Fatty liver (අක්මාවේ තෙල්) සිරොසිස් වළක්වා ගන්න හොඳම ආයුර්වේද බෙහෙත්
ඔබ_දැන_සිටියාද .?
ජීවිතයේ පැවැත්මට බොහෝ දේ අත්‍යවශ්‍යයි. මේ පැවැත්ම සඳහා අපගේ ශරිරයේ බෝහෝ ක්‍රියාකරකම් සිදු කිරිමට අභ්‍යන්තර අවයව සිදු කරනුයේ මහගු මෙහෙයකි. අක්මාවද එසේ බොහෝ කාර්යන් සිදු කරන ශරිරයේ පවතින විශාලතම අවයවයකි. මේ අනුව සිරුරේ පැවැත්ම සඳහා අක්මාවෙන් සිදුවන කාර්යන් බොහෝ ඇත.
මින් සිදුවන ප්‍රධාන කාර්යන් වන්නේ ව්ස හරණය වීමයි. අප ගන්නා සියලුම ආහාරවල බොහෝ විස කොටස් ඉවත් කිරිමට උදව් කරනවා සේම එම විස කොටස් තැන්පත් කර තැබීමටද උදව් වේ. විස තැන්පත් විමේ හැකියාව වැඩිවීම නිසා අක්මාව ඉක්මනටම ලෙඩ වීමටද පුළුවන්.
රුධිරය නිෂ්පාදනය සඳහා අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රෝටින කොටස් නිෂ්පාදනයට දායකත්වයක් ලබාදීමද අක්මාව සිදුකරන තවත් කාර්යයකි. ශරිරයට අවශ්‍ය ගුණදායක කොලෙස්ටරෝල් නිෂ්පාදනයද සිදු කරයි. මේ අනුව සිරුරේ නිසි ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයන් සඳහා අත්‍යවශ්‍යම අවයවයන්ගෙන් එකක් වන අක්මාව නැතිව ජිවත් විය නොහැකිය.

ඇතිවන රෝග
අක්මාව අත්‍යවශ්‍ය අවයවයක් වන බැවින් එය ආරක්ෂා කර ගත යුතුයි. ආරාක්ෂා නොවීම නිසා ඇති වන රෝග බොහෝ තිබේ. මේ සඳහා ව්ශේෂයෙන් බලපානු ලබන්නේ අප ගන්නා ආහාරයි. අක්මා රෝග දුරු කිරීමට ජීවන පැවැත්ම නිසි ලෙස ගෙනයාමට වෛද්‍ය උපදෙස් මත ක්‍රමානුකූලව සකසා ගත යුත්තේ ඒ නිසයි. රෝගීවූවන් හා නිරෝගී පුද්ගලයන් නිසි වයසේදී මේ සඳහා මේ සඳහා වෛද්‍ය උපෙදස් මත තම ආහාර හා විහරණ රටා පවත්වා ගත යුතුයි. අක්මාවේ ඇතිවිය හැකි රෝග අතර සිරෝසිස් :අක්මාවේ මේදය තැන්පත් වීම, සෙංගමාල රෝග තත්ත්වය සහ ආසාදිත රෝග තත්ත්වයන් : උදාහරණයක් ලෙස හෙපටයිටිස් රෝගය පෙන්වා දිය හැකියි. ඊට අමතරව අක්මාවේ එන්සයිම ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය ඉහළ යාමද සිරුරේ නිසි ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයට බාධා පමුණුවයි. එවිට අක්මාව ලෙඩ වීම නවතාලිය නොහැකිය.

බලපාන හේතු
මේ සියළු දේටම විශේෂයෙන් බලපානු ලබන්නේ අප ගන්නා තෙල් අධික ආහාර හා මත්පැන් පානයයි. එසේම පිටි බහුල ආහාර ගැනීමද මෙයට බලපාන තවත් විශේෂ වූ හේතුවකි.

ඇතිවන රෝග සඳහා ගත යුතු ඖෂධීය ආහාර
මේ සඳහා විශේෂ කැඳ වර්ග පානය කිරීම යෝග්‍ය වේ. ආයුර්වේදයේ පෙන්වා දෙන අන්දමට සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී නිසි ලෙස තමා විසින්ම පාලනය වුවහොත් රෝගය මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමටද මෙම ඖෂධීය කැඳ වර්ග ඉවහල් වේ.
 යකි නාරං කොළ කැඳ
හීන්බෝවිටියා කොළ කැඳ
මෙයට හීනැටි හාල් සමඟ පොල් කිරි දෙවැනි හෝ තුන්වැනි කිරි දමා සාදා ගන්න. මෙය වඩාත් ගුණදායක වේ. මෙහිදී කොලෙස්ටරෝල් තැන්පත් වීම ඉවත් කරයි. අක්මා සෛල යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කෙරෙයි.
කොක්මොට කැඳ – මෙහිදී අක්මාවේ එන්සයිම යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීමට ඉවහල් වේ. සෙංගමාල රෝගීන්ටද ගුණ දේ.
පිටවක්කා කැඳ හෝ පිටවක්කා සම්පූර්ණ ශාකයම තම්බලා බීමට පුළුවන.
බක් මී පොතු කැඳ.
මොණර කුඩුම්බිය කැඳ හෝ ව්‍යංජනය – විශේෂයෙන්ම කුඩා දරුවන්ගේ මාන්දම් රෝගයේ දී ඉදිමෙන අක්මාව හා තැලසීමියාව නිසා අක්මා ඉදිමෙන තත්ත්වයට සුදුසුයි.
මැල්ලකොල ආහාරයට ගැනීම – විස හරණය කිරීමේ හැකියාව වැඩියි. කොලෙස්ටරෝල් අඩු කරයි.
කැබැල්ල දළු මාළුව – කොලෙස්ටරෝල් අඩු කරයි. අක්මාවේ තෙල් අඩු කරයි.
ආහාරයක් ලෙස
දිවුල් ගෙඩි – පොල් කිරිවල දෙවැනි කිරි දමා සාදා ගත් දිවුල් කිරි පානය අක්මාවේ විෂ නසයි.විශේෂයෙන් මත්පැන් විෂ නසයි.
කොත්තමල්ලි පානය (අමුවට කුඩුකරගෙන)
දිවුල් කොළ කැඳ
කරපිංචා කොළ කැඳ
මෙහිදී කැඳ භාවිතයේදී කිතුල් හකුරු සමඟ ගැනීම වඩාත් ගුණදායක වේ.මන්ද යත් කිතුල් හකුරු අක්මාවට වඩාත් ගුණදායක වන බැවිනි.
එළවළු
වට්ටක්කා, කෝමාරිකා ව්‍යංජනය, මුස්සැන්න ව්‍යංජනය, කිතුල් පිටි කැඳ මුං ඇට තැම්බූ වතුර සහ මුං ඇට සුදුසුයි.
මුං ඇට, කෝමාරිකා, කිතුල් හකුරු එකට දමා සෑදූ කැඳ සෙංගමාල රෝගීන්ට සුදුසුයි. එසේම ගිරාපලා සමඟ මුං ඇට මැල්ලුම සුදුසුයි.
සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී ගැස්ට්‍රයිටීස් කියා පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ අක්මා රෝගයක් විය හැකියි. නමුත් අප ගැස්ට්‍රයිටීස් යැයි සිතා එයට ප්‍රථිකාර කිරීමට උනන්දු වේ. මේ නිසා අක්මාව ගැනද වඩා සැළකිලිමත් වීම වඩාත් වැදගත් බව සැලකිය යුතුයි.
ඉහතින් දක්වා ඇති සියළුම ආහාරවලට පිත්තාශයේ පවතින ගල් පවා දිය කිරීමේ හැකියාවක් ඇත.
වළක්වා ගැනීමට කළ යුතු දේ
ඉහත සඳහන් සියල්ල ඖෂධයක් හා ආහාරයක් වන බැවින් එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයේදී නිරෝගී පුද්ගලයන්ටද භාවිතා කළ හැකියි. ඒ තුළින් මෙවැනි රෝග වළක්වා ගත හැකියි.
උෂ්ණාධික ආහාරවලින් තොරවීම ගුණ දායක වේ.
උදා – ඉස්සෝ, දැල්ලෝ, බල මාළු
අන්නාසි, චට්නි තක්කාලි සෝස් වර්ග
තෙල් අධික කෙටි කෑමවලින් වැළැකීම – පැටිස් රෝල්ස් බර්ගර් සොසේජස්
මඳ උණුසුම් ජලය පානය කිරීම
ව්‍යායාමවලට යොමු වීම
වැරැදි ජීවන රටාවෙන් තොර වීම
මත්පැන් පානයෙන් තොරවීම
දුම්පානයෙන් වැළැකීම
පැණි බීම වර්ග පානය නොකිරීම
චීස් බටර් අවම කිරීම
සියළු බේකරි කෑම අවම කිරීම
නිවසේදී කළ හැකි ප්‍රතිකාර
අක්මා රෝගයකදී වෛද්‍යවරයකු වෙත යාම කළ යුතුයි. ඒ සඳහා වෛද්‍ය උපදෙස් පැතීම ඔබ කළ යුතු බුද්ධිමත් කටයුත්තයි.
නමුත් පහත සඳහන් ප්‍රතිකාර කීපයක්ද පෙන්වා දිය හැකියි.
අරළු අසමෝදගම්, වියළි ඉඟුරු ක්ෂාය කර බොන්න.
අරළු, බුළු, නෙල්ලි ත්‍රිපලා ක්ෂාය කර බොන්න.
සුදර්ශන චූර්ණය තේ හැඳි එක බැඟින් උදේ සවස බොන්න
සුදු හඳුන් සැවැන්දරා වැල් මීල පත්පාඩගම් එරමුසුල බිංකොහොඹ මේවා සමව ගෙන තම්බා බොන්න
සුබ දිවියක්!!!
උපුටා ගැනීම - Neranjana Kasthuriarachi

හැදෙන තරමක් ලෙඩ හැදෙන්නේ කන බොන කෑම බීම නිසා. කිසිම දවසක උදේ කෑම විදිහට පාන්, පාන්පිටි ඉඳිආප්ප, බර්ගර්, බනිස්, පොල් රොටී ආදිය කන්න එපා. ඒ වෙනුවට මේ විදිහට කන්න. දවසම නීරෝගීව ශක්තිමත්ව ඉන්න පුළුවන්.
🔴 උදේට දියබත්...
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  රෑට ඉතිරි වූ බත් ටික හොඳින් පිරිසිදුව වසා තබන්න. උදේට ඒ බත් වලට පොල්කිරි ටිකක්, ලියාගත් රතුළූණු අහුරක්, ලියාගත් අමූමිරිස් කරල් දෙකක්, කරපිංචා කොළ ටිකක් දමා මදක් රත්කර ටික වේලාවක් තබා කෑමට ගන්න. ඉතාම ගුණදායක ඇඟ සිසිල් කරන උදේ ආහාරයක්. ගිනියම් දහවලේදී ඔබට කිසිම අපත්‍යයක් වෙන්නේ නැහැ. දවස පුරාම බඩ සිසිලසින් තිබේවි. ඇඟට පුදුමාකාර ශක්තියකුත් ලැබේවි.
🔴 පැළවූ මුං ඇට සමඟ ලුණු මිරිස්...
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  මුං ඇට තම්බලා කන එක හරිම ජනප්‍රිය උදේ කෑමක්නේ. දවසක යන්තමට පැළවීගෙන එන මුං ඇට තම්බලා කන්න. මුං ඇට තැම්බූ වතුර ටිකත් බොන්න. එය කිසිම දවසක විසි කරන්න එපා. කලින් දවසේ හවස පහට පමණ මුං ඇට දියේ දාන්න. ප්‍රමාණවත් වතුර ප්‍රමාණයක් දමා හොඳින් වසා තබන්න. පසුදා බලද්දි යන්තමට පැළවීගෙන එන මුංඇට ඔබට දැකගන්නට ලැබේවි. එම වතුර වලින්ම තම්බාගන්න. පසුව පෙරාගන්න. මුං ඇට තැම්බූ වතුර ටික වෙනම වීදුරුවකට ගෙන එය පානය කරන්න. මුං ඇට රසවත්ම ලුණු මිරිස් ටිකක්, පොල් ටිකක් සමඟ ආහාරයට ගැනීමෙනුයි. කකුල් පැලිලා, ඇස් වේලිලා දන්නට පටන්ගෙන තොල් වේලිලා දුක් විඳින උෂ්ණ රෝග රැසකට මෙය ඉතාම ගුණයි. එසේම අධික ගිනියම නිසා කොණ්ඩෙ යන අය මේ පැළවූ මුං ඇට තම්බාගත් වතුර මාසයක් පමණ බිව්වොත් හිසකේ ගැලවී යාම නවත්වාගත හැකියි.
🔴 මුං ඇට යහමින් හකුරු කිරිබත්...
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  මෙතරම් ගුණදායක කෑම තියාගෙනයි අපි පාන් පිටි ගිලින්නේ. ඒකනේ මේ තියෙන දුකත්. මේක ඇත්තටම අපරාධයක්. කිරිබත් හදන විට රෝස කැකුළු හෝ මාතර කැකුළු ගන්න. එයටම දියේ දමාගත් මුං ඇටත් දමන්න. තැම්බීගෙන එන විට පොල්කිරි යහමින් දාන්න. බාගන්නට ටික වෙලාවකට කලින් සූරාගත් හකුරු කෝප්ප භාගයක් දමන්න. හොඳින් මිශ්‍රකර උණුසුම්ව ආහාරයට ගන්න. බලාගෙන සිටිද්දීම තරුණ වෙනවා. ගොඩක් ගිනියම් රෝග අඩුවෙනවා. ඒ වගේම බඩවැල් වල ප්‍රශ්න නිසා දුක් විඳින තත්වය අඩුවෙනවා. හොඳට මල පිටවෙනවා. දවල් එක දෙක වෙනතුරු බඩගින්න එන්නෙත් නෑ.
🔴 මුදවපු කිරිබත්...
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  ඇඟට සිසිලසක් ගෙන එන කිසිම අගුණයක් නැති මේ වගේ රහස් කෑම දිනපතා හදාගෙන කෑවොත් පරම්පරාවෙන් එන ලෙඩක් දුකක්වත් ලේසියෙන් වැළඳෙන්නේ නෑ. ඒ වගේම මලබද්ධය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නවතිනවා. ගැස්ට්‍රයිටිස් තිබ්බද කියලා සොයාගන්නවත් බැරි වෙනවා. ඇඟට පුදුමාකාර ශක්තියක් එනවා.
  පිසගත් බත් වලට මුදවපු කිරි මේස හැඳි තුනක් දාන්න. හොඳින් මිශ්‍ර කරන්න. වෙනම තාච්චියකට ගිතෙල් ටිකක් දමා එයට අබ ටිකක්, කරපිංචා ඉත්‍තක්, ලියාගත් ළූණු ටිකක් සහ වියළි මිරිස් කරල් දෙකක් දමන්න. හොඳින් තෙම්පරාදු කර මේ තෙම්පරාදුව සාදාගත් මුදවපු කිරිබත් එකට දාන්න. උණුසුම්ව කන්න. දවසම නිරෝගීව ඉන්න පුළුවන්. එව් සිසිලස වෙන දෙයකින් ලබා ගන්න බෑ කියලා ඔබට හිතෙයි.
🔴 කිතුල් පිටි කිතුල් හකුරු කැඳ...
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  ජීවිත කාලය පුරාම හොඳ තරුණ ජවයෙන් හොඳ තරුණ මදයෙන් ජීවත්වෙන්න ආසද? ආසාවකටවත් ලෙඩක් දුකක් හැදෙන්නේ නැතුව ජීවත් වෙන්න ආස ද? මූණපුරා අලුත් ප්‍රබෝධයක් දකින්න ආසද? ගස්ගල් පෙරලන්න තරම් ශක්තියක් ඇඟට එනවට ආසද? එහෙනම් මේ කිතුල් පිටි, කිතුල් හකුරු කැඳ පානය දිනපතාම බොන්න. කිරි හෝ වතුර කෝප්ප භාගයක් ලිපේ තියන්න. එය රත් වෙද්දි එයට කිතුල් පිටි මේස හැඳි 04 ක් දමන්න. හොඳින් මිශ්‍ර කරන්න. තලපය වාගේ හැදීගෙන එද්දී එයට පොල් කිරි කෝප්ප කාලක් දමන්න. ලුණු ටිකක් දමා මිශ්‍ර කරන්න. බාගන්න ටික වෙලාවකට කලින් සූරාගත් කිතුල් හකුරු මේස හැඳි 02 ක් දමන්න. මිශ්‍රකරන්න. බාගන්න. උණුසුම්ව බොන්න. පුදුම හිතෙයි.
🔴 කුරක්කන් ඉඳිආප්ප සමඟ තෙම්පරාදු පරිප්පු...
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  කුරක්කන් ඉඳිආප්ප කන්න පුළුවන් කෑමක් ද කියලා ඔබට හිතෙනවා ඇති. නමුත් අතීතයේදී කුරක්කන් කාල තමයි මිනිස්සු ශක්තිමත්ව ලෙඩක් දුකක් හදාගන්නේ නැතුව උන්නේ. කුරක්කන් ඉඳිආප්ප කන විදිහක් තියෙනවා. එහෙම කෑවොත් අමාරු නෑ. කුරක්කන් ඉදිආප්ප ටික රෑ හදලා තියලා උදේ ස්ටීම් කරලා ගත්තත් කමක් නෑ. හැබැයි කුරක්කන් සමඟ මේ දැන් තෙම්පරාදු කරපු දුම් දමන පරිප්පු හොද්දක් හදාගන්න. පොල්කිරි ටිකක් යහමින් දාලා මිරිස් කරල් ටිකක්, කරපිංචා ටිකක්, අබ ටිකක් දාලා හොඳ මිරිස් තෙම්පරාදුවක් දාගන්න. හරිම රසට කන්න පුළුවන්. කුරක්කන් ඉඳිආප්ප ටිකක් වැඩියෙන් කෑවත් කමක් නෑ. හොඳ ශක්තියක් එනවා. නමුත් ආරන්නේ නෑ. පිපෙන්නේ නෑ. අමුතු තිබහක් පිපාසයක් එන්නෙ නෑ. ඇඟට සැහැල්ලුයි.
🔴 මිශ්‍ර පළතුරු සැලඩ්...
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  උදේට කවුද සැලඩ් කන්නේ. ඔබට එහෙම හිතෙයි. ඒත් මාසයක් මේ වගේ කාලා බලන්නකෝ. වෙන දේ ඔබට හිතාගන්න බැරි වේවි. ඒක අපි කියන්නේ නෑ. කාලා බලන්න.
  කැමති පලතුරු වර්ග 07 ක් කුඩා කැබලි වලට කපා සීනි නොදමා සැලඩ් එකක් වගේ කන්න. ආස නම් මී පැණි මේස හැදි දෙකක්, අලුත් මුදවපු කිරි මේස හැදි දෙකක් දමාගන්න. රසට කන්න. මාසයක් කාලා බලන්න. ජීවිතයට අලුත් බලාපොරොත්තුවක් ලැබෙයි. වසන්තය ගෙවිලා නෑ කියලා එදාට හිතෙයි.

අක්මාවේ තෙල්


Aydınköy, Samsun ilinin Asarcık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1926 yılı kayıtlarında Tekkecik olarak geçmektedir. Aydınköy; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 70 km, Asarcık ilçe merkezine 3 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Asarcık'ın mahalleleri

Aydınköy, Asarcık


مختارة هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء الشوف في محافظة جبل لبنان. وهي مسقط رأس الزعيم الراحل كمال جنبلاط. تضم القرية أغلبية درزية إلى جانب أقلية مسيحية.

المراجع

مستوطنات العصر الحجري الحديث
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء الشوف
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات درزية في لبنان
مدن لبنان
مواقع أثرية في لبنان

مختارة (الشوف)


اليكساندريا (الإسكندرية) مدينة جنوبي رومانيا (بالرومانية: Alexandria) عاصمة محافظة تيليورمان. عدد السكان 50.496 نسمة (2002) تبعد 188 كم عن بوخارست العاصمة.

أعلام

 دانيال تودور
 سورين باراسكيف
 فالنتين باديا

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة تيلورمان
بلدات رومانيا
مدن مخططة في رومانيا
مقاطعات عواصم الرومانية

أليكساندريا


Galaksije sa široko savinutim repovima (engl. wide-angle tail, WAT) su radio galaktike čiji su mlazovi savijeni u oblik slova "C". Sudarajući je sustav. Obično se pojavljuju u gusto naseljenim okolinama, poput jata ili galaktičkih skupinama. Znanstvenici smatraju da je savijanje repova ove vrste galaktika posljedica tlaka na mlazove koji se stvara zbog relativnog gibanja galaktike i međugalaktičkog medija, što je vjerojatno posljedica sudara sustava galaksija.

Ispitivanja preko pregleda neba COSMOS pokazala su da su galaktike široko svinutih repovca općenito vrlo masivne, po masivnosti među najmasivnijim galaksijama u skupini kojoj pripadaju. Svinuti mlazovi ovih galaktika usmjereni su u pravcu koji pokazuje smjer gibanja galaksije u ravnini neba. Najčešća je orijentacija mlazova usmjerena izravno prema ili od središta mase sustava. Iz tog se izvlači zaključak da se galaktika giba po radijalnoj putanji kroz središnje područje. Galaktike sa široko savinutim repovima pokazuju statističku povezanost s najgušće naseljenim područjima na velikoj skali.

Zbog tih osobina galaktike sa široko savinutim repovima mogle bi se koristiti kao vrlo učinkoviti pokazatelji dinamički nerelaksiranih sustava, osobito na udaljenijim objektima, što znači za događaje u ranijoj prošlosti svemira, pa mogu poslužiti kao važna potvrda hijerarhijskom modelu razvoja svemira.

Izvori

Galaktike

Galaktike sa široko savinutim repovima


Maxton Gig Beesley Jr. (16 de abril de 1971), conocido como Max Beesley, es un actor y cantante británico, más conocido por haber interpretado a Charlie Edwards en la serie Hotel Babylon.

Biografía
Es hijo del comediante Maxton G. Beesley y de la cantante de jazz Christine "Chris" Marlowe, quienes se divorciaron cuando era un bebé; tiene dos hermanos Gary Beesley y Katie Beesley. Su hermanastro es el actor Jason Milligan y es tío de Tallulah Milligan y Melissa Milligan.

Estudió en música en la escuela Chetham's School of Music.

En 2004 salió con la actriz Susie Amy; sin embargo la relación terminó en 2007. Se casó con Jennifer Beesley, con quien tiene una hija, Sabrina Christina Beesley (octubre de 2014).

Carrera

En 2004 apareció en la película Torque, donde interpretó al motociclista Luther. Ese mismo año se unió al elenco de la serie Bodies, donde interpretó al doctor Rob Lake hasta 2006. En 2005 apareció como invitado en la exitosa serie británica Hustle, donde interpretó a Jake Henry. En 2006 se unió al elenco de la serie Hotel Babylon, donde interpretó al gerente general Charles "Charlie" Edwards hasta 2008. Regresó como invitado a la serie en 2009. En 2008 se unió al elenco de la serie Survivors, donde interpretó al excriminal Tom Price hasta el final de la serie en 2010.

En 2010 apareció como invitado en la serie CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, donde interpretó a Thomas Stewart. En 2011 apareció en las dos partes de la película The Reckoning interpretando a Mark Dobson. Ese mismo año se unió al elenco de la serie Mad Dogs, donde interpretó a Woody hasta el final de la serie en 2013. En 2013 apareció en la película Pawn, donde interpretó a Billy. Ese mismo año se unió al elenco recurrente de la serie Suits, donde interpretó a Stephen Huntley. En 2015 se unió al elenco recurrente de la quinta y última temporada de la serie Strike Back: Strike Back: Legacy, donde interpretó a Ray McQueen. En 2015 se unió al elenco de la nueva serie Ordinary Lies, donde dio vida a Mike Hill.

Carrera musical
Es músico de jazz y rock, y ha estado de gira con cantantes como George Michael, George Benson, Take That y Jamiroquai. En 1998 fue acompañado por el cantante Jason Orange en un viaje por Nueva York, donde ambos estudiaron arte dramático, mientras que Max tocaba la percusión en Take That.

En 2003 tocó el piano para Robbie Williams y el 30 de noviembre de 2006 fue su percusionista durante la segunda mitad del concierto de Close Encounters Tour en Australia. Tocó la batería para su segundo concierto en Brisbane en el Rudebox.

Como miembro invitado, tocó por ocho meses la batería para el grupo de jazz Incognito. El 28 de octubre de 2006, tocó el piano como invitado especial para James Brown durante su actuación en el The Roundhouse en Londres.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Compositor

Apariciones

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Max Beesley on TV.com
 Digital Spy :: Celebrity News :: Max Beesley
 BBC | Drama Faces | Max Beesley
 Max Beelsey
 Max Beesley - zimbio

Actores de televisión de Inglaterra

Max Beesley


Los helalétidos (Helaletidae) son una familia extinguida de perisodáctilos tapiromorfos que vivieron durante el Eoceno. Sus restos fósiles han aparecido en Asia y Norteamérica. Podría tratarse de una familia parafilética.

Referencias
 Thewissen, J.G.M., Williams, E.M. & Hussain, S.T., 2001: Eocene mammal faunas from Northern Indo-Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(2): 347-366. JSTOR
 L.T. Holbrook & J. Lapergola. 2011. A new genus of perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the Bridgerian of Wyoming, with comments on basal perissodactyl phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(4): 895-901.

Perissodactyla
Mamíferos del Eoceno

Helaletidae


Robert Underdunk-Terwilliger Jr., ya da bilinen adıyla Figüran Bob (), animasyon televizyon dizisi Simpsonlardaki kurgusal karakterdir. Kelsey Grammer tarafından seslendirilmektedir ve ilk kez "The Telltale Head" bölümünde görünmüştür. Bob, Yale Üniversitesi mezunu, Cumhuriyetçi Parti üyesi, yüksek kültür şampiyonu ve kendini dahi ilan eden biridir. Kariyerine Palyaço Krusty'nin televizyon programında Krusty'nin yardımcısı olarak başladı. Ancak Bob, Krusty'i "Krusty Gets Busted" bölümünde silahlı soygunla suçlamaya çalıştı. Ama bu plan, baş düşmanı Bart Simpson tarafından bozuldu ve hapse gönderildi.

Simpsonlar'daki rolü

Figüran Bob, kariyerine Palyaço Krusty'nin televizyon programında konuşmayan yardımcısı olarak başladı. Ancak Yale eğitimli Bob, Palyaço Krusty'nin yardımcısı olmaktan bıkar ve bu yüzden kızar. "Krusty Gets Busted" bölümünde Bob, Krusty kılığına girer ve Kwik-E-Mart'ta silahlı soygun yapar. Böylece ona iftira atar. Krusty tutuklandıktan sonra Bob, Krusty'nin televizyon programının kontrolünü ele alarak çocukları yüksek kültür unsurlarıyla tanıştırır. Ancak Bob'un saltanatı kısa ömürlüdür. Çünkü Bart Simpson onu soyguncu olarak ifşa eder. Krusty serbest bırakılır ve Bob ise hapse gönderilir.

"Black Widower" bölümünde Bob, hapisten salıverilir ve Bart'ın teyzesi Selma Bouvier ile evlenir. Bob, borsaya yatırdığı parayı miras alma planının bir parçası olarak, balayı sırasında Selma'yı havaya uçurmaya çalışır. Bart yine planı bozar ve Figüran Bob hapishaneye geri döner.

"Cape Feare" bölümünde ise hapishaneden şartlı tahliye edildikten sonra Bob, Bart'ı doğrudan hedef alır, onu defalarca tehdit eder. Simpsonlar ise Tanık Koruma Programının bir parçası olarak Terror Gölünde bulunan bir yüzen eve saklanır. Ancak Bob onları oraya kadar takip eder. Ertesi gece Bob eve girer ve Bart'ı öldürmeye çalışır. Bart'a son bir isteği olup olmadığını sorduğunda Bart, H.M.S. Pinafore'nin tüm şarkılarını söylemesini ister. Bob şarkı söylerken yüzen ev tamamen Springfield'a sürüklenir. Springfield'a vardıklarında ise onları polisler karşılar ve Bob üçüncü defa tutuklanır.

Bob, "Sideshow Bob Roberts" bölümünde bir kez daha hapishaneden serbest bırakılır ve Cumhuriyetçi Parti adayı olarak Springfield Belediye Başkanı olmak için aday olur. Demokrat Parti'deki görevdeki Joe Quimby'yi mağlup eder. Ancak Bart ve Lisa, Bob'un seçime hile karıştırdığını keşfeder ve Bob yine hapse girer.

Bob, "Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming" bölümünde hapisten kaçar ve bir nükleer bomba çalar. Ondan sonra şehir tüm televizyon programlarını yayınlamayı bırakmazsa Springfield'ı nükleer bomba ile patlatmakla tehdit eder. Ama bombanın kullanım tarihi geçmiştir. Sonra Bart'ı Krusty'i öldürmesi için Wright Kardeşlerin uçağı ile kaçırır. Ama bu da başarısız olunca tekrar hapse döner.

Kaynakça

Simpsonlar karakterleri
Kurgusal palyaçolar
Kurgusal suçlular
Kurgusal televizyoncular
Kurgusal erkek karakterler
Kurgusal kanun kaçakları

Figüran Bob


Durham City Association Football Club is a football club based in Durham, England. Members of the Football League from 1921 until 1928, they currently play in the .

History
The club was established in 1918 and initially competed in the Victory League, which was set up in celebration of the end of World War I, finishing bottom of the table. In 1919 they joined the North Eastern League, finishing fifth in their first season. Despite a mid-table finish in 1920–21, they were one of fourteen clubs automatically elected to the newly formed Third Division North of the Football League in 1921. They finished bottom of the division in 1922–23, but were re-elected. In 1925–26 the club reached the second round of the FA Cup for the first time, losing 3–0 at home to Division Three North rivals Southport. After finishing second-from-bottom in 1927–28, the club failed to win re-election, gaining only 11 votes to the 22 received by the newly elected Carlisle United.

Durham dropped back into Division One of the North Eastern League, replacing their reserve team. They finished bottom of Division One in 1928–29 and were relegated to Division Two. However, after finishing as Division Two runners-up in 1930–31, they were promoted back to Division One. In 1933 the club was renamed City of Durham. After three consecutive finishes in the bottom three between 1934–35 and 1936–37, they ended the 1937–38 season bottom of the league. They dropped into the Wearside League, but folded in November 1938, partly due to the introduction of greyhound racing at their Holiday Park ground.

The club was re-established in 1949, and joined the Wearside League for the 1950–51 season. After two seasons they were admitted to the Northern League. The club finished bottom of the league in 1954–55, but the following season saw them reach the first round of the FA Cup for the first time as a non-League club, eventually losing 3–1 at local rivals Bishop Auckland. In 1957–58 they went one better, reaching the second round, where they lost 3–0 at home to Tranmere Rovers in front of Ferens Park's record crowd. The club finished bottom of the Northern League again in 1960–61, 1963–64 and 1965–66, but were runners-up in 1970–71. After the league gained a second division in 1982, they were relegated to Division Two at the end of the 1983–84 season. However, a third-place finish in 1987–88 saw them promoted back to Division One.

After three seasons in Division One, Durham were relegated back to Division Two at the end of the 1990–91 season, which had seen them finish bottom of the table. However, they were runners-up in Division Two the following season, and were promoted back to Division One. They went on to win their first league title in 1993–94, also winning the league's Cleator Cup. Although the club were relegated at the end of the 1997–98 season, they won Division Two the following season to make an immediate return to Division One. They won the League Cup and the Cleator Cup in 2001–02 and finished as Division One runners-up in 2003–04. After winning the league for a second time and the Cleator Cup for a third time in 2007–08, they were promoted to Division One North of the Northern Premier League.

Durham's first season in the Northern Premier League saw them win Division One North, earning promotion to the Premier Division; they also won the league's Chairman's Cup. However, their main sponsor withdrew in the summer of 2009 after the Football Conference ruled that they would not accept clubs with artificial pitches, which Durham had. As a result, the club lost most of its players and won only two league matches during the 2009–10 season. They finished bottom of the table with zero points after having six points deducted for playing a player under a false name, and were relegated back to Division One North. Although they managed to finish in mid-table in the following two seasons, they resigned from the league at the end of the 2011–12 season and returned to Division One of the Northern League. In 2013 the club was purchased by former Premier League player Olivier Bernard, with a stated aim of making them a talent development club for local professional teams. After finishing in the bottom three in 2015–16, the club were relegated to Division Two.

Durham continued to struggle, winning only one game in four years between April 2019 to May 2023, resulting in them being labelled "England's worst football club". The 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons were not completed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and club avoided relegation. However, in 2021–22 they finished bottom of Division Two and were relegated to Division One of the Wearside League. The following season saw them finish bottom of Division One, resulting in relegation to the second tier of the Wearside League (renamed Division One for the 2023–24 season).

Season-by-season record

Ground
The club initially played at Garden House Park before moving to Kepier Haughs in 1920. Due to its distance from the city centre, the club relocated to Holiday Park in 1923.

After being reformed, the club played at Ferens Park until the end of the 1993–94 season. During the 1994–95 season they played at Chester-le-Street Town's Moor Park, before moving to New Ferens Park in 1995. The ground has a capacity of 2,700, of which 270 is seated and 750 covered. An artificial pitch was installed in 2006. However, a dispute with the landlord led to the club moving to Consett's Belle View Stadium in 2015, where they played until the end of the 2016–17 season. They then moved to Willington's Hall Lane ground prior to the 2017–18 season. In 2022 the club relocated to Leyburn Grove in Houghton-le-Spring.

Honours
Northern Premier League
Division One North champions 2008–09
Chairman's Cup winners 2008–09
Northern League
Division One champions 1993–94, 2007–08
Division Two champions 1998–99
League Cup winners 2001–02
Cleator Cup winners 1994–95, 2001–02, 2008–09
Durham Challenge Cup
Winners 1971–72
Durham FA Benevolent Bowl
 Winners 1955–56

Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 1925–26, 1957–58
Best FA Trophy performance: Second round, 2008–09
Best FA Vase performance: Semi-finals, 2001–02
Record attendance: 7,886 vs Darlington, FA Cup fifth qualifying round, 3 December 1921
At Holiday Park: 7,182 vs West Stanley, FA Cup, 17 September 1923
At Ferens Park: 7,000 vs Tranmere Rovers, FA Cup second round, 7 November 1957

See also
Durham City A.F.C. players
Durham City A.F.C. managers

References

External links

Official website

Football clubs in England
Football clubs in County Durham
Sport in Durham, England
Association football clubs established in 1918
1918 establishments in England
North Eastern League
English Football League clubs
Wearside Football League
Northern Football League
Northern Premier League clubs
Willington, County Durham

Durham City A.F.C.


Svjetsko prvenstvo u rukometu za igrače do 19 godina održalo se u Mađarskoj 2013. godine od 10. do 23. kolovoza. Natjecale su se 24 momčadi iz 4 konfederacije. Igralo se u dvije dvorane u dva grada domaćina, u dvorani BVUSS u Jerši i Városi Sportcsarnok u Andzabegu. Odigrano je 100 utakmica i postignuto 5758 pogodaka.

Momčadi i sastavi
Nastupile su momčadi Angole, Egipta, Gabona, Tunisa, Argentine, Brazila, Čilea, Venezuele, Japana, Južne Koreje, Katara, Austrije, Bjelorusije, Hrvatske, Danske, Francuske (koja je zamijenila momčad iz Oceanije, koja je odustala od svog mjesta), Njemačke, Mađarske, Norveške, Rumunjske, Srbije, Slovenije, Španjolske i Švedske.

Izvlačenje skupina održano je u Jerši 23. svibnja 2013. godine. Bile su četiri skupine s po šest momčadi, a četiri najbolje iz svake skupine nastavile su borbu za odličja.

Hrvatska je igrala u sastavu Mario Cvitković (vratar, Poreč), Lovro Mihić (lijevo krilo, Zagreb), Leon Vučko (kružni, Zagreb), Ante Grbavac (lijevi vanjski, Zrinjski Mostar), Bruno Butorac (desni vanjski, Zagreb), Ante Kuduz (lijevi vanjski, Osijek), Domagoj Grahovac (vratar, Dubrava), Luka Mrakovčić (lijevi vanjski, Zamet), Marko Mamić (lijevi vanjski, Schaffhausen), Kristian Bećiri (kružni, Kozala), Matej Mudrinjak (vratar, Zagreb), Ivan Vida (desno krilo, Dubrava), Lovro Jotić (središnji vanjski, Zagreb), Marin Buneta (središnji vanjski, Kozala), Josip Božić Pavletić (desno krilo, NEXE), Josip Jurić Grgić (središnji vanjski, Zagreb), zamijenjen Vlado Matanović (desni vanjski, Kozala, zamijenio ga Božić Pavletić); vođa izaslanstva Davor Urek, glavni trener Vedran Ćurak, trener Valter Matošević, fizioterapeut Tomica Mađerčić i voditelj momčadi Nenad Stanković.

Poredak

Nagrade

Idealna momčad prvenstva
vratar:  Sebastian Frandsen
lijevo krilo:  Lovro Mihić
lijevi vanjski:  Marko Mamić
kružni:  Ignacio Plaza Jimenez
srednji vanjski:  Tim Suton
desni vanjski:  Niclas Kirkeløkke
desno krilo:  Sebastian Karlsson

Ostale nagrade
najkorisniji igrač:  Simon Hald Jensen
najbolji strijelci:  José Toledo i  Nicușor Negru, po 64 pogotka

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(eng.) IHF

U19-2013
Rukomet u Mađarskoj

Svjetsko prvenstvo u rukometu za igrače do 19 godina – Mađarska 2013.


The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology. Psychologists and other mental health professionals use various versions of the MMPI to help develop treatment plans, assist with differential diagnosis, help answer legal questions (forensic psychology), screen job candidates during the personnel selection process, or as part of a therapeutic assessment procedure.

The original MMPI was developed by Starke R. Hathaway and J. C. McKinley, faculty of the University of Minnesota, and first published by the University of Minnesota Press in 1943. It was replaced by an updated version, the MMPI-2, in 1989 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, and Kaemmer). A version for adolescents, the MMPI-A, was published in 1992. An alternative version of the test, the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), published in 2008, retains some aspects of the traditional MMPI assessment strategy, but adopts a different theoretical approach to personality test development. The newest version (MMPI-3) was released in 2020.

History
The original authors of the MMPI were American psychologist Starke R. Hathaway and American neurologist J. C. McKinley. The MMPI is copyrighted by the University of Minnesota.

The MMPI was designed as an adult measure of psychopathology and personality structure in 1939. Many additions and changes to the measure have been made over time to improve interpretability of the original clinical scales. Additionally, there have been changes in the number of items in the measure, and other adjustments which reflect its current use as a tool towards modern psychopathy and personality disorders. The most historically significant developmental changes include:

In 1989, the MMPI became the MMPI-2 as a result of a restandardization project to develop a new set of normative data representing current population characteristics; the restandardization increased the size of the normative database to include a wide range of clinical and non-clinical samples; psychometric characteristics of the clinical scales were not addressed at that time.
In 2003, the Restructured Clinical scales were added to the published MMPI-2, representing a reconstruction of the original clinical scales designed to address known psychometric flaws in the original clinical scales that unnecessarily complicated their interpretability and validity, but could not be addressed at the same time as the restandardization process. Specifically, Demoralization – a non-specific distress component thought to impair the discriminant validity of many self-report measures of psychopathology – was identified and removed from the original clinical scales. Restructuring the clinical scales was the initial step toward addressing the remaining psychometric and theoretical problems of the MMPI-2.
In 2008, the MMPI-2-RF (Restructured Form) was published to psychometrically and theoretically fine-tuned the measure. The MMPI-2-RF contains 338 items, contains 9 validity and 42 homogeneous substantive scales, and allows for a straightforward interpretation strategy. The MMPI-2-RF was constructed using a similar rationale used to create the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales. The rest of the measure was developed utilizing statistical analysis techniques that produced the RC scales as well as a hierarchical set of scales similar to contemporary models of psychopathology to inform the overall measure reorganization. The entire measure reconstruction was accomplished using the original 567 items contained in the MMPI-2 item pool. The MMPI-2 Restandardization norms were used to validate the MMPI-2-RF; over 53,000 correlations based on more than 600 reference criteria are available in the MMPI-2-RF Technical Manual for the purpose of comparing the validity and reliability of MMPI-2-RF scales with those of the MMPI-2. Across multiple studies and as supported in the technical manual, the MMPI-2-RF performs as good as or, in many cases, better than the MMPI-2.
The MMPI-2-RF is a streamlined measure. Retaining only 338 of the original 567 items, its hierarchical scale structure provides non-redundant information across 51 scales that are easily interpretable. Validity scales were retained (revised), two new validity scales have been added (Fs in 2008 and RBS in 2011), and there are new scales that capture somatic complaints. All of the MMPI-2-RF's scales demonstrate either increased or equivalent construct and criterion validity compared to their MMPI-2 counterparts.

Current versions of the test (MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF) can be completed on optical scan forms or administered directly to individuals on the computer. The MMPI-2 can generate a Score Report or an Extended Score Report, which includes the Restructured Clinical scales from which the Restructured Form was later developed. The MMPI-2 Extended Score Report includes scores on the original clinical scales as well as Content, Supplementary, and other subscales of potential interest to clinicians. Additionally, the MMPI-2-RF computer scoring offers an option for the administrator to select a specific reference group with which to contrast and compare an individual's obtained scores; comparison groups include clinical, non-clinical, medical, forensic, and pre-employment settings, to name a few. The newest version of the Pearson Q-Local computer scoring program offers the option of converting MMPI-2 data into MMPI-2-RF reports as well as numerous other new features. Use of the MMPI is tightly controlled. Any clinician using the MMPI is required to meet specific test publisher requirements in terms of training and experience, must pay for all administration materials including the annual computer scoring license and is charged for each report generated by computer.

In 2018, the University of Minnesota Press commissioned development of the MMPI-3, which was to be based in part on the MMPI-2-RF and include updated normative data. It was published in December 2020.

MMPI

The original MMPI was developed on a scale-by-scale basis in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Hathaway and McKinley used an empirical [criterion] keying approach, with clinical scales  derived by selecting items that were endorsed by patients known to have been diagnosed with certain pathologies. The difference between this approach and other test development strategies used around that time was that it was in many ways atheoretical (not based on any particular theory) and thus the initial test was not aligned with the prevailing psychodynamic theories. Theory in some ways affected the development process, if only because the candidate test items and patient groups on which scales were developed were affected by prevailing personality and psychopathological theories of the time. The approach to MMPI development ostensibly enabled the test to capture aspects of human psychopathology that were recognizable and meaningful, despite changes in clinical theories.
However, the MMPI had flaws of validity that were soon apparent and could not be overlooked indefinitely. The control group for its original testing consisted of a small number of individuals, mostly young, white, and married men and women from rural areas of the Midwest. (The racial makeup of the respondents reflected the ethnic makeup of that time and place.) The MMPI also faced problems as to its terminology and its irrelevance to the population that the test was intended to measure. It became necessary for the MMPI to measure a more diverse number of potential mental health problems, such as "suicidal tendencies, drug abuse, and treatment-related behaviors."

MMPI-2

The first major revision of the MMPI was the MMPI-2, which was standardized on a new national sample of adults in the United States and released in 1989. The new standardization was based on 2,600 individuals from a more representative background than the MMPI. It is appropriate for use with adults 18 and over. Subsequent revisions of certain test elements have been published, and a wide variety of sub scales were introduced over many years to help clinicians interpret the results of the original 10 clinical scales. The current MMPI-2 has 567 items, and usually takes between one and two hours to complete depending on reading level. It is designed to require a sixth-grade reading level. There is an infrequently used abbreviated form of the test that consists of the MMPI-2's first 370 items. The shorter version has been mainly used in circumstances that have not allowed the full version to be completed (e.g., illness or time pressure), but the scores available on the shorter version are not as extensive as those available in the 567-item version. The original form of the MMPI-2 is the third most frequently utilized test in the field of psychology, behind the most used IQ and achievement tests.

MMPI-A

A version of the test designed for adolescents ages 14 to 18, the MMPI-A, was released in 1992. The youth version was developed to improve measurement of personality, behavior difficulties, and psychopathology among adolescents. It addressed limitations of using the original MMPI among adolescent populations. Twelve- to thirteen-year-old children were assessed and could not adequately understand the question content so the MMPI-A is not meant for children younger than 14. Children who are 18 and no longer in high school may appropriately be tested with the MMPI-2.

Some concerns related to use of the MMPI with youth included inadequate item content, lack of appropriate norms, and problems with extreme reporting. For example, many items were written from an adult perspective, and did not cover content critical to adolescents (e.g., peers, school). Likewise, adolescent norms were not published until the 1970s, and there was not consensus on whether adult or adolescent norms should be used when the instrument was administered to youth. Finally, the use of adult norms tended to overpathologize adolescents, who demonstrated elevations on most original MMPI scales (e.g., T scores greater than 70 on the F validity scale; marked elevations on clinical scales 8 and 9). Therefore, an adolescent version was developed and tested during the restandardization process of the MMPI, which resulted in the MMPI-A.

The MMPI-A has 478 items. It includes the original 10 clinical scales (Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Mf, Pa, Pt, Sc, Ma, Si), six validity scales (?, L, F, F1, F2, K, VRIN, TRIN), 31 Harris Lingoes subscales, 15 content component scales (A-anx, A-obs, A-dep, A-hea, A-ain, A-biz, A-ang, A-cyn, A-con, A-lse, A-las, A-sod, A-fam, A-sch, A-trt), the Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scales (AGGR, PSYC, DISC, NEGE, INTR), three social introversion subscales (Shyness/Self-Consciousness, Social Avoidance, Alienation), and six supplementary scales (A, R, MAC-R, ACK, PRO, IMM). There is also a short form of 350 items, which covers the basic scales (validity and clinical scales). The validity, clinical, content, and supplementary scales of the MMPI-A have demonstrated adequate to strong test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and validity.

A four factor model (similar to all of the MMPI instruments) was chosen for the MMPI-A and included
 General Maladjustment,
 Over-control (repression) (L, K, Ma),
 Si (Social Introversion),
 MF (Masculine/Feminine).

The MMPI-A normative and clinical samples included 805 males and 815 females, ages 14 to 18, recruited from eight schools across the United States and 420 males and 293 females ages 14 to 18 recruited from treatment facilities in Minneapolis, Minnesota, respectively. Norms were prepared by standardizing raw scores using a uniform t-score transformation, which was developed by Auke Tellegen and adopted for the MMPI-2. This technique preserves the positive skew of scores but also allows percentile comparison.

Strengths of the MMPI-A include the use of adolescent norms, appropriate and relevant item content, inclusion of a shortened version, a clear and comprehensive manual, and strong evidence of validity.

Critiques of the MMPI-A include a non-representative clinical norms sample, overlap in what the clinical scales measure, irrelevance of the mf scale, as well as long length and high reading level of the instrument.

The MMPI-A is one of the most commonly used instruments among adolescent populations.

A restructured form of the MMPI-A, the MMPI-A-RF was published in 2016.

MMPI-2-RF

The University of Minnesota Press published a new version of the MMPI-2, the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), in 2008. The MMPI-2-RF builds on the Restructured Clinical (RC) scales developed in 2003, and subsequently subjected to extensive research, with an overriding goal of improved discriminant validity, or the ability of the test to reliably differentiate between clinical syndromes or diagnoses. Most of the MMPI and MMPI-2 Clinical Scales are relatively heterogeneous, i.e., they measure diverse groupings of signs and symptoms, such that an elevation on Scale 2 (Depression), for example, may or may not indicate a depressive disorder. The MMPI-2-RF scales, on the other hand, are fairly homogeneous; are designed to more precisely measure distinct symptom constellations or disorders. From a theoretical perspective, the MMPI-2-RF scales rest on an assumption that psychopathology is a homogeneous condition that is additive.

Advances in psychometric theory, test development methods, and statistical analyses used to develop the MMPI-2-RF were not available when the MMPI was developed.

MMPI-3
The MMPI-3 was released in December 2020. Its primary goals were to enhance the item pool, update the test norms, optimize existing scales, and introduce new scales (that assess disordered eating, compulsivity, impulsivity, and self-importance). It features a new, nationally representative normative sample, selected to match projections for race and ethnicity, education, and age. Spanish language norms are available for use with the U.S. Spanish translation of the MMPI-3.

Scale composition

Clinical scales
The original clinical scales were designed to measure common diagnoses of the era.

Code Types
Codetypes are a combination of the two or three (and according to a few authors even four) highest-scoring clinical scales (e.g. 4, 8, 6 = 486). Codetypes are interpreted as a single, wider ranged elevation, rather than interpreting each scale individually. For profiles without defined code types interpretation should focus on the individual scales.

Psychopathic Deviate
This scale comes from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), where 50 statements compose the Psychopathic Deviate subscale. The 50 statements must be answered in true or false format as applied to one's self.

The Psychopathic Deviate scale measures general social maladjustment and the absence of strongly pleasant experiences. The items on this scale tap into complaints about family and authority figures in general, self-alienation, social alienation and boredom.

When diagnosing psychopathy, the MMPI-2's Psychopathic Deviate scale is considered one of the traditional personality tests that contain subscales relating to psychopathy, though they assess relatively non-specific tendencies towards antisocial or criminal behavior.

Clinical subscales
The clinical scales are heterogeneous for their item content. To assist clinicians in interpreting the scales, researchers have developed subscales of more homogeneous items within each scale. The Harris–Lingoes (1955) scales was one of the most widely used results of this approach and were included in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A.

Restructured Clinical (RC) scales

The Restructured Clinical scales were designed to be psychometrically improved versions of the original clinical scales, which were known to contain a high level of interscale correlation, overlapping items, and were confounded by the presence of an overarching factor that has since been extracted and placed in a separate scale (demoralization). The RC scales measure the core constructs of the original clinical scales.  Critics of the RC scales assert they have deviated too far from the original clinical scales, the implication being that previous research done on the clinical scales will not be relevant to the interpretation of the RC scales. However, researchers on the RC scales assert that the RC scales predict pathology in their designated areas better than their concordant original clinical scales while using significantly fewer items and maintaining equal to higher internal consistency, reliability and validity; further, unlike the original clinical scales, the RC scales are not saturated with the primary factor (demoralization, now captured in RCdem) which frequently produced diffuse elevations and made interpretation of results difficult; finally, the RC scales have lower interscale correlations and, in contrast to the original clinical scales, contain no interscale item overlap. The effects of removal of the common variance spread across the older clinical scales due to a general factor common to psychopathology, through use of sophisticated psychometric methods, was described as a paradigm shift in personality assessment. Critics of the new scales argue that the removal of this common variance makes the RC scales less ecologically valid (less like real life) because real patients tend to present complex patterns of symptoms. Proponents of the MMPI-2-RF argue that this potential problem is addressed by being able to view elevations on other RC scales that are less saturated with the general factor and, therefore, are also more transparent and much easier to interpret.

Validity scales

The validity scales in all versions of the MMPI-2 (MMPI-2 and RF) contain three basic types of validity measures: those that were designed to detect non-responding or inconsistent responding (CNS, VRIN, TRIN), those designed to detect when clients are over reporting or exaggerating the prevalence or severity of psychological symptoms (F, Fb, Fp, FBS), and those designed to detect when test-takers are under-reporting or downplaying psychological symptoms (L, K, S). A new addition to the validity scales for the MMPI-2-RF includes an over reporting scale of somatic symptoms (Fs) as well as revised versions of the validity scales of the MMPI-2 (VRIN-r, TRIN-r, F-r, Fp-r, FBS-r, L-r, and K-r).  The MMPI-2-RF does not include the S or Fb scales, and the F-r scale now covers the entirety of the test.

Content scales

Although elevations on the clinical scales are significant indicators of certain psychological conditions, it is difficult to determine exactly what specific behaviors the high scores are related to. The content scales of the MMPI-2 were developed for the purpose of increasing the incremental validity of the clinical scales. The content scales contain items intended to provide insight into specific types of symptoms and areas of functioning that the clinical scales do not measure, and are supposed to be used in addition to the clinical scales to interpret profiles. They were developed by Butcher, Graham, Williams and Ben-Porath using similar rational and statistical procedures as Wiggins who developed the original MMPI content scales.

The items on the content scales contain obvious content and therefore are susceptible to response bias – exaggeration or denial of symptoms, and should be interpreted with caution. T scores greater than 65 on any content scale are considered high scores.

Content component scales
The MMPI-2 and MMPI-A included subscales for some of the content scales to further specify the results. For example, Depression (DEP) was broken down into Lack of drive (DEP), Dysphoria (DEP), Self-depreciation (DEP) and Suicidal ideation (DEP).

Supplemental scales

To supplement these multidimensional scales and to assist in interpreting the frequently seen diffuse elevations due to the general factor (removed in the RC scales) were also developed, with the more frequently used being the substance abuse scales (MAC-R, APS, AAS), designed to assess the extent to which a client admits to or is prone to abusing substances, and the A (anxiety) and R (repression) scales, developed by Welsh after conducting a factor analysis of the original MMPI item pool.

PSY-5 (Personality Psychopathology Five) scales

The PSY-5 is set of scales measuring dimensional traits of personality disorders, originally developed from factor analysis of the personality disorder content of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Originally, these scales were titled: Aggressiveness, Psychoticism, Constraint, Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism, and Positive Emotionality/Extraversion; however, in the most current edition of the MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF, the Constraint and Positive Emotionality scales have been reversed and renamed as Disconstraint and Introversion / Low Positive Emotionality.

Across several large samples including clinical, college, and normative populations, the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales showed moderate internal consistency and intercorrelations comparable with the domain scales on the NEO-PI-R Big Five personality measure. Also, scores on the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales appear to be similar across genders, and the structure of the PSY-5 has been reproduced in a Dutch psychiatric sample.

MMPI-A-RF
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Adolescent – Restructured Form (MMPI-A-RF) is a broad-band instrument used to psychologically evaluate adolescents. It was published in 2016 and was primarily authored by Robert P. Archer, Richard W. Handel, Yossef S. Ben-Porath, and Auke Tellegen. It is a revised version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Adolescent (MMPI-A). Like the MMPI-A, this version is intended for use with adolescents aged 14–18 years old. It consists of 241 true-false items which produce scores on 48 scales: 6 Validity scales (VRIN-r, TRIN-r, CRIN, F-r, L-r, K-r), 3 Higher-Order scales (EID, THD, BXD), 9 Restructured Clinical scales (RCd, RC1, RC2, RC3, RC4, RC6, RC7, RC8, RC9), 25 Specific Problem scales, and revised versions of the MMPI-A PSY-5 scales (AGGR-r, PSYC-r, DISC-r, NEGE-r, INTR-r). It also features 14 critical items, including 7 regarding depressing and suicidal ideation.

The MMPI-A-RF was designed to address limitations of its predecessor, such as the scale heterogeneity and item overlap of the original clinical scales. The weaknesses of the clinical scales resulted in intercorrelations of several MMPI-A scales and limited discriminant validity of the scales. To address the issues with the clinical scales, the MMPI-A underwent a revision similar to the restructuring of the MMPI-2 to the MMPI-2-RF. Specifically, a demoralization scale was developed, and each clinical scale underwent exploratory factor analysis to identify its distinctive components.

Additionally, the Specific Problems (SP) scales were developed. Whereas the RC scales provide a broad overview of psychological problems (e.g., low positive emotions or symptoms of depression; antisocial behavior; bizarre thoughts), the SP scales offered narrow, focused descriptions of the problems the individual reported he or she was experiencing. The MMPI-2-RF SP Scales were used as a template. First, corresponding items from the MMPI-2-RF were identified in the MMPI-A, and then 58 items unique to the MMPI-A were added to the item pool. This way the MMPI-A-RF SP scales could maintain continuity with the MMPI-2-RF but also address issues specific to adolescent problems. After a preliminary set of SP scales were developed based on their content, each scale went through statistical tests (factor analysis) to make sure they did not overlap or relate too strongly to the RC demoralization scale.   Additional statistical analyses were done to make sure each SP scale contained items that were strongly related (correlated) with its scale and less strongly associated with other scales; in the end, each item appeared on only one SP scale. These scales were developed to provide additional information in association with the RC scales, but SP scales are not subscales and can be interpreted even when the related RC scale is not elevated.

As noted above, 25 SP scales were developed. Of these, 19 have the same names as the corresponding MMPI-2-RF SP scales, although the specific items that make up SP scales on each form are different. The following 5 scales were unique to the MMPI-A-RF: Obsessions/Compulsions (OCS), Antisocial Attitudes (ASA), Conduct Problems (CNP), Negative Peer Influence (NPI) and Specific Fears (SPF).

The SP scales were organized into four groupings: Somatic/Cognitive, Internalizing, Externalizing, and Interpersonal Scales. The Somatic/Cognitive scales (MLS, GIC, HPC, NUC, and COG) share their names with the SP scales on the MMPI-2-RF, are related to RC1, and focus on aspects of physical health and functioning. There are nine Internalizing scales. The first three (HLP, SFD, and NFC) are related to aspects of demoralization, or the general sense of unhappiness, and the remaining scales (OCS, STW, AXY, ANP, BRF, SPF) assess for Dysfunctional Negative Emotions (e.g., a tendency toward worry, fearfulness, and anxiety). Six Externalizing scales (NSA, ASA, CNP, SUB, NPI, and AGG) are related to antisocial behavior, and the need for excitement and stimulating activity (i.e., hypomanic activation). Finally, Interpersonal scales (FML, IPP, SAV, SHY, and DSF), while not related to particular RC scales, focus on aspects of social and relational functioning with family and peers.

Additionally, the 478-item length of the MMPI-A was identified as a challenge to adolescent attention span and concentration. To address this, the MMPI-A-RF has less than half the items of the MMPI-A.

Higher-Order scales
Higher-Order (H-O) Scales were introduced with the MMPI-2-RF and they are identical in the MMPI-A-RF and the MMPI-3. Their function is to assess problems of three general areas of functioning: affective, cognitive (thought) and behavioral.

Specific Problems (SP) scales

Interest Scales
The MMPI-2-RF includes two Interest Scales. The Aesthetic-Literary Interests (AES) scale rates interest in literature, music and theater, and the Mechanical-Physical Interests (MEC) scale measures interest in fixing and building things, the outdoors and sports.

Criticism

Like many standardized tests, scores on the various scales of the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF are not representative of either percentile rank or how "well" or "poorly" someone has done on the test. Rather, analysis looks at relative elevation of factors compared to the various norm groups studied. Raw scores on the scales are transformed into a standardized metric known as T-scores (mean equals 50, standard deviation equals 10), making interpretation easier for clinicians. Test manufacturers and publishers ask test purchasers to prove they are qualified to purchase the MMPI/MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF and other tests.

Addition of the Lees-Haley FBS (Symptom Validity)

Psychologist Paul Lees-Haley developed the FBS (Fake Bad Scale). Although the FBS acronym remains in use, the official name for the scale changed to Symptom Validity Scale when it was incorporated into the standard scoring reports produced by Pearson, the licensed publisher. Some psychologists question the validity and utility of the FBS scale. The peer-reviewed journal Psychological Injury and Law published a series of pro and con articles in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Investigations of the factor structure of the Symptom Validity Scale (FBS and FBS-r) raise doubts about the scale's construct and predictive validity in the detection of malingering.

Racial disparity

One of the biggest criticisms of the original MMPI has been the difference between whites and non-whites.

In the 1970s, Charles McCreary and Eligio Padilla from UCLA compared scores of Black, white and Mexican-American men and found that non-whites tended to score five points higher on the test. They stated: "There is continuing controversy about the appropriateness of the MMPI when decisions involve persons from non-white racial and ethnic backgrounds. In general, studies of such divergent populations as prison inmates, medical patients, psychiatric patients, and high school and college students have found that blacks usually score higher than whites on the L, F, Sc, and Ma scales. There is near agreement that the notion of more psychopathology in racial ethnic minority groups is simplistic and untenable. Nevertheless, three divergent explanations of racial differences on the MMPI have been suggested. Black-white MMPI differences reflect variations in values, conceptions, and expectations that result from growing up in different cultures. Another point of view maintains that differences on the MMPI between blacks and whites are not a reflection of racial differences, but rather a reflection of overriding socioeconomic variations between racial groups. Thirdly, MMPI scales may reflect socioeconomic factors, while other scales are primarily race-related."

Translations of the MMPI

MMPI-2
The MMPI-2 is currently available in 22 different languages, including:

 Bulgarian
 Chinese
 Croatian
 Czech
 Danish
 Dutch/Flemish
 French
 Canada (Canadian French & English)
 German
 Greek
 Hebrew
 Hmong
 Hungarian
 Italian
 Korean
 Norwegian
 Polish
 Romanian
 Slovak
 Spanish for Mexico & Central America
 Spanish for Spain, South America & Central America
 Spanish for the US
 Swedish
 Ukrainian

MMPI-2 in Chinese
The Chinese MMPI-2 was developed by Fanny M. Cheung, Weizhen Song, and Jianxin Zhang for Hong Kong and adapted for use in the mainland. The Chinese MMPI was used as a base instrument from which some items, that were the same in the MMPI-2, were retained. New items on the Chinese MMPI-2 underwent translation from English to Chinese and then back translation from Chinese to English to establish uniformity of the items and their content. The psychometrics are robust with the Chinese MMPI-2 having high reliability (a measure of whether the results of the scale are consistent). Reliability coefficients were found to be over 0.8 for the test in Hong Kong and were between 0.58 and 0.91 across scales for the mainland. In addition, the correlation of the Chinese MMPI-2 and the English MMPI-2 was found to average 0.64 for the clinical scales and 0.68 for the content scales indicating that the Chinese MMPI-2 is an effective tool of personality assessment.

MMPI-2 in Korean
The Korean MMPI-2 was initially translated by Kyunghee Han through a process of multiple rounds of translation (English to Korean) and back-translation (Korean to English), and it was tested in a sample of 726 Korean college students. In general, the test-retest reliabilities in the Korean sample were comparable to those in the American sample. For both culture samples, the median test-retest reliabilities were found to be higher for females than for males: 0.75 for Korean males and 0.78 for American males, whereas it was 0.85 for Korean females and 0.81 for American females. After retranslating and revising the items with minor translation accuracy problems, the final version of the Korean MMPI-2 was published in 2005. The published Korean MMPI-2 was standardized using a Korean adult normative sample, whose demographics were similar to the 2000 Korean Census data. Compared to the U. S. norm, scale means of Korean norm were significantly elevated; however, the reliabilities and validity of the Korean MMPI-2 were still found to be comparable with the English MMPI-2. The Korean MMPI-2 was further validated by using a Korean psychiatric sample from inpatient and outpatient facilities of Samsung National Hospital in Seoul. The internal consistency of the MMPI-2 scales for the psychiatric sample was comparable to the results obtained from the normative samples.  Robust validity of the Korean MMPI-2 scales was evidenced by correlations with the SCL-90-R scales, behavioral correlates, and therapist ratings. The Korean MMPI-2 RF was published in 2011 and it was standardized using the Korean MMPI-2 normative sample with minor modifications.

MMPI-2 in Hmong
The MMPI-2 was translated into the Hmong language by Deinard, Butcher, Thao, Vang and Hang. The items for the Hmong-language MMPI-2 were obtained by translation and back-translation from the English version. After linguistic evaluation to ensure that the Hmong-language MMPI-2 was equivalent to the English MMPI-2, studies to assess whether the scales meant and measured the same concepts across the different languages. It was found that the findings from both the Hmong-language and English MMPI-2 were equivalent, indicating that the results obtained for a person tested with either version were very similar.

MMPI-3
The MMPI-3 is currently available in English, French (for Canada) and Spanish forms.

See also
16PF Questionnaire
Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
Employment testing
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)
Therapeutic assessment

Endnotes

References

External links
MMPI-2, Pearson Website
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): An Introduction
MMPI-A (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent)
MMPI Research Project

1943 establishments in Minnesota
Personality tests
University of Minnesota


Revolutionens graffiti er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2014 instrueret af Nathalie Neuffer efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Dette er en dokumentar om graffiti i Libyen; et land, hvis befolkning efter mere end 40 års statsledelse af Muammar Gaddafi valgte borgerkrig frem for diktatur. Filmen skildrer Libyen et år efter Gaddafis fald i 2011 og giver et anderledes indblik i livet og dagligdagen i det Nordafrikanske land ved at følge et filmhold på to personer på deres rejse til landet for at optage en dokumentar om revolutionens graffiti.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Revolutionens graffiti


Jurica Galoić (1975.), hrvatski novinski fotograf i fotoizvjestitelj

Životopis
Rodio se je 1975. godine. Upisao je studij novinarstva. Već na drugoj studija odlučio se za poziv fotoizvjestitelja, jer je taj vid novinarstva smatrao zabavnijim i iskrenijim od pisanog. Prvu novinsku fotografiju objavio je 1997. u tjedniku Imperijalu. Od godine 1999. radi u Vjesniku, iz kojega je nakratko otišao radi sudjelovanja u pokretanju dnevnika Republike no po gašenj tog lista vratio se je u Vjesnik gdje je ostao do 2002. kada je prešao u Jutarnji list. Novoosnovano uredništvo 24 sata ga je pozvalo te je 2005. sudjelovao u pokretanju tog dnevnika, otkamo je prešao u fotoagenciju Pixsell. Surađivao je i s još desetak tjednika i mjesečnika.

Fotografiranju pristupa novinarski i kod izložaba. Ne zanimaju ga umjetničke izložbe. sudjelovao je na na zadnjih deset skupnih godišnjih izložbi Cropress Photo. Trudi se na svakom snimanju prenijeti informaciju u jednoj fotografiji. Humorom se služi i na radnim zadatcima i on mu čak i pomaže pri suradnji s ljudima koji mu se nađu pred fotoaparatom.

Nagrade i priznanja
2017. godine nagradilo ga je Hrvatsko novinarsko društvo nagradom nagradu Nikša Antonini za novinsku fotografiju za 2016. godinu. Nagradili su mu fotografiju s postrojavanja HV-a na stadionu u Kranjčevićevoj ulici na kojoj jedan kraj drugoga sjede Tomislav Karamarko i Božo Petrov.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Fotogalerija: Jurica Galoić Hrvatski zbor športskih novinara

Hrvatski novinari
Hrvatski fotografi

Jurica Galoić


Le Violoneux (título original en francés; en español, El violinista) es una opereta (leyenda bretona - «légende bretonne») en un acto con música de Jacques Offenbach y libreto en francés de Eugène Mestépès y Émile Chevalet. Se estrenó con éxito en el Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens en los Campos Elíseos, París, el 31 de agosto de 1855, que convirtió en estrella a Schneider en su primer papel para Offenbach, que le fue presentada por Berthelier (con quien ella tenía un asunto).

Personajes

Referencias
Notas

Licencia

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Jacques Offenbach
Óperas en francés
Óperas de 1855
Óperas estrenadas en París
Operetas

Le Violoneux


Yusei Ogasawara (født 6. april 1988) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Ehime FC og V-Varen Nagasaki.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yusei Ogasawara


Ljubow Wladimirowna Starikowa (; * 22. Mai 1996) ist eine russische Naturbahnrodlerin. Sie startete in der Saison 2011/2012 erstmals im Weltcup.

Karriere
Ihren ersten internationalen Einsatz hatte Starikowa bei der Junioreneuropameisterschaft 2011 in Laas, bei der sie Siebte wurde. Ein Jahr später fuhr sie bei der Juniorenweltmeisterschaft 2012 in Latsch auf Platz sechs. Davor gab Starikowa zu Beginn der Saison 2011/2012 ihr Debüt im Weltcup. Sie belegte beim Auftaktrennen in Latzfons den 15. und letzten Platz, fuhr im Rest des Winters keine weiteren Weltcuprennen und wurde 27. im Gesamtweltcup.

Erfolge

Juniorenweltmeisterschaften
 Latsch 2012: 6. Einsitzer

Junioreneuropameisterschaften
 Laas 2011: 7. Einsitzer

Weltcup
 1 Platzierung unter den besten 15

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturbahnrodler (Russland)
Russe
Geboren 1996
Frau

Ljubow Wladimirowna Starikowa


المَنَارَة قرية تقع بمعتمدية نصر الله بولاية القيروان بالوسط التونسي.

منارة

المنارة (القيروان)


Bu makale Yunan mitolojisindeki Achelous isimli nehir-tanrı üzerinedir. Aynı isimli nehir için Achelous Nehri makalesine bakınız.

Achelous veya Akhelous, Yunanca: Αχελώος. Yunan mitolojisindeki okeanidlerden. Yunanistan'daki en büyük nehir olan Achelous Nehri'nin tanrısıdır. Yunan mitolojisinde her nehrin bir tanrısı vardır, daha doğru bir tanımla nehir-tanrılar vardır. Achelous bu nehir-tanrıların başı, lideridir.

Bazı mitlere göre Poseidon'un bazı mitlere göre de Helios'un oğludur. Genelde onun Tethys ile Okeanos'un oğlu olduğu görüşü hakimdir. Zaten Yunan mitolojisindeki genel kanı tüm nehir-tanrıların Tethys ile Okeanos'un çocukları olduğudur.

Kral Oeneus'un kızı Deianeira'ya talip olmuş, Herakles ile Deianeira için savaşmış ve yenilmiştir. Kazanan Herakles Deianeira ile evlenmiştir.

Yaşlı bir adam olarak tasvir edilir. Deianeira için Herakles'e karşı savaşırken bir boğaya dönüşmüş, Herakles de onun bir boynuzunu kırmıştır. Bu nedenle genelde tek boynuzlu resmedilir. Herakles'in kırdığı boynuzu Naiadlar tarafından cornucopia'''ya (bereket boynuzu, içinden meyveler çıkan büyük bir boynuz) çevrilmiştir.

Terpsikhore'dan Sirenlerin babası olduğu da söylenmiştir.

Bir mite göre Achelous Niobe'nin gözyaşlarından oluşmuştur.

 Kaynakça
 Encyclopedia Mythica

 Andrews, Tamra. A Dictionary of Nature Myths, 1998. ISBN # 0-19-513677-2
 March, Jenny. Cassell's Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', 2001. ISBN # 0-304-35788-X

Okeanidler
Deniz ve nehir tanrıları
Yunan tanrıları

Ahelous


Johann Büttikofer (9 August 1850 – 24 June 1927) was a Swiss zoologist who worked at the Blijdorp Zoological Garden in Rotterdam. After his retirement he settled in Bern, Switzerland. For his extensive contributions to the knowledge of Liberian fauna based on two zoological expeditions to the Republic of Liberia (1879 to 1882 and 1886 to 1887) he is regarded as the 'Father of Liberian Natural History'.

Early life
Büttikofer was born in Ranflüh (part of Rüderswil, Canton of Bern) in the Emmental where his father Jakob was a school teacher. He attended village school until the age of 16 and then studied French for one year, after which he attended a teacher training college in Hofwil until the age of 20. He taught school in Graswil, Switzerland for six years, hunted, began to learn taxidermy, read travel accounts, and longed to visit the tropics. He left teaching to become a preparator at the Natural History Museum of Bern where he attended lectures by Prof. Theophil Studer, who had just returned from travelling around the world.

Scientific career
In 1878, professor Ludwig Rütimeyer of Basel recommended him to become an assistant to Hermann Schlegel, the director of the Royal Museum of Natural History (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, now Naturalis Biodiversity Center) in Leiden, the Netherlands. He became an understudy of Schlegel, who sought to expand the museum's role in understanding animal life in Western Africa. Büttikofer joined Schlegel on a study trip to the major museums of Germany and Austria.

Recognizing Büttikofer's capabilities and potential, Schlegel proposed sending him on a six-year expedition to Africa to collect zoological specimens from several largely unexplored forest regions, specifically Liberia, the Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. Liberia was selected as the first destination, principally because the expedition had been offered free transportation on the ships of the Rotterdam trading firm Hendrik Muller & Co. which had several trading factories along the Liberian coast. Two zoological expeditions to Liberia were carried out between November 1879 - April 1882 and November 1886 - June 1887; the great success of the Liberia expeditions, the death of Dr. Schlegel, and Buttikofer's own health considerations caused the other initially planned destinations to be dropped.

In 1890 he published a two-volume work, "Reisebilder aus Liberia" in German. This constituted the first monograph on the Republic of Liberia, and contains some of the earliest photographs of nature in Liberia. An annotated English translation of this publication was produced in November, 2012 by Brill (Leiden), titled "Travel Sketches from Liberia: Johann Büttikofer's 19th Century Rainforest Explorations in West Africa", co-edited by Henk Dop and Phillip T. Robinson.

First expedition

On the first expedition, Büttikofer was accompanied by a Dutchman, Carolus Franciscus Sala of Leiden, who had previously served in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and had also collected zoological specimens in present-day Angola. Venturing into areas in the lands of the Gola people along the Saint Paul River that had never before been visited by Europeans, Büttikofer and Sala were highly successful in their collecting activities. Among their finds was the first ever complete specimen of the zebra duiker (Cephalophus zebra). Suffering from a range of adversities, rapacious local chieftains, malaria and other tropical medical afflictions, Büttikofer and Sala next set up a collecting station at Robertsport. Here, Sala's condition worsened, and he died on 10 June 1881 and was buried in a mission cemetery. Büttikofer continued collecting, now in the company of the Liberian hunter Jackson Demery, and also visited the various coastal trading posts in eastern Liberia, until severe ill health forced him to return to Europe.

During a lengthy period of convalescence, Büttikofer wrote an extensive account of his findings, in Dutch, which was published in 1883 in the journal of the Netherlands Royal Geographical Society, whose translated title is: "A Report on Liberia: Results of a Journey of Exploration Undertaken by J. Büttikofer and C. F. Sala in the Years 1879-1882."  When Prof. Schlegel died in 1884, Büttikofer was appointed Curator of Birds.

Second expedition

Whereas Büttikofer's first expedition was funded by Schlegel, his second was largely financed by himself, on an unpaid leave of absence, with costs to be recuperated by selling specimens to the Leiden museum and others. As a co-worker, he recruited a Swiss boyhood acquaintance and fellow avid hunter, Franz Xaver Stampfli (1847-1903) of Solothurn, Switzerland, who had come to visit him while intending to emigrate to the United States. Stampfli travelled to Liberia in 1884 while Büttikofer continued his recovery. During his stay in the general area of the Junk River, Stampfli discovered an antelope species entirely new to science, the Jentink's duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), but had to return for convalescence in the spring of 1886.

In November 1886 Büttikofer and Stampfli jointly set out for Liberia. While Büttikofer conducted a journey to Robertsport to collect Jackson Demery to join the expedition, Stampfli set up a collecting station at Schieffelin. After extensive forays in the surrounding area, a second station was set up in Hill Town, which proved to be most successful. Here, the first ever complete specimens of the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) were collected. In May 1887, at the expiry of his leave of absence and again suffering from ill-health, Büttikofer returned to Europe while Stampfli continued collecting for another year.

Encouraged by the earlier success of the "Results of a Journey of Exploration", Büttikofer combined the results of the two expeditions into the two-volume German "Reisebilder aus Liberia" published by E. J. Brill (Leiden) in 1890. To this day, this work stands out as the first comprehensive monograph ever written about the Republic of Liberia, including natural history, geology, agricultural production, ethnography, customs and dress, history, finance, commerce and trade etc.; while also providing highly vivid travel accounts.

Apart from the already mentioned finds, the collected material resulted in the identification of more entirely new species and subspecies of a variety of taxa, for example, Stampfli's spot-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans stampflii), the lesser spot-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans buettikoferi), Büttikofer's shrew (Crocidura buettikoferi),  Büttikofer's epauletted fruit bat (Epomops buettikoferi), and Büttikofer's bichir (Polypterus palmas buettikoferi). Büttikofer's animal specimens are in a number of European museum collections, but principally at the natural history museum in Leiden (Naturalis). Ethnographic artifacts from his work in Liberia, as well as collection of photographs taken during the second expedition, are at the Rijksmuseum Volkenkunde in Leiden (Museum Volkenkunde), the World Museum (Wereldmuseum) in Rotterdam, and at the Historical Museum of Bern in Switzerland.

The "Reisebilder aus Liberia", as well as the ongoing series of publications based upon his collected specimens, soon established Büttikofer as the unrivalled authority on Liberian fauna. Having maintained close contact with scientific circles in Switzerland, the University of Bern bestowed an honorary doctorate degree (dr. phil. h. c.) upon him in 1895. Around that same year, the Liberian Government awarded him the Liberian Humane Order of African Redemption, which recognizes individuals for assisting the Liberian nation and for playing prominent roles in the 'uplifting of its people'. Thereafter, when the subject of Liberia came before many scientific groups, the general reaction was reported to be, in essence, 'No need to go to Liberia, for Dr. Büttikofer has thoroughly covered that subject.' Büttikofer's very success may have impeded further zoological work in Liberia for several decades.

Third expedition

In 1893-1894 Büttikofer was the official zoologist of the Nieuwenhuis Expedition to central Borneo, organized by Anton Willem Nieuwenhuis, a well-known Dutch explorer. This work resulted in valuable contributions to the knowledge of the wildlife of that region, during which he travelled up the Mandai and Sibau rivers and also ascended Mt. Kenepai and Mt. Liang Koebeng. Several birds, reptiles, and invertebrates from there still bear his name today, including, for example, Büttikofer's babbler (Pellorneum buettikoferi), Büttikofer's glass lizard (Dopasia buettikoferi), and a skink (Sphenomorphus buettikoferi). At a later date, Büttikofer remarked that working in the East Indies was more like a "holiday journey" in contrast to the difficulties that he had faced in Liberia.

Between 1897 and 1924, Büttikofer was the Director of the Zoological Garden in Rotterdam. During his long directorship he was associated with some of the main forerunners of nature conservation in The Netherlands. He is best known for his two zoological expeditions to the Republic of Liberia (1879 to 1882 and 1886 to 1887) and resulting publications; from 1897 to 1924 he was the Director of the Blijdorp Zoological Garden in Rotterdam. After his retirement he settled in Bern, Switzerland. For his extensive contributions to the knowledge of Liberian fauna he is regarded as the 'Father of Liberian Natural History'.

Nature conservation
Büttikofer was chairman of the Dutch Society for the Protection of Birds (1909-1924). A small 6 ha ornithological reserve established in his honour in 1926 on the island of Texel in the North Holland province of the Netherlands still bears the name Büttikofer's Mieland. This reserve is now part of a complex of larger and smaller terrains referred to as "The low lands of Texel" and managed by the Netherlands Society for the Preservation of Natural Monuments Vereniging Natuurmonumenten.

In 1924 Büttikofer retired and relocated to Bern, Switzerland, residing only a short distance from the natural history museum where he began his highly productive career. He remained active in scientific meetings until he died of pneumonia on June 24, 1927, following a trip to the Dutch East Indies. He was survived by his wife Petronella. Dr. Büttikofer was held in high regard by his European and African colleagues. Some 25 years after his death, G. A. Brouwer noted, in his book on Dutch ornithologists that "he was not merely a friend of animals, but he also had a great sympathy for his fellow man, a characteristic that had already been very useful in Liberia, and was pleasant, convivial and a man of authority, who played a leading role in several societies."

References

Sources
 Anon. 1927. Zum Andenken an Dr. Johann Büttikofer (E. Bühlmann & Company) 32 pp.
 Anon. 1993. Hans Stampfli: Der Afrikajäger Franz Xaver Stampfli (1847–1903), Ein Solothurner entdeckt neue Tierarten und bereichert naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen, Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft des Kantons Solothurn 36 (1993): 123–35.
 Brouwer, G.A, 1954. Historische gegevens over onze vroege ornithologen en over de avifauna van Nederland (Brill, Leiden, 1954); pp 84–87.
 Büttikofer, J. 1883. "Mededeelingen over Liberia. Resultaten van eene Onderzoekingsreis, door J. Büttikofer en C. F. Sala in de Jaren 1879–1882, Uitgegeven van wege het Aardrijkskundig Genootscap, Bijblad 12.
 Büttikofer, J. 1890 Reisebilder aus Liberia: Resultate geographischer, naturwissenschaftlicher und ethnographischer Untersuchungen während der Jahre 1879-1882 und 1886-1887 (E.J.Brill) Leiden 2 vols.
 Büttikofer J. 1917. Die Kurzschwanzaffen von Celebes Zoologische Mededelingen Vol. 3 p. 1-86
 Dop, Henk and Phillip T. Robinson (eds), 2013, "Travel Sketches from Liberia- Johann Büttikofer's 19th Century Rainforest Explorations in West Africa." Brill (Leiden).
 Robinson, Phillip T. Liberia's Wildlife: The Time for Decision," ZOONOOZ (San Diego)54, no. 10 (October 1981): 7–20.
 Voous, K.H., 1994, In de ban van vogels, Scheffers, Utrecht.

External links

1850 births
1927 deaths
People from Emmental District
19th-century Swiss zoologists
20th-century Swiss zoologists

Johann Büttikofer


في دورة رولان غاروس الدولية عام 1898 فاز في بطولة فردي الرجال اللاعب ( الفرنسي) بول أيمي (Paul Aymé).

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دورات رولان غاروس
دورة رولان جاروس
رياضة فرنسية في 1898

البطولات الفرنسية 1898 (كرة مضرب)