بيل 206 هي مروحية أمريكية ذات محرك وحيد أو ذات محركين.

التطوير

في 14 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 1960، التمست القوة البحرية الإمريكية رداً من 25 من منتجي الطائرات إلى طلب لإقتراحات (RFP) نيابةً عن الجيش لمروحية الملاحظة الخفيفة (LOH).

دخلت طائرة بيل المنافسة مع 12 منتج اخرين، بضمن ذلك طائرة هيلير.

طوّر تصميم بيل D-250 إلى نموذجسة الطائرة 206، وفي عام 1962 أنتج خمسة نماذج للطائرة لاختبار الجيش ومرحلة التقييم، النموذج الأول طار في 8 ديسمبر/كانون الأول 1962.

أصبح النموذج YOH-4A معروفاً كالبطة الصغيرة القبيحة بالمقارنة مع طائرة التأكيد الأخرى.

التاريخ

النموذج الأول A 206 طار في 10 يناير/كانون الثاني 1966، والطائرة والطائرة كشفت في وقتً لاحقً من ذلك الشهر في جمعية مروحية أمريكا.
في 20 أكتوبر / تشرين الأول 1966. استلم جترانغر شهادة كاملة بإدارة الطيران الغتحادية (FAA) وتسليم جترانغر إلى الزبائن بدأً من 13 يناير/ كانون الثاني 1967، الطائرة الأولى شريت من قبل هاري هولي رئيس شركة هوليماش والمالك السابق.

الصور

المصادر

طائرات الولايات المتحدة المروحية 1960–1969
206
طائرات مروحية ذات توربين واحد
طائرات منافع مدنية أمريكية 1960–1969
طائرات منافع مدنية كندية 1960–1969
مروحيات عسكرية
طائرات في القوات المسلحة الأمريكية

بيل 206


1996 yılında Hakan Alpin'in sahipliği ve Bülent Akkoç'un editörlüğünde çıkmaya başlayan Atılgan Bilimkurgu dergisi, 2000 yılına kadar toplam 14 sayı yayınlamıştır. İlk 10 sayısı düzenli olarak iki ayda bir yayınlanan dergi, 11. sayısından itibaren giderek artan zaman aralıkları ile yayınlanmış ve 15. sayısının içeriği hazır olmasına rağmen ekonomik güçlüklerden dolayı çıkarılamamıştır.

Her sayısı 1000 adet basılan dergi, dağıtım problemi nedeniyle ancak İstanbul'daki bazı kitapçılarda satılmış, alternatif olarak kargo yoluyla ulaştırılmış ve 30 kadarı da basın-yayın camiasına dağıtılmıştır. Amatör bir çabanın ürünü olan ve fanzin niteliğinde olan dergi, Türk bilimkurgu yayıncılığı tarihinde kendine yer bulan önemli çalışmalardan biridir.

İçerik
Adını Uzay Yolu bilimkurgu dizisindeki uzay gemisi Atılgan'dan alan dergide, Türkçeye ilk kez çevrilmiş öyküleriyle yabancı yazarlar ve Türk yazarların öykülerinin yanı sıra ünlü bilimkurgu yazarlarının yaşam öyküleri, bilimkurgu konusunda açıklayıcı yazılar, bilimkurgu sineması, kitap özetleri, o güne dek yayımlanmış kitapların tarihçesi, okurlardan gelen mesajlar, bilimkurgu bilgi testleri ve kısa bilimkurgu çizgi romanlar yer almıştır.

Kadrosu
Hakan Alpin (sahibi), Bülent Akkoç (editör), Aşkın Güngör (yazar, çizer), Gurur Asi, Hüsnü Çoruk, Sezen Kaymak, Faysal Kemerizlioğlu, Cem Kılıç, Ant Özok, Seyfi Şirin, Yaman Angay, Kamil Aydınlı, Ali Düzgün, Mustafa Edebali, Emrah Göker, Kemal Kulaoğlu, Özlem Kurdoğlu, Nuri Kurtcebe, Varol Mert, Murad Omay, Melih Tarı, Lami Tiryaki, Arman Torosyan, Cüneyt Gültakın, Cüneyt Uçman.

Eski sayılar
Derginin ancak sahaflarda bulunabilen eski sayılarının tamamı Fanzin Apartmanı tarafından çoğaltılarak İzmirCON 19'da okurlarla buluşturuldu. Derginin eski sayılarından bazılarına Özgen Berkol Doğan Bilimkurgu Kütüphanesi'nde ücretsiz ulaşılabilir.

Bilimkurgu Öyküleri Seçkisi
Atılgan Bilimkurgu dergisini oluşturan ekip tarafından Ekim 1999'da, 11 farklı yazarın kaleme aldığı 11 farklı öykü barındıran Bilimkurgu Öyküleri Seçkisi adında bir de kitap çıkarılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Bilimkurgu dergileri
Yayımı sona eren Türkiye dergileri
Türkçe dergiler
1996'da kurulan dergiler

Atılgan Bilimkurgu


Velika Odaliska (fra. Grande Odalisque) je ulje na platnu francuskog slikara Jeana Augustea Dominiquea Ingresa i predstavnika neoklasicizma koji se ovim djelom približio romantizmu. Djelo je nastalo 1814. i predstavlja odalisku, orijentalnu konkubinu.

Ona leži gola na krevetu u pozi koja priziva renesansne Venere, ali i izravno utemljenoj na slici Ingresova učitelja, Jacques-Louis Davida, Portret Madame Récamier iz 1800. Prikazani su samo leđa i dio jedne dojke, ali ako se pažljivo pogleda njeno lice, čini se kako je odsutna. Ingres stvara skrivenu erotiku naglašavanjem raskošnog egzotičnog konteksta. Lepeza u obliku pauna, turban, veliki biseri, nargile, kao i naslov slike; sve se odnosi na francusku koncepciju orijenta. Ingresova jedinstvena kombinacija boja i osvjetljenja stvara neobičnu, egzotičnu atmosferu protkanu senzualnošću. Iako Velika Odaliska može predstavljati nježnu žensku ljepotu, njen pogled istovremeno dosta skriva, ili jednostavno ne odaje nikakve osjećaje. Pored toga, udaljenost između njenog pogleda i njene karlice može biti fizičko predstavljanje dubine misli i kompleksnih ženskih emocija.

Tadašnja kritika ju je osudila zbog izduženih proporcija i izostanka anatomskog realizma

Izvori

 Fred Kleiner i Christian J. Mamiya, Gardner's Art Through the Ages (12 ed.), California: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2005. str. 826. – 827.

Romantičarske slike
Slike iz 1810-ih
Slike u Louvreu

Velika Odaliska


الجيل أو العائلة في فيزياء الجسيمات هو تقسيم للجسيمات الأولية. تختلف جسيمات الأجيال حسب الكتلة. فجميع التآثرات الأساسية والأعداد الكمية تكون متماثلة. يوجد هناك ثلاث أجيال حسب النموذج العياري لفيزياء الجسيمات.

ينقسم كل جيل إلى اثنان ليبتون واثنان كوارك. فاللبتونات قد تصنف إلى لبتون به شحنة كهربائية -1 (شبيه الكترون) ولبتون محايد (neutrino); أما الكواركات فتصنف إلى كوارك بشحنة − (النموذج السفلي) وبشحنة + (العلوي)

كل عنصر من الجيل الأعلى له كتلة أعلى من كتلة مثيله من الجسيم في الجيل الأدنى. فمثلا كتلة جسيم الإلكترون في الجيل الأول تساوي ، بينما الميون في الجيل الثاني فكتلته ، أما التاو الموجود بالجيل الثالث فكتلته  (ضعف كتلة البروتون).

تتكون جميع جسيمات الذرات العادية من الجيل الأول. حيث الكترونات تحيط بنواة مكونة من بروتونات ونيوترونات، وتحتوي على كواركات علوية وسفلية. أما الجيلين الثاني والثالث من الجسيمات المشحونة فهي لا تحدث في المادة العادية بل أنها ترى فقط في البيئات ذات الطاقة العالية جدا. أما النيترينو الموجودة في جميع الأجيال فهي تتدفق خلال فضاء الكون الفسيح ولكنها نادرا ما تتفاعل مع المادة العادية.

من المتأمل أن يكون الفهم الشامل للعلاقة ما بين أجيال اللبتونات قد يفسر بالنهاية العلاقة ما بين كتل الجسيمات الأولية، ويسلط المزيد من الضوء بشكل عام على طبيعة الكتلة، من المنظور الكمي.

احتمال وجود جيل رابع
استبعد وجود جيل رابع أو فما فوق في النموذج العياري وذلك خلال الاعتبارات ا لنظرية. فبعض البراهين التي ضد احتمالية وجود جيل رابع قد استندت إلى تعديلات متقنة لملاحظات كهربية ضعيفة بالغة الدقة كانت ستعمل على إحداث جيل رابع; تلك التعديلات كانت مرغوبة جدا بواسطة المقاييس. بالإضافة إلى أن الجيل الرابع استبعد مع النيترونو الخفيف (الذي كتلته أقل من ) بواسطة قياس نطاقات بوزون Z و W (سيرن وليب). مع ذلك لا تزال الأبحاث في المعجلات عالية الطاقة للجسيمات من الجيل الرابع مستمرة، ولكن إلى الآن لا وجود أي دلائل تم كشفها. وفي هذه الأبحاث، فإن جسيمات الجيل الرابع قد تم ترميزها برموز على أنها جسيمات الجيل الثالث مع إضافة مقدمة لها (مثل b′ وt′).

المصادر

فيزياء الجسيمات
كوارك

جيل (فيزياء الجسيمات)


Baron Riverdale, of Sheffield in the County of York, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 27 June 1935 for the Sheffield steel manufacturer Sir Arthur Balfour, 1st Baronet, Chairman of Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd.

Balfour had already been created a baronet, of Sheffield in the County of York, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1929. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He was chairman and president of Balfour & Darwins Ltd (formerly Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd) as well as president of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce. He was a lieutenant commander in the Royal Navy in the Second World War.

Since 1998, the titles have been held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded in 1998. He is the only son of the Hon. Mark Robin Balfour, eldest son of the second Baron.

Barons Riverdale (1935)
Arthur Balfour, 1st Baron Riverdale (1873–1957)
Robert Arthur Balfour, 2nd Baron Riverdale (1901–1998)
Hon. Mark Robin Balfour (1927–1995)
Anthony Robert Balfour, 3rd Baron Riverdale (born 1960)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's uncle the Hon. David Rowland Balfour (born 1938).

Line of Succession

  Arthur Balfour, 1st Baron Riverdale (1873–1957)
  Robert Arthur Balfour, 2nd Baron Riverdale (1901–1998)
 Hon. Mark Robin Balfour (1927–1995)
  Anthony Robert Balfour, 3rd Baron Riverdale (born 1960)
 (1) Hon. David Rowland Balfour (b. 1938)
 Hon. Francis Henry Balfour (1905–1994)
 (2) Arthur Michael Balfour (b. 1938)
 (3) Edward Francis Balfour (b. 1965)
 (4) James Henry Balfour (b. 1966)
 (5) Jeremy Ralph Balfour (b. 1948)
 (6) Robert Henry Balfour (b. 1980)
 (7) Andrew James Balfour (b. 1991)
 (8) Daniel Mark Balfour (b. 1991)
 (9) William Henry Balfour (b. 2023)

References

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1935
Clan Balfour

Baron Riverdale


Sigerfjorden er en fjord i Sortlandssundet i Sortland kommune i Nordland fylke  i Norge. Fjorden går otte kilometer ind til gården Austpollen på Hinnøya. Fjorden har indløb mellem Kjerringneset i nord og Brokløysklubben i syd. Kjerringnesøya og Åserøya ligger midt i indløbet. Fjorden går først mod øst, men ved Husvik svinger den sydover til Vangpollneset, hvor den drejer mod øst igen. På vestsiden af Vangpollneset ligger vigen Vangpollen, mens den inderste del af fjorden ind til enden  bliver kaldt Austpollen.

Lige nordøst for Åserøya ligger landsbyen Sigerfjord. På den anden side af fjorden, lidt længere inde, ligger bebyggelserne Spjutvik og Husvik. Riddarset ligger lige nord for Vangpollneset.

Riksvej 822 går langs hele sydsiden af fjorden. Vejen langs nordsiden  er i dag kommunal, men var tidligere en del af Europavej E10/riksvej 19, indtil vejen gennem Kjerringnesdalen med Sigerfjordtunnelen blev åbnet i 1995.

Sneskred
7. marts 1956 var der et stort sneskred i Skredbukta i Sigerfjorden. Mændene i bygden var på fiskeri, men otte børn og fire kvinder omkom i skredet. Samme dag var der også sneskred flere andre steder i Vesterålen og Lofoten, og i alt 21 mennesker omkom ved .

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Nordland

Sortland
Hinnøya

Sigerfjorden


Karta Vinlanda po mnogima je karta svijeta iz 15. stoljeća napravljena na osnovu karte iz 13. stoljeća na kojoj se pored Afrike, Azije, Europe i Grenlanda vidi i dio Sjeverne Amerike do kojeg su prvi došli Vikinzi i nazvali ga Vinland.
Na karti je zapisano da su Vikinzi posjetili Vinland još u 11. stoljeću, znatno prije nego što je Kristofor Kolumbo otkrio Sjevernu Ameriku.
Do danas nije pouzdano utvrđeno je li ova karta autentična ili je samo izuzetno dobar falsifikat.

O postojanju karte šira je javnost prvi put saznala 1957. godine, tri godine prije otkrića vikinške naseobine u arheološkom nalazištu L'Anse aux Meadows na Newfoundlandu.
Kartu je za Sveučilište Yale otkupio Paul Mellon. Kartu i dalje posjeduje Sveučilište Yale. Sveučilište Yale više ne tvrdi da je karta originalna, već to pitanje ostavlja ekspertima na razmatranju.

Autentičnost
Starost karte, odnosno materijala na kojem je nacrtana, utvrđena je datiranjem ugljika-14 te se s velikim stupnjem sigurnosti može reći da je karta nastala između 1423. i 1445. godine. Isto se ne može isto reći za mastilo kojim je karta nacrtana. Po nekim analizama, mastilo sadrži materijale kojima čovječanstvo raspolaže tek od 1920. godine.

S druge strane mnogi stručnaci koji su proveli vlastite analize, iako ne poriču da upotrebljeno mastilo sadrži i suvremene materijale, tvrde kako je karta mogla biti kontaminirana te je stoga autentična.

U prilog skepticima autentičnosti ide i činjenica da je Grenland vjerno prikazan, iako on nije bio oplovljen sve do suvremenog doba, pa se stoga postavlja pitanje kako je autor karte znao da je Grenland otok i još važnije, kako je znao njegove točne konture.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Vinlanda: The Vinland Map on the Web
 Članak BBC-a o karti
 Archaeological Forgeries
 Carpini's voyage to the great khan.
 2003-11-28, Science Daily: Vindication For Vinland Map: New Study Supports Authenticity Quote: "...Recent conclusions that the storied Vinland Map is merely a clever forgery are based on a flawed understanding of the evidence...Norse explorers charted North America long before Columbus...these elements raise serious doubts about the possibility of forgery..."
 Brookhaven National Laboratory: Scientists Determine Age of New World Map. "Vinland Map" , "Vinland Map" hi-res image of the map,2.5 Mb  Quote: "...date of 1434 A.D. plus or minus 11 years...Recent testing, however, only revealed trace quantities of titanium, whose presence may be a result of contamination, the chemical deterioration of the ink over the centuries, or may even have been present naturally in the ink used in medieval times. Another recent study detected carbon, which has also been presented as evidence of a forgery. However, carbon can also be found in medieval ink. Current carbon-dating technology does not permit the dating of samples as small as the actual ink lines on the map...."
 Nature, 1 August 2002: New fight over old map. Debate over oldest map of America flares again
 Welcome to The Ohio State Univ. Department of Economics: The Vinland Map, Some "Finer Points" of the Debate, J. Huston McCulloch, August, 2001
 "The Viking Deception", an episode of Nova, first aired on PBS on February 8, 2005
 "Vinland Re-read" by Paul Saenger (Newberry Library), particularly focussing on details of the map purchase
 Review of a book thesis with alleged connection of the fraud with the German jesuit Josef Fischer in the 1930ties

Kartografija
Vikinzi

Karta Vinlanda


El Cortello dos Lobos es un conjunto etnológico creado como trampa para la caza de ejemplares vivos de lobo en la localidad de Lubián, perteneciente al municipio homónimo de la provincia Zamora (Castilla y León, España).

Lubián, al igual que las restantes localidades de la comarca de Sanabria, ha sido un territorio lobero por excelencia. El hombre, en su anhelo por reducir la capacidad depredadora de este cánido ideó a lo largo de la historia diversos tipos de trampas. El cortello es uno de estos ejemplos, como también lo son el chorco, el cerrado lobero o la nevera. Todas estas construcciones se sitúan en la mitad norte de España.

La falta de documentación relacionada con el Cortello dos Lobos, junto con su carácter popular, hace que su origen sea incierto. Se le atribuyen varios siglos de antigüedad, no siendo preciso el dato de si los construyeron los lugareños de Lubián o los pastores trashumantes en su deambular entre Extremadura y la cordillera Cantábrica. En la actualidad se encuentra rehabilitado, aunque sin uso desde mediados del .

Contexto

Las trampas para lobos son una muestra etnográfica del patrimonio del norte de la península ibérica. Existen ejemplos del mismo en los territorios de Cantabria, Castilla y León, Galicia, Navarra y en el norte de Portugal. Dada su presencia en un espacio geográfico tan amplio, su denominaciones son muy variadas, entre ellas las de fosos, loberas, corral, curros, cortellos, cousos, chorcos, pozos y  callejos. Además, su existencia se encuentra ya presente en el Libro de la Montería de Alfonso XI.

En Castilla y León existen varios ejemplos en el norte de las provincias de Burgos, León y Zamora. En esta última provincia se conservan dos en la denominada Alta Sanabria: el "Curro dos Lobos" de Barjacoba y el "Cortello dos Lobos" de Lubián. Ambas pertenecen a lo que en la bibliografía especializada se denomina como "foso de cabrita".

Etimología

El vocablo cortello es de origen gallego y significa corral, es decir, un espacio cerrado y descubierto, en las casas o en el campo, que sirve habitualmente para la guarda de animales.

Se denomina cortello, y no corral, porque en Lubián se habla gallego. Su ubicación en un territorio de relieve especialmente montañoso, con difícil acceso a las restantes localidades zamoranas de Sanabria, unido a la fácil accesibilidad a las vecinas localidades de la provincia de Orense, favoreció durante siglos su relación e intercambio con estas últimas localidades gallegas. Sus habitantes utilizan a diario una "fala" considerada galaico-portuguesa, fácilmente constatable en los topónimos y denominaciones existentes en su término municipal.

Descripción

El Cortello dos Lobos es una construcción propia de la arquitectura popular del noroeste español. Su finalidad es la de servir de trampa específica para la caza de ejemplares vivos de lobos. Se trata de un recinto de forma circular, con un diámetro de en torno a los treinta metros. Su interior, se encuentra delimitado con una pared de piedras ensambladas sin argamasa y de una altura de en torno a los tres metros. La cara interior de la pared está formada por lajas, es decir, por piedras planas que dificultan la huida del lobo del recinto.

Esta construcción se encuentra situada a media montaña, a unos quinientos metros por encima de Lubián. Su construcción se hizo aprovechando la inclinación de la ladera, de forma que la parte exterior del muro situado monte arriba, se encuentra a nivel del terreno. Esta última característica facilita la entrada del lobo en el recinto de un salto. En el interior, más o menos hacia el centro, existe un mogote de piedra que se utilizaba para atar el cebo, generalmente una cabra u oveja.

Funcionamiento

El cortello se usaba preferentemente durante los meses de invierno, ya que en verano el lobo solía dirigirse hacia territorios situados más al sur, principalmente a los llanos de la Meseta y a Portugal.

El funcionamiento del cortello requiere la existencia de un cebo, generalmente una cabra u oveja. Para ello, las familias de Lubián se turnaban en su mantenimiento. El balido del ovino indefenso y atado a un mogote, era suficiente reclamo como para que el lobo hiciera acto de presencia. Este, tras localizar el borde del cortello situado monte arriba y a ras de suelo, accede de un salto al interior en busca de la presa.

Una vez dentro, el lobo no tarda en ser consciente de que ha sido apresado, por lo que se dedica infructuosamente a buscar una salida. Esta conducta de supervivencia propicia que el cebo no suela ser atacado. En caso contrario, el ayuntamiento de Luibián se encargaba de abonar satisfactoriamente a la familia que lo aportó.

Conocida la captura por cualquiera de los vecinos, y al grito de ¡lobo no cortello! (¡lobo en el corral!) da aviso a los restantes vecinos del pueblo que, a su vez, son convocados a la puerta del cortello con el repique de las campanas de la iglesia. Varios mozos del pueblo son los encargados de entrar en el recinto para reducir al Lobo. Para ello, cuentan con la ayuda de una espadalleira, horquilla agrícola de madera con dos brazos que comúnmente se utiliza para quebrar la corteza o espadar el lino. Una vez apresado, el lobo es inmovilizado con un bozal de hierro y varias anillas.

Los vecinos del pueblo, congregados a la puerta adintelada del cortello, acompañan a captores y lobo en su regreso al pueblo. El lobo era conducido a una cuadra, donde solía morir de angustia por el apresamiento en un plazo aproximado de 24 horas.

Muerto el lobo, era cargado por los mozos del pueblo en un burro para pasearlo por el resto de los pueblos vecinos a modo de trofeo. En estas localidades solían recibir monedas y productos de la tierra como recompensa por el apresamiento. Finalmente, en Lubián se organizaba una fiesta a la que asistía toda la comunidad.

Normativa

No existen ordenanzas municipales que regulen el funcionamiento del cortello, actuando el pueblo conforme a la tradición existente durante siglos y conforme a la interpretación del Monteiro Mayor, autoridad que ejercía como tal en todo lo relacionado con el cortello.

Actualidad

Actualmente el Cortello dos Lobos se encuentra restaurado y sin uso. Los habitantes de Lubián organizan en torno a esta singular trampa de lobos el denominado Día do Cortello. El acto consiste en una cena popular, a base de cordero y amenizada con la narración de historias y/o actuaciones de grupos musicales.

Tanto el "Cortello dos Lobos" de Lubián, como el "Curro dos Lobos" de Barjacoba han sido presentados, infructuosamente, en las Cortes de Castilla y León a fin de que la Junta de Castilla y León incoe el expediente oportuno para que sean declarados como bienes de interés cultural con categoría de conjunto etnológico.

Bibliografía

El Cortello Dos Lobos de Lubián (Zamora); Autor: Juan Carlos Cabrero Figueiro; Localización: Argutorio, revista de la Asociación Cultural "Monte Irago", , Año 5, Nº. 11, 2003 , págs. 39-41

Véase también

Referencias

Lubián
Sanabria

Cortello dos Lobos


Robert Lamoureux () a fost un actor francez, scenarist și regizor de film. Între 1951 și 1994 a jucat în 37 de filme. A apărut în filmul Les aventures d'Arsène Lupin (1957), care a fost prezentat la  a 7-a ediție a Festivalului International de Film de la Berlin.

Filmografie

Regizor
1960 : Ravissante
1960 : La Brune que voilà
1973 : Mais où est donc passée la septième compagnie ? (Unde a dispărut compania a șaptea?)
1974 : Impossible... pas français
1975 : On a retrouvé la septième compagnie (S-a regăsit compania a șaptea)
1975 : Opération Lady Marlène
1977 : La Septième Compagnie au clair de lune (Compania a șaptea sub clar de lună)

Actor

Filme cinematografice
1951 : Le Roi des camelots regizat de André Berthomieu : Robert
 1951 : Le Don d'Adèle regizat de Émile Couzinet : Lui-même
1951 : Au fil des ondes de Pierre Gautherin
1951 : Chacun son tour regizat de André Berthomieu : Robert Montfort
1952 : Allô... je t'aime regizat de André Berthomieu : Pierre Palette
1953 : Lettre ouverte regizat de Alex Joffé : Martial Simonet
1953 : Pattes de velours (L'incantevole nemica) de Claudio Gora : Roberto Mancini
1953 : Virgile de Carlo Rim : François Virgile
1954 : Escalier de service de Carlo Rim : François Berthier
1954 : Tata, mama, bona și eu de Jean-Paul Le Chanois : Robert Langlois
1955 : Village magique de Jean-Paul Le Chanois : Robert
1955 : Si Paris nous était conté de Sacha Guitry : Latude
1956 : Papa, maman, ma femme et moi de Jean-Paul Le Chanois : Robert Langlois
1956 : Rencontre à Paris de Georges Lampin : Maurice Legrand
1956 : Une fée… pas comme les autres de Jean Tourane : Le narrateur
1957 : L'amour est en jeu de Marc Allégret : Robert Fayard
1957 : Les Aventures d'Arsène Lupin de Jacques Becker : Arsène Lupin
1958 : La Vie à deux de Clément Duhour : Thierry Raval
1959 : Signé Arsène Lupin regizat de Yves Robert : Arsène Lupin
1960 : La Française et l'Amour La Femme seule de Jean-Paul Le Chanois : Désiré
1960 : Ravissante de Robert Lamoureux : Thierry
1960 : La Brune que voilà de Robert Lamoureux : Germain
1973 : Unde a dispărut compania a șaptea? de Robert Lamoureux : Colonel Blanchet
1974 : Impossible... pas français de Robert Lamoureux : Le jardinier
1975 : A fost regăsită compania a 7-a! de Robert Lamoureux : Colonel Blanchet
1975 : Opération Lady Marlène de Robert Lamoureux : Le général
1977 : L'Apprenti salaud de Michel Deville : Antoine Chapelot
1977 :  Compania a 7-a sub clar de lună de Robert L'amoureux : Colonel Blanchet
1991 : Le Jour des rois de Marie-Claude Treilhou : Albert

 Televiziune
1970-1971 : Au théâtre ce soir (serial TV) : Frédéric / Germain Vignon / Commissaire Pellizari
1975 : Ne coupez pas mes arbres (film TV) : Sir William Belmont
1981 : Le charlatan (film TV) : Albert Montagneux
1983 : Emmenez-moi au théâtre: La soupière (film TV) : Oncle Alphonse
1984 : Diable d'homme! (film TV) : Lauret-Bayoux
1986 : Maguy (serial TV) : Albert
1986 : Le dindon (film TV) : Pontagnac
1989 : La taupe (film TV) : Colonel Archambault
1992 et 1994 : La guerre des privés (serial TV) : De Lambrolle
1994 : L'amour foot'' (film TV) : Le maire

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1920
Decese în 2011
Actori francezi
Scenariști francezi
Regizori francezi

Robert Lamoureux


Rumæniens nationale under-21 fodboldlandhold er et landshold for unge rumænske fodboldspillere.

Spillerne skal være 21 år gamle eller yngre ved starten af et kvalificerende spil til en europæisk U21 turnering.

Ved selve turneringen må spillerne højst være 23 år gamle.

Bedste resultat
Det bedste resultat opnået af Rumæniens U-21-hold er kvalifikationen for EM 1998. Under ledelse af Victor Piţurcă og med en generation af spillere, der blandt andet tæller Bogdan Lobonţ, Florentin Petre, Ionel Dănciulescu og Cătălin Munteanu, afsluttede Rumænien kvalifikationsfasen med maksimale point efter at have vundet alle otte spil. Holdet blev elimineret i kvartfinalen, hvor de tabte 2-1 til Holland.ddd

Stadium
Rumæniens U/21 hold har ikke et fast hjem. Holdet spiller i stadioner placeret over hele Rumænien. På grund af den mindre efterspørgsel i forhold til A-landsholdet, anvendes ofte mindre faciliteter.

Aktuel trup
Følgende spillere blev indkaldt til venskabskamp mod Belgien den 15. november 2018:

Følgende spillere er også blevet indkaldt til Rumæniens U/21-hold og er fortsat berettigede:

(Sidst opdateret januar 2019)

U/21-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Rumæniens U/21-fodboldlandshold


Mi (Μ μ) (Yunanca:Μι veya Μυ, Mi) Yunan alfabesinin onikinci harfidir. Fenike alfabesi'nin mem  harfinden gelmektedir. Türkçe'deki /m/ sesine karşılık gelir. Eğer yanına Ππ harfi gelirse sözcük içinde bulunduğu duruma göre B sesi de verebilir.

Örnekler
Mαγαζί (magazi) = Mağaza

Mανάβικο (manaviko) = Manav

Mανιτάρι (manitari) = Mantar

Mαραγκός (marangoz) = Marangoz

Mαργαρίνη (margarini) = Margarin

Mιναρές (minares) = Minare

Mπακάλης (bakalis) = Bakkal

Mπαμπάς (babas) = Baba

Mπικίνι (bikini) = Bikini

Μ

Mi (harf)


Velodromul Olimpic din Rio, fostul Velodromul din Barra, este o pistă de ciclism din Rio de Janeiro, Brazilia. Este situat în cartierul Barra da Tijuca, în zona de est a orașului, în apropierea de HSBC Arena și de circuitul Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet.

Construit pentru Jocurile Panamericane din 2007 la un cost de 7 milioane de dolari, Velodromul din Barra a fost prima instalație de antrenament din oraș pentru cicliștii pe pistă. După Jocurile Panamericane a adăpostit o școală de ciclism pentru copii din cartierele sărace. Totuși, a fost demolat câteva ani mai târziu în cadrul pregătirilor pentru Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016: reabilitarea clădirii ar fi fost la fel de costisitoare ca reconstrucția.

Noul velodrom, redenumit "Velodromul Olimpic din Rio", a fost construit începând cu februarie 2015 ca parte noului Parc Olimpic din Barra pentru găzduirea probelor de ciclism pe pistă la Jocurile Olimpice și la Jocurile Paralimpice de vară din 2016. Viitoarea structură va avea o capacitate de 5.000 de locuri permanente și de 800 de locuri temporare. Pista din lemn de pin de Siberia va avea o lungime de 450 m; va fi înclinată la un unghi de 12° la cel mai de lin punct și la un unghi de 42° la cel mai abrupt punct. Până în ianuarie 2016, velodromul nu era încă finalizat.

Note

Rio de Janeiro
Locuri de desfășurare ale Jocurilor Olimpice de vară din 2016

Velodromul Olimpic din Rio


راماز أوروشادزه ، من مواليد 17 أغسطس 1939، لاعب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق في مركز حراسة المرمى. لعب مع منتخب الاتحاد السوفييتي لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية من جورجيا
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من تبليسي
لاعبو الدوري السوفيتي الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو توربيدو كوتيسي
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1964
أوروشادزه
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفيت
لاعبو منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي دينامو تبليسي
مواليد 1939
وفيات 2012
لاعبو كرة قدم من تبليسي

راماز أوروشادزه


Bulbinella rossii es una especie de planta bulbosa perteneciente a la familia Xanthorrhoeaceae. Es originaria de Nueva Zelanda.

Descripción
Es una planta perenne, que crece hasta 1 m de altura y un diámetro basal de 40 mm. Tiene las hojas de color verde oscuro, carnosaa, como cintas de 0,6-1 m de largo y 15-60 mm de ancho. La inflorescencia es en forma de racimo cilíndrico de hasta 600 mm de largo. Las flores son de color amarillo dorado de 10-14 mm de diámetro. El fruto es una cápsula con semillas de color marrón oscuro. La planta florece de octubre a enero y los frutos de diciembre a marzo.

Distribución y hábitat

Es endémica de Nueva Zelanda, de las islas Auckland y Campbell. No es común y se ha generalizado desde el nivel del mar a las cumbres de las montañas de la isla. Debido a que crece donde el suelo se ha alterado y donde no es particularmente agradable para transistar por los animales, es común cerca de los viejos sitios de ocupación humana y puede formar densas colonias en campos abiertos y praderas cespitosas.

Taxonomía
Bulbinella angustifolia fue descrita por (Hook.f.) Cheeseman y publicada en  Manual of the New Zealand Flora 717, en el año 1906.
Etimología
El epíteto específico rossii honra al explorador británico del Antártico James Clark Ross, quien visitó la isla Campbell en diciembre de 1840.
Sinonimia
Anthericum rossii (Hook.f.) Hook.f.
Chrysobactron rossii Hook.f. basónimo
Veratrum dubouzetii Hombr. & Jacquinot ex Decne.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Bulbinella

Bulbinella rossii


was a village located in Ito District, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 573 and a density of 12.08 persons per km2. The total area was 47.44 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Hanazono was merged into the expanded town of Katsuragi.

External links
 Official village website (in Japanese)

Dissolved municipalities of Wakayama Prefecture

Hanazono, Wakayama


Hiam Abbass (, ); nacida en Nazaret, Israel, el 30 de noviembre de 1960), también conocida como Hiam Abbas o Hiyam Abbas, es una actriz y directora de cine árabe israelí de origen palestino, con ciudadanía israelí y francesa. Es conocida por sus papeles en series como Succession o Ramy y películas como Satin Rouge, Haifa, Paradise Now, La novia siria, Free Zone, L'aube du monde, The Visitor, Los Limoneros y Amreeka. También ha tenido papeles en Múnich, de Steven Spielberg, o Blade Runner 2049, de Denis Villeneuve.

Dirigió dos cortometrajes, Le pain (2001) y La danse éternelle (2004), y un largometraje, Inheritance (2012).

Vida y carrera
Abbass nació en Nazaret, Israel, y fue criada en Deir Hanna, un pueblo de tradición musulmana en la frontera con Líbano. Tras cursar estudios de fotografía en Haifa, se unió a la compañía palestina de teatro El-Hakawati, en Jerusalén, para luego trabajar en una compañía teatral infantil. En 1987, tiene su primer papel en la película Boda en Galilea (Wedding in Galilea), del realizador palestino Michel Khleifi.

Se hizo famosa por su papel en la película Rojo oriental (Satin Rouge) de la realizadora tunecina Raja Amari (2002). También tuvo un papel similar en La novia siria (The Syrian Bride) (2005) y en Los limoneros (2008), ambas de Eran Riklis. Se la pudo ver en Zona libre, de Amos Gitaï (2005), Disengagement (2008) o Bab el shams, de Yousry Nasrallah (2004).

En Francia, también trabajó con Patrice Chéreau, Jean Becker y Radu Mihaileanu. En Estados Unidos, en 2008 interpretó a la madre de un inmigrante sirio en The Visitor, de Thomas McCarthy, actuó a las órdenes de Jim Jarmusch en Los límites del control (2009), e interpretó a Hind al-Husseini en Miral, de Julian Schnabel. Interpretó a la madre de un soldado de Irak en Dawn of the World, del realizador iraquí Abbas Fahdel.

Fue dialogue coach de los actores marroquíes de la película Babel, de Alejandro González Iñárritu, y de los actores árabes de Múnich.

En 2012, fue miembro del jurado de la 65° edición del Festival de Cine de Cannes, presidido por Nanni Moretti.

Rodó uno de los episodios de la película coral Jerusalem, I Love You, estrenada en 2015.

En 2017 actuó en Alma Mater, dirigida por Philippe Van Leeuw. En el Festival de Sevilla, obtuvo el Premio del Público. En esta película también intervienen Diamand Bou Abboud, Juliette Navis y Mohsen Abbas.

Abbass habla inglés con fluidez, así como el francés, idioma en el que ha protagonizado películas como Le sac de farine y Le temps de la balle.

Está casada con el actor francés Zinedine Soualem, con el que tiene dos hijas, y reside en París desde hace muchos años.

Filmografía

Directora

Premios

Por su papel en Los limoneros
 2008, Premio de la Academia de Cine de Israel a la mejor actriz.
 2008, Premio a la mejor actriz, Asia Pacific Screen Awards, Australia.
 2008, Premio a la mejor actriz, Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema, India.

Por su papel en The Visitor
 2008, premio de la Boston Society of Film Critics, Estados Unidos, compartido con Richard Jenkins, Haaz Sleiman y Danai Gurira, coprotagonistas de la película.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Nazaret
Actrices de Palestina
Actrices de Israel
Directores de cine de Palestina
Directores de cine de Israel
Actores de televisión de Israel
Musulmanes de Israel
Árabes israelíes
Francesas del siglo XX
Francesas del siglo XXI

Hiam Abbass


උඩරට නැටුම් යනු ලක්දිව මධ්‍යම කදුකර ප්‍රදේශයේ ආරම්භ වූ නැටුම් සම්ප්‍රදායකි. සිංහල නැටුම් සම්ප්‍රදායන් අතරින් එක් ප්‍රධාන සම්ප්‍රදායකි. මේ වන විට  මෙය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සෑම ප්‍රදේශයකම සිංහල ජනතාව අතරත් පුළුල් ව පැතිරී ඇත. 19වන සියවසේ අග දක්වාම පිරිමින්ට පමණක් සීමාවූ නැටුමකි. වර්තමානයේ කාන්තා උඩරට නැටුම් ද පුළුල් ව පැතිරී ඇත.

මුලික ප්‍රදේශ
 මහනුවර
 උඩුනුවර
 යටිනුවර
 හත්කෝරළේ
 හතරකෝරළේ
 දුම්බර
 හාරිස්පත්තුව
∆∆ප්‍රධාන වාද්‍ය භාණ්ඩය∆∆
•ගැට බෙරය

|පා සරඹ=12
|ගොඩ සරඹ=12

ඉතිහාසය

පුරාවෘත්තීන්ට අනුව එකල රජකම් කළ රජු සිහිනයකදී අඳුන් දිවියෙක් තමාගේ ඇඟට පනිනු දැක ඇත. එකල පැවති විශ්වාසයට අනුව, එම සිහිනය කුවේණියගේ ශාපය තමාමත පතිත වීමක් යැයි සැලකූ රජු ඉන් දරුණු ලෙස රෝගාතුර විය. මෙම රෝගය සුව කිරීම පිණිස රජු විසින් කළ ඉල්ලීමකට අනුව යැකැදුරන් පිරිසක් ඉන්දියාවේ සිට ලංකාවට පැමිණි අතර ඉන් පසු රජුහට කොහොඹා කංකාරිය නම් වූ ශාන්ති කර්මය සිදු කරන ලදී. මෙයින් රජු සම්පූර්ණ සුවය ලැබූ බවත්, දැනට පවතින උඩරට සාම්ප්‍රදායික නැටුම් කලාවේ මූලාරම්භය මෙය බවත් ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන් වේ.

මෙම නැටුම් සම්ප්‍රදායට ලාංකීය අන්‍යන්‍යතාවයක්ද එක් කොට ගනිමින් ඒ හා සම්බන්ධ වූ විශේෂ කුලයක් උඩරට රාජධානිය තුළ බිහි වූ අතර ඔවුහු දළදා වහන්සේට තේමාවන් පවත්වන කුලයේම විශේෂයේම කොටසක් වූහ. එමෙන්ම මොවුහු දළදා පෙරහැරේ ප්‍රධාන නැට්ටුවන් කොටසක් වශයෙන් ද පිළිගැනීමට ලක්වූහ.

බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන්ගේ උඩරට ආක්‍රමණයත් සමග උඩරට රාජධානිය බිඳ වැටුණු අතර මෙම සාම්ප්‍රදායික නැටුම් කලාවද ඒ හා සමගාමීව අභාවයට පත් විය. නිදහස ලැබිමත් සමග මෙම සුවිශේෂී කලාවේ ශේෂයන් තුළින් නැවතත් උඩරට සාම්ප්‍රදාය පණ ගැණුනු අතර අදටත් ලාංකීය සමාජයේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික නැටුම් වර්ග උඩරට නැටුම් කලාව දැකගත හැක.

පුරාවෘත්තයන්ට අනුව, උඩරට නර්තනය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මුලින්ම ආරම්භ වූයේ මෙරටට පැමිණි ඉන්දියානු යකැදුරන් පිරිසක් විසින් පවත්වන ලද කොහොඹා කංකාරිය නම් වූ ශාන්තිකර්මයක් මගින් යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

පුරාවෘත්තයන්ට අනුව, ඉන්දියානු යකැදුරන් මෙරටට පැමිණියේ කුවේණිය විසින් විජය රජුට සිදුකල දිවි දෝෂය ඔහුගෙන් පසු පඬුවස් දෙව් රජුට වැළඳී ඔහු අසාද්‍ය වූ පසු ඔහු සුව කිරීමටය. රජු යකැදුරන්ට පැවසුවේ දිවියෙක් තමාට පහර දෙනු නිතර නිතරම සිහිනෙන් පෙනෙන අතර එය තමාට මහත් පීඩාවක් බවයි. එය විජය රජුගේ පලමු බිසව වූ කුවේනියගේ ඉන්ද්‍රජාලික මායාවක් නිසා ඇති වූවක් බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. කොහොඹා කංකාරිය නම් වූ ශාන්තිකර්මය පැවැත්වීමෙන් පසු රෝගය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම සුව වූ අතර එය බෙහෝ ස්වදේශිකයන්ගේ අවධානයට ලක් විය.

මෙය මූලිකව ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද්දේ උඩරට රාජ්‍ය ක්‍රමය විසින් නම් කරන ලද විරල කුලයක නැට්ටුවන් විසිනි. මොවුහු ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාවේ රැකියාවන්ට අනුයුක්තව රාජකාරි කල අතර වාර්ෂිකව පවත්වනු ලබන ශ්‍රී දළදා පෙරහැරේදී සුවිශේෂී මෙහෙයක් ඉටු කළහ.

උඩරට රජවරුන්ගේ අනුබලය යටතේ පැවත ආ මෙම සාම්ප්‍රදායික නැටුම් ක්‍රමයේ ජනප්‍රියත්වය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලන සමයත් සමග තරමක් දුරට හීන විය. වර්තමානයේදී එය නැවත උද්‍යෝගිමත් වී වේදිකාවට ගැලපෙන ලෙස හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මූලික සංස්කෘතික අංගයක් ලෙස කැපී පෙනෙයි.

උඩරට නැටුම් වර්ග

වෙස් නැටුම්

උඩරට වෙස් නර්තනය ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ ඉතාමත් වැදගත් සංස්කෘතික අංගයකි. එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අනන්‍යතාවය සංකේතවත් කරන ඉතාමත් වැදගත් සංස්කෘතික අංගයකි. වෙස් නර්තන කලාවේ එන ඉතාමත් වැදගත් නර්තන අංගයකි කොහොඹා කංකාරිය. මහා සම්මත රජ දවස ඔහුගේ විවාහය නිමිත්තෙන් මෙම වෙස් නර්තනය මුලින්ම නර්තනය කල බව පතපොතේ සඳහන් වේ.

වෙස් නර්තන ශිල්පියෙකුගේ ඇඳුම් කට්ටලය දෙවිවරු විසිහතර දෙනෙකුගේ ඇඳුම් ආයිත්තම් වලින් සකස් වුවක් බව නර්තන කලාවේ සඳහන් වේ. එම නිසා නර්තන ශිල්පින් ඉමහත් ගෞරවයෙන් මෙම වෙස් ඇඳුම් කට්ටලය  භාවිතා කරයි. නුවර ඇසල පෙරහැරේ ඉතාමත් විචිත්‍රවත් නර්තන අංගයක් ලෙස ද මෙම වෙස් නර්තන අංගයන් හැඳින්විය හැක. එය ඇසල පෙරහැරේ අනිවාර්ය අංගයකි.

වෙස් නැට්ටුවන් හට දළදා පෙරහැරෙහි කංකාරි දෙවොල් සීමාවෙන් පිටතදී නැටුම් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට අවස්ථාව ලැබුණේ 19 වන සියවසෙහි අග භාගයේ සිටය. විචිත්‍ර වෙස් ඇදුමෙන් සැරසුණු වත්මන් වෙස් නැ‍ට්ටුවා උඩරට නර්තනයේ ප්‍රතිමූර්තියක් බදුය.

නෛඅඩි නැටුම

නෛඅඩි නර්තනය රග දක්වනු ලබන්නේ කොහොඹා කංකාරි‍ය සදහා සූදානම් වන අතරතුර එනම් පහන් දැල්වීමේදී හා යකුන්, පිශාචයන් උදෙසා පිදේනි පුදන අතරතුරදීය. නැට්ටුවා තම ඇදුම් කට්ටලය වශයෙන් සුදු රෙද්දක්, අත් පළදනා, ජටාව, ජටා පටිය, ශිඛා බන්ධනය, දෙවුර මාලා, ශිලම්බු (පා සළඹ) සහ ගෙජ්ජි යනාදියෙන් සැරසෙයි. මෙය මහා විෂ්නු සහ කතරගම දේවාල භූමියන්හි විශේෂ උත්සව අවශ්යතාවන් සදහා ද ඉදිරිපත් කෙරෙන ඉතා සුන්දර නර්තනාංගයකි.

උඩැක්කි නැටුම

උඩැක්කි නර්තනය යනු ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ නර්තන විශේෂයකි. දෙවියන් විසින් දෙන ලදැයි සැලකෙන මෙම උඩැක්කිය අගල් 7 1/2 පමන දිගින් යුතු ඔප දැමූ බෙරයක හැඩැති වාද්ය භාණ්ඩයකි. පුරාණ විශ්වාසයන්ට අනුව මෙහි බෙර සම් ඊශ්වර දෙවියන්ගේද, නාදය විෂ්නු දෙවියන්ගේද දායාදයන් වන අතර එය වාදනය කළ යුත්තේ ශක්‍ර දෙවියන්ගේ උපදෙස් වලට අනුකූලව දෙවියන්ගේ දේව සභාවේදීය. මෙය වාදනය කිරීමට අසීරු වාද්‍ය භාණ්ඩයකි.නැට්ටුවා විසින්ම ගායනයද සිදු කෙරෙන අතර බෙර පටි තද කරමින් හඩෙහි උස් පහත් වීම් වලට අනුව උඩැක්කිය වාදනය කළ යුතුය.

පන්තේරු නැටුම

පන්තේරුව පත්තිනි දේව මෑණියන් හට වෙන් කෙරුණු වාද්‍ය භාණ්ඩයකි. එය හැඩයෙන් බෙර සම් රහිත රබානකට සමාන වන අතර පරිධිය වටා කුඩා අත්තාලම් සවි කර ඇත. දෙවියන් මෙය යුධ ජයග්‍රහණ සැමරීමේදී වාද්‍ය භාණ්ඩයක් ලෙස යොදා ගන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර පැරණි සිංහල රජවරුන් යුද්ධ භූමියන්හි ජයග්‍රහණ සැමරීම සදහා පන්තේරු නැට්ටුවන් යොදා ගෙන ඇත. පන්තේරු නැට්ටුවාගේ ඇදුම් කට්ටලය උඩැක්කි  නැට්ටුවාගේ ඇදුම් කට්ටලයට බොහෝ සෙයින් සමාන වන නමුත් පබළු උරමාලයක් ඊට අඩංගු නොවේ.

වන්නම්

ආරම්භයේදී වන්නම් යනු ගායනා විශේෂයකි. බොහෝ විට වන්නම් වලින් විස්තර කෙරෙන්නේ ඇතා, වදුරා, සාවා, මොණරා, කුකුළා, සර්පයා වැනි සත්ව විශේෂයන්හි හැසිරීම් රටාවයි. පසු කාලීනව නැට්ටුවන් විසින් වන්නම් සිය නර්තනයන්හි පසුබිම් ගායනා ලෙස යොදා ගන්නා ලදී. උඩරට නැටුම් ක්‍රමයෙහි වන්නම් 18ක් පමණ ඇත. සාම්ප්‍රදායානුකූලව වෙස් නැටුම් කට්ටලය පැළැදීමට පෙර උඩරට නැටටුවකු විසින් මේ සියලුම වන්නම් ප්‍රගුණ කළ යුතුය. මේවා අතුරින් වඩාත් ප්‍රසිදධ වන්නම් ලෙස හනුමා වන්නම (වදුරා), උකුසා වන්නම (උකුස්සා), ගජභා වන්නම (ඇතා) ගත හැක.

වන්නම් යන වචනය සෑදී ඇත්තේ වර්ණනා (සවිස්තරාත්මක වර්ණනාව) යන සිංහල වචනයෙනි. පුරාණ සිංහල ග්‍රන්ථයන්හි සැලකියයුතු වන්නම් ප්‍රමාණයක් දැකිය හැකි වුවද, පසු‍ව ඒවා යම් නිශ්චිත අදහසක් ප්‍රකාශ කෙරෙන ඒකල නර්තනයන් සදහා සුදුසු ගායනා ලෙස අනුවර්තනය විය. ඉතිහාසයේ දැක්වෙන පරිදි ශ්‍රී වීර පරාක්‍රම නරෙන්ද්‍රසිංහ රජු විසින් නර්තනයට හා සංගීතයට විශාල අනුබලයක් ලබා දී ඇත.

මෙ‍ම වන්නම් 18 පුරාණ ඉසිවරයෙකු වූ ගනිතාලංකාර විසින් මහනුවර පන්සලක විසූ බෞද්ධ හිමි නමකගේ සහය ඇතිව රචනා කරන ලදැයි සැලකේ. ස්වභාවධර්මය, ඉතිහාසය, පුරාවෘත්ත, ගැමි ආගම් ඇදහිලි ක්‍රම, ජන කලා පදනම් කරගෙන රචිත මෙම වන්නම් සෑම එකකින්ම කියම් වූ මනෝ භාවයක් ඉදිරිපත් කෙරේ. උඩරට නැටුම් ක්‍රමයේ එන වන්නම් 18 වන්නේ ගජභා, තුරගා, මයුරා, ගාහක, උරගා, මුසලඩි, උකුසා, වෛරඩි, හනුමා, සැවුලා, සිංහරාජ, නාග, කිරලා, ඊරඩි, සුරපති, ගණපති, උදාර (රජුගේ තේජස් භාවය හා ශ්‍රී විභූතිය) සහ අසදෘස වන්නම්ය. වර්ථමානයේදී මේවාට සමනළ, මහ බෝ සහ හංසා යන වන්නම් ඇතුලත් වී ඇත. වන්නම් එක් නර්තනාංගයක් කොටස් 7කින් සමන්විත වේ.

ඇදුම් පැළදුම්

උඩරට නැට්ටුවා ශීර්ෂාභරණයද ඇතුළුව විචිත්‍රවත් ඇදුම් කට්ටලයකින් සැරසෙයි. නැට්ටුවාගේ පපු පෙදෙස ආවරණය කෙරෙන්නා වූ අලංකාර පබළු ආභරනයකි.  මෙම ඇදුම් කට්ටලය වෙස් ඇදුම් කට්ටලය ලෙස හැදින්වේ. ශීර්ෂාභරනය ලෝහ වලින් නිර්මිත නළල් පටියකින් යුතුව නැට්ටුවා වඩාත් උසට පෙනෙන පරිදි නිර්මාණය කර ඇත. පුරාණ ඇදුම් කට්ටලයට කිංකිනි හඩ නංවන ගෙජ්ජි ද ඇතුලත් වේ. සියළු උපාංග ඇතුළත් සම්පූර්ණ ඇදුම් කට්ටලයකින් සැරසිය හැක්කේ පිරිමි නැට්ටුවන්ට පමණක් වන අතර ඒ සදහා අවසර ලැබෙන්නේ වෙස් මංගල්‍යය නම් වූ සුවිශේෂී සංස්කෘතික උත්සව අවස්ථා වලදීය.

===වෙස් ඇඳුමඅඳින ආකාරය
==

නෛයඩි ඇඳුම

උඩැක්කි ඇඳුම හෙවත් රබන් ඇඳුම

පන්තේරු ඇඳුම

හේවිසි ඇඳුම

සංගීතය

ගැටබෙරය උඩරට නැට්ටුමේ මූලික සංගීත උපකරණයයි. තවත් වාද්‍ය භාණ්ඩයක් වූ තාලම්පට කුඩා අත්තාලම් යුගලකින් සමන්විත වන අතර එය නැට්ටුවන්ගෙ‍් රිද්මය නිසිලෙස පවත්වාගෙන යෑමට උපකාරී වේ. මෙම වාද්‍ය භාණ්ඩද උපයෝගී කරගනිමින් නැට්ටුවාගේ චලනයන්ට සහ තනුවට අනුව ගායනා කරනු ලබන වන්නම් උඩරට නර්තනයට චමත්කාරජනක බවක් එක් කරයි.

ශාත්තිකර්ම
 කොහොඹා  කංකාරිය (ප්‍රධාන ශාන්ති කර්මය)
අවශේෂ ශාන්තිකර්ම
 වලියක් මංගල්‍යය
 කඩවර කංකාරිය
 අඩුක්කු මංගල්‍යය
 වැදි යක්කු නැටුම

උඩරට නර්තනයේ වත්මන් තත්වය

කාන්තා උඩරට නැටුම්
පිරිමින්ට පමණක් පුහුණු වීමට අවසර තිබූ උඩරට නැටුම් සම්ප්‍රදාය  පදනම් කරගත් කාන්තා උඩරට නැටුම් 20 වන සියවසේදී බිහිවිය.  ඒ සදහාම විශේෂයෙන් ආරම්භ කරන ලද අධ්‍යනායතන කිහිපයක්ද ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල ව්‍යප්තව පවතී. නමුත් ගැහැණු නැට්ටුවන් උදෙසාම වෙන් වූ වෙස් ඇදුම් කට්ටලයක් නොමැති අතර පිරිමි නැට්ටුවන්ගේ ඇදුම් කට්ටලය  ගැහැණු නැට්ටුවෙකුට ගැළපෙන ලෙස වෙනස් කර භාවිතා කිරීමට  ගැහැණු නැට්ටුවන්ට සිදු වේ. සෙංකඩගල පෙරහැර මංගල්‍යය සදහා කාන්තා උඩරට නැටුම් යොදාගනු නොලැබේ.

සමාජයීය, ආර්ථික සහ දේශපාලනික හේතූන් මත වර්ථමානය වන විටදී රග දක්වනු ලබන්නේ කොහොඹා කංකාරියෙන් කොටසක් පමණි. සෑම වර්ෂයකම පවත්වනු ලබන නුවර දළදා පෙරහැරේදී අපට තවමත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික උඩරට නැටුම් දැක බලා ගත හැක.

නවීන උඩරට නැටුම්
1970 දී චිත්‍රසේන ඩයස් මහතා විසින් වේදිකාවට ගැලපෙන පරිදි උඩරට නැටුම් සම්ප්‍රදාය සකස් කරනු ලැබූ අතර, උඩරට නැටුම් සම්ප්‍රදායෙහි එන චලන සහ ගතිලක්ෂන යොදාගෙන ඔහු මුද්‍රා නාට්‍ය පිටපත් කිහිපයක්ද රචනා කොට ඇත. එලෙසම නර්තනය වටා පැවති කුල භේදය අවම කිරීම සහ වත්මන් නාගරික ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන්ට  ගැලපෙන පරිදි රසවත් නාට්‍ය උඩරට නර්තන සම්ප්‍ර‍දාය ඇසුරු කරගෙන නිරමාණය කිරීම ඔහුගේ ජනප්‍රියත්වයට යම් තාක් දුරට හේතු විය. මේ වන විට ඔහු විසින් චිත්‍රසේන රංගායතනය නමින් විශාල රංගායතනයක් උඩරට නැටුම් ඉගැන්වීම සදහා පිහිටුවා ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ගැටබෙරය
 හේවිසි
 සෙංකඩගල පෙරහැර මංගල්‍යය

ආශ්‍රිත සැබැඳුම්
උඩරට
උඩරට නැට්ටුවන්ගේ ඡායාරූප කිහිපහයක්
උඩරට නර්තනය පිළිබද

උඩරට නැටුම්

උඩරට නැටුම්


L'Oristeo es un dramma per musica en un prólogo y tres actos de Francesco Cavalli sobre libreto de Giovanni Faustini. La obra se estrenó dirante el carnaval del año 1651 con ocasión de la inauguración del Teatro Sant'Apollinare de Venecia.

Notas

Óperas de Francesco Cavalli
Óperas de 1651
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Venecia
Obras de ficción ambientadas en la Antigüedad

L'Oristeo


Glimpse es una película del año 2005.

Sinopsis
Imágenes de Sudáfrica, su naturaleza, su gente, sus ciudades, sin comentarios, con una banda sonora original e hipnótica. Este documental traza un único retrato de la gente y del paisaje de Sudáfrica en el tramo final de la primera década de libertad. Se da una visión caleidoscópica de este país, una década después del fin del Apartheid.

Premios
 South African Film and TV Awards, 2006

Referencias

Glimpse


Andri Fannar Baldursson (fæddur 10. janúar 2002) er íslenskur knattspyrnumaður sem spilar fyrir Bologna F.C. 1909 á Ítalíu og íslenska landsliðið.

Andri spilaði sinn fyrsta leik fyrir Bologna þegar hann kom inn á sem varamaður í febrúar 2020 gegn Udinese.

Íslenskir knattspyrnumenn

Andri Fannar Baldursson


Armée volontaire ukrainienne (UDA) est une formation militaire volontaire de l'Ukraine, qui existe depuis 2015.

L'UDA a été créée en décembre 2015 après la démission de Dmytro Iaroch et de ses associés du mouvement Secteur droit. En août 2018, la formation est restée indépendante et ne faisait pas partie des Forces armées ukrainiennes.

Le , il a été annoncé que toutes les unités de combat de l'UDA -  et  , - venaient de l'avant-garde. Dmytro Iaroch a déclaré que la tâche de l'UDA sera de construire des unités de défense territoriale.

Historique

Création
L'UDA a commencé à être créée en décembre 2015 sur la base d'unités du Corps des volontaires ukrainiens, qui ont pris part aux combats dans le Donbass , -  et  et le bataillon médical "Hospitaliers" . À la suite de l'annonce du retrait du DUK-PS, les bataillons concernés du DUK ont été dissous.

Le député du peuple Dmytro Iaroch a déclaré qu'il retirait son projet de loi sur le corps des volontaires ukrainiens et, après l'avoir finalisé, soumettrait un nouveau projet de loi sur l'armée ukrainienne des volontaires à la Verkhovna Rada d'Ukraine. Jarosz a également noté qu'à la première étape de la formation d'une telle armée, il suffira d'avoir un bataillon dans chaque région, qui pourra être utilisé, notamment pour aider les forces de sécurité à l'intérieur du pays .

Les principales tâches de l'UDA sont les suivantes : protection de l'Ukraine contre les agressions armées extérieures, missions de combat dans la zone d'opération antiterroriste en coopération avec les forces armées ukrainiennes et d'autres forces de l'ordre ukrainiennes, travail de mobilisation, entraînement au combat, éducation patriotique, augmenter les capacités de défense du pays.

Chemin de bataille
En février 2016, le  de l'UDA, avec le  de reconnaissance des forces armées ukrainiennes, a mené une opération de combat, a pris position dans la zone industrielle d'Avdiivka et a pris le contrôle d'une partie de l'autoroute Donetsk-Horlivka près de l'échangeur de Yasynuvata . Le 13 avril, le soldat Zakharov Andrii Volodymyrovych a été tué près d'Avdiivka, couvrant une explosion pour protéger ses frères .

En juin 2016, le  de l'UDA avec le  de reconnaissance des forces armées ukrainiennes lors d'une opération de reconnaissance près du village de Shirokine a capturé 8 militants et en a neutralisé 2. Le 26 août 2016, le soldat Sheludko Volodymyr Oleksandrovych ("Carp") a été tué par une balle de sniper près de Shirokino.

Selon zn.ua, en septembre 2016, des unités de l'UDA se sont battues dans la zone de l'échangeur de Yasynuvata près d'Avdiivka .

Le , lors des combats dans la « zone industrielle » de la ville d'Avdiïvka, le soldat Saenko Dmytro Oleksandrovych est mort. Le matin du 26 décembre 2016, près du village de Shirokine, le soldat Moroz Oleksandr Mykolayovych (« février ») a été tué par un engin explosif avec un « brancard » .

Le , les soldats Ivanyk Volodymyr Vasyliovych et Lutsiv Andriy Zenonovych ont été tués dans une bataille près de la ville d'Avdiivka . Le 30 août, Gennady Levitsky est tué dans une bataille près de Maryinka . Le 10 décembre 2017, à la suite d'une explosion sur une mine antipersonnel avec « étirement » lors d'une mission de combat dans la zone de Marïnka, volontaires du groupe tactique séparé "Volyn" Zelmanovych Viktor (pseudonyme "Zelya" et Zubchenko Oleksandr (pseudonyme "Zapal") ont été tués.

Dans la nuit du 23 au 24 mai 2018, un soldat de l'armée des volontaires ukrainiens Ivan Vsevolodovych Zhukov (pseudonyme "Beetle") est décédé dans la région de Donetsk .

Le , à la suite d'une grave maladie de la colonne vertébrale, un volontaire du  séparé "Aratta" Galagan Volodymyr (pseudonyme "Dushman") est décédé. Héros du peuple d'Ukraine, il avait fait ses preuves à plusieurs reprises dans des batailles près de m. Marioupol .

Sortir devant
Le , lors de la célébration de la Journée du défenseur de l'Ukraine à Dnipro, le commandant de l'UDA, l'adjoint du peuple ukrainien Dmytro Iaroch a déclaré que les  et  distincts de l'armée des volontaires ukrainiens se retiraient du front. En particulier, il a noté : « En ce jour, j'annonce que les  et  distincts de l'armée des volontaires ukrainiens se retirent de la ligne de front, mais nous ne nous retirons pas de la guerre. Tant que la guerre continuera, nous y participerons. Aujourd'hui, la tâche la plus importante pour l'UDA - il s'agit de la construction d'unités de défense territoriale, qui auraient une fonctionnalité claire.

Mykola Volkov (« Schtroumpf ») est décédé des suites de ses blessures le .

Structure
 Quartier général de l'armée des volontaires ukrainiens
 Département administratif
 Département de l'interaction avec les forces armées et d'autres organismes d'application de la loi de l'Ukraine
 Gendarmerie militaire de campagne
 Département MTZ
 Département de la protection sociale des volontaires
  détaché. Basé dans le village. Velykomykhailivka dans la région de Dnipropetrovsk. Commandant Vladislav Lytvyn (Ami "Black") .
  séparé "Aratta". Basé dans le village. Yurievka près de Marioupol. Commandant Andriy Gergert (Ami "juin")
 bataillon séparé (en cours de formation)
 OLPZ "Loup" - Commandant Valery Voronov (Ami "Loup")
 OLPZ "Volyn" - Commandant Vladimir Andrushechko (Ami "Quiet")
 OLPZ "Brouillard noir" - Commandant Volodymyr Verkhoven (ami de "Noise").
 Service médical "Hospitaliers". Chef Yana Zinkevych.
 Centre de formation UDA - Chef Maxim Shvets (Ami de "Pokutyak").
 Unités de défense territoriale formées dans les oblasts.

Commandement
 Commandants
 Dmytro Iaroch.

 Députés
 (2019) Andriy Gergert (Ami de "June") .

 Chefs d'état-major
 Sergueï Ilnitski

 Départements
 gendarmerie militaire de campagne - Commandant Vasyl Abramov (Ami de "Spruce")
 département de l'interaction avec les forces armées et d'autres organismes d'application de la loi de l'Ukraine - Andrey Sharaskin
 Département de la protection sociale des volontaires -Anna Demidenko
 Département administratif -Irina Garkavenko

Reconnaissance étatique

 Jan Zinkevych a reçu l'ordre du Mérite III Art. () - "pour une contribution personnelle significative à l'édification de l'État, au développement socio-économique, scientifique et technique, culturel et éducatif de l'État ukrainien, à des réalisations professionnelles importantes, à de nombreuses années de travail acharné.
 Les commandants de l'UDA Dmytro Yarosh, Vladyslav Lytvyn, Andriy Hergert et Viktor Kycha ont été récompensés le 21 novembre 2016 par décret du président de l'Ukraine № 517/2016 "Sur l'attribution des récompenses d'État de l'Ukraine" pour son courage personnel, son dévouement et son haut professionnalisme, manifesté dans la défense de la souveraineté de l'État et de l'intégrité territoriale de l'Ukraine, le degré de l'ordre de Bohdan Khmelnytsky III.
 Les volontaires Volodymyr Vasyanovych, Andriy Nagirny, Serhiy Torbin ont été récompensés le 21 novembre 2016 par décret du président de l'Ukraine № 517/2016 "Sur l'attribution des récompenses d'État de l'Ukraine" pour le courage personnel, le dévouement et le grand professionnalisme, identifié dans la défense de la souveraineté de l'État et de l'intégrité territoriale de l'Ukraine, le degré de l'Ordre du Courage III.

Activité politique
Le mouvement d'initiative de l'État de Yarosh a initié la reconnaissance des volontaires au niveau local. Des volontaires ont été reconnus dans 17 régions d'Ukraine (Odessa, Chernihiv, Zhytomyr, Rivne, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Cherkasy, Kharkiv, Sumy, Dnipropetrovsk, Kirovohrad, Volyn, Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Khmelnytsky et Marioupol, la région de Donetsk et dans Kiev).

Notes et références

Articles de presse
 Jarosz quitte le PS et annonce la création d'un nouveau mouvement // "La vérité ukrainienne", 28 décembre 2015
 Le Mouvement national Dmytro Yarosh ( Dzerkalo PS-Zakhid ) a été formé sur la base du  de l'UDA // dobrovoltsi.org.ua, 15 janvier 2016
 Que les troupes russes grimpent déjà, comprenons en cours de route - Commandant de l'armée des volontaires ukrainiens // online.ua, 30 octobre 2016
 Les combattants de Yarosh ont montré comment ils vivent et se préparent à se battre: une photo et un rapport de la base // online.ua, 22 novembre 2016

Liens externes

 Sector of Truth Site officiel de HP "ACTION" et UDA.
 ONG "ACTION" Site officiel de l'ONG "State Initiative of Yarosh".
 Secteur de la Vérité Page officielle du Mouvement National "ACTION" et de l'Armée des Volontaires Ukrainiens sur Facebook
 Page Facebook du bataillon UDA "Aratta" du  séparé.
  Page Facebook du centre d'apprentissage
 Groupe de service volontaire UDA sur Facebook

Faction armée en Europe
Nationalisme ukrainien

Armée des volontaires ukrainiens


Edward Kent (January 8, 1802 – May 19, 1877) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 12th and 15th Governor of Maine. He was among the last prominent members of the Whig Party in Maine before it collapsed in favor of the Republicans. He is the only Maine governor to have been elected to two non-consecutive terms (1838–39 and 1841–42), though his second term was through direct appointment by the Whig-dominated Maine Legislature.

Early life and education
Born in 1802 in Concord, New Hampshire, Kent was raised in Bangor, Maine. He graduated from Harvard University in 1821, in the same class as Ralph Waldo Emerson. According to a biographical article reprinted in the New York Times, "he had no rank in college and in truth was president of the "Lazy Club".

Career
He apprenticed as a lawyer in Topsham, Maine, but established his own practice in the growing lumber-port of Bangor in 1825. He was elected to the Maine Legislature in 1829 and held political offices on and off the rest of his life, becoming the second mayor of Bangor (1836–1837) and governor of Maine.

Kent went into practice with Jonas Cutting in 1831 and their partnership lasted 18 years. The two constructed the Jonas Cutting–Edward Kent House in Bangor's Broadway neighborhood, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an example of the Greek Revival style.

Kent ended his public life as an associate justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court (1859–73). His law partner and neighbor Jonas Cutting served almost concurrently in the same position (1854–75). Kent's uncle Prentiss Mellen had been the first chief justice of the same court.

Kent played a part in both instigating and resolving the Aroostook War.

Personal life
While living in Rio de Janeiro, his wife and two children died of yellow fever. His surviving child died soon after they returned to Bangor. Kent married a second time, to Abigail Ann Rockwood who was the niece of first wife Sarah Johnston, and had one more child, Edward Kent Jr., who became the chief justice of the Arizona Territory Supreme Court.

He died of congestive heart failure in 1877 in Bangor, Maine, and is buried at the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Legacy
Fort Kent, situated where the Fish River meets the Saint John River in the Saint John River Valley, was named in his honor. Later, the town of Fort Kent, Maine was named for the military installation (of which only a single blockhouse survives) and for Governor Kent.

References

Further reading
 David M. Gold. An Exemplary Whig: Edward Kent and the Whig Disposition in American Politics and Law (Lexington Books; 2012) 255 pages; scholarly biography

1802 births
1877 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Governors of Maine
Mayors of Bangor, Maine
Maine Whigs
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Politicians from Concord, New Hampshire
Whig Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
Justices of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court
19th-century American judges

Edward Kent


Manfred Nußbaumer (* 24. November 1940 in Würzburg) ist ein deutscher Bauingenieur für Geotechnik. 1997 bis 2005 war er Vorstandsvorsitzender von Züblin.

Nußbaumer absolvierte 1954 bis 1957 eine Maurerlehre und wurde wegen seiner Begabung ohne Mittlere Reife und Abitur 1958 zum Studium an der Staatsbauschule München zugelassen. 1962 machte er seinen Studienabschluss als Bauingenieur. Nach vier Jahren als Bauleiter im Industriebau und Spezialtiefbau studierte er bis zum Diplom 1970 Bauingenieurwesen an der TH München, wobei er ab 1968 Stipendiat der Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes war. 1970 bis 1972 absolvierte er ein  Aufbaustudium an der Harvard University und dem Massachusetts Institute of Technology mit dem Master of Science Abschluss. 1972 bis 1975 war er Assistent an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Ab 1975 war er Abteilungsleiter für Tiefbau bei Züblin, wo er 1983 zum Direktor ernannt wurde und ab 1986 im Vorstand war. 1990 wurde er stellvertretender Vorstandsvorsitzender und 1997 Vorstandsvorsitzender.

1989 wurde er Leiter der Fachsektion Erd- und Grundbau der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik (DGGT). 2002 bis  2010 war er Vorsitzender der DGGT, nachdem er schon seit 1994 stellvertretender Vorsitzender war. 1997 bis 2002 war er Vorsitzender der VDI-Gesellschaft Bautechnik und erhielt 2004 das Ehrenzeichen des VDI. Er war Vorsitzender des Lenkungsgremiums des Normenausschusses Bau des DIN im Fachbereich Grundbau. In den Jahren 2007 bis 2011 war er Vorsitzender des Deutschen Beton- und Bautechnik-Vereins, dessen Ehrenmitglied er seit 2013 ist.

1992 wurde er Ehrendoktor der Universität Stuttgart und 1993 Honorarprofessor am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie. Nußbaumer ist Mitglied der Deutschen Akademie der Technikwissenschaften (Acatech). Weiterhin ist er Honorarkonsul von Bulgarien und war im Präsidium des Ost-Ausschusses der Deutschen Wirtschaft.

Einzelnachweise

Geotechniker
Honorarkonsul
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Ehrendoktor der Universität Stuttgart
Mitglied der Deutschen Akademie der Technikwissenschaften (acatech)
Deutscher
Geboren 1940
Mann

Manfred Nußbaumer


Baron Harding of Petherton, of Nether Compton in the County of Dorset, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1958 for Field Marshal Sir John Harding. He served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff from 1952 to 1955 and as Governor of Cyprus from 1955 to 1957. The title is now held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2016.

Diana "Dido" Harding, Baroness Harding of Winscombe, a businesswoman and Conservative life peer, is the daughter of the 2nd Baron.

Barons Harding of Petherton (1958)
(Allan Francis) John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton (1896–1989)
John Charles Harding, 2nd Baron Harding of Petherton (1928–2016)
William Alan John Harding, 3rd Baron Harding of Petherton (b. 1969)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Angus John Edward Harding (b. 2001).

Line of succession

  Field Marshal (Allan Francis) John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton (1896–1989)
  John Charles Harding, 2nd Baron Harding of Petherton (1928–2016)
  William Allan John Harding, 3rd Baron Harding of Petherton (born 1969)
 (1) Hon. Angus John Edward Harding (b. 2001)
 (2) Hon. Mungo Richard John Harding (b. 2003)
 (3) Hon. David Richard John Harding (b. 1978)

Arms

Notes

References

 Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edn., (London 2003)
 Debrett's Peerage (London 2002)

External links
 http://www.burkespeerage.net/

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1958
John Harding family

Baron Harding of Petherton


A Missão espiritual russa na Coreia () foi uma instituição territorial e administrativa da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa na Coreia que existiu de 1897 a 1949. Em vários períodos, esteve subordinado a vários departamentos episcopais.

Ver também
 Igreja Ortodoxa na Coréia

Cristianismo na Coreia
Cristianismo na Coreia do Sul
Cristianismo na Coreia do Norte
Igreja Ortodoxa Russa

Missão espiritual russa na Coreia


Baron Byron, of Rochdale in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1643 by letters patent for Sir John Byron, a Cavalier general and former Member of Parliament. The peerage was created with remainder to the heirs male of his body, failing, to his six brothers: Richard, William, Thomas, Robert, Gilbert, and Philip, and the heirs male of their bodies. Lord Byron died childless and was succeeded according to the special remainder by his next eldest brother Richard, the second Baron.

The latter's great-grandson, the fifth Baron, killed his cousin and neighbour William Chaworth in a duel on 26 January 1765. He was brought before his peers in the House of Lords but under the statute of Edward VI he was found guilty only of manslaughter and forced to pay a small fine. Byron henceforth became known as "the Wicked Lord" and "the Devil Byron".

He was succeeded by his great-nephew, George Gordon Byron, the sixth Baron, the famous Romantic poet. He was the son of John "Mad Jack" Byron, son of Vice-Admiral John "Foulweather Jack" Byron, second son of the fourth Baron and the younger brother of the fifth Baron. Lord Byron died without male issue and was succeeded by his first cousin, the seventh Baron, who was an admiral in the Royal Navy.

On the death of his great-grandson, the eleventh Baron (who had succeeded his first cousin once-removed in 1949), this line of the family expired. The late Baron was succeeded by his distant relative (his fifth cousin), the twelfth Baron. He was the great-great-great-grandson of Reverend Richard Byron, third son of the fourth Baron. As of 2009, the title is held by his second son, the thirteenth Baron, who succeeded in 1989.

From the 16th century until 1818, the family residence of the Lords Byron was Newstead Abbey in Nottinghamshire. Most of the Byrons—including the sixth baron's daughter, the famed mathematician Ada Lovelace—are buried in the family vault in the nearby Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall.

Barons Byron (1643)
John Byron, 1st Baron Byron (1599–1652)
Richard Byron, 2nd Baron Byron (1606–1679)
William Byron, 3rd Baron Byron (1636–1695)
William Byron, 4th Baron Byron (1669–1736)
William Byron, 5th Baron Byron (1722–1798)
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (1788–1824), the English Romantic poet
George Anson Byron, 7th Baron Byron (1789–1868)
George Anson Byron, 8th Baron Byron (1818–1870)
George Frederick William Byron, 9th Baron Byron (1855–1917)
Frederick Ernest Charles Byron, 10th Baron Byron (1861–1949)
Rupert Frederick George Byron, 11th Baron Byron (1903–1983)
Richard Geoffrey Gordon Byron, 12th Baron Byron (1899–1989)
Robert James Byron, 13th Baron Byron (b. 1950)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Charles Richard Gordon Byron (b. 1990).

Family tree

References

External links

 Biography of George Anson Byron senior

1643 establishments in England
Baronies in the Peerage of England
Byron family
Noble titles created in 1643
Peerages created with special remainders

Baron Byron


Helen Giessler Grundman est une mathématicienne américaine. Elle est directrice de l'éducation et de la diversité à l'American Mathematical Society et professeure de recherche émérite en mathématiques au Bryn Mawr College. Grundman est connue pour ses recherches en théorie des nombres et ses efforts pour accroître la diversité en mathématiques.

Formation et carrière
Helen Grundman a obtenu son doctorat en 1989 à l'Université de Californie, Berkeley, sous la direction de P. Emery Thomas.

Après avoir obtenu son doctorat, Grundman a passé deux ans en tant qu'instructeur CLE Moore au Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Elle est devenue professeure au Bryn Mawr College en 1991. En 2016, Grundman a été nommée premier directeur de l'éducation et de la diversité de l'American Mathematical Society.

Recherches
En 1994, Grundman a prouvé que les suites de plus de 2 n nombres Harshad consécutifs en base n n'existent pas.

Prix et distinctions
En 2017, Grundman a été sélectionnée comme membre de l'Association for Women in Mathematics dans la classe inaugurale. La même année elle est lauréate du prix Humphreys.

Publications (sélection)

 . [G94]

Références

Liens externes

Professeur au collège Bryn Mawr
Étudiant de l'université de Californie à Berkeley
Membre de l'Association for Women in Mathematics
Mathématicienne américaine
Théoricien des nombres
Mathématicien américain du XXIe siècle
Mathématicien américain du XXe siècle
Lauréat du prix Humphreys

Helen Grundman


Shards of Space (Fărâme de spațiu)  este o colecție de povestiri științifico-fantastice de Robert Sheckley din 1962. A fost publicată de Bantam Books.

Conține povestirile:
 "Prospector's Special" (Galaxy decembrie 1959)
 "The Girls and Nugent Miller" (F&SF martie 1960)
 "Meeting of the Minds" (Galaxy, februarie 1960)
 "Potential" (Astounding noiembrie 1953)
 "Fool's Mate" (Astounding martie 1953)
 "Subsistence Level" (Galaxy august 1954, sub pseudonimul Finn O'Donnevan)
 "The Slow Season" (F&SF octombrie 1954)
 "Alone at Last" (Infinity Science Fiction februarie 1957)
 "Forever" (Galaxy februarie  1959, sub pseudonimul Ned Lang)
 "The Sweeper of Loray" (Galaxy aprilie 1959)
 "The Special Exhibit" (Esquire octombrie 1953)

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Cărți din 1962
Colecții de povestiri științifico-fantastice
Povestiri americane
Colecții de povestiri de Robert Sheckley
1962 în științifico-fantastic
Cărți Bantam Books

Fărâme de spațiu


Hin furðulegu ævintýri Birnu Borgfjörð (franska: Les Aventures Extraordinaires d´Adèle Blanc-Sec) er frönsk teiknimyndasería eftir listamanninn Jacques Tardi. Serían hóf göngu sína í dagblaðinu Sud-Ouest árið 1976. Eins og nafnið bendir til fjalla bækurnar um undarleg og æði fjarstæðukennd ævintýri aðalpersónunnar, hinnar rauðhærðu og ráðagóðu Birnu Borgfjörð, sem flækist í alls kyns furðuleg sakamál í heimaborg sinni París á árunum í kringum fyrri heimsstyrjöld. Myndasögurnar komu út nokkuð reglulega framan af á áttunda og níunda áratugnum, náðu töluverðum vinsældum og eru meðal  þekktustu verka Tardi. Eftir fyrstu fimm sögurnar varð útgáfa þeirra stopulli og liðu jafnan nokkur ár á milli bóka. Níunda bókin kom út árið 2007 og sú tíunda og síðasta árið 2022. Það sem er sérstakt við sögurnar er að aðalpersónan eldist og breytist eftir því sem sögutíma vindur fram, nokkuð sem er óvenjulegt hjá myndasöguhetjum.

Fyrsta bókin í seríunni, Birna og ófreskjan, var gefin út af Iðunni í íslenskri þýðingu Jóns Gunnarssonar árið 1978, en ekkert framhald varð á útgáfu bókanna á íslensku. Bækurnar hafa verið þýddar á fjölmörg önnur tungumál, svo sem ensku (að hluta), dönsku, hollensku, þýsku, spænsku og ítölsku. Í þessum þýðingum öllum er nafni aðalpersónunnar (Adèle) haldið óbreyttu, ef undan eru skildar íslenska og hollenska þýðingin, en nafn hennar á frummálinu er orðaleikur sem vísar til þurrs hvítvíns (blanc-sec).

Árið 2010 var frumsýnd frönsk kvikmynd sem byggði á nokkrum af myndasögunum, Ævintýri Adèle Blanc-Sec (Les Aventures extraordinaires d´Adèle Blanc-Sec), í leikstjórn Luc Besson.

Myndasögur
 1976: Adèle et la Bête (ísl. útg. 1978: Birna og ófreskjan)
 1976: Le Démon de la Tour Eiffel
 1977: Le Savant fou
 1978: Momies en folie
 1981: Le Secret de la salamandre
 1985: Le Noyé à deux têtes
 1994: Tous des monstres !
 1998: Le Mystère des profondeurs
 2007: Le Labyrinthe infernal
 2022: Le Bébé des Buttes-Chaumont

Höfundur hefur lýst því yfir að 10. bókin, Le Bébé des Buttes-Chaumont, verði sú síðasta í röðinni.

Tenglar
 Um Tardi á Lambiek Comicopedia
 Birna og ófreskjan á Myndasögusíðu Sveppagreifans

Franskar myndasögur

Hin furðulegu ævintýri Birnu Borgfjörð


Proiecția Newman este o metodă de reprezentare a formulelor structurale ale izomerilor de conformație ai alcanilor, în special al modului în care se realizează legăturile de tip carbon-carbon din punctul de vedere al stereochimiei. În molecula unui alcan, se pot reprezenta două tipuri de atomi: atomul proximal, în fața formulei structurale, și atomul distal, în spatele acesteia, sub formă de cerc (vezi imagine).

Reprezentarea Sawhorse (o metodă asemănătoare, vezi imagine), pe de altă parte, presupune vizualizarea legăturilor carbon-carbon dintr-un anumit unghi, astfel că oferă posibilitatea de a observa geometria tridimensională a moleculei mult mai ușor.

Bibliografie
 Newman, M. S. Record. Chem. Progr. (Kresge-Hooker Sci. Lib.) 1952, 13, 111.
 Newman, M. S. A notation for the study of certain stereochemical problems. J. Chem. Educ. 1955, 32, 344-347.
 Klein, David R. "Chapter 4 Section 6: Drawing Newman Projections." Organic Chemistry''. 2nd ed. N.p.: Wiley, 2012. 158-59. Print.

Vezi și
Proiecție Fischer
Proiecție Haworth
Stereochimie

Stereochimie

Proiecție Newman


Rukometni klub Matulji 2001 (RK matulji 2001; Matulji 2001; Matulji) je muški rukometni klub iz Matulja, Primorsko-goranska županija.

O klubu
U Matuljima je od 1973. do 1995. godine postojao klub RK "Matulji" ("Partizan" (1973.), "Matulji" (1975.)), "Matulji 40 Box" (1988.), koji se najčešće natjecao u Primorsko-istarskoj ligi.
2000. godine, nakon pet godina pauze, dolazi do ponovnog treniranja rukometa u Matuljima pri OŠ Andrija Mohorovičić. Do službenog osnivanja dolazi 2001. godine te se klub naziva RK "Matulji 2001". Klub od početka vodi Zvonimir Lenžer, a u početku djeluje samo s mlađim uzrastima za muškarce i žene.
2007. godine dolazi do izdvajanja ženskih selekcija u zaseban klub - "Liburniju". Iste godine se konačno formira i muška seniorska ekipa od prvih generacija mladih igrača kluba, a za trenera je doveden Goran Stašek. Ekipa počinje s natjecanjem u 3. HRL - Zapad. Klub u natjecanjima uz "Matulji 2001", često koristi i samo naziv "Matulji". U sezoni 2010./11. postaju članovi 2. HRL - Zapad, koju osvajaju u sezoni 2011./12. i ulaze u Prvu hrvatsku ligu, u kojoj nastupaju vrlo uspješno dvije sezone, do 2013./14.
2014. godine je u Matuljima otvorena športska dvorana. Do tada je klub za treninge koristio vanjska igrališta i dvoranu OŠ Bršca, dok su utakmice igrali u dvoranama u Rijeci, Opatiji i drugim mjestima.

U sezonama 2014./15. i 2015./16. klub se natjecao u 2. HRL -Zapad, ali s lošim rezultatima. Seniorska momčad se od sezone 2016./17. ne natječe.

Uspjesi
 Druga hrvatska rukometna liga
 prvak: 2011./12. (Zapad)

Plasmani po sezonama

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Matulji
 RK Matulji
 ŽRK Liburnija Matulji

Vanjske poveznice
 rkmatulji.hr, wayback arhiva
 ŽRK "Liburnija" Matulji i RK "Matulji 2001.", facebook stranica
 Rk Matulji, facebook stranica
 furkisport.hr/hrs, Matulji, rezultati po sezonama
 sportilus.com, RUKOMETNI KLUB MATULJI 2001
 hr-rukomet.hr, ZLATNA 2012. GODINA . ZA RK MATULJI 2001, objavljeno 27. prosinca 2012.

Izvori
 rkmatulji.hr, POVIJEST RUKOMETA U MATULJIMA, wayback arhiva
 bisnode.hr, RUKOMETNI KLUB "MATULJI 2001"
 matulji.hr, Sport - Zajednica sportskih udruga Općine Matulji, pristupljeno 22. rujna 2018.

Matulji

RK Matulji 2001


عبد العزيز بن حمين الحمين (21 مايو 1964) رئيس سابق لهيئة الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر.

التعليم
متخرج من كلية الشريعة بالرياض عام 1407 - جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية

العمل الوظيفي
 الرئيس العام لهيئة الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر من 19/2/1430 حتى 19 / 2 / 1433
٭ يعمل مستشار متفرغ بالديوان الملكي من 28/7/1427 حتى تاريخه
٭ عمل رئيساً بالمحكمة العامة بمحافظة الرس من 12/5/1415 حتى 82/7/7241
٭ عمل قاضياً بالمحكمة العامة بمحافظة العلا من 12/10/1411
٭ عمل ملازماً قضائياً من 1/1/1408

أعمال أخرى
 أميناً عاماً للجنة الإسكان التنموي بمنطقة القصيم
 عضواً باللجنة العليا بمكتب البحوث والدراسات
 رئيساً للجمعية الخيرية لتحفيظ القرآن الكريم بمحافظة الرس
 رئيساً لجمعية البر الخيرية بمحافظة الرس
 رئيساً لمجلس إدارة مركز التآخي لرعاية المسنين بمحافظة الرس.

وشارك في المجال الخيريّ؛ حيث رأس مجالس إدارة جمعيّات تحفيظ القرآن الكريم في العلا والرّسّ وجمعية البر الخيرية ومركز التآخي لرعاية المسنين بمحافظة الرس. وتولّى الأمانة العامّة للجنة الإسكان التنموي في منطقة القصيم. وعضويّة مجلس أمناء مؤسسة مكة المكرمة الخيرية التّابعة لرابطة العالم الإسلامي.

وقال عنه علي بن صالح العايد مدير جمعية البر الخيرية بمحافظة الرس : عرفه الصغير والكبير، وحاز على محبة الجميع لما يتميز به من دماثة الأخلاق وحسن السمت، ولما قدمه لهذه المحافظة من خير عميم أجراه الله على يديه وكان سبباً في وجوده، استفادت منه جل قطاعات المحافظة ولاسيما الجهات الخيرية فيها، وعلى رأسها جمعية البر الخيرية في المحافظة، والتي حظيت منه برعاية أبوية ونهر متدفق من العطاء المنقطع النظير، فطوال تواجده في المحافظة على مدار اثني عشر عاماً، وهو يسوق لها من الخير ما الله به عليم، وإذا كان الجميع يرى بأم عينه تلك الأوقاف التي أصبحت واجهات حضارية للمحافظة، فإننا قد رأينا ما خفي على الناس ولم يخفَ على الله عز وجل من بذل سد حاجات بيوت وأسر لا يعلم حالها إلا الله، فكم من أسرة أسكنت داراً على يديه، وكم من سجين أخرج من السجن بعد أن سدد ما عليه، وكم من مريض عولج وشفي بفضل الله ثم بشفاعته ودعمه، وكم من مكروب فرج عنه بوقفة إنسانية وقفها فضيلته وشفاعة حسنة قدمها، وكم وكم، وإذا كانت ميزانيات جمعية البر قد قفزت على يديه ثلاثة أضعاف أو يزيد فقد قفزت معها المحافظة بأسرها عدة قفزات لا ينساها كل من كان محباً ومنصفاً، فقد كان الشيخ فيها كالغيث أينما حل نفع، تقبل الله منا ومنه، وشكر الله سعيه، وبارك له في عمره وماله وولده.

وصلات داخلية
هيئة الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر

المراجع

روابط خارجية
هيئة الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الزلفي
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد 1964
رؤساء هيئة الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر

عبد العزيز بن حمين الحمين


Sam Baker ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Sam Baker (Schauspieler) (1907–1982), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Sam Baker (Footballspieler, 1930) (Loris Hoskins Baker; 1930–2007), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler
 Sam Baker (Journalistin) (* 1966), britische Journalistin
 Sam Baker (Footballspieler, 1985) (Samuel David Baker; * 1985), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler
 Sam Aaron Baker (Samuel Aaron Baker; 1874–1933), US-amerikanischer Politiker

Sam Baker


An Chimonocalamus lushaiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dieter Ohrnberger. An Chimonocalamus lushaiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chimonocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chimonocalamus

Chimonocalamus lushaiensis


Alfred Kälin (1949-), fondeur suisse
 Alois Kälin (1939-), sauteur à ski et fondeur suisse
 Christian Kälin (1971-), avocat suisse
 Irène Kälin (1987-), personnalité politique suisse
 Karl Kälin (1870-1950), prêtre suisse
 Nadja Kälin (2001-), skieuse de fond suisse
 Sonia Kälin (1985-), lutteuse suisse
 Urs Kälin (1966), skieur alpin suisse
Patronyme suisse

Kälin


Kampong Chhnang ( ; meaning 'Port of Pottery') is one of the central provinces (khaet) of Cambodia. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Kampong Thom, Kampong Cham, Kandal, Kampong Speu, and Pursat. The provincial capital is the city of Kampong Chhnang.

Etymology

Kampong Chhnang consists of two Khmer words, kampong ( ) means "port" or "harbor" and chhnang ( ) means "pottery". Both words combine together meaning "Port of Pottery" or "Pottery Harbor".

Geography

Kampong Chhnang is a small province  from Phnom Penh. It is in the alluvial plain of central Cambodia and is drained by the Tonle Sap, a tributary of the Mekong river. The capital city of Phnom Penh has grown until it actually encompasses the provincial border of Kampong Chhnang.

Religion

The state religion is Theravada Buddhism. More than 93.1% of the people in Kampong Chhnang province are Buddhists. About 5.8% population of Kampong Chhnang province follow Islam followed by Chams. Christianity is followed by 0.3% in the province, then animism or other religions followed by 0.9%.

History
The name translates from Khmer literally to Port of Pottery. Archaeological remains from the area have revealed among many other findings artifacts from Dvaravati, a former kingdom in present-day Thailand, dating to the 6th through 11th centuries.

Kampong Chhnang province centuries ago was a coastal city on the route between China and India; due to sedimentation from the Mekong river, the coast line moved much farther to sea. When the Tonle Sap river changed its course, the city lost its main water source and thus was deserted, the population moving to a city called Kampong Tralach. A city gradually formed around it, bring new life to Kampong Chhnang. A museum presents the archaeological record of the city's history.

Symbols
The provincial tree is Diospyros decandra. The provincial slogan is sweet pomelos, delicious rice, beautiful young ladies.

Administrative divisions
The province is subdivided into 7 districts and 1 municipality. The districts are further subdivided into 65 communes (khum) and 478 villages (phum). There is one city and 14 townships. There are also 102 khum administrative organizations (KAO).

References

External links
Beyond Angkor: Historical Sites in Kampong Chhnang Province - Unique Graphical Interactive Maps and info about all the ancient historical sites
 Survey of Rice Cropping Systems in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia

Provinces of Cambodia

Kampong Chhnang province


In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that an appropriate reaction can be made, is called sensitivity (excitability). Sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. When a stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor, it can elicit a reflex via stimulus transduction. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level of strength must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.

Types

Internal

Homeostatic imbalances
Homeostatic outbalances are the main driving force for changes of the body. These stimuli are monitored closely by receptors and sensors in different parts of the body. These sensors are mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors that, respectively, respond to pressure or stretching, chemical changes, or temperature changes. Examples of mechanoreceptors include baroreceptors which detect changes in blood pressure, Merkel's discs which can detect sustained touch and pressure, and hair cells which detect sound stimuli. Homeostatic imbalances that can serve as internal stimuli include nutrient and ion levels in the blood, oxygen levels, and water levels. Deviations from the homeostatic ideal may generate a homeostatic emotion, such as pain, thirst or fatigue, that motivates behavior that will restore the body to stasis (such as withdrawal, drinking or resting).

Blood pressure
Blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output are measured by stretch receptors found in the carotid arteries. Nerves embed themselves within these receptors and when they detect stretching, they are stimulated and fire action potentials to the central nervous system. These impulses inhibit the constriction of blood vessels and lower the heart rate. If these nerves do not detect stretching, the body determines perceives low blood pressure as a dangerous stimulus and signals are not sent, preventing the inhibition CNS action; blood vessels constrict and the heart rate increases, causing an increase in blood pressure in the body.

External

Touch and pain
Sensory feelings, especially pain, are stimuli that can elicit a large response and cause neurological changes in the body. Pain also causes a behavioral change in the body, which is proportional to the intensity of the pain. The feeling is recorded by sensory receptors on the skin and travels to the central nervous system, where it is integrated and a decision on how to respond is made; if it is decided that a response must be made, a signal is sent back down to a muscle, which behaves appropriately according to the stimulus. The postcentral gyrus is the location of the primary somatosensory area, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch.

Pain receptors are known as nociceptors. Two main types of nociceptors exist, A-fiber nociceptors and C-fiber nociceptors. A-fiber receptors are myelinated and conduct currents rapidly. They are mainly used to conduct fast and sharp types of pain. Conversely, C-fiber receptors are unmyelinated and slowly transmit. These receptors conduct slow, burning, diffuse pain.

The absolute threshold for touch is the minimum amount of sensation needed to elicit a response from touch receptors. This amount of sensation has a definable value and is often considered to be the force exerted by dropping the wing of a bee onto a person's cheek from a distance of one centimeter. This value will change based on the body part being touched.

Vision
Vision provides opportunity for the brain to perceive and respond to changes occurring around the body. Information, or stimuli, in the form of light enters the retina, where it excites a special type of neuron called a photoreceptor cell. A local graded potential begins in the photoreceptor, where it excites the cell enough for the impulse to be passed along through a track of neurons to the central nervous system. As the signal travels from photoreceptors to larger neurons, action potentials must be created for the signal to have enough strength to reach the CNS. If the stimulus does not warrant a strong enough response, it is said to not reach absolute threshold, and the body does not react. However, if the stimulus is strong enough to create an action potential in neurons away from the photoreceptor, the body will integrate the information and react appropriately. Visual information is processed in the occipital lobe of the CNS, specifically in the primary visual cortex.

The absolute threshold for vision is the minimum amount of sensation needed to elicit a response from photoreceptors in the eye. This amount of sensation has a definable value and is often considered to be the amount of light present from someone holding up a single candle 30 miles away, if one's eyes were adjusted to the dark.

Smell
Smell allows the body to recognize chemical molecules in the air through inhalation. Olfactory organs located on either side of the nasal septum consist of olfactory epithelium and lamina propria. The olfactory epithelium, which contains olfactory receptor cells, covers the inferior surface of the cribiform plate, the superior portion of the perpendicular plate, the superior nasal concha. Only roughly two percent of airborne compounds inhaled are carried to olfactory organs as a small sample of the air being inhaled. Olfactory receptors extend past the epithelial surface providing a base for many cilia that lie in the surrounding mucus. Odorant-binding proteins interact with these cilia stimulating the receptors. Odorants are generally small organic molecules. Greater water and lipid solubility is related directly to stronger smelling odorants. Odorant binding to G protein coupled receptors activates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to camp. cAMP, in turn, promotes the opening of sodium channels resulting in a localized potential.

The absolute threshold for smell is the minimum amount of sensation needed to elicit a response from receptors in the nose. This amount of sensation has a definable value and is often considered to be a single drop of perfume in a six-room house. This value will change depending on what substance is being smelled.

Taste
Taste records flavoring of food and other materials that pass across the tongue and through the mouth. Gustatory cells are located on the surface of the tongue and adjacent portions of the pharynx and larynx. Gustatory cells form on taste buds, specialized epithelial cells, and are generally turned over every ten days. From each cell, protrudes microvilli, sometimes called taste hairs, through also the taste pore and into the oral cavity. Dissolved chemicals interact with these receptor cells; different tastes bind to specific receptors. Salt and sour receptors are chemically gated ion channels, which depolarize the cell. Sweet, bitter, and umami receptors are called gustducins, specialized G protein coupled receptors. Both divisions of receptor cells release neurotransmitters to afferent fibers causing action potential firing.

The absolute threshold for taste is the minimum amount of sensation needed to elicit a response from receptors in the mouth. This amount of sensation has a definable value and is often considered to be a single drop of quinine sulfate in 250 gallons of water.

Sound
Changes in pressure caused by sound reaching the external ear resonate in the tympanic membrane, which articulates with the auditory ossicles, or the bones of the middle ear. These tiny bones multiply these pressure fluctuations as they pass the disturbance into the cochlea, a spiral-shaped bony structure within the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlear duct, specifically the organ of Corti, are deflected as waves of fluid and membrane motion travel through the chambers of the cochlea. Bipolar sensory neurons located in the center of the cochlea monitor the information from these receptor cells and pass it on to the brainstem via the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII. Sound information is processed in the temporal lobe of the CNS, specifically in the primary auditory cortex.

The absolute threshold for sound is the minimum amount of sensation needed to elicit a response from receptors in the ears. This amount of sensation has a definable value and is often considered to be a watch ticking in an otherwise soundless environment 20 feet away.

Equilibrium
Semi circular ducts, which are connected directly to the cochlea, can interpret and convey to the brain information about equilibrium by a similar method as the one used for hearing. Hair cells in these parts of the ear protrude kinocilia and stereocilia into a gelatinous material that lines the ducts of this canal. In parts of these semi circular canals, specifically the maculae, calcium carbonate crystals known as statoconia rest on the surface of this gelatinous material. When tilting the head or when the body undergoes linear acceleration, these crystals move disturbing the cilia of the hair cells and, consequently, affecting the release of neurotransmitter to be taken up by surrounding sensory nerves. In other areas of the semi circular canal, specifically the ampulla, a structure known as the cupula—analogous to the gelatinous material in the maculae—distorts hair cells in a similar fashion when the fluid medium that surrounds it causes the cupula itself to move. The ampulla communicates to the brain information about the head's horizontal rotation. Neurons of the adjacent vestibular ganglia monitor the hair cells in these ducts. These sensory fibers form the vestibular branch of the cranial nerve VIII.

Cellular response

In general, cellular response to stimuli is defined as a change in state or activity of a cell in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, or gene expression. Receptors on cell surfaces are sensing components that monitor stimuli and respond to changes in the environment by relaying the signal to a control center for further processing and response. Stimuli are always converted into electrical signals via transduction. This electrical signal, or receptor potential, takes a specific pathway through the nervous system to initiate a systematic response. Each type of receptor is specialized to respond preferentially to only one kind of stimulus energy, called the adequate stimulus. Sensory receptors have a well-defined range of stimuli to which they respond, and each is tuned to the particular needs of the organism. Stimuli are relayed throughout the body by mechanotransduction or chemotransduction, depending on the nature of the stimulus.

Mechanical
In response to a mechanical stimulus, cellular sensors of force are proposed to be extracellular matrix molecules, cytoskeleton, transmembrane proteins, proteins at the membrane-phospholipid interface, elements of the nuclear matrix, chromatin, and the lipid bilayer. Response can be twofold: the extracellular matrix, for example, is a conductor of mechanical forces but its structure and composition is also influenced by the cellular responses to those same applied or endogenously generated forces. Mechanosensitive ion channels are found in many cell types and it has been shown that the permeability of these channels to cations is affected by stretch receptors and mechanical stimuli. This permeability of ion channels is the basis for the conversion of the mechanical stimulus into an electrical signal.

Chemical
Chemical stimuli, such as odorants, are received by cellular receptors that are often coupled to ion channels responsible for chemotransduction. Such is the case in olfactory cells. Depolarization in these cells result from opening of non-selective cation channels upon binding of the odorant to the specific receptor. G protein-coupled receptors in the plasma membrane of these cells can initiate second messenger pathways that cause cation channels to open.

In response to stimuli, the sensory receptor initiates sensory transduction by creating graded potentials or action potentials in the same cell or in an adjacent one. Sensitivity to stimuli is obtained by chemical amplification through second messenger pathways in which enzymatic cascades produce large numbers of intermediate products, increasing the effect of one receptor molecule.

Systematic response

Nervous-system response
Though receptors and stimuli are varied, most extrinsic stimuli first generate localized graded potentials in the neurons associated with the specific sensory organ or tissue. In the nervous system, internal and external stimuli can elicit two different categories of responses: an excitatory response, normally in the form of an action potential, and an inhibitory response. When a neuron is stimulated by an excitatory impulse, neuronal dendrites are bound by neurotransmitters which cause the cell to become permeable to a specific type of ion; the type of neurotransmitter determines to which ion the neurotransmitter will become permeable. In excitatory postsynaptic potentials, an excitatory response is generated. This is caused by an excitatory neurotransmitter, normally glutamate binding to a neuron's dendrites, causing an influx of sodium ions through channels located near the binding site.

This change in membrane permeability in the dendrites is known as a local graded potential and causes the membrane voltage to change from a negative resting potential to a more positive voltage, a process known as depolarization. The opening of sodium channels allows nearby sodium channels to open, allowing the change in permeability to spread from the dendrites to the cell body. If a graded potential is strong enough, or if several graded potentials occur in a fast enough frequency, the depolarization is able to spread across the cell body to the axon hillock. From the axon hillock, an action potential can be generated and propagated down the neuron's axon, causing sodium ion channels in the axon to open as the impulse travels. Once the signal begins to travel down the axon, the membrane potential has already passed threshold, which means that it cannot be stopped. This phenomenon is known as an all-or-nothing response. Groups of sodium channels opened by the change in membrane potential strengthen the signal as it travels away from the axon hillock, allowing it to move the length of the axon. As the depolarization reaches the end of the axon, or the axon terminal, the end of the neuron becomes permeable to calcium ions, which enters the cell via calcium ion channels. Calcium causes the release of neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles, which enter the synapse between two neurons known as the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons; if the signal from the presynaptic neuron is excitatory, it will cause the release of an excitatory neurotransmitter, causing a similar response in the postsynaptic neuron. These neurons may communicate with thousands of other receptors and target cells through extensive, complex dendritic networks. Communication between receptors in this fashion enables discrimination and the more explicit interpretation of external stimuli. Effectively, these localized graded potentials trigger action potentials that communicate, in their frequency, along nerve axons eventually arriving in specific cortexes of the brain. In these also highly specialized parts of the brain, these signals are coordinated with others to possibly trigger a new response.

If a signal from the presynaptic neuron is inhibitory, inhibitory neurotransmitters, normally GABA will be released into the synapse. This neurotransmitter causes an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in the postsynaptic neuron. This response will cause the postsynaptic neuron to become permeable to chloride ions, making the membrane potential of the cell negative; a negative membrane potential makes it more difficult for the cell to fire an action potential and prevents any signal from being passed on through the neuron. Depending on the type of stimulus, a neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory.

Muscular-system response
Nerves in the peripheral nervous system spread out to various parts of the body, including muscle fibers. A muscle fiber and the motor neuron to which it is connected. The spot at which the motor neuron attaches to the muscle fiber is known as the neuromuscular junction. When muscles receive information from internal or external stimuli, muscle fibers are stimulated by their respective motor neuron. Impulses are passed from the central nervous system down neurons until they reach the motor neuron, which releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into the neuromuscular junction. ACh binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface of the muscle cell and opens ion channels, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell and potassium ions to flow out; this ion movement causes a depolarization, which allows for the release of calcium ions within the cell. Calcium ions bind to proteins within the muscle cell to allow for muscle contraction; the ultimate consequence of a stimulus.

Endocrine-system response

Vasopressin
The endocrine system is affected largely by many internal and external stimuli. One internal stimulus that causes hormone release is blood pressure. Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is a large driving force for the release of vasopressin, a hormone which causes the retention of water in the kidneys. This process also increases an individual's thirst. By fluid retention or by consuming fluids, if an individual's blood pressure returns to normal, vasopressin release slows and less fluid is retained by the kidneys. Hypovolemia, or low fluid levels in the body, can also act as a stimulus to cause this response.

Epinephrine
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is also used commonly to respond to both internal and external changes. One common cause of the release of this hormone is the Fight-or-flight response. When the body encounters an external stimulus that is potentially dangerous, epinephrine is released from the adrenal glands. Epinephrine causes physiological changes in the body, such as constriction of blood vessels, dilation of pupils, increased heart and respiratory rate, and the metabolism of glucose. All of these responses to a single stimuli aid in protecting the individual, whether the decision is made to stay and fight, or run away and avoid danger.

Digestive-system response

Cephalic phase
The digestive system can respond to external stimuli, such as the sight or smell of food, and cause physiological changes before the food ever enters the body. This reflex is known as the cephalic phase of digestion. The sight and smell of food are strong enough stimuli to cause salivation, gastric and pancreatic enzyme secretion, and endocrine secretion in preparation for the incoming nutrients; by starting the digestive process before food reaches the stomach, the body is able to more effectively and efficiently metabolize food into necessary nutrients. Once food hits the mouth, taste and information from receptors in the mouth add to the digestive response. Chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors, activated by chewing and swallowing, further increase the enzyme release in the stomach and intestine.

Enteric nervous system
The digestive system is also able to respond to internal stimuli. The digestive tract, or enteric nervous system alone contains millions of neurons. These neurons act as sensory receptors that can detect changes, such as food entering the small intestine, in the digestive tract. Depending on what these sensory receptors detect, certain enzymes and digestive juices from the pancreas and liver can be secreted to aid in metabolism and breakdown of food.

Research methods and techniques

Clamping techniques

Intracellular measurements of electrical potential across the membrane can be obtained by microelectrode recording. Patch clamp techniques allow for the manipulation of the intracellular or extracellular ionic or lipid concentration while still recording potential. In this way, the effect of various conditions on threshold and propagation can be assessed.

Noninvasive neuronal scanning

Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) permit the noninvasive visualization of activated regions of the brain while the test subject is exposed to different stimuli. Activity is monitored in relation to blood flow to a particular region of the brain.

Other methods
Hindlimb withdrawal time is another method. Sorin Barac et al. in a recent paper published in the Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery monitored the response of test rats to pain stimuli by inducing an acute, external heat stimulus and measuring hindlimb withdrawal times (HLWT).

See also
 Reflex
 Sensory stimulation therapy
 Stimulation
 Stimulus (psychology)

References

Neurophysiology
Plant cognition

Stimulus (physiology)


La Sonate pour clarinette en deux mouvements d'Herbert Howells a été écrite en  pour clarinette en la. Elle a été écrite pour le clarinettiste britannique Frederick Thurston et a été la dernière grande œuvre de chambre du compositeur.

Histoire
Les circonstances précises dans lesquelles la sonate a été composée ne sont pas connues, mais on sait qu'elle est liée au rejet de la  du compositeur créée en 1942 par son dédicataire prévu, Léon Goossens. Fabian Huss, écrivant sur la relation entre les deux compositions, spécule que la sonate pour clarinette est née du processus de révision de la sonate pour hautbois. Il nota qu'en 1947, Herbert Howells écrivit dans une critique du Concerto pour hautbois de Ralph Vaughan Williams qu'il considérait le hautbois le mieux adapté pour de courtes durées musicales, beaucoup plus courtes que celles qu'il avait incluses dans la sonate pour hautbois.

Fabian Huss et l'auteur anonyme des notes de pochette de l'enregistrement chez Hyperion de la sonate pour hautbois soulignent des similitudes dans les procédures rythmiques et la structure musicale entre les deux compositions pour soutenir que la sonate pour clarinette représente le résultat d'une tentative du compositeur de simplifier et clarifier les concepts structurels qu'il avait explorés dans la sonate pour hautbois combinés à un changement d'instrument pour un instrument qu'il jugeait mieux adapté à eux.

Aileen Razey dans sa thèse commente que malgré le plaidoyer de Frederick Thurston, Boosey & Hawkes n'a pas publié la sonate, dans une transcription pour la clarinette en si♭ jusqu'en 1956.

Structure
Les deux mouvements ont les principales indications de tempo suivantes :
 Con moto, dolce e con tenerezza
 Allegro, ritmico, con brio

La musique est typique du monde sonore improvisé de Howells et est techniquement difficile, avec de vastes figurations arpégées. La pièce est également disponible transcrite pour la clarinette en si♭ à partir des archives musicales de Boosey & Hawkes.

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Liens externes

Howells, Sonate pour clarinette
Œuvre d'Herbert Howells

Sonate pour clarinette d'Howells