Kerim Erim (31 Ocak 1894, İstanbul - 28 Aralık 1952), Türk ordinaryüs profesör doktor matematikçi.

İlk doktoralı Türk matematikçidir. Doktora derecesini 1919'da Almanya'nın Erlangen kentindeki Frederich-Alexanders Üniversitesi'nden aldı. Türkiye'de yüksek matematik öğretiminin yaygınlaşmasında ve çağdaş matematiğin yerleşmesinde etkin rol oynadı; mekaniğin matematik esaslara dayandırılmasına öncülük etti. Türkiye'de bir matematik doktorası yöneten ilk bilim insanı oldu.

Devlet sanatçısı piyanist Gülsin Onay'ın dedesidir.

Yaşamı
1894 yılında İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. Asıl adı Abdülkerim'dir. Babası, Buharalı Molla Ahmed Zade Mirliva Arif Paşa; annesi, Kazan Şeyhül Müderrisi Kerim Hazretzade Ferik Abdürrahman Paşa'nın kızı Naciye Hanım'dır.

İlköğrenimini Halep'te tamamladıktan sonra kısmen evde, kısmen Hendese-i Mülkiye'nin ilk sınıflarında ders görerek ortaöğrenimini tamamladı; yükseköğrenimine İstanbul'daki Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi'nde devam etti.

Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi'ni 1914 yılında tamamladıktan sonra matematiğe duyduğu büyük ilgi nedeniyle Berlin Üniversitesi'nde daha ileri matematik öğrenimi görmek üzere Almanya'ya gitti. 1919'da Frederich-Alexanders Üniversitesi'nde cebir konusunda doktora derecesini alarak İstanbul'a döndü. Mezunu olduğu Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi'nde  matematik, analitik geometri, mekanik, kozmoğrafya dersleri verdi. 1929'da doçentliğe yükseldi.

Meslek hayatı
Kerim Bey, 1933'teki Üniversite reformunu hazırlayan kurulda yer aldı. Yüksek Mühendis Mektebi'nde  ders vermeye devam ederken yeni kurulan İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi'nde analiz profesörü ve dekan olarak görev yaptı. Ancak kısa bir süre sonra dekanlıktan ayrıldı. Uzun zaman her iki kurumda dersler vererek eğitim faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. Fakülteden ayrılan Richard von Mises'in yerine 1940 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi Matematik Enstitüsü başkanlığına getirildi ve  1952'deki ölümüne kadar başkanlığı sürdürdü.

1946 yılında TBMM'de kabul edilen bir kanunla bir öğretim üyesinin aynı anda iki üniversitede çalışması sona erdirilmiştir. Kerim Erim bu kanuna uymak için  İTÜ'deki görevinden ayrılmış,  İstanbul Üniversitesi'ndeki görevine ise devam etmiştir; 1948'de yeniden dekan seçildi ve 2 yıl boyunca  Fen Fakültesi dekanlığı yaptı.

Hayatı boyunca Türkiye'de yüksek matematik öğretiminin yaygınlaşmasında ve çağdaş matematiğin yerleşmesinde etkin rol oynadı. Mekaniğin matematik esaslara dayandırılmasına da öncülük etti. Matematik ve fizik bilimlerinin felsefe ile olan ilişkileri üzerinde de çalışmalarda bulundu; Almanca ve Türkçe eserler yayınladı. Türkiye'de bir matematik doktorası yöneten ilk bilim insanı oldu. Diferansiyel geometri, fonksiyonlar teorisi, elastisite ve plastisite konularında birçok öğrenci yetiştirdi. Öğrencileri arasında mekanik alanında önde gelen bilim insanlarından Mustafa İnan da vardır.

Mekanik Kongresi ve Ölümü
Kerim Erim, dünyada mekanikle ilgili bilim adamlarını bir araya getirmek üzere dört sene bir düzenlenen Uluslararası Sırfi ve Tatbiki Mekanik Kongresi'nin sekizincisinin 1952'de İstanbul'da gerçekleşmesi için büyük emek verdi. Ne var ki bu çalışma sırasında tutulduğu hastalık nedeniyle kongrenin açılışına katılamadı; ancak son celsede kapanış nutkunu okuyabildi. Nekahat için Avrupa'ya gidip döndükten sonra 28 Aralık 1952'de hayatını kaybetti.

Mezarı Edirnekapı Şehitliği'ndedir.

Fatma Zehra Hanım ile evliliğinden Arif ve Gülen adında iki çocuk sahibi olan Kerim Erim, devlet sanatçısı piyanist Gülsin Onay'ın dedesidir.

Kitapları
 Mihanik (1926)
 Nazarî Hesap (1931)
 Hendese-i Tahlîliye (ders notları) (1932-35)
 Riyâziyenin Temelleri, Üniversite Konferansları (1936-1937)
 Sümer Riyaziyesinin Esas ve Mahiyetine Ait Rapor (1937)
 Dış Alem Meselesi (Matematik Bakımından) (1940)
 Tanzimat ve Müspet İlimler: Riyaziye (1940)
 Matematik ve Realite, Üniversite Konferansları (1941-1942)
 Analiz Dersleri: Diferansiyel ve İntegral Hesap (1940)

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Türk matematikçiler
Türk matematik akademisyenleri
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi dekanları
İstanbul Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Edirnekapı Şehitliği'ne defnedilenler
1894 doğumlular
1952 yılında ölenler
Türk ordinaryüs profesörler
20. yüzyıl Türk matematikçileri
Türk bilim insanları

Kerim Erim


Die Bondoc-Halbinsel liegt im Südosten der Insel Luzon auf den Philippinen. Sie umfasst ein Gebiet von 2222,54 km² in der Provinz Quezon und ragt weit in die Sibuyan-See, trennt die Bucht von Tayabas vom Golf von Ragay. Westlich der Halbinsel liegt die Insel Marinduque, von ihr getrennt durch die Mompog-Passage.

Die Region der Bondoc-Halbinsel hat 355.158 Einwohner, die in 12 Stadtgemeinden leben. Diese sind: Agdangan, Catanauan, San Andes, Buenavista, General Luna, Macalelon, Mulanay, Padre Burgos, Unisan, San Francisco, San Narciso, Pitogo. Die Region wird als relativ arm bezeichnet, mehrere Projekte zur Bodenreform wurden bislang nicht vollständig umgesetzt. Die Topographie der Halbinsel wird als flachhüglige Landschaft beschrieben. Östlich der Halbinsel liegt die Insel Alibijaban und auf der Halbinsel die Naturschutzgebiete Buenavista Protected Landscape und Mulanay Watershed Forest Reserve.

Weblinks
 Die Bondoc-Halbinsel auf bondoc-solidarity.de

Halbinsel (Asien)
Geographie (Philippinen)
Halbinsel (Australasiatisches Mittelmeer)
Quezon
Geographie (Luzon)

Bondoc-Halbinsel


Hordak, izmišljeni lik iz franšize Gospodari svemira, koji se prvenstveno sukobljava s moćnom ratnicom She-Ra na planeti Eteriji, ali povremeno ratuje i protiv He-Mana te svog bivšeg štičenika Skeletora. Zli je gospodar i vođa Zle Horde, a njegova moć je mješavina magije i visoke tehnologije. Kiborg je te posjeduje spodobnost pretvaranja u različita oružja s osobitim vještinama preobrazbe svoje ruke u top, a može i dodati rotirajuće sječivo na vrh svoje ruke.

Iako je u animiranim serijalima prikazan kao glavni antagonist She-Rae, zapravo je isprva zamišljen u mini stripovima kao jedan od novih neprijatelja He-Mana i tek je kasnije u razvojnoj fazi nove animirane serije sa She-Raom kao središnjim likom, izabran za glavnog antagonista, umjesto Catre, koja je to trebalo biti inicijalno.

Povijest lika

Postoji više verzija Hordakova porijekla i prošlosti, zavisno od medija u kojema se tematizirala njegova prošlost. Prema jednoj verziji, on je mlađi brat Horde Primea, kojeg je brat prognao na planetu Eteriju, jer ga je htio zbaciti s prijestolja. Na Eteriji je Hordak utemeljio svoje sjedište u Zoni straha, odakle vlada planetom uz pomoć svoje Zle Horde. Iako se povremeno oslanja na magiju, Hordak ponajviše vjeruje u znanost te uporabu visoke tehnologije kojom se služi kako bi stekao i zadržao svoju moć.

Prema drugoj verziji priče, Horde Prime je stvorio Hordaka kao kiborga i drugu verziju samoga sebe te mu je dao ovlasti da vodi jedan dio Zle Horde na planeti Etheriji u njegovo ime. U dosadašnjim medijskim publikacijama nije otkriven izgled Horde Primea koji je veoma velik, ali skriven u magli.

Hordak je veoma drevno biće koje je sudjelovalo u oblikovanju povijesti Eterije i planeta Eternije u dalekoj prošlosti. Prema jednoj verziji priče, prvo je obitavao na Eterniji te je ušao u sukob protiv Ljudi zmija koje je predvodio kralj Hiss. Nakon što ih je porazio, uzeo je njihov dom Zmijsku planinu za svoje sjedište. Poslije se sukobio protiv mitskog kralja Grayskulla, vladara dvorca Siva Lubanja i cijelog kraljevstva, kojeg je naposljetku porazio i ubio. Prije smrti, kralj Grayskull je prebacio svoju snagu, moć i sve svoje junačke vrline u Mač Moći kojeg je kasnije naslijedio princ Adam, a njegovo Vijeće staraca je nestalo i ujedinilo svoju životnu energiju u energetsku kuglu koja je osnova moći dvorca Siva Lubanja i čitave Eternije.

Hordak je veoma zao i željan domoći se vlasti nad čitavim svemirom te ne preza ni od čega kako bi to postigao. Zbog toga što su njegove vlastite ambicije u koliziji s ambicijama njegova nekadašnjeg učenika Skeletora, njih dvojica se često sukobljavaju, iako mu je Skeletor dužnik i izdao ga je te zatvorio portal između dvaju dimenzija. Zla Lyn je u konačnici pomogla Hordaku prijeći na Eterniji, gdje se Hordak počeo sukobljavati s He-Manom i Skeletorom, iako se ponekad udružuje sa Skeletorom protiv He-Mana, ali ta savezništva ne traju dugo i nisu iskrena, već traju dok traje interes koji ih veže zajedno.

U prošlosti je Hordak oteo princezu Adoru i odveo je na Eteriju gdje ju je odgojio kao svoje dijete. Kada je odrasla, preuzela je kapetanski naslov i vodstvo nad dijelom Zle Horde. Kada je, uz pomoć He-Mana, doznala za svoje pravo porijeklo, odmetnula se od Hordaka i pridružila pokretu otpora na planeti Eteriji. Uz pomoć Mača zaštite, kojeg joj je, preko princa Adama, predala Čarobnica, dobila je sposobnost petvoriti se u magičnu ratnicu She-Ra.

Originalni mini stripovi  Gospodari svemira

Prvi put se pojavljuje u mini stripu "Grizzlor, oživljena legenda!" (Grizzlor, The Legend Comes Alive!) iz 1984. godine u kojem je u samom početku prikazan kao nemilosrdni tiranin iz druge dimenzije koji obitava u Zoni straha i vrši vlast nad pripadnicima Zle Horde. U toj priči se otkriva da je i Skeletor nekoć bio pripadnik Zle Horde, a Hordak njegov mentor. Hordak pokušava stupiti na Eterniju i osvojiti dvorac Siva Lubanja kako bi prigrabio sebi njegove tajne moći.

Televizijska adaptacija lika

He-Man i She-Ra: Tajna mača (1985.)

Hordak se prvi put pojavljuje u dugometražnom animiranom filmu He-Man i She-Ra: Tajna mača (1985.) u kojem je prikazan kao tiranski vladar Zle Horde uz pomoć koje želi osvojiti čitavu Eteriju, planet blizanac Eternije koji se nalazi u drugoj dimenziji. Hordak je kiborg-čarobnjak koji ima čitavu vojsku zlih ratnika te mnoštvo robotskih vojnika koji čine njegovu vojsku. Sjedište mu je u Zoni straha, visokotehnološkom kompleksu koji se nalazi na Eteriji. Kao kiborg ima sposobnosti preobraziti svoje tijelo ili dijelove tijela u opasno oružje. Ima blijedo lice sa zlim očima, njuškom i crvenim vampirskim zubima te vampirske uši. Tijelo mu je odjeveno u crni metalni oklop koji je ukrašen ogrlicom od kostiju, a na sredini prsiju nalazi mu se amblem Zle Horde, veliki crveni šišmiš.

He-Man i She-Ra: Božićno izdanje (1985.)

U ovom animiranom filmu trajanja oko 45 minuta, doznaje se da je Hordak bio Skeletorov mentor i šef, jer je Skeletor inicijalno također bio član Zle Horde. Kasnije je Skeletor izdao Hordaka zbog čega se razvilo nepovjerenje i neprijateljstvo među njima. Također, otkriva se kako Hordak nije vođa čitave Zle Horde, već samo njenog ogranka na Eteriji, a da planetarnu Zlu Hordu predvodi njegov brat Horde Prime koji je izuzetno velik, prema prikazanoj ruci također dijelom kiborg, a lice i ostatak tijela mu je stalno u magli pa se ne zna njegov izgled.

She-Ra: Princeza moći (1985. – 1987.)

Hordak je glavni neprijatelj moćne ratnice She-Ra, Princeze moći, koja vodi pobunu protiv njega i Zle Horde na planeti Eteriji. Više koristi snagu tehnologije nego magiju. Glavni sljedbenici su mu žena-mačka Catra, Grizzlor, Leech i Mantenna te zla čarobnica Shadow Weaver. Hordak posjeduje ogromnu armiju s raznovrsnim naoružanjem, od tenkova, transportera do letjelica, a glavninu pješaštva čine mu robotizirani Horde Trooperi. Sjedište Zle Horde je u području Zone straha, koja je u Filmationovom animiranom serijalu prikazana kao veliko industrijsko središte s prijestolnom dvoranom, za razliku od Mattelovog igračeg seta koji je sasvim drugačiji, kao pećina sa zatvorskom čelijom i rupom iz koje izlazi divovska zmija.

He-Man i Gospodari svemira (2002. – 2004.)

U novoj adaptaciji animiranog serijala koji oživljava franšizu nakon neuspjeha animiranog televizijskog serijala Nove pustolovine He-Mana s početka 1990-ih, Hordak se pojavljuje u svega nekoliko epizoda. Doznaje se da je nekoć živio na Eterniji i ratovao protiv mitskog kralja Grayskulla, čije se sjedište kraljevstva nalazilo u dvorcu Siva Lubanja. U zadnjem okršaju protiv kralja Grayskulla, Hordak je otvorio međudimenzionalni portal kako bi odvukao kralja Grayskulla i njegov narod u mračnu dimenziju Despondos, ali se tijekom sukoba dogodilo da su Hordak i pripadnici njegove Zle Horde bili zahvaćeni vrtložnom snagom portala i odneseni u drugu dimenziju.

U kasnijim epizodama otkriva se kako se Hordak želi vratiti na Eterniju i pritom traži pomoć od Skeletora koji mu se ne može oduprijeti, jer ima dug prema Hordaku, budući da ga je on spasio dok je kao Keldor ratovao protiv, u to vrijeme, kapetana Randora i u sukobu je bio teško ozlijeđen na području glave. Hordak ga je izliječio i pretvorio u Skeletora, tako što mu je maknuo oštećenu kožu s lica i ostavio mu funkcionalnu golu lubanju.

She-Ra i princeze moći (2018. – 2020.)

U novoj verziji animiranog serijala She-Ra, Hordak je prikazan kao klon svog brata Horde Primea koji je imao genetsku manu, zbog čega je bio poslan na samoubilački zadatak, ali je umjesto toga pobjegao kroz međudimenzionalni portal i završio na Eteriji, gdje je postao vođom lokalne Zle Horde. Odlučio je osvojiti čitavu planetu i podvrgnuti je Zloj Hori, nadajući se da će tako umilostiviti svog brata i vratiti se u Carstvo Horde. Tijekom vremena počeo je razvijati teleportacijsku tehnologiju kako bi prizvao Horde Prime i dokazao mu se kao vjeran i vrijedan pripadnik Zle Horde.

Sposobnosti i moći

Hordak je kiborg te stoga ima sposobnost pretvarati tijelo ili dijelove tijela u oružje ili u prijevozna sredstva. Može pretvoriti ruku u laserski top, a može i na vrh topa umetnuti rotirajuća sječiva koja se vrte velikom brzinom i vrlo su opasna. Također, može se čitav pretvoriti u raketu i brzo napustiti lokaciju na kojoj se nalazi. U jednoj verziji, dobio je i sposobnost ispucavanja oštrih pila iz prsiju. Također, posjeduje i magične moći kojima se također služi za razračunavanje s neprijateljima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Hordak - he-man.fandom.com

Gospodari svemira
Likovi iz Gospodara svemira
Izmišljeni likovi
Junaci stripa

Hordak


was a municipality in Japan and part of Tokyo-fu which existed from 1 May 1889 until its merger with its prefecture on 1 July 1943. The historical boundaries of Tokyo City are now occupied by the special wards of Tokyo. The newly-merged government became what is now Tokyo, also known as the Tokyo Metropolis or, ambiguously, Tokyo Prefecture.

History

In 1868, the medieval city of Edo, seat of the Tokugawa government, was renamed Tokyo, and the offices of Tokyo Prefecture (-fu) were opened. The extent of Tokyo Prefecture was initially limited to the former Edo city, but rapidly augmented to be comparable with the present Tokyo Metropolis. In 1878, the Meiji government's reorganization of local governments subdivided prefectures into counties or districts (gun, further subdivided into towns and villages, later reorganized similar to Prussian districts) and districts or wards (ku) which were in ordinary prefectures cities as a whole, e.g. today's Hiroshima City (-shi) was then Hiroshima-ku; the three major cities of Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto were each subdivided into several such wards. In Tokyo Prefecture, this created 15 wards (listed below) and six counties/districts.

In 1888, the central government created the legal framework for the current system of cities (shi) that granted some basic local autonomy rights – with some similarities to Prussia's system of local self-government as Meiji government advisor Albert Mosse heavily influenced the organization of local government. But under a special imperial regulation, Tokyo City, like Kyoto City and Osaka City, initially did not maintain a separate mayor; instead, the (appointed) governor of Tokyo Prefecture served as mayor of Tokyo City. The Tokyo city council/assembly (Tōkyō-shikai) was first elected in May 1889. Each ward also retained its own assembly. City and prefectural government were separated in 1898., and the government began to appoint a separate mayor of Tokyo City in 1898, but retained ward-level legislation, which continues to this day in the special ward system. From 1926, the mayor was elected by the elected city council/assembly from its own ranks. The city hall of Tokyo was located in the Yūrakuchō district, on a site now occupied by the Tokyo International Forum.

Tokyo became the second-largest city in the world (population 4.9 million) upon absorbing several outlying districts in July 1932, giving the city a total of 35 wards.

In 1943, the city was abolished and merged with Tokyo Prefecture to form the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which was functionally a part of the central government of Japan: the governor of Tokyo became a Cabinet minister reporting directly to the Prime Minister. This system remained in place until 1947 when the current structure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government was formed.

Wards

See also

 Capital of Japan
 Politics of Tokyo City

Notes

References

Further reading
 Steiner, Kurt. (1965). Local Government in Japan

External links
 Historical Development of Japanese Local Governance

1889 establishments in Japan
Cities in Tokyo
Dissolved municipalities of Tokyo
History of Tokyo
Populated places disestablished in 1943
Populated places established in 1889
1943 disestablishments in Japan

Tokyo City


Majsanić je hrid u Korčulanskom otočju, u Pelješkom kanalu, a nalazi se oko 1600 metara južno od Orebića na poluotoku Pelješcu. Najbliži otok je Majsan, oko 90 metara jugozapadno.

Površina otoka je 3466 m2, a visina 3 metra.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Korčulansko otočje

Majsanić


بلدية يرنة  (نقحرة: لليرينا) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة بطليوس، التي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، والتي تقع في غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 5.549 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

أعلام
 كارلوس مارتينيز فرنانديز
 ألفارو مارتين
 خوسيه دي إيرموسييا

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بطليوس
بلديات بطليوس

ليرينا


Sainey Jawo (Niumi, 30 de dezembro de 1999) é um jogador de vôlei de praia gambiano, que conquistou a medalha de ouro nos Jogos Pan-Africanos de 2019 no Marrocos.

Carreira

Em 2014 ainda juvenil conquistou o título do Campeonato Senegalês atuando por um time do Serekunda East Volleyball, depois, mudou para o Catar e começou  em 2017 competir no vôlei de praia ao lado do senegalês de Mamadou Lamine Dieme obtendo um quinto lugar e dois nonos lugares em etapas realizadas em Doha,  em 2018 conquistou o título do Campeonato do Catar Sub-19 em 2019 terminou com o terceiro lugar representando o Al Sadd Sports Club.

Formou dupla com Mbye Jarra em 2019 e disputaram os Jogos Pan-Africanos sediados em Rabat derrotando na final os anfitriões e obtendo a inédita medalha de ouro, vendo em Gâmbia a etapa da  Continental Cup CAVB, Grupo 2 (Kololi) de 2019 e repetindo o feito em 2020 na segunda fase do grupo C, e também na segunda fase em Marrocos, e no Continental Cup CAVB Finals, terminaram na quarta posição em 2021.Em 2022 disputou a edição do Campeonato Mundial realizado em Roma com Mbye Jarra.

Títulos e resultados

  Continental Cup CAVB:2022

Ligações externas

Jogadores de voleibol de praia da Gâmbia

Sainey Jawo


The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD) was established to oversee the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland, as part of the peace process.

Legislation and organisation
An earlier international body, set up during the ceasefires to report on how decommissioning might be achieved, presented its report on 22 January 1996. This recommended that the decommissioning process should take place "to the satisfaction of an independent commission". The Decommissioning Act, 1997 in the Republic of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Arms Decommissioning Act 1997 in the United Kingdom enabled such a body, which was then set up in an agreement between the British and Irish governments on 26 August 1997.

The commission was composed of:
 General (Ret.) John de Chastelain, Chairman, from Canada
 Brigadier Tauno Nieminen, from Finland, and
 Ambassador Donald C. Johnson, from the US, 1997–99, Andrew D. Sens, from the US, 1999–2011

Its objective was to facilitate the decommissioning of firearms, ammunition and explosives, by:
 consulting with the two governments, the participants in the ongoing negotiations in Northern Ireland, and paramilitary and other relevant groups,
 devising and presenting to the governments a set of proposals on how to achieve decommissioning,
 facilitating the process by observing, monitoring and verifying decommissioning, and receiving and auditing arms, and
 reporting periodically on progress.

In the Good Friday Agreement, signed in 1998, the participants reaffirmed their commitment to the total disarmament of all paramilitary organisations, and confirmed their intention to continue to work constructively and in good faith with the Independent Commission, and to use any influence they may have, to achieve the decommissioning of all paramilitary arms within two years following endorsement in referendums North and South of the agreement and in the context of the implementation of the overall settlement.

In the event, progress on decommissioning was disappointingly slow, and the two-year target was not met.  Decommissioning of Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) weaponry was often used as a necessary condition before Unionists would agree to the full implementation of the Agreement including power sharing. Negotiations between Republican representatives and the IICD were carried out eventually and these arms were put beyond use.  Decommissioning of Loyalist arms started later but were also successfully concluded in 2010.  See: The Final Report of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, 4 July 2011, which provides a summary history of the group and a statement of "lessons Learned" from the decommissioning process.

Decommissioning of Republican paramilitary weaponry
In 2000, Martti Ahtisaari, former President of Finland, and Cyril Ramaphosa, South African political and business leader, were appointed to inspect IRA weapons dumps.  They submitted three reports over the next year.

PIRA weaponry
On 26 September 2005, the commission published its fourth and final report on acts of Provisional IRA (IRA) decommissioning.   The decommissioning process has taken place using estimates of PIRA weaponry submitted by the British and Irish Governments. General John de Chastelain and his colleagues reported that they were "...satisfied that the arms decommissioned represent the totality of the IRA's arsenal". This was confirmed by two witnesses independent of the commission, Catholic priest Father Alec Reid, and former president of the Methodist Church in Ireland, Reverend Harold Good.

Among the weaponry estimated (by Jane's Intelligence Review) to have been destroyed as part of this entire process were:

1,000 rifles,
3 tonnes of Semtex,
20–30 heavy machine guns,
7 surface-to-air missiles (unused),
7 flame throwers,
1,200 detonators,
20 rocket-propelled grenade launchers,
100 handguns, and
100+ grenades.

There had been three previous acts of decommissioning by the PIRA which were also overseen by the commission.  The first act was in October 2001, the second in April 2002, the third in October 2003 and the fourth and final in September 2005. In the fourth and final act of decommissioning, General de Chastelain reported that he had seen rifles, particularly AK-47s, machine guns, surface-to-air missiles, explosives, explosive material, mortars, flame throwers, hand guns, timer units and blasting caps, and some weaponry that was "very old", including a WWII Bren light machine gun.

The panel stated to the press:
"We have observed and verified events to put beyond use very large quantities of arms which we believe include all the arms in the IRA's possession... Our new inventory is consistent with these estimates. We are satisfied that the arms decommissioning represents the totality of the IRA's arsenal."
and while they could not report on the quantity or types of weapons destroyed the witnesses said:"The experience of seeing this with our own eyes, on a minute-to-minute basis, provided us with evidence so clear and of its nature so incontrovertible that at the end of the process [PIRA weapon decommissioning] it demonstrated to us – and would have demonstrated to anyone who might have been with us – that beyond any shadow of doubt, the arms of the IRA have now been decommissioned."

The 10th (latest as of May 2006) report from the IMC stated that it believes that the PIRA completed the process of decommissioning all the weapons "under its control" during the final act of decommissioning in 2005.

Other republican weaponry
In February 2010, days before the IICD was due to disband, both the Irish National Liberation Army and the Official Irish Republican Army announced that they had decommissioned their weapons.

Decommissioning of Loyalist paramilitary weaponry
The Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) decommissioned small arms and ammunition in December 1998. The three main loyalist paramilitary groups, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), Red Hand Commando (RHC) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), retained their weapons for a longer period during which their members were said by the Independent Monitoring Commission to still be engaged in criminal activities. On 12 February 2006, The Observer reported that the UVF had refused to decommission its weapons; the UVF formally decommissioned their weapons in June 2009. The UDA was confirmed to have decommissioned its weapons on 6 January 2010. The UDA's decommissioning was confirmed by General de Chastelain, Lord Eames, the former archbishop of Armagh and Sir George Quigley, a former top civil servant. De Chastelain stated that the decommissioning included arms, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices and the UDA stated that the arms "constitute the totality of those under their control". The dissident UDA South East Antrim Brigade completed decommissioning by February 2010.

References

External links
 The British-Irish agreement setting up the IICD
 Reports and Statements by the IICD

Politics of Northern Ireland
1997 establishments in Northern Ireland
History of Northern Ireland
Ireland–United Kingdom relations
Northern Ireland peace process


A Medalha DECHEMA () por realizações notáveis no campo dos aparelhos químicos e por um compromisso especial no campo da tecnologia química foi criada em 1951 por ocasião do 25º aniversário da DECHEMA (Gesellschaft für Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V.).

Recipientes
1951 Emil Kirschbaum, trabalhos pioneiros no campo da tecnologia de destilação; o Instituto de Engenharia de Processos Térmicos do Instituto de Tecnologia de Karlsruhe, dirigido então por ele, é considerado uma das células germinativas da engenharia de processos científicos na Alemanha
1951 Bruno Lange, inventor da fotocélula de selênio (1931) e fundador da Dr. Bruno Lange GmbH (hoje parte da Hach Lange GmbH)
1951 Matthias Pier, conhecido por trabalhos na liquefação do carvão e síntese do metanol
1951 Erich Rabald, pesquisador de materiais e editor das tabelas de materiais DECHEMA
1952 Rudolf Plank, conhecido por seu trabalho fundamental no campo da engenharia de processo e reação
1952 Walter Reppe, conhecido por suas contribuições significativas para a química do acetileno e engenharia de processo (BASF)
1953 Hans Broche, diretor de mina
1953 Karl Eymann, engenheiro e diretor da IG Farbenindustrie AG (BASF)
1954 Ernst Kuss, conhecido por suas contribuições significativas para a metalurgia úmida
1954 Friedrich Uhde, conhecido por suas contribuições para a construção de máquinas e aparelhos; Fundador da ThyssenKrupp Uhde Friedrich Uhde AG
1955 Friedrich Jähne, 1959, 1962 Medalha de Mérito Bayer, Senador Honorário da Universidade Técnica de Munique, Cruz de Mérito da República Federal da Alemanha
1955 Hans Kühne, diretor geral aposentado, senador honorário; trabalhos inovadores em química inorgânica
1956 Adolf Johannsen, Instituto de Química da Universidade de Hamburgo
1956 Friedrich August Oetken, diretor administrativo das empresas Lurgi
1958 Herbert Bretschneider, conhecido por sua pesquisa básica na construção de caldeiras de pressão e vapor
1958 Heinrich Canzler, senador honorário, proprietário da empresa Carl Canzler, construção de máquinas e aparelhos, Düren
1961 Kurt Rieß, gerente da fábrica em Dormagen, membro do conselho da Bayer
1961 Erich Schott, empresário alemão, diretor administrativo da Schott AG, fundada por seu pai Otto Schott
1964 Paul Baumann, diretor administrativo e membro do conselho da Chemiepark Marl
1964 Siegfried Kiesskalt, fundador do "Instituto de Pesquisa para Engenharia de Processos" na RWTH Aachen
1967 Ernst Schmidt, conhecido como termodinamicista técnico, inventou o papel-alumínio e o medidor de fluxo de calor, entre outras coisas; o número de Schmidt (Sc), que indica a relação entre o transporte de material convectivo e difusivo, leva seu nome
1967 Carl Wulff, ex-diretor administrativo da Henkel & Cie. GmbH e Persil Gesellschaft mbH
1970 Wilhelm Biedenkopf, membro do conselho da Dynamit Nobel AG em Troisdorf
1970 Hellmuth Fischer, conhecido por seus trabalhos sobre os fundamentos da eletroquímica, corrosão e proteção contra corrosão
1973 Wilhelm Jost, conhecido por suas contribuições para a físico-química, especialmente a difusão em sólidos; termodinâmica; destilação; cinética da reação; combustão
1973 Walter Ludewig, senador honorário; ex-membro do conselho de administração da BASF Ludwigshafen
1976 August Guyer, ex-professor de tecnologia química na ETH Zürich
1976 Hans Rumpf, conhecido por suas contribuições no campo da engenharia de processos mecânicos
1976 Ewald Wicke, ex-diretor do Instituto Físico-Químico da Universidade de Münster
1979 Herbert Kölbel, ex-reitor da Universidade Técnica de Berlim
1979 Erich Karl Todtenhaupt, fundou em 1933 a empresa EKATO especializada em tecnologia de agitação e mistura em 1933
1980 Günter Victor Schulz, conhecido por seu trabalho no campo da química macromolecular e por uma compreensão fundamental da distribuição de peso molecular de polímeros (distribuição de Schulz-Flory)
1982 Heinz Gerischer, conhecido por seus trabalhos na área de eletroquímica de metais e semicondutores, incluindo efeitos fotoquímicos
1982 Gerhard Pahl, conhecido por seus trabalhos na área de metodologia de construção e pesquisa de corrosão
1985 Ulrich Grigull, conhecido por sua investigação da transferência de calor através de metais líquidos e um especialista internacionalmente reconhecido nas propriedades termodinâmicas do vapor de água
1985 Hans-Jürgen Rehm, conhecido por sua pesquisa sobre a decomposição de hidrocarbonetos por microorganismos
1988 Gottfried Kremer, ex-membro do conselho da Leuna-Werke AG, membro do conselho da DECHEMA
1988 Franz-Walter Schumann, economista de negócios
1988 Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker, membro da Comissão Bundestag Enquête sobre as oportunidades e riscos da engenharia genética
1991 Hans-Jürgen Engell, diretor do Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung por muitos anos
1991 Kurt Hedden, professor do Instituto Engler-Bunte de Gás, Petróleo e Carvão da Universidade de Karlsruhe (TH)
1991 Eric H. Houwink, conhecido por seu trabalho pioneiro no campo da biotecnologia
1991 Günter Lipphardt, ex-membro do conselho da DECHEMA
1994 Hanns Hofmann, conhecido por suas contribuições para a engenharia de reações químicas, modelagem de reatores e desenvolvimento de catalisadores
1994 Kurt Leschonski, conhecido por suas contribuições para a tecnologia ambiental
1994 Paul Präve, conhecido por seu trabalho no campo da biotecnologia
1997 Karl Schügerl, conhecido por suas notáveis realizações científicas como um especialista internacionalmente conhecido em biotecnologia
1997 Heinz Georg Wagner, conhecido por dar contribuições decisivas no campo da cinética do gás e das reações de combustão, especialmente sob o aspecto da formação de fuligem
1997 Gerhard Wegner, fundador do Instituto Max Planck de Pesquisas Sobre Polímeros e da Escola de Pesquisa Max Planck para Ciência de Polímeros (IMPRS-PMS)
1999 Gerd Sandstede, trabalhos pioneiros em pesquisa e desenvolvimento de células de combustível na Alemanha, diretor de pesquisa de longa data do Instituto Battelle em Frankfurt am Main, Grande Cruz do Mérito da República Federal da Alemanha
2001 Wilhelm Keim, conhecido por suas contribuições para a catálise homogênea e o Shell Higher Olefin Process; por muitos anos chefe do Instituto de Química Técnica e Petroquímica da RWTH Aachen
2002 Ulrich Draugelates, conhecido por seu trabalho na área de materiais e tecnologia de aparelhos
2002 Volker Pilz, excelente serviço para o desenvolvimento de materiais e tecnologia de aparelhos
2003 Matthias Bohnet, conhecido por seu trabalho na área de engenharia de processos mecânicos
2004 Utz-Hellmuth Felcht, ex-porta-voz do conselho de administração da Degussa, até 1998 membro do conselho de administração da Hoechst AG
2006 Gerhard Emig, conhecido por seu trabalho na área de engenharia de reação de catálise heterogênea de reações em fase gasosa e modelagem de reatores
2006 Wolfram Wagner, conhecido por seu trabalho na área de engenharia de processos
2008 Alfred Pühler, por seus serviços para o desenvolvimento contínuo das atividades de biotecnologia da DECHEMA
2010 Joachim Heitbaum, por seus serviços à eletroquímica técnica
2014 Reinhard Zellner, por seu compromisso com a produção sustentável, no campo da proteção climática bem como atmosférica
2016 Aldo Belloni, por seu compromisso com os comitês DECHEMA
2016 Rüdiger Iden, por seu trabalho em nanotecnologia química
2018 Thomas Bley, por seus serviços à comunidade de engenharia de bioprocessos
2020 Elias Klemm, por seus serviços especiais para engenharia de reação
2021 Hansjörg Hauser, por suas realizações no campo da tecnologia de cultura de células, Thomas Scheper por seu extraordinário compromisso nos campos da DECHEMA

Bibliografia
Handbuch der Wissenschaftspreise und Forschungsstipendien. ISBN 3-9803983-3-1

Ligações externas
DECHEMA-Medaille und Preisträger bei dechema.de

Medalhas
Prêmios estabelecidos em 1951

Medalha DECHEMA


An Tolumnia guttata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mark Anthony Nir. An Tolumnia guttata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tolumnia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tolumnia

Tolumnia guttata


Tour of Antalya 2018 var den 1. udgave af det tyrkiske landevejscykelløb i Antalya. Løbet foregik i perioden 22. til 25. februar 2018. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2018 og var i kategorien 2.2. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev russiske Artjom Ovetsjkin fra Marathon-Tula Cycling Team.

Hold og ryttere

Det danske landshold
Christian Albrechtsen
Silas Zacharias Clemmensen
Mads Østergaard Kristensen
Andreas Handberg Madsen
Mads Rahbek
Kasper Würtz Schmidt
Kristian Arnth Sørensen

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Tour of Antalya 2018


Rund um den Finanzplatz Eschborn-Frankfurt 2018 var den 56. udgave af cykelløbet Rund um den Finanzplatz Eschborn-Frankfurt. Det var det 20. arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2018 og blev arrangeret 1. maj 2018. Løbet blev vundet af norske Alexander Kristoff fra  for fjerde gang i karrieren.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Lasse Norman Hansen kørte for
Casper Pedersen kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI World Tour 2018


Xeon, Intel'in sunucular için piyasaya sürdüğü 32 bit ve 64 bit işlemci ailesidir. Pentium Pro'nun yerine geçmiştir. Masaüstü platformlarından farklı mimariler kullanılarak üretiliyor. Günümüzde yüksek çekirdek sayıları ve saat hızları sayesinde neredeyse tüm sunucu sistemlerinde yer almakta.

Logolar

Xeon
1998'de tanıtılan ürünler

Intel Xeon


Hors de la mort ou Course contre la montre au Québec () est un film d'action américain réalisé par Mike Burns, sorti en 2021.

Synopsis
Au cours d'une randonnée, une jeune femme, Shannon, assiste au meurtre d'un dealer assassiné par une policière. Après l'avoir photographiée en train de l'abattre, le témoin s'enfuit dans la forêt tandis que la flic corrompue la traque avec son coéquipier. Toutefois, Shannon trouve refuge auprès d'un ancien officier de l'ordre, Jack Harris, qui la sauve de leurs griffes avant que sa nièce ne soit prise en otage par leur boss à la tête du commissariat, compromis dans des affaires louches...

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Titre français : Hors de la mort
 Titre québécois : Course contre la montre
 Réalisation : Mike Burns
 Scénario : Bill Lawrence
 Musique : Jacob Bunton et Mike Burns
 Photographie : Peter Holland
 Montage : R.J. Cooper
 Production : Randall Emmett, George Furla, Chad A. Verdi, Luillo Ruiz et Shaun Sanghani
 Sociétés de production : Emmett/Furla Oasis, SSS Entertainment, BondIt Media Capital et The Pimienta Film Co.
 Société de distribution : Vertical Entertainment
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : action
 Durée : 96 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
   :
  :  (VOD)

Distribution
 Jaime King  : Shannon Mathers
 Bruce Willis  : Jack Harris
 Lala Kent  : Billie Jean
 Michael Sirow  : Hank Rivers
 Tyler Olson  : Tommy Rivers
 Kelly Greyson  : Pam Harris
 Mike Burns : officier Frank
 Megan Leonard  : Joanna Kern

  et Doublage.qc.ca

Références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2021
Film d'action américain
Premier long métrage sorti en 2021

Hors de la mort


O Africa Research Institute (ARI) é um think-tank independente sem fins lucrativos fundado em fevereiro de 2007. É o único think-tank no Reino Unido a se concentrar exclusivamente em questões políticas, econômicas e sociais na África subsaariana. A ARI se esforça para informar a formulação de políticas domésticas e internacionais por meio da publicação de pesquisas e da hospedagem de eventos interativos. A missão da ARI é chamar a atenção para ideias ou políticas que funcionaram na África, destacando e analisando as melhores práticas no governo, na economia e na sociedade civil . A ARI incentiva o debate e desafia a sabedoria convencional na África subsaariana e sobre ela. Procura fornecer uma compreensão diferenciada e representativa da região, em oposição às representações "binárias" convencionais que muitas vezes dominam a mídia ocidental. A organização publicou trabalhos sobre urbanização, reforma política e institucional, integração regional, saúde e agricultura, entre outros temas.

História
O Instituto de Pesquisa da África foi fundado em fevereiro de 2007. Sua primeira publicação, The Day After Mugabe: prospects for change in Zimbabwe, coletou uma ampla gama de análises e comentários de todo o espectro político, com perspectivas da África, China, Europa e América do Norte. O livro foi escolhido como um dos "Melhores Livros de 2007" pelo jornal The Observer e revisado pela revista Spectator. Desde então, o instituto publicou inúmeras notas informativas, artigos, artigos e podcasts. Todas as publicações da ARI são em inglês, com algumas selecionadas também publicadas em francês. A ARI também promove eventos, na forma de painéis, mesas redondas, debates e lançamentos de livros. Mark Ashurst, ex-correspondente de Joanesburgo do Financial Times e da BBC Africa, foi o primeiro diretor do ARI de 2007 a 2010. Ele foi sucedido em 2011 por Edward Paice, um historiador especializado no Chifre da África e na África Oriental.

Publicações
O Africa Research Institute publica trabalhos em cinco formatos. Todas as publicações estão disponíveis gratuitamente no site do instituto e em cópia impressa mediante solicitação.

Vozes políticas
A série Policy Voices do Africa Research Institute destaca casos de realização individual ou de grupo que têm implicações importantes para a política. Os colaboradores desta série são capazes de recorrer a extensa experiência em seus respectivos campos de especialização. A série Policy Voices foi lançada em dezembro de 2008, com a publicação de Alimentando cinco mil: o caso de cultivos indígenas no Zimbábue por Paul Chidara Muchineripi, e Pense pequeno: o exemplo de pequenas doações em Madagascar por Brian Donaldson. O Other Policy Voices cobriu diversos tópicos, como planejamento urbano, reforma tributária, reforma política e institucional e agricultura. Em 2013, o Africa Research Institute publicou seu primeiro Policy Voice em francês, Pour l'Etat et le citoyen: la réforme de l'administration fiscale au Burundi, de Kieran Holmes, Domitien Ndihokuwayo e Chantal Ruvakubusa do Office burundais des recettes

Contrapontos
A série Contrapontos procura analisar criticamente ou desafiar as suposições convencionais sobre o continente. A primeira série Counterpoints foi lançada em 2010 com a publicação de Por que a África pode se tornar grande na agricultura, de Mark Ashurst e Stephen Mbithi; Como os intelectuais fizeram história no Zimbábue por Blessing-Miles Tendi; e África através da minha televisão, de Michael Holden.

Notas informativas
As Notas Informativas do ARI fornecem análises críticas de questões políticas e econômicas pertinentes em todo o continente. Sua primeira Nota Informativa - Mantendo a paz na República Democrática do Congo - foi publicada em dezembro de 2007 e analisava as perspectivas da Missão das Nações Unidas na República Democrática do Congo (MONUC) na RDC após 2007. Desde então, o ARI publicou uma série de Notas Informativas sobre uma vasta gama de assuntos, incluindo o uso de subsídios para fertilizantes em Malawi, eleições democráticas, o papel da China na África e reforma agrária na África do Sul .

Conversations
A série Conversations oferece insights sobre as perspectivas de políticos de alto nível ou funcionários públicos sobre questões amplas e abrangentes relacionadas à África subsaariana. A primeira edição da série Conversations, lançada em 2013, apresenta uma entrevista com o Representante Especial da China para Assuntos Africanos, Zhong Jianhua, para fornecer uma perspectiva chinesa sobre o envolvimento da China com a África e uma resposta direta à acusação do ex-governador do Banco Central da Nigéria, Lamido Sanusi, que o investimento chinês em África tem contribuído para a sua " desindustrialização e subdesenvolvimento ".

Artigos
Os Documentos do Instituto de Pesquisa da África fornecem uma exploração aprofundada de uma questão ou assunto específico. Através deste formato, o ARI explorou o potencial da integração regional na redução da pobreza, responsabilidade parlamentar na Tanzânia e subsídios agrícolas no Malawi.

Eventos
O Africa Research Institute organiza vários eventos por ano, incluindo painéis de discussão ou debates públicos sobre assuntos relacionados com as suas publicações. Esses eventos são frequentados por pessoas de vários setores, incluindo academia, diplomacia, sociedade civil e setor privado.

Financiamento
O Africa Research Institute é uma instituição de caridade registrada no Reino Unido, número 1118470. Recebe financiamento da fundação familiar de Richard Smith, um industrial britânico que também é presidente do conselho.

Conselho consultivo

 Professor David Anderson, professor de história africana, Universidade de Warwick
 Brian Donaldson, patrono do Fundo de Desenvolvimento de Madagascar e ex-alto comissário e embaixador britânico
 Dr. Steven Mbithi, diretor executivo da Associação de Exportadores de Produtos Frescos, Quênia
 Paul Chidara Muchineripi, diretor de Treinamento e Desenvolvimento de Negócios, uma consultoria sediada em Harare
 Angela Nguku, coordenadora, Escola Virtual de Enfermagem da AMREF
 Dr. Jeggan C. Senghor, pesquisador sênior do Instituto de Estudos da Commonwealth, Universidade de Londres
 Michela Wrong, jornalista e autora
 Dra Deborah Potts, professora sênior de geografia no King's College London (KCL)
 Dra. Janet Chikaya-Banda, Procuradora-Geral e Secretária Permanente de Justiça do Malawi
 Professora Vanessa Watson, chefe do Programa de Mestrado em Planejamento Urbano e Regional da Escola de Arquitetura, Planejamento e Geomática da Universidade da Cidade do Cabo
 Fouzia Mohamed Ismail, cofundadora e diretora executiva da Associação de Enfermagem e Obstetrícia da Somalilândia (SLNMA)
 Dr. Phil Clark, leitor em política internacional e comparada, Escola de Estudos Orientais e Africanos (SOAS), Universidade de Londres

Organizações parceiras

 Associação das Escolas Africanas de Planeamento
 Centro Africano para Cidades, Universidade da Cidade do Cabo
 Burundi Revenue Authority/ Office burundais des recettes
 Comissão Jurídica do Malawi
 Comissão Eleitoral Nacional de Serra Leoa
 Amref Saúde África
 Centro de Pesquisa e Inovações Urbanas, Universidade de Nairóbi
 Mercado Comum da África Oriental e Austral (COMESA)
 Associação de Exportadores de Produtos Frescos do Quênia
 Escola de Estudos Orientais e Africanos (SOAS), Universidade de Londres
 King's College London, Departamento de Geografia
 Centro de Estudos Africanos, Universidade de Oxford
 Zed Books

Veja também

 Instituto de Desenvolvimento Ultramarino
 Instituto de Estudos de Desenvolvimento
 Instituto Sul-Africano de Assuntos Internacionais
 Codesria

Referências

Ligações externas

 Site oficial

Estudos africanos
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Instituto de Pesquisa da África


Pherecydes of Leros () was, according to the Suda, an ancient Greek historian from the island of Leros, who lived "before the seventy-fifth Olympiad" (480–477 BC), and wrote three works: On Leros (Περὶ Λέρου), On Iphigenia  (Περὶ Ἰφιγενείας), and On the Festivals of Dionysus (Περὶ τῶν Διονύσου ἑορτῶν). Although, the Suda considers them separately, he is possibly the same person as Pherecydes of Athens.

Notes

References
 Fowler, Robert L., "The Authors named Pherecydes", Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol. 52, Fasc. 1 (Feb., 1999), pp. 1-15. .
 Mac Sweeney, Naoise, Community Identity and Archaeology: Dynamic Communities at Aphrodisias and Beycesultan, University of Michigan Press, 2011. .

People from Leros
Early Greek historians
5th-century BC historians
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Pherecydes of Leros


An Ophrys varvarae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Faller ngan K.Kreutz. An Ophrys varvarae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ophrys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Kriti. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ophrys

Ophrys varvarae


Pinheiros Portekiz'de Tabuaço belediyesine bağlı olan, 8,21 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 199 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Tabuaço'nun bucakları

Pinheiros (Tabuaço)


UNC Wilmington Seahawks es el nombre que reciben los equipos deportivos de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Wilmington, situada en Wilmington, Carolina del Norte. Los equipos de los Seahawks participan en las competiciones universitarias organizadas por la NCAA, y forman parte de la Colonial Athletic Association, de la cual son miembros de pleno derecho desde su creación en 1983.

Apodo y mascota

El apodo de la universidad es el de Seahawks (en español, Halcones marinos), y su mascota se llama Sammy C. Hawk.

Programa deportivo
Los Seahawks participan en las siguientes modalidades deportivas:

Baloncesto
El equipo de baloncesto masculino ha conseguido 4 títulos de conferencia, lográndose clasificar en 2002 para el Torneo de la NCAA, donde llegaron a treintaydosavos de final. A lo largo de su historia sólo dos jugadores salidos de sus equipos han llegado a jugar en la NBA, Matt Fish y Brian Rowsom.
El prestigioso entrenador de la NCAA John Calipari también jugó para los Seahawks.

Instalaciones deportivas
 Trask Coliseum es el pabellón donde disputan sus partidos los equipos de baloncesto. Fue inaugurado en 1977 y cuenta con una capacidad para 6.100 espectadores. En 1995 fue la sede de una de las semifinales de la Fed Cup de tenis femenino entre Estados Unidos y Francia.

 Brooks Field es el estadio donde se disputa el béisbol. Tiene una capacidad para 3.000 espectadores, y su nombre es en honor al antiguo director deportivo de la universidad, William J. Brooks.

 UNCW Soccer Stadium es el estadio donde se disputa el fútbol masculino y femenino. tiene una capacidad para 3.000 espectadores sentados.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de los Seahawks

Equipos de la National Collegiate Athletic Association
Clubes y equipos deportivos del estado de Carolina del Norte
Colonial Athletic Association

UNC Wilmington Seahawks


CSKA Arena (en ), anciennement connu sous le nom de VTB Ice Palace (en ) et Legends Park (en ), est un complexe sportif situé à Moscou en Russie. Son sponsor principal est VTB.

Histoire
Le Palais de glace a ouvert ses portes le 26 avril 2015. C'est l'arène du club de la KHL CSKA Moscou depuis 2018.

À partir de 2015, c'était le stade de l'équipe de hockey sur glace de KHL Dynamo Moscou avant qu'ils ne déménagent dans leur propre arène, le VTB Arena en janvier 2019. De 2017 à 2021, c'était l'arène du Spartak Moscou avant qu'ils n'annoncent leur intention de déménager dans un autre palais des sports de Moscou Megasport.

Il y avait aussi des rumeurs selon lesquelles la section basket-ball du CSKA utiliserait l'arène pour leurs matchs d'EuroLigue à domicile, mais ils ont décidé de les jouer au Megasport Arena à la place.

Galerie

Voir aussi

Références

Articles connexes
 Championnat du monde de hockey sur glace 2016

Équipement sportif achevé en 2015
Stade multifonction en Russie
Patinoire de hockey en Russie
Équipement sportif à Moscou
Hockey sur glace à Moscou

CSKA Arena


An Stelis villosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni George Beauchamp Knowles ngan Frederic Westcott, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Alec M. Pridgeon och Mark W. Chase. An Stelis villosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis villosa


An Peristylus tradescantiifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Paul J. Kores. An Peristylus tradescantiifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Peristylus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Peristylus

Peristylus tradescantiifolius


In probability theory, the  Vysochanskij–Petunin inequality  gives a lower bound for the probability that a random variable with finite variance lies within a certain number of standard deviations of the variable's mean, or equivalently an upper bound for the probability that it lies further away. The sole restrictions on the distribution are that it be unimodal and have finite variance. (This implies that it is a continuous probability distribution except at the mode, which may have a non-zero probability.)

Theorem

Let  be a random variable with unimodal distribution, and . If we define  then for any ,

Relation to Gauss's inequality

Taking  equal to a mode of  yields the first case of Gauss's inequality.

Tightness of Bound

Without loss of generality, assume  and .

 If , the left-hand side can equal one, so the bound is useless.

 If , the bound is tight when  with probability  and is otherwise distributed uniformly in the interval .

 If , the bound is tight when  with probability  and is otherwise distributed uniformly in the interval .

Specialization to mean and variance

If  has mean  and finite, non-zero variance , then taking  and  gives that for any

Proof Sketch

For a relatively elementary proof see. The rough idea behind the proof is that there are two cases: one where the mode of  is close to  compared to , in which case we can show , and one where the mode of  is far from  compared to , in which case we can show . Combining these two cases gives  When , the two cases give the same value.

Properties

The theorem refines Chebyshev's inequality by including the factor of 4/9, made possible by the condition that the distribution be unimodal.

It is common, in the construction of control charts and other statistical heuristics, to set , corresponding to an upper probability bound of 4/81= 0.04938..., and to construct 3-sigma limits to bound nearly all (i.e. 95%) of the values of a process output. Without unimodality Chebyshev's inequality would give a looser bound of .

One-sided version

An improved version of the Vysochanskij-Petunin inequality for one-sided tail bounds exists. For a unimodal random variable  with mean  and variance , and , the one-sided Vysochanskij-Petunin inequality holds as follows:

The one-sided Vysochanskij-Petunin inequality, as well as the related Cantelli inequality, can for instance be relevant in the financial area, in the sense of "how bad can losses get."

Proof

The proof is very similar to that of Cantelli's inequality. For any ,

Then we can apply the Vysochanskij-Petunin inequality. With , we have:

As in the proof of Cantelli's inequality, it can be shown that the minimum of  over all  is achieved at . Plugging in this value of  and simplifying yields the desired inequality.

Generalisation
Dharmadhikari and Joag-Dev  generalised the VP inequality to deviations from an arbitrary point and moments of order  other than

where

The standard form of the inequality can be recovered by setting  which leads to a unique value of .

See also
Gauss's inequality, a similar result for the distance from the mode rather than the mean
Rule of three (statistics), a similar result for the Bernoulli distribution

References

 Report (on cancer diagnosis) by Petunin and others stating theorem in English

Probabilistic inequalities
Statistical inequalities

Vysochanskij–Petunin inequality


Smrdan grad (još i Smrden grad) je utvrda iznad mjesta Klek uz stari put koji je spajao dolinu Neretve s Dubrovačkim primorjem.

Današnji ostatci utvrde sagrađeni su krajem 17. stoljeća na mjestu nekadašnje utvrde iz srednjeg vijeka, nakon što su je Mlečani 1689. osvojili od Osmanlija. Utvrda je trokutastog tlocrta s bedemima od oko 50 metara po svakoj strani. Na njenu jugoistočnom dijelu je kula četverokutna tlocrta, a na sjeveroistoku kula kružnog tlocrta. Unutar utvrde početkom 18. stoljeća sagrađena je jednobrodna crkva s pravokutnom apsidom i zvonikom na preslicu. Najprije je bila posvećena sv. Roku, a poslije Velikoj Gospi. Kompleks se nalazi se na popisu kulturnih dobara Republike Hrvatske, a u njegovoj blizini pronađena je i nekropola stećaka.

Utvrda je dobila ime po legendi o neugodnom mirisu leševa Osmanlija koji su ostali na prilazima utvrdi nakon neuspješne opsade.

Galerija

Izvori

Slivno
Zaštićene vojne i obrambene građevine u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji
Utvrde u Hrvatskoj
Stećci u Hrvatskoj

Smrdan grad


قطار مدرع هو قطار محمي بدرع. عادة ما يكون مجهزاً بعرية قطار والتي تكون مسلحة بالمدفعية والرشاشات. استُعملت هذه القطارات في نهايات القرن التاسع عشر وبدايات القرن العشرين، حيث وفر هذا القطار أسلوب جديد للنقل السريع لكميات كبيرة من القوات. توقف عن استعماله بعد أن أصبحت عربات الطرق الحديثة أكثر قوة ومرونة، كما أن هذه القطارات كانت ضعيفة جداً في مواجهة الهجمات الجوية.

مراجع

القطارات المدرعة
أسلحة
تاريخ عسكري
قطارات

قطار مدرع


الإمبراطور هانزيه  هو الإمبراطور الثامن عشر في اليابان حسب قائمة أباطرة اليابان. لا يوجد أي تواريخ محددة عن فترة حياته أو حكمه. ولكن يعتقد أن فترة حكمه كانت في أواخر القرن الخامس الميلادي.

انظر أيضًا

 إمبراطور اليابان
 قائمة أباطرة اليابان

مصادر

أباطرة اليابان
وفيات في ماتسوبارا (أوساكا)
ملكيون في آسيا في القرن 5
ملكيون يابانيون في القرن 5

الإمبراطور هانزيه


Zvezda 2005 Perm (2005" Пермь) er en Russisk professionel fodboldklub for kvinder.

Truppen

Kilde: Klubbens hjemmeside, UEFA

Tidligere landsholdsspillere

  Armenia: Kristine Aleksanyan
  Azerbajdsjan: Olga Vasiljeva
  Cameroon: Claudine Meffometou
  Elfenbenskysten: Josée Nahi
  Kazakhstan: Irina Saratovtseva
  Holland: Petra Hogewoning
  Nigeria: Ifeanji Chiejine
  Rusland: Natalia Barbashina, Maria Djatchkova, Olesja Kurochkina, Tatjana Skotnikova, Valentina Savchenkova, Elena Suslova, Ksenia Tsybutovich
  Sydafrika: Busisiwe Indimeni, Lena Mosebo
  Ukraine: Olha Boychenko, Vera Djatel, Hanna Kostraba, Olena Khodyreva, Alla Lyshafay, Ludmila Pekur, Natalia Zinchenko

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside

Kvindefodboldklubber i Rusland

Zvezda 2005 Perm


Judith Hermann, (født 5. maj 1970) er en tysk forfatter. Judith Hermann er født og opvokset i det tidligere Vestberlin. Hun er cand. mag. i tysk og filosofi og er desuden uddannet fra det anerkendte Berliner Journalistenschule – et højprofileret akademi for journalister. I den forbindelse arbejdede hun i en periode for den tysksprogede avis Aufbau i New York, hvorfra hun arbejdede på sine første litterære tekster og dermed påbegyndte sit forfatterskab.

I Berlin arbejdede Judith Hermann kortvarigt som journalist inden hun blev tildelt Alfred Döblin-stipendiet i 1997 fra Berliner Akademie der Künste.

Forfatterskab
I 1998 udgav Hermann sin første og anmelderroste novellesamling Sommerhaus, später ("Sommerhus, senere", 2001). Allerede med sit debutværk manifesterede hun sig som en af de nye "store stemmer" og placerede sig som en markant figur på den litterære scene. Med udgivelsen af sit andet værk, Nichts als Gespenster i 2003 (Spøgelser, overalt, 2004) fortsatte Judith Hermann sin litterære succes, men kritikerernes høje forventninger efter Sommerhaus, später gjorde at værket alligevel ikke fik helt samme modtagelse og gennemslagskraft som debuten. Seks år senere, i 2009, udgav Judith Hermann sin tredje novellesamling, Alice (Alice, 2009), som høstede imponerende ros hos anmeldere verden over. I 2014 udkom Hermanns første roman, Aller Liebe Anfang (Al kærligheds begyndelse, 2016), der fik en noget splittet modtagelse blandt de tyske og danske anmeldere. Mens de tyske anmeldere kritiserede Hermanns karakteristiske ordknappe skrivestil for at være utilstrækkelig i en romanform, jublede de danske anmeldere over romanens litterære suverænitet. I hendes seneste udgivelse Lettipark (Lettipark, 2016) fra 2016 vendte Hermann atter tilbage til novellegenren og endnu engang blev hun rost af anmelderne for sit sensationelle sprog og litterære elegance.

De ni fortællinger i Sommerhus, senere udspiller sig i et moderne Berlin, hvor en gruppe af unge berlinere lever livet bekymringsfrit i en tilværelse præget af tilfældigheder. I Spøgelser, overalt følger man syv kvinders rejse rundt omkring i Europa, med undtagelse af titelnovellen, der foregår i USA. Fælles for kvinderne er, at de alle er i trediverne og alle er på jagt efter et eksistentielt holdepunkt i en ellers usikker omverden.

Alice består af fem forbundne fortællinger, knyttet sammen af den kvindelige protagonist Alice. Samtlige noveller omhandler enten en døende eller allerede afdød mand og hver enkelt novelle bærer fornavnet på den pågældende mand som fortællingen drejer sig om. Novellesamlingen tager afsæt i spændingsfeltet mellem den abstrakte død og den konkrete hverdag.

I Al kærligheds begyndelse følger man Stella og Jasons stille og kærlighedsløse familieliv, der brydes af en ung mands chikane og forfølgelse af Stella, mens Jason ikke er til stede. Dette driver Stella ud i en større tankeproces omkring kærligheden generelt. Fortællingerne i Lettipark kredser imidlertid om den ensomme og længselsfulde eksistens og om betydningen af livets altafgørende øjeblikke.

Værker oversat til dansk

Priser
 Hugo Ball Prisen
 Kleist Prisen
 Bremer Literatur-Förderpreis

Film
 Eisblumenfarm (baseret på "Sommerhaus, später")
Kortfilm af Dominik Betz (2004); med Philip Hellmann, Sara Hilliger og Gunnar Solka
 Freundinnen
Kortfilm af Tobias Stille (2005); med Anneke Kim Sarnau, Regina Stötzel og Murat Yilmaz
 Nichts als Gespenster
Skuespil af Martin Gypkens (2006); med August Diehl, Chiara Schoras og Fritzi Haberlandt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Judith Hermann
 http://www.forfatterweb.dk/oversigt/hermann-judith/hele-portraettet-om-judith-hermann
 http://www.litteratursiden.dk/anmeldelser/alice-af-judith-hermann

Forfattere fra Tyskland

Judith Hermann


Klaros, günümüzde İzmir'in Menderes ilçesi sınırlarında bulunan Kolofon antik kentinin kutsal alanı.

Ahmetbeyli (Ales) vadisinin taban düzlüğünde, kuzeyindeki Kolophon'a (Değirmendere) 13 km, güneyindeki Notion'a ise 2 km mesafede yer alır. Kolofon antik kenti'nin baş tanrısı Apollon için inşa edildiği düşünülür.

M.Ö 13. yüzyıldan M.S 4. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlığın yayılmasıyla birlikte terk edilmesine kadar kehanet (bilicilik) merkezi olarak işlev görmüştür. Bu kentte yapılan arkeolojik kazılar, kehanet kültünün törensel işleyişini ve mimari yapısını ortaya çıkarmıştır ve bu özelliği ile dünyada tektir.  Kazılarda ortaya çıkarılan kabartma ve heykeller İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi'nde sergilenmektedir.

Klaros kelimesi Luvi dilinde "kıyı" veya "iskele" anlamına gelir. Klaros, kıyıda kurulan bir alan olduğu için bu ismi almıştır.

Arka plan
Antik çağlarda Anadolu'daki başlıca Apollon kehanet merkezlerinden birisi olan Klaros antik kenti, festivalleri ile ünlüydü. Klaros'da tanrı Apollon onuruna iki bayram kutlanırdı. Birisi, her yıl kutlanan Küçük Klaria Bayramları, diğeri ise beş yılda bir kutlanan Büyük Klaria Bayramları'dır.  Bu bayramlarda kutsal yarışmalar ve kurban törenleri de düzenlenirdi.

Klaros antik kentinde tüm tanrılara çok sayıda hayvan kurban edildiği bilinmektedir. Birçok kentte aynı anda Hekatombaia Bayramları kutlandığı ve tanrıya aynı anda yüz hayvan özellikle de boğa kurban edildiği bilinmekle beraber, Klaros'taki hekatomb (100 adet hayvanın bağlandığı blok) bu hayvan ritüelinin ilk arkeolojik kanıtıdır.

Klaros'u diğer antik kentlerden ayıran diğer bir özelliğiyse, tapınağının basamakları dahi yazıtlı olan tek kutsal alan olmasıdır.
Dünyanın en eski edebi eser kabul edilen İlyada ve Odysseia eserlerinin ozanı Homeros'un Klaros'lu olduğu düşünülmektedir.  Klaros kutsal alanı arkeolojik kazılarında  ortaya çıkarılan Homeros heykeli,  bunun güçlü bir delili olarak göstermektedir.

Klaros'ta törenler
Klaros'taki merkezde kehanetler, ergenliğe yeni girmiş olan 7 genç kız ve 7 erkeğin dolunay zamanı ay göğe yükseldikten sonra meşale ışığında  ellerinde defne yapraklarını sallayarak sunağın ve tapınağın önüne gelmesi ve burada tanrıya ilahiler okuması suretiyle yapılırdı. Tanrıların evi olarak kabul edilen tapınaklara halk girmez, tapınakların girişinde beklerdi.

Klaros'ta yalnızca kâhinin girebileceği karanlıkta bir salonun içerisinde, suyu kutsal kabul edilen bir kuyudaki suyu içen  kâhin,  Tanrı'ya sorularını yöneltir ve sorularına vahiy yoluyla cevap alırdı.  Bu suyun kehaneti sebebiyle Klaraos'un ünü genişçe bir alana yayılmıştı.

Tarihi
MÖ 13. yüzyıl sonu ile 12. yüzyıl başlarında bu bölgeye Girit'ten göç eden  Akhalar Karyalıların kurmuş olduğu Kolophon kentine yerleşmişlerdir. İlk göçmen grubun oikistesi (önderi, kurucusu) olan Rhaikos, bu yöreye ikinci göçmen dalgası ile Yunanistan'ın Thebai kentinden sürülerek gelen göçmen grubundaki Apollon rahibi Teiresias'ın kızı Manto ile evlenir. İki göçmen grup, ev sahibi gruba karşı güç birliği yapar. Klaros Kehanet Merkezi, Manto tarafından kurulur. Bazı antik dönem yazarları, Klaros'taki kutsal kaynağın, ülkesinden sürülen Manto'nun gözyaşlarından oluştuğunu yazmıştır.

Klaros'un bir kehanet merkezi olarak ün kazanması, Manto ile Rhaikos'un oğulları ve aynı zamanda Apollo'nun kahini olan Mopsos zamanında olmuştur. Mopsos'la birlikte kehanet verme işinin anneden oğula geçtiği görülmüştür.

Önceleri sadece kent delegelerinin başvurusuna açık olan Klaros, Büyük İskender'in (V. Alexander) gördüğü bir rüyayı yorumlatmak üzere Klaros'a başvurnası ile kişisel başvuruları da kabul etmeye başlamıştır. Büyük İskender'in, avlanırken bir ara ulu bir çınarın altında uykuya daldığı, rüyasında gördüğü iki Nemesis'in, İskender'den yeni İzmir (Nea Smyrna) kentini uyuduğu tepenin eteklerinde kurmasını istediği; İskender'in Kadifekale'de gördüğü rüyanın anlamını Klaros Antik Kenti'nin Kahinlerine danıştığı ve  rüyasının "Kutsal Meles Çayı kenarındaki Pagos Tepesi (Kadifekale) eteklerinde yerleşecek İzmirliler, eskisinden dört kez daha mutlu olacaklardır."  şeklinde yorumlanması üzerine İzmir halkını Bayraklı'dan Kadifekale eteklerine taşıttığı rivayet olunur. Bu olaydan sonra oldukça ünlenen Klaros, Barbarları da (Yunan olmayan halkları) kabul etmeye başlamıştır ve böylelikle Barbarları kabul eden ilk Apollon kehanet merkezi olmuştur. Merkez, M.S. II. yüzyılda çok ünlenmiş,  Kuzey Afrika'dan İngiltere'ye değin başvurular almıştır.

Bir anlatıya göre, Troia Savaşı'nın ünlü kahin'i Kalkhas Klaros'a gelerek Mopsos ile bir yarışmada karşılaşır. Bu yarışmayı kaybeden Kalkhas kahrından ölür. Anlatının bir başka versiyona göre ise burada ölmeyip güneye doğru ilerler ve Perge kentini kurar. Strabon'a göre de Kalkhas Pisidya Bölgesindeki Selge kantinin ktistesleri (kurucu) arasındadır. Klaros'da ilk bilicinin bir kadın olmasına rağmen daha sonraki dönemlerde biliciler her zaman için erkeklerden seçilmişlerdir.

MS 4. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlğın yayılması ile birlikte Klaros terkedilmiştir.

Buluntular
Klaros Kutsal Alanı'nda, Apollon'a, kız kardeşi Artemis'e ve anneleri Leto'ya ait  anıtsal boyutta (8 m yüksekliğinde) kült heykeller vardır  Apollon heykeli oturur durumda, Artemis ve Leto heykelleri ise ayaktadır. Apollon tapınağının 27 m doğusunda 9 x 18.45 m ölçülerinde bir sunak vardır. Tapınak ile sunak arasında kuzey-güney yönünde yerleştirilmiş dört sıra halinde 100 adet hayvan bağlama bloğu bulunmaktadır. Üzerlerinde birer demir halkanın yer aldığı dikdörtgen formlu taş bloklar şimdiye dek bulunmuş olan tek örnektir ve kurban törenleri için yapılan düzenlemelerle ilgili bilgi vermesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Kutsal Alanda ele geçen en eski buluntular Geometrik Döneme kadar gitmektedir. Şu anda alanda Helenistik döneme ait Apollon Tapınağı ve Sunağı, Roma Dönemine ait Artemis Tapınağı ve Sunağı, Propylon (Alana Giriş Binası) ve çeşitli onur anıtları görülebilmektedir.

Klaros Kehanet (Bilicilik) Merkezi'nde çıkarılan eserlerin orijinallerine uygun olarak yapılan kopyaların sergilendiği ve adına mulaj arkeopark denilen bir müze 2010 yılında kurulmuştur. Klaros, mulaj arkeopark konusunda Türkiye'de ilk olma özelliğini taşımaktadır.   13 eserin mulajının arkeoparkta sergilenmektedir.

Kaynakça

İzmir ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Antik Yunan kentleri
Helenistik dönem

Klaros


Viorel Burlacu  se poate referi la:
Viorel Burlacu, un deputat român ales în legislaturile 1992-1996 și 1996-2000
Viorel Burlacu (artist), un cântăreț, compozitor, chitarist, textier și pedagog din Republica Moldova
Viorel Burlacu (scriitor), scriitor român, dramaturg și grafician. Scrieri: Alo, poliția? Arestați raza albastră!, Rocada tragică (1967)
Viorel Burlacu (scriitor, n. 1955), scriitor român și jurnalist. Scrieri: Viață sufletească, Memoria hârtiei

Viorel Burlacu (dezambiguizare)


في البوذية، الحقائق النبيلة الأربع (بالسنسكريتية: كاتفاري أرياساتياني، بالبالية: كاتاري أرياساكاني، «ساتيات الآريا الأربع»)، هي «حقائق النبلاء»، الحقائق التي للـ«مستحقّين روحانيًّا». الحقائق الأربع النبيلة هي:

 دوكا (المعاناة، العجز عن الرضا، الألم)، وهي صفة جوهرية في الوجود في كل تناسخ
 سامودايا (الأصل، السبب): أصل المعاناة هو «التَّوق، أو الشهوة، أو التعلّق»
 نيرودا (الانقطاع، الإنهاء): تنتهي هذه المعاناة بالتخلي عن أسبابها ورفضها
 ماغا (الطريق، السراط الثماني): هو طريق إنهاء المعاناة والتخلي عن أسبابها.

يُعتقد تقليديًّا أن هذه التعاليم كانت من بوذا، وتعد من أهم التعاليم في البوذية.

تظهر الحقائق الأربع في أشكال نحوية كثيرة في النصوص البوذية القديمة، ولها وظيفتان رمزية وقولية. رمزيًّا، تمثّل هذه الحقائق يقظة البوذا وتحرره، وإمكان أتباعه أن يبلغوا التجربة الروحية نفسها التي بلغها. أما من حيث هي أقوال، تمثّل الحقائق الأربع إطارًا مفهوميًّا يظهر في شريعة بالي وفي النصوص المقدسة البوذية السنسكريتية الهجينة. وهي جزء من «شبكة التعاليم» (مصفوفة الداما)، التي يجب أن تؤخَذ جميعًا. تقدم هذه الحقائق إطارًا مفهوميًّا لتقديم وتفسير الفكر البوذي، الذي يجب أن يُفهَم أو «يُعاش».

ترفض الحقائق الأربع أي تعريف صارم، بل تشير وتعبّر عن التوجه العام للبوذية: يؤدي الاتصال الحسي غير الآمن إلى التوق والرغبة في أحوال وأشياء غير دائمة، هي الدوخا، وهي «العجز عن الرضا» والألم. هذا التوق يبقينا في أدوار السامسارا «الشرود» في أدوار التناسخ التي لا تنتهي، وفي المعاناة التي تأتي معها. لكن الخروج من هذه الأدوار ممكن، باكتساب النيرفانا، وهي الانقطاع عن التوق، الذي لا تصاحب الولادة من بعده أي دوخا. يمكن اكتساب النيرفانا باتباع الطريق الثماني، وتقييد استجاباتنا الطبيعية للاتصال الحسي بضبط النفس، والالتزام والأحوال الكلية، والتأمل واليقظة الكاملة.

تطورت وظيفة الحقائق الأربع وأهميتها مع الوقت في التراث البوذي إلى أن أصبحت أول تعاليم بوذا. نشأ هذا التقليد عندما اعتقد البوذيون أن البراجنا «الإلهام المحرر» محرّر بنفسه، من دون الحاجة إلى التأمل. اكتسب الإلهام المحرر مكانة بارزة في السوترات، وأصبحت الحقائق الأربعة ممقلة له، وأصبحت جزءًا من قصة استنارة البوذا.

اكتسبت الحقائق الأربع أهمية مركزية في تراث التيرافادا في البوذية في القرن الخامس الميلادي، ويعتقد أتباع هذا المذهب أن إدراك الحقائق الأربع محرر في نفسه. أما في تراث الماهايانا، فهي أقل بروزًا، لأنه يرى أن إلهام السونياتا والفراغ واتباع سبيل البوذيساتفا هي العناصر الأساسية في التعليم والممارسة. فسّر المذهب الماهاياني الحقائق الأربع بأنها تفسّر أن الكائن المحرر يمكن أن يكون «فعّالًا في هذا العالم». منذ أن بدأ المستعمرون الغربيون يستكشفون البوذية في القرن التاسع عشر، ومنذ أن تطورت الحداثة البوذية، أصبحت الحقائق الأربعة تقدَّم في الغرب على أنها التعليم المحوري في البوذية، ويُضاف إليها أحيانا تأويلات حداثية جديدة مختلفة عن التراث البوذي التاريخي في آسيا.

الحقائق الأربع

المجموعة الكاملة – داماكاكابافاتانا سوتا
تعرَف الحقائق الأربع بذكرها في نص داماكاكابافاتانا سوتا، الذي يحتوي مجموعتين من الحقائق الأربع، مع وجود مجموعات متنوعة أخرى في شريعة بالي، وهي مجموعة من النصوص المقدسة في تراث البوذية التيرافادية. تحوي المجموعة الكاملة، وهي الأشيَع استخدامًا في العصر الحدي، أخطاءً نحوية، تدل على تعدد مصادرها ومشكلات في ترجمتها في المجتمع البوذي القديم. ولكن التراث البالي يراها صحيحة، ولا يعدّلها.

حسب التراث البوذي، تحوي داماكاكابافاتانا سوتا، التي «ابتدأت حركة عجلة الداما» أول تعاليم البوذا بعد اكتسابها الاستنارة التامة والتحرر من التناسخ. يقول لانس سيلوين كوزنر أن كثيرًا من الباحثين يرون «أن أول ظهور لهذا النص كان في أول موعظة لبوذا بعد يوم واحد (من استنارته)»، وتقول البروفسورة في علم الأديان كارول أندرسن إن الحقائق الأربع قد لا تكون جزءًا أصيلًا من هذه السوتا، ولكنها أضيفت إلى بعض نسخها لاحقًا. في هذا النص، وردت الحقائق الأربع النبيلة كما يلي (تترجم كلمة «بيخو» بمعنى ناسك بوذي):

    الآن أيّها النسّاك، هذه هي حقيقة المعاناة النبيلة: الولادة معاناة، والشيخوخة معاناة، والمرض معاناة، والموت معاناة، والاتحاد بما لا سعادة فيه معاناة، والانفصال عمّا فيه سعادة معاناة، والإخفاق في طلب شيءٍ معاناة، باختصار: المجموعات الخمسة التابعة للتوق والتشبّث كلها معاناة.
    الآن أيّها النسّاك، هذه هي حقيقة أصل المعاناة النبيلة: إنه هذا التوق، الذي يؤدي إلى تجديد الوجود، المرافق للمتعة والشهوة، وطلب المتعة هنا وهناك، إنه الرغبة في المتع الحسية، والرغبة في تغيير الحال.
    الآن أيّها النسّاك، هذه هي حقيقة إنهاء المعاناة النبيلة: إنها الانقطاع التام عن هذا التوق وهذه الرغبة، والتخلي عنها ورفضها، والتحرر منها وعدم الاعتماد عليها.
    الآن أيّها النسّاك، هذه هي حقيقة الطريق المؤدي إلى إنهاء المعاناة: إنه الطريق الثماني النبيل، النظر الصحيح والنية الصحيحة والقول الصحيح والعمل الصحيح والمعيشة الصحيحة والجهد الصحيح واليقظة الكاملة، والتركيز الصحيح.

حسب هذه السوترا، فإن الفهم الكامل لهذه الحقائق الأربع تحرر من السامسارا، أي دورة التناسخ:ظهرَت في معرفة ورؤية: «تحرري لم يكن مطلوبًا. هذه ولادتي الأخيرة. لن يتغير حالي بعد الآن.أدّى فهم الطلّاب لهذه الحقائق الأربع إلى فتح عين الداما، أي إنهم اكتسبوا النظر الصحيح.كل ما كان له سبب، قابلٌ للانقطاع.

المجموعة الرئيسية
حسب كينيث روي نورمان، المجموعة الرئيسية هي:

 إدام دوخام، «هذا ألم»
 أيام دوخا سامودايو، «هذا أصل الألم»
 أيام دوخا نيرودا، «هذا انتهاء الألم»
 أيام دوخا نيرودا غاميني باتيبادا، «هذه هو الطريق المؤدي إلى انتهاء الألم». يمكن ترجمة المصطلحات الرئيسة في هذا التعبير كما يلي:
 غاميني: يؤدي إلى
 باتيبادا: طريق، سبيل، درب، الوسيلة التي يتوَصَّل بها إلى مقصد.

المجموعة الذكرية
يقول كينيث روي نورمان إن شريعة بالي تحتوي أشكالًا مختصرة من الحقائق الأربع، هي المجموعة الذكرية، التي «أُريد بها أن تذكّر سامعها بالشكل الكامل للحقائق الأربع». أقدم شكل من هذه المجموعة الذكرية هو «دوخام سامودايو نيرودو ماغا»، من دون الإشارة إلى مصطلح ساكا أو أريا، الذي أضيف لاحقًا إلى المعادلة. يمكن ترجمة المصطلحات الذكرية هذه كما يلي:

 دوخا – «العجز عن الرضا»، «الطبيعة غير المرضية والخوف العام في كل الظواهر المشروطة»، «الألم». أشيَع ترجمات كلمة دوخا هي «المعاناة». يقول خانتيبالو إن هذه الترجمة خاطئة، لأن الكلمة تشير إلى الطبيعة غير المرضية للأحوال والأشياء المؤقتة، حتى الأشياء الممتعة المؤقتة. يقول إمانويل إن دوخا هي نقيض سوخا، «المتعة»، لذا يحسُن ترجمتها بكلمة «ألم».
 سامودايا – «الأصل»، «المصدر»، «المجيء»، «مجموع العناصر أو الأسباب في وجود الشيء»، «التجمع»، «المزيج»، «السبب المنتج».
 نيرودا – الانقطاع، التحرر، الحجز، «المنع، الكبت، الإغلاق، الضبط».
 مارغا – «الطريق».

مراجع

قوائم متعلقة بالثقافة
مصطلحات بوذية
مفاهيم فلسفية بوذية

الحقائق النبيلة الأربع


is a hilly and mountainous area located at the north end of Kita-ku in Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of September 30, 2010, the area had an estimated population of 6,382  and a density of 71.28 persons per km². The total area was 89.53 km².

Takebe-chō was a town located in Mitsu District, Okayama Prefecture. But on January 22, 2007, Takebe, along with town of Seto (from Akaiwa District), was merged into the expanded city of Okayama.

Attraction
 Asahigawa Dam
 Birthplace of Takenouchi-ryū
 Buraku-ji Temple
 Great Okayama Golf Club
 Joju-ji Temple
 Shichisha Hachimangū Shrine
 Shiro Jinja Shrine
 Forest Golf Club (Takebenomori Golf Club)
 Takebe no Mori Park
 Yahata Hotsprings (Onsen)

Transportation

Train stations
 JR-West
 Tsuyama Line: Fukuwatari
 Tsuyama Line: Takebe

Major roads
 Route 53
 Route 484

References

Dissolved municipalities of Okayama Prefecture
Okayama

Takebe, Okayama


Esenli, Balıkesir ilinin Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin eski adı Okuf'tur.

Coğrafya
Balıkesir ilinin, Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı il ve ilçe merkezine uzaklığı 25 km. uzaklığındadır.

Nüfus
2010 yılı Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi verilerine göre Esenli mahallesinün nüfusu 657 dir. Nüfusun 330 u erkek, 327 si kadındır.

Dış bağlantılar

Bigadiç'in mahalleleri

Esenli, Bigadiç


Boulter ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Beau Boulter (* 1942), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Hugh Boulter (1672–1742), Erzbischof der Kirche von Irland
 John Boulter (* 1940), britischer Mittelstreckenläufer
 Katie Boulter (* 1996), britische Tennisspielerin
 Russell Boulter (* 1963), englischer Schauspieler

Siehe auch:
 Boulder
 Bolter

Boulter


An Amorphophallus paeoniifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni August Wilhelm Dennstedt, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dan Henry Nicolson. An Amorphophallus paeoniifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Amorphophallus, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Amorphophallus

Bagong


Golden Arrow (în , în ) a fost un tren de pasageri de lux care a fost pus în funcțiune de compania de căi ferate din Marea Britanie. Trenul făcea legătura între Londra și Dover, de unde pasagerii puteau lua feribotul până la Calais. De acolo pasagerii puteau lua trenul francez Flèche d'Or până la Paris.

Istorie

Flèche d'Or a fost introdus în Franța în 1926 pentru a face legătura între Paris și Calais. Pe 15 mai 1929 compania Southern Railway din Regatul Unit a lansat echivalentul său, conectând gara Londra Victoria de Dover. Simultan, compania a introdus un feribot de clasa întâi (numit TSS Canterbury), pentru a face conexiunea între Dover și Calais. Trenul avea de obicei 10 vagoane, cuplate la o locomotivă din clasa Lord Nelson, iar o călătorie de la Londra la Dover dura 98 de minute. În 1931 au fost adăugate mai multe vagoane de clasa întâi și a treia. În același timp, TSS Canterbury a fost modificat pentru a putea susține mai multe clase de pasageri.

Trenul nu a mai fost folosit după începutul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial în septembrie 1939, dar a fost repus în funcțiune după război, pe 15 aprilie 1946. Golden Arrow parcurgea șinele de cale ferată cu vagoanele sale de dinainte de război și cu un vagon bar. Din 10 octombrie 1946 feribotul Canterbury a fost înlocuit cu SS Invicta. În 1949 Golden Arrow pleca din gara Londra Victoria la ora 10:30, iar trenul care pleca din Calais ajungea la Paris (Gara Paris-Nord) la 17:30. Trenul francez pleca din Paris la 12:15, iar trenul Golden Arrow ce pornea din Dover ajungea la Londra la ora 19:30.

În 1951 a fost construit un nou set de vagoane cu ocazia Festivalului Britaniei.

În 1961 trenul a devenit electric, permițând o accelerație mai mare. Ultima cursă Golden Arrow a avut loc pe 30 septembrie 1974. Trenul a fost scos din funcțiune datorită numărului mic de pasageri.

Conservare
Calea ferată Bluebell din Sussex păstrează un Golden Arrow, împreună cu vagoanele "Car 64 (Christine)", "Fingall" și "Car 76 (Lillian)".

Pe 6 mai 1994 Golden Arrow s-a întors pe calea ferată dintre Londra și Devon cu ocazia inaugurării Tunelului Canalului Mânecii. Vagoanele au fost trase de către locomotiva Britannia.

Insigna "Golden Arrow" (un disc verde pe care scrie "Golden Arrow", cu o săgeată care trece prin cele două litere O) încă este sub posesia departamentului de transport britanic.

Note
Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

 SEMG page - 2nd page
 http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/transport/golden_arrow.htm
 Bluebell Railway's Golden Arrow train.
 , contemporary account of the train

Fondări în 1929
Desființări în 1972
Transport internațional

Golden Arrow (tren)


ආඳර්ෂ පාධය වනාහි යමිකිසි ෙත්මාවක් මුල් කරගත් වෑඬකටයුතු කල යුතු ආකාරය.

ආදර්ශ පාඨය


A shot in ice hockey is an attempt by a player to score a goal by striking or snapping the puck with their stick in the direction of the net.

Types of shots
There are five basic types of shots in ice hockey.

Shovel
The shovel shot (also referred to as a flip shot) is the simplest and most basic shot in a shooter's arsenal.  Its execution is simply a shoveling motion to push the puck in the desired direction, or a flick of the puck (be it on the forehand, backhand, or in a spearing motion).  Players typically resort to shoveling the puck to push loose pucks past a sprawling, or out-of-position goaltender.

Wrist
The wrist shot is executed by positioning the puck toward the heel-middle of the blade.  From that position the shooter rolls their back wrist quickly,  while thrusting the puck forward with the bottom hand. As the blade propels the puck forward the movement of the wrist rolls the puck toward the end of the blade,  causing the puck to spin. The tightness of the spin of the puck has an effect much like the spin a quarterback puts on their football pass, resulting in more accuracy. The puck is aimed with the follow-through of the shot, and will typically fly perfectly in the direction of the extension of the stick, resulting in an extremely accurate shot. At the same time, the stick flexes, so the moment the puck is released from the stick, the snap of the stick will propel the puck forward at high speeds. Current and former NHL players known for their wrist-shot include Joe Sakic, Alexander Ovechkin, Ilya Kovalchuk, Connor McDavid, Marián Gáborík, Jeff Carter, Evgeni Malkin, Jack Eichel, Teemu Selänne, Alexei Kovalev, Pavel Datsyuk, Phil Kessel, Wayne Gretzky, Steven Stamkos, Nikita Kucherov, Peter Forsberg, Artemi Panarin, Markus Näslund, Nathan MacKinnon and Vladimir Tarasenko.

Snap
The snap shot is a combination of both the slap-shot and the wrist shot. The shooter begins by cocking the stick back like a slap-shot (however with not such an exaggerated motion), and finishes with a flicking of the wrist like a wrist shot. The resulting shot has more speed than a wrist shot, while increasing the time it takes to release the shot,  balancing its effectiveness. Current and former players noted for their snap-shot include Joe Sakic, Ilya Kovalchuk, Phil Kessel, Thomas Vanek, Nathan Horton, Anže Kopitar, Vincent Lecavalier, Alexander Ovechkin, Mike Bossy, Evgeni Malkin, Connor McDavid and Dany Heatley. Many consider Joe Sakic to be the father of the modern snapshot, as he demonstrated incredible scoring ability while utilizing this quick-release shot throughout his career. He much preferred it to the wrist shot, which he was less known for. During his career, Phil Kessel has perfected a variation of the snap shot where the player transfers their weight to their "puck foot", or "back foot", and shoot in stride. He has used this to become one of the NHL's most dangerous shooters.

Slapshot
The slapshot is the hardest, yet most telegraphed, shot. The player draws their stick back away from the puck, then forcefully brings it forward to strike the ice just behind the puck (2–7 inches behind puck). This causes energy to be stored in the stick as it flexes against the ice. When the stick finally contacts the puck, the energy stored in the stick is transferred to the puck, providing additional force that would not otherwise be possible by hitting the puck directly. The height and positioning of the follow-through determines the trajectory of the puck. Current and former NHL players known for their slap-shot include Bernard "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Al MacInnis, Zdeno Chára, Daniel Alfredsson, Ilya Kovalchuk, Dustin Byfuglien, Alexander Ovechkin, Shea Weber, Sami Salo, Mario Lemieux, Guy Lafleur, Christian Ehrhoff, Brian Rolston, Evgeni Malkin, Sheldon Souray, P. K. Subban, Nikita Kucherov, Steven Stamkos, Al Iafrate, Ray Bourque, Bernie Federko and Jason Garrison.

Backhand
The backhand shot is a wrist shot released from the back of the blade, and on the player's backhand. This shot is not as powerful or accurate as any of the other shots, but often comes unexpectedly.  Players can also take backhand slapshots. Backhand shots are primarily taken close to the goal, and are most commonly used on breakaways. Current and former players known for their backhand-shot include Jyrki Lumme, Joe Sakic, Sidney Crosby, Evgeni Malkin, Marián Hossa, Milan Hejduk, Patrick Marleau, Mike Richards, Mats Sundin, Pavel Datsyuk, Paul Stastny, Henrik Zetterberg, Derek Roy, Claude Giroux and Daniel Brière.

Other shots

One timer
The one timer can be any of the above shots, when fired in a continuous motion off an incoming pass.  One player passes the puck to another, and while the pass is incoming the player chooses not to stop the puck, instead firing it as it reaches the shooter.  This is the lowest accuracy shot, but makes up for it in the difficulty it creates for a goaltender to properly position himself to defend against it.  Due to the elasticity of the rubber (albeit frozen) puck, it can also generate significantly more energy, giving it more speed and faster elevation.  When executed as a slapshot (also called a one-time-slapshot) and finding its way into the goal, it is often known as a "goal-scorers goal" due to the difficulty of the timing and placement of the shot.  Current and NHL players known for their one-timers include Leon Draisaitl, Steven Stamkos, Alexander Ovechkin, Ilya Kovalchuk, Nikita Kucherov, Brent Burns, Shea Weber, Brett Hull, P. K. Subban, Evgeni Malkin, Artemi Panarin and Patrik Laine.

Shot on goal

A shot on goal is a scoring attempt.  A count of how many shots are taken by a team is kept and this is often used as rough guide to which team is being more aggressive and dominant.  A scoring attempt in hockey (as opposed to soccer) is officially counted as a shot only when it is directed on goal, resulting in a goal or requiring the goaltender to make a save. The numbers of shots and saves in a game are especially relevant to goaltenders, whose save percentage is based on how many shots did not get past them.  The number of shots taken by skaters and the percentage on which they score is also measured, but these numbers are generally given less weight.  Some shots on goal are considered more likely to result in a goal and are called scoring chances.

Deke
A deke, short for "decoy", is a feint, a shot, or both, intended to confound a defender. Many players, such as Connor McDavid, Pavel Datsyuk, Mario Lemieux, Wayne Gretzky, Evgeni Malkin, Bobby Orr, Gilbert Perreault, Bobby Ryan, Alexei Kovalev, John Tavares, Rick Nash, Artemi Panarin, Denis Savard, Jaromír Jágr, Joe Sakic, Nikita Kucherov, Pavel Bure, Mikael Granlund, Johnny Gaudreau and Patrick Kane have picked up the skill of "dangling", which is more fancy deking and requires more stick handling skills.

The Michigan
The Michigan, otherwise known as a Lacrosse style goal or the Zorro, can be considered as a special type of deke. It involves a player flipping the puck on the blade of the stick and then whipping the puck while carrying it on the blade. The shot is rarely witnessed due to its requirement for refined stickhandling skills and vulnerabilities for defensive maneuvers. Advantages of this shot are an element of surprise and capacity to position the puck accurately into the top corner from odd angles. Consequently, the Michigan shot is usually attempted from behind the net by surprising a goaltender from a blindside while using the net as a cover from defense. The shot was first used in 1996 NCAA Tournament by a Michigan player Mike Legg, though the invention of the maneuver has been credited to Bill Armstrong. The Michigan has grown in popularity, and began to be attempted by NHL players in the mid-to-late 2010's. The shot has been attempted by players such as Sidney Crosby, Mikael Granlund, Ryan Getzlaf, Tyler Ennis, Miks Indrašis, Evgeny Kuznetsov, Viktor Arvidsson, Claude Giroux, Patrik Laine, Auston Matthews and Trevor Zegras. The first and second successful Michigan goals in the NHL were by Andrei Svechnikov; Filip Forsberg and Trevor Zegras have also been successful with Michigan attempts.

Tip
Tipping the puck involves positioning oneself in the vicinity of the net and redirecting an incoming shot with, generally, the blade of the stick. The shaft of the stick and even body parts (legs, posterior, chest, back, even head and face) may also alter the trajectory of the puck and result in a valid goal, although scoring this way generally involves as much chance as deliberate effort. Tips careening off an offensive player's skate will count if no deliberate kicking motion was made. At close distance a well-directed tip that maintains some modicum of speed will pass by the goalie and into the net without the keeper having any possibility to react to the change in direction. Tipping the puck is a very common way to score a goal in today's NHL, and all teams use it frequently.

Handedness
A player's handedness is determined by which side of their body they hold their stick. A player who shoots left (alternatively called a left-handed shot) holds the stick such that the blade is (normally) to the left of their body, with the left hand on the bottom and the right hand on top; a player who shoots right (a right-handed shot) holds the stick such that the blade is to their right, with the right hand at the bottom and left hand on top.  The bottom hand delivers most of the power while the top hand is responsible for control and stickhandling, as well as the "whip" of your shots. Of the 852 players who skated in the 2007–08 NHL regular season, 554 of 852 (65%) shoot left. Many natural right handed players shoot left and vice versa. This is due to the fact that if someone is naturally right handed, they may shoot left because the top hand (right hand on a lefty stick) controls most of the stick's action.

References

External links
Shooting tips for beginners – Dunedin Ice Hockey Association
Hockey Shooting Tips - A number of articles and videos made to help players improve their shooting

Ice hockey terminology
Ice hockey skills

Shot (ice hockey)


Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It represents the force that the heart generates each time it contracts. Healthy pulse pressure is around 40 mmHg. A pulse pressure that is consistently 60 mmHg or greater is likely to be associated with disease, and a pulse pressure of 50 mmHg or more increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Pulse pressure is considered low if it is less than 25% of the systolic. (For example, if the systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, then the pulse pressure would be considered low if it is less than 30 mmHg, since 30 is 25% of 120.) A very low pulse pressure can be a symptom of disorders such as congestive heart failure.

Calculation
Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure.

The systemic pulse pressure is approximately proportional to stroke volume, or the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole (pump action) and inversely proportional to the compliance (similar to elasticity) of the aorta.

The aorta has the highest compliance in the arterial system due in part to a relatively greater proportion of elastin fibers versus smooth muscle and collagen. This serves to dampen the pulsatile (maximum pumping pressure) of the left ventricle, thereby reducing the initial systolic pulse pressure, but slightly raising the subsequent diastolic phase. If the aorta becomes rigid because of disorders, such as arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis, the pulse pressure would be high due to less compliance of the aorta.

 Systemic pulse pressure (usually measured at upper arm artery) = Psystolic - Pdiastolic
e.g. normal 120mmHg - 80mmHg = 40mmHg
 low: 107mmHg - 80mmHg = 27mmHg
 high: 160mmHg - 80mmHg = 80mmHg

 Pulmonary pulse pressure is normally much lower than systemic blood pressure due to the higher compliance of the pulmonary system compared to the arterial circulation. It is measured by right heart catheterization or may be estimated by transthoracic echocardiography Normal pulmonary artery pressure is between 8mmHg -20 mm Hg at rest.
 e.g. normal: 15mmHg - 8mmHg = 7mmHg
 high: 25mmHg - 10mmHg = 15mmHg

Values and variation

Low (narrow) pulse pressure
A pulse pressure is considered abnormally low if it is less than 25% of the systolic value. If the pulse pressure is extremely low, i.e. 25 mmHg or less, it may indicate low stroke volume, as in congestive heart failure.

The most common cause of a low (narrow) pulse pressure is a drop in left ventricular stroke volume.
In trauma, a low or narrow pulse pressure suggests significant blood loss.

A narrow pulse pressure is also caused by aortic stenosis. This is due to the decreased stroke volume in aortic stenosis. Other conditions that can cause a narrow pulse pressure include blood loss (due to decreased blood volume), and cardiac tamponade (due to decreased filling time). In the majority of these conditions, systolic pressure decreases, while diastolic pressure remains normal, leading to a narrow pulse pressure.

High (wide) pulse pressure

From exercise
For most individuals, during aerobic exercise, the systolic pressure progressively increases while the diastolic pressure remains about the same, thereby widening the pulse pressure. These pressure changes facilitate an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output at a lower mean arterial pressure, enabling greater aerobic capacity and physical performance. The diastolic drop reflects a reduced systemic vascular resistance of the muscle arterioles in response to the exercise.

Consistently high
A pulse pressures of 50 mmHg or more can increase the risk of heart disease, heart rhythm disorders, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases and events. Higher pulse pressures are also thought to play a role in eye and kidney damage from diseases such as diabetes.

Conditions that can lead to a high pulse pressure include aortic regurgitation, aortic sclerosis, severe iron-deficiency anemia (due to decreased blood viscosity), arteriosclerosis (due to loss of arterial compliance), and hyperthyroidism (due to increased systolic pressure). In aortic regurgitation, the aortic valve insufficiency results in the backward flow of blood (regurgitation) that is ejected during systole, and its return to the left ventricle of the aorta during diastole. This increases the systolic blood pressure, and decreases the diastolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure.

If the usual resting pulse pressure is consistently greater than 100 mmHg, potential factors are stiffness of the major arteries, aortic regurgitation (a leak in the aortic valve), or arteriovenous malformation, among others.

While some drugs for hypertension have the side effect of increasing resting pulse pressure, other antihypertensive drugs, such as hydrochlorothiazide, have been shown to lower pulse pressure. A high pulse pressure combined with bradycardia and an irregular breathing pattern is associated with increased intracranial pressure, a condition called Cushing's triad seen in people after head trauma with increased intracranial pressure.

Common causes of widening pulse pressure include:

 Anemia
 Aortic dissection
 Atherosclerosis
 Arteriovenous fistula
 Chronic aortic regurgitation
 Aortic root aneurysm
 Aortic root dilation
 Beri beri
 Distributive shock
 Endocarditis
 Fever
 Heart block
 Increased intracranial pressure
 Patent ductus arteriosus
 Pregnancy
 Thyrotoxicosis

Clinical significance
A vast amount of diagnostic, prognostic, and prophylactic value can be derived from the proper monitoring and interpretation of pulse pressure. Pulse pressure has implications for both cardiovascular disease as well as many non-cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular disease and pulse pressure
Awareness of the effects of pulse pressure on morbidity and mortality is lacking relative to the awareness of the effects of elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, pulse pressure has usually been found to be a stronger independent predictor of cardiovascular events, especially in older populations, than has systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure.

A meta-analysis in 2000 showed that a 10 mmHg increase in pulse pressure was associated with a 20% increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, and a 13% increase in risk for all coronary end points. The study authors also noted that, while risks of cardiovascular end points do increase with higher systolic pressures, at any given systolic blood pressure the risk of major cardiovascular end points increases, rather than decreases, with lower diastolic levels. This suggests that interventions that lower diastolic pressure without also lowering systolic pressure (and thus lowering pulse pressure) could actually be counterproductive. Increased pulse pressure is also a risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation.

Effects of medications on pulse pressure
A 2001 randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 1,292 male veterans, compared the effects of hydrochlorothiazide (a thiazide diuretic), atenolol (a beta-blocker), captopril (an ACE inhibitor), clonidine (a central α2-agonist), diltiazem (a calcium channel blocker), and prazosin (an α1-blocker) on pulse pressure and found that, after one year of treatment, hydrochlorothiazide was the most effective at lowering pulse pressure, with an average decrease of 8.6 mm Hg. Captopril and atenolol were equal as least effective, with an average decrease of 4.1 mm Hg. Clonidine (decrease of 6.3 mm Hg), diltiazem (decrease of 5.5 mm Hg), and prazosin (decrease of 5.0 mm Hg) were intermediate.

Pulse pressure and sepsis
Diastolic blood pressure falls during the early stages of sepsis, causing a widening of pulse pressure. If sepsis becomes severe and hemodynamic compromise advances, the systolic pressure also decreases, causing a narrowing of pulse pressure. A pulse pressure of over 70 mmHg in patients with sepsis is correlated with an increased chance of survival. A widened pulse pressure is also correlated with an increased chance that someone with sepsis will benefit from and respond to IV fluids.

See also
 Mean arterial pressure
 Cold pressor test
 Hypertension
 Prehypertension
 Antihypertensive
 Patent ductus arteriosus

References

Medical signs
Cardiovascular physiology

Pulse pressure


Aconitum noveboracense er fjölært jurt af sóleyjaætt sem er upprunnin frá mið og NA Bandríkjunum (Iowa, New York, Ohio og Wisconsin).

Hann er eitraður og skal gæta varúðar við meðhöndlun hans, sérstaklega rætur.

Tilvísanir

Eiturplöntur
Sóleyjaætt

Aconitum noveboracense


Sashimi bōchō, literally "sashimi knife" is a type of long, thin knife used in Japanese cuisine to prepare sashimi (sliced raw fish or other seafood). Types of sashimi bōchō include , , and .

Similar to the nakiri bōchō, the style differs slightly between Tokyo and Osaka. In Osaka, the yanagi ba has a pointed end, whereas in Tokyo the tako hiki has a rectangular end. The tako hiki is usually used to prepare octopus. A fugu hiki is similar to the yanagi ba, except that the blade is thinner and more flexible. As the name indicates, the fugu hiki is traditionally used to slice very thin fugu sashimi and is stored separately from the other knives.

The length of the knife is suitable to fillet medium-sized fish. Specialized knives exist for processing longer fish, such as tuna. Such knives include the almost two-meter-long oroshi hōchō, or the slightly shorter hancho hōchō.

See also
Japanese cutlery
List of Japanese cooking utensils
Kitchen knife
Santoku
Chef's knife

Japanese kitchen knives

Sashimi bōchō


Reginald John "Reg" Schroeter (* 11. September 1921 in Ottawa, Ontario; † 30. Juli 2002 ebenda) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler. Bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1948 gewann er als Mitglied der kanadischen Nationalmannschaft die Goldmedaille.

Karriere
Reg Schroeter begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in der Ottawa Junior Hockey League, in der er in der Saison 1937/38 für Ottawa LaSalle und in der Saison 1939/40 für die Ottawa Westboro Spearmans aktiv war. In der Saison 1940/41 lief er für die Ottawa Senators auf. Weitere Stationen im Seniorenbereich waren die Ottawa Princess Pat Dragoons sowie die Ottawa Canadiens, Ottawa District Depot und die Ottawa Senators aus der Upper Ottawa Valley Hockey League. 1947 schloss er sich den New Edinburgh Burghs an, ehe er 1948 mit den RCAF Flyers Kanada bei den Olympischen Winterspielen repräsentierte. Zuvor hatte er bereits während des Zweiten Weltkriegs als Air Crew Instructor in der Royal Canadian Air Force gedient.

International
Für Kanada nahm Schroeter an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1948 in St. Moritz teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Goldmedaille gewann. In acht Spielen erzielte er zwölf Tore und fünf Vorlagen.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1948 Goldmedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1948
Olympiasieger (Eishockey)
Geboren 1921
Gestorben 2002
Mann
Kanadier

Reg Schroeter


Boris Milošević (rukometni sudac), hrvatski rukometni sudac (1978.)
Boris Milošević (šport snage), slovenski športaš snage (1971.)
Boris Milošević (političar), hrvatski političar (1974.)

Boris Milošević


Kpoghomou est un nom propre africain pouvant faire référence à :

Patronyme

 Dominique Kpoghomou, informaticien et homme politique guinéen

Kpoghomou