Faiz Ahmad Faiz  (Punjabi, , ; 13 February 1911 – 20 November 1984) was a Pakistani poet and author of Punjabi and Urdu literature. Faiz was one of the most celebrated, popular, and influential Urdu writers of his time and his works and ideas remain widely influential today in Pakistan and beyond. Outside of literature, he has been described as "a man of wide experience" having worked as a teacher, military officer, journalist, trade unionist, and broadcaster.

Born in Sialkot District, Punjab during the British rule, Faiz studied at Government College and Oriental College and went on to serve in the British Indian Army. After the partition of India, Faiz served as editor-in-chief of two major newspapers — the English language daily Pakistan Times and the Urdu daily Imroze. He was also leading member of the Communist Party before his arrest and imprisonment in 1951 for his alleged part in a conspiracy to overthrow the Liaquat administration and replace it with a left-wing, pro-Soviet government.

Faiz was released after four years in prison and spent his time in Moscow and London, becoming a notable member of the Progressive Writers' Movement. After the downfall of Ayub Khan's government, and the separation of Bangladesh, he worked as an aide to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but exiled himself to Beirut after Bhutto's execution at the hands of Zia ul-Haq.

Faiz was a well-known Marxist and is said to have been "a progressive who remained faithful to Marxism." Critics have noted that Faiz took the tenets of Marxism where Muhammad Iqbal had left it, and relayed it to a younger generation of Muslims who were considered more open to change, more receptive to egalitarianism, and had a greater concern for the poor. Literary critic Fateh Muhammad Malik argues that while initially Faiz was more of a secular Marxist he eventually subscribed to Islamic socialism as his life progressed, as his poems getting more religious in tone over the years demonstrate, even suggesting that Faiz ultimately aimed for an Islamic revolution, having endorsed the 1979 Iranian revolution.

Faiz was the first Asian poet to be awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (1962) by the Soviet Union and was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature. He was posthumously honoured when the Pakistan Government conferred upon him the nation's highest civil award — the Nishan-e-Imtiaz — in 1990.

Personal life

Early life

Faiz Ahmad Faiz was born into a Jat family on 13 February 1911, in Kala Qader (present-day Faiz Nagar), in Sialkot District, Punjab, British India. Faiz hailed from an academic family that was well known in literary circles. His home was often the scene of a gathering of local poets and writers who met to promote the literacy movement in his native province. Faiz's father, Sultan Muhammad Khan, was a prominent barrister who worked for the British Government and an autodidact who wrote and published the biography of Amir Abdur Rahman, an Emir of Imperial Afghanistan. Khan was the son of a peasant whose ancestors migrated from Afghanistan to British India. Khan worked as a shepherd as a child but was ultimately able to study law at Cambridge University.

Education
Following the South Asian Muslim tradition, Faiz's family directed him to study Islamic studies at the local mosque to be oriented to the basics of religious studies by Maulana Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti, an Ahl-i Hadith scholar. Following the Muslim tradition, he learned Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and the Quran. Faiz was also a Pakistan nationalist, and often said, "purify your hearts, so you can save the country..." His father later pulled him from Islamic school because Faiz, who went to a madrasa for a few days found that the impoverished children there, were not comfortable having him around and ridiculed him. Faiz came to the madrasa in neat clothes, in a horse-drawn carriage, while the students of the school were from very poor backgrounds and used to sit on the floor on straw mats. Faiz's close friend, Dr. Ayub Mirza, recalls that Faiz came home and told his father he was not going to attend the madrasa anymore. His father then registered him at the Scotch Mission School which was managed and run by a local British family.

Faiz attended Murray College at Sialkot for intermediate studies (11th and 12th grade). In 1926, Faiz enrolled in Department of Languages and Fine Arts of the Government College, Lahore. While there, he was greatly influenced by Shams-ul-Ulema, Professor Mir Hassan who taught Arabic and Professor Pitras Bukhari . Professor Hasan had also taught the renowned philosopher, poet, and politician of South Asia, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal. In 1926, Faiz attained his BA with Honors in Arabic, under the supervision of Professor Mir Hassan. In 1930, Faiz joined the post-graduate program of the Government College, obtaining MA in English literature in 1932 and wrote his master's thesis on the poetry of Robert Browning. The same year, Faiz completed a first-class degree at Punjab University's Oriental College. It was during his college years that he met M. N. Roy and Muzaffar Ahmed who influenced him to become a member of the Communist Party. In addition to Urdu, English, and Arabic, Faiz was also fluent in French and Persian.

Marriage
In 1941, Faiz became involved with Alys Faiz, a British national and a member of Communist Party of the United Kingdom, who was a student at the Government College University where Faiz taught poetry. The marriage ceremony took place in Srinagar while nikah ceremony was performed at Pari Mahal. Faiz and his wife lived in the building that is now Government College for Women, M.A. Road. Faiz's host, M. D. Taseer, who was serving as the college principal at the time, was later married to Alys's sister, Christobel. Faiz's nikah ceremony was attended by Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq, and Sheikh Abdullah among others. While Alys opted for Pakistan citizenship, she was a vital member of Communist Party of Pakistan and played a significant role in Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case when she brought together the communist mass. Faiz and his wife have two daughters, Salima Hashmi and Muneeza Hashmi.

Career

Academia

In 1935 Faiz joined the faculty of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Amritsar, serving as a lecturer in English and British literature.  Later in 1937, Faiz moved to Lahore to reunite with his family after accepting the professorship at the Hailey College of Commerce, initially teaching introductory courses on economics and commerce. In 1936, Faiz joined a literary movement, (PWM) and was appointed its first secretary by his fellow Marxist Sajjad Zaheer. In East and West-Pakistan, the movement gained considerable support in civil society. In 1938, he became editor-in-chief of the monthly Urdu magazine "Adab-e-Latif (lit. Belles Letters) until 1946. In 1941, Faiz published his first literary book "Naqsh-e-Faryadi" (lit. Imprints) and joined the Pakistan Arts Council (PAC) in 1947.

Faiz was a good friend of Soviet poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko who once said "In Faiz's autobiography... is his poetry, the rest is just a footnote".  During his lifetime, Faiz published eight books and received accolades for his works. Faiz was a humanist, a lyrical poet, whose popularity reached neighbouring India and Soviet Union.  Indian biographer Amaresh Datta, compared Faiz as "equal esteem in both East and West". Throughout his life, his revolutionary poetry addressed the tyranny of military dictatorships, tyranny, and oppression. Faiz himself never compromised on his principles despite being threatened by the right-wing parties in Pakistan.

Faiz's writings are comparatively new verse form in Urdu poetry based on Western models. Faiz was influenced by the works of Allama Iqbal and Mirza Ghalib, assimilating modern Urdu with classical. Faiz used more and more demands for the development of socialism in the country, finding socialism the only solution of country's problems. During his life, Faiz was concerned with more broader socialists ideas, using Urdu poetry for the cause and expansion of socialism in the country. Urdu poetry and ghazals influenced Faiz to continue his political themes as non-violent and peaceful, opposing the far right politics in Pakistan. Faiz consistently faced political persecution for his revolutionary views and ideologies and was especially targeted by the religious and conservative press due to his lifelong advocacy for the rights of women and workers.

Military service
On 11 May 1942, Faiz was commissioned in the British Indian Army as a second lieutenant in the 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles. Initially assigned as a public relations officer in the General Staff Branch, Faiz received rapid promotions in succession to acting captain on 18 July 1942, war-substantive lieutenant and temporary captain on 1 November 1942, acting major on 19 November 1943 and to temporary major and war-substantive captain on 19 February 1944. On 30 December 1944, he received a desk assignment as an assistant director of public relations on the staff of the North-Western Army, with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel. For his service, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (MBE) in the 1945 New Year Honours list. Faiz served with a unit led by Akbar Khan, a left-wing officer and future Pakistan Army general. He remained in the army for a short period after the war, receiving promotion to acting lieutenant-colonel in 1945 and to war-substantive major and temporary lieutenant-colonel on 19 February 1946. In 1947, Faiz opted for the newly established State of Pakistan. However, after witnessing the 1947 Kashmir war with India, Faiz decided to leave the army and submitted his resignation in 1947.

Internationalism and communism

Faiz believed in internationalism and emphasised the philosophy of the global village. In 1947, he became editor of the Pakistan Times and in 1948, he became vice-president of the Pakistan Trade Union Federation (PTUF). In 1950, Faiz joined the delegation of Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan, initially leading a business delegation in the United States, attending the meeting at the International Labour Organization (ILO) at San Francisco. During 1948–50, Faiz led the PTUF's delegation in Geneva, and became an active member of World Peace Council (WPC).

Faiz was a well-known communist in the country and had been long associated with the Communist Party of Pakistan, which he founded in 1947 along with Marxist Sajjad Zaheer and Jalaludin Abdur Rahim. Faiz had his first exposure to socialism and communism before the independence of State of Pakistan which he thought was consistent with his progressive thinking. Faiz had long associated ties with the Soviet Union, a friendship with atheist country that later honoured him with high award. Even after his death, the Russian government honoured him by calling him "our poet" to many Russians. However his popularity was waned in Bangladesh after 1971 when Dhaka did not win much support for him. Faiz and other pro-communists had no political role in the country, despite their academic brilliance.

Although Faiz was a not a hardcore or far-left communist, he spent most of the 1950s and 1960s promoting the cause of communism in Pakistan. During the time when Faiz was editor of the Pakistan Times, one of the leading newspapers of the 1950s, he lent editorial support to the party. He was also involved in the circle lending support to military personnel (e.g. Major General Akbar Khan). His involvement with the party and Major General Akbar Khan's coup plan led to his imprisonment later.

Later in his life, while giving an interview with the local newspaper, Faiz was asked by the interviewer as if he was a communist. He replied with characteristic nonchalance: "No. I am not, a communist is a person who is a card carrying member of the Communist party ever made. The party is banned in our country. So how can I be a communist?...".

Rawalpindi plot and exile

The Liaquat Ali Khan's government failure to capture Indian-administered Kashmir had frustrated the military leaders of the Pakistan Armed Forces in 1948, including Jinnah. A writer had argued that Jinnah had serious doubt of Ali Khan's ability to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of Pakistan. After returning from the United States, Ali Khan imposed restrictions on Communist party as well as Pakistan Socialist Party. Although the East Pakistan Communist Party had ultimate success in East-Pakistan after staging the mass protest to recognise Bengali language as national language.

After Jinnah founded it, the Muslim League was struggling to survive in West-Pakistan. Therefore, Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan imposed extreme restrictions and applied tremendous pressure on the communist party that ensured it was not properly allowed to function openly as a political party. The conspiracy had been planned by left-wing military officer and Chief of General Staff Major-General Akbar Khan. On 23 February 1951, a secret meeting was held at General Akbar's home, attended by other communist officers and communist party members, including Marxist Sajjad Zaheer and communist Faiz. General Akbar assured Faiz and Zaheer that the communist party would be allowed to function as a legitimate political party like any other party and to take part in the elections. But, according to communist Zafar Poshni who maintained, in 2011, that "no agreement was reached, the plan was disapproved, the communists weren't ready to accept General's words and the participants dispersed without meeting again". However the next morning, the plot was foiled when one of the communist officer defected to the ISI revealing the motives behind the plot. When the news reached the Prime minister, orders for massive arrests were given to the Military Police by the Prime minister. Before the coup could be initiated, General Akbar among other communists were arrested, including Faiz. In a trial led by the Judge Advocate General branch's officers in a military court, Faiz was announced to have spent four years in Montgomery Central Jail (MCJ), due to his influential personality, Liaquat Ali Khan's government continued locating him in Central Prison Karachi and the Central Jail Mianwali. The socialist Huseyn Suhravardie was his defence counselor. Finally on 2 April 1955, Faiz's sentence was commuted by the Prime minister Huseyn Suhrawardy, and he departed to London, Great Britain soon after. In 1958, Faiz returned but was again detained by President Iskander Mirza, who allegedly blamed Faiz for publishing pro-communist ideas and for advocating a pro-Moscow government. However, due to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's influence on Ayub Khan, Faiz's sentence was commuted in 1960 and he left for Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, eventually settling in London, United Kingdom.

Return to Pakistan and government work

In 1964, Faiz finally returned to his country and settled down in Karachi, and was appointed Rector of Abdullah Haroon College. Having served as the secretary of the Pakistan Arts Council from 1959 to 1962, he became its vice-president the same year.

In 1965, Faiz was first brought to government by the charismatic democratic socialist Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who was serving as Foreign minister in the presidency of Ayub Khan. Bhutto lobbied for Faiz and gave him an honorary capacity at the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) working to rallying the people of West-Pakistan to fight against India to defend their motherland. During the 1971 Winter war, Faiz rallied to mobilise the people, writing poems and songs that opposed the bloodshed during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

In 1972, Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto brought him back when Bhutto appointed Faiz as Culture adviser at the Ministry of Culture (MoCul) and the Ministry of Education (MoEd). Faiz continued serving in Bhutto's government until 1974 when he took retirement from the government assignments.

Faiz had strong ties with Bhutto and was deeply upset upon Bhutto's removal by Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 in a military coup code-named Fair Play. Again, Faiz was monitored by Military Police and his every move was watched. In 1979, Faiz departed from Pakistan after learning the news that Bhutto's execution had taken place. Faiz took asylum in Beirut, Lebanon, where he edited the Soviet-sponsored magazine Lotus and met well-known Arab figures like Edward Said and Yasser Arafat, but returned to Pakistan in poor health after the renewal of the Lebanon War in 1982.

Themes and writing style
Faiz's early poetry focused on traditional tropes of romantic love, beauty, and heartbreak but eventually expanded to include themes of justice, rebellion, politics, and the interconnectedness of humanity. Therefore, although many of Faiz's poems focus on themes of romantic love and loss, most literary critics do not consider him primarily a romantic poet, emphasising that themes of justice and revolution take precedence in his extensive body of work. Other critics see his poetry as an unconventional fusion of love and revolution that appeals to the new-age reader "who loves his beloved yet lives for humanity."

Faiz's poetry is replete with progressivist and revolutionist ideas and he is often referred to as "an artistic rebel." He is widely considered the poet of the oppressed and downtrodden classes and is known for highlighting their poverty, social discrimination, economic exploitation, and political repression. His poetry was heavily leftist as well as anti-capitalist in tone and ideas, and his poems are almost always a reflection of his time, focusing heavily on the suffering of ordinary people. Many of Faiz's poems also revolve around themes of home, exile, and loss, leading UCLA researcher Aamir R. Mufti to assert that one of the predominant themes in Faiz's poetry is the meaning, implications, and legacy of the partition of India.

Faiz's writing style is sometimes characterised as occupying a space between romance and love on the one hand and realism and revolution on the other. Although he wrote prolifically on the topics of justice, resistance, and revolution, Faiz rarely allowed political rhetoric to overpower his poetry. Not a proponent of the "art for art's sake" philosophy, Faiz believed that art that does not inspire people to take action is not great art. Faiz's poetry often features religious symbolism inspired by Sufism and not by religious dogma. Faiz's grandson, Dr. Ali Madeeh Hashmi, has asserted that he was particularly influenced by Sufi figures such as Rumi, that he regretted not having memorized more of the Qur'an, and that ideologically he proposed a form of Islamic socialism.

Faiz's prose works tend to be written in strict classical Urdu diction while his poetry is known to have a more conversational and casual tenor. His ghazals are often hailed for skillfully infusing socio-economic and political issues into conventional motifs of the ghazal such as love and separation. Critics have noted that many of Faiz's poems start by making the reader aware of dire socio-political realities but ultimately strike a note of encouragement and hope that desperate circumstances will inevitably change for the better.

Some critics have argued that verses written by Faiz in the final years of his life differ in tone and content from the poetry he wrote when he was younger, particularly the poems written while he was incarcerated. His later-stage poetry is said to be more universal in tone, possessing a greater urgency for change and action, and as being more explicit and forthright in its challenge to "decadent tradition."

Death and legacy

Faiz died in Lahore, Punjab in 1984, from complications of lung and heart disease shortly after being nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Although living a simple and restless life, Faiz's work, political ideology, and poetry became immortal, and he has often been called as one of the "greatest poets" of Pakistan. Faiz remained an extremely popular and influential figure in the literary development of Pakistan's arts, literature, and drama and theatre adaptation. In 1962, Faiz was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize which enhanced the relations of his country with the Soviet Union which at that time had been hostile and antagonistic relations with Pakistan. The Lenin Peace Prize was a Soviet equivalent of Nobel Peace Prize, and helped lift Faiz's image even higher in the international community. It also brought Soviet Union and Pakistan much closer, offering possibilities for bettering the lives of their people. Most of his work has been translated into the Russian language.

Faiz, whose work is considered the backbone of development of Pakistan's literature, arts and poetry, was one of the most beloved poets in the country. Along with Allama Iqbal, Faiz is often known as the "Poet of the East". While commenting on his legacy, classical singer Tina Sani said:

Accolades and international recognition
Faiz was the first Asian poet to receive the Lenin Peace Prize, awarded by the Soviet Union in 1962. In 1976 he was awarded the Lotus Prize for Literature. He was also nominated for the Nobel Prize shortly before his death in 1984. At the Lenin Peace Prize ceremony, held in the grand Kremlin hall in Moscow, Faiz thanked the Soviet government for conferring the honour, and delivered an acceptance speech, which appears as a brief preface to his collection Dast-i-tah-i-Sang (Hand Under the Rock):

In 1990, Faiz was posthumously honoured by the Pakistan Government when the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party led by Prime minister Benazir Bhutto awarded Faiz the highest civilian award, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, in 1990. In 2011, the Pakistan Peoples Party's government declared the year 2011 as "the year of Faiz Ahmad Faiz". In accordance, the Pakistan Government set up a "Faiz Chair" at the Department of Urdu at the Karachi University and at the Sindh University, followed by the Government College University of Lahore established the Patras, Faiz Chair at the Department of Urdu of the university, also in 2011. The same year, the Government College University (GCU) presented golden shields to the University's Urdu department. The shields were issued and presented by the GCU vice-chancellor Professor Dr. Khaleequr Rehman, who noted and further wrote: "Faiz was poet of humanity, love and resistance against oppression". In 2012, at the memorial ceremony that was held at the Jinnah Garden to honour the services of Faiz by the left-wing party Avami National Party and Communist Party, participants chanted: "The Faiz of workers is alive! The Faiz of farmers is alive...! Faiz is alive....!" at the end of the ceremony.

Translations
Faiz's poetry has been translated into many languages including English and Russian. A Balochi poet, Mir Gul Khan Nasir, who was also a friend of Faiz Ahmad Faiz, translated his book Sar-e-Wadi-e-Seena into Balochi with the title Seenai Keechag aa. Gul Khan's translation was written while he was in jail during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime for opposing the government's policies. It was only published in 1980, after Zia-ul-Haq toppled Bhutto's government and freed all the political prisoners of his (Bhutto's) regime. Victor Kiernan, British Marxist historian translated Faiz Ahmad Faiz's works into English, and several other translations of whole or part of his work into English have also been made by others; a transliteration in Punjabi was made by Mohinder Singh.

Faiz Ahmad Faiz, himself, also translated works of notable poets from other languages into Urdu. In his book "Sar-i Waadi-i Seena سرِ وادیِ سینا" there are translations of the famous poet of Dagestan, Rasul Gamzatov. "Deewa", a Balochi poem by Mir Gul Khan Nasir, was also translated into Urdu by Faiz.

Bibliography
 Aabshar (1944)
 Daaman-e-Yusuf (1989)
 Dast-e-Saba (1953)
 Dast-Tah-e-Sang (1946)
 Harf Harf (1965)
 Humaari Qaumi Saqaafat (1976)
 Intikhaab-e-Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1986)
 Iqbal (1987)
 Kalaam-e-Faiz (1979)
 Kulliyaat-e-Faiz (1955)
 Mah-o-Saal-e-Aashnaayi (1979)
 Mata-e-Lauh-o-Qalam (1983)
 Meezaan (1987)
 Mere Dil Mere Musaafir (1982)
 Naqsh-e-Faryaadi (1941)
 Nuskha Ha-e-Wafa (1985)
 Raat Di Raat (1976)
 Saleebein Mere Dareeche Mein (1974)
 Saare Sukhan Humaare (1982)
 Sar-e-Waadi-e-Seena (1962)
 Shaam-e-Sheher-e-Yaaraan (1978)
 Sheeshon Ka Maseeha (1969)
 Tafheem-e-Iqbal

Plays, music, and dramatic productions on Faiz
 "Hum Dekhenge"  by Iqbal Bano
 Sheeshon ka Maseeha  by Omer Khawaja and Shabana Azmi.
 Dard Aayega Dabe Paon  by Sheela Bhatiya.
 Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam  written by Danish Iqbal and staged by IPTA Delhi. This multi-media Stage Production was premiered at the Sri Ram centre, New Delhi on 11 November 2011. The Play is a Celebration of Faiz's Poetry and featured events from the early part of his life, particularly the events and incidents of pre-independence days which shaped his life and ideals. Directed by K K Kohli the musical Production featured Artists like Shamir Abadan, Jaishri Sethi, Dr Naseem, Izhar, Minhaj, Prateek Kapoor, Twinkle Khanna and Amit Bajaj in lead roles. The script was the first part of a Faiz trilogy written by Danish Iqbal on the occasion of the Faiz Centenary Celebrations.
 Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan  – A dramatised reading of Faiz's letter and letters written by his wife Alys Faiz. This Production was initially done at the start of his birth centenary celebrations at India Habitat Center, New Delhi by Danish Iqbal and Salima Raza. 'Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan' was also done at Amritsar Faiz Festival organised by Preet Ladi, at Punjab Natshala, Amritsar, on 6 October 2011. This time it was done by Suchitra Gupta and Danish Iqbal.
 2011 Drama Festival of Delhi Urdu Academy is basically devoted to Productions about Faiz. Apart from 'Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam' by IPTA, Delhi and 'Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan' by Wings Cultural Society, this Festival will also feature Plays by Peirreot's Troupe on Faiz, namely 'Jo Dil Pe Guzarti Hai'. The festival also presented, for the first time on stage 'Tera Bayaan Ghalib', directed by Dr Hadi Sarmadi and performed by Bahroop Arts Group, which was an adaptation of one of Faiz's few plays for the radio.
 Ye Dagh Dagh Ujala  A profound piece of poetry, written by Faiz Ahmad Faiz inspires Raj Amit Kumar to make a film Unfreedom which was released on 29 May 2015 in North America. The idea behind Unfreedom came from the desire to express the lack of freedom in the socio-economic structure of India's contemporary times.
 Jatt and Juliet A profound piece of poetry, written by Faiz Ahmad Faiz inspires Raj Amit Kumar to make a film Unfreedom which was released on 29 May 2015 in North America. The idea behind Unfreedom came from the desire to express the lack of freedom in the socio-economic structure of India's contemporary times.

Faiz Foundation Trust and International Faiz Festival
Created in 2009, the Faiz Foundation Trust holds the copyright for all literary works of Faiz Ahmad Faiz. It also runs a not-for-profit organisation known as Faiz Ghar (House of Faiz) with the mission to promote the humanistic ideas of Faiz as well as art, literature, and culture in general. The organisation also houses Faiz's personal library and much of his memorabilia including rare photographs, academic diplomas, and his letters and manuscripts. In 2015, the Faiz Foundation Trust launched the inaugural International Faiz Festival in collaboration with the Lahore Arts Council at Alhamra in Lahore, Pakistan. Held regularly since then, the festival is aimed at promoting Urdu poetry, music, literature, drama, and human rights in Pakistan.

In popular culture
A collection of some of Faiz's celebrated poetry was published in 2011, under the name of "Celebrating Faiz" edited by D P Tripathi. The book also included tributes by his family, by contemporaries and by scholars who knew of him through his poetry. The book was released on the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary in the Punjab province in Pakistan. A Faiz poem is read in the British 2021 television sitcom We Are Lady Parts. In Nawaaz Ahmed's novel, Radiant Fugitives, a Faiz poem is recalled as the poem that the mother, Nafeesa, recites during a college jubilee celebration that attracts her soon-to-be husband. Faiz Ahmad Faiz was the greatest poet in Urdu poetry after Allama Iqbal and Mirza Ghalib.

Faiz's poetic compositions have featured regularly on Coke Studio Pakistan. Season 10 featured his poem "Bol Ke Lab Azaad Hain Tere" (performed by Shafqat Amanat Ali) and "Mujhse Pehli Si Mohabbat" (performed by Humaira Channa & Nabeel Shaukat Ali). Season 11 featured Faiz's well-known revolutionary song "Hum Dekhenge" (performed by featured artists for the season). Season 12 featured the songs "Gulon Main Rang" (performed by Ali Sethi) and "Aaye Kuch Abr" (performed by Atif Aslam).

See also
 List of Urdu-language writers

References

Further reading
 Dryland, Estelle. "Faiz Ahmed Faiz and the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case." Journal of South Asian Literature 27.2 (1992): 175–185. Online
 Faiz, Ahmad, Jamil Jalibi, and Fahmida Riaz AMINA YAQIN. "Variants of Cultural Nationalism in Pakistan: A Reading of Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Jamil Jalibi, and Fahmida Riaz." in Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia (Routledge, 2009). 123–148.

External links
 Research Based Segregation of Faiz Ahmed Faiz Poetry- The website segregates the Selected poetry of Faiz Ahmed Faiz into Love, Romance, Sad, Social, Political and Religious Poetry
Profiles and tributes
 Indian politician's tribute to Faiz Ahmed Faiz
 A tribute to Alys Faiz
 Mushaira.org entry on Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Works
 Selected poetry of Faiz
 Audio recitation and ghazals, nazms, qitaat of Faiz in Roman transliteration
 Selected poems of Faiz Ahmed Faiz, translated by Azfar Hussain

1911 births
1984 deaths
Communist Party of Pakistan politicians
People from Sialkot
Poets from Lahore
Urdu-language poets from Pakistan
Pakistani communists
Pakistani Marxists
Nigar Award winners
Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize
Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Punjabi academics
Punjabi people
Pakistani scholars
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Poets from Punjab, Pakistan
Pakistan Movement activists
Pakistani progressives
Pakistani Communist writers
Pakistani Communist poets
Pakistani revolutionaries
Writers from Lahore
20th-century Pakistani poets
Oriental College alumni
Murray College alumni
Pakistani poets
Pakistani lyricists
Pakistani male songwriters
Pakistani songwriters
Pakistani prisoners and detainees
British Indian Army officers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Progressive Writers' Movement
Muslim socialists
Pakistani expatriates in Lebanon
People from Lahore

Faiz Ahmad Faiz


La formación de Doushantuo (China: 陡 山 沱, pinyin: dǒu shān TUO) es un Lagerstätte descubierto en 1997 en la provincia de Guizhou, al sur de China, y está caracterizado por ser uno de los yacimientos de fósiles más antiguos y mejor preservados.   El yacimiento contiene fósiles de lo que parecen ser grupos de células que pudieron ser parte de embriones de los animales más antiguos que se hayan conocido hasta ahora y que existieron dentro de un rango que va de los 635 a los 551 millones de años de antigüedad.  Aún está en debate si realmente sean embriones o colonias de bacterias Thiomargarita.   La formación es de especial interés pues puede aclarar dudas sobre la misteriosa fauna de la explosión de Avalon y establecer nexos con la fauna de la explosión cámbrica, cuyos descendientes si son reconocibles.

Véase también
 Biota del periodo Ediacárico
 Explosión de Avalon

Referencias

Fósiles
Ediacárico
Yacimientos paleontológicos
Doushantuo
Doushantuo

Formación de Doushantuo


El AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat (anteriormente denominado como Future Lynx o Lynx Wildcat) es un helicóptero de guerra antisuperficie, en servicio desde 2014. Es fabricado por parte de la compañía italo-británica AgustaWestland (fusionada en Leonardo a partir de 2016), basándose en el helicóptero Westland Super Lynx. Este modelo también dispone de capacidad para realizar tareas de búsqueda y rescate, así como de guerra antisuperficie.

Está previsto que el helicóptero entre en servicio en el Ejército Británico en el año 2014, y con la Marina Real Británica en el año 2015.  La Armada de la República de Corea también recibió helicópteros en 2016, y también la Armada Filipina recibió helicópteros en 2019.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 AW159 - Leonardo-Finmeccanica

159
Helicópteros biturbina
Helicópteros militares utilitarios de Reino Unido de los años 2000

AgustaWestland AW159


Lake Alexander (engl. für "Alexandersee") ist der Name folgender Seen:

in Australien:
 Lake Alexander (Northern Territory), in Darwin (Northern Territory)
 Lake Alexander (Victoria)

in Neuseeland:
 Lake Alexander (Marlborough)
 Lake Alexander (Southland), auf der Stewart Island

in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Lake Alexander (Alaska), See im Alaska Panhandle
 Lake Alexander (Minnesota)

Siehe auch:
 Alexander Lake

Lake Alexander


Aventin, italienisch Aventino, lateinisch Aventinus bezeichnet:

 Aventin (lateinisch Mons Aventinus, italienisch Aventino), einen der Sieben Hügel von Rom
 Kleiner Aventin, Hügel in Rom, der dem Stadtteil San Saba (Rione) entspricht
 Aventino (Fluss), ein Fluss in den Abruzzen in Italien
 Comunità montana Aventino – Medio Sangro, ein Gemeindeverband in den Abruzzen in Italien

Aventin ist der Name folgender Personen:
 Georg Melantrich von Aventin, tschechisch Jiří Melantrich z Aventina (1511–1580), tschechischer Drucker und Verleger
 Johannes Aventinus, auch Johannes Aventin (1477–1534), deutscher Historiker

Aventin bezeichnet weiter:
 Aventinus Silvius, zwölfter König von Alba Longa in der römischen Mythologie
 Aventinische Trias, Bezeichnung für die Trias der römischen Götter Ceres, Liber und Libera
 Aventinianer, ein Zusammenschluss antifaschistischer Kräfte im Italien der 1920er Jahre

Siehe auch

 Aventinus

Aventin (Begriffsklärung)


Dia de reflexão é a designação dada em Portugal ao dia imediatamente antes daquele em que decorre o ato eleitoral, durante o qual está vedado às formações partidárias o apelo direto ao voto. Embora não esteja consagrado enquanto tal na legislação, é uma consequência direta da regra legal que estipula o início e o fim da campanha eleitoral, às 24h da antevéspera do dia das eleições, em vigor desde 1975.

A proibição consta do n.º 1 do artigo 141.º da Lei Eleitoral da Assembleia da República, que dispõe que  "aquele que no dia da eleição ou no anterior fizer propaganda eleitoral por qualquer meio será punido com prisão até seis meses", sendo multado num valor que oscila entre 2,49 euros a 24,94 euros.

Embora as várias leis eleitorais apenas proíbam a propaganda na véspera de eleições, desde 1982 que a interpretação desta lei se tem vindo a modifica, quando a Comissão Nacional de Eleições (CNE) entendeu que a proibição de propaganda eleitoral significava a impossibilidade de transmitir "notícias, reportagens ou entrevistas que de qualquer modo possam ser entendidas como favorecendo ou prejudicando um concorrente às eleições, em detrimento ou vantagem de outro". Em 2014, a CNE foi ainda mais longe nesta interpretação, pronunciando-se especificamente sobre o Facebook: "tratando-se quer de cronologias pessoais quer de páginas do Facebook, elas não podem registar qualquer acção de propaganda praticada após as 00h00 da véspera da eleição", a não ser em posts reservados a "amigos" ou "amigos dos amigos".

As dúvidas sobre a sua utilidade têm vindo a aumentar, tendo em conta a omnipresença da propaganda política nas redes sociais, e a criação do voto antecipado. Em março de 2021, a Iniciativa Liberal elaborou um projeto de lei visando acabar com o dia de reflexão, por entenderem que este dia representa um "paternalismo estatal", e uma lei anacrónica. O projeto recebeu a simpatia de várias bancadas, entre as quais as do CDS e do PS. A 22 de abril, o projeto de lei foi proposto a votação pela Assembleia da República, sendo rejeitado com votos contra do PS, do PSD, do PCP, do CDS-PP e do PEV, votos a  favor do BE, do Chega!, do IL e das Deputadas não inscritas Cristina Rodrigues e Joacine Katar Moreira, e a abstenção do PAN.

A 29 de  janeiro de 2022, por ocasião do dia de reflexão das eleições legislativas de 2022, e aproveitando a habitual mensagem de apelo ao voto, o Presidente da República português, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, defendeu a "oportuna reponderação" do dia de reflexão na véspera das eleições, que considera ter sido pensado para "outra época e outras preocupações", assim como uma revisão da lei eleitoral, por se revelar rígida em tempos de pandemia. O voto antecipado, realizado a 17 daquele mês, não foi abrangido pela regra legal, para ele não existindo, por isso, dia de reflexão.

Eleições em Portugal
Leis de Portugal

Dia de reflexão


HMS Northumberland is a Type 23 frigate of the Royal Navy.  She is named after the Duke of Northumberland.  She is the eighth RN ship to bear the name since the first 70-gun ship of the line in 1679, and the ninth in the class of Type 23 frigates. She is based at Devonport and is part of the Devonport Flotilla.

Service history

Construction
Northumberland is one of four Type 23 frigates built by Swan Hunter on the Tyne at Wallsend.  She was launched by her sponsor Lady Kerr, wife of Admiral Sir John Kerr, the former Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command, in April 1992 and was accepted into Royal Naval Service in May 1994.

1994–2000
After sea trials and going through F.O.S.T. Northumberland was deployed to the Falklands. During her passage, Northumberland had to divert into rough weather to effect the rescue of a fishing trawler; during the diversion the ship allegedly struck a whale; although the damage was actually caused by the vessel "slamming" in high seas at speed whilst proceeding to the rescue. At Tenerife, after dropping off the rescued fishermen, the bow dome began to leak; this continued during her resumed voyage to the Falkland Islands. Northumberland took up station at South Georgia undertaking fishery protection duties; when this was complete a dry dock was found in Rio de Janeiro that was suitable to carry out a bow dome change. Once better weather arrived she sailed to Brazil to be put into dry dock. She was escorted in by two ex-Royal Navy Type 22 frigates. Once in the dry dock, repairs took three weeks at a cost of £3 million.

Deploying to the Caribbean in 1999 for counter narcotics and disaster relief duties, Northumberland seized over two tonnes of cocaine (with a street-value of £135 million), in cooperation with a United States Coast Guard law enforcement detachment.

2001–2010
From July 2004 to July 2005, Northumberland underwent an extensive refit at Number 1 Dock (Inner) at Babcock's dockyard in Rosyth, her first refit since build.  This refit saw her equipped with an updated suite of weapons and sensors (e.g. a modified 4.5" Gun and the latest Low Frequency Active Sonar) and of propulsion and mechanical systems.  Improvements were also made to the living quarters and a state of the art galley to feed the Ship's Company.  Also replaced were corroded areas of the flight deck, improvements were made to the lighting system used during night landings and a new helicopter handling system to move a 13-ton Merlin helicopter safely in and out of the hangar installed.  (Although the Type 23 was originally designed to operate the Merlin, Northumberland had previously only hosted the much smaller Lynx.) The combination of 2087 LFAS and Merlin ASW helicopter has subsequently proved highly effective and the class is widely regarded as the most capable anti-submarine frigate afloat.

Northumberland rejoined the fleet at the Trafalgar 200 celebrations, then embarked for a period of sea training, starting with BOST (Basic Operational Sea Training) in January 2006, straight after the Christmas leave period. For a time during 2006 Northumberland accompanied the submarine  on her deployment to the US AUTEC (Acoustic Undersea Testing and Evaluation Centre) which is based on Andros Island in the Bahamas. In 2007 she deployed to the Mediterranean as part of the UK's contribution to NATO maritime forces.

In 2008, Northumberland deployed to the Indian Ocean as the first RN warship to participate in the EU's counter piracy Operation Atalanta, conducting numerous counter-piracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden and escorting World Food Programme humanitarian shipping between Mombasa and Mogadishu; this was partially documented in the Sky TV programme Ross Kemp in Search of Pirates.

She deployed to the Indian Ocean again in 2010 for an eight-month counter-piracy patrol as part of the international naval counter-piracy task force, TF 151 and conducted numerous operations to disrupt piracy activity in the Gulf of Aden and the eastern Somali coast.

Northumberland returned to the UK at the end of 2010 to prepare to enter refit in 2011.

2011–2020
As part of an extensive refit at the beginning of 2011, Northumberland received several significant technology upgrades.  The Sea Wolf point defence missile system was upgraded with the Sea Wolf Mid-Life Update (SWMLU – pronounced "swimloo") which substantially improved the range, performance and reliability of the system. The combat system was upgraded from outfit DNA to DNA2, replacing the combat system architecture to improve redundancy and system performance, and a software upgrade which significantly improves overall functionality and sensor integration, as well as providing MMI convergence with the Type 45 destroyer's command system.  The two 30mm BMARC cannons were replaced by two 30mm Automated Small Calibre Gun (ASCG) mountings. These allow remote control of the mount via operator consoles and integrated Electro Optic fire control. Additional modifications improved habitability and reliability in high ambient temperatures.

Emerging from refit in the summer of 2011, Northumberland completed her sea trials and weapon acceptance programme, conducting eight weeks of Basic Operational Sea Training (BOST) in early 2012.  She deployed back to the Indian Ocean in the Autumn of 2012 for counter-piracy and counter-narcotics tasking.  This included the successful capture and destruction of over £5M of cannabis resin from a smuggler in the Arabian Sea. She returned to the UK in May 2013.

Northumberland participated in Exercise Joint Warrior 2013.

The ship joined the COUGAR 14 Response Force Task Group deployment for exercises in the Mediterranean and Gulf regions.

Northumberland eventually returned to Devonport on 5 December 2014 after a deployment which included visits to Gibraltar, Souda Bay in Crete, Bahrain, Dubai and Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates, Mumbai in India, Muscat in Oman, Malta and Lisbon.

On 9 May 2015, Northumberland was present in St Peter Port for the commemorations marking the 70th anniversary of Guernsey's Liberation. A month later, Northumberland moored off Cowes in company with HM Ships  and  to mark the 200th anniversary of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Celebrations began with a reception and capability demonstration onboard hosted by the Second Sea Lord. Guests included the Duke of Edinburgh, as Admiral of the Royal Yacht Squadron, and foreign royals including King Harald of Norway, Juan Carlos, the former king of Spain and Prince Henrik of Denmark.

Later in June 2015, Northumberland played a key role in the Waterloo 200 celebrations by carrying the New Waterloo Dispatch letter across the English Channel from Ostend to Broadstairs as part of an elaborate re-enactment retracing the route of , the naval sloop which carried the original letter that brought the news of the victory of the Battle of Waterloo back to England in 1815.

In 2016, during preparations for entering refit in Devonport, Northumberland hosted the semi-final stage of the BBC series Masterchef. As part of her re-fit, she was upgraded with Sea Ceptor surface-to-air missiles and returned to sea in 2018

In late 2020, with a television crew filming on board, a Russian submarine being tracked in the North Atlantic hit Northumberland'''s towed sonar, requiring the frigate to abort the 48-hour mission to find the submarine and return to port to replace the sonar. The Ministry of Defence does not normally comment on such incidents, but this one was caught on camera.

In December 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Northumberland returned to Devonport after a number of suspected COVID-19 cases had been discovered on board. The ship was previously tasked with patrolling UK waters over the festive period but returned to Devonport so that the crew could isolate, in accordance with health guidelines. The Royal Navy stated that the ship would still continue to meet its operational tasks over Christmas.

Since 2021

In June 2021, Northumberland, along with Tamar and Tyne, was deployed off the Cornish coast to provide security for the 2021 G7 summit.

In 2022, Northumberland spent 191 days at sea.

Affiliations

She is affiliated to numerous organisations:
 Northumberland County Council
  and the Northumbrian Universities Royal Naval Unit
 The Light Dragoons
 The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
 The 5th Battalion, the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
 The Sir James Knott Trust
 The Worshipful Company of Bowyers
 The Worshipful Company of Carmen of the City of London (1517)
 The Bank of England's North Eastern Regional Agency
 The Calvert Trust
 Hexham Abbey
 RAF Boulmer
 The Copthorne Hotel, Newcastle upon Tyne
 Spirit of North-cumberland, the RNLI Tynemouth Lifeboat
 TS Tenacity SCC
 The Morpeth Pipe Band (whose pipers regularly pipe the Ship in and out of Devonport when deploying or returning)
 TS Dreadnought'' (Greenwich, Deptford & Rotherhithe Sea Cadets)
 Dame Alice Harpur School, Bedford High School and Bedford School
 Solihull School CCF

In honouring these affiliations, she regularly visits Tyneside (most recently in June 2015 as part of Armed Forces Day) and occasionally, London, most recently mooring along the north side of  in April 2007 as part of the 200th anniversary of the Slave Trade Act 1807. On that visit she was open to the public with a display on modern anti-slaving operations in which she and other ships of the Royal Navy take part.  She also visited Baltimore in June 2006, Marmaris in Turkey in February 2003 and in October 2001 attended an Australian Fleet Review in Sydney.

References

External links

Frigates of the United Kingdom
Military history of Northumberland
Ships built by Swan Hunter
Ships built on the River Tyne
1992 ships
Type 23 frigates of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in 2020

HMS Northumberland (F238)


الأغوات، من أشهر الحارات والمناطق التاريخية، في المدينة المنورة، حيث يبدأ زقاق الحارة من أمام باب جبريل من الناحية الشرقية للمسجد النبوي ويتجه شرقاً إلى باب الجمعة في السور العثماني سور المدينة المنورة والذي يفضي إلى البقيع كما يتجه فرع العين الزرقاء في وسطها عند الرستمية إلى الناحية الجنوبية حيث يتصل بشارع ذروان وشارع درب الجنائز.

أرضيته ترابية يبلغ طوله نحو 255م وعرضه 2م، وبيوت الحارة بشكل عام قديمة جداً مبنية بالطين والطوب وهي على ارتفاع دورين وثلاثة أدوار، تحتوي على العديد من الأزقة منها: زقاق اللبان، زقاق الحبس، زقاق إسماعيل، زقاق مظهر، زقاق الخشب، كما يوجد فيها كتّاب بنت الشيخ خليل.

ومدرسة ومكتبة قرباش. بجانب بيت المدني، ومدرسة ومكتبة عمر أفندي، مكتبة مدرسة رباط مظهر، مكتبة الشيخ عبد الغفور البخاري.
كما كان يوجد فيها بئر ماء تسمى عين الحارة.

وترجع تسميتها بهذا الاسم لأن غالب الأغوات يسكنون بها لقربها من المسجد النبوي وهو مايفسر ازدحام الأربطة والمدارس في هذه الحارة.

سبب التسمية
تشتق الحارة اسمها من الأغوات الذين يهبون أنفسهم لخدمة الحرمين الشريفين؛ ففي المدينة المنورة كانوا ينظفون المسجد ويهيئونه نهاراً، ويقومون بحراسته ليلاً حيث كان نظامهم يتماشى مع العصر المملوكي من حيث النظام والدقة؛ يتجمعون في وقت محدد وينصرفون بعد أن يكون كل واحد منهم قد أدى ما يوكل إليه من عمل، وكان لا يسمح لهم بالدخول من باب جبريل بل يجب أن يدخلوا مع الباب الآخر المجاور له؛ فدخولهم من هذا الباب يمكن الشيخ أو نائبه أو رأس الخيالة من معرفة الوقت الذي دخل فيه الشخص المكلف بأداء الخدمة من بينهم.، وقد أخذ الحجازيين كلمة الأغوات من الأتراك وأطلقوها على خدام المسجد لما لهم من سلطة ونفوذ، وربما أطلق الأتراك هذا اللفظ لأنهم في رتبهم يتبعون اثنين من الأغوات هما: شيخ الحرم، ونائبه اللذان كان يتم تعيينهما من إسطنبول.

بناء حي الأغوات
يغلب على الحي البناء السكني الذي يصل ارتفاعه إلى طابقين، والبعض إلى ثلاثة طوابق، وتتلائم المباني مع بعضها من حيث الشكل والتكوين والطابع المعماري، ولها حوائط مكونة من الحجر البازلتي في الطوابق السفلى، وأما الطوابق العليا مكونة من الطوب، وتتألف واجهات المباني من أبراج (رواشن) مثبتة بكامل ارتفاع الطابق، وأما أغلب النوافذ مجهزة بمشربيات حيث تطل المباني بواجهة صغيرة، وتتدرج المباني في الارتفاع مما يعمل على حمايتها من الشمس.

الأغوات والآثار
 في حارة الأغوات في الطريق إلى البقيع يقع رباط ياقوت المظفري الذي يعود بناؤه إلى بداية القرن الثامن الهجري من سنة 607هـ حيث كان يسكن الرباط مجموعة من المهاجرين منهما الحاج عبد الله والحاج النور رحمهما الله من المحافظين على اداء الصلاة في المسجد النبوي مع انهما فقدا نعمة البصر.
 مكان الرستمية هو مكان أهالي الحج يجتمعون فيه بعد عصر كل يوم
 رباط عزت باشا الذي يتواجد في باب المجيدي، وهو وقف ينتمي لأسرة أسعد العابد مستشار السلطان عبد الحميد آخر سلاطين الدولة العثمانية.

انظر أيضًا
 المدينة المنورة
 العوالي
 العنبرية

وصلات خارجية
 الأغوات في المدينة المنورة.. بدايتهم غامضة وبينهم علماء.
 المدينة» يجدد جدل «الأغوات».

المراجع

أحياء المدينة المنورة
أماكن مأهولة في المدينة المنورة

الأغوات (حي)


Santiago Labarca Labarca (Chillán, 1 de marzo de 1893-1968)  fue un político e ingeniero civil chileno. Fue diputado por Santiago en tres períodos, luego ministro de Educación y de Hacienda de Chile.

Biografía
Nació en Chillán, el 1 de marzo de 1893, hijo de Santiago Labarca Walton y Josefina Labarca Ojeda.

Se casó 1921, con Berta Vergara Varas y tuvieron tres hijos.

Estudió en el Liceo de Chillán y en la Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas de la Universidad de Chile. Se recibió de ingeniero civil el 26 de noviembre de 1917. Su proyecto final se llamó "Sobre resistencia de materiales, hidráulica y ferrocarriles". Se dedicó a ejercer su profesión en Santiago.

En 1915 fue presidente del Centro de Ingeniería, lo que le sirvió de plataforma, para ocupar la presidencia de la Federación de Estudiantes, al año siguiente fue reelegido. Firmó los registros Radicales, fue presidente del Centro de Propaganda y también fue presidente del partido.

En el año 1920, fue tomado preso por subversivo, pasando varios meses en prisión. En 1923, el fiscal Amenábar Ossa pidió su sobreseimiento.

Actividad política
Fue elegido diputado por Santiago, periodo 1921-1924, fue diputado reemplazante en la Comisión Permanente de Relaciones Exteriores y Colonización, en la de Instrucción Pública y en la de Obras Públicas. Integró la Comisión Permanente de Legislación Social. Fue miembro del Comité Parlamentario de su partido.

Reelecto diputado por Santiago, periodo 1924-1927, integró la Comisión Permanente de Legislación Social y la de Obras Públicas. Fue disuelto el Congreso, el 11 de septiembre del mismo año 1924, por Decreto de la Junta de Gobierno.

Nuevamente electo diputado, pero por la Octava Circunscripción Departamental "La Victoria, Melipilla y San Antonio", período 1926-1930. Integró la Comisión Permanente de Gobierno Interior, de la que fue su presidente, y la de Trabajo y Previsión Social.

En 1931 continuó en el servicio público, como ministro de Educación Pública, nombrado por el vicepresidente Juan Esteban Montero, desde el 15 de noviembre de 1931 al 8 de abril de 1932. Posteriormente, en el año 1944, fue nombrado ministro de Hacienda, por el presidente Juan Antonio Ríos Morales, cargo que ocupó desde el 6 de octubre de 1944 hasta el 14 de mayo de 1945.

En 1922 fue nombrado tasador oficial de la Caja Hipotecaria y miembro del Consejo de la Caja, el mismo año. Inspector del Instituto de Crédito Industrial en 1922, tasador y director de la misma entidad. En 1923 fue consejero de Ferrocarriles del Estado y fue presidente de la Delegación de Ingenieros Ferroviarios que visitó los Ferrocarriles Argentinos. Al año siguiente, 1924, fue nombrado secretario general de la Caja de Crédito Agrario, cargo que ejerció desde su fundación en 1924, hasta 1927.

Entre los años 1933 a 1937, se desempeñó como administrador general de la Caja de Seguro Obligatorio. En 1937 fue miembro del Consejo y gerente, de la Compañía de Transportes Unidos S.A. En 1939 fue gerente de Vidrios Neutros S.A. y director del Laboratorio Beta S.A.. Ese mismo año fue designado presidente de la Comisión de Cambios Internacionales.

Posteriormente, en 1944, fue vicepresidente del Consejo de Comercio Exterior. Representó a la Corporación de Ventas de Salitre y Yodo (COVENSA) en España y Egipto. Director de la Sociedad Lechera de Graneros, director de Warrants Gómez y Cía. Ltda., asesor técnico de la firma constructora Secchi y Berlendis y consejero de la Fábrica Nacional de Sacos.

Entre otras cosas, fue profesor de Sociología en los cursos de verano de la Universidad de Chile y rector de la Universidad Técnica del Estado, 1957 a 1959.

Actividad diplomática

En el aspecto diplomático, permaneció en Turquía, como jefe de la sección técnica de la Comisión Mixta de Intercambio de Poblaciones Griegas, Turcas y de Constantinopla, en los años 1928 a 1931. Fue árbitro del diferendo de límites entre Panamá y Costa Rica en 1944. Y por último, fue embajador de Chile en Italia, 1959 a 1963.

Colaboró en la prensa con artículos políticos, en 1923 dirigió la revista "Numen" y predicaba la revolución social, también publicó folletos de algunos de sus discursos. En general, colaboró en numerosas publicaciones de su época y usó como pseudónimo Dr. Ax o Dr. Raper.

Fue también socio del Club de La Unión en 1935, presidente del Centro de Ingenieros desde 1919, socio del Club de Ingenieros a partir de julio de 1938.

Miembro honorario del Centro de Estudiantes de Ingeniería de Buenos Aires. Recibió condecoraciones, la Gran Cruz de la Orden Vasco Núñez de Balboa de Panamá, y Comendador de la Orden Danebray de Dinamarca.

Perteneció a la Masonería.

En el año 1927 tuvo que emigrar y se fue a Ecuador, desde donde enviaba correspondencia a El Diario Ilustrado. Después emprendió viaje a Europa y a Asia.

Falleció en 1968.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Diputados del XXXIII Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile
Diputados del XXXIV Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile
Diputados del XXXV Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile
Ministros de Estado de Juan Esteban Montero
Ministros de Estado de Juan Antonio Ríos
Ministros de Hacienda de Chile
Ministros de Educación de Chile
Presidentes de la Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad de Chile
Nacidos en Chillán
Diputados por Santiago

Santiago Labarca


Valget i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2016 var det syvende valg til Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns landdag. Det blev afholdt den 4. september 2016. 1.328.320 havde mulighed for at stemme. 61,9% (821.581;heraf 806.419 gyldige andenstemmer) gjorde brug af deres ret til at stemme. Ved forrige valg var valgdeltagelsen 51,5% (708.111 vælgere). Ved valget i 2011 opnåede SPD 36,5 % af stemmerne, CDU 23 %, Die Linke 18 %, Die Grüne 8,7 % og NPD 6 %. De 71 pladser blev fordelt således: SPD 27, CDU 18, Die Linke 14, De grønne 7 og NPD 5. Partiet Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) eksisterede ikke.

Ved valget i 2016 stillede AfD op. Prognoser både forud for valget og på valgdagen viste, at SPD ville få 26 medlemmer, Die Linke 11, AfD 18 og CDU 16 medlemmer af landdagen. Erwin Sellering og SPD kunne dermed beholde regeringsmagten ved koalition med enten Die Linke eller CDU. AfD ville efter dette sit første valg blive delstatens næst største parti. De Grønne og NDP ville ryge ud af delstatsparlamentet.

Valgsystem
Delstaten har et personaliseret, blandet flertalsvalg, modsvarende som ved valget til Forbundsdagen. Der skal i udgangspunktet vælges 71 medlemmer af landdagen. Vælgerne får to stemmesedler. Den ene stemme (førstestemmen) går til en person i valgkredsen, mens den anden stemme går til et parti. Vinderen af personvalgene i de 36 valgkredse (direkte mandater) kommer altid ind i delstatsforsamlingen. Dersom et parti vinder flere valgkredse end partiets andel af andenstemmerne, beholder partiet disse mandater (overskudsmandater). Partiernes styrkeforhold i parlamentet afgøres imidlertid af andenstemmen. Overskudsmandater vil derfor blive kompenseret de øvrige partier med tillægsmandater.

Spærregrænsen for at blive repræsenteret i landdagen er 5% af andenstemmerne. Der gælder ingen vilkår om, at partiet vinder et bestemt antal valgkredse (direkte mandater).

Valgperioden er fem år. Stemmeretten og valgbarheden gælder alle voksne statsborgere, som i mindst 37 dage har haft hovedbosted i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Valgkampagne og valgspørgsmål

Den styrende storkoalition mellem SPD og CDU førte kampagne for at forsvare sit flertal. Desuden var resultatet for partiet AfD ventet med stor interesse. Under kampagnen advarede partiets frontfigur, Leif-Erik Holm, med spredning af islam. Partiet håbede at være den stærkeste politiske kraft efter valget.

Udspurgt om de vigtigste spørgsmål rangerede Forschungsgruppe Wahlen/Politbarometer pollees "arbejdsløshed" på førstepladsen (38%), efterfulgt af "flygtninge/asyl" (25%) og "skole/uddannelse" (12%). Den siddende ministerpræsident Erwin Sellering (64%) var langt mere populær som en kandidat til ministerpræsident end CDU kandidat Lorenz Caffier (18%). I en Infratest DIMAP meningsmåling var imidlertid "flygtninge/indvandring" med 34% angivet som det størte problem efterfulgt af "social retfærdighed" (27%) og "arbejdskraft og økonomi" (20%).

I løbet af de sidste dage af kampagnen skærpede kansler Angela Merkel, som har sin valgkreds for de føderale valg i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, sin tone mod indvandrere og talte til fordel for at deportere flere af dem, idet hun brugte ordet "Rückführung" (hjemsendelse) i stedet af "Abschiebung" (udvisning). Den 1. september indrømmede Merkel for første gang fejl i hendes flygtningepolitik, men kun sådanne som var gjort for flere år siden i 2004/05. Ifølge Die Zeit så nogle en vending i hendes politik Willkommenskultur og formodede "frygt" for nederlag i kansler kontor.

Men generelt forsvarede Merkel under kampagnen sin flygtningepolitik og udtrykket "Wir Schaffen das" ( "Vi klarer det"), siger, at hun ville have gjort alt igen på samme måde, som hun gjorde det i 2015. CDU kandidat Caffier krævede forbud mod burka - selv om der er næppe nogen kvinder iført en burka i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern -, flere politifolk og mere udvikling af landdistrikterne. Samtidig tog SPD ministerpræsident og frontløber Erwin Sellering afstand fra Merkels flygtningepolitik og krævede mere respekt for livstidsresultater fra den østtyske befolknings side. Sellering udtalte fx: "Det må ikke være sådan, at vores folk lider, fordi flygtningene er der".

Meningsmålinger

Meningsmålinger viste, at AFD ville få 21-23 % af stemmerne, med mellemrum truende det styrende SPD under ministerpræsident Erwin Sellering, selvom SPD syntes styrket i meningsmålinger i midten af august. Også CDU kom før SPD i nogle målinger; dog var resultaterne for begge parter forventet at blive dårligere i forhold til det seneste valg i 2011. Meningsmålinger viste også et betydeligt tab for Die Linke. [9] En INSA meningsmåling den 31. august 2016 viste ikke kun, at AfD ville blive større end CDU for første gang, men også at den regerende CDU/SPD-koalition kunne miste sit flertal.

Valgresultatet

Valgdeltagelsen var 61,9%.

De foreløbige valgresultater viste, at SPD fik 30,6% af stemmerne (÷5,0%), AfD 20,8% (+20,8%), CDU 19,0% (÷4,0%), Die Linke 13,2% (÷5,2%), Die Grünen 4,8% (÷3,9%), FDP 3,0% (+0,2%), NPD 3,0% (÷3,0%), Partei Mensch Umwelt Tierschutz 1,2% (+1,2%), andre 4,4% (÷1,1%). Valgresultatet indebar, at koalitionen CDU/SPD kunne fortsætte. Påfaldende var, at både SPD, Die Linke, Die Grünen og CDU var gået markant tilbage. Ligeledes blev NPDs nederlag set som en følge af AfDs fremgang.

Noter

Politiske valg i Tyskland
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2016

Valget i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2016


John Daniel Baskeyfield  (18 November 1922 – 20 September 1944) was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces.

Born in 1922, Baskeyfield was called up to the British Army in early 1942. He served with the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, a glider infantry unit of the 1st Airlanding Brigade, part of the 1st Airborne Division, in Sicily and Italy in 1943 before returning to the United Kingdom. The division was next deployed in Operation Market Garden and fought in the subsequent Battle of Arnhem.

While defending the Oosterbeek perimeter three days into the battle, Baskeyfield commanded a pair of anti-tank guns that destroyed several enemy tanks before the crews were killed. Baskeyfield subsequently fired the guns alone before he too was killed. His body was not identified after the war and he has no known grave.

Early life
John Baskeyfield was born on 18 November 1922 in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England, the son of Daniel and Minnie Baskeyfield. He trained and worked as a butcher during the early years of the Second World War, until he received his call up papers in February 1942 at the age of 19.

Early military service
Baskeyfield joined the South Staffordshire Regiment and served with the 2nd Battalion's anti-tank platoon. The 2nd Battalion was part of the 1st Airlanding Brigade, itself part of the 1st Airborne Division and Baskeyfield accompanied them to North Africa, from where they took part in Operation Ladbroke, the glider-borne element of the Invasion of Sicily in 1943. The division then landed in Italy as part of Operation Slapstick and spent some weeks fighting their way through the country before sailing back to England.

Battle of Arnhem
The Battle of Arnhem was part of Operation Market Garden, an attempt to secure a string of bridges through the Netherlands. At Arnhem the British 1st Airborne Division and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were tasked with securing bridges across the Lower Rhine, the final objectives of the operation. However, the airborne forces that dropped on 17 September were not aware that the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer divisions were also near Arnhem for rest and refit. Their presence added a substantial number of Panzergrenadiers, tanks and self-propelled guns to the German defences and the Allies suffered heavily in the ensuing battle. Only a small force managed to hold one end of the Arnhem road bridge before being overrun on 21 September. The rest of the division became trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge and had to be evacuated on 25 September in Operation Berlin. The Allies failed to cross the Rhine, which remained under German control until Allied offensives in March 1945.

South Staffordshire's advance

Owing to a shortage of aircraft, the Allies planned to fly the entire division to Arnhem over three days. The South Staffordshire Battalion was split between the lifts on day one and day two; most of the unit arrived on day one, with the rest arriving with the second lift.   The battalion's anti-tank guns were flown from RAF Manston on day one.

Major General Roy Urquhart's original plan envisaged the 1st Airlanding Brigade securing the drop zones for subsequent lifts, but by the end of day one the Allied advance into Arnhem had stalled. Only a small group of the 1st Parachute Brigade, mainly elements of Lieutenant Colonel John Frost's 2nd Battalion, were able to reach the bridge. The 1st and 3rd Battalions were unable to penetrate the outer suburbs of the city and their advance stalled, so in order to support them the first lift of the South Stafford's were sent forward on the morning of 18 September.  When the second lift arrived later that day they too were sent forward and arrived at the outskirts of Arnhem that night.  The South Staffordshire's anti-tank platoon was kept in the divisional area.

In the early hours of the morning of 19 September, an attack was launched on a narrow front between the river and the railway line, in order to force a passage through to the bridge.  Most of the support weapons were left in the rear, as they were unable to suitably deploy in the dark and in the narrow confines of the urban surroundings.  However, in the face of strong enemy positions and armour, the attack faltered and the British were routed.

Withdrawal to Oosterbeek
  The remnants of the four battalions fell back in disarray to the main divisional positions at Oosterbeek. Here they were gathered into defensive units by Lieutenant Colonel Sheriff Thompson, Commanding Officer of the 1st Airlanding Light Artillery Regiment, who forcibly stopped many of the panicked troops and had Major Robert Cain form them into a defensive screen half a mile in front of his own 75 Millimetre Howitzers positions.  The sector was designated "Thompson Force", but Thompson actually sent Major Richard Lonsdale forward to take command of these outlying troops later in the day.

The German forces made determined attacks against Lonsdale's force on 20 September, starting soon after dawn. Baskeyfield was in charge of two 6 pounder anti–tank guns defending a T junction on the Benedendorpsweg, the southernmost road between Arnhem and Oosterbeek.  Baskeyfield's guns faced up the Acacialaan, which joined the Benedendorpsweg from the north, and covered the likely enemy approach along this road and from open ground to the north east.  His right flank – to the east – was covered by another anti-tank gun commanded by Lance-Sergeant Mansell.

In an initial German assault, Baskeyfield and his gun crews destroyed two tanks and a self-propelled gun as they advanced down the Acacialaan.  Baskeyfield allowed the armour to come within 100 yards of his positions before ordering his crews to fire, while paratroopers of the 11th Battalion in nearby houses dealt with attacking infantry.  In the course of this action, Baskeyfield's crew was killed or wounded and Baskeyfield himself was badly injured.  However he refused to be evacuated and in a later German attack he worked his gun alone, loading, laying and firing it himself.  He fired round after round until enemy fire put his gun out of action, and he crawled to the second gun, whose crew had similarly been disabled. From here he engaged another self-propelled gun, dispatching it with two rounds, but was killed shortly afterwards by fire from another German tank.

Lonsdale's men fell back to new positions later that day and "Thompson Force" was renamed  "Lonsdale Force" when Thompson was wounded on 21 September.   The force continued to hold the Oosterbeek perimeter until the Allies withdrew in Operation Berlin on the night of 25 September.

Victoria Cross

The full citation for Baskeyfield's Victoria Cross appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette on 23 November 1944, reading:

Legacy

After Arnhem was liberated in April 1945, Grave Registration Units of the British 2nd Army moved into the area and began to locate the Allied dead.  Over 1700 men were buried in the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, but Baskeyfield's body was never identified. Although several hundred burials in the cemetery are unidentified, there are no records of any unidentified soldiers being exhumed from Acacialaan.  Instead Baskeyfield's name is inscribed on the Groesbeek Memorial which commemorates all those Allied servicemen killed between August 1944 and the end of the conflict who have no known grave.  Four more VCs were awarded after the battle, including one for Major Robert Cain, commander of B Company, 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment.  The 2nd Battalion thus became the only British battalion to receive two VCs during one engagement in the Second World War.

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Staffordshire Regiment Museum in Whittington, Staffordshire.  A twice life size memorial statue of him was erected in 1990 at Festival Heights in Stoke-on-Trent, by sculptors Steven Whyte and Michael Talbot. The John Baskeyfield V.C. Church of England Primary School in Burslem was named after him but was renamed Saint Nathaniel's Academy on 1 March 2014.
Baskeyfield is commemorated by the retirement community at Baskeyfield House, Angels Way, Burslem, built in 2015, and by the Army Reserve Centre, also called Baskeyfield House, at Anchor Road, Stoke on Trent.  The artist Terence Cuneo made a painting of Baskeyfield's action, and in 1969 a Staffordshire filmmaker spent three years making a short film about his role in the battle, entitled Baskeyfield VC.  A tree on the site of Baskeyfield's second gun, on the corner of Benedendorpsweg and Acacialaan, has been named the Jack Baskeyfield Tree.

See also
List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients

Four other men were awarded the Victoria Cross at Arnhem:
Major Robert Henry Cain, 2nd Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment.
Lieutenant John Hollington Grayburn, 2nd Battalion Parachute Regiment.
Flight Lieutenant David Samuel Anthony Lord, 271 Squadron, Royal Air Force.
Captain Lionel Ernest Queripel, 10th Battalion Parachute Regiment.

References

Bibliography

External links
 The Arnhem Roll of Honour Database: Lance-Sergeant J D Baskeyfield
 A copy of Baskeyfield's VC citation: Paradata: Lance-Sergeant J D Baskeyfield
 The location of Baskeyfield's action:

1922 births
1944 deaths
People from Burslem
South Staffordshire Regiment soldiers
British Army personnel killed in World War II
British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Operation Market Garden
Military personnel from Staffordshire

John Baskeyfield