Peter Coyote (born Robert Peter Cohon; October 10, 1941) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, author and narrator of films, theatre, television, and audiobooks. He worked on films such as E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Cross Creek (1983), Jagged Edge (1985),  Bitter Moon (1992), Kika (1993), Patch Adams (1998), Erin Brockovich (2000), A Walk to Remember (2002), and Femme Fatale (2002).

Coyote's voice work includes his narration for the opening ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics and Apple's iPad Retina Display campaign as well as the introduction of the NeXT Computer. He narrated the PBS series The Pacific Century (1992), winning an Emmy, and eleven documentaries directed or produced by Ken Burns: The West (1996), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011), The Dust Bowl (2012), The Roosevelts: An Intimate History (2014), The Vietnam War (2017), The Mayo Clinic: Faith--Hope--Science (2018), Country Music (2019), Hemingway (2021), Benjamin Franklin (2022), The U.S. and the Holocaust (2022), and The American Buffalo (2023). He won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator in 2015 for his work on The Roosevelts.

Coyote was one of the founders of the Diggers, an anarchist improv group active in Haight-Ashbury during the mid-1960s, including the Summer of Love. Coyote was also an actor, writer and director with the San Francisco Mime Troupe from which the Diggers evolved; his prominence in the San Francisco counterculture scene led to his being interviewed for the book Voices from the Love Generation. He acted in and directed the first cross-country tour of The Minstrel Show, and his play Olive Pits, co-authored with Mime Troupe member Peter Berg, won the troupe an Obie Award from The Village Voice. Coyote became a member, and later chairman, of the California Arts Council from 1975 to 1983. In the late 1970s, he shifted from acting on stage to acting in films. In the 1990s and 2000s, he acted in several television shows. He speaks fairly fluent Spanish and French.

Early life
Coyote was born Robert Peter Cohon on October 10, 1941, in New York City, the son of Ruth (née Fidler) and Morris Cohon, an investment banker. His father was of Sephardic Jewish descent and his mother came from a working-class Ashkenazi Jewish family. Her father, trained as a rabbi in Russia, escaped being drafted into the Imperial Russian Army, and eventually ran a small candy store in the Bronx. Coyote "was raised in a highly intellectual, cultural but unreligious family", involved in left-wing politics. He grew up in Englewood, New Jersey and graduated from Dwight Morrow High School there in 1960. Coyote later said that he was "half black and half white inside" due to the strong influence of Susie Nelson, his family's African-American housekeeper. Coyote is the maternal uncle of librarian Jessamyn West.

While a student at Grinnell College in 1961, Coyote was one of the organizers of a group of twelve students who traveled to Washington, D.C. during the Cuban Missile Crisis supporting President John F. Kennedy's "peace race". Kennedy invited the group into the White House, the first time protesters had ever been so recognized, and they met for several hours with McGeorge Bundy. The group received wide press coverage. They mimeographed the resulting headlines and sent them to every college in the United States. He was also in a band called the Kittatinny Mountain Boys.

Upon graduation from Grinnell with a Bachelor of Arts in English literature in 1964, he moved to the West Coast, despite having been accepted at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and commenced working toward a master's degree in creative writing at San Francisco State University.

Name change
While still at Grinnell, Coyote ingested peyote and had a profound experience with something he recognized as an animal spirit. At the next dawn he came to in a cornfield dotted with paw-prints. A few years later, he came across Coyote's Journal, a poetry magazine, and recognized its logo as the same paw-prints he had seen during his peyote experience. After meeting Rolling Thunder (John Pope), a purported Paiute-Shoshone shaman, who informed him that there were two ways to regard what he had experienced. "You could consider it a hallucination", he said, "and you'll just remain a white man and be ok. Or, you could consider that the Universe opened itself to you, and if you consider it deeply enough, you might become a human being." Peter considered what he had been saying for several months, and then changed his last name to Coyote, as the first step towards understanding its significance. The immediate, unanticipated consequence, was that no one, not even Peter knew who Peter Coyote was, and he was liberated from his personal history. From that point on, he never knew "where the rabbit would break from the brush".

Countercultural activities
After a short apprenticeship at the San Francisco Actor's Workshop, he joined the San Francisco Mime Troupe, a radical political street theater whose members were arrested for performing in parks without permits. Coyote acted, wrote scripts, and directed in the Mime Troupe. Coyote directed the first cross-country tour of The Minstrel Show, Civil Rights in a Cracker Barrel, a controversial play closed by authorities in several cities.

From 1967 to 1975, Coyote was a prominent member of the San Francisco Haight-Ashbury counterculture community and a founding member, along with Emmett Grogan, Peter Berg, Judy Goldhaft, Kent Minault, Nina Blasenheim, David Simpson, Jane Lapiner, and Billy Murcott, of the Diggers, an anarchist group known for operating anonymously and without money. They created provocative "theater" events designed to heighten awareness of problems associated with the notion of private property, consumerism, and identification with one's work. They fed nearly 600 people a day for "free", asking only that people pass through a six-foot by six-foot square known as The Free Frame of Reference. They ran a Free Store, (where not only the goods, but the management roles were free), a Free Medical Clinic, and even a short-lived Free Bank. The Diggers evolved into a group known as the Free Family, which established chains of communes around the Pacific Northwest and Southwest. Coyote was the best known resident of the Black Bear Ranch commune in Siskiyou County, California.

Discovering Zen
Coyote had first discovered Zen in his teens via the works of Jack Kerouac, Gary Snyder, and other Beats. Coyote met Snyder with the Diggers and was impressed with Snyder's "gravitas and elegance, his care and deliberation".

Beginning in 1975, Coyote undertook meditation practice and eventually became a dedicated practitioner of American Zen Buddhism, moving into the San Francisco Zen Center. He was later ordained a lay priest in the Sōtō tradition and was ordained as a Zen Priest in 2015.

Coyote performed audiobook recordings of Shunryu Suzuki's Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind and Paul Reps's Zen Flesh, Zen Bones as well as narrating the documentary Inquiry into the Great Matter: A History of Zen Buddhism.

Film and television acting
In 1978, Coyote began acting again ("to shake the rust out") appearing in plays at San Francisco's award-winning Magic Theatre. While he was playing the lead in the world premiere of Sam Shepard's True West, a Hollywood agent approached him, and his film career began with Die Laughing (1980). He gave supporting performances in Tell Me a Riddle (1980), Southern Comfort (1981), and as the mysterious scientist "Keys" in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). He was seriously considered for the role of Indiana Jones in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), and auditioned for the part. Coyote's first starring role was in the science fiction adventure Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann (1982). He also starred in Jagged Edge (1985) and Outrageous Fortune (1987). Since then, he has made more than 120 films for theaters and television and has played starring roles for many directors, including Roman Polanski (Bitter Moon), Pedro Almodóvar (Kika), Martin Ritt (Cross Creek), Jean-Paul Rappeneau (Bon Voyage), Diane Kurys (A Man in Love), and Walter Salles (Exposure). For his 1990 guest appearance on the television series Road to Avonlea, he received his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination.

In addition to his movie work in more recent films such as Sphere, A Walk to Remember, and Erin Brockovich, Coyote has also appeared in many made-for-television movies and miniseries, and he does commercial voice-overs. Coyote was cast in lead roles on several television series: The 4400 in 2004 and The Inside in 2005. After The Inside was canceled, Coyote returned to The 4400 as a special guest star for their two-part season finale, then joined the cast of ABC's series Commander in Chief as the Vice President of the United States, and the next year did a four-episode turn as Sally Field's disreputable boyfriend in Brothers & Sisters.

Narration
In 2005, Coyote served as the narrator for several prominent projects including the documentary film Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room and the National Geographic-produced PBS documentary based on Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel. He also narrated an episode of the series Lost in April 2006. In 2008, he narrated Torturing Democracy, a documentary produced by PBS which details the George W. Bush administration's use of "enhanced interrogation techniques" in the War on Terror. He also narrated the 12-hour Ken Burns series on the National Parks, and 15 episodes for the National Geographic Explorer series. In 2010 he narrated the documentary Solitary Confinement on the effect of long-term isolation, with footage taken from Colorado State Penitentiary where all prisoners are held this way. In 2014, he appeared in the TNT television series Perception, as the father of the main character, Dr. Daniel Pierce, and narrated Burns' The Roosevelts: An Intimate History; the latter saw him win his first Primetime Emmy Award. In 2019, he narrated Burns' PBS documentary Country Music. Most recently he has provided narration for a number of commercials produced by The Lincoln Project.

Writing
Coyote's left-wing politics are evident in his articles for Mother Jones magazine, some of which he wrote as a delegate to the 1996 Democratic National Convention; in his disagreements with David Horowitz; and in his autobiography Sleeping Where I Fall. In 2006, Coyote developed a political television show for Link TV called "The Active Opposition" and in 2007 created Outside the Box with Peter Coyote starting on Link TV's special, Special: The End of Oil – Part 2.

Many of Coyote's stories from the 1967 to 1975 counter-culture period are included in his memoir, Sleeping Where I Fall, published by Counterpoint Press in April 1998. One of the stories incorporated into his book is "Carla's Story," about a 16-year-old mother who lived communally with Coyote, and who, after learning of her husband's murder, became a drug addict, then a prostitute, had her children stolen, and continued to spiral downhill until she turned her life around. This story was published in Zyzzyva, and awarded the 1993–1994 Pushcart Prize. He also states he was a close friend of singer Janis Joplin. Coyote has a website, which features the titles of all his movies and extended samples of much of his writing. He is a member at RedRoom.com, a website for authors.

In April 2015, his memoir The Rainman's Third Cure: An Irregular Education was released, where he "provides portraits of mentors that shaped him—including his violent, intimidating father, a bass player, a Mafia Consiglieri, and beat poet Gary Snyder, who introduced him to the practice of Zen."

In September 2021, Four Way Books released a collection of Coyote's poetry entitled Tongue of a Crow. The poems span five decades and cover his life as "an activist, actor and Zen Buddhist priest."

Filmography

Actor

Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story (1980) as Lt. Micklin
Die Laughing (1980) as Davis
Southern Comfort (1981) as Sergeant Poole
Isabel's Choice (1981 TV film) as Wynn Thomas
Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann (1982) as Porter Reese
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) as Keys
Endangered Species (1982) as Steele
Strangers' Kiss (1983) Stanley, the Director
Cross Creek (1983) as Norton Baskin
Slayground (1983) as Stone
Heartbreakers (1984) as Arthur Blue
The Legend of Billie Jean (1985) as Det. Larry Ringwald
Jagged Edge (1985) as Thomas Krasny
The Blue Yonder (1985) as Max Knickerbocker
Outrageous Fortune (1987) as Michael Sanders
Un homme amoureux (1987) as Steve Elliott
Echoes in the Darkness (1987 TV mini-series) as William Bradfield Jr.
Heart of Midnight (1988) as Sharpe/Larry
The Man Inside (1990) as Henry Tobel
A Grande Arte - American title is Exposure (1991) as Mr. Peter Mandrake
Keeper of the City (1991) as Frank Nordhall
Road to Avonlea (1991) as Romney Penhallow
Bitter Moon (1992) as Oscar
Kika (1993) as Nicholas
That Eye, the Sky (1994) as Henry Warburton
Breach of Conduct (1994) as Col. Andrew Case
Moonlight and Valentino (1995) as Paul
Buffalo Girls (1995) as Buffalo Bill Cody
Unforgettable (1996) as Don Bresler
Murder in My Mind (1997) as Arthur Lefcourt
Road Ends (1997) as Gene Gere
Sphere (1998) as Captain Harold C. Barnes
Two for Texas (1998 TNT movie for TV) as Jim Bowie
Patch Adams (1998) as Bill Davis
Route 9 (1998) as Sheriff Dwayne Hogan
Random Hearts (1999) as Cullen Chandler
Execution of Justice (1999) as Harvey Milk
The Basket (1999) as Martin Conlon
More Dogs Than Bones (2000) as Det. Darren Cody
Erin Brockovich (2000) as Kurt Potter
Jack the Dog (2001) as Alfred Stieglitz
Midwives (2001) as Stephen Hastings
Femme Fatale (2002) as Watts
A Walk to Remember (2002) as Rev. Sullivan
Bon Voyage (2003) as Alex Winckler
The Hebrew Hammer (2003) as JJL Chief Bloomenbergensteinenthal
Deadwood (2004) as General Crook
Law & Order: Trial by Jury (2005) as Mike LaSalle
Independent Lens (2005–2009) as Narrator
The Inside (2005) as Special Agent Webster
Deepwater (2005) as Herman Finch
A Little Trip to Heaven (2005) as Frank
Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis (2005) as Uncle Charles
Return of the Living Dead: Rave to the Grave (2005) as Uncle Charles
Commander in Chief (2005–2006) as Warren Keaton
The 4400 (2004–2006) as Dennis Ryland
Behind Enemy Lines II: Axis of Evil (2006) as President Manning
Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2001–2011). Episode aired 15 November 2007, Season 07, Episode 07 as Lionel Shill
Brothers & Sisters (2007) as Mark August
Five Dollars a Day (2008) as Bert Kruger
Dr. Dolittle: Tail to the Chief as President Sterling
All Roads Lead Home (2008) as Hock
NCIS (2008) as Ned Quinn
The Lena Baker Story (2008) as Elliot Arthur
FlashForward (2009) as President Dave Segovia
This Is Not a Movie (2010) as CEO of Propaganda / screenwriter
Law & Order: Los Angeles (2010-2011) as District Attorney Jerry Hardin
Last Will (2011) as Judge Garner
The Gundown (2011) as Tom Morgan
Stage Left: A Story of Theater in the Bay Area (2011) as Himself
La Rançon de la gloire (2014) as John Crooker
Good Kill (2014) as Langley (voice)
Blue Bloods (2015) as Senator McCreary
Eva & Leon (2015) as Le père d'Eva
No Deposit (2015) as Police Chief Williams
The Disappearance (2017) as Henry Sullivan
1 Mile to You (2017) as Prin. Umber
The Comey Rule (2020) as Robert Mueller
The Real Activist (2020) as Himself
The Girl Who Believes in Miracles (2021) as Sam Donovan

Narrator

The UFO Experience, a television documentary directed by Ronald K. Lakis in which Coyote appeared and also narrated (1982)
Contrary Warriors (1986)
Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind (1988)
Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey (1990)
Hatchet by Gary Paulsen
The Education of Little Tree by Forrest Carter
The Breathtaker by Alice Blanchard
The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge by Carlos Castaneda
The Studio System, American Cinema, New York Center for Visual History (1994)
National Geographic: Cyclone! (1995)
The West Produced by Ken Burns and directed by Stephen Ives (1996)
21st Century Jet: The Building of the Boeing 777 (1996)
Survivors of the Skeleton Coast (1997)
When Disasters Strike II (1997)
Video Justice: Crime Caught on Tape (1997)
World's Scariest Police Chases Pilot episode (1997)
TITANIC: Breaking New Ground (1998)
The History of Sex (1999)
Rome: Power & Glory (1999)
National Geographic: The Battle For Midway produced by Michael Rosenfeld (1999)
In the Light of Reverence (2001)
The Color of War (2001)
Out of the Blue (2002)
The Shapes of Life: Origins (2002)
Seth Eastman: Painting the Dakota (2002)
The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to Personal Freedom by Don Miguel Ruiz
The Fifth Agreement: A Practical Guide to Self-Mastery by Don Miguel Ruiz
Oil on Ice (2004)
The Voice of Knowledge : A Practical Guide to Inner Peace (Toltec Wisdom) by Don Miguel Ruiz (2004)
Kursk: A Submarine In Troubled Waters by Jean-Michel Carré (2004)
National Geographic: Surviving Everest (Peter Coyote, Liesl Clark, 2004)
National Geographic: Guns, Germs, and Steel (Jared Diamond, 2005)
Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (2005)
Understanding: Extraterrestrials
The Tribe (2005)
National Geographic Explorer – Journey to an Alien Moon produced by Mark Mannucci
National Geographic: Lost Treasures of Afghanistan produced by James Barrat (2006)
National Geographic: The Gospel of Judas produced by James Barrat (2006)
The War Prayer (2006)
Fog City Mavericks (2007)
Hippies (2007)
Stealing America: Vote by Vote (2008)
Torturing Democracy (2008)
What If Cannabis Cured Cancer
Illicit: The Dark Trade (2008)
National Geographic Explorer: Congo Bush Pilots producer/director/writer by Tony Gerber (2008)
Gray Eagles (2009)
National Geographic Explorer:  (2009)
National Geographic Explorer : The Virus Hunters (2009)
National Geographic Explorer : Inside Guantanamo Bay (2009)
The National Parks: America's Best Idea directed by Ken Burns (2009)
Full Color Football: The History of the American Football League (2009)
Reclaiming Their Voice: The Native American Vote in New Mexico & Beyond (2009)
For the Rights of All: Ending Jim Crow in Alaska
The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players (2010)
Connected: An Autoblogography About Love, Death, & Technology (2011)
I Am Fishead: Are Corporate Leaders Psychopaths?
NHL 36: Patrick Kane (2011)
NHL 36: Patrice Bergeron (2011)
Prohibition by Ken Burns (2011)
White Water, Black Gold (2011)
NHL 36: Niklas Lidstrom (2012)
NHL 36: Mike Richards (2012)
NHL 36: James Neal (2012)
The Dust Bowl (2012) Host and narrator of PBS miniseries directed by Ken Burns
PBS: The Ghost Army (2013)
Oregon Experience: Hanford Oregon Public Broadcasting (2013)
Big Bend: Life on the Edge (2013)
PBS: The Roosevelts: An Intimate History by Ken Burns (2014)
Pretty Slick by James Fox (2014)
Sands of War (2015)
The Illusionists by Elena Rossini (2015)
PBS (KUED): Unspoken: America's Native American Boarding Schools (2016)
Managing Risk in a Changing Climate (2017)
The Vietnam War by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick (2017)
PBS: Moscone: A Legacy of Change (2018)
The Etruscan Smile (2018)
25 Steps (2018)
PBS: Country Music by Ken Burns (2019)
The Phenomenon by James Fox (2020)
PBS: Hemingway by Ken Burns (2021)
Geospatial Revolution: Mapping the Pandemic,  Penn State Public Broadcasting (2022)
PBS: Benjamin Franklin by Ken Burns (2022)
  PBS: The U.S. and the Holocaust by Ken Burns (2022)
Moment of Contact by James Fox (2022)
  PBS: American Buffalo by Ken Burns (2023)

Bibliography

 Corrigan, Michael (2008). A Year and a Day: A Grief Journal. Idaho State University. . Includes Peter Coyote's emails to Michael Corrigan after Corrigan lost his wife.

Illustrator
Emmett Grogan (1990) Ringolevio: A Life Played for Keeps, autobiography

References

External links

1941 births
American Ashkenazi Jews
American people of Jewish descent
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American pacifists
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American Sephardic Jews
American Zen Buddhists
American Buddhists
Audiobook narrators
Buddhist pacifists
Diggers (theater)
Dwight Morrow High School alumni
Grinnell College alumni
Living people
Male actors from New Jersey
Male actors from New York City
News & Documentary Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Narrator Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Englewood, New Jersey
San Francisco State University alumni
Soto Zen Buddhists
Theatre in the San Francisco Bay Area

Peter Coyote


عامر بن فهيرة (المتوفي سنة 4 هـ) صحابي، ومولى أبو بكر الصديق، وأحد السابقين إلى الإسلام، وكان من المستضعفين الذين عُذّبوا لما اعتنقوا الإسلام، فاشتراه أبو بكر الصديق، فأعتقه فصار مولى له. وكان لابن فهيرة دورًا بارزًا في الهجرة النبوية، حيث كان يرعى غنم أبي بكر التي يمحو بها آثار أقدام عبد الله بن أبي بكر الذي كان يتردد على النبي محمد وأبوه أبي بكر أثناء تخفيهما في غار ثور. هاجر عامر بن فهيرة إلى يثرب، وشارك مع النبي محمد في غزوتي بدر وأحد، وقتل في سرية بئر معونة.

سيرته
كان عامر بن فهيرة عبدًا أسودًا مملوكًا للطفيل بن عبد الله بن سخبرة الأزدي في مكة، وكان مولّدًا من مولدي الأزد، وقد أسلم قديمًا قبل دخول النبي محمد دار الأرقم ليدعوا فيها. ونظرًا لكونه عبدًا أسودًا، استُضعف عامر بن فهيرة، فكان يُعذّب لترك دين الإسلام، إلى أن اشتراه أبو بكر الصديق وأعتقه، وصار يرعى له بعض غنمه.

لما همّ النبي محمد وصاحبه أبو بكر بالهجرة، تخفّيا لفترة في غار ثور حتى يفقد متتبعيهم أثرهم، فكان عامر بن فهيرة يروح بغنم أبي بكر عليهما، فيحتلبا الغنم، وإِذا خرج عبد الله بن أبي بكر من عندهما اتبع عامر بن فهيرة أثره بالغنم حتى يخفي آثار أقدامه. ولما سارا إلى يثرب، خرج عامر بن فهيرة معهم، حيث أردفه أبو بكر خلفه.

نزل عامر بن فهيرة حين هاجر إلى يثرب على سعد بن خيثمة، وقد آخى النبي محمد بينه وبين الحارث بن أوس بن معاذ. شهد عامر بن فهيرة مع النبي محمد غزوتي بدر وأحد. وفي صفر سنة 4 هـ، شارك عامر بن فهيرة في السرية التي عقد رايتها النبي محمد للمنذر بن عمرو لدعوة أهل نجد إلى الإسلام، فاعترضتهم بطون من قبيلة سُليم عند بئر معونة، وقاتلوهم وقُتل عامر يومها وعمره 40 سنة، قتله يومها جبار بن سلمى. وقد ذكر محمد بن عمر الواقدي رواية عن محمد بن عبد الله بن مسلم الزهري عن عمه محمد بن مسلم الزهري عن عروة بن الزبير عن عائشة بنت أبي بكر أنه: ، كما أورد ابن الأثير الجزري في كتابه «أسد الغابة في معرفة الصحابة» رواية عن عبد الله بن المبارك وعبد الرزاق بن همام عن معمر بن راشد عن محمد بن مسلم الزهري عن عروة بن الزبير، قال: . وأورد ابن إسحاق في سيرته عن هشام بن عروة عن أبيه أن قاتله جبار بن سلمى شهد صعود جثته إلى السماء، فكانت سببًا لإسلامه.

المراجع

أزديون
شهداء سرية بئر معونة
صحابة شهدوا غزوة أحد
صحابة شهدوا غزوة بدر
عرب من أصل إفريقي
مواليد 586
مواليد في مكة
وفيات 4 هـ
وفيات 625

عامر بن فهيرة


Francisco Antonio Javier de Gardoqui Arriquíbar (Bilbao, 9 de outubro de 1747 - Roma, 27 de janeiro de 1820) foi um cardeal italiano.

Nascimento
Nasceu em Bilbao em 9 de outubro de 1747. Filho caçula de José Ignacio de Gardoqui y Mezeta (1695-1765), banqueiro e industrial, originário de Guernica, e María Simona de Arriquíbar y Mezcorta (1709-1783), de Bilbau. Irmão de Diego María de Gardoqui (1735-1798), que foi o primeiro embaixador espanhol nos Estados Unidos da América (1784-1789); e secretário da Fazenda do rei D. Carlos IV (1792-1796). Batizado na igreja paroquial de Santiago, Bilbao. Sua família era proprietária do Banca Gardoqui Arriquíbar .

Educação
Estudou teologia e direito canônico em Valladolid, onde obteve o doutorado in utroque iure , direito canônico e civil.

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 1º de junho de 1776, Madri. Vigário geral em Palencia, 1781. Fiscal da Inquisição em Granada, 1785. Inquisidor em Valladolid, 1788. Arcediago em Sagunto e Alarcón. Membro do Conselho de Castela. Auditor da Sagrada Rota Romana do Reino de Castela, 1789. Conselheiro dos Reis Carlos III e Carlos IV de Espanha. Participou da negociação da Paz de Amiens, 1802. Opôs-se ao projeto de Puerto de la Paz de Abandoporque era contrário aos interesses da burguesia de Bilbao. Manteve grande firmeza perante as pretensões de Napoleão Bonaparte tanto na política peninsular como nas relações com Roma. Em colaboração com seu irmão Diego María, redigiu um projeto de colonização do pampa argentino por fazendeiros bascos. Ele foi um notável pregador.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 8 de março de 1816; recebeu o gorro vermelho e o título de S. Anastácia, a 15 de novembro de 1817. Obteve a elevação da igreja paroquial de Santiago à categoria de basílica menor.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 27 de janeiro de 1820. Exposto na igreja de S. Maria em Vallicella, e enterrado em seu título. Há uma rua em Bilbau dedicada à sua memória.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio VII


Per capita, Latince deyiş. "Kişi başına" anlamına gelmektedir. İstatistiki bilgilerde, ortalama kişi başına düşen niceliği belirtirken kullanılır. Çoğunlukla gelir konularında tercih edilir.

Ayrıca, herhangi bir yasal posta adresinde yasal olarak ikamet eden kişilerin sayımına da Per Capita denir.

Latince deyişler

Per capita


Patrick Bauer ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Patrick Bauer (Journalist) (* 1983), deutscher Journalist und Schriftsteller
 Patrick Bauer (Fußballspieler) (* 1992), deutscher Fußballspieler

Siehe auch:
 Patrick Baur (* 1965), deutscher Tennisspieler

Patrick Bauer


Adansonia, série 3 (abreviado Adansonia, sér. 3) es una revista ilustrada con descripciones botánicas que se edita en Francia por el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Francia desde el año 1997, con el nombre de Adansonia; recueil (périodique) d'observations botaniques. Paris.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas de Francia
Publicaciones fundadas en 1997
Revistas científicas en francés

Adansonia, série 3


Gene Haas (født 12. november 1952 i Oxnard) er en amerikansk ingeniør, og grundlægger og eneejer af Haas Automation, en fabrikant af CNC-maskiner, med omkring 1.500 ansatte. Haas' store lidenskab for motorsport, har gjort ham til grundlægger af et team i NASCAR, og fra  et i Formel 1.

Haas Automation
I 1975 fik Haas en bachelor of science i regnskab og finans fra California State University, Northridge. Efter endt uddannelse var han ude af stand til at finde beskæftigelse i erhvervslivet, der betalte mere end det, han tjente på sin sommerjob på et maskinværksted. Så de næste par år arbejdede han som maskinarbejder og CNC-programmør. I 1978 grundlagde han "Pro-turn Engineering", et lille maskinværksted med to medarbejdere; Tony Cortez og Abel Bugarin.

Haas grundlagde i 1983 virksomheden Haas Automation, der skulle fremstille CNC-maskiner I 1996 var virksomheden vokset fra sine faciliteter i Chatsworth, Californien, og begyndte at lede efter en ny placering, Valget endte på byen Oxnard. I marts 1997 var flytningen til Oxnard færdiggjort.

Haas Automation er nu en af de største producenter af værktøjsmaskiner i USA.

Motorsport

NASCAR
Gene Haas grundlagde i 2002 NASCAR-teamet "Haas CNC Racing". Teamet første løb blev kørt 30. september samme år.

I 2008 fik den amerikanske kører Tony Stewart halvdelen af teamet, mod at han skulle køre teamets bil. Derefter skiftede det navn til Stewart-Haas Racing.

Haas F1 Team
Haas meddelte i januar 2014 at han ville gå ind i Formel 1, og at det skulle ske fra -sæsonen. Dette blev dog senere udsat, og i 2015 bekræftede FIA, at Haas F1 Team kunne deltage fra .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Industry Week artikel om Haas Automation
 Haas Automations officielle hjemmeside
 Stewart-Haas Racing officielle hjemmeside

Personer fra Californien
Ingeniører fra USA
Erhvervsfolk fra USA
Motorsportsfolk fra USA
NASCAR

Gene Haas


Larvik Station (Larvik stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Vestfoldbanen, der ligger i byen Larvik i Norge. Stationen blev åbnet sammen med banen 7. december 1881. Stationsbygningen, der er opført efter tegninger af Balthazar Lange, blev fredet i 1997. Stationen betjenes af NSB's regionaltog mellem Skien og Eidsvoll.

I mange år lå terminalen for færgen til Hirtshals 300 m fra stationen, men efter at en ny færgeterminal åbnede i juni 2008 i Larvik Havn, er der nu ca. 2,5 km til færgen. Den tidligere færgehavn i Indre Havn er afviklet, og ejendommene er overgået til kommunen med henblik på byudvikling.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Vestfoldbanen
Etableret i 1881
Jernbanestationer i Vestfold

Larvik Station


Let Love Rule ist das Debütalbum von Lenny Kravitz. Es erschien im September 1989 bei Virgin Records.

Zur Entstehung
Die damalige Ehefrau von Kravitz, Lisa Bonet schrieb den Text von Fear. Bei Rosemary schrieben Bonet und Kravitz den Text gemeinsam. Musikalisch wurde das Album von Künstlern wie John Lennon, Curtis Mayfield, David Bowie oder Prince beeinflusst. Auch Einflüsse von Jimi Hendrix wurden bei Freedom Train bemerkt. Allgemein war der 70er-Rock ein Haupteinfluss.

Erfolg
Das Album erreichte Platz 61 der Billboard 200 in den USA, Platz 12 in der Schweiz und Platz 56 in Großbritannien. Stephen Thomas Erlewine von Allmusic schrieb, das Album klinge nicht steif oder isoliert, sondern "räumlich und offen" und bewertete es mit 4,5 von 5. Rezensator.de vergab 7 von 10 Sternen und schrieb: "Retro ist nicht immer gut, vor allem wenn es nur geklont klingt. Der Kravitz-Sound klingt aber interessant und weist auch einen gewissen Grad an Eigenständigkeit auf. Somit macht diese Zeitreise auch Spaß."

Titelliste
Alle Stücke wurden von Lenny Kravitz geschrieben, außer der Text von Fear von Lisa Bonet und der Text von Rosemary von Kravitz und Bonet.

 Sittin' on Top of the World – 3:16
 Let Love Rule – 5:42
 Freedom Train – 2:50
 My Precious Love – 5:15
 I Build This Garden for Us – 6:16
 Fear – 5:25
 Does Anybody Out There Even Care – 3:42
 Mr. Cab Driver – 3:49
 Rosemary – 5:27
 Be – 3:16

 CD-Bonustitel
 11. Blues for Sister Someone – 2:51
 12. Empty Hands – 4:42
 13. Flower Child – 2:56

Bonustitel der 20th Anniversary Edition
Alle Stücke wurden von Lenny Kravitz geschrieben, außer wo anders angegeben.

 14. Let Love Rule (Basic Rough Mix)
 15. Cold Turkey (John Lennon)
 16. Light Skin Girl from London
 17. Fear (1987 Demo)
 18. Mr. Cab Driver (Home Demo)
 19. Let Love Rule (Home Demo)

 Titel 16 erschien erstmals auf der Single Always on the Run, wurde aber ursprünglich auf der Tour zu Let Love Rule aufgenommen.

 Disc 2 (Let Love Rule Live)
 Flower Child
 Blues for Sister Someone
 Mr. Cab Driver
 Freedom Train
 Be
 My Precious Love
 Does Anybody Out There Even Care
 Let Love Rule
 Rosemary (Text von Kravitz und Bonet)
 Fear (Text von Bonet)
 My Flash On You (Arthur Lee)
 If 6 Was 9 (Jimi Hendrix)

 Titel 1–10 aufgenommen in The Paradise, Boston, Mass. – 28. März 1990
 Titel 11–12 aufgenommen im The Paradiso, Amsterdam – 20. Dezember 1989

Einzelnachweise

Lenny-Kravitz-Album
Album (Hard Rock)
Album (Funk)
Album 1989

Let Love Rule


Siemens Sicat SX er en køreledningstype udviklet af Siemens AG. Den adskiller sig fra traditionelle systemer ved, at der er op til 110 meter mellem ledningsmasterne, hvor maksimallængden i Danmark er normalt 60 meter (dog 70 meter på Sønderborgbanen).

Idet længden mellem masterne er længere, samt ved, at den indeholder færre komponenter, hævder Siemens, at deres Sicat SX er billigere at opsætte, end de traditionelle konkurrerende køreledningstyper.

Som et led i Elektrificeringsprogrammet valgte Banedanmark Sicat SX som køreledningstype i forbindelse med elektrificeringen af Lunderskov-Esbjerg-banen og København-Køge-Ringsted-banen.

Kritik
Efter gentagende tilfælde af nedfaldende køreledninger på Lunderskov-Esbjerg-banen, valgte Banedanmark den 9. maj 2018 midlertidigt at indstille togtrafikken på strækningen.

Kort tid efter oplyste Banedanmark, at enkelte defekte tovhjul var årsagen til problemet og, at 320 defekte tovhjul, samt 160 lodstyr skulle udskiftes. Indtil udskiftningen blev færdiggjort, blev strækningen derfor kun betjent af dieseldrevne lokomotiver og togsæt.

Foruden den danske strækning, er køreledningssystemet kun afprøvet på en 4 kilometer enkeltsporet jernbane i Ungarn, hvilket har affødt politisk kritik af Banedanmark, da de tidligere erfaringer med andre specialprojekter på jernbanen som IC4-sagen ikke har været tilfredsstillende.

Den 13. august 2018 blev driften normaliseret på Lunderskov-Esbjerg-banen, efter teknikere fra Siemens og Aarsleff færdiggjorde udskiftningen af 309 styk af de fejlramte tovhjul.

Kilder

Jernbaneanlæg

Siemens Sicat SX


Yeni-Kale (; ; ; ; também escrito Yenikale, Eni-Kale e Enikale) é uma fortaleza na costa do estreito de Querche, na cidade de Querche, Crimeia.

História
O nome "Yenikale" significa "Novo Castelo" em turco e em tártaro (yeni - novo, kale - castelo). Durante a Antiguidade, no local onde agora está a fortaleza, estava a cidade grega de Partenon. Na Idade Média (a partir do ) havia uma colónia da República de Génova, que no final do  passou para a posse do Império Otomano.

Yeni-Kale foi construído pelos turcos otomanos entre 1699 e 1706 na península de Querche que pertencia ao canato da Crimeia. A fortaleza foi construída sob a orientação de Goloppo, que era um italiano convertido ao Islão. Vários engenheiros franceses também intervieram da construção.

Yeni-Kale estava armada com canhões poderosos e era um importante lugar estratégico na costa do estreito de Querche. A fortaleza ocupava uma área de  e contava com dois paióis de pólvora, arsenal, reservatório de água, casas de convivência, balneário e mesquita. Cerca de 800 soldados turcos e 300 tártaros da Crimeia foram guarnecidos em Yeni-Kale. O ponto fraco da fortaleza era a falta de água potável na área, por isso foi feita uma tubulação subterrânea de água para trazer água de uma fonte localizada a vários quilómetros da fortaleza. Yeni-Kale também serviu como um grande mercado de escravos e como residência do paxá.

Durante a Guerra Russo-Turca de 1768–1774, o exército russo invadiu a Crimeia no verão de 1771. Embora os reforços do Império Otomano tivessem chegado antes, os turcos decidiram abandonar Yeni-Kale. Unidades russas sob o comando do general Nikolay Borzov entraram na fortaleza em 21 de junho de 1771. Abaza Muhammad Pasha, que era o comandante de Yeni-Kale, fugiu para Sinope e o sultão condenou-o à morte pelo número de fracassos militares.

Após o tratado de Küçük-Kainarji em 1774, Querche e a fortaleza de Yeni-Kale foram cedidos à Rússia. A fortaleza tornou-se parte do município de Querche-Yenikale da província de Táurida.

No , a fortaleza foi usada pelos russos como um hospital militar. Desde a década de 1880, Yeni-Kale ficou completamente abandonado.

Yeni-Kale recebeu o estatuto de monumento arquitetónico protegido pelo Governo da Rússia em 2015 e hoje as ruínas da fortaleza são frequentemente visitadas por turistas. O distrito vizinho de Querche também tem o nome de Yeni-Kale.

Galeria

Ligações externas

Fortificações costeiras
Construções da Crimeia
Arquitetura otomana
Canato da Crimeia
Querche

Yeni-Kale


Acidul cinamic este un compus organic din clasa acizilor monocarboxilici nesaturați, având formula structurală C6H5-CH=CH-COOH. Este un compus alb, cristalin, greu solubil în apă, dar solubil în majoritatea solvenților organici.  Este răspândit în natură în diverse plante. Fiind nesaturat, are o legătură dublă, ceea ce implică existența izomerilor cis și trans, dar cel din urmă este mai puțin comun.

Răspândire
Acidul cinamic se obține, ca sursă naturală, din uleiul de scorțișoară,  și mai este întâlnit și în untul de shea. Compusul are un miros asemănător mierii,  iar acesta împreună cu esterul său etilic (cinamatul de etil, care este mult mai volatil) reprezintă componentele ce dau aromă din uleiul esențial de scorțișoară, în care aldehida sa, aldehida cinamică este componentul principal.

Obținere
Sinteza originală a acidului cinamic are la bază o reacție Perkin, care implică condensarea în prezența unui catalizator bazic a anhidridei acetice cu benzaldehida. Rainer Ludwig Claisen (1851–1930) a descris sinteza esterilor acidului cinamic (numiți cinamați) prin reacția benzaldehidei cu esterii. Reacția este cunoscută sub numele de condensare aldolică. De asemenea, acidul poate fi preparat și prin reacția dintre aldehida cinamică (cinamaldehidă) și clorura de benziliden.

Referințe

Vezi și
 Acid cafeic
 Cinamaldehidă
 Acid hidroxicinamic

Arome
Compuși aromatici
Acizi carboxilici

Acid cinamic


محمد العقص المسماري
. حارب الايطالين في المنطقة الشرقية من ليبيا.

أحد السواعد القوية للرجل الثاني في مسيرة الجهاد الليبي الفضيل بوعمر وكان شديد الإيمان بالقرآن الكريم

وللمجاهد محمد العقص شقيق اسمه عبد الكريم وله من الأبناء محمد وإبراهيم وفرج

ومن القصص المعروفة التي كانت تحكى عنه أنه قتل جندياً إيطالياً كان ماراً بالنجع هجم عليه وضربه بحجر في رأسه وأخذ منه بندقيته وعتادته؛ ومن يومها صار مطارداً من قبل الحكومة الإيطالية. إبان تلك الفترة التحق محمد العقص بكتائب المجاهدين وبزغ ظهورة وأصبح قائداً لفصيل من فرق المجاهدين.

مجاهدون ليبيون

محمد العقص


La route régionale 257 () est une route régionale allant de Lavia à Pori jusqu'à Kullaa à Ulvila en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 257 est une route régionale de Satakunta.
La route 257 suit l'ancien tracé de la route nationale 11.
La route serpente dans un paysage forestier et peu habité.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

257

Transport à Pori
Transport à Ulvila

Seututie 257


عبودة ماركة مسجلة هو مسلسل مصري عرض في رمضان 1430 هـ|2009 من تأليف محسن رزق وإخراج عصام شعبان ويعد المسلسل أول بطولة مطلقة للنجم الصاعد سامح حسين الذي أثبت تألقه بعد دوره في مسلسل راجل وست ستات.

قصة المسلسل
تدور أحداث المسلسل في إطار يجمع بين الدراما والكوميديا حول قصة شاب عاطل يعاني من البطالة يعجز عن وجود وظيفة لينفق من خلالها على شقيقاته مما يجعل خطيبته تتخلى عنه وفجأة يكتشف كنز ثمين.
و اسمه عبودة في المسلسل

تتر المسلسل
وقع الاختيار على النجم عصام كاريكا ليغني تتر المسلسل الذي كان من تأليف سيد حجاب وألحان عصام كاريكا.

الأنتاج
شركه رايت للتسويق right marketing

مراجع

مسلسلات سامح حسين
مسلسلات هالة فاخر
مسلسلات لطفي لبيب
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مصرية بدأ عرضها في 2009
مسلسلات بيومي فؤاد
مسلسلات رمضان 1430 هـ
مسلسلات عبد الرحمن أبو زهرة

عبودة ماركة مسجلة (مسلسل)


Kozarci su naseljeno mjesto u gradu Zenici, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Nalaze se na obali rječice Kočeve, na regionalnoj cesti R603 prema Han Biloj.

Stanovništvo

1971.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1971. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 520

 Muslimani - 360 (69,23%)
 Srbi - 82 (15,77%)
 Hrvati - 78 (15,00%)

1981.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1981. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 445

 Muslimani - 320 (71,91%)
 Srbi - 69 (15,51%)
 Hrvati - 43 (9,66%)
 Jugoslaveni - 13 (2,92%)

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 506

 Muslimani - 375 (74,11%)
 Srbi - 58 (11,46%)
 Hrvati - 45 (8,89%)
 Jugoslaveni - 6 (1,19%)
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 22 (4,35%)

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 543

 Bošnjaci - 531 (97,79%)
 Hrvati - 7 (1,29%)
 Srbi - 3 (0,55%)
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 2 (0,37%)

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Kozarci


Thomas Bay, né le  à Hvidovre, est un coureur cycliste danois. Il a évolué au niveau professionnel au sein de l'équipe Motorola.

Biographie

Palmarès
 1989
 Jard-Les Herbiers
 1990
 Ronde du Pays basque
  du Grand Prix François-Faber
 1991
 Grand Prix de l'ACBB
 Tour de Tarn-et-Garonne :
 Classement général

 Bol d'Air Creusois
  du Circuit de Saône-et-Loire
  de Bourg-Oyonnax-Bourg
 1992
  du Tour de l'Ain

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste danois
Naissance en août 1970
Naissance à Hvidovre

Thomas Bay


Cuando quiero llorar no lloro es una película mexicana del director Mauricio Walerstein, basado en la novela homónima del escritor venezolano Miguel Otero Silva.

Sinopsis

En Venezuela, un día de 1948, nacen tres niños llamados igualmente Victorino: el mulato Pérez, hijo de la pobre Lucía; Perdomo, hijo de una comunista de clase media que es detenido; y el burgués Peralta.

A los dieciocho años Pérez huye de la cárcel fingiendo con espuma un ataque de rabia. Peralta muestra a un amigo un auto que le regalaron sus padres. Una joven se entrega a Perdomo como obsequio de cumpleaños. Pérez halla a su amante con otro y la hiere. Peralta y otros asaltan en motocicleta a un anciano. Perdomo y unos guerrilleros planean asaltar un banco. Pérez ve a un amigo fumando marihuana y Peralta visita a una prima y hacen el amor. El padre de Perdomo, nombrado diputado comunista, quiere disuadir lo de sus métodos violentos. Pérez hace el amor con tres chicas y recuerda que mató a un hombre durante un asalto. Peralta y sus amigos matan perros por diversión. Perdomo y sus compañeros se baten a tiros con la policía tras el asalto y solo él sobrevive y se entrega. Peralta va a unos quince años con una joven que se desnuda ante todos y arrojan a la alberca a la festejada y a su padre.

Perdomo es torturado. Pérez y sus cómplices son muertos cuando huyen de la policía. Peralta sueña ser corredor de autos y se mata al acelerar. El cadáver de Perdomo aparece en la calle y los tres jóvenes son sepultados.

Elenco

 Orlando Urdaneta.... Victorino Perdomo
 Pedro Laya.... Victorino Pérez
 Valentin Trujillo.... Victorino Peralta
 Fernando Arriaga
 Haydée Balza
 Rafael Briceño
 Miguel Ángel Landa
 Liliana Durán
 Verónica Castro
 Andrés Toro
 Jesus Tadeo
 Zulma Sady
 Hilda Rivas
 Esther Plaza
 Luis Pardi
 Guillermo Montiel

Enlaces externos

 Escena de la película
 Ficha en IMDb

Películas en español
Películas basadas en novelas

Cuando quiero llorar no lloro (película)


Thomas Chittenden (January 6, 1730August 25, 1797) was an American politician from Vermont, who was a leader of the territory for nearly two decades. He was the state's first and third governor, serving from 1778 to 1789—when it was a largely unrecognized independent state called the Vermont Republic—and again from 1790 until his death. Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791 as its 14th state.

Early and personal life
Thomas Chittenden was born in East Guilford in the Connecticut Colony on January 6, 1730. He lost one of his eyes and was referred to as "one eye Tom" by his opponents. He married Elizabeth Meigs on October 4, 1749, in Salisbury, Connecticut. They had four sons and six daughters while they were living in Connecticut, all of whom survived to adulthood.

Career
Chittenden served as a justice of the peace and in the Connecticut Colonial Assembly from 1765 to 1769. He served in Connecticut's 14th Regiment of Militia from 1767 to 1773, rising to the rank of colonel.

Chittenden was one of the residents of Salisbury, Connecticut, who purchased land from the Onion River Land Company ran by Ethan Allen, Ira Allen, Heman Allen, and Remember Baker. Chittenden moved to the New Hampshire Grants, now Vermont, in 1774, where he was the first settler in the town of Williston.

Chittenden was a delegate to the 1777 constitutional convention that established Vermont's constitution and drafted its Declaration of Independence. Chittenden was selected as governor of the Vermont Republic on March 12, 1778, by the legislature and Joseph Marsh was selected as lieutenant governor.

During the American Revolution, Chittenden was a member of a committee empowered to negotiate with the Continental Congress to allow Vermont to join the Union. The Congress deferred the matter to avoid antagonizing the states of New York and New Hampshire, which had competing claims against Vermont. During the period of the Vermont Republic, Chittenden served as governor from 1778 to 1789 and 1790 to 1791, and was one of the participants in a series of delicate negotiations with British authorities in Quebec over the possibility of establishing Vermont as a British province.

After Vermont entered the federal Union in 1791 as its 14th state, Chittenden continued as governor until his death in 1797.

Death
Chittenden died in Williston on August 25, 1797, and is interred at Thomas Chittenden Cemetery, Williston, Chittenden County, Vermont. Citing Vermont's tumultuous founding, his epitaph reads: "Out of storm and manifold perils rose an enduring state, the home of freedom and unity."

Legacy and honors
In 1894, a monument to Chittenden was begun at the entrance to the cemetery in Williston which is named for him; it was dedicated in 1896.  An engraved portrait of Chittenden can be found just outside the entrance to the Executive Chamber, the ceremonial office of the governor, at the Vermont State House at Montpelier.  The portrait is based on a likeness of one of Chittenden's grandsons, who was believed to resemble Chittenden.  In the late 1990s, a bronze sculpture of Chittenden, which was created by Frank Gaylord, was placed on the grounds of the State House near the building's west entrance.  Another Chittenden statue, also created by Gaylord, was erected in front of the Williston Central School.  Chittenden County is named for him, as is the town of Chittenden in Rutland County.

See also
Vermont Republic
Constitution of Vermont
List of governors of Vermont

References

Works cited

External links

Vermont Governor Thomas Chittenden – National Governors Association

1730 births
1797 deaths
People from Madison, Connecticut
Chittenden family
Governors of Vermont
Vermont Republic
People from Williston, Vermont
People of Vermont in the American Revolution
Governors of the Vermont Republic
People of pre-statehood Vermont

Thomas Chittenden


Speak, published in 1999, is a young adult novel by Laurie Halse Anderson that tells the story of high school freshman Melinda Sordino. After Melinda is raped at an end of summer party, she calls the police, who break up the party. Melinda is then ostracized by her peers because she will not say why she called the police. Unable to verbalize what happened, Melinda nearly stops speaking altogether, expressing her voice through the art she produces for Mr. Freeman's class.  This expression slowly helps Melinda acknowledge what happened, face her problems, and recreate her identity.

Speak is considered a problem novel, or trauma novel. Melinda's story is written in a diary format, consisting of a nonlinear plot and jumpy narrative that mimics the trauma she experienced. Additionally, Anderson employs intertextual symbolism in the narrative, incorporating fairy tale imagery, such as Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, and author Maya Angelou, to further represent Melinda's trauma.

The novel was based on Anderson's personal experience of having been raped as a teenager and the trauma she faced.

Since its publication, the novel has won several awards and has been translated into sixteen languages. However, the book has faced censorship for its mature content. In 2004, Jessica Sharzer directed the film adaptation, starring Kristen Stewart as Melinda.

Speak: The Graphic Novel,  illustrated by Emily Carroll, was published by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux February 6, 2018. A 20th anniversary version of the novel featuring additional content was released in 2019 alongside the author's memoir, Shout.

Synopsis
The summer before her freshman year of high school, Melinda Sordino meets senior Andy Evans at a high school party, who rapes her while she is drunk. Melinda immediately calls 9-1-1, but her shock renders her unable to speak and she flees to go home. The police arrive and break up the party, and several people are arrested. When word spreads that Melinda called the police, she becomes ostracized by her peers and abandoned by her friends.

Melinda is befriended by Heather, a girl from Ohio who is new to the community. However, once Heather realizes that Melinda is an outcast, she abandons her in favor of the "Marthas," a group of girls who seem charitable and outgoing but are actually selfish and cruel. As Melinda's depression worsens, she begins to skip school, withdrawing from her already distant (and somewhat neglectful) parents and other authority figures, who see her reclusiveness as a cry for attention. She slowly befriends her lab partner, David Petrakis, who encourages her to speak up for herself.

Melinda summons the courage to tell her former best friend Rachel, who has been dating Andy, about what happened at the party. While Rachel initially doesn't believe Melinda, she realizes that this is the truth on prom night after Andy groped her. Enraged at Melinda for exposing him, Andy attacks Melinda in an abandoned janitor's closet. Melinda fights back against Andy, attracting the attention of fellow students. When word spreads about Andy's assaults against Melinda, the students no longer treat her as an outcast, but rather as a hero. Melinda finally regains her voice and tells her story to her art teacher.

Narrative style
Speak is written for young adults and middle/high school students. Labeled a problem novel, it centers on a character who gains the strength to overcome her trauma.  The rape troubles Melinda as she struggles with wanting to repress the memory of the event, while simultaneously desiring to speak about it. Knox College English Professor Barbara Tanner-Smith calls Speak a trauma narrative, as the novel allows readers to identify with Melinda's struggles. Hofstra University Writing Studies and Rhetoric Professor Lisa DeTora considers Speak a coming-of-age novel, citing Melinda's "quest to claim a voice and identity". Booklist calls Speak an empowerment novel. According to author Chris McGee, Melinda is more than a victim. Melinda gains power from being silent as much as speaking. McGee considers Speak a confessional narrative; adults in Melinda's life constantly demand a "confession" from her.
Similarly, author and Florida State University Professor Don Latham sees Speak as a "coming-out" story. He claims that Melinda uses both a literal and metaphorical closet to conceal and to cope with having been raped.

Theme
One theme of Speak is finding one's voice. Another theme in the novel is identity. The story can also be viewed as speaking out against violence and victimization. Melinda feels guilty, even though she was a victim of sexual assault. Yet, by seeing other victims, like Rachel, Melinda is able to speak. Some see Speak as a story of recovery. According to Latham, writing/narrating her story has a therapeutic effect on Melinda, allowing her to "recreate" herself.

Post traumatic stress disorder
One interpretation of Melinda's behavior is that it is symptomatic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of her rape. Like other trauma survivors, Melinda's desire to both deny and proclaim what happened produces symptoms that both attract and deflect attention.  Don Latham and Lisa DeTora both define Melinda's PTSD within the context of Judith Herman's three categories of classic PTSD symptoms: "hyperarousal", "intrusion", and "constriction". Melinda displays hyperarousal in her wariness of potential danger. Melinda will not go over to David's house after the basketball game, because she is afraid of what might happen. Intrusion is depicted in the rape's disruption of Melinda's consciousness. She tries to forget the event, but the memories keep resurfacing in her mind. Constriction is illustrated in Melinda's silence and withdrawal from society. Latham views Melinda's slow recovery as queer in its diversion from the normal treatment of trauma. Melinda's recovery comes as a result of her own efforts, without professional help. Further, DeTora notes the connection between trauma and "the unspeakable".

Point of view
Speak is a first-person, diary-like narrative. Written in the voice of Melinda Sordino, it features lists, subheadings, spaces between paragraphs and script-like dialogue. The fragmented style mimics Melinda's trauma. The choppy sentences and blank spaces on the pages relate to Melinda's fascination with Cubism. According to Chris McGee and DeTora, Anderson's writing style allows the reader to see how Melinda struggles with "producing the standard, cohesive narrative" expected in a teen novel. Melinda's distracted narrative reiterates the idea that "no one really wants to hear what you have to say". In her article, "Like Falling Up into a Storybook", Barbara Tannert-Smith says, By disrupting the present with flashbacks of the past, Anderson further illustrates the structure of trauma. Anderson organizes the plot around the four quarters of Melinda's freshman year, starting the story in the middle of Melinda's struggle. Anderson superimposed the fragmented trauma plot-line upon this linear high school narrative, making the narrative more believable.

Symbolism and greater meaning
Throughout Speak, Anderson represents Melinda's trauma and recovery symbolically. Barbara Tannert-Smith refers to Speak as a "postmodern revisionary fairy tale" for its use of fairy tale imagery. She sees Merryweather High School as the "ideal fairy tale domain", featuring easily categorized characters—a witchy mother, a shape-shifting best friend, a beastly rapist. Mirrors, traditional fairy tale tools, signify Melinda's struggle with her shattered identity. After being raped, Melinda does not recognize herself in her reflection. Disgusted by what she sees, Melinda avoids mirrors. According to Don Latham, Melinda's aversion to her reflection illustrates acknowledgement of her fragmented identity. In fact, the only mirror Melinda can "see herself" in, is the three-way mirror in the dressing room. Rather than giving the illusion of a unified self, the three-way mirror reflects Melinda's shattered self. Likewise, Melinda is fascinated by Cubism, because it represents what is beyond the surface. Melinda uses art to express her voice. Her post-traumatic artwork illustrates her pain. The trees symbolize Melinda's growth. The walls of Melinda's closet are covered in her tree sketches, creating a metaphorical forest in which she hides from reliving her trauma. According to Don Latham, the closets in the story symbolize Melinda's queer coping strategies. Melinda uses the closet to conceal the truth.

Anderson incorporates precursor texts that parallel Melinda's experience. In the story, Melinda's English class studies Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, which features similar fairy tale imagery. Hester Prynne, an outcast protagonist like Melinda, lives in a cottage at the edge of the woods. Hester's cottage parallels Melinda's closet. For both women, the seclusion of the forest represents a space beyond social demands. The deciphering of Hawthorne's symbolism mimics the process faced by readers of Melinda's narrative. Similarly, Anderson connects Melinda's trauma to that of Maya Angelou, author of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Melinda places a poster of Angelou in her closet. She admires Angelou because her novel was banned by the school board. Melinda and Angelou were both outcasts. Like Melinda, Angelou was silenced following her childhood rape.

Honors and accolades
Speak is a New York Times Best-Seller. The novel received several awards and honors, including the American Library Association's 2000 Michael Printz Honor and the 2000 Golden Kite Award. It was also selected as a 2000 ALA Best Book For Young Adults. Speak gained critical acclaim for its portrayal of the trauma caused by rape. Barbara Tannert-Smith, author of "Like Falling Up Into a Storybook: Trauma and Intertextual Repetition in Laurie Halse Anderson's Speak.", claims the story's ability to speak the reader's language brought about its commercial success. Publishers Weekly says, Speak's "overall gritty realism and Melinda's hard-won metamorphosis will leave readers touched and inspired". Ned Vizzini, for the New York Times, calls it "different", "a grittily realistic portrait of sexual violence in high school." Author Don Latham calls Speak "painful, smart, and darkly comic".

Awards
Speak has won several awards and honors, including:
1999 National Book Award Finalist
1999 BCCB Blue Ribbon Book
2000 SCBWI Golden Kite Award for Fiction
2000 Horn Book Fanfare Best Book of the Year
2000 ALA Best Books for Young Adults
2000 Printz Honor Book
2000 Top Ten Best Books for Young Adults
2000 Fiction Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers
2000 Edgar Allan Poe Best Young Adult Award Finalist
2001 New York Times Paperback Children's Best Seller
2005 New York Times Paperback Children's Best Seller

Censorship
Speak's difficult subject matter has led to censorship of the novel. Speak is ranked 60th on the ALA's list of Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books for 2000–2009 and 25th for 2010–2019. In 2020, the book was named the fourth most banned and challenged book in the United States "because it was thought to contain a political viewpoint and it was claimed to be biased against male students, and for the novel's inclusion of rape and profanity."

In September 2010, Wesley Scroggins, a professor at Missouri State University, wrote an article, "Filthy books demeaning to Republic education", in which he claimed that Speak, along with Slaughterhouse Five and Twenty Boy Summer, should be banned for "exposing children to immorality". Scroggins claimed that Speak should be "classified as soft pornography" and, therefore, removed from high school English curriculum. In its 2010-2011 bibliography, "Books Challenged or Banned", the Newsletter of Intellectual Freedom lists Speak as having been challenged in Missouri schools because of its "soft-pornography" and "glorification of drinking, cursing, and premarital sex."

In the 2006 Platinum Edition of Speak, and on her blog, Laurie Halse Anderson spoke out against censorship. Anderson wrote:

In her scholarly monograph, Laurie Halse Anderson: Speaking in Tongues, Wendy J. Glenn claims that Speak "has generated more academic response than any other novel Anderson has written." Despite hesitancy to teach a novel with "mature subject matter," English teachers are implementing Speak in the classroom as a study of literary analysis, as well as tool to teach students about sexual harassment. The novel gives students the opportunity to talk about several teen issues, including: school cliques, sex, and parental relationships. Of teaching Speak in the classroom Jackett says, "We have the opportunity as English teachers to have an enormously positive impact on students' lives. Having the courage to discuss the issues found in Speak is one way to do just that." By sharing in Melinda's struggles, students may find their own voices and learn to cope with trauma and hardships. According to Janet Alsup, teaching Speak in the classroom, can help students become more critically literate. Students may not feel comfortable talking about their own experiences, but they are willing to talk about what happens to Melinda. Elaine O'Quinn claims that books like Speak allow students to explore inner dialogue. Speak provides an outlet for students to think critically about their world.

See also

Rape trauma syndrome

References

External links
Laurie Halse Anderson's Blog

1999 American novels
Novels by Laurie Halse Anderson
American young adult novels
Novels about rape
Novels about bullying
Obscenity controversies in literature
American novels adapted into films
Golden Kite Award-winning works
Novels set in high schools and secondary schools
Proms in fiction
Novels about post-traumatic stress disorder
Novels about violence against women
Nonlinear narrative novels
Epistolary novels
Farrar, Straus and Giroux books

Speak (Anderson novel)


Trebouxiales, red zelenih algi, dio razreda Trebouxiophyceae. Sastoji se od dvije porodice s blizu 100 priznatih vrsta

Porodice
 Botryococcaceae
 Trebouxiaceae Friedl

Izvori

Trebouxiophyceae

Trebouxiales


NGC 5951 est une galaxie spirale barrée vue par la tranche et située dans la constellation du Serpent. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5951 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en 1787.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5951 est III et elle présente une large raie HI.

À ce jour, 17 mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

Groupe de NGC 5962
Selon A. M. Garcia, NGC 5951 fait partie du groupe de NGC 5962. Ce groupe de galaxies compte au moins cinq membres. Les autres galaxies du groupe sont NGC 5953, NGC 5954, NGC 5962 et UGC 9902.

Abraham Mahtessian mentionne que NGC 5951 fait partie d'un trio de galaxies. Les deux autres galaxies sont NGC 5953 et NGC 5954.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5951 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5951
Constellation du Serpent
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Objet céleste découvert en 1787
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 5951


An Sacciolepis viguieri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Sacciolepis viguieri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sacciolepis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sacciolepis

Sacciolepis viguieri


A space fountain is a proposed form of an extremely tall tower extending into space. As known materials cannot support a static tower with this height, a space fountain has to be an active structure: A stream of pellets is accelerated upwards from a ground station. At the top it is deflected downwards. The necessary force for this deflection supports the station at the top and payloads going up the structure. A spacecraft could launch from the top without having to deal with the atmosphere. This could reduce the cost of placing payloads into orbit. Its largest downside is that the tower will re-enter the atmosphere if the accelerator fails and the stream stops. This risk could be reduced by several redundant streams.

The lower part of a pellet stream has to be in a vacuum tube to avoid excessive drag in the atmosphere. Similar to the top station, this tube can be supported by its own system of transferring momentum from a space-bound stream to a surface-bound stream. If the tube itself also accelerates the station-supporting stream, it would have to transfer additional momentum to an earth-bound stream in order to keep itself supported. The tube-supporting streams could also be designed to integrate with the station-supporting streams.

Unlike a space elevator, this concept does not need extremely strong materials anywhere, and unlike space elevators and orbital rings, it does not need a  long structure.

See also
 Launch loop
 Mass driver
 Megascale engineering
 Non-rocket spacelaunch
 Orbital ring
 Space elevator
 Space gun

References

Space elevator
Exploratory engineering
Megastructures
Spaceflight technology
Vertical transport devices
Space access
Hypothetical technology

Space fountain


Neutering, from the Latin neuter ('of neither sex'), is the removal of a non-human animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. The male-specific term is castration, while spaying is usually reserved for female animals. Colloquially, both terms are often referred to as fixing. In male horses, castrating is referred to as gelding. An animal that has not been neutered is sometimes referred to as entire or intact.

Neutering is the most common method for animal sterilization. Humane societies, animal shelters, and rescue groups urge pet owners to have their pets neutered to prevent the births of unwanted litters, which contribute to the overpopulation of unwanted animals in the rescue system. Many countries require that all adopted cats and dogs be sterilized before going to their new homes.

Methods of sterilization

Females (spaying)

Spaying is the surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus in female animals. It is commonly performed as a method of birth control and behavior modification.

In non-human animals, the technical term is an ovo-hysterectomy or ovariohysterectomy; while in humans, this is called a hystero-oophorectomy. One form of spaying is to remove only the ovaries (oophorectomy or ovariectomy), which is mainly done in cats and young dogs. Another, less commonly performed method is an "ovary-sparing spay" in which the uterus is removed but one (or both) ovaries are left. A complete ovariohysterectomy may involve removal of the ovaries, uterus, oviducts, and uterine horns.

The surgery can be performed using a traditional open approach or by laparoscopic "keyhole" surgery. Open surgery is more widely available, as laparoscopic surgical equipment costs are expensive. Traditional open surgery is usually performed through a ventral midline incision below the umbilicus. The incision size varies depending upon the surgeon and the size of the animal. The uterine horns are identified and the ovaries are found by following the horns to their ends.

There is a ligament that attaches the ovaries to the body wall, which may need to be broken down so the ovaries can be identified. The ovarian arteries are then ligated with resorbable suture material and then the arteries transected. The uterine body (which is very short in litter-bearing species) and related arteries are also tied off just in front of the cervix (leaving the cervix as a natural barrier). The entire uterus and ovaries are then removed. The abdomen is checked for bleeding and then closed with a three-layer closure. The linea alba and then the subcutaneous layer are closed with resorbable suture material. The skin is then stapled, sutured, or glued closed. For suturing the feline linea alba, the most appropriate suture bite and stitch interval size was suggested to be 5 mm.

Laparoscopic surgery is performed using a camera and instruments placed through small incisions (ports) in the body wall. The patient is under anaesthesia and lying on the back. The incisions are between  and the number varies according to the equipment and technique used. The surgeon watches on a screen during the operation. The first port is made just behind the umbilicus and the camera is inserted. The abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas to create a space in which to operate. A second port is introduced a few centimeters in front of the navel and a long grasping instrument called a Babcock forceps is inserted. The surgeon finds the ovary with the instrument and uses it to suspend the ovary from a needle placed through the abdominal wall. This lifts the ovary and uterus safely away from other organs. The surgeon then removes the grasping instrument and replaces it with an instrument that cauterizes and cuts tissue. This instrument uses electricity to heat the blood vessels to seal them and to cut them. No sutures are placed inside. The ovary is separated from the uterus and round ligament. The cautery instrument is removed and replaced by the grasping instrument, which is used to pull the ovary out through the small abdominal incision (port). This is repeated on the other side and the small holes are closed with a few sutures. Another method uses ligatures and even the uterus is removed. In female dogs only removing the ovaries and not the uterus is not state of the art because this way the risk of pyometra persists.

The benefits of laparoscopic surgery are less pain, faster recovery, and smaller wounds to heal. A study has shown that patients are 70% more active in the first three days post-surgery compared to open surgery. The reason open surgery is more painful is that larger incisions are required, and the ovary needs to be pulled out of the body, which stretches and tears tissue in the abdomen (it is not uncommon for patients to react under anaesthesia by breathing faster at this point).

Spaying in female dogs removes the production of progesterone, which is a natural calming hormone and a serotonin uplifter. Spaying may therefore escalate any observable aggressive behaviour, either to humans or other dogs.

The risk of infections, bleeding, ruptures, inflammation and reactions to the drugs given to the animal as part of the procedure are all possibilities that should be considered.

Males (castration)

In male animals, castration involves the removal of the testes (testicles), and is commonly practiced on both household pets (for birth control and behaviour modification) and on livestock (for birth control, as well as to improve commercial value). Often the term neuter[ing] is used to specifically mean castration, e.g. in phrases like "spay and neuter".

Surgical alternatives (vasectomy, tubal ligation, "gomerization")
Vasectomy: In a more delicate procedure than castration, the vasa deferentia – ducts that run from the testes to the penis – are cut then tied or sealed, to prevent sperm from entering into the urethra. Failure rates are insignificantly small. Breeders routinely have this procedure carried out on male ferrets and sheep to manipulate the estrus cycles of in-contact females. It is uncommon in other animal species. Because a vasectomy is usually a more expensive procedure, among pet-keepers it is more often performed on show animals, to cosmetically preserve their appearance (though depending upon the fancier organization, the procedure may invalidate the animal's candidacy for certain awards, or relegate it to a non-pedigree, generic "household pet" competition division, just as with full castration).

Tubal ligation: Snipping and tying of fallopian tubes as a sterilization measure can be performed on female cats, dogs, and other species; it is essentially the female equivalent of vasectomy, but a more invasive procedure. Risk of unwanted pregnancies is insignificantly small. Only a few veterinarians perform the procedure.

Like other forms of neutering, vasectomy and tubal ligation eliminate the ability to produce offspring. They differ from neutering in that they leave the animal's levels and patterns of sex hormone unchanged. Both sexes will retain their normal reproductive behavior, and other than birth control, none of the advantages and disadvantages listed above apply. This method is favored by some people who seek minimal infringement on the natural state of companion animals to achieve the desired reduction of unwanted births of cats and dogs.

"" is breeders' informal term for surgical techniques by which male livestock, such as bulls, retain their full libido (and related effects like sex pheromones that would be lost through castration), but are rendered incapable of copulation. This is done to stimulate and identify estrous females without the risk of transmitting venereal diseases or causing a pregnancy by a male other than the one intended for selective breeding. Animals altered for this purpose are referred to as teasers (teaser bulls, etc.), or gomers. Several methods are used. Penile translocation surgically alters the penis to point far enough away from its normal direction that it cannot manage vaginal penetration. Penile fixation permanently attaches the penis to the abdomen so that it cannot be lowered for penetration. Penectomy is the partial or complete removal of the penis.

Nonsurgical alternatives

Injectable
 Male dogs – Two intratesticular injectable formulations are known to sterilize male dogs. Zeuterin was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for permanent sterilization of male dogs ages three months and older by causing necrosis of the testicle. It is not currently available commercially. Calcium chloride dissolved in a variety of diluents have also been studied, with the majority of research and most promising results using calcium chloride dissolved in ethyl alcohol. Calcium chloride formulations can be purchased for use in animals from compounding pharmacies, but the use of calcium chloride for sterilization of males is not approved by the FDA or any other international regulatory agency.
 Male cats – Calcium chloride formulations have also been studied in male cats.
 Male rats – Adjudin (analogue of indazole-carboxylic acid), induces reversible germ cell loss from the seminiferous epithelium by disrupting cell adhesion function between nurse cells and immature sperm cells, preventing maturation.
 Male mice – injection of a solution of the JQ1 molecule to bind to a pocket of BRDT necessary for chromatin remodeling, which gives the proteins that regulate how genes act access to the genetic material
 Male sheep and pigs – Wireless Microvalve. A proposed non-chemical, reversible sterilization method using a piezoelectric polymer that will deform when exposed to a specific electric field broadcast from an emitter.  The valve will then open or close, preventing the passage of sperm, but not seminal fluid. Located in a section of the vas deferens that occurs just after the epididymis, the implantation can be carried out by use of a hypodermic needle.
 Female mammals – Vaccine of antigens (derived from purified porcine zona pellucida) encapsulated in liposomes (cholesterol and lecithin) with an adjuvant, latest US patent RE37,224 (as of 2006-06-06), CA patent 2137263 (issued 1999-06-15). Product commercially known as SpayVac, a single injection causes a treated female mammal to produce antibodies that bind to ZP3 on the surface of her ovum, blocking sperm from fertilizing it for periods from 22 months up to 7 years (depending on the animal). This will not prevent the animal from going into heat (ovulating) and other than birth control, none of the above-mentioned advantages or disadvantages apply.

Other
 Male mice – reversible regulation of the KATNAL1 gene in the Sertoli cell microtubule dynamics of the testes.
 Female mammals – orally administered phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor ORG 9935 daily before and during ovulation, which blocks the resumption of meiosis resulting in ovulation of a non-fertilizable, immature oocyte without rupturing the follicle.

Early-age neutering
Early-age neutering, also known as pediatric spaying or prepubertal gonadectomy, is the removal of the ovaries or testes before the onset of puberty. It is used mainly in animal sheltering and rescue where puppies and kittens can be neutered before being adopted out, eliminating non-compliance with sterilization agreement, which is typically above 40%. The American Veterinary Medical Association, American Animal Hospital Association and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association support the procedure for population control, provided that the veterinarian uses their best knowledge when making the decision about the age at neutering. A task force recommends that cats are spayed–neutered prior to 5 months of age.

While the age-unrelated risks and benefits cited above also apply to early-age neutering, various studies have indicated that the procedure is safe and not associated with increased mortality or serious health and behavioral problems when compared to conventional age neutering. Anesthesia recovery in young animals is usually more rapid and there are fewer complications. One study found that in female dogs there is an increasing risk of urinary incontinence the earlier the procedure is carried out; the study recommended that female dogs be spayed no earlier than 3 to 4 months of age. A later study comparing female dogs spayed between 4 and 6 months and after 6 months showed no increased risk.

One study showed the incidence of hip dysplasia increased to 6.7% for dogs neutered before 5.5 months compared to 4.7% for dogs neutered after 5.5 months, although the cases associated with early age neutering seems to be of a less severe form. There was no association between age of neutering and arthritis or long-bone fractures. Another study showed no correlation between age of neutering and musculoskeletal problems. A study of large breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture associated early-age neutering with the development of an excessive tibial plateau angle.

Of particular note are two recent studies from Lynette Hart's lab at UC Davis. The first study from 2013, published in a well-known interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal demonstrated "no cases of CCL (cruciate ligament tear) diagnosed in intact males or females, but in early-neutered males and females the occurrences were 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively. Almost 10 percent of early-neutered males were diagnosed with LSA (lymphosarcoma), 3 times more than intact males. The percentage of HSA (hemangiosarcoma) cases in late-neutered females (about 8 percent) was 4 times more than intact and early-neutered females. There were no cases of MCT (mast cell tumor) in intact females, but the occurrence was nearly 6 percent in late-neutered females".

The second study from 2014 highlighted significant difference in closely related breeds (retrievers), suggesting that inter-breed variability is quite high and that sweeping legal measures and surgical mandates are not the best solutions to canine welfare and health. Specifically the study states: "In Labrador Retrievers, where about 5 percent of gonadally intact males and females had one or more joint disorders, neutering at 6 months doubled the incidence of one or more joint disorders in both sexes. In male and female Golden Retrievers, with the same 5 percent rate of joint disorders in intact dogs, neutering at 6 months increased the incidence of a joint disorder to 4–5 times that of intact dogs. The incidence of one or more cancers in female Labrador Retrievers increased slightly above the 3 percent level of intact females with neutering. In contrast, in female Golden Retrievers, with the same 3 percent rate of one or more cancers in intact females, neutering at all periods through 8 years of age increased the rate of at least one of the cancers by 3–4 times. In male Golden and Labrador Retrievers neutering had relatively minor effects in increasing the occurrence of cancers."

In terms of behavior in dogs, separation anxiety, aggression, escape behavior and inappropriate elimination are reduced while noise phobia and sexual behavior was increased. In males with aggression issues, earlier neutering may increase barking. In cats, asthma, gingivitis, and hyperactivity were decreased, while shyness was increased. In male cats, occurrence of abscesses, aggression toward veterinarians, sexual behaviors, and urine spraying was decreased, while hiding was increased.

Health and behavioral effects

Advantages
Besides being a birth control method, and being convenient to many owners, castrating/spaying has the following health benefits:
 Sexually dimorphic behaviors such as mounting and urine spraying are reduced due to the decrease in hormone levels brought about by neutering.  In species other than dogs, certain forms of male aggression are also reduced.  Sexual behavior in cats seems to make them especially undesirable to pet owners.
 Early spaying significantly reduces the risk of development of mammary tumours in female dogs. The incidence of mammary tumours in un-spayed female dogs is 71% (of which approximately 50% will be malignant and 50% will be benign), but if a dog is spayed before its first heat cycle, the risk of developing a mammary tumour is reduced to 0.35%—a 99.5% reduction.  The positive effects of spaying on reduction of later mammary tumours decreases with each heat the dog has (backing up the contention that the greatest benefit to reduce future mammary tumour development is to spay before the first heat), and there is no added benefit to spaying to reduce recurrence of a mammary tumour once it has been diagnosed.
 Neutering increases life expectancy in cats: one study found castrated male cats live twice as long as intact males, while spayed female cats live 62% longer than intact females. Non-neutered cats in the U.S. are three times more likely to require treatment for an animal bite. Having a cat neutered confers health benefits, because castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer, spayed females cannot develop uterine, cervical or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer.
 Without the ability to reproduce, a female necessarily has zero risk of pregnancy complications, such as spotting and false pregnancy, the latter of which can occur in more than 50% of unspayed female dogs.
 Pyometra, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, and testicular cancer are prevented, as the susceptible organs are removed, though stump pyometra may still occur in spayed females.
 Pyometra (or a pus filled womb) ('Pyo' = pus; 'metra' = uterus or womb) is a life-threatening condition that requires emergency veterinary treatment. The risk of a non-spayed female dog developing pyometra by age 10 is 25% across all breeds, but can be as high as 54% in some breeds. The treatment of choice for a closed-pyometra (where the cervix is closed and the pus cannot drain) is admission to hospital, commencement on intravenous fluids and appropriate antibiotics and, once stable enough for the anaesthetic and surgery, emergency removal of the infected pus-filled uterus. Medical management can be attempted if the animal's condition allows (for example in the case of an 'open' pyometra where the pus drains per-vaginum from the uterus via the open cervix) or dictates (where the animal is too old or otherwise unwell to withstand surgery), if the owner wishes to keep the dog entire to breed or if the owner is unable to afford the veterinary fees associated with surgery. Emergency removal of the infected uterus carries a much higher degree of risk of death than a routine 'spay' operation. The risk of death from in dogs undergoing surgical treatment for pyometra is up to 17%. Thus the risk of death in entire female dogs from a pyometra, even if given correct veterinary attention can be up to 9% by 10 years of age (17% of 54%). This risk is reduced to virtually zero if spayed.

Disadvantages
 As with any surgical procedure, immediate complications of neutering include the usual anesthetic and surgical complications, such as bleeding, infection, and death. These risks are relatively low in routine neutering; however, they may be increased for some animals due to other pre-existing health factors. In one study the risk of anesthetic-related death (not limited to neutering procedures) was estimated at 0.05% for healthy dogs and 0.11% for healthy cats. The risks for sick animals were 1.33% for dogs and 1.40% for cats.
 Spaying and castrating cats and dogs may increase the risk of obesity if nutritional intake is not reduced to reflect the lower metabolic requirements of neutered animals. In cats, a decrease in sex hormone levels seems to be associated with an increase in food intake. In dogs, the effects of neutering as a risk factor for obesity vary among breeds.
 Neutered dogs of both sexes are at a twofold excess risk to develop osteosarcoma (bone cancer) as compared to intact dogs. The risk of osteosarcoma increases with increasing breed size and especially height.
 Studies of cardiac tumors in dogs showed that there was a 5 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma (cancer of blood vessel lining), one of the three most common cancers in dogs, in spayed females than intact females and a 2.4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in castrated dogs as compared to intact males.
 Spaying and castrating is associated with an increase in urinary tract cancers in dogs, however the risk is still less than 1%.
 Neutered dogs of both sexes have a 27% to 38% increased risk of adverse reactions to vaccinations. However, the incidence of adverse reactions for neutered and intact dogs combined is only 0.32%.
 Neutered dogs have been known to develop hormone-responsive alopecia (hair loss).
 A 2004 study found that neutered dogs had a higher incidence of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture, a form of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.
 A study of golden retrievers found that castrated males were 3 times more likely than intact males to be diagnosed with lymphoma and 2 times more likely to have hip dysplasia.
 Castration and spaying can increase the risk of geriatric cognitive impairment.
 About 2% of castrated male dogs eventually develop prostate cancer, compared to less than 0.6% of intact males. The evidence is most conclusive for Bouviers.
 In a study of 29 intact male dogs and 47 castrated males aged 11–14, the neutered males were significantly more likely to progress from one geriatric cognitive impairment condition (out of the four conditions – disorientation in the house or outdoors, changes in social interactions with human family members, loss of house training, and changes in the sleep-wake cycle) to two or more conditions. Testosterone in intact males is thought to slow the progression of cognitive impairment, at least in dogs that already have mild impairment.
 As compared to intact males, castrated cats are at an increased risk for certain problems associated with feline lower urinary tract disease. They are much more likely to suffer from feline cystitis which can escalate into a life-threatening urethral blockage.
 Neutering has been associated with an increased likelihood of urethral sphincter incontinence in male dogs.
 There is evidence that spaying can increase the risk of urinary incontinence in dogs, especially when done before the age of three months. Up until 12 months of age, the risk decreases as the age at spaying increases. Urinary incontinence can affect up to one out of five spayed female dogs, and develops an average of 2.9 years after the dog has been spayed.
 Spayed female dogs are at an increased risk of hypothyroidism.

Current research
Various studies of the effects neutering has overall on male and female dog aggression have been unable to arrive at a consensus. A possible reason for this according to two studies is changes to other factors have more of an effect than neutering. One study reported results of aggression towards familiar and strange people and other dogs reduced between 10 and 60 percent of cases, while other studies reported increases in possessive aggression and aggression towards familiar and strange people, and more studies reported there was no significant difference in aggression risk between neutered and non-neutered males. For females with existing aggression, many studies reported increases in aggressive behavior and some found increased separation anxiety behavior. A report from the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation reported significantly more behavioral problems in castrated dogs. The most commonly observed behavioral problem in spayed females was fearful behavior and the most common problem in males was aggression. Early age gonadectomy is associated with an increased incidence of noise phobias and .

Terminology for neutered animals
A specialized vocabulary is used in animal husbandry and animal fancy for neutered (castrated) animals:

Religious views

Islam
There are differing views in Islam with regard to neutering animals, with some Islamic associations stating that when done to maintain the health and welfare of both the animals and the community, neutering is allowed on the basis of being in the interest of 'maslaha' (general good) or "choosing the lesser of two evils".

Judaism
Orthodox Judaism forbids the castration of both humans and non-human animals by Jews, except in lifesaving situations. In 2007, the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel Rabbi Shlomo Amar issued a ruling stating that it is permissible to have companion animals neutered on the basis of the Jewish mandate to prevent cruelty to animals.

See also
 Animal population control
 Animal shelter
 Cruelty to animals
 Hysterectomy
 Oophorectomy
 Overpopulation in companion animals
 Wildlife contraceptive
 World Spay Day

References

External links

 DVM Article on health effects of spay/neuter: Long-Term Health Risks and Benefits Associated with Spay / Neuter in Dogs
 Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats, AVMA (pdf)
 Canine Spay Photos and Description

Castration
Veterinary castration
Dog health
Surgical removal procedures
Cat health
Animal welfare

Neutering


Vivek Sagar Prasad est un joueur de hockey sur gazon indien né le 25 février 2000 à Itarsi dans le Madhya Pradesh.

En janvier 2018, il est devenu le deuxième plus jeune joueur à avoir fait ses débuts pour l'Inde à 17 ans, 10 mois et 22 jours. Lors des Hockey Stars Awards 2019, Prasad a été nommé FIH Rising Star of the Year. Lors de la remise des prix du Meilleur joueur de hockey sur gazon de l'année 2020-2021, il a été nommé meilleur jeune joueur de l'année.

Carrière internationale
Prasad a marqué le but égalisateur pour l'Inde à la  minute lors de la finale du Champions Trophy 2018 contre l'Australie, un match que l'Inde a ensuite perdre aux tirs au but. Lors des Finales des Hockey Series 2018-2019 à Bhubaneswar, Prasad a été nommé meilleur jeune joueur du tournoi. En décembre 2019, il a été nominé pour le Prix du meilleur jeune joueur de l'année. Il a remporté le prix en obtenant 34,5% des voix et il est devenu le premier joueur indien à remporter un prix FIH. Il faisait partie de l'équipe indienne qui a remporté la médaille de bronze aux Jeux olympiques de 2020.

Références

Liens externes
Vivek Prasad sur Hockey India

Naissance en février 2000
Joueur indien de hockey sur gazon
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Médaillé de bronze olympique indien
Naissance au Madhya Pradesh

Vivek Prasad


Sporiš (šporiš, lat. Verbena), biljni rod dvogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica iz porodice Verbenaceae (sporiševke). Pripada mu pedesetak vrsta, od kojih ljekoviti sporiš (V. officinalis), raste i u Hrvatskoj.

Ime sporiš dan je i rodu Achillea (stolisnik, kunica, hajdučka trava)

Opis
Verbena ili sporiš iz porodice Verbenaceae, su vrste od kojih većina potječe iz tropske i suptropske Amerike. Većina su trajnice, iako su neke jednogodišnje. Obično imaju nasuprotne listove koji su nazubljeni, režnjeviti ili rascijepljeni. Cvjetovi su mali do srednje veličine i često se nalaze na klasovima.

Dok su sve vrste verbene prije bile ograničene rodom Verbena, taksonomska revizija dovela je do svrstavanja nekih vrsta u srodni rod Glandularia. Obična vrtna verbena (Glandularia ×hybrida, ranije Verbena hybrida) puzava je biljka četvrtaste stabljike koja nosi plosnate glavice cvjetova nalik floksu u nizu boja. "Ružičasta verbena" (Glandularia canadensis, ranije V. canadensis), također se ponekad uzgaja za vrtno cvijeće.

Vrste

 Verbena alata Cham.
 Verbena bonariensis L.
 Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr.
 Verbena brasiliensis Vell.
 Verbena californica Moldenke
 Verbena calinfera G.L.Nesom
 Verbena canescens Kunth
 Verbena caniuensis Moldenke
 Verbena carolina L.
 Verbena cloverae Moldenke
 Verbena delicatula Mart. & Zucc.
 Verbena demissa Moldenke
 Verbena ehrenbergiana Schauer
 Verbena ephedroides Cham.
 Verbena falcata G.L.Nesom
 Verbena filicaulis Schauer
 Verbena glabrata Kunth
 Verbena goyazensis Moldenke
 Verbena gracilescens (Cham.) Herter
 Verbena gracilis Desf.
 Verbena grisea B.L.Rob. & Greenm.
 Verbena halei Small
 Verbena hastata L.
 Verbena hirta Spreng.
 Verbena hispida Ruiz & Pav.
 Verbena intermedia Gillies & Hook.
 Verbena jessicae Nesom & G.S.Hinton
 Verbena lasiostachys Link
 Verbena lindbergii Moldenke
 Verbena litoralis Kunth
 Verbena livermorensis B.L.Turner & G.L.Nesom
 Verbena macdougalii A.Heller
 Verbena macrodonta L.M.Perry
 Verbena madrensis G.L.Nesom
 Verbena menthifolia Benth.
 Verbena moctezumae G.L.Nesom & T.Van Devender
 Verbena montevidensis Spreng.
 Verbena moranii G.L.Nesom
 Verbena neomexicana (A.Gray) Small
 Verbena officinalis L.
 Verbena ovata Cham.
 Verbena perennis Wooton
 Verbena pinetorum Moldenke
 Verbena plicata Greene
 Verbena rigida Spreng.
 Verbena sagittalis Cham.
 Verbena scabra Vahl
 Verbena simplex Lehm.
 Verbena sphaerocarpa L.M.Perry
 Verbena stricta Vent.
 Verbena supina L.
 Verbena townsendii Svenson
 Verbena urticifolia L.
 Verbena valerianoides Kunth
 Verbena villifolia Hayek
 Verbena xutha Lehm.
 Verbena ×allenii Moldenke
 Verbena ×bingenensis Moldenke
 Verbena ×blanchardii Moldenke
 Verbena ×clemensiorum Moldenke
 Verbena ×deamii Moldenke
 Verbena ×engelmannii Moldenke
 Verbena ×goodmanii Moldenke
 Verbena ×illicita Moldenke
 Verbena ×moechina Moldenke
 Verbena ×perriana Moldenke
 Verbena ×perturbata Moldenke
 Verbena ×rydbergii Moldenke
 Verbena ×stuprosa Moldenke

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

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