Heythrop College, University of London, was a constituent college of the University of London between 1971 and 2018, last located in Kensington Square, London. It comprised the university's specialist faculties of philosophy and theology with social sciences, offering undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses and five specialist institutes and centres to promote research. It had a close affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church, through the British Province of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) whose scholarly tradition went back to a 1614 exiled foundation in Belgium and whose extensive library collections it housed. While maintaining its denominational links and ethos the college welcomed all faiths and perspectives, women as well as men.

Through Heythrop's close links with the Jesuits, it also served as the London centre for Fordham University, a Jesuit university in the United States. Other external groups, including A Call To Action (ACTA, British Catholic Association), also used meeting facilities on the site.

Following unsuccessful negotiations with St Mary's University, Twickenham, another British university, and amid some controversy, in June 2015 the college's governing body decided that the college would cease to be an independent constituent of the University of London, in 2018. It formally terminated operations and left the University of London on 31 January 2019. It was the first significant UK higher education institution to completely close permanently (not including mergers and name changes) since the dissolution of the original University of Northampton in 1265.

Twentieth-century name

The college acquired its name, Heythrop, from its 46 year sojourn at Heythrop Hall, a Grade II* listed early 18th-century country house in Italian Baroque style,  southeast of Heythrop village in Oxfordshire. The English province of the Society of Jesus bought the dilapidated house and grounds in 1926 as a training centre for their scholastics. During its stay, the house was altered and enlarged, not always in a style sympathetic to the original architectural concept. In 1926 two wings were added to the north front built of Hornton ironstone from north Oxfordshire, much darker and browner than the stone used to build the original house in the 18th century.

In 1952, the indoor real tennis court was converted into a chapel and in 1965, a library was added. In 1960, two halls of residence were added in the grounds in contemporary style.

In 1970 the Jesuit province moved its facilities to London after it had negotiated for the centre's faculties of theology and philosophy to become part of London University. It sold its Oxfordshire estate to the National Westminster Bank Group which turned the house and its precincts into a training and conference centre.

History

Beginnings in exile

Due to continuing anti-Catholic persecution during the reign of James I, a network of English religious schools was established in Western Europe. Likewise the Society of Jesus preferred to establish its school for boys and its faculties of theology and philosophy for training English Jesuit candidates abroad. Under John Gerard it founded them in Leuven in 1614, before moving them to a newly constructed college in Liège in 1616, which became the . William Baldwin (1563–1632) was a professor of moral theology at the college in Louvain. He, like Gerard, was implicated in the Gunpowder Plot.

In 1624 the English Jesuit college obtained patronage from Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and his wife, hence the colours of the elector's coat of arms were incorporated into its own coat of arms. The Liège college was protected in the Austrian Netherlands and continued relatively undisturbed for 178 years, through the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773 under the personal authority of Bishop François-Charles de Velbrück, until French troops surrounded the city in 1794.
Notable teachers and alumni included:
 John Carroll (1735–1815), first Roman Catholic bishop (and Archbishop of Baltimore) in the United States and founder of Georgetown University
 Charles Carroll (1737–1832), Maryland delegate and one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence
 Charles Plowden (1743–1821), Jesuit priest, writer and administrator; first rector at Stonyhurst
 Francis Plowden, Jesuit priest, barrister and writer. Taught at the college during the suppression of the Society of Jesus
 John Howard SJ was head of Liège College (1773–1783)
 William Strickland SJ was head of Liège College (1783–1790)
 Marmaduke Stone SJ (1748–1834), final director of the college (1790–1794), led the evacuation to England

Repatriation to England and Wales

During the French Revolutionary Wars, the continuity of the college is owed principally to two men: Marmaduke Stone SJ, who led the Liège college move to England in 1794 and an Old Boy of Watten and Bruges English College, Thomas Weld (of Lulworth), who generously donated his family seat, of Stonyhurst, a property in Lancashire, where the evacuees settled for the foreseeable future. While the environment in England was relatively benign for Catholics, the Catholic Church had suppressed the Jesuit order during the English province's exile in Europe. They resolved therefore to accept the authority of the only remaining valid Jesuit province which was in the Russian Empire under superiors, Gabriel Gruber and Tadeusz Brzozowski. The latter became Superior General of the Society of Jesus in 1814, although still confined to Russia, when Pope Pius VII lifted the ban on the order. The former Liège college staff located its faculties on two sites, philosophy at Stonyhurst College in Lancashire and theology at St Beuno's College in Denbighshire.

In 1840, Stonyhurst was recognised as an affiliated college of the University of London, which had been created in 1836. This allowed students to sit examinations for University of London degrees. Among the notable teaching staff were:
 Henry James Coleridge (1822–1893), professor of Scripture, religious preacher and writer
 Alfred Weld (1823–1890), professor of Science and Astronomy, Director of the Stonyhurst Observatory, grandson of the College founder
 Sylvester Joseph Hunter (1829–1896), Jesuit priest and educator
 John Morris (1826–1893) taught canon law in 1867
 George Tyrrell (1861–1909), an Irish Jesuit, taught philosophy at Stonyhurst (until his expulsion from the Jesuits) and was condemned for Modernism
 Franz Xavier Wernz (1842–1914), professor of canon law in 1882 at St Beuno's. He served as the 25th Superior General of the Society of Jesus and was rector of the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome

Among its alumni were:
 James Brodrick (1891–1973), Jesuit priest and historian
 Richard Clarke (1839–1900), Jesuit priest and theologian. First Master of Campion Hall, Oxford
 Aloysius Cortie (1859–1925), Jesuit priest and astronomer
 Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1899), Jesuit priest, poet and professor
 Joseph Rickaby (1845–1932), Jesuit priest and philosopher
 Martin D'Arcy SJ (1888–1976) was a philosopher of love, and a correspondent, friend, and adviser of a range of literary and artistic figures including Evelyn Waugh, Dorothy L. Sayers, W. H. Auden, Eric Gill and Sir Edwin Lutyens. He has been described as "perhaps England's foremost Catholic public intellectual from the 1930s until his death".

Heythrop years
In 1926, the faculties came together at Heythrop Hall, Oxfordshire. As a Collegium Maximum, the college's right to admit its students to degrees was confirmed by the Holy See in 1932. In 1964, the college was raised to the status of a Pontifical Athenaeum, named as the Heythrop Faculties of Theology and Philosophy, open to lay men and women and clerics from outside the Society of Jesus. However, the college now also sought integration with the British educational system.

Rectors and principals, 1926–1970
1926–1937: Edward Helsham SJ
1937–1944: Ignatius Scoles SJ
1944–1950: Edward Enright SJ
1950–1952: Desmond Boyle SJ
1952–1959: John Diamond SJ
1959–1964: David Hoy SJ
1964–1970: William Maher SJ

Alumni, 1926–1970

 John A. Saliba, Jesuit priest and professor of religious studies
 Salvino Azzopardi (1931–2006), Jesuit priest and philosopher
 Frederick Copleston (1907–1994), Jesuit priest, philosopher and historian
 Ralph Coverdale (1918–1975), soldier, behavioural psychologist, management consultant and trainer
 Mark Elvins (1939–2014), Warden of Greyfriars, Oxford
 Clarence Gallagher, Jesuit priest and theologian. Former Dean of the Faculty of Canon Law and Rector of the Pontifical Oriental Institute (1990–1995).
 Gerard W. Hughes (1924–2014), Jesuit priest, spiritual guide and author of God of Surprises
 Paul Lakeland (1946– ), Professor and Chair of the centre for Catholic studies of Fairfield University
 Peter Levi (1931–2000), former Jesuit priest, poet, archaeologist, travel writer, biographer, critic and Professor of Poetry at the University of Oxford
 Bernard Lonergan (1904–1984), Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian
 Peter Milward (1925–2017), Jesuit priest and literary scholar
 Joseph A. Munitiz (1931-2022), Jesuit priest, theologian and librarian. Former editor of the Heythrop Journal and master of Campion Hall, Oxford
 Gerald O'Collins (born 1931), Jesuit priest, author, academic, and educator
 Stephen Perry (1833–1889), Jesuit priest and astronomer
 James J. Quinn (1919–2010), Jesuit priest, theologian and hymnwriter
 Frederick Turner (1911–2001), Jesuit priest, archivist, librarian and former headmaster at Stonyhurst College
 Edward Yarnold (1926–2002), former Master of Campion Hall, Oxford from 1965 to 1972

Constituent of the University of London
For this purpose it moved to London in 1970, and obtained a royal charter of incorporation as a "school" of the University of London in the faculties of theology and arts on 11 March 1971. It began to award University of London degrees. After its move to London, to a Grade II listed Georgian townhouse, a former convent, at nos. 11–13 Cavendish Square in the Marylebone area, the college retained the name "Heythrop College".
In 1993 the college moved to its final location, in the Maria Assumpta Centre at 23 Kensington Square, initially sharing the site with several other organisations, most notably the Westminster Pastoral Foundation (WPF), a reputable and long-established counselling training institute. In 2000 Heythrop College announced it needed more space for its library and delicate negotiations began with WPF. The college had assembled one of the largest philosophy and theology-related libraries in Britain.
Eight years later, WPF were finally persuaded to uproot and vacate their extensive purpose-built premises, about a quarter of the Maria Assumpta site.

In January 2014, the college received decrees from the Congregation for Catholic Education of the Holy See officially reactivating its ecclesiastical faculties under the patronage of saint Robert Bellarmine. These ecclesiastical faculties were grouped together as the Bellarmine Institute. In June 2014, Heythrop College celebrated the 400th anniversary of its two original faculties. While the college still retained the English Jesuits' original function of training future priests of the Catholic Church, its contemporary teaching staff and student body had become much wider, more international and diverse.

The college ran into financial difficulties in the 2010s due to the changes in higher education in the United Kingdom. Undergraduate student recruitment declined after the cap on tuition fees was raised to £9,000 per annum in 2012, resulting in the Society of Jesus subsidising the college with millions of pounds: Claire Ozanne, the college's final principal, also highlighted the impact of the administrative burden of quality assurance assessments such as the Teaching and Research Excellence Frameworks on small institutions like Heythrop. Despite explorations with other academies, strategic partnership talks with St Mary's University, Twickenham, and an offer from the University of Roehampton for Heythrop to affiliate as one of its constituent colleges, no solution was found and in 2015 the decision was made to wind down and close by 2019.

Maria Assumpta campus

The site was previously entirely owned by the Religious of the Assumption, a religious order of sisters founded in France by Saint Marie-Eugénie de Jésus. The Sisters originally ran a convent school and later a teacher training college on the mainly residential Victorian site, known for decades as The Maria Assumpta Centre. A number of the sisters continue to live on the site, and their Marie Eugénie Chapel was available for student use. A chaplaincy was provided for all College students, in addition to the University of London chaplaincy, along with an Islamic Prayer room.

Unlike many University of London colleges, Heythrop College managed in 2008, on the termination of their lease and the vacation of its premises by WPF, to take over the majority of facilities on the Maria Assumpta Kensington site. All lecture rooms, the students' union, the dining hall, previously shared with WPF and other tenant organisations, in the Victorian buildings in Kensington Square, came under its exclusive management. The College also took over the Alban Hall of residence, previously operated by the Sisters for women students only, which became briefly the College's sole residential accommodation for a proportion of its selected student body.

Library
The college library comprising some 180,000 volumes, made it one of the largest theology and philosophy libraries in the United Kingdom. Some of its collections date back to the founding of the faculties in 1614. Between 2008 and 2018, the collections were housed in two buildings: the theology, social sciences and literature collections were held in the "Copleston Wing" of the college, formerly the main part of the WPF Training Centre, while philosophy collections were held in the Maria Assumpta Library in the main building. Heythrop also held many of its more precious volumes outside London, in the college repository in Egham, Surrey. It had a large and important collection of pre-1801 books, such as Edward Baddeley's collections and a first edition of Isaac Newton's Opticks. Heythrop students were also able to access the Senate House Library, and the libraries of other colleges of the university due to the college's special status.

Since the College's closure the library's collections have been available through the Senate House Library. As the former college library is still owned by the Jesuits in Britain, they have also made most of the collection available through the Heythrop Library reading room at the London Jesuit Centre. The earliest printed books have been deposited at Campion Hall, Oxford.

Academic profile
Heythrop prepared students for a range of specialist taught and research degrees. The college had five specialist institutes and centres which promoted research, conferences and a variety of educational outreach activities. These were the:
 Centre for Christianity and Inter-religious Dialogue
 Centre for Eastern Christianity
 Centre for Philosophy of Religion
 Religious Life Institute
 Heythrop Institute for Religion and Society

All of the institutes conducted research in their own field.

The college offered full-time, and part-time courses through a combination of lectures, seminars and tutorials, including one-to-one tutorials.

The college had a growing research profile in its final years. It participated in the most recent Research Excellence Framework (2014) and gained considerable recognition for its research. The combined results for all elements of the REF placed Heythrop at 16th in the overall ranking for the Theology & Religious Studies unit of assessment. Overall, 22% of its research outputs was deemed world-leading and a further 40% was deemed internationally excellent. The research works recognised in its submission reflected efforts in both its Theology and Philosophy departments.

Department of Philosophy
The department offered a variety of specialist philosophy degrees with students attached to one of the Centres at the College,  embracing both the continental and analytic traditions, and the history of philosophy.

Department of Theology
In addition to theology, religious studies and ethics, Heythrop was the first college in the world to offer undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses focused on the Abrahamic Religions led by members of each of the three Abrahamic faiths. The Theology department also offered a Divinity programme to candidates for the Catholic priesthood, making it a centre of Roman Catholic training and learning in the United Kingdom.

Pastoral and social studies
The college had a distinctive history and range of teaching in pastoral theology and allied disciplines, with a profile in the United Kingdom and internationally. The Pastoral and Social Studies Department offered degree programmes in the following fields: pastoral theology and practical theology, including:
 Sociology of religion
 Christian spirituality
 Ethics
 Liturgy
 Canon law and psychology, including a specialism in the psychology of religion.

Bellarmine Institute
The Bellarmine Institute, named after St.Robert Bellarmine, was the new name given to the Heythrop ecclesiastical Faculties of Theology and Philosophy in 2013. After moving to London and becoming established as a constituent college of the University of London, the Faculties had become dormant. They were reactivated on 17 September 2013 by a decree of the Congregation for Catholic Education of the Holy See, expanding the opportunities and teaching the college could offer to seminarians, priestly candidates and others. Before the closure of the college, it had been announced that the Society of Jesus, the college governors and the Archbishop of Westminster would look for ways for the ecclesiastical faculties to continue.

The institute offered degree programmes in theology and philosophy, intended for Catholic ordinands, those already engaged in church ministry and other scholars. The ecclesiastical degree programmes offered covered all three cycles for priestly formation in the Catholic Church.

 Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology (STB)
 Licentiate in Sacred Theology (STL)
 Doctor of Sacred Theology (STD)
 Baccalaureate in Philosophy (BacPhil)
 Licentiate in Philosophy (PhL)
 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In July 2019 both faculties were transferred to St Mary's University Twickenham and renamed Mater Ecclesiae College.

Public lectures
The college hosted a number of free public lectures, research seminars and study days throughout the year on a variety of philosophical and theological topics. Concurrently, Heythrop ran a number of paid events that were open to the general public.

Heythrop College ran the Loschert Lecture, a lecture series delivered by eminent philosophers, theologians and people of faith. The series was intended to reflect from a consciously Christian perspective, on significant social, political and ethical issues in society. The series was named after William Loschert, chairman of the trustees of the London Centre of Fordham University, who donated the funding for the lectures. Lecturers included Charles Margrave Taylor, Baroness Scotland, Peter Sutherland and David Brennan.

The Heythrop Journal
Heythrop College sponsored The Heythrop Journal, an international philosophy and theology academic journal. Published on a bimonthly basis, The Heythrop Journal was founded in 1960 by Bruno Brinkman as a format for research on the relational dialogue between philosophy and theology. Still retaining this original function, the current editor is Patrick Madigan, who was a faculty member of Heythrop College. , the journal continues to be published.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14682265/current|title=The Heythrop Journal': current issue|publisher=Wiley|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>

 Student activities
Apart from its students' union, Heythrop's students established their in-house newspaper, The Lion, in 2010. It won the NUS "Best Student Media" award in 2011. In 2015, The Lion ceased publication.

 Closure
In September 2013, Heythrop College announced that it would stop recruiting undergraduates for University of London degrees, noting its then discussions about a "strategic partnership" with St Mary's University, Twickenham. The initiative was attributed to financial difficulties the College faced as an autonomous college of the University of London. In June 2017 it was confirmed that the college would close in October 2018, with no plans to transfer any departments or continue elsewhere. Heythrop ultimately closed at the end of the 2017/18 academic year, with the final graduations taking place at Senate House on 12 December 2018. From 1 August 2017, the University of London took over the academic sanction previously granted by Heythrop College for the Bachelor of Divinity and related Diploma and Certificate of Higher Education programmes offered through the University of London (Worldwide).

The site (on prime Kensington real estate) was sold, with some of the proceeds reverting to the Religious of the Assumption. While Westbourne Capital Partners applied to redevelop the site as a luxury retirement complex, this was later refused by the Mayor of London.

 Notable people

College faculty, 1971–2019

 Elizabeth Burns, lecturer in philosophy of religion
 Brendan Callaghan SJ principal 1985–1997, 1998–1999
 Alan Carter, head of the philosophy department
 Dan Cohn-Sherbok, visiting research fellow
 Frederick Copleston SJ principal 1970–1974
 John Cottingham, professorial research fellow
 Johannes Hoff, professor of systematic theology
 Michael Holman SJ principal 2010–2017
 Kevin T. Kelly, lecturer in moral theology
 Stephen Law, reader in philosophy
 William Maher SJ principal 1975–1976
 John Mahoney SJ principal 1976–1981

 John McDade SJ principal 1999–2010
 Christopher Moss SJ principal 1997–1998* Claire Ozanne principal 2017–2019
 Martyn Percy, professorial research fellow
 Philip Sheldrake, religious historian and theologian. Moulsdale Professorial fellow, University of Durham
 Janet Soskice, philosophy of religion and ethics
 George Stack, governor of the college
 Peter Vardy, vice-principal and senior lecturer in philosophy
 Francis Walker SJ, principal 1981–1985
 Keith Ward, professorial research fellow. Former Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford

Notable alumni
have included:
 Polycarpus Augin Aydin (born 1971), Metropolitan and Patriarchal Vicar for the Archdiocese of the Netherlands of the Syriac Orthodox Church

 William Bentinck, Viscount Woodstock (born 1984), writer, social entrepreneur and heir to the Earldom of Portland
 Joseph Buttigieg (1947–2019), scholar, teacher
 Brendan Callaghan (born 1948), Jesuit priest and psychologist
 Bernt Ivar Eidsvig (born 1953), Roman Catholic Bishop of Oslo
 Michael Charles Evans (1951–2011), Roman Catholic Bishop of East Anglia
 Charles Jason Gordon, Roman Catholic priest, appointed Archbishop of Port of Spain in 2017
 Sebastian Gorka (born 1970), former adviser to Viktor Orbán and Deputy Assistant to President Donald Trump
 Robert Hannigan (born 1965), Director of GCHQ (2014–2017)
 Matt Malone, S.J,. Jesuit priest and current editor-in-chief of America Magazine John Anthony McGuckin (born 1952), Orthodox Christian priest, academic and poet
 David William Parry (born 1958), pastor, poet and dramaturge
 Malcolm Patrick McMahon (born 1949), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool formerly Bishop of Nottingham
 Michael Anthony Moxon (1942–2019), Anglican Dean of Truro Cathedral
 Dame Sarah Mullally, Anglican Bishop of London (since 2018)
 Martin Newland (born 1961), journalist and editor of The National''
 Catherine Pepinster (1959– ), editor and writer on religion
 Keith Riglin (born 1957), Anglican Bishop of Argyll and The Isles
 Lindsay Urwin (born 1956), Anglican Bishop of Horsham
 Dominic Walker (born 1948), former Anglican Bishop of Reading and Bishop of Monmouth
 Alan Williams, Roman Catholic Bishop of Brentwood

See also
 Campion Hall, Oxford
 Campion House
 Colleges of St Omer, Bruges and Liège
 Jesuit universities
 Jesuit University System
 Parkstead House
 Pontifical university
 List of Jesuit sites
 List of University of London people
 St Michael and St John Church, Clitheroe

References

External links

Heythrop: A Detailed History
Heythrop Students Union

Defunct universities and colleges in London
Heythrop
Former colleges of the University of London
Educational institutions established in the 1610s
Education in Leuven
Education in Liège
Stonyhurst College
Educational institutions established in the 17th century
Universities and colleges established in 1971
1971 establishments in England
Religion in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Catholic seminaries in England
Education in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
History of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Grade II listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Pontifical universities
Charities based in London
Jesuit universities and colleges in England
Catholic Church in London
Catholic seminaries
Catholic universities and colleges
Educational institutions disestablished in 2019

Heythrop College, University of London


Dani Rodrik (Estambul, 14 de agosto de 1957) es un economista y profesor universitario turco.

Trayectoria
Dani Rodrik nació en Estambul, Turquía, el 14 de agosto de 1957, y viene de una familia sefardí judía que emigró de España a finales del . Se graduó de la Robert College en esa ciudad. Obtuvo su Licenciatura de Artes (Summa Cum Laude) en la Universidad de Harvard, así como un doctorado en Economía y una maestría en Administración Pública (MPA) en la Universidad de Princeton.

Desde 1996 es profesor de Economía política internacional en la Escuela de Gobierno John F. Kennedy de la Universidad de Harvard, donde también co-dirige en el programa de Maestría en Administración Pública (MPA). Entre 1992 y 1996 fue profesor de la Universidad de Columbia en Nueva York, y entre 2003 y 2016 profesor visitante de economía en la London School of Economics and Political Science. De acuerdo con IDEAS/RePEc, Rodrik es considerado uno de los 100 economistas más influyentes del mundo.

Ha publicado extensamente en las áreas de economía internacional, desarrollo económico y economía política. La cuestión de qué constituye una buena política económica y por qué algunos gobiernos tienen más éxito que otros al adoptarla está en el centro de su investigación. Sus trabajos incluyen Reglas de la economía: los aciertos y los errores de la ciencia triste y La paradoja de la globalización: la democracia y el futuro de la economía mundial. También es editor en jefe conjunto de la revista académica Global Policy.

Se unió a la Asociación de la Economía Mundial como miembro del comité ejecutivo en 2011.

Está casado con Pınar Doğan, profesora de políticas públicas en la Harvard Kennedy School. Ella es hija del general retirado turco Çetin Doğan, quien fue absuelto de una cadena perpetua agravada por su presunta participación en el presunto plan de golpe de Estado de Sledgehammer.

Como académico, está afiliado a la Oficina Nacional de Investigación Económica, al Centro de Investigación de Política Económica (Londres), el Centro para el Desarrollo Global, el Instituto de Economía Internacional y el Consejo de Relaciones Exteriores, y es coeditor de la Revista de Economía y Estadística. Ha recibido becas de investigación de Carnegie Corporation, Ford Foundation y Rockefeller Foundation. También es colaborador habitual de Project Syndicate desde 1998.

El 24 de diciembre de 2019 fue nombrado miembro ordinario de la Pontificia Academia de las Ciencias Sociales por el papa Francisco.

Obra
Su libro de 1997 ¿Ha ido la globalización demasiado lejos? fue calificado de "uno de los libros de economía más importantes de la década" en Bloomberg Businessweek.

En su publicación, se centró en tres tensiones entre el mercado global y la estabilidad social. Señalando que la llamada "globalización" tiene el dilema de promover la igualdad internacional al tiempo que expone las fallas entre los estados nacionales con las habilidades y los capitales para tener éxito en los mercados globales y aquellos sin esa ventaja, ve el sistema de libre mercado como una amenaza. a la estabilidad social y las normas internas. Según su análisis, hay tres categorías de razones por las cuales surgen estas tensiones.

 Primero, la tensión se produce a través de la globalización porque las barreras reducidas al comercio y las inversiones directas extranjeras trazan una línea clara entre las naciones y los grupos que pueden aprovecharse esas relaciones transfronterizas y aquellos que no pueden hacerlo. Rodrik se refiere a la primera categoría de grupos como trabajadores altamente calificados, profesionales y aquellos que son libres de llevar sus recursos donde están más en demanda. La segunda categoría incluiría trabajadores no calificados y trabajadores semicalificados, quienes, bajo la globalización, se vuelven más elásticos y fácilmente sustitutivos.
 La segunda fuente de tensión viene porque la globalización engendra conflictos dentro y entre las naciones sobre las normas nacionales y las instituciones sociales. La tecnología y la cultura están siendo más estandarizadas en todo el mundo, y diferentes naciones con diferentes normas y valores tienden a mostrar repulsión hacia tales normas colectivas difundidas internacionalmente en una forma estandarizada.
 Por último, la tercera amenaza de la globalización surge porque ha dificultado enormemente que los gobiernos nacionales proporcionen un seguro social de protección de su población.

En  su libro La paradoja de la globalización (2011), Dani Rodrik describió un triángulo cuyos vértices eran la globalización económica, la soberanía nacional y la democracia como un trilema, denominado Trilema de Rodrik, en que solo se pueden escoger dos vértices, y los políticos occidentales han tratado de tener los tres al mismo tiempo, lo que ha provocado el descontento e incluso la rebelión de sus votantes, que pueden optar por alternativas inciertas como el Brexit, el populismo o el ultranacionalismo disgregador.

Planteamientos
Respecto al futuro de la globalización afirma:  "Tenemos que entender que la globalización no cae en nuestro regazo del cielo. Se ha construido y formado por nuestras propias decisiones. Sin embargo, no espero que en los próximos años veamos una gran desglobalización. Quizá veamos algunos ajustes, pero nada como el colapso de la economía mundial de los años de entreguerras del siglo XX. Los ganadores de la globalización —grandes empresas, bancos, trabajadores cualificados— son muy poderosos para que tenga lugar un retroceso significante." y "la globalización debe servir a los objetivos de los países y las sociedades, en vez de a la inversa. Eso significa que hay que crear reglas para la globalización basadas en la idea de que las diferentes naciones deben perseguir sus propias prioridades económicas y sociales. Hay que forjar un espacio político más grande para las regulaciones nacionales, normas de inversión, prácticas de propiedad intelectual, políticas industriales, políticas de los mercados financieros o los subsidios. Las reglas globales deben centrarse sobre todo en controlar o evitar los efectos negativos de las políticas de un país al resto del mundo."

En cuanto a su posición sobre los intercambios comerciales dice: "Ningún político es elegido para servir a los intereses nacionales de otro país. Siempre es elegido para el interés nacional. Y es así como debe ser. La defensa clásica de la economía por un comercio más libre se centra en que sea beneficioso para el país de origen. Un país no tiene una determinada política comercial para beneficiar a otros países. Por lo tanto, no existe una incompatibilidad inherente entre la apertura económica y perseguir el interés nacional. Los conflictos emergen cuando los mercados no funcionan bien, las políticas sociales son débiles y los acuerdos comerciales son capturados por intereses especiales. En esos casos, es totalmente adecuado dar prioridad al interés nacional."

Premios y honores
 2002 Premio de Leontief, para avanzar en los límites del pensamiento económico.
 Premio Princesa de Asturias de Ciencias Sociales 2020

Obras destacadas

 Rodrik, Dani (2017). Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane Economy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691177847.
 Rodrik, Dani (2015). Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-24641-4.
2011 - Dani Rodrik, La paradoja de la globalización, Antoni Bosch Editor, ISBN 978-84-95348-61-6, Barcelona, España.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Dani Rodrik
 Blog oficial de Dani Rodrik

Economistas de Turquía
Escritores antiglobalización
Alumnado de la École Normale Supérieure
Alumnado de la Universidad de Harvard
Alumnado de la Universidad de Princeton
Judíos de Turquía
Judíos sefardíes
Turcos del siglo XX
Turcos del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Estambul
Doctores honoris causa por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

Dani Rodrik


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Young Italy (, ) was an Italian political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. After a few months of leaving Italy, in June 1831, Mazzini wrote a letter to King Charles Albert of Sardinia, in which he asked him to unite Italy and lead the nation. A month later, convinced that his demands did not reach the king, he founded the movement in Marseille. It would then spread out to other nations across Europe. The movement's goal was to create a united Italian republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire. Mazzini's belief was that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy. The slogan that defined the movement's aim was "Union, Strength, and Liberty". The phrase could be found in the tricolor Italian flag, which represented the country's unity.

Overview
The Giovine Italia was founded in  France, in July 1831 when Mazzini was in exile. Its members adopted nicknames taken from figures of the Italian Middle Ages. Every member of the brotherhood had to recite an Oath, where they would pledge to make Italy a united, free, independent, republican nation, where every man would be considered equal. The movement garnered about 60,000 members around 1833. In that same year, many of the members who were plotting a revolt in Savoy and Piedmont were arrested and executed by the Sardinian police. In Austria, having links with the movement was seen as treason. The crime was punishable by death.

After another failed Mazzinian revolt in Piedmont and Savoy of the February 1834, the movement disappeared for some time, reappearing in 1838 in England. Further insurrections in Sicily, Abruzzi, Tuscany, Lombardy-Venetia, Romagna (1841 and 1845), Bologna (1843) failed. Also short-lived was the Roman Republic of 1848–49, which was crushed by a French Army called in to help by Pope Pius IX. That Pope was initially hailed by Mazzini as the most likely paladin of a liberal unification of Italy, but he turned into the leader of the reactionaries.

Similar movements were set up around Europe by Mazzini himself.  La Giovine Italia became affiliated with the movement Giovine Europa (created in 1835), an internationally oriented association, together with similar movements such as Junges Deutschland, Młoda Polska, Young Turks and Giovine Svizzera. It also inspired Mlada Bosna, early-20th-century Serbian revolutionary movement in occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Mazzini's movement was basically evicted after a last failed revolt against Austria in Milan in 1853, crushing hopes of a democratic Italy in favor of the Piedmontese monarchy. It achieved national unification in 1860 under the leadership of Count Cavour.

The most famous member of Young Italy was Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882). He joined the movement around 1833, after meeting Mazzini through social and political reforms back in Geneva. Additionally, he was part of a failed revolt led by Mazzini in Piedmont. As a consequence, he was sentenced to death. After learning his fate, Garibaldi fled to Marseilles.

Later on, similar nationalist movements for youth appeared in Europe's colonies in various Asian and African countries from the mid 19th century to the period of decolonization in the late 20th century.

See also
Carbonari
Unification of Italy
Vincenzo Gioberti
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Attilio and Emilio Bandiera
Carlo Pisacane
Francesco Bentivegna
Raffaello Carboni
Young America Movement
Young Turks
Abhinav Bharat Society

References

Further reading

External links

1831 establishments in Italy
Carbonari
Defunct nationalist parties in Italy
Italian unification
Secret societies in Italy
Political parties disestablished in 1853

Young Italy


HMS Chaser (D32/R306/A727) was an American-built  that served with the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

Acquired by the United States Navy for conversion to a ; she was transferred to the Royal Navy and commissioned as Chaser on 9 April 1943, under the Lend-Lease agreement. She spent most of her career escorting convoys in Arctic, she transferred to the British Pacific Fleet in March 1945.

Construction
Chaser was laid down on 28 June 1941, under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 162, by Ingalls Shipbuilding, in Pascagoula, Mississippi, as Mormacgulf. Her name was changed to Mormacdove on 5 December 1941. She was launched on 19 June 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Eugene T. Oates. After she was acquired by the US Navy, she was renamed Breton and designated AVG-10. On 20 August 1942, she was reclassified ACV-10. On 9 April, she was again reclassified, now CVE-10, and transferred to the Royal Navy under the Lend-Lease program and commissioned as HMS Chaser.

Design and description
There were eleven Attacker-class in service with the Royal Navy during the Second World War. They were built between 1941 and 1942, by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation, Ingalls Shipbuilding, and Western Pipe & Steel shipyards in the United States.

The ship had complement of 646 men, who lived in crew accommodation that was significantly different from the arrangements that were normal for the Royal Navy at the time. The separate messes no longer had to prepare their own food, as everything was cooked in the galley and served cafeteria style in a central dining area. They were also equipped with a modern laundry and a barber shop. The traditional hammocks were replaced by three-tier bunk-beds, 18 to a cabin, which were hinged and could be tied up to provide extra space when not in use.

Chaser had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She displaced  at full load. Power was provided by two boilers feeding steam to a turbine driving one shaft, giving , which could propel the ship at .

She had the operating capacity for up to 24 aircraft, which could be a mixture of anti-submarine and fighter aircraft; the British Hawker Sea Hurricane and Supermarine Seafire naval fighters, Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber or the American-supplied Grumman Martlet and Vought F4U Corsair fighters or Grumman Avenger torpedo bomber could be carried. The exact composition of the embarked squadrons depended upon the mission. Some squadrons were composite squadrons for convoy defence and would be equipped with both anti-submarine and fighter aircraft, while other squadrons working in a strike carrier role would only be equipped with fighter aircraft. Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side and above the  flight deck, two aircraft lifts , and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the  hangar below the flight deck. When employed as an aircraft transport she could carry 90 aircraft.

The ships armament concentrated on anti-aircraft (AA) defence and consisted of eight  Bofors guns in twin mounts and ten  Oerlikon cannons in single and eight in twin mounts. In addition, she had two 4 inch (102 mm)/50 caliber Mk 9 guns.

Chaser was designed to accompany other ships forming the escort for convoys. The anti-submarine aircraft employed were initially the Fairey Swordfish and later the Grumman Avenger, which could be armed with torpedoes, depth charges,  bombs or RP-3 rocket projectiles. As well as carrying out their own attacks on U-boats, these aircraft identified their locations for the convoy's escorts to mount an attack. Typically anti-submarine patrols would be flown between dawn and dusk. One aircraft would fly about  ahead of the convoy, while another patrolled astern. Patrols would last between two and three hours, using both radar and visual observation in their search for U-boats.

Chaser also had a secondary role, providing oil and provisions for her accompanying destroyers. This could be a lengthy process and was done on the move. It took 40 minutes from firing a line across to the destroyer to start pumping oil, while it took another two hours to pump 98 tons of oil and a further 35 minutes to disconnect the hose pipe and secure the equipment.

Service history
After workup in the Chesapeake Bay area, Chaser embarked 845 Squadron, which had been formed in the US, on 23 June 1943, for passage across the Atlantic. She crossed the Atlantic in company with Convoy HX 245, arriving at the Clyde on 6 July 1943.

On 7 July 1943, there was an explosion in Chasers boiler room. She was repaired at Rosyth Dockyard. On 29 October, with her repairs completed, she returned to the Clyde, where she was allocated to the Western Approaches Command. She embarked 835 Squadron equipped with Fairey Swordfish and Sea Hurricanes for workup. On 29 November, Chaser returned to the Clyde for further defect rectification. These repairs would continue for the remainder of the year. Upon the return to active duty she was attached to the Home Fleet for convoy duty on the Russian convoy route, embarking 816 Squadrons, equipped with Swordfish and Grumman Wildcats, and sailed for Scapa Flow.

Arctic duty
On 22 January 1944, Chaser joined Convoy JW 57, which had left Loch Ewe the previous day, for escort to the Kola Inlet. She was the first escort carrier assigned to provide protection for large convoys as they steamed to Russia. Chasers Wildcats helped to drive off German aircraft shadowing the convoy, while her Swordfish made several unsuccessful attacks against German submarines. On 24 February, one of Chaser Swordfishes spotted the submarine  on the surface and called up the destroyer  which sank the U-boat with depth charges. A second submarine  was sunk by a shore based flying boat, while one escorting destroyer,  was sunk by a U-boat. None of the 43 merchant ships comprising the convoy was hit by the 14 U-boats deployed in two patrol lines against the convoy.

Chaser joined the return convoy, RA 57 of 33 merchant ships, on 2 March. On 4 March, one of Chasers Swordfish caught  on the surface. U-472 was unable to defend itself as its anti-aircraft guns were iced up, and the Swordfish attacked with bombs and rockets, damaging the submarine, and then called up the destroyer  which finished off the submarine with gunfire. The next day, a Swordfish from Chaser attacked and sunk  with rockets, at  in the Arctic, northwest of Hammerfest, Norway. On 6 March, radio signals from a submarine were detected by HF/DF and a Swordfish was sent to investigate. The Swordfish spotted the submarine and attacked with rockets, sinking  at  in the Norwegian Sea, northwest of Narvik, Norway. One merchant ship was sunk.

After returning to Loch Ewe on 10 March, Chaser dragged her anchor and ran aground on 13 March, being towed off the next day. She had her hull repaired and was refitted at Rosyth and was then modified for service as a ferry carrier with the Pacific Fleet at Belfast.

Pacific duty
On 14 February 1945, Chaser left Britain on the first part of the journey to join the British Pacific Fleet, arriving in Sydney in May 1945, where she was attached to the 30th Aircraft Carrier Squadron. She was designated as a replenishment carrier, tasked with ferrying replacement aircraft to the forward areas where they could be transferred to the operational carriers. Chaser ferried aircraft to support British Pacific fleet operations during the invasion of Okinawa and operations off Japan in July–August 1945. Owing to a shortage to dedicated tankers, Chaser was also used to refuel other ships.

Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, she transported Allied prisoners of war homeward.

Decommissioning
The escort carrier was returned to the United States Navy at Norfolk, Virginia on 12 May 1946, and the ship was struck from the US Navy list on 3 August 1946. She was sold to the Waterman Steamship Co. on 20 December 1946 and later resold to the Netherlands.

Merchant service
She was renamed Aagtekerk in civilian service and was later renamed E Yung. The ship foundered on 4 December 1972, and was salvaged and then scrapped in Taiwan.

FAA squadrons

References

Bibliography

Type C3-S-A1 ships of the Royal Navy
Bogue-class escort carriers
Attacker-class escort carriers
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
1943 ships
World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom

HMS Chaser (D32)


Os Prêmios Emmy do Daytime de 2022 (ou 49th Daytime Emmy Awards), foram apresentados em 24 de junho de 2022 pela Academia Nacional de Artes e Ciências Televisivas (NATAS). A cerimônia de premiação foi transmitida nos Estados Unidos pela CBS e pela Paramount+. As indicações foram anunciadas em 5 de maio de 2022.

Vencedores
As nomeações foram anunciadas em 5 de maio de 2022.

Programação

Atuação

Apresentação

Direção/Roteiro

Ver também
Prêmios Emmy do Primetime de 2022
Prêmios Emmy Internacional de 2022

Ligações externas
Vencedores do 49th Daytime Emmy Awards

Prémios Emmy do Daytime
2022 na televisão nos Estados Unidos
2022 na Califórnia

Prêmios Emmy do Daytime de 2022


Victor John "Vic" Ekberg (* 16. Juni 1932 in Melbourne; † 27. Juli 2020 in Melbourne) war ein australischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Der gebürtige Kanadier Vic Ekberg nahm für die australische Nationalmannschaft an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1960 in Squaw Valley teil. Mit seinem Team belegte er den neunten und somit letzten Platz. Er selbst kam im Turnierverlauf in allen sechs Spielen zum Einsatz und bereitete dabei zwei Tore vor. Auf Vereinsebene spielte er für den Pirates Ice Hockey Club in Melbourne.

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Australien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Australien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1960
Australier
Geboren 1932
Gestorben 2020
Mann

Vic Ekberg


, also called rotation sushi, is a type of sushi restaurant common in Japan. In Australasia, it is also known as a sushi train.

Plates serving the sushi are placed on a rotating conveyor belt that winds through the restaurant and moves past every table, counter and seat. The final bill is based on the number and type of plates of the consumed sushi. Some restaurants use a variation of the concept, such as miniature wooden "sushi boats" that travel through small canals, or miniature locomotive cars that travel on a track.

Restaurants

The distinguishing feature of conveyor belt sushi is the stream of plates winding through the restaurant. The selection is usually not limited to sushi; it may also include karaage, edamame, salad, soup, fruits, desserts, and other foods and drinks.

Some restaurants have RFID tags or other systems in place to remove sushi that has rotated for too long.

Special orders
If customers cannot find their desired sushi or dish, they can make special orders. Sometimes speaker phones are available for this purpose above the conveyor belt, while more modern restaurants use a touchscreen display or tablet for this purpose. If a small quantity of food is ordered, it is placed on the conveyor belt but marked so other customers know that this dish was ordered by someone; usually the plate with the sushi sits on a labeled cylindrical stand to indicate that this is a special order. Some restaurants use a secondary belt for this purpose, or have an automated delivery tray that will sent a special order directly to where a customer is sitting. For large orders the dishes may also be brought to the customer by an attendant.

Condiments and tools are usually found near the seats, for example pickled ginger, chopsticks, soy sauce, and small dishes for the soy sauce. Wasabi may be either at the seat or on the conveyor belt. Self-served tea and ice water is usually complimentary, with cups stacked on a shelf above the conveyor belt and teabags or green tea powder in a storage container on the table. There is also a hot water faucet at the tables to make tea. On the shelves are usually wet paper towels and plastic boxes to store sushi for take-out customers.

Billing
The bill is calculated by counting the number and type of plates of the consumed sushi. Plates with different colors, patterns, or shapes have different prices, usually ranging from 100 yen to 500 yen or the local equivalent (for example, a conveyor belt sushi restaurant in Iceland may offer a price range of 250 to 480 krónur). The cost of each plate is shown on signboards or posters in the restaurant. In general, cheap items come on plain plates, and the level of plate decoration is related to the price. The most expensive items tend to come on gold colored plates. Expensive items may be placed on two plates, with the price being the sum of the prices of the individual plates. Some conveyor belt sushi restaurant chains, such as Kappa Sushi or Otaru Zushi, have a fixed price of 100 yen for every plate. This is similar to the phenomenon of 100-yen shops. A button above the conveyor belt can be used to call the attendants to count the plates. Some restaurants have a counting machine where the customer drops the plates to be counted automatically, or they use RFID tagged plates and just count each stack at once with a special reader.

Conveyor operation

The sushi conveyor consists of a thin, narrow conveyor designed to fit within the tight confines of a sushi restaurant. Nearly 100% of sushi conveyors made in Japan are manufactured in Ishikawa Prefecture.

The standard conveyor uses a specially designed plastic crescent top chain. The chain actually runs on its side (on its link plates), with the crescent plate attached to the other side plate by means of a snap pin. This gives the chain a very small bending radius and allows the conveyor to make the tight corners found in most conveyor belt sushi restaurants. Further, the horizontal layout means that there is no return side of the chain, which not only eliminates chain sag and sliding with the roller, but allows for a much shallower design.

Major chain companies can offer different pin materials (stainless steel being common), plate shapes, surface treatments, and so on depending on the individual application. Many customers are also turning to sushi conveyor manufacturers for custom designed plates to go with their conveyor. Innovations in sushi conveyors include chainless designs for quieter operation and design/layout freedom, multi-tiered conveyors to allow for more sushi to be displayed in limited spaces, and high speed lanes for custom orders.

History

Conveyor belt sushi was invented by Yoshiaki Shiraishi (1914–2001), who had problems staffing his small sushi restaurant and had difficulties managing the restaurant by himself. He got the idea of a conveyor belt sushi after watching beer bottles on a conveyor belt in an Asahi brewery. After five years of development, including the design of the conveyor belt and the speed of operations, Shiraishi opened the first conveyor belt sushi Mawaru Genroku Sushi in Higashiosaka in 1958, eventually expanding to up to 250 restaurants all over Japan. However, by 2001, his company had just 11 restaurants. Shiraishi also invented a robotic sushi, served by robots, but this idea has not had commercial success.

Initially in a conveyor belt sushi restaurant, all customers were seated to face the conveyor belt, but this was not popular with groups. Subsequently, tables were added at right angles to the conveyor belt, allowing up to six people to sit at one table. This also reduced the length of conveyor belt necessary to serve a larger number of people.

A conveyor belt sushi boom started in 1970 after a conveyor belt sushi restaurant served sushi at the Osaka World Expo. Another boom started in 1980, when eating out became more popular, and finally in the late 1990s, when inexpensive restaurants became popular after the burst of the economic bubble. In 2010, Akindo Sushiro was the most famous conveyor belt sushi brand in Japan.

In 2023, some patrons were arrested for deliberately performing unhygienic acts such licking or drinking from items passing in front of them towards other customers. These acts, dubbed "sushi terrorism", were performed as pranks with the video being shared online.

See also
 Automat, a Western self-service restaurant concept
 Sushi machine
 Conveyor belt hot pot
 Gyūdon
 Casual dining restaurant

References

External links

Conveyor belt sushi - More pictures and videos

Sushi
Fast food
Japanese cuisine
Japanese inventions
Japanese restaurants
1958 establishments in Japan

Conveyor belt sushi


Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov (; 18 June 1907 – 17 January 1982), baptized as Varlaam, was a Russian writer, journalist, poet and Gulag survivor. He spent much of the period from 1937 to 1951 imprisoned in forced-labor camps in the Arctic region of Kolyma, due in part to his support of Leon Trotsky and praise of writer Ivan Bunin. In 1946, near death, he became a medical assistant while still a prisoner. He remained in that role for the duration of his sentence, then for another two years after being released, until 1953.

From 1954 to 1978, he wrote a set of short stories about his experiences in the labor camps, which were collected and published in six volumes, collectively known as Kolyma Tales. These books were initially published in the West, in English translation, starting in the 1960s; they were eventually published in the original Russian, but only became officially available in the Soviet Union in 1987, in the post-glasnost era. The Kolyma Tales are considered Shalamov's masterpiece, and "the definitive chronicle" of life in the labor camps.

Early life

Varlam Shalamov was born in Vologda, Vologda Governorate, a Russian city with a rich culture famous for its wooden architecture, to the family of a hereditary Russian Orthodox priest and teacher, Father Tikhon Nikolayevich Shalamov, a graduate of the . At first young Shalamov was named and baptized after the patron of Vologda, Saint Varlaam Khutinskiy (1157–1210); Shalamov later changed his name to the more common Varlam. Shalamov's mother, Nadezhda (Nadia) Aleksandrovna, was a teacher as well. She also enjoyed poetry, and Varlam speculated that she could have become a poet if not for her family. His father worked as a missionary in Alaska for 12 years from 1892, and Varlam's older brother, Sergei, grew up there (he volunteered for World War I and was killed in action in 1917); they returned as events were heating up in Russia by 1905. In 1914, Varlam entered the gymnasium of St. Alexander's and graduated in 1923. Although he was a son of a priest, he used to say that he lost faith and became an atheist at the age of 13. His father was of very progressive views and even supported the October Revolution in a way.

Upon his graduation it became clear that the Regional Department of People's Education (RONO, Regionalnoe Otdelenie Narodnogo Obrazovania) would not support his further education because Varlam was a son of a priest. Therefore, he found a job as a tanner at the leather factory in the settlement of Kuntsevo (a suburb of Moscow, since 1960 part of the Moscow city). In 1926, after having worked for two years, he was accepted into the department of Soviet Law at Moscow State University through open competition. While studying there Varlam was intrigued by the oratory skills displayed during the debates between Anatoly Lunacharsky and Metropolitan Alexander Vvedensky. At that time Shalamov was convinced that he would become a literature specialist. His literary tastes included Modernist literature (later, he would say that he considered his teachers not Tolstoy, of whom he was very critical, or other classic writers, but Andrei Bely and Aleksey Remizov) and classic poetry. His favorite poets were Alexander Pushkin and Boris Pasternak, whose works influenced him his entire life. He also praised Dostoevsky, Savinkov, Joyce and Hemingway, about whom he later wrote a long essay depicting the myriad possibilities of artistic endeavors.

First imprisonment, 1929–1932

Shalamov joined a Trotskyist-leaning group and on February 19, 1929, was arrested and sent to Butyrskaya prison for solitary confinement. He was later sentenced to three years of correctional labor in the town of Vizhaikha, convicted of distributing the "Letters to the Party Congress" known as Lenin's Testament, which were critical of Joseph Stalin, and of participating in a demonstration marking the tenth anniversary of the Soviet revolution with the slogan "Down with Stalin". Courageously he refused to sign the sentence branding him a criminal. Later, he would write in his short stories that he was proud of having continued the Russian revolutionary tradition of members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and Narodnaya Volya, who were fighting against tsarism. He was taken by train to the former Solikamsk monastery, which was transformed into a militsiya headquarters of the Vishera department of Solovki ITL

Shalamov was released in 1931 and worked in the new town of Berezniki, Perm Oblast, at the local chemical plant construction site. He was given the opportunity to travel to Kolyma for colonization. Sarcastically, Shalamov said that he would go there only under enforced escort. Coincidentally, fate would hold him to his promise several years later. He returned to Moscow in 1932, where he worked as a journalist and managed to see some of his essays and articles published, including his first short story, "The three deaths of Doctor Austino" (1936).

Second imprisonment, 1937–1942

At the outset of the Great Purge, on January 12, 1937, Shalamov was arrested again for "counter-revolutionary Trotskyist activities" and sent to Kolyma, also known as "the land of white death", for five years. He was already in jail awaiting sentencing when one of his short stories was published in the literary journal Literary Contemporary.

Third imprisonment, 1943–1951
In 1943, Shalamov was sentenced to another term, this time for 10 years, under Article 58 (anti-Soviet agitation), in part, for having called Nobelist Ivan Bunin a "great Russian writer". The conditions he endured were extreme, first in gold mining operations, and then in coal mining. He was repeatedly sent to punishment zones, both for his political crimes and for his attempt to escape. There he managed to survive while sick with typhus, of which Shalamov was not aware until he became well. At that time, as he recollects in his writings, he did not care much about his survival.

In 1946, while becoming a dokhodyaga (one in an emaciated and devitalized state, which in Russian literally means one who is walking towards the ultimate end), his life was saved by a doctor-inmate, A. I. Pantyukhov, who risked his own life to get Shalamov a place as a camp hospital attendant. The new career allowed Shalamov to survive and concentrate on writing poetry.

After release
In 1951, Shalamov was released from the camp, and continued working as a medical assistant for the forced labor camps of Sevvostlag while still writing. After his release, he was faced with the dissolution of his former family, including a grown-up daughter who now refused to recognize her father. In 1952, Shalamov sent his poetry to Boris Pasternak, who praised his work. Shalamov was allowed to leave Magadan in November 1953 following Stalin's death in March of that year, and was permitted to go to the village of Turkmen in Kalinin Oblast, near Moscow, where he worked as a supply agent.

Kolyma Tales
From 1954 to 1973, Shalamov worked on his book of short stories of labour camp life, Kolyma Tales. During the Khrushchev thaw, many inmates were released from the Gulag and politically rehabilitated. Some were rehabilitated posthumously. Shalamov was allowed to return to Moscow after having been officially exonerated ("rehabilitated") in 1956. In 1957, he became a correspondent for the literary journal Moskva, and his poetry began to be published. His health, however, had been broken by his years in the camps, and he received a disability pension.

Shalamov proceeded to publish poetry and essays in the major Soviet literary magazines while writing his magnum opus, Kolyma Tales. He was acquainted with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Boris Pasternak, and Nadezhda Mandelstam. The manuscripts of Kolyma Tales were smuggled abroad and distributed via samizdat. The translations were published in the West in 1966. The complete Russian-language edition was published in London in 1978, and reprinted thereafter both in Russian and in translation. As the Soviet scholar David Satter writes, "Shalamov's short stories are the definitive chronicle of those camps". Kolyma Tales is considered to be one of the great Russian collections of short stories of the twentieth century.

Late in life, Shalamov got on bad terms with Solzhenitsyn and other fellow dissidents, and opposed the publication of his own works abroad.

Gospodin Solzhenitsyn, I willingly accept Your funeral joke on the account of my death. With the feeling of honor and pride I consider myself the first Cold War victim which have fallen from Your hand … – From the undispatched letter of V. T. Shalamov to A. I. Solzhenitsyn

Shalamov also wrote a series of autobiographical essays that vividly bring to life the city of Vologda and his life before prison.

Last years

As his health deteriorated, he spent the last three years of his life in a house for elderly and disabled writers operated by Litfond (Union of Soviet Writers) in Tushino. The quality of this nursing home can be judged from the memoirs of Yelena Zakharova, who was introduced to Shalamov by her father, who had translated some of his works, and was close to Shalamov in the last six months of his life:

Despite his impairments, he continued to compose poems, which were written down and published by . Following a cursory examination, it was determined that he should be transferred to a psychiatric facility. On the way there, he became ill and contracted pneumonia. Shalamov died on January 17, 1982, and, despite having been an atheist, was given an Orthodox funeral ceremony (at the insistence of his friend, Zakharova) and was interred at Kuntsevo Cemetery, Moscow. The historian Valery Yesipov wrote that only forty people attended Shalamov's funeral, not counting plainclothes policemen.

Kolyma Tales was finally published on Russian soil in 1987, as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost policy.

Legacy

In 1991, the Shalamov family house in Vologda, next to the town's cathedral, was turned into the Shalamov Memorial Museum and local art gallery. The cathedral hill in Vologda has been named in his memory.

One of the Kolyma short stories, "The Final Battle of Major Pugachoff", was made into a film () in 2005. In 2007, Russian Television produced the series "Lenin's Testament"(Завещание Ленина), based on Kolyma Tales.
A minor planet 3408 Shalamov discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1977 is named after him. A memorial to Shalamov was erected in Krasnovishersk in June 2007, the site of his first labor camp.

Shalamov's friend, Fedot Fedotovich Suchkov, erected a monument on the burial plot, which was destroyed by unknown vandals in 2001. The criminal case was closed as uncompleted. With the help of some workers from SeverStal the monument was reestablished in 2001.

A few of Shalamov's poems were set to music and performed as songs.

Bibliography
Ocherki Prestupnovo Mira: Ob Odnoi Oshibke Khudojestvennoi Literatura. 1959.

See also
History of the Soviet Union
Enemy of the people
101st km
Karlo Štajner
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Lev Razgon
Evgenia Ginzburg

References

Publications

 Kolyma Tales
 Graphite
 Vospominaniia (memoirs)
Varlam Shalamov (1998) "Complete Works" (Варлам Шаламов. Собрание сочинений в четырех томах), printed by publishers Vagrius and Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, ,

External links
 Varlam Shalamov official site
 Russian series "Lenin's Testament", based on Kolyma Tales (online)
 Film My Several Lives (1991)
 Varlam Shalamov official site
 Varlam Shalamov on Lib.ru
 Varlam Shalamov. Poetry
 Grave site
 A biography

1907 births
1982 deaths
People from Vologda
People from Vologodsky Uyezd
Soviet short story writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
Russian male short story writers
Stalinism-era scholars and writers
20th-century Russian poets
Russian male poets
Soviet Trotskyists
Russian socialists
Russian Trotskyists
Moscow State University alumni
Gulag detainees
Soviet rehabilitations
Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery

Varlam Shalamov


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Kvikmyndir

 Grafir & bein (2014)
 Grimmd (2016)
 Fulli vasar (2018)

Tilvísanir

Tenglar

Íslenskir kvikmyndaleikstjórar
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Anton Sigurðsson


Ekumenska teologija grana je teologije koja se bavi pitanjima ekumenizma. Proučava nastanak suvremenog ekumenskog pokreta i njegova načela, motive i razloge crkvenih raskola, te pokušaje i načine ujedinjenja raznih kršćanskih zajednica.

Bibliografija
Važniji priručnici dostupni u hrvatskom izdanju:

 Reinhard Frieling, Put ekumenske misli (Der Weg des ökumenischen Gedankens, 1992.)
 Lothar Lies, Temeljni tečaj ekumenske teologije (Grundkurs ökumenische Theologie, 2005.)
 Juraj Kolarić, Ekumenska trilogija (2005.)
 Bernd Moeller, Raymund Kottje, Ekumenska povijest Crkve I-III (Ökumenische Kirchengeschichte I-III, 2006.)

Povezani članci
 Ut Unum Sint
 Svjetski savez crkava

Izvori
 Ekumenska teologija, www.djkbf.unios.hr, pristupljeno 13. kolovoza 2021.
 ekumenizam, Hrvatska enciklopedija, www.enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 13. kolovoza 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Thomas Bremer, [http://haw.nsk.hr/arhiva/vol2021/7028/95265/hrcak.srce.hr/file/202248.pdf Ekumenizam i ekumenska teologija na prekretnici"], Crkva u svijetu'' 1/2015.
 Juro Zečević-Božić, Ekumenizam kao traženje jedinstva u različitosti (2016.)
 Unitatis redintegratio, dekret II. vatikanskog sabora o ekumenizmu

Teologija
Ekumenizam

Ekumenska teologija


Die Liste der Gerechten unter den Völkern aus Norwegen führt in alphabetischer Reihenfolge diejenigen Norweger und Norwegerinnen auf, die von der Gedenkstätte Yad Vashem mit dem Titel Gerechter unter den Völkern geehrt wurden.

Hintergrund
Unter dem Decknamen Unternehmen Weserübung überfiel die deutsche Wehrmacht im Zweiten Weltkrieg am 9. April 1940 Dänemark und Norwegen. Damit begann die Besetzung Norwegens, die bis zum 8. Mai 1945, dem Tag der bedingungslosen Kapitulation der Wehrmacht, andauern sollte. Zum Zeitpunkt der deutschen Besetzung Norwegens, lebten etwa 2200 Juden im Land, davon waren etwa 300 Flüchtlinge aus Deutschland, Österreich oder der Tschechoslowakei. 764 Juden in Norwegen wurden während der deutschen Besatzung des Landes umgebracht, aber 1.000 konnten durch die Hilfe nicht-jüdischer Norweger und Norwegerinnen gerettet werden. Die meisten wurden dadurch gerettet, dass die Helfer sie aus dem Land heraus ins nicht besetzte Schweden schmuggelten. In dem in der Tabelle erwähnten jüdischem Kinderheim in Oslo überlebten zudem 14 jüdische Kinder innerhalb des Landes die Besatzung.

Israel hat nach der Staatsgründung 1948 den Ehrentitel Gerechter unter den Völkern () eingeführt, um nichtjüdische Einzelpersonen zu ehren, die unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft während des Zweiten Weltkriegs ihr Leben einsetzten, um Juden vor der Ermordung zu retten.

67 norwegische Frauen und Männer erhielten bisher den Titel Gerechter unter den Völkern. Außerdem wurde die norwegische Widerstandsbewegung gegen die Nationalsozialisten 1977 kollektiv geehrt.

Liste
Die Liste ist alphabetisch nach Nachnamen geordnet. Hinter dem Namen ist jeweils das Geburtsdatum, das Sterbedatum, der Ort der Rettung, der Grund der Ehrung und das Jahr der Ehrung angegeben.

Siehe auch
 Geschichte der Juden in Norwegen – Verfolgung (1940–1945)

Weblinks

 Homepage von Yad Vashem – Internationale Holocaust Gedenkstätte
 Startseite von Yad Vashem – Die Gerechten unter den Völkern
 Übersicht Gerechte unter den Völkern aus Norwegen
 Startseite der Righteous Among the Nations Database

Einzelnachweise

!
Norwegen


Genç Marx, genel Marksizm değerlendirmelerinde Karl Marx'ın entelektüel gelişiminin iki ayrı bölümlemeye tabi tutulmasının bir sonucu olarak ortaya konulan adlandırmadır. Buna göre, Genç Marx, bir anlamda Marksist düşüncenin başlangıç dönemini yani hazırlık ve oluşum aşaması evresini teşkil eder. Bazı eğilimlerde bu varsayımsal bir ayrımdır, bazı eğilimlerde ise daha kesin bir kategorik ayrım olarak görünür.

Bu evrede Marx, henüz bir tür ekonomi felsefesiyle uğraşmaktadır; Hegel ve Feuerbach üzerinden okumalar yapmakta ve burjuva ekonomi-politiğin terimlerini tersyüz etmektedir. Yabancılaşma, İnsan doğası, din, tin, felsefe, ekonomi politik bu dönemin konu başlıklarıdır. Aynı dönem içinde ekonomi politiğin yanı sıra felsefede Alman idealizmiyle de uğraşmaktadır. Genç Marx, bu döneminde henüz daha ideoloji ya da felsefe alanındadır, yani felsefi bir problematik içinde çalışmaktadır ve bu zorunlu bir süreçtir. Olgun Marx ise, Genç Marx'ın çalışmalarının belirli bir evresinde başka bir düzleme, bilim alanına geçiş yapmış varsayılır. Bu ayrımların kuramsal olarak netleştirilmesi ve kesin bir dönemselleştirme yapılması kolay olmamakla birlikte, buradaki ayrımlayışın belirli bir düşünsel gelişimin dönemlerini açıkladığı ve birbirinden ayırdığı söylenebilir.

Şu yapıtlar Gerç Marx'ın söz konusu dönemini karakterize eder;

 1844 Elyazmaları
 Alman İdeolojisi
 Felsefenin Sefaleti

Daha sonra Marx, kendini somut tarihsel, toplumsal, ekonomik bir bütünselliğin açıklamasına yönlendirir. Özellikle, Grundrisse adlı çalışmasından itibaren ve Kapital'de bunun somut örneğini vermiş olduğu açıklanmaktadır. Soyut kategorik tartışmalardan somutun incelemesine, Tarih felsefesinden Tarih bilimine, yani felsefeden bilime geçiş, Genç Marx ile Olgun Marx arasına konulan ayrımın temelidir.

Althusser'in belirlediği anlamda " epistemolojik kopuş" da bu noktayla ilişkilidir. Bu kopuş'un sonrasında Marx, Althusser'e göre yeni bir kuramsal alandadır. Yani artık felsefi sorunsal'ın değil bilimsel sorunsal'ın içindedir. Althusser burada, genel olarak bir tür bilimlerin kuruluş sürecindeki mantığı Marx'a uyarlar gibidir. Sonuç olarak, buna göre, bütün bilimlerin kuruluşunda olup bitenler, yani bilim öncesinden bilime geçiş, Marksist Bilim'in kuruluşunda da söz konusudur. Genç Marx-Olgun Marx ayrımı bu sürecin Marksizm içindeki tarihini gösterir.

Marksizm

Genç Marx


Promethium(III)-bromid ist eine chemische Verbindung aus den Elementen Promethium und Brom. Es besitzt die Formel PmBr3 und gehört zur Stoffklasse der Bromide.

Darstellung
Promethium(III)-bromid entsteht aus Promethium(III)-oxid (Pm2O3) durch Erhitzen im trockenen HBr-Strom.

Eigenschaften
Kristallines wasserfreies Promethium(III)-bromid ist ein korallenrotes Salz mit einem Schmelzpunkt von 660 °C. Es kristallisiert im orthorhombischen Kristallsystem im PuBr3-Typ mit den Gitterparametern a = 1265 pm, b = 408 pm und c = 912 pm mit vier Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle und somit einer berechneten Dichte von 5,45 g·cm−3.

Sicherheitshinweise
Einstufungen nach der CLP-Verordnung liegen nicht vor, weil diese nur die chemische Gefährlichkeit umfassen und eine völlig untergeordnete Rolle gegenüber den auf der Radioaktivität beruhenden Gefahren spielen. Auch Letzteres gilt nur, wenn es sich um eine dafür relevante Stoffmenge handelt.

Literatur
 Fritz Weigel: Die Chemie des Promethiums, in: Fortschr. Chem. Forsch., 1969, 12 (4), S. 539–621 ().
 James E. Huheey: Anorganische Chemie, 1. Auflage, de Gruyter, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-11-008163-6, S. 873–900.

Einzelnachweise

Promethiumverbindung
Bromid

Promethium(III)-bromid


Roger Michelot (Saint-Dizier, Francuska, 8. lipnja 1912. – Toulon, Francuska, 19. ožujka 1993.) je pokojni francuski boksač u srednjoj i poluteškoj kategoriji. Natjecao se u amaterskom i profesionalnom boksu te je osvojio zlato na Olimpijadi u Berlinu 1936.

Karijera
Michelot je počeo s treniranjem boksa u tinejdžerskoj dobi te je bio višestruki francuski amaterski prvak u srednjoj i poluteškoj kategoriji. U dobi od dvadeset godina kvalificirao se na olimpijski turnir u Los Angelesu. Ondje je u polufinalu poražen od Argentinca Azara a kasnije i u meču za brončanu medalju.

Na sljedećim Olimpijskim igrama u Berlinu prešao je u polutešku kategoriju gdje je stigao do vrha u slavivši nad domaćim predstavnikom Vogtom. Budući da Francuski boksački savez nije participirao na europskim boksačkim prvenstvima u Budimpešti (1934.), Milanu (1937.) i Dublinu (1939.), Michelot nije imao priliku boriti se za europski naslov.

Tijekom 1942. i 1943. Francuz se natjecao u profesionalnom boksu u ukupno 14 borbi (od čega je slavio u njih 11). Sve borbe je odradio u Parizu i u srednjoj kategoriji a niti jedna nije bila za naslov prvaka. Zbog toga je njegova karijera u profesionalnom boksu neznatna u usporedbi s uspjesima u amaterskom boksu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Profil Rogera Michelota na Sports-reference.com

Olimpijski pobjednici u boksu
Francuski boksači

Roger Michelot


Ulf Andersson (born 27 June 1951) is a leading Swedish chess player. FIDE awarded him the International Master title in 1970 and the Grandmaster title in 1972.

Chess career
At his peak, Andersson reached number four on the FIDE rating list. Tournaments he has won or shared first include the 1969 Swedish Chess Championship, Göteborg 1971, Dortmund 1973, Camagüez 1974, Cienfuegos 1975, Belgrade 1977, Buenos Aires 1978, Hastings 1978–79, Phillips & Drew 1980, Johannesburg 1981, Phillips & Drew 1982, Turin 1982, Wijk aan Zee 1983, Reggio Emilia 1985, Rome 1985, and Rome 1986. He drew a six-game match against former world champion Mikhail Tal in 1983, and played top board in the second USSR versus The Rest of The World Match in 1984. He led the Swedish Chess Olympiad Team during the 1970s and 1980s, and reached his best personal result in the 23rd Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires 1978, where he finished in third place after Viktor Korchnoi and Orestes Rodríguez Vargas. Now in his 70s, he still participates in tournaments from time to time.

Playing style
Andersson is a very solid . He draws a high percentage of his games against fellow grandmasters . He is renowned as a great player of endgames, especially rook endgames, and is famous for winning seemingly "unwinnable" endgames, often in very long games . Jacob Aagaard wrote about Andersson in his book Excelling at Chess stating "He is a very prophylactic player, seeing all kinds of tactics well in advance and avoiding pitfalls with great skill." Chess writer Dennis Monokroussos once remarked of Andersson's style,
For most of us, if we're playing a peer and major exchanges occur, a quick draw is the likely result ... for Andersson ... exchanges [are] often not the prelude to a quick draw but the signal that it [is] time for his opponent to start suffering.

Correspondence play
In recent years, Andersson has begun playing correspondence chess, quickly becoming a grandmaster in that form of chess as well. In 2002, he reached the top of the correspondence chess rating list . His correspondence games tend to be very tactical, which contrasts sharply with his style of play . Very few players in history have been as successful as Andersson at both forms of chess.

Notable games

In the following game, using the "hedgehog" formation he in part originated (characterized by a half-open c- and pawns on a6, b6, d6, and e6, knights on d7 and f6, bishops on b7 and e7, a rook on c8, and  castling), Andersson inflicts upon Anatoly Karpov the latter's first loss as world champion:

References

Bibliography

External links

1951 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Correspondence chess grandmasters
Chess double grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Swedish chess players
Sportspeople from Västerås

Ulf Andersson


Otto Renner FRS (1883, Nuevo Ulm - 1960) fue un naturalista, genetista alemán. Siguiendo la obra de Erwin Baur, Renner estableció la teoría de la herencia maternal de los plastos como una teoría ampliamente aceptada de genética.

Renner trabajó con plantas del género Oenothera. En 1935 se convirtió en miembro correspondiente de la Academia Bávara de Ciencias. Y en 1949, un miembro de pleno derecho de la Asociación de Académicos.

De 1933 a 1943 fue editor de la revista Flora Silvestres, de 1947 a 1956 de Planta, de 1949 a 1955 editó el "Fortschritte der Botanik (Progreso de la botánica)".

Renner llevó a cabo viajes de investigación a Argelia, en 1914; y a Java, entre 1930 a 1931.

Algunas publicaciones
 (1906) Beiträge zur Anatomie und Systematik der Artocarpeen und Conocephaleen insbesondere der Gattung Ficus. Leipzig: Engelmann. Reimprimió Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2010, 138 pp. ISBN 1-167-76420-X
 (1934) Die pflanzlichen Plastiden als selbständige Elemente der genetischen Konstitution. Leipzig: Hirzel
 (1929) Artbastarde bei Pflanzen. Berlín: Gebr. Bornträger
 (1925) Untersuchungen über die faktorielle Konstitution einiger komplexheterozygotischer Oenotheren. Leipzig: Gebr. Borntraeger
 (1929) Handbuch der Vererbungswissenschaft, vol. 2, A; Artbastarde bei Pflanzen
 (1958) Über den Erbgang des Cruciata-Merkmals der Oenotheren: 8. Verbindungen der Oenothera atrovirens, und Rückblick
 (1961) William Bateson und Carl Correns. Sitzungsberichte Der Heidelberger Akademie Der Wissenschafte. Editor Springer[-Verlag], 23 pp. ISBN 3-540-02749-1

Fuentes

 Ilse Jahn (eds.) Geschichte der Biologie
 Karl Mägdefrau. Geschichte der Botanik

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Genetistas de Alemania
Personas de Baviera
Alumnado de la Universidad de Múnich
Profesores de la Universidad de Múnich
Profesores de la Universidad de Jena
Miembros extranjeros de la Royal Society
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias de Baviera
Miembros de la Leopoldina
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias de Sajonia
Nacidos en Neu-Ulm
Fallecidos en Múnich

Otto Renner


O Paris Expo Porte de Versailles é um centro de exposições e conferências em Paris, França. Está localizado no 15º arrondissement na estação de metrô Porte de Versailles entre o Boulevard Périphérique e os Boulevards dos Marechais. É o maior parque de exposições da França.

O Paris Expo Porte de Versailles possui 228.211 m2 (2.456.440 pés quadrados) de área de exposição, 8 pavilhões, 2 auditórios, 32 salas de reuniões. O centro de exposições hospeda mais de 120 feiras todos os anos, além de eventos, muitos lançamentos de produtos e convenções. A Tour Triangle, uma pirâmide de vidro de 180 metros de altura, está planejada para ser construída perto do local. Abriga um hotel de 120 quartos e 70.000 metros quadrados de escritórios.

A Paris Expo será uma sede dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024, sediando competições de handebol, vôlei e tênis de mesa.

Ligações externas
 Site de Viparis
 Site do projeto de reforma do centro de exposições

Arenas da França
Construções desportivas de Paris
Paris

Paris Expo Porte de Versailles


Kali Michele Rocha (Memphis, Tennessee, 5 de diciembre de 1971) es una actriz estadounidense.

Biografía
Nació en Memphis, Tennesse y creció en Providence, Rhode Island.

Es conocida como la auxiliar de vuelo que tiene una pelea con el personaje de Ben Stiller en el aeropuerto en la película de 2000 Meet the Parents. Tuvo un papel recurrente en Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Interpretó a la esposa de Stonewall Jackson, Anna, en Gods and Generals. Otras películas incluyen, The Crucible, White Oleander, The Object of My Affection y Ready? OK!. Recientemente ha interpretado a "Marcy Burns" en la sitcom Man with a Plan.

En 2000, creó el papel de Cybil en The Altruist, junto a Eddie Cahill; Veanne Cox, y Sam Robards.

Apareció en Will and Grace, y en Teachers. Luego, apareció en Law & Order: Special Victims Unit como Cindy Marino. Apareció en un episodio de Bones. Notablemente, interpreta a la Dr. Sydney Heron, en Grey's Anatomy.

En 2009, apareció en TiMER.' Ahora interpreta a Karen Rooney, en la serie Liv and Maddie(en español y en Latinoamérica Liv y Maddie), como a la mamá de la familia Rooney ý psicóloga de la escuela secundaria Rigewood.

En enero de 2008, anunció que estaba embarazada.

Filmografía

Film

Televisión

Referencias

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Tennessee
Alumnado de la Universidad Carnegie Mellon
Nacidos en Memphis
Nacidos en Tennessee

Kali Rocha


Politički marketing je marketinško djelovanje u političkom području. U svezi je s demokratskim poretkom. Razvijao se od stranačkog ka marketinškom konceptu. Politička je zbilja svoje vrste.

Razvijao se usporedno s komercijalnim marketingom tijekom dvadesetog stoljeća (naročito u Americi i Europi) uz porast sveopćeg izbornog prava, razvoja radija i televizije, i znanstvenih metoda procjene tržišta i javnog mnijenja, koji su se transformirali u političke kampanje kakve se vode danas. Korištenje marketinga u političkim kampanjama razvijalo se u većini zemalja kroz četiri različita ere: nesofisticirana era prodaje (kandidati koji su promovirali sebe različitim društvenim klasama u 19-om stoljeću); era prodaje (početak dvadesetog stoljeća, kada su političari koristili masovne medije da prošire poruke ali nisu istraživali namjere glasačke); sofisticirana početna marketinška era prodaje (razvijene su neslužbene ankete, koje su dopuštale glasačima povratnu informaciju u političkom procesu); i era strateškog marketinga.

Ulaskom u eru strateške komunikacije (marketinga) nastupile su brojne promjena u izbornoj komunikaciji. Procesi nazvani amerikanizacija, modernizacija i medijalizacija predstavljaju dijelom slične, a dijelom različite aspekte iste promjene; oni se međusobno uslovljavaju i pojačavaju. Kod modernih izbornih kampanja tipično upravljanje događajima i temama djelotvorno je moguće zahvaljujući medijima koji imaju funkciju posrednika.

Preduvjeti
Politički marketing nije isto što i politička propaganda, koja je uglavnom u autoritarnoj državi, koja nije u svezi s tržišnim pristupom politici i koja može zapasti u stupanj zasićenosti, što nije slučaj s političkim marketingom. Politički marketing pak djeluje u demokratskim društvima. Preduvjeti da bi bio su:
 političari su svjesni metoda "prodaje" i postoji spona između politike i biznisa;
 političari su spremni prilagoditi svoje stavove prema nalazima istraživanja;
 postoje komercijalni mediji i reklamne agencije;
 postoji znatan novac koji se može upotrijebiti u kampanji;
 opada udio populacije u politici i potreba je da se apeli dramatiziraju;
 društvo koje je zemljopisno i socijalno pokretljivo, koje stvara vrijednosni "vakuum", a politički "teritorij" je otvoren s malo postojeće lojalnosti.

Definiranje političkog marketinga
U političkom marketingu ne radi se samo o komunikaciji, odnosima s javnošću i vođenju kampanja. On je mnogo više od toga. Stranke se ponašaju kao poduzeća, koristeći tržišne informacije kako bi utjecale na dizajn političkog proizvoda kojeg nude, postajući orijentirane prema tržištu (ili glasaču) radije nego fokusirane na prodaju. Definicije političkog marketinga variraju, ali većina ih govori o političkoj organizaciji (bilo da se radi o proizvodu koji se nudi, političaru, kandidatu, vladi) i njihovom odnosu s ili prema, tržištu (bilo da se radi o javnosti općenito, građanima, ili na određeniji način članstvom npr. Kako marketinški pristup postoji u oblasti politike, kako bi se istaknula osobenost političkog, odnosno izbornog marketinga, važno je ukazati na neke definicije političkog marketinga.

Francuski teoretičar M. Bongrand ističe kako je važno «razlikovati politički marketing od političke komunikacije».  Politička komunikacija je oduvijek postojala kako bi udovoljila najvažnijim potrebama svakog oblika vlasti". Da bi se na vlast dospjelo, kao i da bi se ona obavljala, ili pak da bi se građanima polagali računi, politika mora biti komunikacija. To je razlog postojanja programa, platformi i ostalih političkih dokumenata. Bongrand dalje smatra da se politički marketing javlja kao novije oruđe političke komunikacije i proizišao je iz međusobnog spoja općeg prava glasa, demokracije i razvitka sredstava informiranja.

P. J. Maarek, profesor informacijskih i komunikacijskih znanosti iz Pariza, ističe da je politički marketing opća metoda političke komunikacije. On polazi od nadređenog položaja političke komunikacije političkom marketingu.

Prema A. O'Cassu (1966.) politički marketing je analiza, planiranje, implementacija i kontrola političkih i izbornih programa namijenjenih da se stvori, izgradi i održi korisna razmjena odnosa između stranke i glasača, u svrhu postizanja ciljeva trgovaca političkog tržišta.

Za A. Hughesa i S. Danna (2004.) politički marketing je politička komunikacija (organizacijska) funkcija i komplet procesa za stvaranje, komuniciranje i ispunjenje obećanja vrijednosti potrošačima, i za upravljanje odnosima s kupcem na način koji stvara korist političkoj organizaciji i ciljnim javnostima (stakeholderima).

Prema knjizi J. Lees-Marshmenta Political marketing and British political parties, politički marketing tiče se «političkih organizacija koje usvajaju shvaćanja i tehnike poslovnog marketinga, koji bi im pomogli doseći njihove ciljeve». Političke stranke, interesne skupine i mjesna vijeća su među onim entitetima koja provode marketinška istraživanja kako bi prepoznali brige građana, promijenili njihove stavove, udovoljili tim zahtjevima i učinkovitije priopćili što njihovi «proizvodi» zapravo «nude».Kao područje istraživanja, smatra dalje J. Lees-Marshment, politički marketing proučava odnos između «proizvoda» političke organizacije i zahtjeva njegovog tržišta. Takve političke organizacije uključuju parlamente, političke stranke, interesne skupine i birokracije; zakonodavstvo njihovog proizvoda, politike ili sastanke; oni trguju javnošću, biračkim tijelom, članovima, financijskim donatorima, poreznim obveznicima ili onima koji su novčano uzdržavani.

Dr. B. Spahić s Univeryiteta u Sarajevu tvrdi kako je «politički marketing skup analitičkih, kreativnih i planskih akcija kojima politički subjekt nastoji da osigura što veću podršku sljedbenika i najšire javnosti u što efikasnijoj realizaciji političkih ciljeva, konkretnog političkog programa ili pak u osvajanju političke vlasti u parlamentarnim izborima, uz istovremeno osiguravanje materijalne baze svoga djelovanja». Spahić nadalje ističe da politički marketing treba promatrati kao višeslojnu komunikacijsku djelatnost:
a) u fazi istraživanja političkog problema i potreba populacije;
b) u masmedijalnoj i javnoj afirmaciji i javnoj afirmaciji svoga programa (cilja), a obraćajući se najširoj recepijentskoj strukturi;
c) u kontaktu s ekonomskim subjektima-izvorima financijske potrebe; i
d) u široj lepezi uspostavljanja odnosa s pojednicima, kulturnim, političkim, sportskim i drugima javnim institucijama s kojima politički subjekti imaju zajedničke interese.
U knjizi Kontroverze propagandnog djelovanja, B. Spahić, ističe da «politički marketing, ustvari, ne predstavlja ništa drugo nego najsuvremenije oblike postizanja raznih, samo prividno političkih ciljeva, koji predstavljaju i veoma značajan segment utiecaja na mase (propagande, indoktrinacije, socijalizacije, «političkog odgoja», ideologizacije, javnih odnosa i sl.). To ne predstavlja ništa drugo do primjenu rafiniranih metoda marketinga (filozofije, sistema i funkcije), ili bolje rečeno, «marketing management-a» (upravljanje uz pomoć marketinga) identično ekonomskoj sferi. Blizak pojam je i tzv. «socijalni inženjering».

Z. Đ. Slavujević politički marketing određuje kao «komercijalnu varijantu političke propagande, fokusiranu na konkretne političke ciljeve i na kraća vremenska djelovanja, koja se u uvjetima političkog pluralizma i autonomije medija, realizira publicitetom i plaćenim oglašavanjem».

Obzirom na navedene definicije komercijalnog i političkog marketinga, može se utvrditi kako se politika na bazi bogatog iskustva političkog djelovanja samo poslužila visoko razvijenim i usavršenim metodama i tehnikama komercijalnog marketinga. Objašnjavajući sličnosti i razlike promidžbe u politici i ekonomiji, Spahić ističe da «obje imaju za cilj  (koristeći se gotovo identičnim metodama) modificiranje javnog mišljenja i uvjetovanja (ne)ponašanja mase u pravcu postizanja vlastitih ciljeva subjekata ekonomske i političke moći i to u dužem vremenskom periodu, što nije daleko od pojma indoktrinacije»

Elementi političkog marketinga
Analizirajući definicije, opća pravila i ključne pojmove političkog marketinga moguće je prepoznati elemente koji bi bili međusobno usporedivi. Njih M. Bongrand u knjizi Politički marketing,  analizira kroz šest izraza sadržanih u definiciji komercijalnog marketinga.

1.  Proizvod ili politička roba. Razmjenjuju se na političkom tržištu. Čine ga: političke stranke (organizacije), političari, političke ideje, osobnost/karakteristike ličnosti političara. Ključna promjena u političkom marketingu jest činjenica da se političar (proizvod/roba) prodaje an "političkom tržištu".  Još jedna promjena je važna i ona se tiče odnosa robe  (političar) i potrošača (birač): političar umjesto da uvjerava kako je u pravu, on izražava/komunicira samo ono što je važno za birače, o pošto birači sami misle. Političar im nudi uglavnom ono u čemu oni mogu prepoznati svoj interes.

2.  Političko tržište. Ključna je točka koncepcije političkog marketinga. Najvažnije političko tržište je tržište birača. Pod političkim tržištem se podrazumijeva cjelokupna politička javnost. Zadaća političkog marketinga je segmentirati političku javnost/tržište i definirati ciljnu javnost/birače kako bi se vodila usmjerena komunikacija.

3.  Potrošač ili kupac političke robe. Potrošač na političkom tržištu je birač, kao i pojedine kategorije birača koji svojim glasom "kupuju" poboljšanje svog položaja.

4.  Isticanje razlika tj. pozicioniranje proizvoda.  Koncept razlikovanja predstavlja jasno razgraničenje i razlikovanje političke robe na političkom tržištu u odnosu na konkurenciju. Cilj razlikovanja i naglašavanja razlika političke robe je povećanje njene prepoznatljivosti i isticanja njene prednosti. Kako ističu marketinški stručnjaci "marketing je prije svega umjetnost pozicioniranja".

5.  Prodaja u komercijalnom marketingu podrazumijeva ustupanje nekog predmeta po ugovorenoj cijeni. U političkom marketingu toga pojma nema. Funkcija političkog marketinga bila bi da organizira kandidatovo znanje i ideje, da ga predstavi javnosti i da mu osigura glasače.

6.  Profit u komercijalnom marketingu, izbor na javnu funkciju te «počasti i prinadležnosti» u političkom marketingu.
Ispitujući dalje analogiju između potrošača u ekonomskoj teoriji i birača u teoriji javnog izbora, I. McLean (Uvod u javni izbor) konstatira da je glas, donekle sličan novcu. «U oba primjera možemo pretpostaviti da ih građani upotrebljavaju kako bi maksimalno povećali svoje zadovoljstvo».

Izvori

Politika
Marketing

Politički marketing


Das Haus Oeringer Straße 20 war ein denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in der Stadt Quedlinburg in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lage
Es befand sich östlich der historischen Quedlinburger Neustadt. Heute ist das Grundstück mit einem zur Handelskette Lidl gehörenden Einkaufsmarkt bebaut.

Architektur und Geschichte

Bei dem Gebäude handelte es sich um einen kleinen Bürgerhof, der sich vor der Stadt Quedlinburg befand. Es war im Quedlinburger Denkmalverzeichnis als Bürgerhof eingetragen. Das eher schlichte Wohnhaus war in der Zeit des Barock entstanden. Es verfügte über eine Profilbohle und geohrten Fensterfaschen. Im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert erfolgten Anbauten und Erweiterung des Gebäudes.

Im Jahr 2009 wurde das zu diesem Zeitpunkt stark sanierungsbedürftige Gebäude abgerissen und ein Lidl-Einkaufsmarkt errichtet.

Literatur
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 202.

Oeringer Strasse 20
Oeringer Strasse 20
Oeringer Straße (Quedlinburg)

Oeringer Straße 20 (Quedlinburg)


La rue Cluseret est une voie publique de la commune de Suresnes, dans le département français des Hauts-de-Seine.

Situation et accès

Marquée par un fort dénivelé, lié à la présence du mont Valérien, la rue Cluseret commence au croisement du boulevard Washington et du boulevard du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, au niveau de l'entrée du parc des Landes, et se termine à l'intersection avec la rue des Carrières. Elle croise successivement la rue du Tertre, la rue des Terres-Blanches, la rue des Raguidelles, la rue Worth, l'impasse des Vignerons et la rue de la Cerisaie.

Sa desserte se fait par la gare de Suresnes-Longchamp, sur la ligne 2 du tramway d'Île-de-France.

Au niveau de la rue des Raguidelles, la rue passe brièvement sous un petit pont, autrefois appelé pont de la Groue, reconstruit depuis, sur lequel circule la ligne L du Transilien.

Origine du nom
Ses anciens noms, chemin de la Grou (1855) puis rue de la Groue (1867), faisaient référence à la groue, une terre pierreuse favorable à la culture du vin, en lien avec l'histoire viticole de Suresnes, et dont témoigne aussi limpasse des Sommeliers-de-la-Groue située dans les environs. Lors d'une délibération du conseil municipal de Suresnes présidée par le maire Victor Diederich et préparée en séance de la Commission de Voirie en décembre 1907, elle est renommée le 31 janvier 1908 en hommage au général et homme politique Gustave Paul Cluseret (1823-1900), né à Suresnes et dont la maison familiale se trouvait 21 rue de Saint-Cloud.

Historique, bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire

 Au 11 se trouve le siège du district de France de la Fraternité sacerdotale Saint-Pie-X. Cette propriété comprend une chapelle, en service, et dédiée au rite tridentin.
 C'est au 37 de cette rue qu'habitait Chapour Bakhtiar, ancien Premier ministre d'Iran, lorsqu'il fut assassiné en 1991, avec son secrétaire.
 Cimetière américain de Suresnes.
 Parc des Landes.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  (en ligne).
 René Sordes, Histoire de Suresnes : Des origines à 1945, Société historique de Suresnes, 1965.
 Suresnes, ses lieux dits et ses rues vous parlent, Société historique de Suresnes, 1968.
 Francis Prévost, Histoires de Suresnes, Suresnes Information, 1989.
 .
 .

Article connexe
 Histoire de Suresnes

Cluseret

Rue Cluseret


Vettri TV යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දෙමළ රූපවාහිනී සේවාවකි. නාලිකාව විකාශනය ආරම්භ කළේ 2009 සැප්තැම්බර් 17 වන දින, එහි සිංහල සහෝදර නාලිකාව වූ සියත රූපවාහිනියේ එදිනම ය.

යොමු කිරීම්

තරු දෙමළ රූපවාහිනිය


Sarıalan, Samsun ilinin Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe  II. Katerina döneminde Rus ordusu Çerkes topraklarına girmeye başladı ve Rusya, Çerkesya'yı hızla ilhak etmek amacıyla kaleler inşa etmeye başladı. 17 Temmuz (O.S.), 1763'te Rus kuvvetleri, Doğu Çerkesya'daki Mezdeug (günümüz Mozdok) kasabasına girerek orayı bir Rus kalesine dönüştürdü. Böylece Çerkesler ile Rus İmparatorluğu arasındaki düşmanlıklar başladı. Rus ordusu beklemediği kadar sıkı bir direnişle karşılaştı. Rus-Çerkes savaşı sırasınca iki taraf da birbirine pek çok baskınlar düzenledi
 1800'ler–1870'ler
(Sistematik Çerkes katliamı 1800'lerde başladı; hayatta kalan Çerkes nüfusu 1860-1870'lerde Osmanlı topraklarına sürgün edildi) Çerkesler Anadolu'nun hemen hemen her yerine yerleştirildiler.
Türkiye'nin doğusunda,
Ege Denizi boyunca
Amasya, Samsun, Kilikya, Mezopotamya, Çarşamba yarımadası yakınlarındaki bölgeler ile Adapazarı, Düzce, Eskişehir ve Balıkesir, Kars, Erzincan.
Anadolu'da Çerkesler Ermeniler ile yoğun çatışmalara girdiler

müslüman ve Çerkez olan kalabalık bir sülale topluluğudur, soyisim olarak, Vezirköprü'nün en çok ve kalabalık soyismini taşıyan sülale ve soyu bulunan ve civar köylerde kan bağı bulunan büyük bir sülaledir
Soyisimler

KARTAL, Güleç, Torun, İpçi vs vs hemen hemen hepsi birbiriyle kanbağı olan birbirine güvenen ve saygın büyük ailelerdir.

Bilinen büyük dedelerden birisi olan, Hüseyin onbaşıdır, hüseyin onbaşının dedeleri çerkezyada 1763 te mozdok   Kasabasında Ruslarla karşılıklı baskınlar düzenlediler, Rus ordusu beklemediği kadar sıkı bir direnişle karşılaştı. bu direnişin başını çeken kişilerden 2 si kardeş olunduğu ve Hüseyin kartalın dedesi veyahut babası olarak bilinmekte

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 143 km, Vezirköprü ilçesine 28 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus
Köy 250 haneden oluşmaktadır, toplam nüfus 1602'dir.

Vezirköprü'nün mahalleleri

Sarıalan, Vezirköprü