Sugar Pie DeSanto, pour l'état civil Umpeylia Marsema Balinton, née le  à New York, est une chanteuse noire américaine de rhythm and blues.

Biographie
Elle naît dans le quartier de Brooklyn, d'un père philippin et d'une mère afro-américaine, pianiste, qui lui donne le goût de la musique. Elle a 4 ans lorsque sa famille déménage à San Francisco.

En 1955, Johnny Otis, toujours à l'affût des nouveaux talents, la remarque alors qu'elle participe à un « tremplin » à l'Ellis Theater. Sa voix est déjà bien assurée et rugueuse à souhait. Mais c'est surtout l'énergie sur scène que développe ce tout petit bout de femme - elle mesure  - qui l'impressionne. Il l'a fait enregistrer et la propulse dans ses spectacles.

En 1960, il connaît le succès avec I Want to Know, enregistré avec l'orchestre son mari Pee Wee Kingsley, classé quatrième au palmarès R&B du Billboard.

En 1962, séparée de son mari, elle s'installe à Chicago et signe chez Chess Records. Deux de ses enregistrements entrent dans le Top 20 du Billboard : Slip-in Mules, n° 10, qui se veut une réponse au succès High Heel Sneakers, de Tommy Tucker, et Soulful Dress, n° 19, toutes deux en 1964. Use What You Got, Do I Make Myself Clear et In the Basement (part. 1), ces deux dernières enregistrées avec sa vieille amie Etta James, connaissent aussi des succès moindres.

En 1959 et 1960, James Brown la prend dans son show en première partie pour chauffer la salle, ce qu'elle excelle à faire.

En 1964, elle tourne en Europe avec l'American Folk Blues Festival.

En 1967, Chess ne renouvelle pas son contrat et Sugar Pie DeSanto enchaîne les petits labels sans jamais retrouver le succès.

En octobre 2006, un incendie nocturne détruit sa maison d'Oakland : Jesse Earl Davis, son mari depuis vingt-sept ans, y trouve la mort.

En juin  2008, une partie de ses enregistrements sont détruits lors de l'incendie qui ravage les studios Universal, en Californie.

Sugar Pie DeSanton a composé une centaine de chansons.

Discographie
CD's
 Down in the Basement - The Chess Years, Chess Records, 1988
 Go go Power (The Complète Chess Singles 1961-1966), Kent Records, 2009
 A Little Bit of Soul 1957-1962, Jasmine Records, 2017

Récompenses
Plusieurs prix récompensent sa carrière : « meilleure chanteuse de blues » du Bay Area Music Award 1999 ; Pioneer Award 2008 de la Rhythm and Blues Foundation ; Goldie Awards 2009 pour l'ensemble de sa carrière ; le 10 décembre 2020, elle est honorée par la Fondation Arhoolie .

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Site officiel

Naissance en octobre 1935
Naissance à New York
Chanteuse américaine du XXe siècle
Chanteuse de soul
Chanteuse de rhythm and blues
Artiste de Chess Records

Sugar Pie DeSanto


Oğuzhan Azğar (* 14. Juli 1993 in Samsun) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler.

Vereinskarriere

Oğuzhan Azğar ist seit der Saison 2009/10 Spieler bei Samsunspor. Vorher spielte er für die Jugendauswahl des Vereins. Sein Debüt gab der Abwehrspieler am 20. Dezember 2009 gegen Orduspor in der 2. Liga.

In der Winterpause 2012/13 wechselte Azğar zum Erstligisten Akhisar Belediyespor. Nachdem er hier bis zur neuen Saison zu keinem Pflichtspieleinsatz gekommen war, wurde er für ide neueSaison an den Viertligisten Derincespor ausgeliehen.

Zur Saison 2014/15 wechselte er zum Drittligisten Pazarspor.

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (Derincespor)
Fußballspieler (Pazarspor)
Fußballspieler (Samsunspor)
Person (Samsun)
Türke
Geboren 1993
Mann
Fußballspieler (Akhisarspor)

Oğuzhan Azğar


Vernik (hr.: Vjernik) je, kronološki gledano, treći roman u trilogiji Vreme zla srpskog književnika Dobrice Ćosića, objavljen 1990. godine.

O djelu
Kao i u prethodna dva nastavka, Grešniku i Otpadniku, Ćosićevi junaci su Ivan, Milena i Vukašin Katić, zatim Bogdan i Vladimir Dragović, Miško, Nađa, Boro Luković i Petar Bajević.

U romanu se obrađuje razdoblje od povratka Bogdana Dragovića u Jugoslaviju, preko Travanjskog rata, do pada Užičke republike. Roman je posljednja pojava Vukašina Katića, protagoniste Vremena smrti i Korena, kao i Bogdana Dragovića i Petra Bajevića.

Citati

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Ćosić, D. Vernik I. BIGZ, 1984. Beograd
 Ćosić, D. Vernik II. BIGZ, 1984. Beograd

Dobrica Ćosić

Vernik


عبد الله بن عمر بن محمد بن نصيف، (1939م الموافق 1358 هـ) عالم جيولوجي ولد في السعودية في جدة، ويُدير حاليًا مؤسسة عبد الله بن عمر نصيف الخيرية.

التعليم
تلقى تعليمه الابتدائي والمتوسط والثانوي في مدارس مدينة جدة، وحصل على شهادة البكالوريوس في العلوم (كيمياء/جيولوجيا) بتقدير امتياز مع مرتبة الشرف الأولى كلية العلوم - جامعة الملك سعود، عام 1384هـ، واتجه بعدها للدراسة في الخارج من عام 1385هـ إلى 1391هـ ليحصل على دكتوراة في الجيولوجيا من جامعة ليدز عام 1391 هـ/1971م، وعلى زمالة وعضوية هيئات وجامعات في (بريطانيا – أمريكا – مصر – باكستان).

مناصبه
 أستاذ مساعد بقسم الجيولوجيا - كلية العلوم - جامعة الرياض (1391- 1393هـ)
 أستاذ مساعد ورئيس قسم الجيولوجيا بجامعة الملك عبد العزيز بجدة (1393- 1394هـ)
 أمين عام جامعة الملك عبد العزيز بجدة (1393-1396هـ)
 أستاذ مشارك بكلية علوم الأرض جامعة الملك عبد العزيز بجدة عام 1397هـ .
 وكيل جامعة الملك عبد العزيز بجدة (1396- 1400هـ)
 مدير جامعة الملك عبد العزيز بجدة (1400- 1403هـ)
 أمين عام رابطة العالم الإسلامي (1403- 1414هـ).
 نائب رئيس مجلس الشورى (1413- 1422هـ)
 أستاذ (بروفيسور) جامعة الملك عبد العزيز بجدة (1403-الآن)

المهام الإسلامية
 أمين عام رابطة العالم الإسلامي
 رئيس مجلس هيئة الإغاثة الإسلامية العالمية عام 2000
 رئيس مؤتمر العالم الإسلامي
 الأمين العام المجلس الإسلامي العالمي للدعوة والإغاثة
 رئيس الإتحاد العالمي للكشاف المسلم
 رئيس مؤسسة عبد الله بن عمر نصيف الخيرية
 عضو المجلس التنفيذي لمؤتمر العالم الإسلامي.

العضويات والأنشطة الأخرى
 رئيس مؤتمر العالم الإسلامي - كراتشي، باكستان.
 نائب رئيس الندوة العالمية للشباب المسلم - الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية.
 رئيس مجلس الأمناء بجامعة الشرق والغرب - شيكاغو، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 رئيس مجلس الأمناء بمعهد تاريخ العلوم العربية والإسلامية - فرانكفورت، ألمانيا.
 عضو مجلس الأمناء بمؤسسة دار الإسلام - واشنطن، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 رئيس مجلس الأمناء بمركز الدراسات الإسلامية بجامعة أوكسفورد، بريطانيا.
 رئيس مجمع الدراسات الاجتماعية - المملكة المتحدة.
 رئيس مجلس الأمناء بالجامعة العالمية الإسلامية - شيتاغونغ، بنجلاديش.
 رئيس مجلس الأمناء بجامعة دار الإحسان - بنجلاديش.
 عضو مجلس الأمناء بالجامعة الإسلامية العالمية - إسلام آباد، باكستان.
 عضو مجلس المديرين للهيئة الدولية لمحاربة الإدمان على المخدرات والكحول - واشنطن، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 عضو لجنة الكشافة العالمية - جنيف، سويسرا.
 عضو مجلس الأمناء بالأكاديمية الإسلامية - كمبردج، المملكة المتحدة.
 رئيس مجلس الأمناء لهيئة التراث الإسلامي والبيئة - لندن، المملكة المتحدة.
 رئيس رابطة رواد الحركة الكشفية - الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية.
 عضو أكاديمية المملكة المغربية - الرباط، المملكة المغربية.
 زميل الجمعية الجيولوجية - لندن، المملكة المتحدة.
 زميل الجمعية الجيولوجية الأمريكية - بولدر، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

مؤلفاته
 دراسات بترولية لصخور طريق قفط: البصرة بالصحراء الشرقية. (بالاشتراك) 1980.
 الدرع الجرانيتي العربي. (بالاشتراك).
 الصخور الجرانيتية والميتاموفية في منطقة الطائف بغرب المملكة العربية السعودية.
 العلوم الاجتماعية والطبيعية. (بالاشتراك).
 الإسلام والشيوعية.
 العلوم والشريعة والتعليم. (بالإنجليزية).
 انبثاق التضامن الإسلامي.

جوائز
 حصل على جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية لخدمة الإسلام عام 1991 م - 1411 هـ
 حصل على جائزة صانع السلام العربي

أحدية الدكتور عبد الله بن عمر نصيف
تأسست عام 1422هـ في منزل الدكتور عبد الله بحي الأندلس بجوار مسجد بقشان بجدة، وكانت تُقام كل يوم أحد بين المغرب والعشاء باستثناء الاجازات، ومن أهم اهدافها نشر الثقافة، وكانت طريقة التوثيق بالتصوير التلفزيوني، ومن أبرز الرواد والمكرمين الشيخ عبدالله بن بيه، وحامد بن أحمد الرفاعي، وعبد المحسن القحطاني، ومحمد علي الصابوني، وصالح السبعان، وأبو بكر قادر، وسامي محسن عنقاوي وغيرهم.

العائلة
تزوج عام 1387هـ، وله من الأولاد، ثلاثة أبناء: عمر ومحمد ومحمود، وابنتان: عائشة وخديجة.

انظر أيضًا
 الصالونات الأدبية السعودية
 الموسوعة العربية العالمية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من جدة
أشخاص من شبه الجزيرة العربية
أكاديميون سعوديون
أمناء رابطة العالم الإسلامي
النشاطات الكشفية والإرشادية في السعودية
حائزون على جائزة الملك فيصل العالمية في خدمة الإسلام
حاصلون على وسام الذئب البرونزي
خريجو جامعة ليدز
دعاة سعوديون
علماء دين سنة سعوديون
مواليد 1358 هـ
مواليد 1939
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة الملك عبد العزيز

عبد الله نصيف


Lactococcus lactis  is a gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the production of buttermilk and cheese, but has also become famous as the first genetically modified organism to be used alive for the treatment of human disease. L. lactis cells are cocci that group in pairs and short chains, and, depending on growth conditions, appear ovoid with a typical length of 0.5 - 1.5 µm. L. lactis does not produce spores (nonsporulating) and are not motile (nonmotile). They have a homofermentative metabolism, meaning they produce lactic acid from sugars. They've also been reported to produce exclusive L-(+)-lactic acid. However, reported D-(−)-lactic acid can be produced when cultured at low pH. The capability to produce lactic acid is one of the reasons why L. lactis is one of the most important microorganisms in the dairy industry. Based on its history in food fermentation, L. lactis has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, with few case reports of it being an opportunistic pathogen.

Lactococcus lactis is of crucial importance for manufacturing dairy products, such as buttermilk and cheeses. When L. lactis ssp. lactis is added to milk, the bacterium uses enzymes to produce energy molecules (ATP), from lactose. The byproduct of ATP energy production is lactic acid. The lactic acid produced by the bacterium curdles the milk, which then separates to form curds that are used to produce cheese. Other uses that have been reported for this bacterium include the production of pickled vegetables, beer or wine, some breads, and other fermented foodstuffs like soymilk kefir, buttermilk, and others. L. lactis is one of the best characterized low GC Gram positive bacteria with detailed knowledge on genetics, metabolism and biodiversity.

L. lactis is mainly isolated from either the dairy environment, or plant material. Dairy isolates are suggested to have evolved from plant isolates through a process in which genes without benefit in the rich milk were lost or downregulated. This process, called genome erosion or reductive evolution, has been described in several other lactic acid bacteria. The proposed transition from the plant to the dairy environment was reproduced in the laboratory through experimental evolution of a plant isolate that was cultivated in milk for a prolonged period. Consistent with the results from comparative genomics (see references above), this resulted in L. lactis losing or downregulating genes that are dispensable in milk and the upregulation of peptide transport.

Hundreds of novel small RNAs were identified by Meulen et al. in the genome of L. lactis MG1363. One of them, LLnc147, was shown to be involved in carbon uptake and metabolism.

Cheese production
L. lactis subsp. lactis (formerly Streptococcus lactis) is used in the early stages for the production of many cheeses, including brie, camembert, Cheddar, Colby, Gruyère, Parmesan, and Roquefort. The state Assembly of Wisconsin, also the number one cheese-producing state in the United States, voted in 2010 to name this bacterium as the official state microbe; it would have been the first and only such designation by a state legislature in the nation, however the legislation was not adopted by the Senate. The legislation was introduced in November 2009 as Assembly Bill 556 by Representatives Hebl, Vruwink, Williams, Pasch, Danou, and Fields; it was cosponsored by Senator Taylor. The bill passed the Assembly on May 15, 2010, and was dropped by the Senate on April 28.

The use of L. lactis in dairy factories is not without issues. Bacteriophages specific to L. lactis cause significant economic losses each year by preventing the bacteria from fully metabolizing the milk substrate. Several epidemiologic studies showed the phages mainly responsible for these losses are from the species 936, c2, and P335 (all from the family Siphoviridae).

Therapeutic benefits
The feasibility of using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as functional protein delivery vectors has been widely investigated. Lactococcus lactis has been demonstrated to be a promising candidate for the delivery of functional proteins because of its noninvasive and nonpathogenic characteristics. Many different expression systems of L. lactis have been developed and used for heterologous protein expression.

Lactose fermentation
In one study that sought to prove that some fermentation produced by L. lactis can hinder motility in pathogenic bacteria, the motilities of Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Leptospira strains were severely disrupted by lactose utilization on the part of L. lactis.  Using flagellar Salmonella as the experimental group, the research team found that a product of lactose fermentation is the cause of motility impairment in Salmonella. It is suggested that the L. lactis supernatant mainly affects Salmonella motility through disruption of flagellar rotation rather than through irreversible damage to morphology and physiology. Lactose fermentation by L. lactis produces acetate that reduces the intracellular pH of Salmonella, which in turn slows the rotation of their flagella. These results highlight the potential use of L. lactis for preventing infections by multiple bacterial species.

Secretion of Interleukin-10
Genetically engineered L. lactis can secrete the cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), since IL-10 has a central role in downregulating inflammatory cascades and matrix metalloproteinases. A study by Lothar Steidler and Wolfgang Hans shows that in situ synthesis of IL-10 by genetically engineered L. lactis requires much lower doses than systemic treatments like antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or recombinant IL-10.

The authors propose two possible routes by which IL-10 can reach its therapeutic target. Genetically engineered L. lactis may produce murine IL-10 in the lumen, and the protein may diffuse to responsive cells in the epithelium or the lamina propria. Another route involves L. lactis being taken up by M cells because of its bacterial size and shape, and the major part of the effect may be due to recombinant IL-10 production in situ in intestinal lymphoid tissue. Both routes may involve paracellular transport mechanisms that are enhanced in inflammation. After transport, IL-10 may directly downregulate inflammation. In principle, this method may be useful for intestinal delivery of other protein therapeutics that are unstable or difficult to produce in large quantities and an alternative to the systemic treatment of IBD.

Tumor-suppressor through Tumor metastasis-inhibiting peptide KISS1
Another study, led by Zhang B, created a L. lactis strain that maintains a plasmid containing a tumor metastasis-inhibiting peptide known as KISS1. L. lactis NZ9000 was demonstrated to be a cell factory for the secretion of biologically active KiSS1 protein, exerting inhibition effects on human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells.

KiSS1 secreted from recombinant L. lactis strain effectively downregulated the expression of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9), a crucial key in the invasion, metastasis, and regulation of the signaling pathways controlling tumor cell growth, survival, invasion, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The reason for this is that KiSS1 expressed in L. lactis activates the MAPK pathway via GPR54 signaling, suppressing NFκB binding to the MMP-9 promoter and thus downregulating MMP-9 expression. This, in turn, reduces the survival rate, inhibits metastasis, and induces dormancy of cancer cells.

In addition, it was demonstrated that tumor growth can be inhibited by the LAB strain itself, due to the ability of LAB to produce exopolysaccharides. This study shows that L. lactis NZ9000 can inhibit HT-29 proliferation and induce cell apoptosis by itself. The success of this strain's construction helped to inhibit migration and expansion of cancer cells, showing that the secretion properties of L. lactis of this particular peptide may serve as a new tool for cancer therapy in the future.

References

External links
Type strain of Lactococcus lactis at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Streptococcaceae
Bacteria used in dairy products
Bacteria described in 1873
Gram-positive bacteria

Lactococcus lactis


El LI Campeonato Mundial de Pentatlón Moderno se celebró en Moscú (Rusia) entre el 8 y el 14 de septiembre de 2011 bajo la organización de la Unión Internacional de Pentatlón Moderno (UIPM) y la Federación Rusa de Pentatlón Moderno.

Las competiciones se realizaron en las instalaciones del Estadio Olimpiski de la capital rusa.

Concurso masculino

Individual

Equipos

Relevos

Concurso femenino

Individual

Equipos

Relevos

Mixto por relevos

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales (en inglés).

2011

Campeonato Mundial de Pentatlón Moderno de 2011


Wardia, monotipski rod mahovnjača smješten u vlastitu porodicu Wardiaceae, dio reda Dicranales. Jedina vrsta je W. hygrometrica, vodena mahovina ograničena kao južnoafrički endem na provinciju Western Cape .

Raste po stijenama u potocima. Stabljike su dugačke 15-80 mm

Vrste

Izvori

Dicranales

Wardia


Die römisch-katholische Filialkirche Wasai in der Ortschaft Wasai der Gemeinde Liebenfels gehört zur Pfarre Liemberg in Kärnten. Die kleine Kirche steht auf einer Anhöhe des Rückens zwischen dem Glantal und dem Liembergbachtal. Das Gotteshaus wurde 1408 erstmals erwähnt. Ursprünglich stand die Kirche unter dem Patrozinium des heiligen Job, heute ist sie dem heiligen Martin geweiht. Früher führte die Strecke des Vierbergelaufes, einer alten Wallfahrt auf dem Weg zum Veitsberg über Wasai. Dort wurde eine Messe gehalten, heute verläuft der Pilgerweg über Liemberg.

Das Kirchengebäude besteht aus einem Langhaus mit einer flachen Holzdecke, einer sogenannten Riemlingdecke, einem Chor mit einem Tonnengewölbe und einer offenen Vorhalle. Das Kirchendach und der Dachreiter sind mit Lärchenschindeln gedeckt. Die Kanzel stammt aus dem dritten Viertel des 17. Jahrhunderts. Am Korb sind Kirchenlehrer, u. a. der hl. Gregor und der hl. Augustinus dargestellt. Der ursprüngliche Hochaltar der Kirche ist heute in der Kapelle der Straßburg aufgestellt.

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch. Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Kärnten. Anton Schroll, Wien 2001, ISBN 3-7031-0712-X, S. 1053.

Kirchengebäude in Liebenfels
Martin-von-Tours-Kirche (Patrozinium)
Gotisches Bauwerk in Kärnten
Filialkirche in der Diözese Gurk
Baudenkmal (Kärnten)
Gotische Kirche
Wasai

Filialkirche Wasai


Bundling, or tarrying, is the traditional practice of wrapping a couple together in a bed sometimes with a board between the two of them, usually as a part of courting behavior. The tradition is thought to have originated either in the Netherlands or in the British Isles and later became common in colonial United States, especially in Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Bundling is associated with the Amish as a form of courtship.

Origin
It is possible the precedent for bundling came from the biblical story of Ruth and Boaz, in which Ruth, a widow, and Boaz, a wealthy landowner, spend a night together in a grain storage room. Tradition says they did not touch, and the pair later got married.

Courtship practice
Bundling, or "bed courting" is believed to have originated in the pre-Celtic populations of the British Isles and was introduced to the American colonies by European immigrants (primarily Dutch and Welsh) where it attained unprecedented popularity. Traditionally, the practice of courtship involved two young adults, often betrothed, who spent the night in bed together under the parental roof to ensure compatibility and accountability. A bundling board or bundling sack may make an appearance, as it takes the form of a contraceptive for a bundling couple. A bundling board was a large plank that was placed in between the couple and the bundling sack was a sleeping bag that was sewn up the middle. Periods of popularity for the practice of bundling often align with eras of enhanced social position for women, as this custom afforded a high level of protection against premarital sex.

The custom of bundling, which became common in New England in the eighteenth century, was used to certify that an unwed father was held accountable for an illegitimate pregnancy. The courtship practice would ensure that there would be witnesses to certify any intimacy that took place. Within the seventeenth century, courts were more willing to accept a woman's testimony that a specific man had fathered her child. Stricter standards came about in the eighteenth century when the court officials wanted evidence in support of the woman's allegation, which could be difficult to obtain. If a couple had sex in secret and the woman became pregnant, no witness of the relation would have taken place. Marriage by a spousal contract or in a church would often follow bundling.

In United States
Two forms of bundling in Colonial America are generally discussed: a sleeping arrangement between strangers, or the bed-sharing of lovers under parental supervision. The former definition refers to the practice used to accommodate the heavy traffic of travelers in the underdeveloped colonies, often with no implication of sexual activity. The latter, however, refers to the courtship practice which ensured legal accountability for an unwed father in the case of pre-marital pregnancy. The courtship ritual of bundling was primarily observed in rural communities. The measure of familial and community protection which bundling provided against the scandal of abandonment was not offered in urban settings where populations had a much higher degree of mobility and anonymity.

Despite some religious criticism, bundling rose in popularity amongst rural populations throughout the eighteenth century. The prevalence of premarital sex in colonial America is shown by the rate of legitimate births within the first nine months of marriage; the late eighteenth century observed a remarkable increase in pre-marital pregnancies, with 30-40% of infants born within the first nine months of marriage. This is due in part to a sexually permissive subculture cultivated by parents of the less-wealthy classes. A high correlation is observed between the pre-marital pregnancy status of mothers and daughters in the 18th century.

In Colonial United States, Jonathan Edwards and other preachers condemned bundling. American Puritanism condemned the practice of bundling as immoral, or un-Christian. The heydey of Bundling in the late 18th century corresponds to a period of low engagement with puritanical ideals, when religious participation for adolescents was not strictly enforced by societal standards. With the Second Great Awakening at the turn of the 19th century, religion became a much larger part of adolescent life and puritanical morals were more heavily enforced by a larger societal group. As social opinion moved away from the practical solution of bundling to the ideological solution of abstinence and moral responsibility, the popularity of bundling waned.

It is possible that, as late as the mid-19th century, bundling was still practiced in New York state and perhaps in New England, though its popularity was waning. The court case of Graham v. Smith, 1 Edm.Sel.Cas. 267 (N.Y. 1846), for example, initially argued before Judge Edmunds in the Orange Circuit Court of New York, concerned the seduction of a 19-year-old woman; testimony in the case established that bundling was a common practice in certain rural social circles at the time. By the 20th century, bundling seems to have disappeared almost everywhere, except for the more conservative Old Order Amish affiliations, where it was still in use , regardless of location. In the modern United States, practices of "dating" and "necking" might be tied to the previous practice of bundling. Public widespread anxiety about the vulnerability of young women led to new writing which was published in newspapers and magazines during the eighteenth century.

Bundling outside the United States
The Kwanyama are one of the eight Ambo Bantu tribes that live in Southwest Africa. The courtship practice of bundling is popular amongst the Kwanyama. This practice began within the Kwanyama Ambo tribe during the eighteenth century. Bundling for the Kwanyama does not imply sexual intercourse, but rather the word bundling is okunangala, which means "to sleep together." In South Africa, bundling prevented the birth of illegitimate children. Kwanyama engaged couples bundle under supervision, but illegitimate bundling occurs at night during public gatherings—meaning no witness is present.

Bundling had been reported across the Germanic tribes, the Celts, the Finns and people of the Baltic states. The German-Swiss custom of Kiltgang demonstrates the practice of boys and girls who were at puberty age spending the night in bed together. This practice began in the nineteenth century in Norway and Sweden. The participants were either entirely or partially clothed, and sexual intercourse would not occur. The youth were enabled to choose a mate without the interference of their parents.

In the seventeenth century, Jewish society encouraged affection before marriage similar to the practice of allowing engaged couples to spend time in bed together before their wedding. This suggests similarities to bundling practices in early modern France and North America. Bundling within Jewish courtship practices involved some sexual contact short of intercourse. Seventeenth century moralist Isaiah Horowitz denounced this practice, as he was concerned with the sexual transgressions that may occur from romantic affection before the wedding. In the eighteenth century, another moralist Ezekiel Landau reported a case where "Jewish bundling" led to intercourse.

Literature
The writer Washington Irving, in book 3, chapter 7 of A History of New York (1809) as well as other of his works, refers to bundling as a Yankee practice.This amazing increase may, indeed, be partly ascribed to a singular custom prevalent among them, commonly known by the name of bundling—a superstitious rite observed by the young people of both sexes, with which they usually terminated their festivities, and which was kept up with religious strictness by the more bigoted part of the community.Historian Edward Shorter wrote in his novel, The Making of the Modern Family, that the widespread increase of illegitimate births through courtship practices comprised a "sexual revolution" that was issued by the rise of industrial capitalism within the eighteenth century.

Jakob Huizinga, a Mennonite revered who remained on the island of Texel (northwestern part of The Netherlands) from 1844 to 1881 wrote about unlawful premarital sexuality in his diary. Huizinga referred to the "Texel custom" or "night courting" practice that consisted of potential suitors entering an unmarried woman's bedroom at night. Night courting, bundling, or festerln was organized in areas bordering the North Sea as well as the Alps and Baltic region.

See also
 Non-penetrative sex

References

Sources
 Shachtman, Tom. Rumspringa: To Be or Not to Be Amish. New York: North Point Press (Farrar, Straus and Giroux), 2006.
 Ekrich, Roger A. At Day's Close: Night in Times Past. Chapter 7, 2005.
 Walsh, William S.: Handy Book of Curious Information. J. B. Lippincott Company, 1913
 Little Known Facts about Bundling in the New World by Ammon Monroe Aurand Jr (1895–1956)

External links
Folk Lore of the Pennsylvania Germans
 The Art of Bundling: Being an Inquiry into the Nature and Origins of that Curious but Universal Folk-Custom, with an Exposition of the Rise & Fall of Bundling in the Eastern Part of North America. By Dana Doten, 1938
 "Bundling" in the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
 The original bundlers: Boaz and Ruth, and seventeenth-century English courtship practices – Critical Essay – Journal of Social History, Spring, 2002, by Yochi Fischer-Yinon

Traditions
Intimate relationships
Old Order Amish
Sleep
Cultural anthropology

Bundling (tradition)


María Teresa Castillo Terán (Cúa, Venezuela, 15 de octubre de 1908-Caracas, 22 de junio de 2012) fue una activista, periodista y diputada venezolana, con una amplia trayectoria en la cultura de ese país.

Biografía
María Teresa Castillo Terán nació en la hacienda familiar "Bagre", dedicada a la producción de café para la casa exportadora Dumlop&Cia.
A los dos años murió su padre y la familia (María Teresa Castillo, su madre y su hermana Alicia) marchó a Caracas. En 1934 emigró al estado de Nueva York, Estados Unidos, donde trabajó en una fábrica como costurera. Intentó permanecer en ese país pero sus gestiones resultaban inútiles porque estaba sindicada como revolucionaria.

En febrero de 1935 regresó a su país. Tras la muerte del dictador Juan Vicente Gómez en diciembre de ese año, fue detenida bajo el gobierno de su sucesor Eleazar López Contreras por repartir propaganda subversiva y pasó un año detenida en la Jefatura Civil de la Pastora. Para Castillo, su país:«pasó casi treinta años cercado por todas partes como si estuviéramos en la Edad Media. Esto era un coto cerrado del gobierno de Gómez. Aquí no había museos, casas culturales, reuniones, ¡nada de nada! Venían cosas de afuera, pero eso de crear aquí una orquesta, un grupo teatral, eso no existía.»Así, una vez liberada se sumó al "Grupo Cero de Teoréticos" (GOT), un grupo literario creado por Carlos Eduardo Frías que aunque tildado de elitista organizaba tertulias y veladas culturales abiertas al público, cuna de la Gaceta de América dirigida por Inocente Palacios y que integró a personalidades de la llamada generación del 28.
Cuando daban los primeros pasos para crear una "Casa de Cultura" fueron contactados por María Luisa Escobar, primera mujer en ganar el Premio Nacional de Literatura, integrándose al Ateneo de Caracas cuya presidencia ocupó ininterrumpidamente desde 1958 convirtiendo la institución en una de las principales propulsoras de la actividad cultural del país.

Desde su fundación en 1941 trabajó en el periódico Últimas Noticias, junto a la primera reportera venezolana Ana Luisa Llovera. Junto a Llovera, al crearse el 24 de octubre de 1946 la Escuela de Periodismo por la Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno presidida por Rómulo Betancourt, María Teresa Castillo se inscribió graduándose dos años después. En 1946 contrajo matrimonio con el escritor y periodista Miguel Otero Silva, amigo suyo desde 1928, cofundador de El Nacional, con quien tuvo dos hijos, Miguel Henrique y Mariana Otero Castillo.

Integró el movimiento musical Orfeón Lamas, participó en el programa de Radio Caracas Anuncios Fémina dedicado a la mujer, con Ana Massanet y Carmen Serrano, fue miembro de la Agrupación Cultural Femenina, reportera del Seminario Aquí está, y de Últimas Noticias entre 1948 y 1958, participó en el 1° Congreso de Mujeres celebrado en Venezuela, fue miembro Fundadora del CELCIT y luego Presidenta de esa institución, promovió con Josefina Juliac de Palacios la Federación de Ateneos, integró diferentes organizaciones venezolanas e internacionales dedicadas a la paz y a la defensa de los derechos humanos, tomó parte activa en congresos y movimientos internacionales, presidió el Comité de Solidaridad con Nicaragua, fue vicepresidenta de Fundanalítica, integró el Comité Internacional para el premio Mundial de la Cultura de la Unesco entre 1987 y 1988, fue miembro del Comité Asesor para la Celebración del V Centenario del Descubrimiento de América, de la Asociación Venezolana de Periodistas (1988-1989) y vicepresidenta del Comité Venezolano por los Derechos Humanos (1988-1990).

En 1973 fue fundadora junto con el director argentino Carlos Giménez https://bravocarlosgimenez.blogspot.com/ del Festival Internacional de Teatro de Caracas (FITC) https://bravocarlosgimenez.blogspot.com/2019/12/memoria-del-fitc-creado-por-maria.html, que se convirtió en uno de los principales del mundo. María Teresa era la presidenta del festival y Carlos Giménez el director general. Mantuvo una estrecha colaboración con Carlos Giménez, quien en su honor creó el Premio María Teresa Castillo, auspiciado por la Enciclopedia Britannica y el Ateneo de Caracas, en 1984. Fue también presidenta honoraria de la  Fundación Rajatabla https://bravocarlosgimenez.blogspot.com/2017/08/carlos-gimenez-y-rajatabla-1988-gira.html creada por Carlos Giménez, uno de los principales grupos teatrales del mundo.

En 1989 fue elegida diputada del Congreso de la República y se convirtió en la primera Presidenta de la Comisión Permanente de Cultura de la Cámara de Diputados hasta 1992, e integró la Comisión de Desarrollo Regional de la Cámara de Diputados hasta la finalización de su mandato en 1994. Fue luego miembro del Consejo Directivo de la Fundación Teresa Carreño hasta 1992, del Consejo Nacional de Teatro y del Consejo Directivo del Museo de Bellas Artes.

Integró también otras instituciones ligadas a la cultura entre las que se encuentran la Junta Directiva de: Fundación Francisco Narváez, Fundación Museo de Bellas Artes, Museo de los Niños, Fundación Vicente Emilio Sojo, Comité Venezolano para el Bicentenario de la Revolución Francesa, Federación Internacional de Mujeres, Presidencia del Consejo Mundial de la Paz, Fundación Gual y España, Camerata  de Caracas, Comisión Permanente de Cultura de la Cámara de Diputados, Fundación Ballet Nacional Teresa Carreño, Fundación del Niño, Fundación Cultural y Científica Iberoamericana José Martí, Comité Asesor de la Fundación Cultural Museo del Oeste, Comité Asesor de la Fundación Cultural Colegio de Periodistas, Junta Directiva Venezolana de Televisión (Canal 8), Comisión Presidencial del Centenario de Andrés Eloy Blanco, Festival Comité Asesor de la Fundación Rajatabla, Fundación Festival de Música Popular Latinoamericana, Laboratorio Teatral Anna Julia Rojas, Fundación Casa Simón Bolívar de la Habana, Fundación Coral Caracas, Cátedra Che Guevara (Universidad Central de Venezuela), Fundación Casa de la Amistad Venezuela-Vietnam.

Apoyó a Hugo Chávez cuando estuvo preso y en su campaña presidencial, pero se convirtió luego en una decidida opositora a su gobierno. Recibió numerosos homenajes en el mundo de la cultura. La Casa de la Cultura de Chacao recibió su nombre al igual que el premio instituido por el Ateneo de Caracas y la Enciclopedia Británica, el premio al largometraje Nacional de mayor calidad artística entregado en ocasión del Festival del Cine en Mérida de 1987 y la Orden creada por la Gobernación del Estado Miranda que se otorga a los pioneros de las artes y la cultura de ese estado.

Condecoraciones

Venezuela

 Francisco de Miranda en 1° Clase
 Andrés Bello en 1° Clase
 Mérito al Trabajo y Botón de la Ciudad de Caracas
 Orden Gran Cordón Dr. José María Vargas
 Medalla Honor al Mérito del Distrito Federal
 Orden Vicente Emilio Sojo 1° Clase y Medalla y Botón Cecilio Acosta (Estado Miranda)
 Medalla Bernardo Dolande
 Medalla Rómulo Gallegos 1° Clase (San Fernando de Apure)
 Medalla Honor al Mérito Teresa Carreño
 Medalla Luisa Cáceres Arismendi (Estado Aragua)
 Orden Francisco Fajardo en 1° Clase (Distrito Federal)
 Orden Argelia Laya, Insignia de Oro del Municipio Libertador
 Orden Carmen Clemente Travieso
 Orden Saman de Aragua 1° Clase (Gobernación del Estado Aragua)
 Medalla de Oro Unión de Mujeres Americanas
 Medalla Casa de la Amistad Venezolana-Soviética
 Orden Leal y Heroica (Ocumare del Tuy)
 Orden del Municipio Libertador, Orden Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi (Asamblea Legislativa del Estado Nueva Esparta)
 Orden Guaicaipuro (Concejo Municipal del Distrito Guaicaipuro del Estado Miranda)
 Orden Francisco Esteban Gómez
 Orden Guariarepano (Municipio Libertador)
 Medalla Escudo de la Ciudad Concejo Municipal (Municipio José Félix Ribas, Aragua)
 Botón de Oro Ilustre Colegio de Abogados del Distrito Federal
 Orden Miranda Honor y Mérito 1° Clase (Gobernación del Estado Miranda)
 Orden Comunidad del Municipio Chacao
 Orden Libertador en la categoría Comendador
 Orden Cristóbal Mendoza 1° Clase (Estado Trujillo)
 Orden Mariscal Juan Crisóstomo Falcón en 1° Clase (Falcón)
 Orden Municipalidad de Baruta (Estado Miranda)
 Orden Universidad Central de Venezuela

Extranjero

 Dama de la Orden de Isabel la Católica (España)
 Medalla y Botón de Oro Alejo Carpentier (La Habana, Cuba)
 Medalla y Botón Haydée Santamaría (Consejo de Estado de Cuba)
 Orden Félix Varela (Cuba)
 Orden José Martí (Cuba), Medalla y Botón Orden al Mérito (Bogotá, Colombia)
 Medalla Educación (Chile)
 Orden de las Artes y de las Letras (Ministerio de la Cultura y de la Comunicación, Francia)
 Orden al Mérito de la República Italiana en las categorías de Cavaliere y de Commendatore (Italia).

Honores
María Castillo tiene una calle en Salou, en la provincia española de Tarragona. La calle se llama Carrer de María Castillo.

Véase también

 Los Notables

Referencias

Bibliografía

Mujeres periodistas de Venezuela
Mujeres miembros de la Cámara de Diputados de Venezuela
Mujeres activistas de Venezuela
Políticos de la Venezuela contemporánea
Centenarios de Venezuela
Alumnado de la Universidad Central de Venezuela
Cueños
Damas de la Orden de Isabel la Católica
Mujeres del siglo XX
Los Notables
Diputados de la VIII Legislatura del Congreso Nacional de Venezuela

María Teresa Castillo


Maria Hjertner (født 3. Juli 1996) er en norsk håndboldspiller som spiller for København Håndbold og det norske håndboldlandshold.

Hun repræsenterede sammen med resten af juniorlandsholdet Norge, ved Ungdoms-VM i håndbold 2014 (kvinder) hvor Norge sluttede nr. 13. Hun var også med ved U/17-EM i håndbold 2013 (piger) hvor Norge sluttede som nr. 7.

Hun har tidligere spillet i Byåsen Håndball Elite i Trondheim.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Norge

Maria Hjertner


Articles with hCards

කොංගනිගේ මාධවී වත්සලා ඇන්තනී (උපත 1988 අගෝස්තු 6), නොහොත් වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය මාධවී වත්සලා ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය සිනමාවේ නිළියකි .  ජනප්‍රිය රූපවාහිනී සංගීත සංදර්ශනයක් වන හපන් පැදුර හරහා ළමා කලාකරුවෙකු ලෙස ආරම්භ වූ මාධවී ගායිකාවක්, නර්තන ශිල්පිනියක්, නිරූපිකාවක් සහ රූපවාහිනී සත්කාරකවරියක් ලෙස ද සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ගත කරයි.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඇය 1988 අගෝස්තු 6 වන දින ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොළඹදී කලා පවුලක වැඩිමහල් දරුවා ලෙස උපත ලැබුවාය.  ඇගේ පියා ජැක්සන් ඇන්තනි ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය සිනමාවේ, රංග ශාලාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ ජනප්‍රිය නළුවෙකි.  බොහෝ විට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වඩාත්ම බහුකාර්ය නළුවෙකු ලෙස සැලකෙන ජැක්සන් බහුකාර්ය ස්වරූපයෙන් මහජනයා ඉදිරියේ පෙනී සිට ඇත; අධ්‍යක්ෂක, නිෂ්පාදක, ගායක, තිර රචක, රූපවාහිනී සත්කාරක, නවකතා රචක, තීරු රචක, ගීත රචක, ඉතිහාසඥ සහ සංචාරක. ඇයගේ මව කුමාරි සඳලතා මුණසිංහ ද ජනප්‍රිය ගායිකාවක් සහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය සිනමාවේ, රංග ශාලාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නිළියකි.

මාධවී 1994 සිට 2003 දක්වා හොලි ක්‍රොස් විද්‍යාලයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ආරම්භ කළාය. ඉන්පසුව 2003 දී ඇය බම්බලපිටිය ශුද්ධ වූ පවුලේ කන්‍යාරාමයට ගොස් සා/පෙළ සම්පූර්ණ කළාය.  පසුව ඇය විශාඛා විද්‍යාලයෙන් උසස් පෙළ සම්පූර්ණ කළාය. 2013 දී ඇය කැලණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ පුරාවිද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ විශේෂ ශාස්ත්‍රවේදී උපාධියක් ලබා ගත්තාය. ඇය කොළඹ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන් සංචාරක ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සහ හෝටල් කළමනාකරණය පිළිබඳ ශාස්ත්‍රපති උපාධිය හැදෑරුවාය.

ඇයගේ මාමා වන සේනක ටයිටස් ඇන්තනි ජනප්‍රිය නළුවෙකු සහ මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු වූ අතර ඇය 2017 ඔක්තෝම්බර් 23 වන දින සිංගප්පූරුවේදී වකුගඩු හා අක්මාව අකර්මණ්‍ය වීම හේතුවෙන් මිය ගියාය.   ඇයගේ මාමා වන සුදත් ඇන්තනි ද රූපවාහිනියේ ජනප්‍රිය නළුවෙකි.

මාධවීට බාල සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනෙක් සිටී: අකිල ධනුද්දර සහ සජිත ඇන්තනි .   සිරි පැරකුම් සහ ඇඩ්‍රස් නෑ ජනප්‍රිය චිත්‍රපටවල පෙනී සිටි අකිල සිනමාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ ජනප්‍රිය නළුවෙකි. බාල සොහොයුරා වන සජිත ද ළමා කලාකරුවෙකු ලෙසින් සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළ ජනප්‍රිය නළුවෙකු සහ ගායකයෙකි. සජිත සූරිය අරණ, කුරුළු පිහාටු, අබා චිත්‍රපටවල මෙන්ම සම්මානනීය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා වන බෝහිමියානුව සහ නාඩගම්කාරයෝ හි ජනප්‍රිය චරිත කිහිපයක්ම කළේය.

ඇය මීට පෙර ප්‍රවීණ රංගන ශිල්පී හේමසිරි ලියනගේගේ පුත් වෛද්‍ය ආලෝක ලියනගේ සමඟ විවාහ වූයේ 2010 වසරේදීය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන් 2016 දී දික්කසාද විය  ඇය විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකන් ගුවන් සේවයට අනුබද්ධ ගුවන් සේවකයෙක් වන මිලාන් සිල්වා සමඟයි. ඇයට මුලින්ම මිලාන් හමුවන්නේ චන්දීප ජයකොඩිගේ නිවසේ පැවති උත්සවයකදීය.   විවාහ උත්සවය 2019 ජනවාරි 18 වන දින ඇයගේ බාල සොහොයුරන් දෙදෙනා සමඟ පැවැත්විණි.

වෘත්තීය
1994 දී වයස අවුරුදු හයේදී ඇය සිය මව කුමාරි මුණසිංහගේ මගපෙන්වීම යටතේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ (SLBC) A ශ්‍රේණියේ ළමා ගායන ශිල්පිනියක වූවාය. මෙම කාලය තුළ ඇය SLBC හි ළමා පිටිය සහ හඳ මාමා වැනි ළමා වැඩසටහන් රැසකට සහභාගී වූවාය.  1999 දී ඇය සවන FM (දැන් ශ්‍රී FM) හි ළමා ගුවන් විදුලි නිවේදිකාවක් බවට පත් වූවාය. ඉන්පසු ඇය සිය මංගල රූපවාහිනියට පිවිසියේ ඇගේ පියා ජැක්සන් ඇන්තනි විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද ඇසළ කළුවර රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවෙනි. වයස අවුරුදු දොළහේදී මාධවී තම මවගේ ඇල්බමයට "පිපිලද සුනිමල්" ගීතය ගායනා කළාය.

1999 දී ඇය ආනන්ද අබේනායක විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද පොහෝ දින රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවේ සිත නිවන කතා මාලාවේ ජීවිතයට ඉද දෙන්න කථාංගයේ පෙනී සිටියාය. 2000 වසරේ ඇය සන්තුස ලියනගේ විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද කහල නාදය කතාමාලාවේ ළමා රංගනයෙන් පෙනී සිටියාය. 2001 වසරේ ජනප්‍රිය සංගීත වැඩසටහනක් වූ හපන් පැදුර සමඟින් මාධවී ළමා ගායිකාවක් බවට පත් වූවාය.   වැඩසටහනේ සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය අසේල බණ්ඩාර දිසානායක විසින් සිදු කරන ලද අතර ඇයගේ පියා ජැක්සන් ඇන්තනි අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ අතර තුසිත විමලසිරි විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. මෙම සංදර්ශනය සිංහල ළමා වැඩසටහන් ඉතිහාසයේ කැපී පෙනෙන සලකුණක් බවට පත් විය.  ඒ අතරම, ඇය ස්වර්ණ කැකුළු ළමා වැඩසටහනේ ළමා ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නියක් ලෙස  දක්වා කටයුතු කළාය.

උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු ඇය ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ රූපවාහිනියේ නිළියක් සහ රූපවාහිනී ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නියක් ලෙස පෙනී සිටියාය.  ඇයගේ පියා ජැක්සන් ඇන්තනි විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද ඇඩ්‍රස් නෑ චිත්‍රපටය සමඟින් ඇය යළිත් වරක් 'ජානකී' සහාය චරිතය සමඟින් නැවත පැමිණියාය. 2016 වසරේදී ඇය සිය පියා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද දස්කොන් කතාමාලාවේ රඟපෑවාය. මෙම කතාමාලාව විචාරක පැසසුමට ලක් වූ අතර පසුව රූපවාහිනී සම්මාන උළෙල කිහිපයකදීම සම්මානයට පාත්‍ර විය.  මාධවී පසුව රයිගම් ටෙලීස් හි හොඳම අනාගත නිළියට හිමි සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේ ඇයගේ විචාරක පැසසුමට ලක් වූ 'පළිඟු ආච්චි' චරිතය වෙනුවෙනි.   2016 දී ඇය සුමති සම්මාන උළෙලේදී රංගනය සහ ගායනය සඳහා කුසලතා සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තාය.  එම වසරේම ඇය ජාතික ටෙලි සම්මාන උළෙලේදී රංගනය සහ ගායනය සඳහා කුසලතා සම්මානයක් දිනා ගත්තාය.

ඉන්පසුව 2017 වසරේදී ඇය පාලි කතාමාලාවේ රඟපෑවාය. 2018 දී, ඇය ඇගේ පියා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සී රජ තවත් විචාරක පැසසුමට ලක් වූ කතා මාලාවකට පෙනී සිටියාය.  ඇයගේ භූමිකාව වෙනුවෙන් ඇය රයිගම් ටෙලීස් හි හොඳම කාන්තා ගායිකාව සහ හොඳම සහය නිළිය සම්මාන සඳහා නිර්දේශ විය.  2020 දී ඇය මහාවිරු පණ්ඩු සහ අමලියා යන රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා දෙකක රඟපෑවාය.

රංගනයට අමතරව දස්කොන් සහ සී රජ යන රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවල තේමා ගීත දෙකක් සමඟින් ඇය ගායිකාවක් ලෙස දිගටම කටයුතු කළාය.  ඇය පසුව පියඹමී නිර්මාණය කළාය.   ඉන්පසුව ඇය රත්තරනේ ගීතය සඳහා තිසර වීරසිංහගේ සහයෝගී කාර්යයක් කළාය. ඇයගේ ඔබ එපා 2018 දී ක්ෂණිකව ජනප්‍රිය විය  2015 වසරේ සිට ඇය හිරු TV හි රූපවාහිනී නිවේදිකාවක් ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි. 2019 දී ඇය සිය පියා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද එක ගෙයි සොකරි චිත්‍රපටය සමඟින් සිනමාව පසුබිම් වූවාය.  2021 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී ඇය රාජ් තිල්ලයම්පලම් ඇතුළත් ඇගේ පළමු සංගීත වීඩියෝ ගීතය ආදරේ ඕනෑ කෙරේ නිකුත් කළාය.    එම වසරේම ඇය චරිත් අබේසිංහ විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද තාදී රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවට පෙනී සිටියාය.

2021 දී, ඇය තවත් බොහෝ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ප්‍රසිද්ධ පුද්ගලයින් සමඟ Raffealla Fernando Celebrity Calendar හි රඟපෑවාය.  එම වසරේම ඇය සුමති සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය නිළිය සඳහා නිර්දේශ විය. මේ අතර ඇය "Hiru Mega Star, season 3" නැටුම් රියැලිටි තරගයටත් ඉදිරිපත් වුණා.  2022 දී ඇය "අපි තාමයි අපි දන්නේ" සංගීත වීඩියෝව නිකුත් කළාය.

වෙනත් වැඩ
2013 වසරේ ඇය සීගිරිය කෞතුකාගාරයේ පර්යේෂක සහකාර කුසුම්සිරි කොඩිතුවක්කු යටතේ පර්යේෂණ සහකාර කෞතුකාගාර සහකාර භාරකරු ලෙස කටයුතු කළාය. එම වසරේම ඇය SAARC සංස්කෘතික මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පර්යේෂණ සීමාවාසික සහ භාරකාරිණියක් බවට පත්විය. ඉන්පසුව 2014 දී ඇය JR ජයවර්ධන මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ වාර්තාගත සුචිගත කිරීමේ නිලධාරිනියක් ලෙස සේවය කළාය. 2015 සිට ඇය කළමනාකරණ විද්‍යා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංචාරක හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරය සඳහා බාහිර කථිකාචාර්යවරියක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි.

2016 දී ඇය 'Global Young Leaders Peace Camp 2016' (GYLPC 2016) නම් වූ ගෝලීය තරුණ සාම කඳවුරක කඳවුරු සංවිධායකවරිය ලෙස කටයුතු කළාය.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 Madhavee Wathsala on YouTube
 Madhavee Anthony: Adare Onakere (feat. Raj Thillaiyampalam) - Single
 Madhavee Wathsala photo shoot
 Madhavee again becomes a bride
 විවාහයෙන් පස්සේ දකින දකින අය මාධවීට කියන කතාව
 "Love depends on the little things over the big things in life" - Madhavi Wathsala
 දරු තිදෙනා අතිනත ගත් දා ජැක්සන් කුමාරි සංවේදී වූ හැටි
1988 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා
Articles with hCards
කෙටි විස්තරයක් සහිත ලිපි
Pages with unreviewed translations

මාධවී වත්සලා ඇන්තනී


Álvaro Anchuelo Crego (Madrid, 4 de junio de 1964), es un economista, profesor y político español. Desde las elecciones generales de 2011 hasta mayo de 2015 fue diputado por Unión Progreso y Democracia.

Biografía

Licenciado en Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid en 1987 con nota media de sobresaliente, dos años más tarde obtuvo un máster en Economía por la Universidad de Warwick, para finalmente alcanzar, en 1993, el título de Doctor en Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid con la calificación de apto cum laude por unanimidad. También realizó estudios de investigación en la Universidad de Southampton y el London Business School entre 1989 y 1991.

Posteriormente fue profesor de Estructura Económica de España en la Universidad Europea de Madrid entre 1991 y 1992, en la Universidad de Salamanca entre 1993 y el 2000,  Catedrático de Economía Aplicada en esta última entre el 2000 y 2001, profesor del Curso Superior de Integración Económica Europea - Cátedra Jean Monnet de la  Universidad de Salamanca entre 1995 y el 2000, y profesor visitante en la Universidad de Belgrano en 1994.

Actualmente, y desde 2001, es profesor de Economía Aplicada en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid, así como director del departamento que imparte esa asignatura en dicha universidad. También es profesor de integración monetaria europea y miembro del Comité Académico del Doctorado en integración económica y monetaria de Europa en la Fundación Ortega y Gasset desde 1994. Asimismo, escribe habitualmente en Cotizalia, suplemento económico del diario digital El Confidencial.

Como parte de su carrera política, ha participado activamente en Unión Progreso y Democracia  (UPyD) desde su fundación, primero como presidente del Grupo de Economía y más tarde también dentro del Consejo Político. Desde julio de 2009 trabaja en las iniciativas parlamentarias en el área económica del partido. En las elecciones generales del 20 de noviembre de 2011 fue elegido diputado en el Congreso de los Diputados, donde ejerció de portavoz de UPyD en las comisiones de Economía y Competitividad, Hacienda y Administraciones Públicas, Empleo y Seguridad Social, Presupuestos y Seguimiento y Evaluación de los Acuerdos del Pacto de Toledo. Estaba así mismo adscrito a las comisiones de Fomento e Industria, Energía y Turismo.

Álvaro Anchuelo forma parte del consejo de Isolux Corsán desde que la compañía designó a Nemesio Fernández-Cuesta Luca de Tena presidente tras la dimisión del anterior consejo de administración.

Obras
 Consecuencias económicas del euro, Ed. Civitas, 1998.
 La economía edificada sobre arena (junto a Miguel Ángel García Díez), Esic Editorial, 2009.
 Propuestas de política económica (VV.AA.), Fundación Progreso y Democracia, 2011.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Columna en cotizalia.com.

Alumnos de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Catedráticos de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
Economistas de España del siglo XXI
Políticos de España del siglo XXI
Políticos de Unión Progreso y Democracia
Diputados de la X Legislatura de España
Catedráticos de la Universidad de Salamanca
Profesores de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
Profesores de la Universidad Europea de Madrid
Nacidos en Madrid

Álvaro Anchuelo


Three Pieces for Solo Cello ist eine Komposition für Violoncello solo in drei Sätzen von Graham Waterhouse, die dem Cellisten Siegfried Palm gewidmet ist und 1992 uraufgeführt wurde. Der Komponist, der selbst Cellist ist, nutzt die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten seines Instruments. 1996 gewann eine revidierte Version des Werkes einen Kompositionspreis des Münchener Tonkünstlerverbandes und wurde in der Hochschule für Musik München aufgeführt. Das Werk erschien im gleichen Jahr im Friedrich Hofmeister Musikverlag. 2001 spielte der Komponist es für eine Porträt-CD mit Kammermusik ein.

Geschichte
Waterhouse komponierte das Werk nach seinem Cellokonzert  op. 27. Es wurde von Siegfried Palm inspiriert und nutzt die Möglichkeiten des Instruments in kammermusikalischem Rahmen. 1992 führte der Komponist es erstmals bei einem Workshop mit Palm im Haus Marteau in Lichtenberg auf. 1996 gewann eine revidierte Version den dritten Preis bei einem Kompositionswettbewerb des Münchener Tonkünstlerverbandes und wurde am 29. September 1996 im Rahmen der Preisverleihung in der Hochschule für Musik München aufgeführt. Im gleichen Jahr erschien das Werk im Friedrich Hofmeister Musikverlag, der die Dauer mit zehn Minuten angab.

Sätze und Musik
 Monologue (Moderato assai e risoluto)
 Chase (Maestoso-Vivace)
 Recitative (Adagio e rubato e molto espressivo)
Der Verleger fasst zusammen: "Der Komponist strebt an, in den Stücken die wichtigsten Möglichkeiten Instruments auszuschöpfen – sein großes Spektrum an Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten, seinen weiten Tonumfang und seine vielfältigen Klangfarben. Im zweiten Satz wird die Struktur durch sul ponticello bestimmt und im dritten Satz durch glockenartige pizzicati der linken Hand." Hans Krieger schreibt im Begleitheft zur CD: "Die existenzielle Tiefe dieses Ausdrucks wird am bewegendsten erfahrbar, wenn der Komponist mit "seinem" Instrument, dem Violoncello, Zwiesprache hält. Die Three Pieces ... erreichen in ihrem rhapsodischen Gestus eine meditative Versenkungskraft ...".

Aufnahme
Das Werk wurde 2001 aufgenommen für eine Porträt-CD mit Kammermusik bei Cybele, gespielt vom Komponisten, zusammen mit Musik für Blockflöte, Klarinette und Klavier. Hubert Culot schrieb in seiner Besprechung: "... one of the most substantial pieces in this selection is the Three Pieces for Solo Cello Op.28 completed in 1996 and dedicated to Siegfried Palm. A short, vivacious and often whimsical Scherzo of considerable virtuosity is framed by two weightier, mostly slow and rhapsodic movements of great expressive strength exploiting the full expressive range of the cello."

Weblinks
 Three Pieces for Solo Cello auf der Website von Graham Waterhouse
 Three pieces for solo cello Worldcat
 Three Pieces for Solo Cello klassika.info

Einzelnachweise

Kammermusikalisches Werk

Three Pieces for Solo Cello (Waterhouse)


Jeff Blackett , né le , est un ancien juge britannique et officier de la Royal Navy ayant le grade de Commodore. Il est , de 2004 à 2020. Parmi les affaires qu'il a présidées figure celle du . Jeff Blackett est critiqué par la Commission de révision des affaires criminelles (CCRC) pour avoir condamné le sergent Alexander Blackman à une peine de prison à vie pour meurtre, car il n'a pas donné à la commission la possibilité de prononcer une peine moins lourde d'homicide involontaire. La condamnation pour meurtre d'Alexander Blackman est finalement annulée, en 2017, après un appel couronné de succès.

Dans une précédente affaire très médiatisée, Jeff Blackett préside également, en 2013, le nouveau procès du sergent . Le premier procès du sergent Nightingale, en 2012, s'est soldé par une condamnation pour possession d'une arme illégale et une peine de  de détention au Centre militaire de formation corrective. Après une campagne publique et un débat à la Chambre des communes au cours duquel plusieurs députés ont demandé la libération de Nightingale, la condamnation résultant du plaidoyer de culpabilité de Nightingale est annulée par la Cour d'appel de la cour martiale et un nouveau procès est ordonné. Blackett déclare qu'il souhaitait imposer une peine privative de liberté immédiate. Il avait cependant les mains liées par la décision précédente de la Cour d'appel de la cour martiale selon laquelle le sergent Nightingale ne devait pas être maintenu en détention plus longtemps.

Il a également été  de 2005 jusqu'à sa retraite en 2020.

Jeff Blackett a également été chef du service disciplinaire de la Fédération anglaise de rugby à XV (RFU) et a mené une enquête sur le scandale du Bloodgate. Il est le président de la RFU pour la saison 2020-2021.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Officier de Justice de la Couronne
Officier de la Royal Navy
Étudiant de l'University College de Londres
Membre du Gray's Inn
Dirigeant anglais de rugby à XV
Président de la Fédération anglaise de rugby à XV
Naissance en mai 1955

Jeff Blackett


Aquaman (titlu original: Aquaman) este un film american din 2018 regizat de James Wan. Este creat în genurile film SF cu supereroi, de acțiune, de aventură. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Jason Momoa  ca Aquaman, Amber Heard, Willem Dafoe, Patrick Wilson, Dolph Lundgren, Yahya Abdul-Mateen II și Nicole Kidman. Scenariul este scris de  David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick și Will Beall pe baza unei povestiri de Geoff Johns, Wan și Beall. Este al șaselea film din universul extins DC. Este al treilea film artistic cu supereroul Aquaman, după Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) și Justice League (2017), și primul film artistic de lungmetraj în care este personajul principal și titular. În Aquaman, Arthur Curry, moștenitorul regatului subacvatic al  Atlantidei, pentru a-și conduce poporul  trebuie să lupte împotriva fratelui său vitreg, Orm, care încearcă să unească cele șapte regate subacvatice împotriva lumii de la suprafață.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Jason Momoa - Arthur Curry / Aquaman
 Amber Heard - Mera:
 Willem Dafoe - Nuidis Vulko:
 Patrick Wilson -  Orm Marius / Ocean Master:
 Dolph Lundgren -  Nereus:
 Yahya Abdul-Mateen II - David Kane / Black Manta:
 Nicole Kidman - Atlanna:
 Temuera Morrison ca Thomas Curry, paznicul unui far și tatăl lui Arthur Curry.

Producție
Filmările au început în 2017. Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 160-200 de milioane $.

Lansare și primire
A avut încasări de 988,6 milioane $.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Atlantida în ficțiune

Filme din 2018
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de James Wan
Filme cu supereroi
Filme despre răzbunare
Filme despre ecologie
Filme realizate în Australia
Filme realizate în Italia
Filme realizate în Canada
Filme realizate în Maroc
Filme despre Atlantida
Atlantida în ficțiune
Filme cu submarine
Filme IMAXFilme DC FilmsFilme Mad Ghost Productions
Filme Warner Bros.
Filme cu acțiunea pe insule
Filme cu decor subacvatic
Filme cu acțiunea în oceane

Aquaman (film)


Alberto Zaccheroni (født 1. april 1953) er en italiensk fodboldspiller. Han var i perioden 2010-2014 træner for Japans fodboldlandshold.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien

Alberto Zaccheroni


Cacatua, kakadugiller (Cacatuidae) familyasından bir kakadu cinsi.

Türler
 Beyaz kakadu (Cacatua alba)
 Ducorps kakadusu (Cacatua ducorpsii)
 Kükürt taçlı kakadu (Cacatua galerita)
 Goffin kakadusu (Cacatua goffini)
 Kırmızı kıçlı kakadu (Cacatua haematuropygia)
 Pembe kakadu (Cacatua leadbeateri)
 Moluccan kakadusu (Cacatua moluccensis)
 Mavi gözlü kakadu (Cacatua ophthalmica)
 Batı kakadusu (Cacatua pastinator)
 Küçük kakadu (Cacatua sanguinea)
 Sarı taçlı kakadu (Cacatua sulphurea)
 Uzun gagalı kakadu (Cacatua tenuirostris)

Kakadugiller

Cacatua


Cooking With the Wolfman is a cooking series first produced for the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network, an aboriginal television network in Canada.

The series is created, executive produced, and hosted by chef David Wolfman, whose home community is the Xaxli'p First Nation in British Columbia, western Canada, and who serves as professor of culinary arts at George Brown College in Toronto. Also executive produced by Larry Pasemko, this series combines traditional North American Native cuisine with modern dishes.

The series is now in its eighth season, produced by David Wolfman and directed for the last 5 seasons by Sidney M. Cohen.

References

External links
Cooking With The Wolfman - Official Website
Cooking With The Wolfman on APTN - Wolfman on Aboriginal Peoples television network

2000s Canadian cooking television series
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network original programming
Indigenous cuisine in Canada
2010s Canadian cooking television series
First Nations television series

Cooking with the Wolfman


An Pleurothallis subreniformis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Pleurothallis subreniformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis subreniformis


Boğazönü, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Gelxayır olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 32 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Boğazönü, Çorum


Dragonlance tanrılarından Hiddukel, yalanların prensi olarak da bilinir. Haksız kazancın, bahislerin ve yalanın tanrısıdır. Hiddukel yaşayan ruhların ticaretini yapar. Girdiği bir bahis sonucu Gritaş'ın yapılmasını sağlamıştır. Sembölü kırık çift kefeli bir esnaf terazisidir. Kırmızı ve kemik rengi onun renkleridir. Takımyıldızı aynı sembolüne benzer. Yani kırık bir terazi. Avatarı olarak çok şişman, soğuk bir bakışı olan, yağcı bir herifi seçer

Ejderha Mızrağı karakterleri
Edebiyat karakterleri

Hiddukel


Air raid shelters are structures for the protection of non-combatants as well as combatants against enemy attacks from the air. They are similar to bunkers in many regards, although they are not designed to defend against ground attack (but many have been used as defensive structures in such situations).

During World War II, many types of structures were used as air raid shelters, such as cellars, Hochbunkers (in Germany), basements, and underpasses. Bombing raids during World War I led the UK to build 80 specially adapted London Underground stations as shelters. However, during World War II, the government initially ruled out using these as shelters. After Londoners flooded into underground stations during The Blitz, the government reversed its policy. The UK began building street communal shelters as air raid shelters in 1940. Anderson shelters, designed in 1938 and built to hold up to six people, were in common use in the UK. Indoor shelters known as Morrison shelters were introduced as well.

Air raid shelters are still in use to some extent in various nations such as Spain, Switzerland, Israel, Singapore and Taiwan.

Pre-WWII
Prior to World War II, in May 1924, an Air Raid Precautions Committee was set up in the United Kingdom. For years, little progress was made with shelters because of the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the need to send the public underground for shelter and the need to keep them above ground for protection against gas attacks. In 1935, every city in the country was given a document to prepare air raid shelters. In February 1936 the Home Secretary appointed a technical Committee on Structural Precautions against Air Attack.

By November 1937, there had only been slow progress, because of a serious lack of data on which to base any design recommendations and the Committee proposed that the Home Office should have its own department for research into structural precautions, rather than relying on research work done by the Bombing Test Committee to support the development of bomb design and strategy. This proposal was eventually implemented in January 1939.

During the Munich crisis, local authorities dug trenches to provide shelter. After the crisis, the British Government decided to make these a permanent feature, with a standard design of precast concrete trench lining. Unfortunately these turned out to perform very poorly. They also decided to issue free to poorer households the Anderson shelter, and to provide steel props to create shelters in suitable basements.

World War II
Air raid shelters were built to serve as protection against enemy air raids. Existing edifices designed for other functions, such as underground stations (tube or subway stations), tunnels, cellars in houses or basements in larger establishments and railway arches, above ground, were suitable for safeguarding people during air raids. A commonly used home shelter known as the Anderson shelter would be built in a garden and equipped with beds as a refuge from air raids.

Cellars

Cellars have always been much more important in Continental Europe than in the United Kingdom and especially in Germany almost all houses and apartment blocks have been and still are built with cellars. Air-raid precautions during World War II in Germany could be much more readily implemented by the authorities than was possible in the UK. All that was necessary was to ascertain that cellars were being prepared to accommodate all the residents of a building; that all the cellar hatch and window protections were in place; that access to the cellars was safe in the event of an air raid; that once inside, the occupants were secure for any incidents other than direct hits during the air raid and that means of escape was available.

The inadequacies of cellars and basements became apparent in the firestorms during the incendiary attacks on the larger German inner cities, especially Hamburg and Dresden.  When burning buildings and apartment blocks above them collapsed in the raging winds (which could reach well over 800 °C), the occupants often became trapped in these basement shelters, which had also become overcrowded after the arrival of inhabitants from other buildings rendered unsafe in earlier attacks.  Some occupants perished from heat stroke or carbon monoxide poisoning.

Hochbunker

Hochbunker(s), "high-rise" bunkers or blockhouses, were a type of construction designed to relieve the pressure Nazi German authorities were facing to accommodate additional numbers of the population in high-density housing areas, as well as pedestrians on the streets during air raids. In contrast to other shelters, these buildings were considered completely bomb-proof. They had the advantage of being built upward, which was much cheaper than downward excavation. Hochbunkers usually consisted of large concrete blocks above ground with walls between 1 m and 1.5 m thick and with huge lintels above doorways and openings. They often had a constant interior temperature of 7 to 10 °C, which made them perfectly suitable for laboratories, both during and after the war. They were used to protect people, administrative centres, important archives and works of art.

Their structures took many forms: usually consisting of square blocks or of low, long rectangular or triangular shapes; straight towers of a square plan rising to great heights, or round tower-like edifices, even pyramidal constructions. Some of the circular towers contained helical floors that gradually curved their way upward within the circular walls. Many of these structures may still be seen. They have been converted into offices, storage space; some have even been adapted for hotels, hospitals and schools, as well as many other peacetime purposes. In Schöneberg, a block of flats was built over the Pallasstrasse air-raid shelter after World War II. During the Cold War, NATO used the shelter for food storage.

The cost of demolishing these edifices after the war would have been enormous, as the attempts at breaking up one of the six so-called Flak towers of Vienna proved. The attempted demolition caused no more than a crack in one of the walls of the tower, after which efforts were abandoned. Only the Zoo Tower in Berlin was successfully demolished.

One particular variant of the hochbunker was the Winkeltürme, named after its designer, Leo Winkel of Duisburg. Winkel patented his design in 1934, and from 1936 onward, Germany built 98 Winkeltürmer of five different types. The towers had a conical shape with walls that curved downward to a reinforced base. The dimensions of the towers varied. Diameters ranged between 8.4 and 10 meters and the height between 20 and 25 meters. The walls of the towers had a minimum thickness for reinforced concrete of 0.8m and 1.5m for ordinary concrete. The towers were able to shelter between 164 and 500 people, depending on the type. The intent with the Winkeltürme and the other hochbunkers was to protect workers in rail yards and industrial areas. Because of their shape, the towers became known colloquially as "cigar stubs" or "sugar beets".

The theory behind the Winkeltürme was that the curved walls would deflect any bomb hitting the tower, directing it down towards the base. The towers had a small footprint, which was probably a greater protection. A US bomb did hit one tower in Bremen in October 1944; the bomb exploded through the roof, killing five people inside.

United Kingdom

Cellars

Cellars in the UK, were mainly included only in larger houses, and in houses built up to the period of World War I, after which detached and semi-detached properties were constructed without cellars, usually to avoid the higher building costs entailed. Since house building had increased vastly between the wars, the lack of cellars in more recent housing became a major problem in the Air Raid Precautions (ARP) programmes in the UK during World War II.

Alternatives had to be found speedily once it became clear that Germany was contemplating air raids as a means of demoralising the population and disrupting supply lines in the UK. Initial recommendations were that householders should shelter under the stairs. Later, authorities supplied materials to households to construct communal street shelters and Morrison and Anderson shelters.

Basements
Basements also became available for the use of air raid shelters.  Basements under factory premises, schools, hospitals, department stores and other businesses were utilised.  However, these ad hoc shelters could bring additional dangers, as heavy machinery and materials or water storage facilities above the shelter, and insufficient support structures threatened to cause the collapse of basements.

When the Wilkinson's Lemonade factory in North Shields received a direct hit on Saturday, 3 May 1941 during a German attack on the north-east coast of England, 107 occupants lost their lives when heavy machinery fell through the ceiling of the basement in which they were sheltering.

Railway arches and subways (underpasses)
British cities, prepared for use of railway arches and underpasses in 1935. And railway arches and subways were operationalized in the UK for air raid protection during World War II.

Railway arches were deep, curved structures of brick or concrete, set into the vertical sidewalls of railway lines, which had been intended originally for commercial depots, etc. The arches were covered usually with wooden or brick screen- or curtain walls, thus giving a considerable amount of protection against air raids – provided, of course, that railway lines were not the prime target of the attack at the particular time and so being more likely to suffer from direct hits. Each arch could accommodate anything from around 60 to 150 people. However, fewer people could find shelter at night as sleeping areas for the occupants took up more of the space available – a limitation applying to any other type of shelter as well. Subways were actual thoroughfares also in the shape of arches, normally allowing passage underneath railway lines.

London Underground stations
Prior to the beginning of the war, shelter policy had been determined by Sir John Anderson, then Lord Privy Seal and, on the declaration of war, Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security. Anderson announced the policy to Parliament on 20 April 1939, based on a report from a committee chaired by Lord Hailey. This reaffirmed a policy of dispersal and eschewed the use of deep shelters, including the use of tube stations and underground tunnels as public shelters. Reasons given were the spread of disease due to the lack of toilet facilities at many stations, the inherent danger of people falling onto the lines, and that people sheltering in the stations and tunnels might be tempted to stay in them day and night because they would feel safer there than outside the stations.

None of these concerns had been borne out by experience during the bombing raids of the First World War, when eighty specially adapted tube stations had been pressed into use, but in a highly controversial decision in January 1924, Anderson, then chairman of the Air Raid Precautions Committee of Imperial Defence, had ruled out the tube station shelter option in any future conflict.

Following the intensive bombing of London on 7 September 1940 and the overnight raids of 7/8 September, there was considerable pressure to change the policy but, even following a review on 17 September, the government stood firm. On 19 September, William Mabane, parliamentary secretary to the Ministry of Home Security, urged the public not to leave their Anderson shelters for public shelters, saying it deprived others of shelter. "We're going to improve the amenities in existing shelters", he promised. "We're setting about providing better lighting and better accommodation for sleeping and better sanitary arrangements." The Ministries of Home Security and Transport jointly issued an "urgent appeal", telling the public "to refrain from using Tube stations as air-raid shelters except in the case of urgent necessity".

However, the government was then confronted with an episode of mass disobedience. Over the night of 19/20 September, thousands of Londoners were taking matters in their own hands. They had flocked to the Tubes for shelter. At some stations, they began to arrive as early as 4pm, with bedding and bags of food to sustain them for the night. By the time the evening rush hour was in progress, they had already staked their "pitches" on the platforms. Police did not intervene. Some station managers, on their own initiatives, provided additional toilet facilities. Transport Minister John Reith, and the chairman of London Transport, Lord Ashfield, inspected Holborn tube station to see conditions for themselves.

The government then realised that it could not contain this popular revolt. On 21 September, it abruptly changed policy, removing its objections to the use of tube stations. In what it called part of its "deep shelter extension policy", it decided to close the short section of Piccadilly line from Holborn to Aldwych, and convert different sections for specific wartime use, including a public air raid shelter at Aldwych. Floodgates were installed at various points to protect the network should bombs breach the tunnels under the Thames, or large water mains in the vicinity of stations. Seventy-nine stations were fitted with bunks for 22,000 people, supplied with first aid facilities and equipped with chemical toilets. 124 canteens opened in all parts of the tube system. Shelter marshals were appointed, whose function it was to keep order, give first aid and assist in case of the flooding of the tunnels.

Businesses (for example Plessey Ltd) were allowed to use the Underground stations and unopened tunnels; government offices were installed in others, and the anti-aircraft centre for London used a station as its headquarters. However, tube stations and tunnels were still vulnerable to a direct hit and several such incidents did occur:

On 14 October 1940, a bomb penetrated the road and tunnel at Balham tube station, blew up the water mains and sewage pipes, and killed 66 people.

At Bank station, a direct hit caused a crater of 120 ft by 100 ft on 11 January 1941; the road above the station collapsed and killed 56 occupants.

However, the highest death toll was caused during an accident at the unfinished Bethnal Green tube station on 8 March 1943, when 1,500 people entered the station. The crowd suddenly surged forward upon hearing the unfamiliar sound of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket being launched nearby. Someone stumbled on the stairs, and the crowd pushing on, were falling on top of one another, and 173 people were crushed to death in the disaster.

Nevertheless, the London Underground system during the war was considered one of the safest means of protecting relatively many people in a high-density area of the capital. An estimated 170,000 people sheltered in the tunnels and stations during World War II. Although not a great number in comparison to the total number of the inhabitants of the capital, it almost certainly saved many lives of the people who probably would have had to find alternative, less secure means of protection.

Artists and photographers such as Henry Moore and Bill Brandt were employed as war artists to document life in London's shelters during the Second World War.

Other tunnels
Many other types of tunnels were adapted for shelters to protect the civil population, and the military and administrative establishment in the UK during the war. Some had been built many years before, some had been part of an ancient defence system, and some had belonged to commercial enterprises, such as coal mining.

The Victoria tunnels at Newcastle upon Tyne, for example, completed as long ago as 1842, and used for transporting coal from the collieries to the river Tyne, had been closed in 1860 and remained so until 1939. 12 m deep in places, the tunnels, stretching in parts beneath the city of Newcastle, were converted to air raid shelters with a capacity for 9,000 people. Furthermore, tunnels linked to landing stages built on the River Irwell in Manchester at the end of the nineteenth century were also used as air-raid shelters.

The large medieval labyrinth of tunnels beneath Dover Castle had been built originally as part of the defensive system of the approaches to England, extended over the centuries and further excavated and reinforced during World Wars I and II, until it was capable of accommodating large parts of the secret defence systems protecting the British Isles. On 26 May 1940, it became the headquarters under Vice Admiral Bertram Ramsay of "Operation Dynamo", from which the rescue and evacuation of up to 338,000 troops from France was directed.

In Stockport, six miles south of Manchester, four sets of underground air raid shelter tunnels for civilian use were dug into the red sandstone on which the town centre stands. Preparation started in September 1938 and the first set of shelters was opened on 28 October 1939. (Stockport was not bombed until 11 October 1940.) The smallest of the tunnel shelters could accommodate 2,000 people and the largest 3,850 (subsequently expanded to take up to 6,500 people.) The largest of the Stockport Air Raid Shelters are open to the public as part of the town's museum service.

In southeast London, residents made use of the Chislehurst Caves beneath Chislehurst, a  network of caves which have existed since the Middle Ages for the mining of chalk and flint.

Street communal shelter

In the United Kingdom, it was being recognised early that public shelters in open spaces, especially near streets, were urgently needed for pedestrians, drivers and passengers in passing vehicles, etc. The programme of building street communal shelters commenced in March 1940, the government supplying the materials, and being the moving force behind the scheme, and private builders executing the work under the supervision of surveyors. These shelters consisted of 14-inch brick walls and  reinforced concrete roofs, similarly to, but much larger than, the private shelters in backyards and gardens being introduced slightly later. The communal shelters were usually intended to accommodate about fifty persons, and were divided into various sections by interior walls with openings connecting the different sections. Sections were normally furnished with six bunks.

The construction work then went on rapidly, until the resources of concrete and bricks began to be depleted due to the excessive demand placed on them so suddenly. Also, the performance of the early street shelters was a serious blow to public confidence. Their walls were shaken down either by earth shock or blast, and the concrete roofs then fell onto the helpless occupants, and this was there for all to see. At around the same time rumours of accidents started to circulate, such as on one occasion people being drowned due to a burst main filling up the shelter with water. Although much improved designs were being introduced whose performance had been demonstrated in explosion trials, communal shelters became highly unpopular, and shortly afterwards householders were being encouraged to build or have built private shelters on their properties, or within their houses, with materials being supplied by the government.

Anderson shelter

The Anderson shelter was designed in 1938 by William Paterson and Oscar Carl (Karl) Kerrison in response to a request from the Home Office. It was named after Sir John Anderson, then Lord Privy Seal with special responsibility for preparing air-raid precautions immediately prior to the outbreak of World War II, and it was he who then initiated the development of the shelter. After evaluation by David Anderson, Bertram Lawrence Hurst, and Sir Henry Jupp, of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the design was released for production.

Anderson shelters were designed to accommodate up to six people. The main principle of protection was based on curved and straight galvanised corrugated steel panels. Six curved panels were bolted together at the top, so forming the main body of the shelter, three straight sheets on either side, and two more straight panels were fixed to each end, one containing the door—a total of fourteen panels. A small drainage sump was often incorporated in the floor to collect rainwater seeping into the shelter. The shelters were  high,  wide, and  long. They were either buried 4 ft (1.2 m) deep in the soil and then covered with a minimum of  of soil above the roof or in some cases installed inside people's houses and covered with sandbags. When they were buried outside, the earth banks could be planted with vegetables and flowers, that at times could be quite an appealing sight and in this way would become the subject of competitions of the best-planted shelter among householders in the neighbourhood. The internal fitting out of the shelter was left to the owner and so there were wide variations in comfort.

Anderson shelters were issued free to all householders who earned less than £5 a week (equivalent to £ in , when adjusted for inflation). Those with a higher income were charged £7 (£ in ) for their shelter. One and a half million shelters of this type were distributed between February 1939 and the outbreak of war. During the war a further 2.1 million were erected. Large numbers were manufactured at John Summers & Sons ironworks at Shotton on Deeside with production peaking at 50,000 units per week.

The Anderson shelters performed well under blast and ground shock, because they had good connectivity and ductility, which meant that they could absorb a great deal of energy through plastic deformation without falling apart. (This was in marked contrast to other trench shelters which used concrete for the sides and roof, which were inherently unstable when disturbed by the effects of an explosion – if the roof slab lifted, the walls fell in under the static earth pressure; if the walls were pushed in, the roof would be unsupported at one edge and would fall.) However, when the pattern of all-night alerts became established, it was realised that in winter Anderson shelters installed outside were cold damp holes in the ground and often flooded in wet weather, and so their occupancy factor would be poor. This led to the development of the indoor Morrison shelter.

At the end of the war in Europe, households who had received an Anderson shelter were expected to remove their shelters and local authorities began the task of reclaiming the corrugated iron. Householders who wished to keep their Anderson shelter (or more likely the valuable metal) could pay a nominal fee.

Because of the large number made and their robustness, many Anderson shelters still survive. Many were dug up after the war and converted into storage sheds for use in gardens and allotments.

Morrison shelter

The Morrison shelter, officially termed Table (Morrison) Indoor Shelter, had a cage-like construction beneath it. It was designed by John Baker and named after Herbert Morrison, the Minister of Home Security at the time. It was the result of the realisation that due to the lack of house cellars it was necessary to develop an effective type of indoor shelter.
The shelters came in assembly kits, to be bolted together inside the home. They were approximately  long,  wide and  high, had a solid  steel plate "table" top, welded wire mesh sides, and a metal lath "mattress"-type floor. Altogether it had 359 parts and had three tools supplied with the pack.

The shelter was provided free to households whose combined income was less than £400 per year (equivalent to £ in ).

When Head of the Engineering Department at Cambridge University, Professor John Baker (later Lord Baker) presented an undergraduate lecture on the principles of design of the shelter, as an interesting introduction to his theory of plastic design of structures and it can be summarised as follows:

Half a million Morrison shelters had been distributed by the end of 1941, with a further 100,000 being added in 1943 to prepare the population for the expected German V-1 flying bomb (doodlebug) attacks.

In one examination of 44 severely damaged houses it was found that 3 people had been killed, 13 seriously injured, and 16 slightly injured out of a total of 136 people who had occupied Morrison shelters; thus 120 out of 136 escaped from severely bomb-damaged houses without serious injury. Furthermore,  it was discovered that the fatalities had occurred in a house which had suffered a direct hit, and some of the severely injured were in shelters sited incorrectly within the houses.

In July 1950, the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors made an award of £3,000 (£) to Baker for his design of the Morrison shelter.

Scallywag bunkers

Scallywag bunkers or Operational Base/OB were underground bunkers used by Auxiliary Units of the British Resistance against axis invasion of the United Kingdom. They were provided with elaborately-concealed underground Operational Bases (OB), usually built by the Royal Engineers in a local woodland, with a camouflaged entrance and emergency escape tunnel.

Stanton shelters

A segment shelter manufactured by the Stanton Ironworks, Ilkeston, Derbyshire. The shop producing spun-concrete lighting columns ceased production and turned over to concrete air-raid shelters, of which 100,000 tons were manufactured, principally for the air ministry. Reinforced concrete proved an ideal material for air-raid shelters, being strong and resistant to shock with no deterioration with the passing of time. This type of segment shelter was of simple design and of low cost—any length of shelter could be built up from the pre-cast steel reinforced concrete segments. The segments were 20 inches wide; a pair of them formed an arch 7 feet high and transverse struts were provided to ensure rigidity. These fitted into longitudinal bearers which were grooved to receive the foot of each segment. Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. The convenient handling of these segments enabled them to be transported onto sites where close access by motor lorry was not possible. Partly buried in the ground, with a suitably screened entrance, this bolted shelter afforded safe protection against blast and splinters.

Other construction

Some air-raid shelters were constructed in residential building schemes in anticipation of the Second World War. There is a surviving example at St Leonard's Court in East Sheen, southwest London.

Military air-raid shelters included blast pens at airfields for the security of aircrews and aircraft maintenance personnel away from the main airbase buildings.

Few shelters could survive a direct bomb-hit. The German authorities claimed that hochbunkers were totally bomb-proof, but none were targeted by any of the 41 10-ton Grand Slam earthquake bombs dropped by the RAF by the end of World War II. Two of these bombs were dropped on the U-Bootbunkerwerft Valentin submarine pens near Bremen and these barely penetrated  of reinforced concrete, bringing down the roof.

More recently, the penetration by laser-guided "smart bombs" of the Amiriyah shelter during the 1991 Gulf War showed how vulnerable even reinforced concrete shelters are to direct hits from bunker-buster bombs. However, the air-raid shelters are built to protect the civilian population, so protection against a direct hit is of secondary value. The most important dangers are the blast and shrapnel.

Air-raid shelters in modern times

Old air-raid shelters, such as the Anderson, can still be found in back gardens, in which they are commonly used as sheds, or (on a roof covered with earth) as vegetable patches.

Countries which have kept air-raid shelters intact and in ready condition include Switzerland, Spain and Finland.

Switzerland

Many Swiss houses and apartment blocks still have structurally reinforced, underground basements, often featuring a concrete door around  thick. In more modern, post-war times, these shelters are often used as storage, with the footprint of the reinforced basement divided up into individual storage units according to the number of apartments in the house. The basement shelters are built to more stringent building codes, as the ceiling especially should protect shelter-seeking people from the house collapsing. Although most Swiss houses provide their own shelters, those that don't are required by law to post directions to the nearest shelter.

Spain
Barcelona was severely bombed by Italian and German Air Forces during Spanish Civil War, particularly in 1937 and 1938. Tunnels were used as shelters at the same time that the population undertook the building of bomb shelters under the coordination of a committee for civil defense (Catalan: Junta de defensa passiva) providing planning and technical assistance. Hundreds of bomb shelters were built. Most of them are recorded, but only a few are well preserved. Among these stand out the Plaça del Diamant refuge as well as air-shelter 307 (Refugi 307), today one of the Barcelona City History Museum heritage sites.

Other cities with extant bomb shelters from the Spanish Civil War include Madrid, Guadalajara, Alcalá de Henares, Santander, Jaén, Alcañiz, Alcoy, Valencia and Cartagena. During the war, Cartagena, an important naval base, was one of the main targets for Franco's bombers. Cartagena suffered between 40 and 117 bombings (sources are mixed about the number of attacks). The most dramatic was one carried out by the German Condor Legion on November 25, 1936. The largest air raid shelter in Cartagena, which could accommodate up to 5.500 people, has been a museum since 2004.

Israel

The State of Israel required all buildings to have access to air-raid shelters from 1951, and all new flats possess access to Merkhav Mugan. All medical and educational facilities are prepared for chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CRBN) attacks (as of 2010) (as an example each surgery room is built to withstand a direct missile hit); some are built with closed-cycle air systems and are capable of being resistant to chemical agents for short periods of time; in addition all must include chemical air filtering systems. The public air-raid shelters are commonly employed as game rooms in peacetime so that the children will be comfortable to enter them at a time of need, and will not be frightened.

Finland

The Ministry of Interior, responsible for civil defence in Finland, maintains hard shelters, capable of accommodating 3.6 million persons, in cities and in other densely populated areas where two-thirds of the country's population live. They are built to withstand the detonation of a 100-kilotonne-of-TNT (420 TJ) nuclear bomb at ground zero. In total Finland has over 45,000 civil defence shelters which can house 3.6 million people (65% of the population). A shelter is designed to protect the population in the event of a threat of a possible gas or poison leak, armed attack such as war, radioactive fallout, or the like. Private homes rarely have them, but houses over  are obliged to build them. Fire inspectors check the shelters every ten years and flaws have to be repaired or corrected as soon as possible. Shelters are often used as storage spaces but the law requires that inhabitants of apartment blocks must be able to clear the shelters and put them into action in less than 72 hours. Half of the air-raid shelter has to be ready to use in two hours. The types of shelters are:
 K, a small shelter for a small apartment house.
 S1, a usual shelter for apartment house.
 S3, lightweight shelter in solid rock or heavyweight shelter of ferroconcrete.
 S6, large shelters in solid rock that must be able to withstand a 6 bar pressure wave.

All shelters must have:
 an electric and hand-operated air-conditioning system, which can protect from biological and chemical weapons and radioactive particles.
 a radiometer
 dry toilets
 a fixed-line telephone interface
 a spare exit
 water tanks
 a first aid kit

Singapore

Since 1998, Singapore has required all new houses and flats to have a shelter built to certain specifications. The Singapore Civil Defence Force rationalizes building such shelters in high-rise buildings by noting that weapon effects tend to be localized, and are unlikely to cause an entire building to collapse.

Taiwan
There are currently 117,669 air raid shelters in Taiwan. The first air raid shelters were constructed in the Japanese colonial period and construction expanded during WWII as allied bombers began hitting Taiwan.

Greece

During the pre-WW2 period the Metaxas regime initiated an extensive Civil Defence system designed to protect civilians in the event of enemy bombing. The system included extensive training of civilians as well as the construction of more than 12,000 air raid shelters in Attica, equipped with German made blast doors and air filtering systems. From 1939 forward virtually all new apartment buildings contained built-in hardened basements and cellars that functioned as (unofficial) bunkers, although these lacked the more sophisticated equipment of the state built shelters.

After the war, most of these shelters were either abandoned or demolished along with the apartment buildings they were built in. Public shelters were covered to make way for the modern street network. The last public inspection of the remaining shelters was performed in the 70s. Nowadays very few state built shelters remain intact, although hardened cellars still remain in the basements of most buildings in the older districts of Thessaloniki and Athens.

Notable surviving shelters include the Likavitos shelter, built inside the mountain of the same name, the Ministry of Finance bunker and the Piraeus bunkers in Athens, and the nuclear bunker under the Military Hospital no 414 in Thessaloniki.

Ukraine

The Kyiv Metro was built in the wake of World War II. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the metro stations doubled as bomb shelters, as residents took shelter from Russian bombs. Like other former Soviet metro systems, the Kyiv metro was designed with this purpose in mind, and 47 of the city's 52 stations were designated for this purpose. During the invasion, on February 24, regular service on the metro was suspended.
A reduced schedule was adopted with limited services running between 8:00 and 19:00. All underground stations remain open 24 hours a day to provide shelter. According to Kyiv's mayor Vitali Klitschko, on 2 March 2022, as many as 150,000 residents of Kyiv sought shelter in the Metro. Stations in the Kharkiv Metro were also used as shelters.

Gallery

See also
 Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom
 Blast shelter
 Fallout shelter
 Underground living

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Photographs from English WW2 Public Shelters
 Underground Bomb Shelter Website
 Clifford Road Air Raid Shelter Museum, Ipswich, UK
 Archives of the German military manuals
 German WW2 Airraid Shelters
 Interview with writer/researcher of Bethnal Green Tube shelter tragedy, largest civilian losses in WW2 London
 A short history of Anderson shelters, plus information about shelters still in existence

Subterranea (geography)
Home front during World War II

Towers

Air raid shelter


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Rod je rasprostranjen po Europi, Aziji i Sjevernoj Americi. Ime roda dolazi od grčkog gumnos, gol, i carpos, plod.

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