The T-90 is a third-generation Russian main battle tank developed to replace the T-72. It uses a 125mm 2A46 smoothbore main gun, the 1A45T fire-control system, an upgraded engine, and gunner's thermal sight. Standard protective measures include a blend of steel and composite armour, smoke grenade dischargers, Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA) and the Shtora infrared anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) jamming system.

The T-90 was designed and built by Uralvagonzavod, in Nizhny Tagil, Russia. It entered service with the Russian army in 1992.

Development
The T-90 has its origins in a Soviet-era program aimed at developing a replacement for the T-64, T-72 and T-80 series of main battle tanks (MBT). The T-72 platform was selected as the basis for the new generation of tank owing to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity and automotive qualities. The Kartsev-Venediktov Design Bureau from Nizhny Tagil was responsible for the design work and prepared two parallel proposals—the Object 188, which was a relatively simple upgrade of the existing T-72B tank (Object 184), and the far more advanced Object 187—only vaguely related to the T-72 series and incorporating major improvements to the hull and turret design, armor, powerplant and armament. Development work was approved in 1986 and the first prototypes were completed by 1988. The vehicles resulting from the Object 187 program have not been declassified to this date.

The Object 188 was engineered by a team under V.N. Venediktov. The biggest change was the integration of the 1A45 fire-control system of the T-80U. The Object 188 was initially designated as the T-72BM. The first four of these were delivered for trials in January 1989. An improved variant (called the T-72BU) was delivered beginning in June 1990. In March 1991, the Soviet Ministry of Defense recommended that the Army adopt the Object 188. Work on the Object 187 was simultaneously stopped for unknown reasons.

Production and service history

Russian tank production dwindled in the years before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union. The Kharkov tank plant belonged to the newly independent Ukraine, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ended production in 1989, and Kirov in Leningrad in 1990. In the two remaining tank plants at Omsk and Nizhni-Tagil, state orders all but ceased in 1992. Around the same time, the Russian Ministry of Defense decided it would commit to eventually producing just one tank type.

During the 1980s, the Soviet military had ordered T-64s, T-72s and T-80s, then in simultaneous production from rival tank design firms. Though all three tanks had similar characteristics, they each required different components, which contributed to the Army's logistical burden. Though both Nizhni-Tagil's T-90 and Omsk's T-80U had their merits, the T-80's gas turbine engine was notorious for its high fuel consumption and poor reliability. Additionally, Russian T-80s suffered heavy losses in their first combat use during the First Chechen War. T-90s, which were not deployed to Chechnya, were spared media criticism in spite of the similarly poor performance of the T-72 in the same conflict.

In January 1996, Colonel General Aleksandr Galkin, chief of the Main Armor Directorate of the Russian Ministry of Defense, said the Russian Armed Forces would phase out T-80 production in favor of the T-90 (Galkin reversed his position later that year, claiming the T-80U was a superior tank). Production of the T-80 at Omsk persisted until 2001, mainly for the export market.

The principal upgrade in the T-90 is the incorporation of a slightly modified form of the T-80U's more sophisticated 1A45T Irtysh fire control system and an upgraded V-84MS multi-fuel engine developing 840 hp (618 kW). The T-90 was manufactured at the Uralvagonzavod factory in Nizhny Tagil, with low-level production being carried out since 1992 and virtually ceasing towards the end of the 1990s for the native market. Around 120 T-90 tanks were delivered to the Russian Ground Forces before production of an upgraded version was resumed in 2004.

By September 1995, some 107 T-90 tanks had been produced, located in the Siberian Military District. Later, another U.S. report said that "..with only 150 built by mid-1998, the Siberian Military District's 21st Motor Rifle Division received [some of] these MBTs and formed a tank regiment (T-90s were also issued to the 5th Don Guards Tank Division in Buryatia)." However, the 21st MRD had already been reduced to the status of a motor-rifle brigade by this time, and then was reduced to a storage base in 1997.

Facing tapering domestic orders, Uralvagonzavod received government approval to export the T-90 in the mid-1990s. The designers at Uralvagonzavod created a new, welded turret that offered improvements in protection and internal space in the same period. In 1997, India signaled interest in the T-90 in response to Pakistan's acquisition of 320 Ukrainian T-80UD tanks. India's Heavy Vehicles Factory in Avadi was already license-manufacturing the T-72 under the name "Ajeya".

The first 42 complete Indian tanks were delivered in 2001 and were designated T-90S (Object 188S), still equipped with the older cast turrets of the early series (this exhausted the remaining stocks of cast turrets warehoused at Nizhny Tagil) and powered by the V-84 engine making 840 hp (618 kW). In 2002, 82 vehicles were delivered, now equipped with the new welded turrets and the V-92S2 engine, generating 1,000 hp (735 kW). The initial contract stipulated the following batch of 186 tanks, now officially called Bhishma, to be completed in India from Russian-supplied kits, and then gradually replaced with domestically manufactured parts. Delays in domestic production compelled the Indian authorities to place an additional order for 127 complete vehicles from Uralvagonzavod.

In 2005 the Russian army resumed delivery of the T-90, requesting the "original" specification for the vehicle with a cast turret. But with the new order numbering 14 tanks, and the large capital investment required to set up production of new cast turrets, the Russian Ministry of Defence agreed on a new configuration very close to the Indian T-90S, which was expeditiously accepted into service without any trials as the Object 188A1 or T-90A. 2005 saw delivery of 18 new tanks – enough to equip approximately five tank platoons. These new Russian tanks were powered by the V-92S2 engine, carried a T01-K05 Buran-M gunner's sight (passive-active night-vision channel with an EPM-59G Mirage-K matrix and a maximum observation distance of 1,800 m) and were protected by the most recent Kontakt-5 reactive armor with 4S22 explosive tiles.

The years 2006–2007 saw the delivery of 31 T-90A tanks each, now fitted with entirely passive ESSA main gunner's sights supplied by Peleng in Belarus and using the 2nd-generation thermal camera Catherine-FC from Thales, and improved 4S23 ERA tiles. The joint venture established on the basis of JSC Volzhsky Optical and Mechanical Plant" (VOMZ) and Thales Optronics, produced Catherine-FC thermal imaging devices, which were further used to develop "ESSA", "PLISA" and "SOSNA-U" sighting systems produced for the Russian armoured vehicles, including T-72B3 tanks and export versions of T-90S (exported to India, Algeria and Azerbaijan). Since 2012, Russia was able to produce 3rd-generation Catherine-XP cameras based on QWIP matrix technology.

In 2012, the Russian-made commander combined sample supervisory-sighting system "T01-K04DT/Agat-MDT" was presented to the public at the International Forum Engineering Technologies 2012. According to Krasnogorsky Zavod plant, Agat-MDT has the ability to install (for further modernization) in the sight the newly developed domestic UPF format 640×512 by 15 microns, which makes possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3.5–4.0 km without modifications to the sight.

In 2016, the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis-K night-vision sighting system for the T-80U and T-90, with first deliveries planned for 2017. Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) matrix thermal sight, addressed a disadvantage of Russian tanks relative to their Western counterparts. The Irbis-K can identify targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during day and night.

In 2007, there were about 334 T-90 tanks of various types serving in the Russian Ground Forces' 5th Guards Tank Division, stationed in the Siberian Military District, and seven T-90 tanks assigned to the marines. Since 2008, the Russian army has received 62 tanks annually, suspending orders in 2011.

After the cancellation of the T-95 in 2010, Uralvagonzavod began the OKR Armata (Armament) design study. The study resulted in the Object 148 based on the T-95 (itself based on the Object 187). The Russian Army curtailed T-90 orders beginning in 2012 to prepare for the arrival of the new tank. In July 2021, Industry and Trade Minister Denis Manturov said the tank, designated the T-14 Armata, will enter serial production in 2022.

Deliveries of upgraded T-90M tanks started in April 2020 to the Guards Tank Army of the RF Western Military District. The T-90M 'Proryv' ('Breakthrough') has received a principally new turret, the 2A46M-5 gun, and a more powerful engine. The Proryv is outfitted with a new multi-channel sighting system that allows employing weapons at any time of day or night and it can exchange data with other vehicles in real time. A new batch was delivered in March 2021. According to Ukrainian intelligence sources, manufacturing of T-90s was slowed because of the effect of International sanctions since the start of the invasion of Ukraine. An article from Forbes magazine in early October 2023 suggested a rise in T-90M's production based on the increasing amount of T90 losses in Ukraine.

Combat use

Russian service

An early variant of the export-oriented T-90S allegedly saw combat action during the 1999 Chechen invasion of Dagestan instead of being delivered to India. The tank's survivability against rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) is disputed. Gordon L. Rottman writes that T-90s were "frequently" knocked out by three or four hits from a RPG-7. He adds that Chechens found a way to compromise T-90s fitted with explosive reactive armor: they would fire an RPG-7 from close range (within 50m) to trigger the explosive reactive armor protection, and then re-attack the exposed tank armour underneath with two or more RPG hits, again from close range.

On the other hand, Moscow Defense Brief gives the example of one T-90 that remained in action despite being hit by seven RPGs. The journal concluded that with regular equipment, the upgraded T-90 seems to be the best protected Russian tank, especially with the implementation of Shtora-1 and Arena defensive systems.

The T-90A was deployed to Syria in 2015 to support the Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War.

In September 2020, a Russian T-90 was accidentally hit by an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) during exercises held in Russia's Astrakhan region causing serious damage to the vehicle.

Russo-Ukrainian War and full scale Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the war in Donbas stage of the Russo-Ukrainian War in the summer of 2014, elements of the Russian 136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade equipped with T-90A tanks conducting operations in Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine were identified in social media posts, and locations of their photographs were geolocated by open-source investigators.

During the full scale Russian invasion of Ukraine beginning in February 2022, by 12 May, a T-90 was reported to have been destroyed by a Swedish Carl Gustaf man-portable anti-tank grenade launcher in Kharkiv.

As of 12 September 2023, Oryx blog had documented that Russia had lost at least 79 T-90s since the start of the  Russian invasion of Ukraine (visually confirmed), including 34 T-90A (of which 21 were destroyed, 1 damaged, 2 abandoned, 10 captured), 1 T-90AK (1 captured), 7 T-90S (5 destroyed, 1 abandoned, 1 captured) and 37 T-90M (21 destroyed, 7 damaged, 6 abandoned, 3 captured).

During this conflict, the T-90 has faced many types of anti-tank missiles, including modern "top attack" missiles such as the American-produced FGM-148 Javelin and the Anglo-Swedish NLAW. These type of missiles are known to be capable of defeating these tanks. Russia has developed Arena, an active protection system developed for the purpose of protecting tanks from anti-tank weapons, anti-tank guided missiles, and missiles with top attack warheads.

Syrian service
In early February 2016, Syrian Army forces began using T-90As in combat. A video was leaked on the internet which showed a T-90 survive a direct frontal turret hit by a TOW missile in Aleppo. The Kontakt-5 reactive armor discharged the TOW warhead before impact. Two Syrian Army operated T-90 were captured by HTS militias while ISIS fighters captured a third in November 2017. A rebel operated T-90 was recaptured by Syrian government forces while the second was reportedly destroyed in combat by a T-72. Another 5 Syrian Army operated T-90 tanks were knocked out or heavily damaged and other 4 suffered hits according to recorded material.

Azerbaijani service
Azerbaijan used their T-90S tanks during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. One T-90 was damaged and captured by Armenian forces. At least two were confirmed destroyed in the initial phases of the war, being the first ever proven total loss of the combat vehicle.

Export

India

In 2001, India purchased 310 T-90S tanks from Russia, of which 124 were delivered complete (42 featured the early cast turrets seen on Russian tanks) and 186 were to be assembled from kits delivered in various stages of completion with an emphasis on shifting production to domestic means. The T-90 was selected because it is a direct development of the T-72 that India already manufactured, simplifying training and maintenance. India opted to acquire the T-90 to counter Pakistani deployment of the Ukrainian-made T-80 tank in 1995–97. These T-90S tanks were made by Uralvagonzavod and the engines were delivered by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The Indian tanks however omit the Shtora-1 passive electronic countermeasure system which was deemed obsolete.

A follow-on contract, worth US$800 million, was signed in October 2006, for another 330 T-90S "Bhishma" MBTs that were to be manufactured in India by Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Tamil Nadu.

The T-90S Bhishma (named after the guardian warrior in the Mahabharata) is a vehicle tailored for Indian service, improving upon the T-90S, and developed with assistance from Russia and France. The tanks are equipped with the French Thales-built Catherine-FC thermal sights. They use Russian Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour, in addition to the primary armor, which consists of laminated plates and ceramic layers with high-tensile properties. The new welded turrets first developed for the Indian T-90S Bhishma have more advanced armour protection than the early cast turrets.

In 2021 the Indian army was looking to upgrade its T-90 tank fleet with locally built modular Active Protection, with both soft kill and hard kill systems, to update the tanks to modern standards.

A third contract, worth $1.23 billion, was signed in December 2007 for 347 upgraded T-90Ms, most to be licence-assembled by HVF. The Army hoped to field a force of over 21 regiments of T-90 tanks and 40 regiments of modified T-72s. The Indian Army began receiving its first T-90M main battle tank in completely knocked-down form from Russia's Nizhny Tagil-based Uralvagonzavod JSC at the end of 2009.

The T-90M features the 'Kaktus K-6' bolted explosive reactive armour (ERA) package on its frontal hull and turret-top (the T-90S has 'Kontakt-5' ERA), is fitted with an enhanced environmental control system supplied by Israel's Kinetics Ltd for providing cooled air to the fighting compartment, has additional internal volume for housing the cryogenic cooling systems for new-generation thermal imagers like the THALES-built Catherine-FC thermal imager (operating in the 8–12 micrometre bandwidth). In all, India plans to have 2,080 T-90 tanks in service by 2020.

The first batch of 10 T-90Ms built under licence was inducted into the Indian army in August 2009. These vehicles were built at the Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Tamil Nadu.

A  purchase of 354 new T-90SM tanks for six tank regiments for the China border was approved in 2012, taking the total number of T-90 tanks in the Indian Army to 2011 and making India, with a total of nearly 4,500 tanks (T-90 and variants, T-72 and Arjun MBT) in active service, the world's third-largest operator of tanks.

India planned to have 21 T-90 tank regiments by 2020, with 45 combat tanks and 17 training and replacement tanks per regiment. In November 2019, India announced that Heavy Vehicles Factory would produce 464 T-90S MBTs.

Other
In 2005, deliveries began for an initial order of 185 tanks for Algeria. These are known as the T-90SA ("A" is an acronym for Algeria).

The Cyprus House Defence Committee approved funds in January 2009 for the purchase of 41 Russian-built T-90 tanks. The money was included as part of the 2009 defence budget. Cyprus already operates the Russian-made T-80 tank. In March 2010 it was reported that Cyprus had opted for 41 additional T-80s instead of purchasing T-90s.

Anonymous Venezuelan defence sources said that president Hugo Chavez "wants to replace his army's obsolete AMX-30 main battle tanks with between 50 and 100 Russian-built T-90 main battle tanks", according to an October 2008 article by analyst Jack Sweeney. In September, 2009 a deal was announced for 92 T-72s only. Saudi Arabia was reported, in July 2008, by Russian daily Kommersant to be in negotiations to buy 150 T-90 tanks. Lebanese Defence Minister Elias El Murr met with Russian Defence Minister Anatoly Serdyukov in December 2008, when they discussed the possibility of a transfer of military equipment including T-90 tanks.

In February 2010, an arms deal was signed between Libya and Russia. Details of the sale were not immediately released, but a Russian diplomat stated that Libya had wanted 20 fighter planes, air defence systems, and may also be interested in purchasing "several dozen" T-90s, and modernising a further 140 T-72s. However, after Libya's crackdown on anti-government protesters in early 2011, the United Nations enacted an international arms embargo on Libya resulting in the cancellation of Russian arms deals.

In April 2013, Rosoboronexport requested for the entry of the T-90S in an upcoming tender by the Peruvian Army for main battle tanks. Peru sought to acquire between 120 and 170 tanks to replace its aging T-55 tanks. The T-90 was tested against the M1A1 Abrams from the United States, the Leopard 2A4 offered from the Spanish Army, Leopard 2A6s formerly operated by the Dutch Army, and T-64s and T-84s offered by Ukraine. By September 2013, only the T-90S, the Russian T-80, the Ukrainian T-84, and American M1A1 were still competing.

Vietnam and Iraq signed contracts for at least 150 T-90S/SK tanks in 2016.

Design

Armament

The T-90's main armament is the 2A46M 125mm smoothbore tank gun. This is a highly modified version of the Sprut anti-tank gun, and is the same gun used as the main armament on the T-80-series tanks. It can be replaced without dismantling the inner turret and can fire armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS), high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT-FS), and high-explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG) ammunition, and 9M119M Refleks anti-tank guided missiles. The Refleks has semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) laser beam riding guidance and a tandem shaped charge HEAT warhead. It has an effective range of 100 m to 6 km, and takes 17.5 seconds to reach maximum range. Refleks can penetrate about  of steel rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) and can also engage low-flying air targets such as helicopters.

The NSV 12.7mm (12.7×108) remotely controlled anti-aircraft heavy machine gun can be operated from within the tank by the commander and has a range of 2 km and a cyclic rate of fire of 700–800 rounds per minute with 300 rounds available (the NSV was replaced by the Kord heavy machine gun in the late 1990s). The PKMT 7.62mm (7.62×54mmR) coaxial machine gun weighs about 10.5 kg while the ammunition box carries 250 rounds (2,000 rounds carried) and weighs an additional 9.5 kg.

Like other modern Russian tanks the 2A46M in the T-90 is fed by an automatic loader which removes the need for a manual loader in the tank and reduces the crew to 3 (commander, gunner, and driver). The autoloader can carry 22 ready-to-fire rounds in its carousel and can load a round in 5–8 seconds. It has been suggested that the automatic loaders on modern T-90 tanks have been modified to take advantage of newer ammunition such as the 3BM-44M APFSDS, which like the US M829A3 penetrates armour better than the previous shorter rounds. HEAT rounds that can be fired from the 2A46M includes the 3BK21B (with a depleted uranium liner), 3BK29 (with a credited penetration of 800mm RHA equivalency), and the 3BK29M (with a Triple-tandem charge warhead). Additionally the T-90 features the Ainet fuse setting system which allows the tank to detonate 3OF26 HE-FRAG rounds at a specific distance from the tank as determined by the gunners laser rangefinder, improving its performance against helicopters and infantry. Accurate firing range of the HE-Frag-FS 10 km, APFSDS 4 km.

Fire-control system of the T-90 showed the following features of combat shooting during state testing. Heavily armoured targets at ranges of up to 5 km were hit by tank T-90 on the move (up to 30 km/h) with a high probability of hit with the first shot. During state testing made 24 launches of missiles at ranges of 4–5 km and they all hit the target (all missile launches were made by inexperienced professionals). An experienced gunner at speeds of 25 km/h hit 7 real armoured targets located at ranges of 1,500–2,500 m and 54sec.

Fire-control system on the T-90 includes the PNK-4S/SR AGAT day and night sighting system mounted at the commanders station which allows for night time detection of a tank sized target at ranges between 700 and 1100 metres depending on the version of the sight. Early models of the T-90 were equipped with the TO1-KO1 BURAN sight but later models (T-90S) were upgraded to use the ESSA thermal imaging sight, which allows for accurate firing to a range of 5,000–8,000m during day and 3,300m during night, using the CATHERINE-FC thermal camera produced by Thales Optronique. The gunner is also provided with the 1G46 day sighting system which includes a laser range finder, missile guidance channel and allows tank-sized targets to be detected and engaged at . The driver uses a TVN-5 day and night sight. In 2010, Russia started licensed production of Thales-developed Catherine FC thermal cameras for T-90M tanks, a Russian daily said. These thermal imagers are also present on T-90M "Bhishma" built in India under licence.

In 2012, the Russian-made combined sample of commander supervisory-sighting system T01-K04DT/Agat-MDT was presented to the public. According to Krasnogorsky Zavod (plant), Agat-MDT has the ability to be installed (for further modernization) in the sight of the newly developed domestic UPF format 640×512 by 15 microns, which is possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3.5–4.0 km without sight modifications. In 2016, the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis-K night-vision gunner's sighting system for the T-80U and T-90, with first deliveries in 2018. Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) matrix thermal sight, will bridge a gap with the leading NATO countries in this area. The Irbis-K can identify tank targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during day and night.

The Russian-made thermal imaging device not only meant that Russian tanks would no longer need to be equipped with foreign parts, but it also meant that complete tank modernization was cheaper. Furthermore, there will be no decrease in demand for the T-72 and the T-90 in the next few years. The new tank gunner's heat-vision sight Irbis-K and the commander's combined sighting and observation system Agat-MDT can be supplied to T-72, T-80 and T-90 upgraded versions (T-72B3M, T-80BVM, T-90M...), replacing the Thales Catherine-FC thermal camera.

Mobility

The prime mover is the  diesel engine, built in the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. Different models of the T-90 tank are powered by various motors in its initial models, like the V-84MS 618 kW (840 hp) four-stroke V-12 piston engine, uprated  engines and  engines made by Uralvagonzavod and are delivered by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The Т-90S with  engine can attain a top speed of 60 km/h on the road and up to 45 km/h on rough terrain. The T-90 tank has a typical drivetrain arrangement, with a rear placed engine and transmission. The  engines are V-92 four stroke, 12 cylinder, multi-fuel diesel while the  engine is V-96. The T-90 export version i.e. modified T-90S is fitted with an increased power multi-fuel  diesel engine with turbochargers. The tank has an air conditioning system for work in hot places.

Protection

The T-90 has a "three-tiered" protection system. The first tier is the composite armour in the turret, consisting of basic armour shell with an insert of alternating layers of aluminum and plastics and a controlled deformation section.

The second tier is third generation Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA) bricks which degrade the penetrating power of kinetic-energy APFSDS ammunition. These bricks give the turret a distinctive angled "clam shell" appearance. ERA bricks are also located on the turret roof to protect against attacks from above. The turret's forward armour package, in addition to the ERA and steel plating, includes Russian composite armour sandwiched between upper and lower steel plates. Composite armour offers lower weight and better protection than steel-only armour.

The third tier is a Shtora-1 (Russian: Штора-1 or "curtain" in English) countermeasures suite, produced by Elektromashina of Russia. This system includes two electro-optical/IR "dazzlers" (i.e. active infrared jammer) on the front of the turret (which gives the distinctive "Red Eyes"), four laser warning receivers, two 3D6 'smoke' grenade discharging systems and a computerised control system. The Shtora-1 warns the tank's crew when the tank has been 'painted' by a weapon-guidance laser and allows the crew to slew the turret to face the threat. The infrared jammer, the TShU1-7 EOCMDAS, jams the semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) guidance system used by some anti-tank guided missiles. The smoke grenades are automatically launched after Shtora detects that it has been painted. The smoke grenades are used to mask a tank from laser rangefinders and designators, and the optics of other weapon systems. Indian T-90S tanks are not equipped with the Shtora-1 countermeasures suite. They will be equipped with the Land Electronic Defence System LEDS-150.

In addition to the passive and active protection systems, the T-90 is also fitted with nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection equipment, KMT mine sweeps and an automatic fire suppression system. The EMT-7 electromagnetic-counter mine system can also be installed on the T-90. EMT-7 emits an electromagnetic pulse to disable magnetic mines and disrupt electronics before the tank reaches them. The Nakidka signature reduction suite is also available for the T-90. Nakidka is designed to reduce the probabilities of an object to be detected by infrared, thermal, radar-thermal, and radar bands.

During a reported test conducted by the Russian military in 1999 the T-90 was exposed to a variety of RPG, ATGM, and APFSDS munitions. When equipped with Kontakt-5 ERA, the T-90 could not be penetrated by any of the APFSDS or ATGM used during the trial and outperformed a T-80U which also took part. During combat operations in Dagestan, there were witness accounts of one T-90 sustaining seven hits from RPGs, and remaining in action.

T-90M and T-90MS mounts the more advanced "Relikt" ERA. Relikt defends against tandem warheads, while reducing the penetration of APFSDS rounds by over 50 percent. It can be installed instead of Kontakt-1 or Kontakt-5.

Estimated protection level comparison

The T-90A / T-90S turret uses a stronger steel alloy, giving an approximately 10–15% increase in the protection level given from the steel elements of the armor array; as the array from many aspects is not wholly steel, the overall increase in protection is less than this margin over these areas. Protection values will decrease somewhat against Tandem HEAT or penetrators with precursor tips. These measures are not as effective against heavier, newer generations of E.R.A. such as Relikt.

The actual level of protection provided by the T-90 was questioned after some of these models were destroyed or captured during the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Variants

 T-90 (Object 188) – The first production version. Object 188 (1989), production 1992. At one point during development it was designated as the T-72BU. 46 tons.
  – Commander's version of the T-90, with additional communication (R-163-50K station) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
  – Russian army version with welded turret, V-92S2 engine and ESSA thermal viewer. Sometimes called T-90 Vladimir, in honor of its chief designer Vladimir Potkin.
  – Command version of the T-90A.
 T-90AM ("Proryv-2") – Upgrade of T-90A which was later developed into the T-90MS. Featured a new turret developed in the "Proryv-2" program. Revealed in 2011. 48 tons. Not in service.
 T-90M ("Proryv-3") – Heavily upgraded version of the T-90, first appearance in public in 2017. The main feature is modernisation of turret design ("all welded" instead of cast) with the new advanced fire control system Kalina (with integrated combat information and control systems), new Irbis-K gunner's sight and four video cameras that provide a 360° view of the environment for the commander, new upgraded gun 2A46M-5 with coaxial machine gun 7.62 mm, weapon station "UDP T05BV-1" with remotely controlled machine gun 12.7 mm "Kord". There is improved armor on the ammunition carousel. Each side of the hull is fitted with additional armor plates at the front and slat armor at the rear. The new version also includes brand new Relikt ERA on turret and hull, "soft kill" APS Shtora-1 without the (now obsolete) jammers, and "hard kill" APS Arena-M. ERA on the front of the turret is made of one "cast" and is easily replaceable in the field by a crew.  Other improvements include a new 1130hp V-92S2F engine coupled with automatic transmission, an enhanced environmental control system and GLONASS satellite navigation systems. It also features an upgraded autoloader AZ-185M2 which allows for longer (and thus more effective) APFSDS ammunition Svinets-1 and Svinets-2. Much of the ammunition stored outside the autoloader has been moved from around the hull to the rear of the turret with added blowout panels in the event the ammunition suffers a catastrophic explosion, protecting the crew and other sensitive equipment.
  – Export version of the T-90, later adopted by the Russian Armed Forces as the T-90A. These tanks were made by Uralvagonzavod and were updated with 1,000hp (750kW) engines made by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. These tanks carry an export version of the Shtora-1 passive/active protection system which lacks the infra-red dazzlers carried on the turret, however this area was covered with more Kontakt-5. These were initially supplied with cast turrets of the early T-90, and when stocks were depleted, new, welded turrets were fabricated.
  – Commander's version of the T-90S, with additional communication and navigation equipment. It differs in radio and navigation equipment and Ainet remote-detonation system for HEF rounds.
  – Export variant of T-90AM ("Proryv-2"), first time showed in Abu Dhabi IDEX-2013. It is equipped with a 1,130 hp engine, a Sosna-U gunner sight, a UDP T05BV-1 RWS with a 7.62mm machine gun, GLONASS, inertial navigation systems, new Relikt explosive reactive armour that covers more of the tank, and a steering wheel. A new removable turret bustle is included, which provides storage for eight additional rounds. The T-90MS is ready for serial production. Four video cameras provide a 360° view of the environment, while the tank is more connected to command. The T-90SM has an upgraded thermal imager that can detect tanks over 3,300 meters away. The same autoloader as the T-90M "Proryv-3" is used.

Variants
 IMR-2MA: Combat engineer vehicle. Referred to as the IMR-3M by some sources.
 MTU-90: Bridge layer tank with MLC50 bridge.
 UBIM (Universal Armored Engineering Vehicle): It was unveiled at the Army-2018 international arms show.

Operators

Current operators
 : Operates a total of 572 tanks T-90SA, the first deal: 185 tanks, the second deal: 187 tanks, and the third deal, numbering over 200 tanks delivered in December 2016.
 : One T-90S won in Tank Biathlon. Delivered in May 2016. Russia later sent 10-30 T-90S units to Armenia as part of a CSTO agreement.
 : 200 T-90S tanks in service. Some were lost in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.
 : Currently operates approximately 1100 T-90S 'Bhishma' tanks, both built locally and delivered by Russia. A total of 2078 T-90S 'Bhishma' which were procured in three separate orders. Two batches (124 Russian built tanks and 186 tanks to be built in India in 2001 and a further 124 Russian built tanks and 223 tanks to be built in India in 2007) were purchased from Russia. Heavy Vehicle Factory (HVF) at Avadi has delivered 24 tanks in 2009–10; 51 in 2010–11; another 50–100 were supposed to be delivered in 2012. A further 1,000 were to be produced locally by 2020 under a deal in 2004. Of the first batch of 10, 8 were delivered in August 2009. A ₹13,448 crore (US$1.9 billion) purchase of 464 new T-90MS tanks for 8 tank regiments for the China border has been approved and reportedly signed as of early November 2019. The Indian Army has announced plans to procure driver's night sights based on uncooled thermal imaging technology for 1,400 of its T-90S tanks in order to permit full night operations.
 : 73 T-90S/SK tanks ordered in 2016. The first batch was reportedly followed by another in 2017. The total sum of the contract may exceed one billion U.S. dollars confirmed by Russian presidential aide Vladimir Kozhin. Deliveries reportedly began in November 2017. The first deliveries were confirmed in February 2018. 75 tanks delivered as of June 2018. Two more parties were delivered as of April 2019.
 : 417 T-90/T-90A and T-90M in active service. 200 T-90/T-90A and T-90M in storage. In 2010, Uralvagonzavod received 18 billion rubles (US$294 million) to deliver 261 units until the end of 2010.  All existing T-90 variants were planned to be modernised to T-90M from 2020 to 2025. Deliveries and orders of modernized T-90M continue through 2022 even despite economic sanctions due to the war in Ukraine.
 : The Syrian Army's 4th Mechanized Division deployed several T-90 tanks (both early and late models have been observed in theatre) given by Russia to the Southern Aleppo front in November 2015. Three were captured during the Syrian Civil War, two by HTS rebels and one by ISIS fighters. Another 10 were hit and either damaged or destroyed. In 2017 The Russian Armed Forces delivered 40 T-90A tanks to Syria.
 : Ordered 10 T-90S tanks in 2010 for approximately $30 million. A follow-up order for an additional 30 tanks was later placed.
 : 44 T-90S.
 : At least 12 T-90A, 1 T-90AK, 1 T-90S and 3 T-90M have been captured by Ukrainian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion, a number of which have been put into service by the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
 : 64 T-90S/SK in service. The first batch of tanks was reported to have been shipped from Russia in early November 2017. The first and last T-90S arrived in Vietnam in January and February 2019 respectively.

Non-state operators
  Tahrir al-Sham: At least one captured from the Syrian army.
Wagner Group - 2022 in Ukraine.

Future operators
 : In June 2020, Egypt signed a deal with Russia to acquire 500 T-90MS tanks, under a deal that would include local assembly and manufacture.
 : Looking to acquire 146 T-90MS tanks as replacement for M-84. Contract could be signed after being approved by the National Assembly. Russian Presidential aide confirmed that Kuwaiti contract could be signed by the end of 2017, but the acquisition was postponed in 2019.

Failed bids
 : The tank was in the tender for Malaysia, but they selected the Polish tank PT-91M in 2002.
 : Planned to acquire 600 battle tanks and considered the T-90 but instead opted for the Chinese VT-4.

Evaluation
 : 1 T-90A. The T-90A was first spotted in the middle of April 2023, at a Louisiana truck stop. The tank itself was likely captured by Ukrainian forces during the Kharkiv counteroffensive in 2022 and was in Ukrainian service before being shipped to the United States. A Pentagon spokesperson stated that its destination is Aberdeen Proving Ground for evaluation purposes.

See also
 List of main battle tanks by generation

Notes

References

Sources
 Mallika, Joseph (2004) "Issue Brief No. 19: T-90S 'Bhishma'". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. URL accessed July 24, 2006.

External links

 T-90S Third-Generation Main battle tank, uralvagonzavod
 T-90S Main Battle Tank—Bharat Rakshak
 Uralvagonzavod, manufacturer's English-language home page (Russian, T-90 English page)
 The T-90 tank by the Federation of American Scientists
 T-90S Main Battle Tank at the Armor Site
 Main battle tank T-90: Firing sample
 T-90 Main Battle Tank

Main battle tanks of Russia
Tanks with autoloaders
Post–Cold War main battle tanks
Uralvagonzavod products
Military vehicles introduced in the 1990s

T-90


අග්නිදිග ආසියානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමය (ආසියාන්  , විරල ලෙසින්  ) යනු අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ රටවල් දහයකින් සමන්විත, භූ-දේශපාලනීය සහ ආර්ථික සංවිධානයක් වන අතර එය 1967 අගෝස්තු 8 දිනදී ඇරඹුනේ  ඉන්දුනීසියාව, මලයාසියාව, පිලිපීනය, සිංගප්පූරුව සහ තායිලන්තය විසිනි. මූලස්ථානය -: ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ ජකර්තා නුවර

පරමාර්ථ -:.                                                                       •සහයෝගීතාව  මත ඒකාබද්ධ ආර්ථික ක්‍රමයක් සාමාජික රටවල ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරිම .                                                   •අන්යෝනය සහයෝගිතාව මත සහයෝගයෙන් පර්‍යෙෂණාත්මක අංශ දියුණු කිරීම .                                  • කෘෂිකාර්මික සහ කාර්මික ක්ෂෙත්‍රයේ දී වඩාත් සඵලතාව සදහා එක්සත් වීම.                                                          • සාමාජික රටවල වෙළඳ කටයුතු දියුණු කර ගන්නා අතරම ජාත්‍යන්තර වාණිජ කටයුතුවල දී ඇති ප්‍රශ්න හැදැරීමේ මාර්ග දියුණු කිරීම .                                                        •සාමාජික රටවල ජනජීවිතය උසස් කිරීම හා සන්නිවේදන මාර්ග දියුණු කිරීම .

ආශ්‍රිත

අග්නිදිග ආසියානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමය


Newton OS Apple'ın Apple Newton isimli PDA'sı için geliştirdiği işletim sistemidir. Newton OS, Apple dışında Motorola, Sharp, Harris ve Digital Ocean gibi başka firmalar tarafından da kullanılmıştır, PDA ve Subnotebook'larda kullnılan bu işletim sistemi 1998 yılı itibariyle geliştirilmesi durdurulmuştur.

Newton OS'un el yazısı tanıma sistemi eleştirmenler tarafından yerden yere vurulmuş bu da cihazların başarısını etkilemiştir.

Newton OS zamanında Macintosh işletim sisteminde bile bulunmayan bazı küçük detayları barındırmaktaydı.

Newton OS için C++ ve Newton Script ile yazılım geliştirilebiliyordu.

Günümüzde Newton OS, Einstein isimli bir emülatör sayesinde macOS, Linux ve Windows üzerinde çalıştırılmaktadır.

Newton OS sürümleri

Aşağıda Newton OS sürümleri ve onları kullanan cihazlar belirtilmiştir.

İşletim sistemleri
Durdurulan işletim sistemleri
ARM işletim sistemleri
Apple yazılımları
Apple işletim sistemleri
Apple Newton

Newton OS


Ferdinando Maria Pignatelli,  (Nápoles, 9 de junho de 1770 – Palermo, 10 de maio de 1853 ) foi um clérigo católico romano italiano , arcebispo de Palermo e cardeal .

vida
Nascido como filho do Príncipe de Monteroduni Giovanni Pignatelli e sua esposa Lucrezia Mormile, ele veio de uma antiga família nobre napolitana. Ele era parente do Papa Inocêncio XII e com os Cardeais Francesco Pignatelli, C.R., Francesco Maria Pignatelli e Domenico Pignatelli de Belmonte C.R..

Ferdinando Maria Pignatelli tornou -se cônego regular dos teatinos, estudou teologia em Gênova e foi ordenado sacerdote em 25 de maio de 1793. Em seguida, ensinou filosofia e teologia em várias casas religiosas, primeiro em Gênova, onde lecionou sobre a interpretação das Sagradas Escrituras, e depois em Nápoles. Durante a ocupação francesa manteve a vida de sua congregação com dificuldade e, após o retorno dos Bourbons, reuniu seus confrades dispersos ao seu redor. Em 20 de maio de 1824, tornou-se Superior Geral para o triênio 1824-1827 escolhido. Durante este tempo trabalhou para reunir os membros ainda dispersos da comunidade e para recuperar as casas religiosas que haviam sido confiscadas durante o período napoleônico. Com um breve do Papa Gregório XVI. a partir de 5 de fevereiro de 1836 foi novamente nomeado Superior Geral por três anos (1836-1839).

Em 3 de abril de 1838, Ferdinando Maria Pignatelli entrou ao serviço da Cúria como Consultor da Congregação Propaganda fide . O rei Fernando II das Duas Sicílias o nomeou arcebispo de Palermo em 3 de fevereiro de 1839. Preconizado em 21 de fevereiro do mesmo ano , o Cardeal Bispo do Porto e Santa Rufina Emmanuele de Gregorio o consagrou em 1º de abril de 1839; Co-consagradores foram o Patriarca Latino de Antioquia Antonio Luigi Piatti e o Arcebispo Ignazio Giovanni Cadolini. Em 15 de fevereiro de 1839, o Papa concedeu-lhe o doutorado em teologia.

No consistório de 8 de julho de 1839, o Papa Gregório XVI o aceitou. como Cardeal Sacerdote no Colégio dos Cardeais e conferiu-lhe Santa Maria della Vittoria como igreja titular em 11 de julho do mesmo ano. Ao mesmo tempo, Ferdinando Maria Pignatelli foi designado para as congregações para bispos e regulares , para residência de bispos, para imunidade eclesiástica e para indulgências. Como cardeal, Ferdinando Maria Pignatelli participou do conclave de 1846 do Papa Pio IX escolheu.

Ele morreu após 14 anos como bispo e foi sepultado na Catedral de Palermo.

Link externo
 sylwetka w słowniku biograficznym kardynałów Salvadora Mirandy
 Catholic Hierarchy

Naturais de Nápoles
Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Gregório XVI
Teatinos

Ferdinando Maria Pignatelli


Plaj voleybolu kumun üzerinde oynanan popüler bir takım oyunu/sporudur. Dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde kumsallarda, doğal ya da yapay kum sahada çıplak ayakla oynanır. Voleybolda bir takımda 6 kişi bulunurken plaj voleybolunda 2 kişilik takımlar karşılaşır. Her yarı sahanın boyu 8 metredir (voleybolda 9 metre). Kurallar ve düzende de farklılıklar vardır.

Güney Kaliforniya'dan çıkarak tüm Dünya'da oynanan bir oyun olmuştur, sahili olmayan ülkelerde dahi oynanır, İsviçre gibi.

Tarihi
Güney Kaliforniya'da popüler olmadan önce, ilk kez Hawai Dirsekli Kano Kulübü (Outrigger Canoe Club) tarafından Honolulu, Waikiki plajlarında oynandığı kaydedilmiştir. Dalga olmadığı için sörf yapamayan, sıkılan sörfçüler tarafından 6 kişiyle oynanmıştır. En ünlü ve eski oyuncusu, Su Adamı lakabıyla, Duke Kahanamoku'dur. 1920 yılında Santa Monica, Kaliforniya'da deniz üstünde oluşturulan kum adacıklarında plaj voleybolu için alanlar ayrılmıştır. Plaj kulüpleri kurulmuştur. 1924 yılında kulüpler arası organizasyonla ilk plaj voleybol turnuvası tertip edilmiştir. İlk önceleri 6 kişiyle dışarıda oynanan voleybol gibi oynanmıştır. 1930 yılı yaz ayında Pablo lakaplı Paul Johnson 6 kişi bulamadığı için 4 kişiyle oynamayı denemiş ve böylece modern iki kişilik plaj voleybolu kuralı gelişmiştir. 1996 yaz olimpiyatlarında (Atlanta, Amerika) ilk kez oynanarak olimpiyat dalı olmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar
Uluslararası Voleybol Federasyonu - Plaj voleyboluLapseki Voleybol ve plaj voleybolu hakkındaherşeyi bulabilirsiniz

Kaynakça

Plaj sporları

Plaj voleybolu


අද්දරආරච්චිගේ ගුණේන්ද්‍ර කමල් (උපත 1962 පෙබරවාරි 5), හෙවත් කමල් අද්දරආරච්චි, යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ, වේදිකාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නළුවෙකි. ඒ වගේම ගායකයෙක් සහ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නෙක් ද වේ. 1981 වසරේදී පාසල් ශිෂ්‍යයෙකුව සිටියදී ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකාගේ සාගරයක් මැද චිත්‍රපටයෙහි නළුවෙකු ලෙස තම සිනමා දැක්ම ආරම්භ කලේය. 1970 දශකයේ අග භාගයේ සිට ඔහු බොහෝ චිත්‍රපට සහ ටෙලිනාට්‍යවල විවිධ චරිත සඳහා පෙනී සිටියේය. ඔහු චිත්‍රපට 40කට, ටෙලිනාට්‍ය 20කට සහ වේදිකා නාට්‍ය 6කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක රඟපා ඇති අතර, 2002 වසරේ "අග්නිදාහය" චිත්‍රපටයේ ශෝබනාගේ චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් සරසවිය හොඳම නළුවා සම්මානය හිමිකරගෙන ඇත.

ඔහු 1993 දී දමයන්ති ජයසූරිය සමඟ ගායකයෙකු ලෙස සප්ත කන්‍යා චිත්‍රපටයේ "උන්මාදවූ ප්‍රේමාදරේ" නම් ගීතය ගැයීය. මීට අමතරව වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නෙකු ලෙස සිරස සුපර්ස්ටාර් රියැලිටි වැඩසටහනෙහි පළමු වාර තුනෙහි සහ හිරු මෙගා ස්ටාර්ස් හි පළමු වාරයද මෙහෙයවීය.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඔහු කොළඹ වෙස්ලි විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. පාසලේදී ඔහු කලාත්මක කටයුතු සඳහා මුලික උනන්දුවක් දැක්වූ අතර, සංගීතය, සිංහල සාහිත්‍යය, උඩරට නැටුම් සහ විවාද යන සියල්ල එකවර කිරීමට ඔහුව පොළඹවන ලදී. ඔහු පාසල් වියේදීම 'සිංහල සාහිත්‍ය සංගමයේ' ලේකම් ලෙස පවා කටයුතු කළේය.

අනුරානි අද්දරආරච්චි සමඟ විවාහ වී සිටින ඔහුට පුතුන් දෙදෙනෙකි. කලාවට අමතරව, ඔහු ඉංග්‍රීසි ගුරුවරයකු ද විය.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
1978 දී කොළඹදී වේදිකාගත කරන ලද "අනේ අබ්ලික්" නාට්‍යය කමල්ගේ පළමු කැපී පෙනෙන ප්‍රසිද්ධ නාට්‍ය රංගනය සනිටුහන් කළේය. ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා ගේ සාගරයක් මැද චිත්‍රපටය සමඟින් රිදී තිරයට පැමිණි අද්දරආරච්චි ඉන් පසු සප්ත කන්‍යා, අග්නිදාහය, අවරගිර, කිණිහිරියා, රන්දිය දහර, කලර් හා ඇඩ්‍රස් නෑ වැනි ජනප්‍රිය චිත්‍රපට සමඟින් ඉමහත් ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පත්විය.

හර්බට් රංජිත් පීරිස්ගේ හිරුට මුවාවෙන්, රන්ජන් ද සිල්වාගේ රතු රෝස, සහ වෙද හාමිනේ සහ ජයන්ත චන්ද්‍රසිරිගේ දඬුබස්නාමානය වැනි ටෙලිනාට්‍යවල ඔහුගේ රංගනයන් නිසාද ඔහු කැපී පෙනේ. දඬුබස්නාමානය සඳහා 1995 වසරේ සමාරම්භක සුමති ටෙලි සම්මාන උළෙලේදී, හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය සහය නළුවාට හිමි සම්මානය මෙන්ම වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය නළුවාට හිමි සම්මානයද දිනාගන්නා ලදි. කමල් තමාගේ මානසික අවපීඩනයෙන් පෙළෙන විට තමා වෙනුවෙන් වටිනා උපදෙස් දීමට සැමවිටම සූදානම් වූ දිනල් සමරනක ඔහුගේ උපදේශකයා ලෙස සලකයි.

2012 ජූලි මාසයේදී ඔහු මහේන්ද්‍ර පෙරේරා සහ දයාන් විතාරණ සමඟින් ටිලාන් ප්‍රනාන්දුගේ "හිතගාව" ගීතයේ මියුසික් වීඩියෝව සදහා පෙනී සිටියේය. ඔහු 2005 වසරේ සිට කිසිදු ටෙලිනාට්‍යයකට පෙනී නොසිටි අතර 2017 සිට වසර හතරකින් චිත්‍රපටයකට රගපා නොමැත.

සම්මාන
1995 – සුමති හොඳම සහය නළුවා සම්මානය
1995 – සුමති ජනප්‍රියම නළුවා සම්මානය
1996 – හොඳම සහය නළුවා ජනාධිපති සම්මානය
2002 – සරසවිය හොඳම නළුවා සම්මානය

මතභේදයන්ට ලක්වීම
කාන්තා දූෂණය කිරීම් සහ ඝාතනය කිරීම් සම්බන්ධ චෝදනා කිහිපයක්, මීට පෙර කමල් අද්දරාරච්චි වෙත එල්ල වී තිබෙයි.

1997 වසරේදී තරුණ ගැහැණු ළමයෙකු රදවාගෙන දූෂණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධ චෝදනාව. -  සිදුවීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් කමල් කෙටි කාලයකට සිරගතවූවද, පසුව ඇප මත නිදහස් විය . තරුණ ගැහැණු ළමයා රදවාගෙන දූෂණය කල බවට එල්ල වූ චෝදනාවට වරදකරු වූ කමල් අද්දරාරච්චිට, 1997 දෙසැම්බරයේදී මහාධිකරණ විනිසුරු ශිරාණි තිලකවර්ධන  විසින් දඬුවම් නියම කොට තිබුනද; 2002 වසරේදී එම තීරණය අභියාචනාධීකරණ විනිසුරු හෙක්ටර් යාපා (Hector Yapa) සහ කුලතිලක (P. H. K. Kulatilleka) යන විනිසුරුවරු විසින් නිෂ්ප්‍රභ කල බව පැවසේ.

රමණී බර්තෝලමියුස් ඝාතනය/අනතුර සම්බන්ධ චෝදනාව. - 1985 වසරේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා රූ රැජින වූ, රමණී එලිසබෙත් බර්තෝලමියුස් මෙනෙවිය, 1987 ජුනි 30 වන දින කමල් අද්දරාරච්චි පදවාගෙන යමින් සිටි රථයට හසුවීමෙන් ලත් බරපතල තුවාල නිසා මිය (අවුරුදු 21) ගියාය. එකල රමණී, කමල් අද්දරාරච්චි සමග සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගිය බව සඳහන්ය. කෙසේ නමුදු රමණී සැබෑවටම වාහනයට අත්වැරැද්දකින් හසුවූවාද, යන්න එකල කා අතරත් කුකුසක් ඇති කිරීමට සමත් විය. ඇයව ඝාතනය කිරීමේ අපරාධය සම්බන්ධව කමල් අද්දරාරච්චිට චෝදනා එල්ල වූවද, එම සියළු චෝදනා වලින් ඔහු නිදහස් විය.

2012 ජුලි ගණිකා මඩම සිද්ධිය - 2012 ජුලි මසදී, පොලිස් රහස් ඒකකය විසින්, නාරාහේන්පිට ගණිකා මඩමක් වටලා එහි සිටි තායි කාන්තාවන් කීප දෙනෙක් අත්අඩංගුවට ගන්නා ලදී. එහි වූ වාර්ථාවන්ට අනූව, වැටලීම සිදු වූ අවස්ථාවේ කමල් අද්දරාරච්චි වැනි පුද්ගලයෙක් එම භූමියෙහි රැඳී සිට තිබෙන අතර, එම වැටලීම සිදුවූ අවස්ථාවේදී පළාගිය නළුවෙකු සොයා විමර්ෂණ සිදුකරන බවට, පසුව මෙම සිදුවීම සම්බන්ධව විස්තර කල පොලීසිය ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලදී. තමන්ට මඩගැසීමේ අරමුණින් මෙවැනි ප්‍රචාර සිදුවන බවට, පසුව මේ සම්බන්ධව අදහස් දක්වමින් කමල් අද්දරාරච්චි කියා සිටින ලදී.

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
සිංහල ජනයා
චරිත කතා
1962 උපත්
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

කමල් අද්දරාරච්චි


Raul Hilberg () a fost un istoric și politolog american de origine austrică, considerat cel mai valoros specialist în domeniul Holocaustului.
Lucrarea sa de bază, Distrugerea evreilor europeni, de peste 1.200 de pagini, este considerată un studiu de referință despre Soluția finală a naziștilor. Cartea a fost publicată prima dată în 1961 și reeditată în 1985.

S-a născut într-o familie de evrei de origine polono-română.
A urmat o școală sionistă din Viena și, deoarece familia sa, datorită originii etnice, era urmărită de naziști (tatăl său fiind chiar arestat) este nevoit, la numai 13 ani, să fugă cu familia din Austria.
Din Franța se îmbarcă pentru Cuba, ca la 1 septembrie 1939, când tocmai se declanșase al Doilea Război Mondial, să ajungă în SUA.

După ce se stabilește cu familia în cartierul new-yorkez Brooklyn, începe studiul chimiei.
Realizând că aceasta nu îl pasionează, renunță și se angajează într-o fabrică.
Este înrolat într-o divizie americană de infanterie și participă la război.
După stabilirea păcii, începe studiul academic în domeniul științelor politice și se specializează în studiul populației evreiești din Europa.
Sub îndrumarea lui Franz Leopold Neumann, își dă doctoratul cu o temă privind Statul totalitar german.

Raul Hilberg a fost profesor universitar la Universitatea din Vermont.

Note

Nașteri în 1926
Decese în 2007
Istorici austrieci
Evrei austrieci
Persoane care au emigrat din cauza nazismului
Oameni din Viena
Istorici din secolul al XX-lea
Istorici din secolul al XXI-lea
Atei americani
Atei evrei
Membri ai Academiei Americane de Arte și Științe
Profesori universitari americani

Raul Hilberg


Après (Un voyage dans le Rwanda) es una película del año 2005.

Sinopsis
Après, es un viaje, cerca de diez años después, a Ruanda. El cineasta viaja solo con su cámara, con la idea de que no conoce nada, que tiene todo por descubrir, que la película se iba a construir en un encuentro con el país, su pueblo y su historia. Así es "Aprés": primero, la realidad de lo inconcebible tal como los supervivientes pueden reconstruir con sus relatos, y después los huérfanos que practican danzas tradicionales y su mentor, Deo, superviviente también, que nos conduce a su colina natal a encontrarnos con los viejos. Nos hacen remontar la historia de una civilización, de un pueblo de ganaderos y agricultores. Y ya siempre con Deo, compañero intérprete, pasador entre dos mundos, la película avanza hacia prisioneros del genocidio y una boda casi inquietante. Un viaje como un hilo que se tensa, porque viajar a Ruanda es aceptar dejarse llevar por los retos de una exigencia, una sola, la de comprender.

Referencias

Après (Un voyage dans le Rwanda)


Kawanishi es el nombre de varias localidades japonesas:

 Kawanishi, en la prefectura de Hyōgo.
 Kawanishi, en la prefectura de Nara.
 Kawanishi, en la prefectura de Yamagata.
 Kawanishi, actualmente parte de la ciudad de Tōkamachi, en la prefectura de Niigata.

También puede referirse a:
 Kawanishi Kōkūki, una compañía aeronáutica japonesa especializada en hidroaviones.

Kawanishi


Abou l'Abbas Ahmed, régna sur le sultanat zianide de 1432 à 1461. Il est le successeur de Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad. Il est un des fils réfugié de Abou Hammou Moussa II et prend le pouvoir à la suite d'une expédition et d'une brève occupation hafside de la ville de Tlemcen, sur fond de querelle de succession. En 1437, doit faire face à la dissidence de Abu Yahia, proclamé sultan à Oran, puis à celle de Abou Zyan Mohamed et de son fils, El Moutawwakil, proclamés sultan à Alger. Il perd définitivement le pouvoir à la faveur de la prise de Tlemcen en 1461 par El Moutawwakil qui réunifie le domaine zianide.

Références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Abdalwadides
 Tlemcen

Zianides
Personnalité de l'histoire algérienne

Abou l'Abbas Ahmed


Beka Shekriladze (n. 28 noiembrie 1983) este un fotbalist georgian care evoluează la FC Borjomi pe post de portar.

Note

Fotbaliști georgieni
Nașteri în 1983
Nașteri pe 28 noiembrie

Beka Shekriladze


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Danish MMA Night er et kommende dansk MMA-stævne, der afholdes den 9. juni 2018 i Brøndby Hallen i København den 9. juni. Det er det første danske MMA stævne siden 2014, der udelukkende består af professionelle kampe.

I de 3 hovedkampe kæmper danske Mark O. Madsen mod britiske Dez Parker, danske Christian Colombo mod danske Nick Barnø og svenske Pannie Kianzad mod engelske Kerry Hughes.

Baggrund
33-årige Mark O. Madsen gjorde comeback i MMA efter næsten 4 års pause ved MMA Galla i Nykøbing Falster Hallen den 13. januar 2018 hvor han besejrede svenske Matthias Freyschuss efter 28 sekunder i 1. omgang.
Den 20. marts, 2018 bekendtgjorde 33-årige Madsen i en pressemeddelelse at han havde skrevet kontrakt med Danish MMA Night og stoppede sin brydekarriere for at fokusere på MMA. Med stoppet inden for brydning står det klart at Madsen dermed ikke stiller op ved Sommer-OL 2020 i Tokyo i Japan. Madsens kamp mod Dez Parker bliver derfor hans første kamp efter han har stoppet sin brydekarriere. Marks mål er at kæmpe i Ultimate Fighting Championship.

Rhassan Muhareb skulle oprindeligt have mødt hollandske Hasib Fatah, men hollænderen måtte den 1. juni, 2018 trække sig på grund af en skade. Han blev hermed erstattet af svenske Martin Fouda Afana Bipouna.

Underholdning
Til stævnet optræder musikerne Svenstrup & Vendelboe, Nadia Malm, Pharfar, Jokeren, Lenny & Waqas (fra Outlandish) og Pede B.

Kampprogram

International tv-transmittering

Mixed martial arts

Danish MMA Night


Cicloférico es una vía diseñada para el uso de bicicletas que recorre todo una ciudad generando un circuito para que los usuarios puedan desplazarse de manera segura por toda la entidad.

Además de que los cicloféricos fomentan el uso de medios de transporte ecológicos al proveer una solución entera de transporte alternativo para todo una ciudad.

Cicloférico en León (Guanajuato)

León es líder en Latinoamérica en materia de kilómetros de vías exclusivas para ciclistas y al final de la presente administración pública municipal (2009-2012) la ciudad tendrá una verdadera red de ciclovías interconectadas con el Sistema Integral de Transporte público (SIT) y con buena parte de los polos comerciales, recreativos y de servicios en el Municipio.

La máxima expresión de esta estrategia de movilidad es el cicloférico que unirá -mediante ciclovías de concreto hidráulico-, a las universidades de La Salle Bajío y la Ibero León. En el camino entre ambas están los centros comerciales Plaza Mayor, Galería Las Torres, Plaza Maravillas y la Preparatoria de la Salle.

De esta larga ruta se desprenderán extensiones al Parque Metropolitano, Zoológico, el Instituto América y el Lux, a la vez que se aprovechará la ciclovía que ya pasa por los colegios Hidalgo y Constancia y Trabajo. También se unirá al Cicloférico con la Estación de Transferencia de San Jerónimo, donde ya hay bici-estacionamiento.

Al inicio de la administración local 2009-2012 de León, Guanajuato existían 57.3 kilómetros de ciclovías de acuerdo al Instituto Municipal de Planeación (IMPLAN). Actualmente suman 64 kilómetros, pero al final del gobierno del presente alcalde Ricardo Sheffield (octubre de 2012), habrá 87 kilómetros de ciclovías.

Las actuales ciclovías de la ciudad se dividen en tres categorías:

Las de primera son aquellas que se construyen de concreto hidráulico y con la señalización y semaforización correspondiente. Así son las ciclovías que corren por los bulevares Morelos, Las Torres (incluida la parte que conforma el Eje Metropolitano) y la parte nueva del bulevar Delta que parte justamente de Las Torres.
Otro grupo lo conforman las primeras ciclovías de asfalto que se construyeran hace más de 10 años (bulevares Campestre, La Luz y Torres Landa).
La tercera categoría de las ciclovías son las rutas ciclistas, que son los pasos que están delimitados por boyas y sirven principalmente para enlazar o incorporar ciclistas a las principales rutas de ciclovías. Así se hará en breve sobre el bulevar Clouthier para unir a Las Torres con el Morelos.

Para concluir esta primera red de ciclovías es necesario a su vez que se terminen los cuatro puentes vehiculares de la Vía Bicentenario que se construyen en los cruces del bulevar Morelos con los bulevares Vicente Valtierra y Jorge Vértiz; La Luz, Ibarrilla y Manuel Clouthier.

El Cicloférico estará debidamente concluido cuando entre en funciones el puente de la Vía Bicentenario en el cruce de Valtierra y Vértiz, lo cual será hasta abril del 2012.

Véase también

 Ciclovía
 Ciclismo urbano
 Cicloturismo

Referencias

Ciclovías

Cicloférico


La gare de Sloviansk (ukrainien :Слов'янськ (станція)) est une gare ferroviaire située en Ukraine.

Situation ferroviaire

Histoire

Service des voyageurs

Accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Transport ferroviaire en Ukraine,
 Liste de gares en Ukraine.

Liens externes

Gare dans l'oblast de Kharkiv
Gare mise en service en 1869
Gare

Gare de Sloviansk


Ömer Fahreddin Türkkan (1868, Rusçuk - 22 Kasım 1948, Eskişehir yakınları), Türk asker ve diplomat. Özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında çıkan Şerif Hüseyin İsyanı'nda zor şartlar altında Medine'de yönettiği iki yıl yedi ay süren Medine Müdafaası ile tanınmaktadır. "Medîne Müdâfii", "Türk Kaplanı", "Çöl Kaplanı", "Medine Kahramanı" lakaplarıyla anılır.

İlk yılları
Rusçuk'ta doğdu, 93 Harbi'nden sonra ailesiyle birlikte İstanbul'a yerleşti. Mekteb-i Harbiye'yi birincilikle bitirdi. Erkân-ı Harbiye Mektebi'ni bitirdikten sonra 1891 yılında Kurmay Yüzbaşı rütbesiyle göreve başladı. İlk olarak Erzincan'da bulunan 4. Ordu'da görev yaptı. Ayrıca Osmanlı- Rus sınırı tahdid komisyonunda 1903'te üye, 1906'da ise yarbay olarak görev yaptı. 1904 yılında 13 Nisan ve Ayvalık'ta çıkan Rum ayaklanmalarını bastırmak ile görevli Örfi İdare Mahkeme Reislikleri'nde görev yapmıştır.1909'da Balkan Savaşı'nda Çatalca Savunması'nda ve Edirne'nin geri alınışı'nda görev aldı.

Ailesi
1900'de Ferik Ahmet Paşa'nın kızı Ayşe Sıdıka Hanımefendi (1884-1959) ile evlendi. Çocukları:
 Suphiye Türkkan 1904-1978
 Mehmet Selim Türkkan 1908-1991
 Mehmet Orhan Türkkan 1910-1994
 Ayşe Nermin Türkkan 1919-1997
 Ayhan Türkkan 1928-4.2.1959

I. Dünya Savaşı
I. Dünya Savaşı başladığında 4. Ordu'ya bağlı 12. Kolordu komutanı olarak Musul'da bulunuyordu. 1915 yılında 4. Ordu komutan vekilliğine getirildi. Bu bölgede iken hem tehcire tabî tutulan Ermenileri yerleştirmesiyle ilgilendi hem de Urfa, Zeytun, Musadağı ve Haçin'deki Ermeni isyanlarını bastırdı.

1916 yılında 4. Ordu komutanı Cemal Paşa tarafından Medine'deki Hicaz Seferi Kuvvetleri komutanlığına atandı. İngilizlerin desteğinde isyana girişen Şerif Hüseyin ordusuna karşı kısıtlı imkânlara rağmen yaptığı Medine Müdafaası büyük takdir topladı.

Savaş sonrası hayatı
Medine Kuşatması'ndan sonra savaş esiri olarak önce 27 Ocak 1919 tarihinde Mısır'a daha sonra da 5 Ağustos 1919 tarihinde Malta'ya sürgün edildi. Sürgün sırasında savaş suçlularını yargılamak üzere İtilaf Devletleri tarafından İstanbul'da kurulan Kürt Nemrut Mustafa Paşa Divân-ı Harbî adı verilen mahkemece ölüme mahkûm edildi. Ancak Ankara Hükümeti'nin gayretleriyle 8 Nisan 1921 tarihinde Malta'dan kurtulduktan sonra Eylül 1921 tarihinde Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'na katılmak üzere Ankara'ya geldi. Başkomutan Müşir Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa tarafından Güney Cephesi'nde Fransız Ordusu'na karşı savaşan Türk kuvvetlerini birleştirmekle görevlendirildi. Fransızlarla Ankara Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasıyla güneyde savaş sona erince 9 Kasım 1921 tarihinde TBMM tarafından Kabil Büyükelçiliği'ne atandı. Türk-Afgan dostluğunun gelişmesinde önemli rol oynadı.

1936 yılında tümgeneral rütbesi ile ordudan emekli oldu. 22 Kasım 1948 tarihinde bir tren yolculuğu sırasında Eskişehir yakınlarında kalp krizi geçirerek öldü. Vasiyeti üzerine Aşiyan Mezarlığına defnedildi.

Galeri

Kaynakça

1868 doğumlular
1948 yılında ölenler
Rusçuk doğumlular
Türk generaller
Osmanlı generalleri
Mekteb-i Harbiye'de öğrenim görenler
Mekteb-i Erkân-ı Harbiye'de öğrenim görenler
Balkan Savaşları'nda Osmanlı askerleri
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı askerleri
Kurtuluş Savaşı'ndaki Türk askerler
Kırmızı şeritli İstiklâl Madalyası sahipleri
Osmanlı savaş tutsakları
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda savaş tutsakları
Aşiyan Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Kalp krizinden ölenler
Bulgaristan Türkleri

Ömer Fahreddin Türkkan


راشيا الفخار هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء حاصبيا في محافظة النبطية. وهي ضمن «اتحاد قرى العرقوب».

جغرافيتها
تقع راشيّا الفخّار في أقصى جنوب شرق لبنان، على سفوح جبل الشيخ، وتتبع إداريا لقضاء حاصبيّا، وتبعد نحو 111 كلم عن بيروت عبر طريق الزهراني ـ النبطيّة ـ مرجعيون.

ترتفع 800 م عن سطح البحر ثم ترتفع تدريجاً حتى تصل إلى 1250م عند تل قبر عثمان أحد أعلى النقاط الاستراتيجية في منطقة وادي التيم. وتحيطها بلدات: كفرشوبا وكفرحمام والهبارية والفرديس والماري.

زراعاتها
أبرز زراعات البلدة: الزيتون والتين والعنب والقمح والحبوب كالعدس والحمّص والفول والشعير… وتروى أراضيها مياه ينابيع وادي الجوز ـ شبعا.

عيون الماء
في البلدة عدد من العيون موزّعة على خراج البلدة وداخلها أبرزها:

عين راشيّا أو عين المدخل، وعين صاصيا، وعين الرانات، وينابيع الفريدس، وعين الخريبة.

عائلاتها
معظم عائلات بلدة راشيا الفخار من المسيحيّين، وأبرز عائلاتها:

أبو حجة، أبو زغيب ـ زغيب، أبو ملهب، أبو نقولا، إسبر، بارود، البديوي، البسيط، البقاعي، جبارة، الحدّاد، حردان، الحصان، حليحل، خليل، الخوري، دلّول، دعبول، ديب، الراسي، رزق، زخّور، الزوقي، سعد، سلّوم، السيّار، شاميّة، شلهوب، الصبّاغ، الصفدي، ضاهر، عبد المسيح، عبد، عبّود، العدس، العرباني، عطا لله، عطوي، عوّاد، عيد، الغريّب، فرحات، فضّول، قمر، كانوس، متري، مراد، منصور، ناصر، مسعد، معلوف، نصّور، نمر، واكيم.

من أعلامها:

 القسّ حنّا الحردان (كاهن ومؤرّخ) له: الأخبار الشهيّة في العيال المرجعيونيّة والتيميّة.

 نوّاف أسعد حردان (1922 ـ 2000): روائيّ ومؤرّخ وصحافيّ وسياسيّ ومناضل في الحزب السوريّ القوميّ الاجتماعي، له عدّة مؤلّفات.
 أسعد نوّاف حردان: سياسي وقيادي في الحزب السوريّ القوميّ الاجتماعي، ونائب ووزير عدة مرات.
 مريانا دعبول: صحافيّة، أسّست مجلّة المراحل في البرازيل.
 اسكندر شلهوب: أصدر جريدة السلطنة 1857.
 ديمتري شلهوب: عضو الجمعيّة العلميّة السوريّة 1868.
 سليم عبّود: صاحب جريدة الراصد في المكسيك.

معالم
يرجح أن اسم راشيّا من اللغة السريانيّة (RISH YE) ومعناها رؤساء، زعماء، مقدّمون.

أمّا نسبتها إلى الفخّار فلاشتهارها بصناعته التي أصبحت شبه منقرضة بعد ازدهار الصناعات البلاستيكيّة والمعدنيّة، وانتقال عدد من عائلاتها إلى كفرشوبا.

من معالمها أيضًا: كنيسة مار جرجس: رعائيّة أرثذوكسيّة؛ كنيسة مار جرجس: رعائيّة كاثوليكيّة؛ رسميّة ابتدائيّة مختلطة؛ مدرسة الراهبات الكاثوليكيّات الشويريّات. كذلك مصنع للفخار، ومصنع حجر ناري، ومكبسان للزيتون.

آثار البلدة
بقايا قصر قديم، ونواويس عائدة إلى العهدين الفينيقيّ والرومانيّ، وعين ماء حجارتها منحوتة تعود إلى بداية العصر المسيحيّ.

وفي محلّة «خلّة المغارة» منها بقايا بلدة قديمة، في أعلاها بئر ماء محفورة في الصخر الصلب لم تزل الماء تتجمّع فيها، وفي أسفل تلك المحلّة كهف. وقرب مجرى نهر الحاصباني بقايا مغاور وكهوف. وهناك محلّة أثريّة عند أعالي حرش الصنوبر تعرف بـ«قبر عثمان».

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء حاصبيا
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة النبطية
تجمعات أرثوذكسية شرقية في لبنان
قضاء حاصبيا
مدن لبنان

راشيا الفخار


Isidore Isou, (d. 25 Ocak 1925 Botoșani - ö. 1 Ağustos 2007 Paris) Rumen şair. Tam adı Ioan-Isidor Goldstein'dır.

II. Dünya Savaşı sonunda Paris'e yerleşmiştir. Kafasında tüm sanat dallarında ama özellikle şiir ve edebiyatta sarsıcı bir yenilik yapma fikri vardı. Paris'e geldiğinde kendisini harfçi (lettrist veya letterist) olarak tanımlıyordu.

Başlattığı bu akım daha sonra harfçilik (letrizm) adını aldı. 1968 yılında harfçilik ve harfçilik etkisinde yaratılmış eserler Fransa'da büyük saygı görmeye ve taraftar toplamaya başladı. 68 Kuşağı tarafından kullanılan sembollerde, sloganlarda vb. letrizm de kullanıldı.

Eserleri

 Les Champs de Force de la Peinture Lettriste, Avant- Garde, Paris, 1964
 Manifesto of Lettrist Poetry: A Commonplaces about Words.
 Introduction à une Nouvelle Poésie et une Nouvelle Musique, Paris, Gallimard, 1947.
 Les Journaux des Dieus, 1950/51

Dış bağlantılar
 Site Isidore Isou
 Letterist manifesto

1925 doğumlular
2007 yılında ölenler
Rumen şairler
Fransız şairler
Fransız sinema eleştirmenleri
Romanya Yahudisi asıllı Fransızlar
Paris'te ölenler
Botoșani doğumlular
Romanya Yahudileri

Isidore Isou


Francesco Sacchini (Paciano,  - Rome, ) est un jésuite et historien italien.

Biographie
Francesco Sacchini naquit en 1570 à Paciano, près de Pérouse. À dix-huit ans, il embrassa la règle de St-Ignace et professa la rhétorique à Rome avec beaucoup de distinction. Chargé de continuer l'histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus, dont le P. Orlandini n'avait publié que le premier volume, il y travailla pendant dix-neuf ans sans aucune interruption ; et il aurait terminé ce grand ouvrage si le P. Vitelleschi, Supérieur général de la Compagnie, ne l'eût choisi pour secrétaire. Il remplit sept ans ce nouvel emploi et mourut à Rome le .

Œuvres
Indépendamment de la continuation de l'histoire de l'institut de St-Ignace, depuis la mort du fondateur jusqu'aux premières années du gouvernement du P. Claudio Acquaviva, on a de lui :

 Oratio in funere J.-Fr. Aldobrandini ducis Ecclesiæ, Rome, 1602, in-4°. Sacchini prononça cette oraison funèbre en 1601, devant le pape et le Collège des cardinaux.
 Vita B. Stanislaï Kostkæ e soc. Jesu, ibid., 1612, in-16 ;
 Libellus de ratione libros cum profectu legendi ; et Oratio de vitanda moribus noxia lectione, Ingolstadt, 1614, in-16. Cet ouvrage, qui contient des préceptes très-utiles, a été souvent réimprimé ; l'édition la plus récente que nous connaissions est celle de Leipzig, 1711, in-8° ; il a été traduit en français (par Durey de Morsan) sous ce titre : Moyen de lire avec fruit, la Haye et Paris, 1785, in-12. On en trouve une excellente analyse dans le Nova librorum conlectio, Halle, 1708, première partie.
 De vita et rebus gestis P. Petri Canisii, libri tres, Ingolstadt, 1614 ou 1616, in-4° ;
 Protrepticon ad magistros scholarum inferiorum soc. Jesu ; et Parænesis ad eosdem, Dillingen, 1626, in-12. On y trouve de bonnes vues pour l'instruction de la jeunesse.
 Epistola de utilitate bene legendi ad mensam, Milan, 1621, in-12.

Le P. Sacchini a écrit une Vie de saint Paulin de Nole, insérée par son confrère Rosweyde dans l'édition d'Anvers des Œuvres de Paulin, et plus tard par les Bollandistes dans leur collection (22 juin). Il avait prêché la Passion, en 1603, devant le pape Clément VIII, et en 1612 et 1617, devant le pape Paul V ; ces trois sermons ont été publiés dans un recueil de pièces du même genre, Rome, 1641, in-12.

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Jésuite italien

Francesco Sacchini


An Bouteloua alamosana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Vasey ngan Joseph Nelson Rose. An Bouteloua alamosana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bouteloua, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bouteloua

Bouteloua alamosana


Baron Trimlestown, of Trimlestown in County Meath, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland.

History
The title was created in 1461 for Sir Robert Barnewall, who was the younger brother of Nicholas Barnewall, Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, and younger son of Sir Christopher Bernevall, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench in Ireland. He married Elizabeth le Brun, the heiress of Roebuck Castle in South Dublin. He was succeeded by his son Christopher, the second Baron. Christopher was implicated in the Lambert Simnel conspiracy, but received a royal pardon in 1488. His son John, the third Baron, served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1534 until his death in 1538. The tenth baron, Matthias Barnewall, was attainded in 1691 for supporting the Jacobite cause, but his brother successfully recovered the title and family estate.

The barony became dormant on the death of the sixteenth Baron, in 1879. In 1891 the peerage was claimed by Christopher Patrick Mary Barnewall (de jure 17th Baron Trimlestown), a descendant of Hon. Patrick Barnewall, second son of the seventh Baron. He died before he had fully established his claim, but in 1893 his younger brother Charles Aloysius Barnewall was confirmed in the title by the Committee for Privileges of the House of Lords.  the title is held by the grandson of the successful claimant, the twenty-first Baron, who succeeded his elder brother in 1997.

There is no known heir to the barony so on the death of the current holder, it will become dormant until either extinction is proven or an heir is found.

The Viscounts Barnewall were members of another branch of the Barnewall family and a third branch were the Barnewall baronets of Crickstown.

Barons Trimlestown (1461)

Robert Barnewall, 1st Baron Trimlestown (died 1470)
Christopher Barnewall, 2nd Baron Trimlestown (died )
John Barnewall, 3rd Baron Trimlestown (died 1538)
Patrick Barnewall, 4th Baron Trimlestown (died 1562 or 1563)
Robert Barnewall, 5th Baron Trimlestown (died 1573)
Peter Barnewall, 6th Baron Trimlestown (died 1598)
Robert Barnewall, 7th Baron Trimlestown (–1639)
Matthias Barnewall, 8th Baron Trimlestown (1614–1667)
Robert Barnewall, 9th Baron Trimlestown (died 1689)
Matthias Barnewall, 10th Baron Trimlestown (died 1692) (attainted 1691)
John Barnewall, 11th Baron Trimlestown (1672–1746)
Robert Barnewall, 12th Baron Trimlestown (died 1779)
Thomas Barnewall, 13th Baron Trimlestown (died 1796)
Nicholas Barnewall, 14th Baron Trimlestown (1726–1813)
John Thomas Barnewall, 15th Baron Trimlestown (1773–1839)
Thomas Barnewall, 16th Baron Trimlestown (1796–1879) (dormant 1879)
Christopher Patrick Mary Barnewall, de jure 17th Baron Trimlestown (1846–1891)
Charles Aloysius Barnewall, 18th Baron Trimlestown (1861–1937) (confirmed in title 1893)
Charles Aloysius Barnewall, 19th Baron Trimlestown (1899–1990)
Anthony Edward Barnewall, 20th Baron Trimlestown (1928–1997)
Raymond Charles Barnewall, 21st Baron Trimlestown (born 1930)
There is no known heir to the barony.

See also
Viscount Barnewall

References

Baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
Barons Trimlestown
Noble titles created in 1461

Baron Trimlestown


Ditrichum (deutsch Doppelhaarmoose) ist eine kosmopolitisch verbreitete Gattung von Laubmoosen aus der Familie Ditrichaceae.

Merkmale
Moose der Gattung Ditrichum sind aufrechte, einfache oder manchmal wenig verzweigte, lockere oder dichtere Rasen bildende Pflanzen und wachsen auf Erde und Felsen. Der Stämmchenquerschnitt weist einen Zentralstrang auf. Die feucht aufrecht-abstehenden Blätter sind aus der eiförmigen Basis lanzettlich bis lang pfriemenförmig, die Blattränder ganzrandig oder oben gezähnt. Die kräftige Blattrippe nimmt an der Basis etwa ein Sechstel bis ein Drittel der Blattbreite ein. Die gewöhnlich glatten Blattzellen sind unten rechteckig bis linealisch, oben rechteckig bis quadratisch. Blattflügelzellen sind nicht differenziert.

Die Sporenkapsel auf der langen Seta ist zylindrisch, aufrecht oder geneigt, die 16 Peristomzähne sind bis auf den Grund in jeweils zwei fadenförmige Schenkel gespalten oder perforiert. Der Kapseldeckel ist kegelig oder kurz geschnäbelt, die Kalyptra ist kappenförmig. Oft werden Rhizoidgemmen gebildet, die der vegetativen Vermehrung dienen.

Systematik und Arten
Ditrichum ist innerhalb der Familie Ditrichaceae die artenreichste Gattung. Nach Stech & Frey zählt sie weltweit 69 Arten, nach anderen Quellen werden 85 bis 90 Arten angegeben.

In Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz sind folgende Arten vertreten:

 Ditrichum flexicaule
 Ditrichum gracile
 Ditrichum heteromallum
 Ditrichum lineare
 Ditrichum pallidum
 Ditrichum plumbicola
 Ditrichum pusillum
 Ditrichum zonatum

Literatur
 Jan-Peter Frahm, Wolfgang Frey: Moosflora (= UTB. 1250). 4., neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8252-1250-5.
 Wolfgang Frey, Michael Stech, Eberhard Fischer: Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants (= Syllabus of Plant Families. 3). 13th edition. Borntraeger, Berlin u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-443-01063-8.
 Martin Nebel, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): Die Moose Baden-Württembergs. Band 1: Allgemeiner Teil, spezieller Teil (Bryophytina I, Andreaeales bis Funariales). Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3527-2.

Weblinks

Ditrichaceae (Familie)
Ditrichaceae

Ditrichum


Cüce kariyaku (Mazama chunyi), geyikgiller (Cervidae) familyasından bir broket türüdür. Bolivya ve Peru'da bulunur. Peru'da And Dağları'nda 1.000 ile 3.600 m yükseklikte otluk ve ormanlık arazide yaşar. Kuzey pudusu ile karıştırılsa da cüce kariyaku daha uzun, daha az tıknaz ve daha açık kahverengindedir. Omuz yüksekliği 38 cm civarında olan cüce kariyakunun ağırlığı da 11 kg civarındadır.

Kaynakça

Mazama

Cüce kariyaku


Søren Rosenlund Christensen (født 26. januar 1976 i Tønder, død 7. februar 2020 i en akutlægehelikopter) var en dansk journalist, der fra 1. september 2019 til sin død var chefredaktør for Nordjyske Medier. Fra 2009 til 2014 var han chefredaktør for Dagbladet Ringkøbing-Skjern, og fra 2014 til 2019 var han chef for Bornholms Tidende

Karriere
Efter endt uddannelse som journalist blev Søren Christensen ansat hos JydskeVestkystens lokalredaktioner i Aabenraa og Tønder. Derefter kom han til Berlingske Lokalaviser-regi, hvor han var redaktør for flere lokalaviser i det sønderjyske. I 2007 kom til Ringkøbing og det tidligere Ringkjøbing Amts Dagblad. Først var han i to år redaktionschef, inden han blev avisens chefredaktør, samt en plads i chefredaktionen i Midtjyske Medier.

Privat
Søren Christensen var født og opvokset i Tønder. Han var gift med Arina Nell Richter, og sammen har de sønnerne Frederik og Stian Rosenlund Richter.

Død
Den 5. februar 2020 blev Søren Christensen under en cykeltur ved Storvorde påkørt bagfra af en bil. Dagen efter blev han udskrevet fra Aalborg Universitetshospital, men måtte 7. februar igen indlægges på grund af en infektion med kødædende bakterier i et sår fra ulykken. Trods operation og behandling i Aalborg, valgte man at overflytte ham til specialister på Rigshospitalet. Under transporten i en akutlægehelikopter opstod yderlige komplikationer, og Søren Christensen blev kl. 17.22 erklæret død.

Fra samme kirke hvor Søren Christensen var døbt og konfirmeret, blev han 14. februar 2020 bisat fra Tønder Kristkirke, og urnen efterfølgende nedsat på Tønder Kirkegård.

Referencer

Personer fra Tønder
Journalister fra Danmark
Chefredaktører fra Danmark

Søren Christensen (chefredaktør)


عبد الحكيم القطيفان (17 أبريل 1958-) ممثل سوري

حياته ومشواره المهني
ولد في مدينة درعا عام 1958 ، قصد دمشق لدراسة التمثيل، وتخرّج من المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية بدفعته الأولى عام 1981، والتي ضمّت باقة من الممثلين المتميّزين، صاروا نجوم الصفّ الأوّل في الدراما السورية، بينهم جمال سليمان، وأيمن زيدان وفايز قزق، ووفاء موصللي، وأمانة والي وغيرهم.

سجنه وخروجه
اعتقل سنة 1983، لإثارته الرأي العام ضد النظام الجمهوري السوري خاصة وضد الأنظمة العربية عامة. كما حُكم عليه بضع سنين عندما كان عمره خمسة وعشرين سنة، وخرج بنهاية العام 1991 بعد قرار العفو العام.كانت التهمة هي الانتماء إلى الحزب الشيوعي. دام الاعتقال تسعة أعوام، تنقّل خلالها بين أكثر من مركز اعتقال. وبعد خروجه من المعتقل، شارك في عشرات المسلسلات السورية والعربية

موقفه من الأزمة السورية
 أعلن معارضته للنظام السوري وتأييده للمعارضة السورية عند اندلاع الأزمة السورية عام 2011
 كان من بين مجموعة فنّانين طالهم غضب النظام، ونقابة فنّانيه، فكان رده الذي يختصر موقفه من الثورة: «يا نقيبهم نحن نقيضكم تماماً، نحن الوطن السوري الواحد الموحّد بكلّ أهله ومواطنيه لا طائفييه».
 بعد انسحابه من المنبر الديمقراطي، الذي رعاه ميشال كيلو، قرّر بعدها تكثيف نشاطه الإغاثي والإنساني، فكان يزور المخيمات والمشافي الميدانية مع صديقه مازن الناطور

حقيقة الصور الفاضحة
 في أكتوبر عام 2013 نشرت مجلة الجرس صورا لشخص يشبه عبد الحكيم في إحدى مسابح بيروت حيث كان يقبل إحدى السيدات لكن تبين فيما بعد انها ليست له وانما لشخص يشبهه وأكد حينها أنه لم يغادر القاهرة مكان إقامته منذ أشهر وأنها طريقة لتشويه صورته أمام الناس لموقفة السياسي

أعماله

في التلفزيون
ابتسم أيها الجنرال 2023
فضيلة قلب الأسد 2021
 البقعة السوداء 2020
فوبيا:2017
 السلطان والشاه:2016
 وجوه وأماكن:2015
 سرايا عابدين ج1: 2014
  منبر الموتى:2013
 فرعون:2013
 تحت الأرض:2013
 خيبر:2013
  ساعات الجمر:2012
 فرقة ناجي عطا الله:2012
 المفتاح:2012
 عمر:2012
 بنات العيلة:2012
 أبو جانتي (ملك التاكسي) ج2: 2012
 ظل الحكايا:2011
 توق:2011
 السراب:2011
 بومب أكشن:2011
 مرايا 2011 :2011
 في حضرة الغياب:2011
 صايعين ضايعين:2011
 سوق الورق:2011
 المنعطف:2011
 أيوب:2011
 لعنة الطين:2010
 صبايا 2 (رجعنا من جديد):2010
 رايات الحق:2010
 بقعة ضوء ج7 :2010
 أبواب الغيم:2010
 وادي السايح:2010
 حارة الياقوت:2010
 أبو جانتي (ملك التاكسي):2010
 ما ملكت أيمانكم:2010
 حضارة العرب:2010
 البقعة السوداء:2010
 بعد السقوط:2010
 متلف الروح:2010
 الصندوق الأسود:2010
 هي دنيتنا:2010
 صراع المال:2009
 اذاعة فيتامين:2009
 اغراب:2009
 سفر الحجارة:2009
 للعدالة كلمة اخيرة:2009
 تعب الليالي:2009
 بهلول أعقل المجانين (ج3):2009
 أقارب وثعالب:2009
 قلوب صغيرة:2009
 منمنمات اجتماعية:2009
 شتاء ساخن:2009
 فنجان الدمّ:2009
 صدق وعده:2009
 لورنس العرب:2008
 رياح الخماسين:2008
 أسمهان:2008
 قمر بني هاشم:2008
 وجه العدالة:2008
 شركاء يتقاسمون الخراب:2008
 اسأل روحك:2008
 ليس سرابا:2008
 نساء من البادية:2008
 من غير ليه:2008
 الخط الأحمر:2008
 القدس أولى القبلتين:2008
 خبر عاجل:2008
 كثير من الحب كثير من العنف:2007
 سيرة الحب:2007
 اسماع وطنش:2007
 ساعة عصاري:2007
 العيلة عيلتنا:2007
 أشياء تشبه الحب:2007
 بهلول أعقل المجانين:2007
 ممرات ضيقة:2007
 جنون العصر:2007
 أحزان مريم:2006
 ندى الأيام:2006
 الملاك الثائر:2006
 الواهمون:2006
 شمائل عربية:2006
 مرايا 2006:2006
 القضية 6008 :2006
 الهشيم:2006
 الغاوي:2006
 الزيزفون:2006
 أهل الغرامج1 :2006
 حارة الباشا:2006
 وشاء الهوى:2006
 غزلان في غابة الذئاب:2006
 حالي حال:2005
 الحور العين:2005
 نزار قباني:2005
 نوادر وحكايا:2005
 الظاهر بيبرس:2005
 المارقون:2005
 بقعة ضوء ج5 :2005
 الغدر:2005
 حاجز الصمت:2005
 قرن الماعز:2005
 أحقاد خفية:2005
 قيد التحقيق:2005
 حكايا وخفايا:2005
 خمسة وخميسة:2005
 ساعة السفر:2005
 رجال ونساء:2005
 أزواج:2004
 شخصيات على ورق:2004
 بقعة ضوء ج4 :2004
 رجال تحت الطربوش:2004
 الموءودة:2004
 عالمكشوف:2004
 التغريبة الفلسطينية:2004
 عشنا وشفنا:2004
 عصر الجنون:2004
 عذراء الجبل:2004
 قتل الربيع:2004
 مرزوق على جميع الجبهات:2004
 ومضات من تاريخنا:2003
 الياسمين والاسمنت:2003
 خط النهاية:2003
 عربيات:2003
 مرايا 2003:2003
 سيف بن ذي يزن:2003
 مخالب الياسمين:2003
 الداية:2003
 شرقيات:2003
 بقعة ضوء ج3 :2003
 فارس بلا جواد:2002
 عمر الخيام:2002
 بقعة ضوء ج2:2002
 ورود في تربة مالحة:2002
 نوادر جحا:2002
 ردم الأساطير:2002
 وردة لخريف العمر:2002
 الأرواح المهاجرة:2002
 الوصية:2002
 تاج من شوك:2002
 الخطر معهم (ج2):2002
 أبناء القهر:2002
 سر الكنز:2001
 أحلام لا تموت:2001
 سحر الشرق:2001
 البحث عن صلاح الدين:2001
 بيت العيلة:2001
 الأيام المتمردة:2001
 قصص الغموض:2000
 ليل المسافرين:2000
 دنيا:1999
 الانهيار:1999
 الخيزران:1999
 تلك الأيام:1999
 أزهار الشتاء:1999
 ثلوج الصيف:1999
 جلد الأفعى:1999
 إخوة التراب ج2 :1998
 النصية:1998
 حمام القيشاني ج3:1998
 الطير:1998
 الطويبي:1998
 القلاع:1998
 الإخوة -الجزء الثاني:1997
 إخوة التراب:1996
 عدالة الصحراء:1996
 العبابيد:1996
 خفايا الليل (دواس الليل):1996
 سماح:1995
 شيمة:1995
 الحصاد المر:1995
 فيضة القيصوم:1994
 بنت الطناب:1994
 الإخوة -الجزء الأول 1994
 قانون الغاب:1993
 غدر الزمان:1993
 جريمة في الذاكرة:1992
 البديل:1992
 أيام الخوف:1991

في السينما
 ليلة السقوط:2014
 للعدالة كلمة أخيرة:2009
 بوابة الجنة:2009
 مرة أخرى:2009
 جوبا:2007
 حادثة على الطريق:2007
 صهيل الجهات: 1993

في المسرح
 قبل أن يذوب المفتش
 العين والمخرز

في الإذاعة
 شخصيات روائية
 مجلة التراث
 حزورة رمضان
 مجلة العلوم

تكريمات
 تكريم من مهرجان الإسكندرية السينمائي2012

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من محافظة درعا
ممثلون وممثلات سوريون
مواليد 1377 هـ
مواليد 1958
مواليد في درعا

عبد الحكيم قطيفان


Svijet

Otkrića

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Hrvatska i u Hrvata

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Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 5. kolovoza: Ivan Hugo Botteri, hrv. liječnik internist, autor prvoga hrvatskog udžbenika interne medicine († )

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Medicina u 1876.


عبد الكريم العلاف (1894-1969)
شاعر وكاتب معروف نظم بالفصحى والعامية وله اهتمام بالتراث الشعبي الغنائي، ولد ونشأ ودرس في بغداد ونظم الشعر منذ فجر شبابه ودخل الوظيفة في أعمال مختلفة حتى تقاعده اصدر مجلة باسم (الفنون) سنة 1934 وقد نظم مئات الاغاني الشعبية التي قدمت بأصوات أشهر المغنين والمغنيات في العراق حتى قارنه البعض بالشاعر الكبير أحمد رامي.

ان عبد الكريم العلاف يعتبر أحد الرواد الباحثين وكتاب الاغنية والقصيدة في مدرسة الأدب والتراث الشعبي العراقي الاصيل، قدم للفن والتراث والغناء البغدادي ارثا خالدا من تاريخ وتراث واغان ما زالت لها حضورها المتميز في الاغنية البغدادية. لقد أصبح رصيده الغنائي أكثر من (300) أغنية في الثلاثينيات والاربعينيات حتى رحيله ابرزها (كلبك صخر جلمود) و (يا نبعة الريحان) و (يا منحدر وياك اخذني) و (اكدر اكول) و (سليمة يا سليمة) و (يا يمه ثاري اهواي) الذي لحنها الموسيقار عباس جميل وقال عنها (كان عبد الكريم العلاف يحمل خصوصية متميزة فيها) والقائمة تطول بالاغاني البغدادية التي يرددها مطربو ومطربات العراق انذاك من محمد القبانجي وزكية جورج وسليمة مراد ويوسف عمر ومنيرة الهوزوز وعفيفة إسكندر وغيرهم..

لم يقف عبد الكريم العلاف عند حدود القصيدة والشعر الغنائي بل كان له باع طويل في الكتابة الصحفية فاصدر مجلة اسماها (فنون) التي كانت تصدر اسبوعيا وبالضبط صدر عددها الأول في 18-شباط-1934 مجلة ثقافية فنية خاصة بأخبار الفنانين والسينما والافراح والغناء البغدادي واستمر بصدورها عاما كاملا وفي ما بعد اغلقها بعد أن صرف عليها الكثير من ماله الخاص وخرج خالي الوفاض لا يملك من دنياه شروى نقير.. بعدها انصرف في اواخر حياته إلى التاليف فاصدر بعض الكتب في الأدب والتراث والاغاني منها:-
 الطرب عند العرب سنة 1945
 بغداد القديمة سنة 1960
 قبان بغداد سنة 1969
 أيام بغداد

وله مقالات كلها شعبية في مجلات وجرائد مختلفة ومن اثاره مجاميع من الأدب الشعبي صدرت باسم (الموال البغدادي) و (موجز الاغاني العراقية) و (مجموعة الاغاني والمغنيات).

وله العديد من المخطوطات تحت اليد وهي:-

 قطف الثمار في الأخبار والاشعار
 المواهب في ذكرى عبد الوهاب النائب
 نيل المرام في قاموس الانغام
 مذكراتي الصحفية

مراجع

أشخاص من بغداد
شعراء بغداديون
شعراء عراقيون في القرن 20
صحفيون عراقيون
مواليد 1894
وفيات 1969

عبد الكريم العلاف


Sankt Johannes Sogn eller Niblum Sogn er et sogn på øen Før i Sydslesvig, tidligere strakte sig sognet over både Østerland-Før (Tønder Amt) og Vesterland-Før (Kongeriske enklave under Ribe Amt), nu i kommunerne Alkersum, Borgsum, Midlum, Niblum, Vitsum og Øvenum i Nordfrislands Kreds.

I Sankt Johannes Sogn findes flg. stednavne:
 Alkersum (nordfrisisk Aalkersem)
 Borgsum (nordfrisisk Borigsem)
 Goting (nordfrisisk Guating)
 Midlum (nordfrisisk Madlem)
 Niblum (tysk Nieblum, nordfrisisk Njiblem)
 Vitsum (tysk Witsum, frisisk Wiisem)
 Øvenum (tysk Oevenum, nordfrisisk Ööwnem)

Litteratur
 Jens Peter Trap: Statistisk-topographisk beskrivelse af hertugdømmet Slesvig, Kjøbenhavn 1864, side 196
 Christian Peter Hansen: Chronik der friesischen Uthlande, Altona 1856, side 202
 Grænsevagten 1935, side 16

Eksterne henvisninger
 Sankt Johannes Menighed / Kirchengemeinde Sankt Johannes

Sogne i Sydslesvig
Før

Sankt Johannes Sogn (Før)


الاقتران هو مصطلح يستخدم في علم الفلك والتنجيم، حيت تراقب من مكان ما (عادة ما تكون ) اثنين من الأجرام السماوية بالقرب من بعضها البعض في السماء ويكون لكلا الجرمين إما نفس المطلع المستقيم أو نفس خط طول مسار الشمس. وتساعد الظاهرة العلماء على تصحيح وتحسين الحسابات الفلكية، لا سيما حركة الكواكب والمسافات.

ظاهرة طبيعية
الظاهرة عادية بالنسبة إلى حركة الكواكب داخل دائرة الأبراج حيث يبدو للعين المجردة أن  أخفى كوكب الزهرة لسبب بسيط وهو أن الحركة اليومية للقمر والبالغة 15 درجة، هي أسرع ظاهريا من حركة كوكب الزهرة الأبعد عن الأرض من القمر.
وهذا يعني أن القطر الظاهري للقمر أكبر من القطر الظاهري لكوكب الزهرة، وباعتبار قرب القمر من الأرض فإن العين المجردة يبدو لها أن القمر أخفى الكوكب.
احتجاب الزهرة يعتبر من الظواهر الفلكية الطبيعية الرائعة الجمال، وليس لهذه الظاهرة أي تأثير على مايجري على كوكب الأرض، ولاتصاحبها أي آثار غير طبيعية.
في يوم 1-12-2008 بدا القمر في الظهور في معظم الجزء الشرقي من العالم مقرونا بكوكبي الزهرة و المشتري

في علم الفلك يطلق لفظ الاقتران عندما يجتمع جُرمان من أجرام النظام الشمسي بحيث يكونا على نفس خط الطول السماوي أو يكون لهما نفس المطلع مستقيم. ولما كان مرجعنا الرصدي أو القياسي هو الأرض لذلك يسمى ذلك الاقتران بالاقتران الأرض مركزي

طالع أيضاً

مراجع

اقترانات (علم الفلك)
أحداث النظام الشمسي الفلكية
تنجيم
ظواهر طبيعية
علم الفلك الرصدي
هندسة فلكية

اقتران (علم الفلك)


Loslyf é uma revista pornográfica sul-africana em língua africâner. A revista foi fundada em 1995 por J.T. Publishing, uma subsidiária sul-africana da americana Hustler. Foi a primeira publicação pornográfica em língua africâner. Lançada apenas um ano após o fim do apartheid, a revista foi altamente controversa, pois representava uma clara oposição à moral nacionalista africânder conservadora que influenciou a censura da mídia pelo governo do apartheid.

História
Durante o apartheid na África do Sul, o Partido Nacional, dominado pelos africânderes, decretou censura estrita sobre a mídia. As publicações foram censuradas ou proibidas por levantar críticas políticas contra o partido. Além disso, o governo censurou qualquer material que contradissesse seus valores morais. Os valores morais conservadores africânderes derivavam do calvinismo neerlandês, que reprimia os desejos sexuais e defendia a abstinência e a castidade como formas de pureza.

O título da própria revista, Loslyf, claramente se opõe a esses valores, traduzindo em africâner para "corpo solto/moral baixa". O primeiro editor de Loslyf, Ryk Hattingh, não era estranho à controvérsia, como ele tinha anteriormente trabalhado como subeditor sob Max du Preez para o jornal anti-apartheid Vrye Weekblad. Por meio da revista, Hattingh desejava redefinir a percepção dominante do povo e da cultura africâner. Ele afirmou: "Os africânderes sempre foram retratados como pessoas reprimidas e eu queria mostrá-los como seres humanos normais e sexuais!"

A primeira edição chegou às prateleiras em junho de 1995 e apresentava a página antagônica e controversa "Dina at the Monument". A divulgação apresentava uma modelo posando de topless em frente ao Monumento Voortrekker. Em 1949, o Partido Nacional dedicou o monumento aos Voortrekkers que participaram da Grande Jornada. Estudiosos argumentam que, ao fotografar a modelo nua diante de um símbolo do nacionalismo africânder, Loslyf apresenta uma oposição direta ao partido e seus valores que deram origem à censura da mídia. A edição foi imensamente popular, vendendo aproximadamente 80.000 cópias no total.

Sob a gestão de Hattingh, a revista assumiu um tom crítico. Junto com as páginas de nudez, Loslyf também apresentou uma série de artigos intelectuais de escritores conhecidos e respeitados. Também continha caricaturas políticas controversas de Joe Dog e Konradski da Bitterkomix.

Conteúdo contemporâneo
Desde sua estreia, o número de leitores de Loslyf atingiu cerca de 20.000 cópias vendidas por edição. Isso foi atribuído à perda do fator de novidade. Além disso, depois de ficar sob a gestão da editora Karen Eloff, a primeira editora feminina da revista, a revista mudou de direção para uma revista mais sexualmente orientada, abandonando suas características críticas e intelectuais. Ela afirma que "as pessoas compram Loslyf por causa do sexo, e há lugar para tudo, mas Loslyf simplesmente não é o lugar para histórias intelectuais". No entanto, o número de leitores aumentou 30% após Eloff se tornar editor e posar nu na revista em uma edição de 2005.

A revista também tem se expandido para incluir um website.

Controvérsias recentes
A cantora africânder nascida na Namíbia, Juanita du Plessis, processou a revista por "manipular" uma foto dela e incluir uma manchete vulgar insinuando que ela era viciada em sexo oral na edição de outubro de 2004. Du Plessis fez uma reclamação de difamação de R200.000 contra a revista. Em 2007, o Tribunal Superior de Pretória decidiu a favor de Du Plessis e J.T. Publishers foram forçados a pagar a ela R60.000.

Em dezembro de 2004, Loslyf publicou uma imagem do seio de uma mulher e afirmou que era da cantora e celebridade local sul-africana Amor Vittone. Dentro da revista, também apareceram outras seis fotos de seios com legendas dando a entender que eram de Vittone. Após a publicação da edição, Vitonne negou que qualquer uma das fotos fosse legítima e entrou com um processo de R1.000.000 contra a revista. A editora finalmente se desculpou publicamente, retirou as edições das prateleiras e concordou em particular em compensar Vitonne.

Em 2005, um leitor da Loslyf foi removido de um voo da Nationwide Airlines por se recusar a guardar a revista. Depois de ser informado de que não tinha permissão para ler a revista no avião, o empresário A.C. Hoffman recusou-se sem rodeios e acabou sendo removido antes da decolagem. Isso gerou controvérsia principalmente porque Hoffman comprou a edição dentro do aeroporto. A revista cumpre as regras relativas ao conteúdo explícito estabelecidas pelo nacional Film and Production Board. Embora, como afirma Eloff, seja sobre sexo, a revista se abstém de retratar imagens de relações sexuais, bem como outros atos sexualmente explícitos. Isso permite que a revista seja vendida em cafés e aeroportos, não apenas em sex shops.

Ligações externas
 Loslyf.co.za

Publicações fundadas em 1995
Revistas fundadas em 1995
Revistas fundadas na década de 1990
Revistas de conteúdo adulto
Cultura da África do Sul

Loslyf


Yang Jisheng (nascido em novembro de 1940)   é um jornalista e autor chinês. Seus trabalhos incluem Tombstone (墓碑), um relato abrangente da Grande Fome Chinesa durante o Grande Salto Adiante, e The World Turned Upside Down (天地翻覆), uma história da Revolução Cultural. Yang ingressou no Partido Comunista em 1964 e se formou na Universidade Tsinghua em 1966. Ele imediatamente ingressou na Agência de Notícias Xinhua, onde trabalhou até sua aposentadoria em 2001. Sua lealdade ao partido foi destruída pelo massacre da Praça da Paz Celestial em 1989.

Embora continuasse trabalhando para a Agência de Notícias Xinhua, ele passava grande parte de seu tempo pesquisando para o livro Tombstone. A partir de 2008, ele era o vice-editor do jornal Yanhuang Chunqiu em Pequim.   Yang também está listado como Fellow do China Media Project, um departamento da Universidade de Hong Kong.

Lápide: A Grande Fome
A partir do início da década de 1990, Yang começou a entrevistar pessoas e a coletar registros da Grande Fome Chinesa de 1959-1961, na qual seu próprio pai adotivo havia morrido, eventualmente acumulando dez milhões de palavras de registros. Ele publicou um relato de dois volumes de 1.208 páginas sobre o período, no qual pretendia produzir um relato que fosse confiável e que pudesse enfrentar o desafio da negação oficial do governo chinês. Ele começa o livro, "Eu chamo este livro de Tombstone (lápide). É uma lápide para meu pai [adotivo] que morreu de fome em 1959, para os 36 milhões de chineses que também morreram de fome, para o sistema que causou sua morte e talvez para mim mesmo por escrever este livro."  O livro foi publicado em Hong Kong e é proibido na China continental.   Em 2012 foram publicadas traduções para francês, alemão e inglês  (que foi condensada em quase 50%).

Elogios
A jornalista Anne Applebaum elogiou o livro como sendo o relato definitivo da Grande Fome.

Yang recebeu o prêmio Stieg Larsson 2015 por seu "trabalho persistente e corajoso em mapear e descrever as consequências" do Grande Salto Adiante. Yang recebeu o Prêmio Louis M. Lyons de 2016 de Consciência e Integridade em Jornalismo, selecionado pelos Nieman Fellows da Universidade de Harvard. Na citação do prêmio, os bolsistas afirmaram: "Através da determinação e comprometimento exigidos para este projeto, o Sr. Yang demonstra claramente as qualidades de consciência e integridade. Ele fornece inspiração para todos que procuram documentar a verdade diante de influências, forças e regimes que podem pressionar contra tal transparência."

Críticas
Sun Jingxian, um matemático chinês, viu no livro um ataque direto ao sistema político da China, afirmando que Yang havia feito isso ao cometer uma investigação histórica distorcida.  Ele argumentou que Yang cometeu sérios erros metodológicos em sua suposição de que as mortes por fome poderiam ser calculadas observando a diferença entre o número médio de mortes em um determinado período e o número real de mortes naquele mesmo ano.

O historiador econômico Cormac Ó Gráda, revisando o livro, afirmou que: "Yang tende a negligenciar o contexto histórico da fome e a vulnerabilidade econômica da China". Ele observa que a China era a "terra da fome" porque era extremamente pobre e, na década de 1950, a China ainda era extremamente pobre.  Ó Gráda também afirma que a estimativa de Yang de 40 milhões de nascimentos a menos é excessiva.

Referências

Jornalistas da China
Alunos da Universidade Tsinghua
Nascidos em 1940
Pessoas vivas
!Artigos com texto em chinês

Yang Jisheng