 50 percent of the exterior signs' nighttime power needs but a minuscule amount of the daytime needs. They could generate eight percent of the building's total electricity. The fuel cells cost $1 million and were made by United Technologies Corporation. As part of an agreement with Consolidated Edison (Con Ed), which operates much of New York City's power-supply system, the cells must be turned off during a power failure, such as the Northeast blackout of 2003.

Fox & Fowle originally planned to include eight fuel cells, which would have been capable of generating  of power annually, including all of the exterior signs' power needs. Along with the photovoltaic panels on the facade, the fuel cells would have been able to provide most of the power for 4 Times Square, with building managers purchasing power from the city's electrical grid from Con Ed only as needed. The fuel cells would have to run continuously to operate efficiently, since they could not be turned off or on easily, but the building's power needs were much lower at night during the day. Furthermore, each cell cost $600,000. Consequently, plans for six of the eight fuel cells were discarded in 1997.

Air delivery
Fox & Fowle and Durst decided to use chillers powered by natural gas to provide cool air to the offices. At the time, many buildings still used fossil fuels for power generation, and natural gas created much less pollution than fossil fuels. Gas was used instead of electricity because gas could be stored for later use, while electricity had to be used when it is produced. According to Bruce Fowle of Fox & Fowle, the firm had contemplated using electric chillers, which could create and store ice at night, then use the ice to chill the offices during the daytime. Fowle said the firm had decided against using ice storage because it was more expensive than natural gas-powered chillers. After an upgrade in 2003, the building had  of air conditioning.

The air-delivery system provides 50 percent more fresh air than is required by New York City building code. It can also be used to ventilate polluted air from specified floors; a separate exhaust shaft was designed for employee smoking areas. The air-circulation system was built so air on any set of three floors could be replaced every 24 to 48 hours. Sensors on each floor are used to monitor air quality, and the building's management team could adjust the air-delivery and ventilation systems as needed. Tenants could also independently adjust the heating and air-conditioning systems in their offices. The building's climate control system was designed to operate in tandem with the wastewater system, further reducing energy use.

Other features
The building is also served by recycling chutes. There are dedicated shafts for paper recycling and trash, which lead to storage bins in the basement. There is mechanical equipment on the 49th floor and on two mezzanines above it. These stories contain three diesel generators, which power the antenna mast and are capable of a combined . In addition, the 51st floor has FM transmitters and combiners while the 52nd floor has TV combiners.

Interior
The superstructure is made of both concrete and steel, though the structural core is made of concrete. The steel columns are embedded in shear walls made of reinforced concrete. The building uses demolition debris that was recycled from the previous structures on the site, and the previous foundations were also reused. Where newer foundations were installed, deep-rock caissons and deep foundations were used to minimize damage to neighboring buildings and subway tunnels. The building's core and external columns rise to the top of the building. The four large signs on the roof conceal the "hat truss" that connects the core and external columns. Behind the truss is mechanical space, which doubles as a damper. Inside, 4 Times Square has  of space.

Lower stories

The lobby is on the east side of the ground floor and is accessed from both 42nd and 43rd Streets. The ceiling contains aluminum and fiberglass panels, which curve downward from both entrances toward the center of the space. The lobby has an exhibit of the Durst Organization's history. There are also architectural models of various projects developed by the Durst Organization, such as the VIA 57 West residential development on Manhattan's West Side, as well as brochures of buildings owned by the company. There are also security checkpoints with turnstiles.

The building was designed with  of retail space on the lowest three stories. When the building opened, the retail space was occupied by a three-story ESPN Zone entertainment restaurant, operated by The Walt Disney Company. The ground floor had an American grill called the Studio Grill; the second floor had the Screening Room, a sports-viewing area with television screens; and the third floor had the Sports Arena, which included a small practice facility and an arcade video game area. Part of the ground floor and basement was also occupied by a Duane Reade. Since 2013, the old ESPN space has contained a three-story H&M clothing store.

Einhorn Yaffee Prescott designed Nasdaq MarketSite's  space at the northwest corner of the building. The space had a 72-seat auditorium, a public exhibit area, and a pair of broadcast studios below the large LED sign. The ground floor of the MarketSite contains a broadcast studio with a wall of 96 monitors, measuring  tall and broadcasting information about stocks and the market. It is visible from the windows that overlook Times Square. An exhibit on the second floor was designed as the "MarketSite Experience", displaying items about MarketSite's history.

Condé Nast cafeteria
Frank Gehry designed an employee cafeteria on the fourth floor for Condé Nast. The cafeteria was Gehry's first New York City project since, prior to designing the space, Gehry had had difficulty gaining any major commissions. Gehry had been friends with Condé Nast CEO Samuel Irving Newhouse Jr., who offered to hire Gehry for the interior design of Condé Nast's offices, a role that Gehry declined. When the cafeteria opened in 2000, it was directed by Sean J. Killeen and a staff of 53. The space was given several nicknames, such as "the Commissary" and "the Aquarium". The main cafeteria covered  and could fit 260 people. Next to the main cafeteria were four smaller dining rooms and an auditorium with 85 seats. The private dining rooms could fit 70. The New York Daily News said that James Truman, Condé Nast's editorial director,  "spent months thinking about nothing else" during the design of the cafeteria. The cafeteria reportedly cost $30 to $35 million.

The main cafeteria measures  tall. It was originally decorated with serpentine blue-titanium walls, as well as a ceiling with blue-titanium panels and hanging white shapes. The floor was made of plywood, but it was resurfaced in linoleum by 2002 because Condé Nast editors' high heels kept damaging the floor. Most of the seats were initially in 39 upholstered-leather booths with yellow elliptical wooden tables. The booths were slightly lifted on concrete podiums clad with wood, and the pathways through the cafeteria varied in elevation depending on the booths' height. Each booth is divided by angled glass partitions that measure  tall,  wide, and about  thick and weighing  apiece. The panes are held in place by metal grommets at the top and bottom. It took one year for Gehry and the glass workers to determine how to bend the glass into a three-dimensional shape. Gehry used CATIA software to modify the glass. The partitions in the private dining rooms were sandblasted and were designed with overlaps. A model of part of the dining area was fabricated in Italy before being shipped to New York City.

After Condé Nast moved out during 2014, the cafeteria was unused for five years. Studios Architecture renovated the dining room, which reopened in 2018 as a tenant-only food hall operated by Claus Meyer. The floors were resurfaced in white oak; the leather seats and tables were replaced; and the titanium walls were covered with curving sheetrock and plaster. A set of test kitchens was turned into a reception area for an adjacent conference room. The northwestern western section of the cafeteria, which had once contained mechanical space behind the MarketSite sign, was converted into a garden room with a full-height green wall containing 2,200 plants. Seating capacity was increased to 300 during the renovation.

Offices
The lowest office floors cover  each, while the highest floors cover  each. When designing the building, Fox & Fowle treid to maximize the amount of space illuminated by natural light. Since natural light could only penetrate about 25 percent of each office story, the office stories contain a flexible open plan arrangement. The lighting in the office stories can be controlled by dimmers.

Condé Nast's space originally spanned floors 4 to 23 and cost an estimated $100 million. The Condé Nast offices were designed by Mancini Duffy, though Truman influenced the furnishings in the offices. The company's flagship magazines Vogue and Vanity Fair had their own stories, while The New Yorker had floors 20 and 21; the rest of the space had corporate offices. Most of Condé Nast's stories were shared by two publications; the elevator lobbies served as a common reception area, with glass doors on either side. Past the glass doors were curved "branding walls" with the logo of the publication that occupied the corresponding office space. Behind the "branding walls" on each floor are  rectangular conference rooms with beige or gray decorations, as well as  meeting spaces for editorial teams. Along the outer edges of each story, each publication's offices were connected by an "art corridor" decorated with works of art.

Most of Condé Nast's offices were arranged in an open plan, which was not popular among the publication's employees. The open-plan workspaces had white-laminate and blue-gray aluminum workstations with wooden accents. Only five percent of offices were directly adjacent to windows, but the open plan allowed many lower-ranking employees to have desks next to windows. Publishers and top editors had their own offices at the corners, while senior staffers had to work near the building's core. Some editors customized their offices. For example, Anna Wintour of Vogue used aluminum chairs and potted bulbs to resemble a setting in Home and Garden magazine, and Ruth Reichl of Gourmet designed her offices in a contemporary style with red accents. Graydon Carter of Vanity Fair redesigned his editorial office so it looked like his previous accommodations. Test kitchens, two private dining rooms, and a photograph studio were also installed for Gourmet's recipe editors. Newhouse's office was on the 11th floor, unlike other executive offices that were generally placed at the top.

History

Planning
The Durst family had started acquiring property on the city block bounded by Broadway, Sixth Avenue, and 42nd and 43rd Streets in 1967, when Douglas Durst's father Seymour Durst bought a building that housed White's Sea Food Restaurant. Seymour Durst planned to redevelop the area east of Times Square with office skyscrapers, but he canceled these plans in 1973 amid a declining office market. Several other failed proposals followed for the block.

Early plans

The Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC), an agency of the New York state government, had proposed redeveloping the area around a portion of West 42nd Street in 1981. Four towers designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee were to be built around 42nd Street's intersections with Broadway and Seventh Avenue; the largest of those would have been a 56-story building at the northeast corner of 42nd Street and Broadway. These towers would have been redeveloped by George Klein of Park Tower Realty, though the Prudential Insurance Company of America joined the project in 1986. Furthermore, as part of the West Midtown special zoning district created in 1982, the New York City government had allowed new buildings in Times Square to be developed with an increased floor area ratio. To ensure the area would not be darkened at nightfall, the city passed zoning regulations that encouraged developers to add large, bright signs on their buildings.

The Durst Organization opposed the redevelopment for 15 years, citing concerns over the subsidies that were to be given to the developers, which in turn would decrease the value of the Dursts' buildings. Durst himself had acquired a small portion of what would be Park Tower and Prudential's office building, part of 20 lots on the same city block that he owned by February 1990. However, he was loath to develop his sites on the block until the 42nd Street redevelopment had been finalized. The Dursts' opposition, along with Prudential and Park Tower's inability to secure tenants for the proposed buildings, led government officials to allow Prudential and Park Tower to postpone the project in 1992. By then, Prudential had spent $300 million on condemning the sites through eminent domain. The partners retained the right to develop the sites in the future, and the ESDC's zoning guidelines remained in effect. Klein ceded decision-making power for the sites to Prudential, which decided to exit the real-estate market altogether, selling off all four sites.

Durst proposal
Seymour Durst ultimately died in mid-1995 before any building was developed on the block. By November 1995, Seymour's son Douglas Durst was negotiating with Prudential to develop the northeast corner of 42nd Street and Broadway with a larger skyscraper that would use the Durst family's adjacent lots. Durst asked Prudential to postpone the development of the other three sites until Durst had completed his building. The new building would be the first in the same redevelopment project that the Durst family had once opposed. Further, Durst planned to claim a 35 percent tax abatement for the project. Durst acquired a $215 million mortgage loan on three other buildings to fund the proposed skyscraper.

After a slight delay, Prudential's board voted to sell the site to Durst in February 1996. Klein was opposed to the proposed sale, citing the Durst family's previous objections to the redevelopment. Ultimately, Klein received an unknown amount of compensation for ceding the site's development rights to Durst. Durst acquired the plot that April, he combined the newly acquired lot, which covered , with an adjacent lot owned by his family, covering . Durst proposed a  skyscraper on the expanded site. To reduce concerns from community members and civic groups, he showed them his plans. Fox & Fowle was hired to design the building; at the time, it was one of four companies that were allowed to design green buildings in New York City. Its plan for limestone and glass facades was generally well received by civic groups such as the Municipal Art Society.

Before construction started, the state required a commitment from a large tenant. This led media sources to debate whether the building was a speculative development. Though Durst had intended the building to be developed without an anchor tenant, similar to speculative buildings, the state would not approve the project unless a tenant was secured.  The author Matthew Wells characterized the building as "the first speculative office block to be completed in Manhattan for over a decade". At the time of the sale, Durst denied rumors that Condé Nast would occupy the building for its headquarters. That May, Condé Nast leased , taking up floors 4 to 23, with an option for an additional . The building was consequently named after Condé Nast. The publisher had wanted to consolidate the operations of 17 of its magazines, which then occupied six separate buildings, and many of its leases were set to expire in 2000. Condé Nast had selected 4 Times Square because of the environmentally-efficient features planned for the structure.

Construction
Preliminary work for 4 Times Square, as the building was known, began in September 1996. At the time, it was the first speculative office development to be built in Midtown Manhattan in fifteen years, and its construction prompted the development of other office buildings in the area.  4 Times Square and its three neighboring developments would collectively add almost  of office space. All four projects were being marketed with a Times Square address, which until the early 1990s had not been popular in the city's real estate market. The project was to receive $10.7 million in tax relief and Durst was to receive a $4 million tax exemption every year. That October, law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom agreed to move its headquarters to 4 Times Square, with  on the top 21 stories. Skadden Arps's commitment was part of an increase in leasing in buildings around Times Square. By March 1997, though the building's site had not been fully excavated, 87 percent of the office space had already been leased. Rainforest Cafe tentatively agreed to lease a storefront in the street level and basement that July.

Since most of the office space had been taken by Condé Nast and Skadden Arps, the Durst Organization decided to distribute CDs to promote the retail space and the signs atop the building. The promotional CD contained a photo gallery of Times Square's history, details of 4 Times Square's green-building features, and a map of planned hotels and stores nearby. The Durst Organization received a $340 million construction in mid-1997. The loan was issued by a syndicate of banks led by the Bank of New York. The site was cleared by that August 1997. The superstructure had risen to 30 stories by the February 1998, though steel construction was delayed by the rainy weather. Around that time, Nasdaq was considering leasing a marketing center and TV studio at 4 Times Square. By mid-1998, it had agreed to lease the space and add an LED sign around the cylindrical northwest corner. Disney leased three stories of retail later that year for the ESPN Zone entertainment restaurant.

Several incidents occurred during construction, leading the city's tabloid newspapers to describe the construction site as "jinxed". A construction crane fell onto a building on 43rd Street in January 1998, and a piece of aluminum dropped from the northern facade that April, though no one was hurt in either incident. That June, a carpenter was crushed to death by an elevator. The most severe incident occurred on July 21, 1998, when a construction elevator fell onto the nearby Woodstock Hotel, killing an 85-year-old woman and injuring twelve other people. The surrounding area was closed to the public and many residents and businesses were displaced; the area could not be reopened until netting was installed around the collapsed scaffold. After the scaffold was disassembled, the surrounding segment of 43rd Street was reopened a month after the collapse, though Woodstock Hotel residents did not return until that October.

The July 1998 construction collapse delayed construction by two months. Following an investigation, U.S. government officials said in early 1999 that the scaffold had collapsed because it had lacked crucial support beams. The construction crane was being disassembled by February 1999; at the time, it was the eighth-tallest structure in Manhattan. The next month, as the building was being completed, falling debris from the construction site injured three pedestrians.

Usage

Opening

The first Condé Nast employees began moving into the building on June 21, 1999, when almost 200 employees from Brides, House & Garden, and Women's Sports and Fitness moved to the structure. The relocations continued over the two following months. The overall reaction among Condé Nast employees was positive, though some were critical of the building; one editor would not preview the building prior to the move, while another expressed concern about the construction incidents. Furthermore, many staff members of The New Yorker were reluctant to move to 4 Times Square, though this was more heavily influenced by the fact that The New Yorker previously occupied a different building from the other Condé Nast publications. Many Condé Nast staff arrived at the building in limousines, which created congestion on nearby streets, prompting the city government to create a limousine-dropoff area nearby.

At the building's opening, Durst also faced two class-action lawsuits from nearby business owners as a result of the construction incidents in 1998. These were both dismissed in July 1999 because the business owners did not suffer physical damage. In addition, Nasdaq and Condé Nast had disagreed over the proposed LED sign since the beginning of 1999, leading the two companies to seek an arbitration proceeding. Condé Nast claimed that the sign would block the windows of its art department and that it protruded too far from the facade. In response, Nasdaq said the sign was within the terms of its own lease and that, in any case, Condé Nast's graphic-arts department did not need natural light. An arbitrator ruled in favor of Nasdaq in August 1999, and the Nasdaq MarketSite sign started illuminating that December. By the end of 1999, Durst was looking to refinance the building to replace the construction loan from the Bank of New York.

2000s
The building's fourth-floor cafe opened in April 2000 and was renovated two years afterward.  Meanwhile, the signs atop the building remained unused through early 2000. Teligent was the first company to pay $500,000 a year for the signs, but it went bankrupt a year after the signs were installed. By late 2001, Nasdaq was contemplating relocating its offices (which had been damaged in the September 11 attacks) to 4 Times Square, where only  of office space was vacant. Several radio stations had also been forced to move to 4 Times Square after the attacks, prompting the addition of an FM antenna for WNYC in March 2002. The Duane Reade pharmacy chain leased the remaining ground-floor space and part of the basement in mid-2002.

After the September 11 attacks, Durst was unable to refinance 4 Times Square because his insurer had dropped terrorism coverage from its policy. A judge issued a restraining order preventing mortgage holder Cigna from declaring the building in default until April 2002. The restraining order was extended to May; a few minutes before the extension was set to expire, it was extended again to September. In the meantime, a New York state judge ruled that Cigna could force Durst to carry terror insurance. The lack of insurance led Moody's Investors Service to reduce the credit rating of the loan on 4 Times Square. Following the passage of a terror-insurance law in November 2002, Durst said he was amenable to buy a cheaper terror-insurance policy. Cigna and Durst had reached a settlement by late 2003, when the credit rating of the property loan was upgraded after Durst obtained terror insurance.

Meanwhile, in November 2002, Durst announced that he would construct a  antenna mast atop 4 Times Square as a backup facility for radio stations that had broadcast from the World Trade Center. The original antenna mast was designed for four stations but was serving eight stations, while the new antenna mast would be designed to serve 18 stations. The old mast was disassembled and the new mast was constructed starting in March 2003. Univision signed an agreement to build an antenna on the building. During construction, a temporary one-bay antenna was mounted atop 4 Times Square. The work, costing $25 million, included adding structural reinforcements. The new mast was finished on October 2, 2003, with the first broadcast occurring on October 30 of the same year.

During the mid-2000s, Durst spent $300,000 to install repeaters and antennas that could operate the core mechanical systems in case of an emergency. The equipment was completed in 2006. By then, the signs atop the building were not being used by any advertiser and contained the number "4". In the late 2000s, Durst developed the Bank of America Tower on the eastern side of the block, obscuring views from 4 Times Square's eastern facade.

2010s to present

The ESPN Zone restaurant closed in June 2010 following the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Around that time, Condé Nast signed a lease to relocate to the new One World Trade Center when that building was completed. The retail space remained vacant for over two years and, following a failed negotiation with Express, Inc., H&M agreed to lease the majority of the retail space in late 2012. H&M announced in August 2013 that it would install panels with its logo atop the building, and the H&M store opened that November. Condé Nast moved to One World Trade Center between November 2014 and January 2015. After the relocation, preservationists expressed concern that the Condé Nast cafeteria would be destroyed, since Skadden Arps had its own cafeteria. In early 2015, the Durst Organization indicated it would preserve the cafeteria but would have to find a tenant for it.

Among the later tenants was Nasdaq, which in February 2018 moved its global headquarters to the building and extended the MarketSite lease. Nasdaq planned to expand MarketSite over the following three years; the expansion included a 10th-story event space with a  terrace that would be able to accommodate 400 people. During the late 2010s, the Durst Organization renovated the building's main entrance and lobby for $140 million. In addition, the fourth-floor dining room was renovated for $35 million; after the renovation was completed in 2018, the dining room was opened to all of the building's tenants. The Durst Organization also installed beehives on the building's roof to create honey for the dining room. After the renovation, 4 Times Square had  of amenity space.

Skadden Arps itself planned to move out of Four Times Square by 2020, having signed a lease at One Manhattan West. The building's two major tenants had occupied nearly all the office space, and their departure would leave the building almost vacant. In the five years after Condé Nast's departure, the Durst Organization secured tenants for the publisher's former space. All of the old Condé Nast space had been leased by April 2019. Durst then refinanced the building with $900 million from JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo. The refinancing came after $650 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities, issued by UBS, had matured. The Durst Organization also planned to market the building as 151 West 42nd Street. By July 2022, the Durst Organization had leased our the last two vacant floors that Skadden Arps had occupied.

Tenants
Most of the space at 4 Times Square was occupied by Condé Nast and Skadden Arps prior to 2015. Afterward, their former spaces have been occupied by a variety of companies:
 SS&C Technologies, a financial technology company, signed for  in January 2016. The company added  in 2019, taking up all of floors 5, 6, and 7.
 Fross Zelnick Lehrman & Zissu, a law firm, leased  on one full floor in September 2016.
 ICAP, a financial securities company, leased  on floors 13 and 14 in September 2016.
 RSM US, an accounting firm, signed a  lease to take the entirety of floors 10 and 11, as well as part of floor 12, in January 2017.
 HedgeServ Corporation, a financial technology firm,  signed for  on floor 8 in August 2017.
 National Cable Communications signed for  on floor 11 and part of floor 12 in January 2019. It then expanded by  on the remainder of floor 12.
 Analysis Group, an economic consulting firm, leased  on floor 23 and part of floor 22 in January 2019.
 BMO Capital Markets leased  on floors 9 and 29 in April 2019.
 Nasdaq leased  for its headquarters in February 2018, then expanded to  in May 2019 by leasing the entirety of floor 28.
 Vevo, a video hosting service, leased  on floor 25 in June 2019.
 Vidaris, a consulting firm, leased  on floor 24 in July 2021.
 Mitsubishi International, a conglomerate, leased  on floors 34 and 35 in July 2021.
 Venable LLP, a law firm, leased  on floors 48 to 52, as well as on a concourse, in October 2021.
 Varagon Capital Partners, an asset management firm, leased  in March 2022.
 Chicago Trading Company leased  in July 2022, occupying the last full-floor spaces available.

Critical reception

When construction of 4 Times Square began in 1996, Paul Goldberger wrote for The New York Times, "While the building is far from modest in size, [Fox & Fowle's design] is significantly improved from the original plans by Philip Johnson and John Burgee." For the same newspaper, Herbert Muschamp wrote that the building "is not monstrously out of scale" with other contemporary developments. Muschamp said it looked like a custom design for Condé Nast, "whose stock in trade is the knowing mix of high style and popular culture". Karrie Jacobs of New York magazine also considered Fox & Fowle's design to be better than Johnson and Burgee's plan, adding that "It's the perfect building for a culture that consists of nothing but fragmented references to what has come before". The building was pictured in the August 1998 issue of Vogue magazine, which was published as scheduled despite the fatal construction collapse the previous month.

After the building was completed, Suzanne Stephens wrote that the decorative elements on the glass facades "seem unnecessary" from a purist point of view, though she added that decorative features in the Empire State Building and Chrysler Building were similarly criticized upon their respective completions. Muschamp said of the different facades of the building: "it wants to be at once a background building and a foreground building, both star and chorus". Jacobs called the building "better as a piece of social commentary than as architecture" with its contrasting facades. 4 Times Square also received awards from the American Institute of Architects and AIA's New York state chapter.

The Condé Nast cafeteria was largely praised, with Muschamp referring to the cafeteria as "an underwater hypostyle hall". Brent Richards wrote in the book New Glass Architecture that Gehry was able to create a "seemingly impossible fluidity" with the partitions, while Arcspace magazine said of the cafeteria, "Gehry's formalism has produced an informality that encourages chance encounters of the friendly, and even romantic, kind." The Nasdaq MarketSite facade on Broadway and 43rd Street was also critiqued; Jacobs described it as a "glowing 140-foot-high soda can". Muschamp said the cylindrical facade would "make a dandy giant soda can, film spool, aerosol spray, or a current issue of House and Garden".

See also

 List of buildings and structures on Broadway in Manhattan
 Buildings and architecture of New York City
 List of tallest buildings in New York City
 List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
 List of tallest freestanding steel structures

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

1999 establishments in New York City
Broadway (Manhattan)
Condé Nast
Modernist architecture in New York City
Nasdaq
Office buildings completed in 1999
Radio masts and towers in the United States
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
Times Square buildings
Towers in New York City
42nd Street (Manhattan)

4 Times Square


القِدْر أو المقفول أو البرمة، هو وعاء لطعام، يستعمل لإنضاج الطعام، ويصنع من نحاس أو طين. أما القِدر الكاتمة هو وعاء محكم الغطاء يستعمل لإنضاج الطعام بسرعة ويسمى حلّة ضغط.

المراجع

آنية طهو
مطبخ عربي

قدر (مطبخ)


أنشأت الإدارة الاستعمارية الفرنسية أول نظام للتعليم العام في موريتانيا. تركزت المدارس الأولى إلى حد كبير في المجتمعات المستقرة في وادي نهر سينيجال. في عام 1950، تم إنشاء أول مدرسة لتدريب المعلمين في بوتليميت، وفي عام 1957، بدأت المدرسة الثانوية في روسو أيضًا في تدريب المعلمين. جزئيا بسبب تركز المدارس العامة في الجنوب، التحق الأفارقة السود بأعداد كبيرة. نتيجة لذلك، كانت الغالبية العظمى من معلمي المدارس العامة من السود، وكان الطبقة المتعلمة العلمانية في البلاد يهيمن عليها السود.

التأثير الفرنسي
واجهت المدارس الفرنسية القليلة الموجودة في مناطق البدو صعوبة في جذب الطلاب. كان الموريون على وجه الخصوص مترددين في قبول المدارس العامة واستمروا في تفضيل التعليم الإسلامي البحت. ومع ذلك، بدأوا تدريجياً في إرسال أطفالهم إلى المدارس العامة، حيث رأوا أن التدريب الديني التقليدي لم يكن يهيئ أطفالهم للحياة في القرن العشرين. جرب الفرنسيون أيضًا «المدارس المتنقلة» بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، وبهذه الطريقة قاموا بتوفير التعليم العام لعدد أكبر من البدو. في عام 1954، كان هناك اثنتا عشرة مدرسة تسمى «خيمة» تخدم 241 طالبًا. استمرت بعض مدارس الخيام على الأقل في العمل بعد استقلال موريتانيا عن فرنسا عام 1960.

بعد الاستقلال
في عام 1964. لم يكن الالتحاق بالمدارس إلزاميًا، وفي 1964-1965 كان فقط 19100 من طلاب المدارس الابتدائية و 1500 من طلاب المدارس الثانوية

بحلول عام 1985، كان ما يقدر بنحو 35 في المائة من الأطفال في سن الدراسة الابتدائية مسجلين في المدرسة.

في 1985-1986، ارتفع عدد الملتحقين بالمدارس الابتدائية إلى 140871، وبلغ عدد المسجلين في المدارس الثانوية والمهنية 34674.

في عام 1982، افتتحت الكلية الوطنية للإدارة والكلية الوطنية للعلوم في نواكشوط، وفي عام 1983 بدأ ما يقرب من 1000 طالب التدريس في جامعة نواكشوط.

إصلاحات تدريجية
ظل النظام الفرنسي للمدارس الابتدائية والثانوية ساري المفعول حتى أواخر الثمانينيات. ومع ذلك، تم إجراء بعض التغييرات المهمة على مر السنين، وتم التخطيط لأخرى. في أوائل الثمانينيات، تم إدخال تعليم اللغات البولارية والأزير (السونينكي)، وتم التأكيد على اللغة العربية الأدبية على جميع المستويات. أثارت السياسة الرسمية المتمثلة في استبدال الفرنسية باللغات المحلية والعربية الأدبية، التي تم تبنيها في أواخر السبعينيات، احتجاجات قوية من الموريتانيين السود الناطقين بالفرنسية وتم التخلي عنها في غضون عقد من الزمن.

ظلت موريتانيا تعاني من نقص حاد في العمالة الماهرة. في منتصف الثمانينيات، كان حوالي 15 بالمائة فقط من طلاب المدارس الثانوية ملتحقين بالتعليم المهني. لتصحيح هذا الوضع ورفع المستوى العام لمحو الأمية، شجعت الحكومة نمو المدارس القرآنية الخاصة. تم إجراء معظم التدريب الصناعي في مؤسسات خاصة. والأهم من ذلك، لجأت الحكومة أيضًا إلى المجتمع الدولي. في عام 1987 وافق البنك الدولي على المساعدة في جعل نظام التعليم في موريتانيا أكثر استجابة لاحتياجات التنمية في البلاد. تضمنت التغييرات المقترحة توسيع نطاق التعليم الابتدائي وإعادة هيكلة التعليم الثانوي. ووجه اهتمام خاص للتدريب المهني في المجالات ذات الاحتياجات الوطنية الخاصة، مثل هندسة المياه ومصايد الأسماك.

الحالة الحالية
التعليم إلزامي بين سن 6 و 14 سنة. في عام 2002، كان المعدل الإجمالي للالتحاق بالتعليم الابتدائي 88 في المائة، وصافي معدل الالتحاق بالتعليم الابتدائي 68 في المائة.

تستند نسب الالتحاق الإجمالية والصافية إلى عدد الطلاب المسجلين رسميًا في المدرسة الابتدائية، وبالتالي لا تعكس بالضرورة الحضور الفعلي في المدرسة. في عام 1996، كان 41.8 في المائة من الأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 7 و 14 عامًا يذهبون إلى المدرسة.

اعتبارًا من عام 2001، كان من المرجح أن يصل 61 في المائة من الأطفال الذين بدأوا الدراسة الابتدائية إلى الصف 5. ومع ذلك، فإن الافتقار إلى المرافق المدرسية الكافية والمدرسين، خاصة في المناطق الريفية، من المرجح أن يعيق التحقيق الكامل لهدف الحكومة المتمثل في تعميم التعليم الابتدائي في موريتانيا حتى عام 2007 على الأقل.

المدرسة العامة مجانية، لكن التكاليف الأخرى مثل الكتب ووجبات الغداء تجعل التعليم لا يمكن تحمله بالنسبة للعديد من الأطفال الفقراء. تشمل التحديات المستمرة لتوفير التعليم الجيد في موريتانيا ارتفاع معدلات التسرب والرسوب، والمناهج الدراسية غير الملائمة، والبنية التحتية الوطنية السيئة التي تمنع الأطفال من السفر من وإلى المدرسة. في عام 2002، أظهر مسح أجراه برنامج الغذاء العالمي للأطفال غير الملتحقين بالمدارس في موريتانيا أن 25 في المائة لم يلتحقوا بالمدرسة بسبب الحاجة إلى إعالة أسرهم أو أداء الأعمال المنزلية، و 22 في المائة لم يحضروا بسبب المسافة إلى المدرسة.

روابط ذات صلة
 التعليم المحظري

مراجع

التعليم في إفريقيا

التعليم في موريتانيا


Die Albright Stonebridge Group ist die Consulting-Firma der ehemaligen US-Außenministerin Madeleine Albright. Mit ihrem Geschäftspartner Sandy Berger (ehemaliger US-Sicherheitsberater) bietet sie Politikberatung für Firmen und Regierungen an.

Die Firma gibt an, Kontakte und Repräsentanzen in 65 Länder auf sechs Kontinenten der Welt zu haben. Firmensitz ist Washington, D.C. mit Niederlassungen oder Mitarbeitern in Peking, Shanghai, São Paulo, Neu-Delhi, Madrid, Berlin, Sydney, Thailand und Moskau.

Des Weiteren pflegt das Unternehmen weltweit strategische Partnerschaften mit verschiedenen Firmen wie Joschka Fischer and Company des deutschen Ex-Außenminister Joschka Fischer in Berlin, Bespoke Approach in Australien, Civitas Group LLC in Washington D.C., Palacio y Asociados in Madrid, Global Dealings Group und Hogan Lovells.

Die Albright Group LLC und Stonebridge International, beide im Jahr 2001 gegründet, fusionierten im Jahr 2009 zu den jetzigen Unternehmen. Der Vorstand des Unternehmens besteht derzeit aus Madeleine Albright, Sandy Berger, Carlos Gutierrez, Anthony S. Harrington, H.P. Goldfield, Amy Celico, Alan Fleischmann, Suzanne A. George, Jin Ligang, James C. O'Brien, Dan K. Rosenthal und Michael J. Warren.

Das Unternehmen bietet strategische Beratung für andere Firmen, Verbände und gemeinnützige Organisationen an. Der Schwerpunkt hierbei liegt bei Privatisierungen, Krisenmanagement und der Bewertung von politischen, handelsbezogenen und aufsichtsrechtlichen Problemen, Chancen und Risiken auf den internationalen Märkten.

Albright Stonebridge berät darüber hinaus auch die ebenfalls von Albright geführte Albright Capital Management, eine Investmentfirma, die vor allem in Schwellenländer investiert. Neben Albright Capital Management gehört auch die Civitas Group LLC zu den Firmen, an welchen Albright Stonebridge als strategischer Großaktionär beteiligt ist.

Weblinks
 Firmenwebseite

Einzelnachweise

Beratungsunternehmen (Vereinigte Staaten)
Strategieberatungsunternehmen
Politikberatung
Organisation (Washington, D.C.)
Gegründet 2009

Albright Stonebridge Group


රොබින් රියානා ෆෙන්ටි (1988 පෙබරවාරි 20), යනු ලෝක ප්‍රකට බාර්බඩොස් ජාතික ගායිකාවක්, ගීත රචිකාවියක්, නිලියක් සහා නිරූපිකාවක්  වේ. බාර්බඩොස් ශාන්ත මයිකල්හී උපත ලැබූ ඇයගේ සංගීත දිවියේ ආරම්භය 2003 වසර අගභාගයේ, පටිගත කිරීමේ නිෂ්පාදක ඉවන් රොජර්ස්ගේ හමුවත් සමග සිදුවිය. ඔහුගේ මගපෙන්වීම යටතේ ඇය විසින් හඬ පටයක් පටිගත කල අතර එය කටහඬ පටිගත කිරීමේ ආයතන කිහිපයක් වෙත යවනු ලැබිණි. එම සමයේදී ඇය විසින් එවක ඩෙෆ් ජෑම් රෙකෝර්ඩින්ස්හී සභාපති වූ රැප් ගායක ජේ-සි ඉදිරියේ සිදුකල සාර්ථක හඬ පරීක්ෂණයකින් අනතුරුව, එම ආයතනය සමග ගිවිසුමකට එළැඹීමටද අවස්ථාව හිමිකර ගත්තාය. ඇගේ මුල්ම ගීත ඇල්බම වූ, මියුසික් ඔෆ් ද සන් (2005) හා පසුපැමිණි අ ගර්ල් ලයික් මී (2006) යන ඇල්බම, ඇමෙරිකාවේ බිල්බෝර්ඩ් 200 දර්ශකයේ මුල් දහය අතර ඉහළ ස්ථානයකට පත්විය.

2007 වසරේදී නිකුත් කරනු ලැබූ ගුඩ් ගර්ල් ගෝන් බෑඩ් නම් ඇගේ තෙවැනි ගීත ඇල්බමය හා එහි වූ "අම්බ්‍රෙල්ලා"  ගීතය, ඇගේ ජනප්‍රියත්වය උපරිමයකට නැංවීමට හේතු වූ අතර, ඇල්බමය හා එහි 2008 රීලෝඩඩ් යලි නිකුතුව නමවැනි ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන උළෙලේදී නාම නිර්දේශයට හා "අම්බ්‍රෙල්ලා" ගීතය  සම්මානයටද පාත්‍රවිය. 2009 හා 2012 කාලය තුලදී ඇය වාර්ෂිකව ගීත ඇල්බමය බැගින් රේටඩ් ආර් (2009), ලඋඩ් (2010), ටෝක් දැට් ටෝක් (2011) සහ අන්ඇපොලොජිටික් (2012) යන ඇල්බම හතර නිකුත් කිරීමට කටයුතු යොදන ලදී. එමෙන් ම ඇය විසින් සිය අට වෙනි ඇල්බමය ලෙස "ඇන්ටි" 2016 ජනවාරි 28 වන දින එලි දැක්වූවාය. 2016 වසරේ අංක 1 ඇල්බමය ලෙසත් එහි සිවුවන ස්තානයේ පසුවන "Work" ගීතය 2016 වසරේ වැඩිම කාලයක් අංක 1 ට පත් වූ ගීතය බවට පත් කරන්නටත් ඇය සමත් විය. බොහෝ ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් සිදුවීමක් වූ එවක සිය පෙම්වතා ක්‍රිස් බ්‍රවුන් සමග රියානා ඇතිකරගත් ආරවුලද මෙම සමයේ බෙහෝදෙනා අතර කතාබහට ලක්විය. 2012 වසරේදී ඇය සිය රංගනය එක්කල ප්‍රථම සිනමා පටය වූ, බැට්ල්ශිප් තිරගත වීම සිදුවිය.

සිය පටිගත කිරීම් මිලියන 200 කට වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ලොව පුරා අලෙවි කරනු ලැබ තිබෙන රිහානා ලොව වැඩිම විකිණුම් ඉල්ලුමක් සහිත සංගීත කලාකාරිණියක සේද සැළකේ. එමෙන්ම යූටියුබ් තුල වැඩිම සබ්ස්ක්‍රයිබර්ස් ලද කලාකාරණිය ලෙසත් අඩුම කාලෙකින් වැඩිම ගීත ප්‍රමානයක් අංක 1 ට පත් කල කලාකාරණිය ලෙසත්, යූටියුබ් තුල වැඩිම සමස්ත නැරඹුම් ඇති ගායිකාව ලෙසත්, ඇය වාර්තා පිහිටුවා ඇත. එසේම ඇගේ "අම්බ්‍රෙල්ලා", "ටේක් අ බෝ", "ඩිස්ටර්බියා", "ඔන්ලි ගර්ල් (ඉන් ද වර්ල්ඩ්)", "එස්&එම්", "වී ෆවුන්ඩ් ලව්", "ඩයමන්ඩ්ස්" හා "ස්ටේ" සහා "Work"  යන ගීත ලොව වැඩිම ඉල්ලුමක් සහිත  ගීත වශයෙන් පිළිගැනීමට ලක්විය. එම ගායනා වලට අමතරව ඇය විසින් අනෙකුත් සංගීත කලාකරුවන් සමග එක්ව නිර්මාණය කල "කාන්ට් රිමෙම්බර් ටු ෆොගොට් යූ" (ශකීරා සමග), "ලිව් යුවර් ලයිෆ්" (ටී.අයි. සමග), "රන් දිස් ටවුන්" (ජේ-සි හා Kanye West සමග), "ලව් ද වේ යු ලයි" සහ "ද මොන්ස්ටර්" (එමිනම් සමග) සහා කෙල්වින් හැරස්  සමග කල "දිස් ඉස් වට් යූ කේම් ෆෝ" වැනි ගීතද ලොව පුරා අතිශය ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පත්විය. ඇය බිල්බෝඩ් හොට් 100 දර්ශකයේ පළමු ස්ථානය දහතුන්වරක් දිනාගත් ලාබාලතම හා වේගවත්ම සංගීත කලාකරුවා ලෙසද සැළකේ. බිල්බෝඩ් විසින් ඇය 2000 දශකයේ ඩිජිටල් ගීත කලාකරු ලෙස හා 2010 දශකයේ හොඳම කලාකරුවන් 100 දෙනාගෙන් එක් අයෙකු ලෙස නම් කරනු ලැබිණි.

රියානා සිය මෝස්තර විලාසය හා ප්‍රතිරූපය නිරතුරුවම නවආරකින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නියක ලෙස සැළකේ. නිරතුරුවම පාහේ සිය සංගීත නිර්මාණ උදෙසා සම්මානයට බඳුන්වන ඇය මේ වන විට ග්‍රැමී සම්මාන නමයක්, ඇමරිකානු සංගීත සම්මාන අටක්, බිල්බෝඩ් සංගීත සම්මාන 23ක්, හා බ්‍රිට් සම්මාන දෙකක් හිමිකරගෙන ඇත. 2012 වර්ෂයේදී, ෆෝර්බ්ස් විසින් ඇය ලොව සිවුවන කීර්තිධර පුද්ගලයා ලෙස නම්කරනු ලැබිණි. එම වසරේදීම, ටයිම් සඟරාව විසින් ඇය ලොව බලවත්ම පුදගලයන් 100 අතුරින් එක් අයෙකු ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලදී.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1988 උපත්
අපරදිග ගායකයෝ

රියානා


Franz Mayr (* 28. September 1890 in Burgheim; † 4. Mai 1952 in Pöring) war ein deutscher Jurist, SA-Führer und in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus Polizeipräsident in München sowie Regierungspräsident von Oberbayern.

Leben und Wirken
Nach dem Schulbesuch begann Mayr ein Studium der neueren Sprachen und wechselte 1913 auf das Fach Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität München. Er gehörte dem Corps Makaria München an. Unmittelbar nach Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges meldete er sich freiwillig zur Bayerischen Armee, wo er zunächst beim 15. Infanterie-Regiment und ab 1917 bei der Minenwerferkompanie 16 eingesetzt war.

Bald nach Kriegsende wurde Mayr aus der Armee als Oberleutnant der Reserve entlassen und konnte die von ihm angestrebte aktive Offizierslaufbahn nicht einschlagen. Er gehörte danach dem Freikorps Epp an. Ab November 1919 nahm er mit der Eisernen Schar Berthold an Kämpfen im Baltikum und bald darauf am Kapp-Putsch teil. Er gehörte danach bis Ende 1920 dem Reichswehr-Infanterie-Regiment 18 an und leitete die Abwicklungsstelle der Baltikumsverbände in Hameln. Während dieser Zeit gewährte er dem Fememörder Hans Schweighart kurzzeitig Unterschlupf. Ab Januar 1921 war er für den Nachrichtendienst des Oberschlesischen Selbstschutzes tätig und beteiligte sich danach am III. Aufstand in Oberschlesien. Da Mayr verdächtigt wurde, in den Mord an Matthias Erzberger sowie dreier Angehöriger des Schlesischen Selbstschutzes verwickelt gewesen zu sein und man ihm zudem Geheimbündelei vorwarf, wurde er im September 1921 festgenommen und bald darauf mangels Beweisen wieder freigelassen.

Mayr wurde 1920 Mitglied der NSDAP und der SA, für die er bis 1924 den SA-Bezirk Neuburg an der Donau leitete. Mayr nahm am Ruhrkampf und im November 1923 am Hitler-Putsch teil. Seinen Lebensunterhalt bestritt er in dieser Zeit als Kaufmann.

Ab Herbst 1924 nahm er sein kriegsbedingt abgebrochenes Jurastudium wieder auf und nachdem er 1927 das erste juristische Staatsexamen bestanden hatte, folgte das Rechtsreferendariat und 1929 das zweite juristische Staatsexamen. Ab Dezember 1929 war er als Rechtsanwalt in München tätig. Nach dem zwischenzeitlichen NSDAP-Verbot schloss er sich 1931 der Partei wieder an und trat der SA erneut Anfang Juli 1932 bei, für die er umgehend bei der Obersten SA-Führung (OSAF) als Rechtsberater tätig wurde. Innerhalb der SA stieg er am 30. Januar 1942 bis zum Brigadeführer auf.

Nach der Machtübergabe an die Nationalsozialisten trat Mayr im September 1934 in den Polizeidienst bei der Polizeidirektion München ein, wo er nach einer Einarbeitungszeit als Geschäftsaushilfe und ab Januar 1936 Leiter der politischen Abteilung war. Anfang März 1936 wurde er zum Regierungsrat und Anfang April 1937 zum Oberregierungsrat befördert. Ab Mitte Dezember 1937 war er stellvertretender Polizeipräsident in München und nach seiner im September 1941 erfolgten Ernennung zum Regierungsdirektor vom 23. Oktober 1941 bis zum 12. Mai 1943 kommissarisch Münchner Polizeipräsident. In dieser Funktion war er auch örtlicher Luftschutzleiter. Danach wurde er zunächst vertretungsweise und ab dem 9. November 1943 offiziell Regierungspräsident von Oberbayern.

Am 3. Mai 1945 wurde Mayr von Angehörigen der United States Army festgenommen und befand sich danach bis Mai 1948 in den Internierungslagern Heilbronn, Ludwigsburg und Dachau. Im Rahmen der Entnazifizierung wurde er im August 1948 nach einem Spruchkammerverfahren in Ebersberg als Mitläufer eingestuft.

Literatur
 Ulrike Claudia Hofmann: "Verräter verfallen der Feme!" Fememorde in Bayern in den zwanziger Jahren. Böhlau, Köln u. a. 2000. ISBN 3-412-15299-4. (Zugleich: Bamberg, Univ., Diss., 1998/99).

Weblinks
 Joachim Lilla: Mayr, Franz. in: ders.: Staatsminister, leitende Verwaltungsbeamte und (NS-)Funktionsträger in Bayern 1918 bis 1945. URL: <http://verwaltungshandbuch.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/mayr-franz>

Einzelnachweise

Polizeipräsident (München)
Polizist im Nationalsozialismus
Jurist in der Polizeiverwaltung
Jurist in der Kommunalverwaltung
Jurist (Nationalsozialismus)
Regierungspräsident von Oberbayern
SA-Mitglied
NSDAP-Mitglied
Teilnehmer am Hitlerputsch
Teilnehmer am Kapp-Putsch
Freikorps-Mitglied
Oberleutnant (Bayern)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Corpsstudent (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1890
Gestorben 1952
Mann

Franz Mayr (SA-Mitglied)


Kathleen Kylie Tennant (12 mars 1912 - 28 février 1988) est une romancière australienne, dramaturge, nouvelliste, critique, biographe et historienne. Elle est connue pour ses romans et pièces dont les sujets sont les migrants, les chômeurs et autres personnes défavorisées.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Fille de Thomas Walter Tennant, clerc, et de son épouse Kathleen Alice Tolhurst, Kylie (/k aɪ l i / ; ) Tennant est née à Manly, en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud (Australie) le . Baptisée dans l'église presbytérienne de son père, elle a surtout été élevée dans la confession Science Chrétienne de sa mère. Son enfance n'a pas été des plus faciles puisque ses parents se battaient entre eux et avait de fréquentes périodes de séparations.

À peine âgée de dix ans, elle écrit un poème intitulé My Sunbeam qui gagne un prix et se retrouve publié dans le journal The Sunday sun. A 18 ans, elle quitte le domicile parental et en cherchant du travail, devient agent de publicité pour l'Australian Broadcasting Commission et elle passe finalement neuf mois dans un kiosque d'une gare avant de rentrer chez ses parents. Elle a fait ses études au Brighton College de Manly puis, en 1931, elle entame des études en Arts à l'université de Sydney mais qu'elle ne termine pas puisqu'elle quitte l'université au bout d'une année, ce qu'elle regrettera plus tard.

Mariage et conscience politique
C'est durant cette période universitaire qu'elle rencontre Lewis Charles Rodd qu'elle rejoint à Coonabarabran lorsqu'il y obtient un poste d'enseignant en 1932. Le 21 novembre 1932, ils se marient à l'église du Christ de Coonabarabran dans le rite anglican qu'elle a rejoint. De ce mariage sont nés deux enfants (une fille, Benison, en 1946 et un fils, John Laurence, en 1951).

C'est à ce moment-là qu'elle est témoin des difficultés de la vie des chômeurs ruraux. Elle était alors journaliste pour le Smith's Weekly et le Referee et commençait ses recherches pour l'écriture de son livre Tiburon.

Les premières années de son couple étaient difficiles. Kylie Tennant, par ses recherches sur la pauvreté et le chômage avait un fort attrait pour le communisme alors que son époux était un anglican très pratiquant ce qui menait souvent à des conflits mais aussi à des échanges très créatifs.

Elle prend la carte du parti communiste d'Australie en 1935 mais finalement le quitte au bout de quelques mois estimant que le parti avait perdu son lien avec les classes laborieuses. Son époux et elle, rejoignent le mouvement socialiste chrétien vers la fin des années 1930.

Son époux devient son premier éditeur, son correcteur et plus dur critique. Il l'a persuade même de brûler un brouillon de son premier roman. Ils partagent de nombreux centres d'intérêts en littérature, et sur le socialisme et la justice sociale. Sa biographe Jane Grant explique que leur partenariat était à l'avant-garde des mouvements en faveur de meilleurs salaires et habitats, du pacifisme, des droits des indigènes d'Australie, et de l'environnement.

Premier roman, premier succès
Son premier roman, Tiburon est écrit en 14 semaines, sort d'abord sous forme d'une série dans le journal The Bulletin. C'est un succès. Elle remporte le prix S. H. Prior memorial en 1935 et il sera édité en un livre par Endeavour Press. S'ensuivront rapidement six autres nouvelles dont Foveaux, publié en 1939, s'inspirant de Joseph Foveaux, le lieutenant-gouverneur de l'île Norfolk et de la Nouvelle-Galles du sud au début du XIXe siècle.

C'est surtout son troisième roman, The Battlers, qui fera d'elle une célébrité en Australie et lui amènera une renommée mondiale avec un beau succès aux États-Unis et en Angleterre. Ce roman est un portrait très réaliste de la vie des chômeurs itinérants et elle a été appelée la John Steinbeck australienne mais cette comparaison des deux romans a irrité Tennant car elle a affirmé qu'elle n'avait jamais lu Les raisins de la colère. Ce roman sera publié en France sous le titre de Les trimardeurs aux éditions Plon en 1955.

Son quatrième roman Time Enough Later parle d'une jeune femme Betsie qui tombe amoureuse d'un homme plus âgé mais qui ne tombe pas soumise. Tennant y dépeint encore la pauvreté, l'indifférence des propriétaires et le système de classes existant à Sydney à cette époque. Son roman suivant, Ride on Stranger est une comédie satyrique sur le communisme. Ce roman fut apprécié de manière contrastée en fonction des aspirations politiques des uns et des autres en Australie. George Orwell qui l'avait lu, l'a jugé favorablement malgré quelques réserves.

Fiction, réalité ou les deux
Tennant a souvent fleurté avec les limites entre réalité et fiction. Ses romans parlaient avec beaucoup de réalisme des personnes dans la souffrance en mettant en avant des personnages qui parfois étaient de vrais personnes avec leurs vrais noms. Elle assurait à ses éditeurs qu'elle évitait cela mais ce n'est pas toujours le cas comme avec le personnage de Snow dans The Battlers ou encore Leslie Charteris dans Ride On Stranger. Dans ce dernier cas, la véritable personne a porté plainte contre l'éditeur qui s'est retrouvé condamné en 1943.

Carrière
En , elle reçoit une bourse de la Commonwealth Literary Fund pour pouvoir écrire un nouveau roman. Mais en août 1952, la politique s'en mêle en la personne du député libéral William Wentworth qui l'accuse d'être communiste. Tennant s'en défendra, retourna l'argent et demandera au député de répéter les accusations. Il faudra que le premier ministre australien Robert Menzies conjure Tennant d'accepter la bourse.

Son huitième ouvrage The Honey Flow en 1956 marquera le début d'une longue pause dans l'écriture des romans. Devant s'occuper de ses enfants et ayant besoin d'argent, elle accepte différents postes.
Elle devient lectrice en Australie pour la maison d'édition Macmillan & Co et aussi critique pour The Sydney Morning Herald.

Dans ce dernier journal, elle y défend Patrick White, auteur de The Tree of Man, ouvrage qui avait été très sévèrement critiqué par A.D. Hope et se lieront d'amitié. De même, parmi ses amis, on retrouve la romancière Elizabeth Harrower.

Son travail lui permet d'écrire des livres et des pièces pour les enfants. Œuvres qui seront aussi récompensées par des prix, notamment l'ouvrage All the Proud Tribesmen parlant des indigènes d'Australie en 1960.

Toujours en 1960, elle sera aussi conseillère littéraire et rédactrice en chef de l'éditeur Stephen Murray-Smith et l'année suivante, membre du conseil consultatif du Commonwealth Literary Fund. Elle parviendra à convaincre de dernier fond de subvenir aux besoins de l'auteur australien Martin Boyd qui vivait âgé et pauvrement en Italie. En 1961, son mari déprime à la suite de l'aveu de Tennant d'une infidélité, il tente plusieurs fois de se suicider et finit par se jeter sous un train, survit mais perd un bras et un pied.

Bien qu'elle ait commencé en 1953 avec un ouvrage sur l'histoire de l'Australie, à partir de ces années 1950, elle se diversifie et commence à écrire des critiques, des livres d'histoires, et des biographies tout en continuant d'écrire des nouvelles. En 1970, elle publie notamment la biographie de H.V. Evatt.

Les années de dépression
La décennie des années 1970 sera marquée pour elle par des épisodes de dépression, probablement liés aux drames familiaux qu'elle vit. Son fils est tué en 1978 après être tombé dans la drogue alors qu'il avait été diagnostiqué schizophrène en 1971. Son époux, Lewis Charles aura une rechute de dépression grave en 1975 et décèdera en 1979 des suites d'un cancer.

Fin de vie
En 1980, elle est récipiendaire de l'Ordre d'Australie pour ses services rendus à la littérature de son pays.

Le roman Tantavalon, qu'elle publie en 1983 était une forme d'au-revoir que Tennant avait écrit pour ses deux proches disparus en traitant des sujets de la dépression et de la drogue mais en les transformant en comédie car l'humour est une protection.

Trois ans plus tard, elle publie son autobiographie The Missing Heir. L'année suivante, elle reçoit le titre de Docteur en Littérature par l'Université Monash.

En février 1988, sa fin de vie arrivant, atteinte d'un cancer, elle signe une lettre à un ami publiée dans le Sydney Morning Herald où elle condamne les poursuites contre ceux qui abrègent les souffrances de leurs patients. Elle meurt le 28 février 1988 à Chastwood et se fait incinérer.

Méthodes de travail
En 1972, elle fait don à la National Library of Australia, de toute la documentation issues de ses recherches pour l'écriture de sa biographie de l'homme politique H.V. Evatt ainsi que d'autres documents qu'elle avait accumulée durant sa carrière pour écrire ses livres.

Son travail était connu pour ses représentations bien documentées, réalistes mais positives de la vie des défavorisés en Australie. Elle n'hésitait pas à effectuer des randonnées pédestres ardues pour être au contact des gens, vivre comme eux pendant plusieurs mois en cherchant du travail et mieux les comprendre. Par exemple pour écrire Tiburon, elle a travaillé comme barmaid, vendu des journaux, marché des centaines de miles, travaillé comme serveuse et vécu dans les bidonvilles de Surry Hills. Pour écrire The Battlers, elle est allée vivre dans le bush pendant six mois à cheval (jusqu'à ce que son cheval, du nom de Violet ne meurt étranglé par sa maladresse), habillée comme un homme à chercher du travail.

Dans une interview vidéo filmée en 1986, trois ans avant sa mort, pour la série de films d'archives du Conseil australien, Tennant a raconté comment elle vivait comme les personnes sur lesquelles elle écrivait, voyageant en tant que travailleuse itinérante au chômage pendant les années de la dépression, vivant dans des communautés et passer une courte période en prison pour des recherches.

Deux des romans de Tennant, Battlers et Ride on Stranger, qui se déroulent dans les années 1930, ont été adaptés pour la télévision sous la forme de mini-séries télévisées.

"Kylie's Hut", la hutte où l'auteur a passé sa retraite à Crowdy Bay et qui a été détruite pendant les feux de brousse australiens 2019-2020.

 Prix et distinctions

 1935 : SH Prior Memorial Prize décerné par le magazine The Bulletin, pour Tiburon
 1940 : SH Prior Memorial Prize (dirigé par le Bulletin), pour The Battlers, partagé avec Eve Langley, The Pea-Pickers et les « John Murtagh Macrossan lectures » de Malcolm Henry Ellis.
 1942 : Médaille d'or de l'''Australian Literature Society pour The Battlers
 1960 : Prix du livre du Children's Book Council pour All the Proud Tribesmen
 1980 : Officier de l'Ordre d'Australie pour services rendus à la littérature

Bibliographie
Romans
 Tiburon (1935. Sydney: Endeavour Press) - publié pour la première fois sous forme de série dans The Bulletin
 Foveaux (1939. Londres : Gollancz ; 1946. Sydney : Sirius)
 The Battlers (1941. Londres : Gollancz ; New York : Macmillan ; 1945. Sydney : Sirius)
 Time Enough Later (c.1942. New York : Macmillan ; 1945. Londres : Macmillan). Une histoire humoristique sur le passage à l'âge adulte d'une jeune femme et de sa relation avec un homme artistique plus âgé.
 Ride on Stranger (1943. New York : Macmillan ; Londres : Gollancz ; Sydney : Angus et Robertson)
 Lost Haven (1946. New York : Macmillan ; Melbourne : Macmillan ; Londres : Macmillan)
 The Joyful Condemned (1953. Londres : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin's Press)
 The Honey Flow (1956. Londres : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin's Press)
 Tell Morning This (1967. Sydney : Angus & Robertson) — version complète de The Joyful Condemned
 The Man on the Headland (1971. Sydney : Angus et Robertson)
 Tantavallon (1983. Melbourne : Macmillan)

Publié en français
 The Battlers (1941) Publié en France sous le nom de Les trimardeurs (1955. Paris : Plon)

Histoires courtes
 Ma Jones and Little White Cannibals (1967. Londres)

Pour les enfants
 Long John Silver (1954. Sydney : Associated General Publications) — adapté du scénario de Martin Rackin
 All the Proud Tribesmen (1959. Londres : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin's Press ; 1960. Melbourne : Macmillan) — illustré par Clem Seale. Prix du livre pour enfants (1960)
 Come and See : social studies for Fourth Grade (1960. Melbourne : Macmillan)
 We Find the Way: social studies for Fourth Grade (1960. Melbourne : Macmillan)
 Trail Blazers of the Air (1965. Melbourne : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin's Press) — illustré par Roderick Shaw

Publié en français
 Long John Silver Publié en français sous le nom La caverne de l'Ile au trésor avec une traduction de Jacques Brécard et des illustrations de J.-P. Ariel (Hachette, 1956)

Pièces
 Modern Plays for Schools 3 (John o' the Forest, Lady Dorothy and the Pirates, The Willow Pattern Plate, The Laughing Girl, Christmas at the Old Shamrock Hotel) (1950. Londres : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin's Press)
 Tether a dragon (1952. Sydney : Associated General Publications) — Commonwealth Jubilee Stage Play Prize
 Modern Plays for Schools 15 (The Bells of the City, The Magic Fat Baby, The Prince Who Met a Dragon, The Ghost Tiger, Hamaguchi Goh Ei) (1955. Londres : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin's Press)
 The Bushrangers' Christmas Eve and other plays (The Tribe of the Honey Tree, The Ladies of the Guard, A Nativity Play, The Play of the Younger Son, The Emperor and the Nightingale) (1959. Londres : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin's Press)

Biographie et histoire
 Australia: Her Story (1953. Londres : Macmillan ; New York : St Martin's Press)
 Speak You So Gently: Lives among the Australian Aborigines (1959. Londres : Gollancz) — à propos du révérend Alf Clint
 Evatt : Politics and justice (1970. Sydney : Angus et Robertson)
 The Missing Heir (1986. Melbourne : Macmillan) — son autobiographie

Critiques
 The Development of the Australian Novel (1958. Canberra : CLF)
 (avec LC Rodd) The Australian Essay (1968. Melbourne : Cheshire)

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

 Entretien d'histoire orale de Kylie Tennant, disponible en ligne à la Bibliothèque nationale d'Australie
 A Tennant Bibliography - compilé par Ross Burnet (y compris des apparitions individuelles dans des magazines de nouvelles)
 Une photo de Kylie Tennant

Mémorialiste du XXe siècle
Romancière australienne
Officier de l'ordre d'Australie
Mémorialiste australien
Naissance en mars 1912
Décès en février 1988
Décès à 75 ans
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Kylie Tennant


André Olà es una cantante rumana nacida en 1996 de pop y dance. Se ha hecho internacionalmente conocida gracias a su canción "Erase You!"

Historia
André Olà se dio a conocer en el programa de la televisión italiana Io Canto, el cual ganó.
Después creó la canción Erase You, con la que consiguió ser número uno en diversas listas alrededor del mundo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 "Erase You" en Youtube.

Cantantes femeninas de Rumania

André Olà


Hrvatsko sportno društvo Šubić, športsko društvo Hrvata iz Hrtkovaca.

Povijest

Osnovano je 1926. godine. Njegov osnuta pada u vrijeme nakon Prvoga svjetskog rata i između dvaju svjetskih ratova, kad je u Srijemu, među ostalim i zbog djelovanja Hrvatske seljačke stranke postala snažna ideja hrvatstva. Tada su osnovana razna udruženja animatora kulturnog, športskog, prosvjetnog i drugih vidova života s hrvatskim predznakom. Hrtkovačko športsko društvo imalo je u svom sklopu nogometni klub.

Izvori

Srijemski Hrvati
Hrvatski nogometni klubovi u Srbiji
Šubić

HSD Šubić Hrtkovci


سيمون كيير (بالدنماركية: Simon Kjær؛ مواليد 26 مارس 1989) لاعب كرة قدم دنماركي يلعب قلب دفاع لنادي إيه سي ميلان الإيطالي والمنتخب الدنماركي.

تُوج في عام 2007 بجائزة أفضل لاعب دنماركي تحت الـ19 عامًا وفي عام 2009 بجائزة موهبة العام في الدنمارك. وقد شارك مع المنتخب الدنماركي في أكثر من 100 مناسبة كانت أبرزها في كأس العالم 2010 وبطولة أمم أوروبا 2012 وكأس العالم 2018.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية دنماركيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من هورسينس
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون دنماركيون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون من إقليم ميديولند
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أتالانتا
لاعبو إشبيلية
لاعبو إيه سي ميلان
لاعبو باليرمو
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2020
لاعبو دوري السوبر الدنماركي
لاعبو روما
لاعبو فنار باغجه
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس العالم 2018
لاعبو كأس العالم 2022
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون
لاعبو كرة قدم دنماركيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم من إقليم ميديولند
لاعبو ليل
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي فولفسبورغ
لاعبو نادي ميتييلاند
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1989
مواليد في هورسينس
نادي الفيفا المئوي

سيمون كيير


Asanacija u smislu Zakona o sustavu civilne zaštite, se dijeli na nekoliko vrsta. Može biti humana, animalna i terena. Asanacija animalna je postupak prikupljanja, zbrinjavanja, uklanjanja i ukopa životinjskih leševa i namirnica životinjskog porijekla. Asanacija humana je postupak uklanjanja, identifikacije i ukopa posmrtnih ostataka žrtava. Asanacija terena je skup organiziranih i koordiniranih tehničkih, zdravstvenih i poljoprivrednih mjera i postupaka radi uklanjanja izvora širenja društveno opasnih bolesti.

Izvori

Civilna zaštita

Asanacija


El seno coronario es un conjunto de venas que se unen para formar un gran vaso que recoge la sangre del miocardio. Está presente en todos los mamíferos, incluido los humanos. Lleva sangre con poco oxígeno a la aurícula derecha junto con la vena cava inferior y superior.

El seno coronario desemboca en la aurícula derecha, entre la cava inferior y el orificio auriculoventricular. Devuelve la sangre del miocardio, y está protegido por el pliegue semicircular de la membrana de la aurícula, la válvula coronaria (válvula de Tebesio). El seno, antes de entrar en la aurícula, está considerablemente dilatado - casi del tamaño del extremo distal del meñique. Sus paredes son parcialmente musculares, y su unión con la gran vena coronaria está estrechado con una válvula compuesta por dos segmentos desiguales.

De acuerdo a un trabajo publicado por el cardioanatomista Adrián Barceló, el cardiólogo intervencionista argentino Luis de la Fuente y el estadounidense Simon Stertzer de Stanford en el Journal of International Morphology, al tener movimiento muscular propio, el seno coronario debería ser tratado como una quinta cavidad cardíaca.

Localización
Está localizada en la aurícula derecha y discurre transversalmente en el surco entre la aurícula izquierda y el ventrículo en la superficie posterior del corazón.

El orificio del seno coronario está inmediatamente superior a la valva septal de la válvula tricúspide. El orificio del seno coronario también se conoce como ostium del seno coronario, y está protegido por la válvula de Tebesio.

Drenaje

Recibe sangre principalmente de las venas cardíacas pequeña, mediana, grande y oblicua. También recibe sangre de la vena marginal izquierda y la vena ventricular posterior izquierda. La vena cardíaca anterior drena directamente en la aurícula derecha (algunas pequeñas venas lo hacen en cualquiera de las cámaras del corazón).

Desemboca en la aurícula derecha por la superficie posteroinferior y medial de la apertura de la vena cava inferior.

Véase también
 Arterias coronarias

Imágenes adicionales

Venas
Anatomía
Sistema circulatorio

Seno coronario


30566 Stokes este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
30566 Stokes este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Prescott (Arizona) de Paul G. Comba. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 3,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 30001-31000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia  Nysa

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

30566 Stokes


Trobridi sijedac (jadranski sijedac, trokutasti sijedac, trobridi sijedac, jadranska pevalekija; lat. Resetnikia triquetra; sin. Fibigia triquetra), vrsta biljke iz porodice krstašica, hrvatski endem iz Dalmacije (Biokovo, Omiš, Brač, i oko Imotskog).

Biljka je izvorno uključivana u rod Farsetia, ali kako se nije uklapala u taj rod izdvojana je kasnije u druge rodove, Pevalekia i Fibigia (sijedac), no niti jedno ime nije bilo validno, pa je na kraju 2016. godine izdvojena u zasebni rod Resetnikia, koji je dobio ime po hrvatskoj znanstvenici Ivani Rešetnik.

Jedini je predstavnik roda.

Sinonimi
 Alyssum triquetrum Port.
 Farsetia dalmatica Vis.
 Farsetia triquetra DC.
 Fibigia triquetra (DC.) Trinajstić
 Lunaria scabra Forssk.

Izvori

Alysseae
Endemska flora Hrvatske

Trobridi sijedac


Ramona Victoria Epifanía Rufina Ocampo  (7 April 1890 – 27 January 1979) was an Argentine writer and intellectual. Best known as an advocate for others and as publisher of the literary magazine Sur, she was also a writer and critic in her own right and one of the most prominent South American women of her time. Her sister is Silvina Ocampo, also a writer.

Biography

Born Ramona Victoria Epifanía Rufina Ocampo in Buenos Aires into a high-society family, she was educated at home by a French governess. She later wrote: "the alphabet-book in which I learned to read was French, as was the hand that taught me to draw those first letters."

She is sometimes said to have attended the Sorbonne: on page 39 of her biography of Ocampo, Doris Meyer states that, during the family's 1906–1907 trip to Paris, the same during which she was etched by Paul César Helleu, the Ocampos allowed 17-year-old Victoria, "well-chaperoned," to audit some lectures at the Sorbonne and at the Collège de France. She remembered particularly enjoying Henri Bergson's lectures at the latter. She never matriculated at either. Her old traditional wealthy family frowned on formal education for women, so Victoria had little. In 1912, Ocampo married Bernando de Estrada (also known as Monaco Estrada). The marriage was not happy; the couple separated in 1920, and Ocampo began a long–lasting affair with her husband's cousin Julián Martínez, a diplomat.

In Buenos Aires, she was a lynchpin of the intellectual scene of the 1920s and 1930s. Her first book, written in French, was De Francesca à Beatrice ( 1923), a commentary on Dante's Divine Comedy. Other works include Domingos en Hyde Park; El Hamlet de Laurence Olivier; Emily Brontë (Terra incógnita); a series called Testimonios (ten volumes); Virginia Woolf, Orlando y Cía; San Isidro; 338171 T.E. (Lawrence of Arabia)–a biography of T. E. Lawrence–and a posthumously published autobiography. There is also an edited book of dialogues between Ocampo and Jorge Luis Borges.

Ocampo corresponded with Virginia Woolf throughout 1930s; the two writers met multiple times, and their friendship ended in London in June 1939 when Ocampo invited a photographer friend, Gisele Freund, to take Woolf's picture, who famously disliked appearing in photographs.

Perhaps of greater significance than her own writing, she was founder (1931) and publisher of the magazine Sur, the most important literary magazine of its time in Latin America. Among the writers published in Sur were Borges, Ernesto Sabato, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Julio Cortázar, José Ortega y Gasset, Manuel Peyrou, Albert Camus, Enrique Anderson Imbert, José Bianco, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, Waldo Frank, Gabriela Mistral, Eduardo Mallea, and her own younger sister Silvina Ocampo.

In 1935, Ocampo expressed some approval for Benito Mussolini with whom she was granted an interview in March of that year in Rome, hailing him then as "genius" and Caesar reborn. "I have seen Italy in blossom turn its face towards him." However, she was never a convinced fascist sympathizer, and expressed disapproval of Mussolini's conservative views on gender roles and the regime's growing militarism. By the time her interview with Mussolini was published in August 1936, Italy had invaded Abyssinia and Ocampo appended a note to it declaring that any hope that the fascist regime might improve was lost and criticized those in Argentina who supported Italy's belligerence.

In 1937, Ocampo and the editors of Sur came out openly against fascism and definitively linked the journal with liberalism. During the Spanish Civil War, the magazine sided with the Republicans. She supported and edited from Argentina, in collaboration with her friend and translator Pelegrina Pastorino, the anti-Nazi magazine Les Lettres Francaises, directed by Roger Caillois; and in 1946 she was the only Argentine who attended the Nuremberg Trials. A few months before World War II, in 1939, Ocampo was appointed to the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, but did not participate in its works. In 1953, she was briefly imprisoned for her open opposition to the government of Juan Domingo Perón.

Ocampo was made a member of the Argentine Academy of Letters in 1976. She was the first woman ever admitted to the Academy, and she formally took her seat on 23 June 1977. The "cultural dialog," initiated in 1977 by the de facto government but organized by UNESCO, was held in her home, Villa Ocampo, in San Isidro, Buenos Aires Province; she eventually donated the house to UNESCO in 1973.

At Villa Ocampo, her guests included Igor Stravinsky, André Malraux and Rabindranath Tagore, also Indira Gandhi, José Ortega y Gasset, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Ernest Ansermet and Rafael Alberti. Graham Greene dedicated his 1973 novel The Honorary Consul to her, "with love, and in memory of the many happy weeks I have passed at San Isidro and Mar del Plata."

Victoria Ocampo died in Buenos Aires in 1979, and is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.

Honors
 Maria Moors Cabot prize
 Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 Doctor honoris causa – Harvard University, Visva-Bharati University
 Premio de Honor de la Sociedad Argentina de Escritores [Argentine Society of Writers]
 Gold Medal – Académie française

Biopics
 Her life was portrayed in a film for TV in 1984 "Four Faces of Victoria", directed by Oscar Barney Finn with four actresses playing the different ages of Victoria (Carola Reyna, Nacha Guevara, Julia von Grolman and China Zorrilla).
 Her attitude and political views were depicted in Monica Ottino's theater play Eva and Victoria, an imaginary confrontation between the young Eva Perón and the elderly Victoria. The play ran successfully during the eighties with Soledad Silveyra as Eva and China Zorrilla as Victoria.

Notes

References
Chiappini, Julio: Victoria Ocampo. Biografía, Rosario, Editorial Fas, 2012; 2 vol.
Meyer, Doris: Victoria Ocampo: Against the Wind and the Tide (Texas Pan-American Series paperback, University of Texas Press, reprint edition, 1990). Originally published New York, George Brazillier, 1978. Re-issue .
Dyson, Ketaki Kushari: In Your Blossoming Flower Garden: Rabindranath Tagore and Victoria Ocampo, New Delhi, Sahitya Akademi, 1988; reprinted 1996. .
Bassnett, Susan, 1990 (ed.): Knives and Angels: Women Writers in Latin America. London/New Jersey: Zed Books.

External links
Victoria Ocampo's Project
Ketaki Kushari Dyson, On the Trail of Rabindranath Tagore and Victoria Ocampo
Victoria Ocampo recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on Nov. 4, 1958

1890 births
1979 deaths
Writers from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Galician descent
University of Paris alumni
Argentine women writers
Argentine writers in French
Argentine publishers (people)
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Argentine anti-fascists

Victoria Ocampo


Jacobus Mattheüs de Kempenaer (Ámsterdam, 6 de julio de 1793-Arnhem, 12 de febrero de 1870) fue un abogado y político en Arnhem, donde sirvió como presidente de la Cámara de Comercio, miembro de la junta de Arnhem y representante en los Estados Generales de los Países Bajos por Gelderland.

En los Estados Generales de Kempenaer era considerado un liberal, y en 1844 fue uno de los nueve miembros encargados de iniciar la reforma de la constitución. De Kempenaer fue elegido en 1848 para la comisión constitucional encabezada por Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, y como ministro del Interior y de facto primer ministro de los Países Bajos jugó un papel decisivo en la revisión del texto constitucional. Habiendo dimitido de sus deberes en 1849, se convirtió en un conservador, en oposición a Thorbecke.

Familia
De Kempenaer se casó en Haarlem el 19 de agosto de 1818 con Dina Arnoldies Gerlings Jacoba (1796-1871), teniendo tres hijos y tres hijas.

Nacidos en Ámsterdam
Fallecidos en Arnhem
Primeros ministros de los Países Bajos
Calvinistas de los Países Bajos

Jacob de Kempenaer