La historia del automovilismo abarca desde el nacimiento de las primeras carreras automovilísticas a finales del  hasta la actualidad. Está fuertemente ligado al nacimiento y desarrollo de la automoción.

Las primeras carreras se celebraron a finales del  y principios del XX. Las competiciones eran aventuras llevadas a cabo por los sectores más ricos de la sociedad que podían permitirse el lujo de adquirir un vehículo y participar en ellas o, como el Rally de Montecarlo en sus inicios, fue más una concentración y exhibición de vehículos por parte de las clases adineradas como entretenimiento y no como una competición pura. Con los años, las carreras en carreteras abiertas supusieron un peligro para participantes y la alternativa fueron por un lado, el uso de circuitos cerrados (como la Fórmula 1) y por otro competir en tramos de carreteras cerradas al tránsito rodado (como en los rallyes). El automovilismo ha sido una demostración del hombre por su pasión a la velocidad.

Las primeras carreras de autos se empezaron al poco tiempo de la creación del primer auto con gasolina y fueron realizadas en Europa y mayoritariamente en Francia, teniendo París como meta.

Antecedentes

Es imposible concebir el automovilismo sin el elemento principal: el automóvil. Los primeros vehículos se desarrollaron entre 1769 y 1860 con diferentes autores y el combustible de estos vehículos variaba entre el vapor, el aceite, el carbón y la electricidad.

Es comúnmente aceptado que los primeros automóviles con gasolina fueron casi simultáneamente desarrollados por ingenieros alemanes trabajando independientemente: Karl Benz construyó su primer modelo en 1885 en Mannheim. Benz lo patentó el 29 de enero de 1886 y empezó a producirlo en 1888. Poco después, Gottlieb Daimler y Wilhelm Maybach, de Stuttgart, diseñaron su propio automóvil en 1889.

En 1900, la producción masiva de automóviles había ya empezado en Francia y Estados Unidos. Las primeras compañías creadas para fabricar automóviles fueron las francesas Panhard et Levassor (1889), y Peugeot (1891). En 1908, Henry Ford comenzó a producir automóviles en una cadena de montaje, sistema totalmente innovador que le permitió alcanzar cifras de fabricación hasta entonces impensables.

Primeras carreras

Siglo XIX

Una de las primeras carreras documentadas fue la Carrera de Carruajes sin Caballos (Concours des Voitures sans Chevaux), organizada por Pierre Giffart, periodista de Le Petit Journal y se corrió en la ruta de París-Rouen el 22 de julio de 1894. Esta competición tuvo 21 participantes y las marcas ganadoras fueron las francesas Peugeot y Panhard et Levassor. En un principio el vencedor había sido el conde Albert de Dion, pero por alguna extraña razón fue descalificado.

El conde De Dion decidió organizar un año más tarde la primera competición automovilística cronometrada de la historia, la carrera París-Bordeaux-París, en junio de 1895. Se organizó para probar la eficacia de los vehículos sin caballos y tuvo un recorrido de mil doscientos kilómetros. El ganador, que empleó 48 horas y 42 minutos a una media de 25km/h, y por ello, primer piloto en registrar su nombre en la historia del automovilismo, fue Émile Levassor en un automóvil Panhard et Levassor. El mismo año, el 12 de noviembre, el conde Albert de Dion creó el primer club automovilístico de la historia, el Automobile Club de Francia.

En Italia se organizaban carreras desde 1895, año en que se corrió una prueba de confiabilidad de Turín a Asti y regreso. La primera carrera verdadera de automóviles se desarrolló en 1897 a lo largo de la costa del lago Maggiore, desde Arona a Stresa y regreso. Esto llevó a una larga y próspera tradición de carreras en carreteras, incluyendo el Targa Florio en Sicilia (desde 1906) y el Giro di Sicilia (Vuelta de Sicilia, 1912), los cuales se corrían alrededor de la isla, y continuaron durante y después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El primer evento en los Alpes fue en 1898, la Carrera de Automóviles de tres días organizado por el Touring Club austríaco a través del Tirol del Sur, que incluía el famoso Paso Stelvio.

En 1899 se organizó en Francia el Tour de Francia Automovilístico llevada a cabo por el periódico Le Matin, en la cual diversos vehículos tomaron parte en una prueba que alternaba pruebas en carretera abierta, puertos de montaña, etc. El primer vencedor fue René de Knyff conduciendo un Panhard et Levassor. La segunda edición se celebró en 1908 y no volvería a organizarse hasta 1951.

Siglo XX

En abril y mayo de 1900, el Club Automovilístico de Gran Bretaña (el precursor del Royal Automobile Club) organizó la prueba Thousand Mile Trial, un evento de 15 días que unía las principales ciudades de Gran Bretaña, con el objetivo de promover esta nueva forma de transporte. Setenta vehículos tomaron parte en la carrera que tuvieron que completar trece rutas que variaban en distancias desde 43 km hasta 123 km, a una velocidad media de hasta el límite legal de 12 mph. En los días de descanso los coches eran mostrados al público en salas de exposición.

El Scottish Automobile Club inició en 1901, una competición de cinco días de duración: el Glasgow–London y en 1908 el Royal Automobile Club el International Touring Car Trial, una carrera de 3.200 km.

En 1903 se celebraría también la carrera París-Madrid pero el gobierno francés la prohibió en mitad del recorrido debido a una serie de accidentes donde fallecieron siete personas, entre ellas Marcel Renault, hermano de Louis Renault fundador de Renault. La carrera fue ganada por el francés Fernand Gabriel. Debido a estas imposiciones los organizadores de carreras en Europa empezaron a buscar alternativas a las carreras que se disputaban en carreteras abiertas, ya que cada día se veían más difíciles de organizar debido a las prohibiciones de las autoridades, por lo que una de las alternativas que se tomaron fue la de competir en circuitos cerrados. El primer circuito cerrado fue el de Brooklands, en Inglaterra, que se inauguró en 1907.

En Alemania, se celebró en 1905 y 1906 el Herkomer Trophy. Este desafío de cinco días atrajo a más de 100 participantes para hacer frente a sus 1.000 km en tramos de carretera, en subidas y una prueba de velocidad, pero lamentablemente se vio empañada por la mala organización y un reglamento confuso. Uno de los participantes de la prueba fue el príncipe Enrique de Austria, que solicitó la ayuda del Imperial Automobile Club of Germany para crear la primera Prinz Heinrich Fahrt (Carrera del Príncipe Enrique) en 1908 y 1910. La primera prueba alpina se celebró en 1909, en Austria. En 1914 este evento fue los más difíciles de la época, con la actuación estelar del británico James Radley en su Rolls-Royce Alpine Eagle.

En 1923, los franceses Leonard y Lagache ganaron la primera edición de las 24 Horas de Le Mans. Las carreras de prototipos fueron rápidamente aceptadas por el público.

Fuera de Europa

En 1900 James Gordon Bennett, Jr., propietario de los periódicos New York Herald y International Herald Tribune en París, estableció la Copa Gordon Bennett de Carreras de Autos en Europa, una carrera anual que atrajo competidores internacionales. Cada país podía inscribir hasta tres autos. Siguiendo el ejemplo de Bennett, en los Estados Unidos el acaudalado William Kissam Vanderbilt II lanzó la Copa Vanderbilt en Long Island, Nueva York en 1904.

En 1907 se organizó una de las primeras pruebas de gran distancia, fue la carrera Peking-París. Nació por iniciativa del periódico Le Matin, y a ella se presentaron cinco participantes: 2 De Dion Bouton, 1 Itala (pilotado por el príncipe Scipione Borghese), 1 Spyker holandés y 1 triciclo Contal. La travesía que partió de Peking, no contaba con una ruta establecida y resultó ser durísima y muy larga, donde los participantes tuvieron que soportar altas y bajas temperaturas. Un periodista del Daily Telegraph, llamado Luigi Barzini acompañó al príncipe Borghese durante la travesía a bordo del Itala que llegaron primeros a París con una semana de adelante con respecto al Spyker. Como único premio los vencedores recibieron una botella de champán. De ahí nació la tradición de celebrar las victorias en el automovilismo con una botella de champán.

La otra prueba de larga distancia fue la New York-París, de 1908, organizado por el periódico New York Times, en la que se inscribieron 6 coches: 3 franceses, 1 alemán, 1 italiano y 1 estadounidense. El ganador fue el alemán George Schuster a bordo de un Protos representando al equipo estadounidense y que partió de Nueva York el 12 de febrero y llegó a París el 30 de julio, los alemanes habían llegado a París cuatro días antes, pero fueron sancionados lo que les dio la victoria al equipo americano.

La carrera New York-Seattle de 1909, aunque más corta, no fue sencilla. Más suave (y más parecido a los rallies modernos) fue el Glidden Tour, corrieron por el American Automobile Association entre 1902 y 1913, que tenía tramos entre el control de puntos y marcaron el sistema para determinar los ganadores. Ese mismo año se construyó el famoso Indianapolis Motor Speedway, con forma ovalada y una distancia de 4.023 km.

El 30 de mayo de 1911 se celebró la primera edición de las 500 Millas de Indianápolis, considerada como una de las carreras más importantes del mundo. El ganador fue Ray Harroun con un Marmon Wasp de 6 cilindros a un promedio de 120 km/h.

En América del Sur, tuvieron mucho éxito las rutas de gran kilometraje (8.000-9.000) divididas normalmente en dos días. La primera fue Gran Premio del Norte en 1940, desde Buenos Aires hasta Lima y vuelta; fue ganada por Juan Manuel Fangio en un muy modificado Chevrolet cupé. Este evento fue repetido en 1947 y en 1948 se celebró uno aún más ambicioso; el Gran Premio de la América del Sur desde Buenos Aires hasta Caracas, Venezuela — Fangio tuvo un accidente, en el que su copiloto falleció. En 1950 se celebró la rápida y peligrosa Carrera Panamericana, una carrera dividida en etapas para celebrar la construcción de una autopista entre las fronteras de Guatemala y US. Este tipo de carreras fueron víctimas de los costes de celebrarlas en un mundo en pleno desarrollo. Sin embargo, algunas se siguieron celebrando, como actualmente hacen en Bolivia. Canadá albergó uno de los rallys más largos de los 60 el Shell 4000 Rally.

En 1950, África vio su primera carrera, organizada por franceses. La Méditerranée-le Cap recorría 16000 km desde el  Mediterráneo hasta África del Sur. Se celebró hasta 1961, cuando los problemas políticos del continente africano obligaron a suspenderla. En 1953 se celebró en África del Este el Rallye Coronation Safari, renombrado años más tarde como Rally Safari seguido después por el Rally de Marruecos y el Rally Costa de Marfil. El Rally Safari ha sido incluido en numerosas ocasiones en el calendario del Campeonato del Mundo, celebrado en Kenia.

Los primeros Grandes Premios

Las carreras de Gran Premio (en francés Grand Prix) tienen raíces en las carreras de automóviles organizadas en Francia desde 1894. Rápidamente evolucionaron de simples carreras en caminos de un pueblo a otro, a pruebas de resistencia para los autos y los pilotos. La innovación pronto rebasó los 160km/h pero al ser carreras en caminos abiertos eran frecuentes los accidentes que resultaban en defunciones tanto de pilotos como de espectadores.

La mayoría de las carreras se corrían sobre largos circuitos formados por caminos públicos temporalmente cerrados, no en pistas privadas específicamente construidas. Este fue el origen del circuito de Gran Premio de l'ACF en 1906, la primera (y en ese tiempo la única) carrera en llevar el nombre de Gran Premio era organizada por el Automobile Club of France'' (ACF), y se corría durante dos días en junio en Le Mans.

En los años 20, la AIACR creó la denominación Grandes Épreuves para aquellos Grandes Premios más importantes del mundo. En esa década y en la siguiente, se organizó dos campeonatos, el Campeonato Mundial de Fabricantes entre 1925 y 1930 y el Campeonato Europeo de Pilotos en 1931, 1932 y entre 1935 y 1939, pero muchas carreras se cancelaban o no respetaban los reglamentos, y varios de estos campeonatos no fueron finalizados.

El Gran Premio de Mónaco de 1933 fue la primera vez en la historia del deporte en que el orden de partida fue decidido por los tiempos de clasificación, en vez de la suerte.

En 1946, inmediatamente después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, solo hubo cuatro carreras con denominación Gran Premio. Las reglas para el Campeonato Mundial de Grandes Premios ya habían sido establecidas antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, pero llevó varios años más de espera su concreción, hasta que en 1947 la antigua AIACR se reorganizó, pasándose a llamar la Federación Internacional del Automóvil (FIA). Con sede central en París, al final de la temporada de 1949 anunció que para 1950 unirían varios Grandes Premios nacionales para crear la Fórmula 1, con un Campeonato Mundial de Pilotos.

 Primeros rallyes

En 1911 se organizó la primera carrera con el nombre de rally, fue el Rally de Monte Carlo, llevado a cabo Antony Noghès, hijo del presidente del Club Sport Velocipèdique et Automobile de Monaco, para atraer a los turistas a la ciudad durante el invierno. La prueba tenía como meta la ciudad de Monte Carlo y los competidores partían desde diferentes puntos de Europa donde el vencedor resultaba ser aquel que empleaba menor tiempo pero además puntuaban otros factores como el estado del vehículo, número de ocupantes, etc. En esa primera edición partieron veinte participantes con la mítica placa roja que los identificaba.

Los rallies se hicieron muy populares en Suecia y Finlandia en los años '50. En esos países los fuertes controles policiales concienciados por la seguridad en las carreteras, llevó a los organizadores a buscar una alternativa a las carreras en carretera abierta y se optó por cerrarlas al público y competir en ellas mientras que se respetaban las normas fuera de ellas en los enlaces. De esta manera, se inventaron los tramos, también llamados Special Stage, Specialsträcka en Suecia o Erikoiskoe'' en Finlandia, que simplemente sumando los tiempos obtenidos en esos tramos, se obtenía la clasificación final. Este formato, que se conserva en la actualidad, cuajó rápidamente en otros países como en Gran Bretaña, que lo adoptó en 1961 pero con una pequeña diferencia: La legislación británica prohibía cerrar las carreteras y se decidió competir en caminos de tierra privados, que se cerraban solo para las carreras y se prohibía entrenarlos antes. De ahí nació el carácter secreto del Rally RAC, que mantuvo ese formato hasta los años 80 cuando entró en el calendario mundialista.

En 1953 se creó el primer campeonato de rallyes supranacional: el Campeonato de Europa de Rally. Fue el evento más importante hasta la creación del Campeonato del Mundo de Rally en 1973 que estaba formado por pruebas del campeonato europeo y algunas pruebas en América y África.

Primeras competiciones
Aunque se celebraban muchas carreras automovilísticas desde principios de , no sería hasta los años 50' cuando se empezaron a organizar campeonatos de carácter internacional que incluían varias pruebas. La primera competición automovilismo en el mundo fue la Fórmula 1 que se inició en 1950. El Campeonato Europeo de Pilotos se celebraría en 1931, con una duración de seis años y sería predecesora de la Fórmula 1. Tres años más tarde se crearía el Campeonato Europeo de Rally y el Campeonato Mundial de Resistencia.

Cronología
 1903: París-Madrid
 1904: Copa Vanderbilt
 1906: Targa Florio
 1907: Peking to Paris
 1908: 1908 New York to Paris Race
 1911: Rally de Montecarlo y 500 Millas de Indianápolis.
 1923: 24 Horas de Le Mans
 1924: 24 Horas de Spa
 1963: 1000 km de Monza
 1949: Copa NASCAR
 1957-1958: Carrera de los Dos Mundos

Campeonatos

 1905: Campeonato Nacional de la AAA

 1931: Campeonato Europeo de Pilotos
 1937: Turismo Carretera
 1950: Campeonato Mundial de Pilotos de Fórmula 1
 1953: Campeonato Europeo de Rally y Campeonato Mundial de Resistencia
 1963: Campeonato Europeo de Turismos
 1957: Campeonato Europeo de Montaña
 1973: Campeonato del Mundo de Rally
 1974: Fórmula Atlantic
 1975: Campeonato de Fórmula 3 Europea de la FIA
 1979: CART World Series y Rally Dakar
 1985: Fórmula 3000 y Copa Europea de Fórmula 3
 1986: Indy Lights
 1987: Campeonato Mundial de Turismos
 1996: Indy Racing League
 1998: World Series by Renault
 1999: Auto GP
 1997: Campeonato Mundial de FIA GT
 2001: Le Mans Series
 2004: Championship Auto Racing Teams
 2005: GP2 Series
 2006: Intercontinental Rally Challenge
 2010: GP3 Series
 2012: Campeonato Mundial de Resistencia de la FIA, Campeonato Europeo de Fórmula 3 de la FIA
 2014: Fórmula E, Fórmula 4, Campeonato Mundial de Rallycross de la FIA, WeatherTech SportsCar Championship y TCR
 2017: Campeonato de Fórmula 2 de la FIA
 2018: Fórmula Regional
 2019: Campeonato de Fórmula 3 de la FIA
 2021: Extreme E

Muerte en el automovilismo

La muerte siempre ha estado presente en el automovilismo desde sus inicios hasta hoy. Competir a altas velocidades supone un riesgo tanto para pilotos como para aficionados y organizadores. Las medidas de seguridad que han ido surgiendo con los años han reducido considerablemente el número de accidentes, un hecho destacable es que desde 1994, con la muerte de Ayrton Senna no se vuelto a producir una muerte en la Fórmula 1.
Hasta ahora, el piloto francés Jules Bianchi falleció el 18 de julio de 2015 tras impactar con la grúa que retiraba el coche de Adrian Sutil a 200 km/h en el Gran Premio de Japón del 2014.

En palabras de Sebastien Loeb, campeón del mundo de rally, tras la muerte de Michael Park en 2005:

Especialmente dura, es el Rally Dakar, que desde su primera edición han fallecido veintiún participantes, a los que hay que añadir las muertes de civiles, espectadores, mecánicos o periodistas, llegando a superar la media centena de muertos.

Pilotos
Un piloto de automovilismo es aquel que compite dentro del automóvil durante una carrera, es por lo tanto junto al vehículo la pieza clave del automovilismo. Por lo general los pilotos compiten solos, exceptuando en rallyes o raids donde van acompañados de un copiloto.

Pilotos destacados
Algunos de los pilotos más destacados de la historia del automovilismo son:
 Sébastien Loeb, 9 veces campeón del mundo de rally consecutivamente (2004-2012). Es el piloto más laureado de la historia del automovilismo.
 Michael Schumacher, 7 veces campeón del mundo de Fórmula 1, (1994-1995, 2000-2004).
 Dale Earnhardt, 7 veces campeón de la NASCAR Cup Series, (1980, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993 y 1994).
 Juan Manuel Fangio, 5 veces campeón de la Fórmula 1, (1951, 1954-1957).
 Jimmie Johnson, 6 veces campeón de la NASCAR Cup Series, (2006-2010, 2013) y ganador de las 500 Millas de Daytona, 400 Millas de Brickyard, entre otras.
 Alain Prost, 4 veces campeón del mundo de Fórmula 1, (1985, 1986, 1989 y 1993).
 Ayrton Senna, 3 veces campeón del mundo de Fórmula 1, (1988, 1990, 1991).
 Juha Kankkunen, 4 veces campeón del mundo de rally.
 Tommi Mäkinen, 4 veces campeón del mundo de rally.
 Eliseo Salazar, único piloto en la historia que ha participado en: las 500 Millas de Indianápolis, el Gran Premio de Mónaco de Fórmula 1, las 24 Horas de Le Mans, el Rally Dakar y en enero de 2012 participará en el Rally de Argentina, prueba del Campeonato Mundial de Rally estableciendo un nuevo récord Guiness.

FIA
La FIA, fundada en 1904, es la federación que regula las organización que regula las principales competiciones automovilísticas del mundo, pero su ámbito de aplicación incluye todos los aspectos del automóvil: las carreteras, la movilidad, el medio ambiente o la seguridad vial.

En 1922, la FIA delegó la organización de carreras de automóviles a la Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), un comité autónomo que más tarde se convirtió en la Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA). En 1946 la FIA comienza a funcionar oficialmente y en 1950, organizó el primer campeonato mundial automovilístico, actualmente conocido como la Fórmula 1. En 1973, la FIA extendió su alcance para incluir carreras de rally; el Rally de Monte Carlo fue el primer evento de ese tipo organizado por la FIA incluido dentro del Campeonato Mundial de Rally.

Una reestructuración de la FIA en 1993 dio lugar a la desaparición de la FISA, poniendo las carreras de coches bajo la administración directa de la FIA.

Principales competiciones vigentes
 Fórmula 1
 Fórmula 2
 Fórmula 3
 Fórmula 4
 Campeonato de Super Fórmula Japonesa
 Fórmula E
 Campeonato Mundial de Rally
 Copa Mundial de Turismos
 Rally Dakar
 IndyCar Series
 Campeonato Mundial de Resistencia de la FIA
 WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

Véase también

 Automovilismo
 Historia de la Fórmula 1
 Historia de los rallyes
 Historia del automóvil
 Piloto de carreras
 Copiloto
 Tanda en circuito
 Federación Internacional del Automóvil
 Anexo:Circuitos de carreras
 Anexo:Glosario del deporte motor
 Anexo:Grandes Premios del deporte motor
 Familias en deportes de motor
 Mujeres en deportes de motor
 Muerte en deportes de motor

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial FIA
 Sitio oficial F1
 Sitio oficial WRC
 Listado de los campeonatos regulados por la FIA

Automovilismo
Historia del deporte

Historia del automovilismo


Elizabeth Short (July 29, 1924 – , 1947), known posthumously as the Black Dahlia, was an American woman found murdered in the Leimert Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, on January 15, 1947. Her case became highly publicized owing to the gruesome nature of the crime, which included the mutilation of her corpse, which was bisected at the waist.

A native of Boston, Short spent her early life in New England and Florida before relocating to California, where her father lived. It is commonly held that she was an aspiring actress, though she had no known acting credits or jobs during her time in Los Angeles. She would acquire the nickname of the Black Dahlia posthumously, as newspapers of the period often nicknamed particularly lurid crimes; the term may have originated from a film noir murder mystery, The Blue Dahlia (1946). After the discovery of her body, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) began an extensive investigation that produced over 150 suspects but yielded no arrests.

Short's unsolved murder and the details surrounding it have had a lasting cultural intrigue, generating various theories and public speculation. Her life and death have been the basis of numerous books and films, and her murder is frequently cited as one of the most famous unsolved murders in U.S. history, as well as one of the oldest unsolved cases in Los Angeles County. It has likewise been credited by historians as one of the first major crimes in postwar America to capture national attention.

Life

Childhood
Elizabeth Short was born on July 29, 1924, in the Hyde Park section of Boston, Massachusetts, the third of five daughters of Cleo Alvin Short Jr. (October 18, 1885 – January 19, 1967) and his wife, Phoebe May Sawyer (July 2, 1897 – March 1, 1992). Her sisters were Virginia May West, who was born in 1920, Dorothea Schloesser, who was born in 1922, Elnora Chalmers, who was born in 1925, and Muriel, who was born in 1929. Her father, Cleo Alvin, was a United States Navy sailor who was born in 1885 in Gloucester to Cleo Alvin Short Sr. and Alice Ada Billups. Her mother, Phoebe Mae, was a housewife who was born in 1897 in Milbridge, Maine to Charles Turner Sawyer and Ella Nora Brown. They were married in Portland, Cumberland, in 1918. The Short family briefly relocated to Portland, Maine, in 1927, before settling in Medford, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, that same year. Short's father built miniature golf courses until he lost most of his savings in the 1929 stock market crash.
In 1930 his car was found abandoned on the Charlestown Bridge, and it was assumed that he had jumped into the Charles River.

Believing her husband to be deceased, Short's mother began working as a bookkeeper to support the family. Troubled by bronchitis and severe asthma attacks, Short underwent lung surgery at age 15, after which doctors suggested she periodically relocate to a milder climate to prevent further respiratory problems. Her mother sent her to spend winters with family friends in Miami, Florida, for the next three years. Short dropped out of Medford High School during her sophomore year.

Relocation to California

In late 1942, Short's mother received a letter of apology from her presumed-deceased husband, which revealed that he was in fact alive and had started a new life in California. In December, at age 18, Short relocated to Vallejo, California, to live with her father, whom she had not seen since age 6. At the time he was working at the nearby Mare Island Naval Shipyard on San Francisco Bay. Arguments between Short and her father led to her moving out in January 1943.

Short took a job at the Base Exchange at Camp Cooke (now Vandenberg Space Force Base) near Lompoc, briefly living with a U.S. Army Air Force sergeant who reportedly abused her. She left Lompoc in mid-1943 and moved to Santa Barbara, where she was arrested on September 23, 1943, for drinking at a local bar while underage. Juvenile authorities sent her back to Massachusetts but she returned instead to Florida, making only occasional visits to her family near Boston.

While in Florida, Short met Major Matthew Michael Gordon Jr., a decorated Army Air Force officer of the 2nd Air Commando Group, who was training for deployment to Southeast Asian theater of World War II. Short later told friends that Gordon had written to propose marriage while he was recovering from injuries from a plane crash in India. She accepted his offer, but Gordon died in a second crash on August 10, 1945. Short's sister, Dorothea, also served in World War II and was assigned to decode Japanese messages.

In July 1946, Short relocated to Los Angeles to visit Army Air Force Lieutenant Joseph Gordon Fickling, an acquaintance from Florida, who was stationed at the Naval Reserve Air Base in Long Beach. Short spent the last six months of her life in southern California, mostly in the Los Angeles area; shortly before her death she had been working as a waitress, and rented a room behind the Florentine Gardens nightclub on Hollywood Boulevard. She has been variously described and depicted as an aspiring or "would-be" actress. According to some sources, she did in fact have aspirations to be a film star, though she had no known acting jobs or credits.

Murder

Prior to murder
On January 9, 1947, Short returned to her home in Los Angeles after a brief trip to San Diego with Robert "Red" Manley, a 25-year-old married salesman she had been dating. Manley stated that he dropped Short off at the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles, and that Short was to meet her sister, who was visiting from Boston, that afternoon. By some accounts, staff of the Biltmore recalled having seen Short using the lobby telephone. Shortly after, she was allegedly seen by patrons of the Crown Grill Cocktail Lounge at 754 South Olive Street, approximately  away from the Biltmore.

Discovery
On the morning of January 15, 1947, Short's naked body, severed into two pieces, was found in a vacant lot on the west side of South Norton Avenue, midway between Coliseum Street and West 39th Street (at ) in the neighborhood of Leimert Park. At the time, Leimert Park was largely undeveloped.

Short's severely mutilated body was completely severed at the waist and drained of blood, leaving her skin a pallid white. Medical examiners determined that she had been dead for around ten hours prior to the discovery, leaving her time of death either sometime during the evening of January 14 or the early morning hours of January 15. The body had apparently been washed by the killer. Short's face had been slashed from the corners of her mouth to her ears, creating an effect known as the "Glasgow smile". She had several cuts on her thigh and breasts, where entire portions of flesh had been sliced away. The lower half of her body was positioned a foot away from the upper, and her intestines had been tucked neatly beneath her buttocks. The corpse had been "posed", with her hands over her head, her elbows bent at right angles, and her legs spread apart.

Los Angeles Herald-Express reporter Aggie Underwood was among the first to arrive, and took several photos of the corpse and crime scene. Near the body, detectives located a heel print on the ground amid the tire tracks, and a cement sack containing watery blood was also found nearby.

Autopsy and identification
An autopsy of Short's body was performed on January 16, 1947, by Frederick Newbarr, the Los Angeles County coroner. Newbarr's autopsy report stated that Short was  tall, weighed , and had light blue eyes, brown hair, and badly decayed teeth. There were ligature marks on her ankles, wrists, and neck, and an "irregular laceration with superficial tissue loss" on her right breast. Newbarr also noted superficial lacerations on the right forearm, left upper arm, and the lower left side of the chest.

The body had been cut completely in half by a technique taught in the 1930s called a hemicorporectomy. The lower half of her body had been removed by transecting the lumbar spine between the second and third lumbar vertebrae, thus severing the intestine at the duodenum. Newbarr's report noted "very little" ecchymosis (bruising) along the incision line, suggesting it had been performed after death. Another "gaping laceration" measuring  in length ran longitudinally from the umbilicus to the suprapubic region. The lacerations on each side of the face, which extended from the corners of the lips, were measured at  on the right side of the face, and  on the left. The skull was not fractured, but there was bruising noted on the front and right side of her scalp, with a small amount of bleeding in the subarachnoid space on the right side, consistent with blows to the head. The cause of death was determined to be hemorrhaging from the lacerations to her face and the shock from blows to the head and face. Newbarr noted that Short's anal canal was dilated at , suggesting that she might have been raped. Samples were taken from her body testing for the presence of sperm, but the results came back negative.

Short was identified after her fingerprints were sent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation; her fingerprints were on file from her 1943 arrest. Immediately following Short's identification, reporters from William Randolph Hearst's Los Angeles Examiner contacted her mother, Phoebe Short, in Boston, and told her that her daughter had won a beauty contest. It was only after prying as much personal information as they could from Phoebe that the reporters revealed that her daughter had in fact been murdered. The Examiner also offered to pay Phoebe's airfare and accommodations if she would travel to Los Angeles to help with the police investigation; that was yet another ploy since the newspaper kept her away from police and other reporters to protect its scoop. The Examiner and another Hearst newspaper, the Herald-Express, later sensationalized the case, with one Examiner article describing the black tailored suit Short was last seen wearing as "a tight skirt and a sheer blouse". The media nicknamed her the "Black Dahlia", and described her as an "adventuress" who "prowled Hollywood Boulevard". Additional newspaper reports, such as one published in the Los Angeles Times on January 17, deemed the murder a "sex fiend slaying".

Investigation

Initial investigation

Letters and interviews
On January 21, 1947, a person claiming to be Short's killer placed a phone call to the office of James Richardson, the editor of the Examiner, congratulating Richardson on the newspaper's coverage of the case and stating he planned on eventually turning himself in, but not before allowing police to pursue him further. Additionally, the caller told Richardson to "expect some souvenirs of Beth Short in the mail".

On January 24, a suspicious manila envelope was discovered, addressed to "The Los Angeles Examiner and other Los Angeles papers", with individual words that had been cut-and-pasted from newspaper clippings; additionally, a large message on the face of the envelope read: "Here is Dahlia's belongings [,] letter to follow". The envelope contained Short's birth certificate, business cards, photographs, names written on pieces of paper, and an address book with the name Mark Hansen embossed on the cover. The packet had been carefully cleaned with gasoline, similarly to Short's body, which led police to suspect the packet had been sent directly by her killer. Despite efforts to clean the packet, several partial fingerprints were lifted from the envelope and sent to the FBI for testing; however, the prints were compromised in transit and thus could not be properly analyzed. The same day the packet was received by the Examiner, a handbag and a black suede shoe were reported to have been seen on top of a garbage can in an alley a short distance from Norton Avenue,  from the crime scene. The items were recovered by police, but they had also been wiped clean with gasoline, destroying any fingerprints.

On March 14, an apparent suicide note scrawled in pencil on a bit of paper was found tucked in a shoe in a pile of men's clothing by the ocean's edge at the foot of Breeze Avenue in Venice. The note read: "To whom it may concern: I have waited for the police to capture me for the Black Dahlia killing, but have not. I am too much of a coward to turn myself in, so this is the best way out for me. I couldn't help myself for that, or this. Sorry, Mary." The pile of clothing was first seen by a beach caretaker, who reported the discovery to lifeguard captain John Dillon. Dillon immediately notified Captain L. E. Christensen of West Los Angeles police station. The clothes included a coat and trousers of blue herringbone tweed, a brown and white T-shirt, white jockey shorts, tan socks and tan moccasin leisure shoes, size about eight. The clothes gave no clue about the identity of their owner.

Police quickly deemed Mark Hansen, the owner of the address book found in the packet, a suspect. Hansen was a wealthy local nightclub and theater owner and an acquaintance at whose home Short had stayed with friends. According to some sources, Hansen also confirmed that the purse and shoe discovered in the alley were in fact Short's. Ann Toth, Short's friend and roommate, told investigators that Short had recently rejected sexual advances from Hansen, and suggested it as potential motive for him to kill her; however, he was cleared of suspicion in the case. In addition to Hansen, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) interviewed over 150 men in the ensuing weeks whom they believed to be potential suspects. Manley, who had been one of the last people to see Short alive, was also investigated, but was cleared of suspicion after passing numerous polygraph examinations. Police also interviewed several persons found listed in Hansen's address book, including Martin Lewis, who had been an acquaintance of Short's. Lewis was able to provide an alibi for the date of Short's murder, as he was in Portland, Oregon, visiting his dying father-in-law.

A total of 750 investigators from the LAPD and other departments worked on the case during its initial stages, including 400 sheriff's deputies and 250 California State Patrol officers. Various locations were searched for potential evidence, including storm drains throughout Los Angeles, abandoned structures and various sites along the Los Angeles River, but the searches yielded no further evidence. City councilman Lloyd G. Davis posted a  reward for information leading police to Short's killer. After the announcement of the reward, various persons came forward with confessions, most of which police dismissed as false. Several of the false confessors were charged with obstruction of justice.

Media response; decline
On January 26, another letter was received by the Examiner, this time handwritten, which read: "Here it is. Turning in Wed., Jan. 29, 10 am. Had my fun at police. Black Dahlia Avenger". The letter also named a location at which the supposed killer would turn himself in. Police waited at the location on the morning of January 29, but the alleged killer did not appear. Instead, at 1:00pm, the Examiner offices received another cut-and-pasted letter, which read: "Have changed my mind. You would not give me a square deal. Dahlia killing was justified."

The graphic nature of the crime and the subsequent letters received by the Examiner had resulted in a media circus surrounding Short's murder. Both local and national publications covered the story heavily, many of which reprinted sensationalistic reports suggesting that Short had been tortured for hours prior to her death; the information, however, was false, yet police allowed the reports to circulate so as to conceal Short's true cause of death—cerebral hemorrhage—from the public. Further reports about her personal life were publicized, including details about her alleged declining of Hansen's sexual advances; additionally, a stripper who was an acquaintance of Short's told police that she "liked to get guys worked up over her, but she'd leave them hanging dry." This led some reporters (namely the Herald-Expresss Bevo Means) and detectives to look into the possibility that Short was a lesbian, and begin questioning employees and patrons of gay bars in Los Angeles; this claim, however, remained unsubstantiated. The Herald-Express also received several letters from the purported killer, again made with cut-and-pasted clippings, one of which read: "I will give up on Dahlia killing if I get 10 years. Don't try to find me."

On February 1, the Los Angeles Daily News reported that the case had "run into a Stone Wall", with no new leads for investigators to pursue. The Examiner continued to run stories on the murder and the investigation, which was front-page news for thirty-five days following the discovery of the body.

When interviewed, lead investigator Captain Jack Donahue told the press that he believed Short's murder had taken place in a remote building or shack on the outskirts of Los Angeles, and that her body transported into the city where it was disposed of. Based on the precise cuts and dissection of Short's body, the LAPD looked into the possibility that the murderer had been a surgeon, doctor, or someone with medical knowledge. In mid-February 1947, the LAPD served a warrant to the University of Southern California Medical School, which was located near the site where the body had been discovered, requesting a complete list of the program's students. The university agreed so long as the students' identities remained private. Background checks were conducted but yielded no results.

Grand jury and aftermath

By the spring of 1947, Short's murder had become a cold case with few new leads. Sergeant Finis Brown, one of the lead detectives on the case, blamed the press for compromising the investigation through journalists' probing of details and unverified reporting. In September 1949, a grand jury convened to discuss inadequacies in the LAPD's homicide unit based on their failure to solve numerous murders—especially those of women and children—in the previous several years, Short's being one of them. In the aftermath of the grand jury, further investigation was done on Short's past, with detectives tracing her movements between Massachusetts, California and Florida, and also interviewed people who knew her in Texas and New Orleans. However, the interviews yielded no useful information in the murder.

Suspects and confessions

The notoriety of Short's murder has spurred a large number of confessions over the years, many of which have been deemed false. During the initial investigation into her murder, police received a total of sixty confessions, most made by men. Since that time, over 500 people have confessed to the crime, some of whom had not even been born at the time of her death. Sergeant John P. St. John, a detective who worked the case until his retirement, stated, "It is amazing how many people offer up a relative as the killer."

In 2003, Ralph Asdel, one of the original detectives on the case, told the Times that he believed he had interviewed Short's killer, a man who had been seen with his sedan parked near the vacant lot where her body was discovered in the early morning hours of January 15, 1947. A neighbor driving by that day stopped to dispose of a bag of lawn clippings in the lot when he saw a parked sedan, allegedly with its right rear door open; the driver of the sedan was standing in the lot. His arrival apparently startled the owner of the sedan, who approached his car and peered in the window before returning to the sedan and driving away. The owner of the sedan was followed to a local restaurant where he worked, but was ultimately cleared of suspicion.

Suspects remaining under discussion by various authors and experts include a doctor named Walter Bayley, proposed by former Times copyeditor Larry Harnisch; Times publisher Norman Chandler, whom biographer Donald Wolfe claims impregnated Short; Leslie Dillon, Joseph A. Dumais, Artie Lane (a.k.a. Jeff Connors), Mark Hansen, Francis E. Sweeney, Woody Guthrie, Bugsy Siegel, Orson Welles, George Hodel, Hodel's friend Fred Sexton, George Knowlton, Robert M. "Red" Manley, Patrick S. O'Reilly, and Jack Anderson Wilson.

Although he was never formally charged in the crime, Hodel came to wider attention after his death when he was accused by his son, LAPD homicide detective Steve Hodel, of killing Short and committing several additional murders. Prior to the Dahlia case, he was suspected, but not charged, in the death of his secretary, Ruth Spaulding; and was accused of raping his own daughter, Tamar, but acquitted. Hodel fled the country several times, and lived in the Philippines between 1950 and 1990. Additionally, Steve Hodel has cited his father's training as a surgeon as circumstantial evidence. In 2003, it was revealed in notes from the 1949 grand jury report that investigators had wiretapped Hodel's home and obtained recorded conversation of him with an unidentified visitor, saying: "Supposin' I did kill the Black Dahlia. They couldn't prove it now. They can't talk to my secretary because she's dead. They thought there was something fishy. Anyway, now they may have figured it out. Killed her. Maybe I did kill my secretary."

In 1991, Janice Knowlton, who was ten years old at the time of Short's murder, claimed that she witnessed her father, George Knowlton, beat Short to death with a claw hammer in the detached garage of her family's home in Westminster. She also published a book titled Daddy was the Black Dahlia Killer in 1995, in which she made additional claims that her father sexually molested her. The book was condemned as "trash" by Jolane Emerson, Knowlton's stepsister, who stated: "She believed it, but it wasn't reality. I know, because I lived with her father for sixteen years." Additionally, Detective St. John told the Times that Knowlton's claims were "not consistent with the facts of the case".

The 2017 book Black Dahlia, Red Rose by Piu Eatwell focuses on Leslie Dillon, a bellhop who was a former mortician's assistant; his associates Mark Hansen and Jeff Connors; and Sergeant Finis Brown, a lead detective who had links to Hansen and was allegedly corrupt. Eatwell posits that Short was murdered because she knew too much about the men's involvement in a scheme for robbing hotels. She further suggests that Short was killed at the Aster Motel in Los Angeles, where the owners reported finding one of their rooms "covered in blood and fecal matter" on the morning Short's body was found. The Examiner stated in 1949 that LAPD chief William A. Worton denied that the Aster Motel had anything to do with the case, although its rival newspaper, the Los Angeles Herald, claimed that the murder took place there.

In 2000, Buz Williams, a retired detective with the Long Beach Police Department, wrote an article for the LBPD newsletter The Rap Sheet on Short's murder. His father, Richard F. Williams, and his friend, Con Keller, were both members of the LAPD's Gangster Squad investigating the case. Williams' father believed that Dillon was the killer, and that when Dillon returned to his home state of Oklahoma, he was able to avoid extradition to California because his ex-wife Georgia Stevenson was second cousins with Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson II, who contacted the governor of Oklahoma on Dillon's behalf. Keller believed Hansen was the killer, as he had studied at a surgical school in Sweden and had thrown elaborate parties attended by prominent LAPD officials. Williams' article says that Dillon sued the LAPD for $3 million, but that the suit was dropped. Harnisch disputes this, claiming that Dillon was cleared by police after an exhaustive investigation, and that the district attorney's files positively placed him in San Francisco when Short was killed. Harnisch claims that there was no LAPD coverup, and that Dillon did in fact receive a financial settlement from the City of Los Angeles, but has not produced concrete evidence to prove this.

Theories and potentially related crimes

Cleveland Torso Murders

Several crime authors, as well as police detective Peter Merylo, have suspected a link between the Short murder and the Cleveland Torso Murders, which took place in Cleveland, Ohio, between 1934 and 1938. As part of their investigation into other murders that took place before and after the Short killing, the original LAPD investigators studied the Torso Murders in 1947 but later discounted any connection between the two cases. In 1980, new evidence implicating a former Torso Murder suspect, Jack Anderson Wilson (a.k.a. Arnold Smith), was investigated by Detective St. John in relation to Short's murder. He claimed he was close to arresting Wilson in Short's murder, but that Wilson died in a fire on February 4, 1982. The possible connection to the Torso Murders received renewed media attention when it was profiled on the NBC series Unsolved Mysteries in 1992, in which Eliot Ness biographer Oscar Fraley suggested Ness knew the identity of the killer responsible for both cases.

Lipstick Murders
Crime authors such as Steve Hodel and William Rasmussen have suggested a link between the Short murder and the 1946 murder and dismemberment of 6-year-old Suzanne Degnan in Chicago, Illinois. Captain Donahoe of the LAPD stated publicly that he believed the Black Dahlia and the "Lipstick Murders" in Chicago were "likely connected". Among the evidence cited is the fact that Short's body was found on Norton Avenue, three blocks west of Degnan Boulevard, Degnan being the last name of the girl from Chicago. There were also striking similarities between the handwriting on the Degnan ransom note and that of the "Black Dahlia Avenger". Both texts used a combination of capitals and small letters (the Degnan note read in part "BuRN This FoR heR SAfTY" ), and both notes contain a similar misshapen letter P and have one word that matches exactly. Convicted serial killer William Heirens served life in prison for Degnan's murder. Initially arrested at age 17 for breaking into a residence close to that of Degnan, Heirens claimed he was tortured by police, forced to confess, and made a scapegoat for the murder. After being taken from the medical infirmary at the Dixon Correctional Center on February 26, 2012, for health problems, Heirens died at the University of Illinois Medical Center on March 5, 2012, at age 83.

Lone Woman Murders
Between 1943 and 1949, within Los Angeles over a dozen unsolved murders occurred including the death of Short which involved the sexual mutilation of young attractive women. Authorities suspected at the time that they could have been the work of a single unidentified serial killer. In 1949, the Los Angeles County Grand Jury was tasked with investigating the failure on the part of law enforcement to solve the cases. As a result, further investigation was done on the homicides although none of them were solved.
 On July 27, 1943, the son of a Los Angeles County golf course greenskeeper discovered the nude body of 41-year-old Ora Elizabeth Murray lying on the ground near the parking lot of the Fox Hills  Golf Course. Murray had been severely beaten about her face and body and the autopsy determined that her cause of death was due to "constriction of the larynx by strangulation". Murray was last seen on July 26, 1943, attending a dance at the Zenda Ballroom in downtown Los Angeles with her sister before leaving with an unidentified man. Her murder remains unsolved.
 John Gilmore's 1994 book Severed: The True Story of the Black Dahlia Murder, suggests a possible connection between Short's murder and that of 20-year-old Georgette Elise Bauerdorf. At 11 a.m. on October 12, 1944, Georgette's maid and a janitor arrived to clean her apartment in West Hollywood where they found her body face down in her bathtub. It is believed that Georgette was attacked by a man who was waiting inside the apartment for her. Gilmore suggests that Short's employment at the Hollywood Canteen, where Bauerdorf also worked as a hostess, could be a potential connection between the two women. However, the claim that Short ever worked at the Hollywood Canteen has been disputed by others, such as the retired Times copy-editor Larry Harnisch. Regardless, author Steve Hodel has still suggested that both women were killed by the same individual since in both cases the media received notes supposedly from the killer taunting the police and boasting of his skills.
 The February 10, 1947, murder of 44-year-old Jeanne "Nettie" French in Los Angeles was also considered by the media and detectives as possibly being related to Short's killing. French's body was discovered in West Los Angeles on Grand View Boulevard, nude and badly beaten. Written on her stomach in lipstick was what appeared to say "Fuck You B.D.", and the letters "TEX" below. The Herald-Express covered the story heavily and drew comparisons to the Short murder less than a month prior, surmising the initials "B.D." to stand for "Black Dahlia". According to historian Jon Lewis, however, the scrawling actually read "P.D.", ostensibly standing for "police department".
 On March 12, 1947, the nude body of 43-year-old Evelyn Winters was found at 12:10 a.m. in a vacant lot of an abandoned rail yard in Norwalk, California along the Los Angeles River. She had been bludgeoned and strangled to death. Evelyn was last seen by a male acquaintance, James Joseph Tiernan, who stated to authorities that he saw Winters leave The Albany Hotel in Los Angeles at 8 p.m.
 Dorothy Ella Montgomery, 36, was found at about 10:30 a.m. in a vacant field on May 4, 1947 under a pepper tree in Florence-Graham, California. Montgomery had died due to strangulation and was found nude and beaten. Montgomery had been missing since 9:30 p.m. the previous evening when she had left her home to pick up her daughter at a dance recital.
 On May 12, 1947, an oil company patrolman discovered in an oil field on Long Beach Boulevard the body of 39-year-old Laura Eliza Trelstad who had been sexually assaulted before death and then thrown from a moving vehicle. She had been bludgeoned on the head and strangled with a belt. According to her husband, they had both been playing cards the night prior at their home in 2211 Locust Avenue on Long Beach with friends in the late afternoon.  Her husband wanted to continue; but Trelstad had become bored and left to go to the Crystal Ballroom. She stated: "If the boys can play poker, we girls can go dance." She was not seen alive again.
 On July 8, 1947, the naked body of Rosenda Josephine Mondragon, 21, was discovered by a postal clerk in a gutter near Los Angeles City Hall. She had been strangled by a silk stocking. Mondragon was last seen by her estranged husband that morning, at 1 a.m., when he had been served by her with divorce papers at his residence. She then left entering a stranger's car.
 On the evening of October 2, 1947, Lillian Dominguez, 15, was walking home with her sister and her friend in Santa Monica, when a man approached them and proceeded to stab Dominguez in the heart with a long and thin stiletto blade, between her second and third ribs. One week later, on October 9, 1947, a note on the back of a business card was left under the door of a furniture store. The message was written in pencil and read: "I killed the Santa Monica Girl, I will kill others."
 On February 14, 1948, 42-year-old Gladys Eugenia Kern, a Los Angeles real estate agent, was found stabbed in the back with a hunting knife in a vacant house that she was showing in the Los Feliz district at 4217 Cromwell Avenue. That afternoon she was last seen with an unidentified man at the counter of a nearby drugstore. The murderer had stolen her appointment book during the crime and had cleaned the murder weapon before he left.
 Cosmetologist Louise Margaret Springer, 35, was found murdered on June 13, 1949, in the backseat of her husband's convertible sedan alongside a street in the south central part of Los Angeles. She had been garrotted with a length of clothesline that had been knotted and a stick had also been inserted into her anus. Her husband notified law enforcement of Springer's disappearance that evening when he returned from an errand inside her shop to find both Springer and his vehicle missing from the parking lot where they had been parked.
 48-year-old Mimi Boomhower was last heard from when she telephoned a friend from her home in the 700 block of Nimes Road in Los Angeles, California on August 18, 1949. Between 7:00 and 8:00 p.m., the call ended. Five days after Boomhower vanished, her white handbag was discovered in a phonebooth at a grocery store in Los Angeles. Boomhower was never heard from again, and she was declared legally dead in 1956.
 On the evening of October 7, 1949, 26-year-old Jean Elizabeth Spangler left her home in Los Angeles, telling her sister-in-law that she was going to meet with her ex-husband before going to work as an extra on a film set. She was last seen alive at a grocery store several blocks from her home at approximately 6:00 p.m. Two days later, Spangler's tattered purse was discovered in a remote area of Griffith Park, approximately  from her home; inside was a letter addressed to a "Kirk", which mentioned seeing a doctor.

Rumors and factual disputes
Numerous details regarding Short's personal life and death have been points of public dispute. The eager involvement of both the public and press in solving her murder have been credited as factors that complicated the investigation significantly, resulting in a complex, sometimes inconsistent narrative of events. According to Anne Marie DiStefano of the Portland Tribune, many "unsubstantiated stories" have circulated about Short over the years: "She was a prostitute, she was frigid, she was pregnant, she was a lesbian. And somehow, instead of fading away over time, the legend of the Black Dahlia just keeps getting more convoluted." Harnisch has refuted several supposed rumors and popular conceptions about Short and her murder and also disputed the validity of Gilmore's book Severed, claiming the book is "25% mistakes, and 50% fiction". Harnisch also had examined the district attorney's files (he claimed that Steve Hodel has examined some of them pertaining to his father, along with Times columnist Steve Lopez) and contrary to Eatwell's claims, the files showed that Dillon was thoroughly investigated and was determined to have been in San Francisco when Short was killed. Harnisch speculated that Eatwell either did not find these files or she chose to ignore them.

Murder and state of the body
A number of people, none of whom knew Short, contacted police and the newspapers and claimed to have seen her during her so-called "missing week", between her January 9 disappearance and the discovery of her body, on January 15. Police and DA investigators ruled out each alleged sighting; in some cases, those interviewed were identifying other women whom they had mistaken for Short. Short's whereabouts in the days leading up to her murder and the discovery of her body are unknown.

After the discovery of Short's body, numerous Los Angeles newspapers printed headlines claiming she had been tortured leading up to her death. This was denied by law enforcement at the time, but they allowed the claims to circulate so as to keep Short's actual cause of death a secret from the public. Some sources, such as Oliver Cyriax's Crime: An Encyclopedia (1993), state that Short's body was covered in cigarette burns inflicted on her while she was still alive, though there is no indication of this in her official autopsy report.

In Severed, Gilmore states that the coroner who performed Short's autopsy suggested in conversation that she had been forced to consume feces based on his findings when examining the contents of her stomach. This claim has been denied by Harnisch and is also not indicated in Short's official autopsy, though it has been reprinted in several print and online media.

Nickname

According to newspaper reports shortly after the murder, Short received the nickname "Black Dahlia" from staff and patrons at a Long Beach drugstore in mid-1946 as wordplay on the film The Blue Dahlia (1946). Other popularly-circulated rumors claim that the media crafted the name because Short adorned her hair with dahlias. According to the FBI official website, she received the first part of the nickname from the press "for her rumored penchant for sheer black clothes".

However, reports by DA investigators state that the nickname was invented by newspaper reporters covering her murder; Herald-Express reporter Bevo Means, who interviewed Short's acquaintances at the drugstore, has been credited with first using the "Black Dahlia" name, though reporters Underwood and Jack Smith have been alternatively named as its creators. While some sources claim that Short was referred to or went by the name during her life, others dispute this. Both Gilmore and Harnisch agree that the name originated during Short's lifetime and was not a creation of the press: Harnisch states that it was in fact a nickname she earned from the staff of the Long Beach drugstore she frequented; in Severed, Gilmore names an A.L. Landers as the proprietor of the drugstore, though he does not provide the store's name. Prior to the circulation of the "Black Dahlia" name, Short's killing had been dubbed the "Werewolf Murder" by the Herald-Express because of the brutal nature of the crime.

Alleged prostitution and sexual history
Many true crime books claim that Short lived in or visited Los Angeles at various times in the mid-1940s, including Gilmore's Severed, which claims she worked at the Hollywood Canteen. This is disputed by Harnisch, who states that Short did not, in fact, live in Los Angeles until after the canteen's closing in 1945. Although some of her acquaintances and several authors and journalists described Short as a prostitute or call girl during her time in Los Angeles, according to Harnisch, the contemporaneous grand jury proved that there was no existing evidence that she was ever a prostitute. Harnisch claims that the rumor regarding Short's history as a prostitute originates from John Gregory Dunne's 1977 novel True Confessions, which is based in part on the crime.

Another widely circulated rumor (sometimes used to counter claims that Short was a prostitute) holds that Short was unable to have sexual intercourse because of a congenital defect that resulted in gonadal dysgenesis, also known as "infantile genitalia". Los Angeles County district attorney's files state that the investigators had questioned three men with whom Short had engaged in sex, including a Chicago police officer who was a suspect in the case; FBI files on the case also contain a statement from one of Short's alleged lovers. Short's autopsy itself, which was reprinted in full in Michael Newton's 2009 book The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes, notes that her uterus was "small"; however, no other information in the autopsy is provided that would suggest her reproductive organs were anything other than anatomically normal. The autopsy also states that Short was not and had never been pregnant, contrary to what had been claimed prior to and following her death.

Another rumor—that Short was a lesbian—has often circulated; according to Gilmore, this rumor began after Bevo Means of the Herald-Express was told by the deputy coroner that Short "wasn't having sex with men" owing to her allegedly "small" genitalia. Means took this to mean that Short had sex with women, and both he and reporter Sid Hughes began fruitlessly investigating gay bars in Los Angeles for further information.

Legacy

Short is interred at the Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland. After her younger sisters, Elnora, had grown up and married, their mother, Phoebe, moved to Oakland to be near her daughter's grave. She finally returned to the East Coast in the 1970s, where she lived into her 90s and died in 1992. On February 2, 1947, just two weeks after Short's murder, Republican state assemblyman C. Don Field was prompted by the case to introduce a bill calling for the formation of a sex offender registry; the state of California would become the first U.S. state to make the registration of sex offenders mandatory.

Short's murder has been described as one of the most brutal and culturally enduring crimes in American history, and Time magazine listed it as one of the most infamous unsolved cases in the world.

Short's life and death have been the basis of numerous books, television shows, and films, both fictionalized and non-fiction. Among the most famous fictional accounts of Short's death is James Ellroy's 1987 novel The Black Dahlia, which, in addition to the murder, explored "the larger fields of politics, crime, corruption, and paranoia in post-war Los Angeles", according to cultural critic David M. Fine. Ellroy's novel was adapted into a 2006 film of the same name by director Brian De Palma: Short was played by actress Mia Kirshner. Both Ellroy's novel and its film adaptation bear little relation to the facts of the case.

Short was also portrayed in heavily fictionalized accounts by Lucie Arnaz in the 1975 television film Who Is the Black Dahlia?, by Jessica Nelson in Season Four, Episode 13 of Hunter, and by Mena Suvari in the series American Horror Story in 2011, featuring Short in the plot line of the episode "Spooky Little Girl", and again in 2018 with "Return to Murder House".

See also
 Agness Underwood
 Crime in Los Angeles
 Ernest E. Debs
 List of unsolved murders

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 The Black Dahlia – FBI
 The Black Dahlia case files from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Freedom of Information Act site
 Somebody Knows episode, a 1950 radio program on the case

1924 births
1947 deaths
1947 murders in the United States
1947 in Los Angeles
20th-century American people
20th-century American women
American murder victims
American women civilians in World War II
Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)
Crimes in Los Angeles
Deaths by beating in the United States
Deaths from bleeding
Female murder victims
People from Hyde Park, Boston
People from Medford, Massachusetts
People murdered in Los Angeles
Restaurant staff
Retail clerks
Unsolved murders in the United States
Vandenberg Space Force Base

Black Dahlia


Mitsugu Nomura (født 21. november 1956) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|1981||8||0
|-
|1982||4||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Mitsugu Nomura


SNT peut désigner :

Enseignement

 Sciences numériques et technologie (SNT), matière enseignée dans l'enseignement secondaire en France en classe de Seconde. Matière obligatoire depuis 2019, enseignée à raison d'une heure trente par semaine.
 Science and Technology Club, école d'informatique à Jaipur

Syndicats professionnels

 Syndicat National des Territoriaux (SNT)
 Syndicat National des Télécommunications (SNT)

Sociétés commerciales

 Services Network Telecom (SNT)
 SNT, Société d'ingénierie mécanique ou industrielle

Clubs sportifs

 Société Nautique de la Trinité sur Mer (SNT), club de voile
 Société Nantaise de Tir (SNT), tir sportif
 Stade Niortais Triathlon, club affilié à la Fédération Française de Triathlon

Autres

  "snt" : abréviation de "sont"
  "SNT" : sigle de la crypto-monnaie Status

Homonymie

SNT


El término concusión puede tener diferentes significados en diferentes áreas:

 en medicina, concusión es un término que se refiere a la pérdida inmediata del conocimiento acompañada de un periodo corto de amnesia, usualmente después de un traumatismo craneoencefálico;
 en derecho, concusión es un término legal que se refiere a un delito llamado exacción ilegal.

Concusión


قائمة ببطولات ويمبلدون لسنة 1886:

فردي رجال

 ويليام رينشاو هزم  هربرت لاوفورد. النتيجة: 6-0 5-7 6-3 6-4

فردي سيدات

 بلانشي بينجلي هزمت  ماود واتسن. النتيجة: 6-3, 6-3

مراجع

لندن في 1886
أحداث 1886 الرياضية في لندن
أحداث يوليو 1886 الرياضية
رياضة إنجليزية في 1886
كرة المضرب في 1886
كرة مضرب إنجليزية في 1886

بطولة ويمبلدون 1886


Leptonetela turcica est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Leptonetidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la province de Kahramanmaraş en Turquie. Elle se rencontre vers Andırın.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure .

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, la Turquie.

Publication originale
 Danışman & Coşar, 2021 : « A new species of the genus Leptonetela Kratochvil, 1978 (Araneae: Leptonetidae) from Turkey. » Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, , , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Leptonetidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Turquie

Leptonetela turcica


Das Schloss Spitzenberg befindet sich in der Gemeinde Mauerkirchen im Bezirk Braunau.

Geschichte

Die Entstehungszeit von Schloss Spitzenberg ist ungewiss. 1388 wird Spitzenberg als Stammsitz der Mauerkirchner erwähnt. 1481 besaßen die Granser das Schloss. Danach erhielt Friedrich Mauerkircher, Kanzler des Herzogs Georg von Bayern-Landshut und späterer Bischof von Passau, im Jahr 1479 Spitzenberg zum Lehen. Dieser ließ Spitzenberg mit einer Ringmauer befestigen und um ein neues Stöckel ergänzen. Nach seinem Tod am 28. November 1485 benannte sich sein Neffe und Erbe Wolfgang bereits nach Spitzenberg. Als dieser 1503 starb, kam der Besitz an seinen Stiefbruder Stephan Wäninger (Wanninger). Im Pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieg wurde Spitzenberg 1504 besetzt. Sein Enkel Stefan Wäninger vom Spitzenberg verkaufte das Schloss 1588 an seinen Schwager Joachim Rainer zu Laufenbach. Dieser verkaufte Spitzenberg seinerseits um 1590 an Wolf Josef Hochkircher von Ysselsdorf. 1616 erwarb Pankraz von Freiberg zu Hochaschnau von seinem Schwager Wolf Josef Höhenkirchner das Schloss. Freiherr Adam Kaspar Freiherr von Freyberg zu Hohenaschau ließ das Schloss 1700 vom Grunde auf neu aufbauen. Die Freibergs blieben bis 1750 im Besitz von Spitzenberg. Dann erwarb Franz Peter von Rosenbusch, bayrischer Kämmerer, Geheimrat und Revisionsrat, den Besitz. Ab 1812 waren die Grafen Lerchenberg auf Spitzenberg. Auf diese folgten die Neweklowsky aus Freistadt. 1829 kauft Phillipp Freiherr von Venningen, bereits Besitzer von Schloss Aspach, das Schloss Spitzenberg. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts war Friedrich Bergmüller († 1884), Bürgermeister und Reichstagsabgeordneter, Besitzer von Schloss Spitzenberg. Um die Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert gelangte das Schloss in bäuerlichen Besitz.

Schloss Spitzenberg heute
Der Name des Schlosses geht auf seine Lage auf der Spitze eines kleinen Berges zurück. Die felsigen Ausläufer sind mit Quadersteinen verkleidet. Die Zufahrt führt rechts neben dem Steilhang zu einem Torturm und dann in den vorderen Hof. Hier befindet sich ein hakenförmiger Bau, dahinter liegt ein langgestreckter Maierhof. Im Hoftrakt befinden sich in zwei Geschoßen Laubengänge mit z. T. ansehnlichen Marmorsäulen. Nach dem großen Brand von 1865 wurde das Schloss erst wieder im Jahre 1917 aufgebaut.

Spitzenberg macht einen etwas ungepflegten und heruntergekommenen Eindruck. Die Gebäudeteile des Schlosses werden von seinem Besitzer Franz Dachs sowohl als Bauernhof wie auch als Miethaus verwendet.

Literatur
 Herbert Brandstetter: Die Freiherren von Freyberg auf Schloss Spitzenberg bei Mauerkirchen In: Das Bundwerk. Schriftenreihe des Innviertler Kulturkreises. Band 15. 2000, S. 39–46.

Weblinks

Spitzenberg
Mauerkirchen
Bauwerk im Bezirk Braunau am Inn
Spitzenberg

Schloss Spitzenberg


Lame Duck este un film românesc din 2016 regizat de Cristian Bota. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ștefan Mihai, Ana-Maria Guran, Adrian Titieni.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2016 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română

Lame Duck


Kees Luijckx (født 11. februar 1986 i Beverwijk, Nordholland) er en hollandsk fodboldspiller som har spillet som central forsvars-spiller i den danske klub Silkeborg. Han kom fra den danske klub SønderjyskE i januar 2020 på en kontrakt frem til sommer 2020. Pr. 1 August 2020 spiller Kees i Roda JC Kerkrade.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Kees Luyckx på Voetbal International
 Kees Luyckx  på OnsOranje

Fodboldspillere fra Holland
Fodboldspillere fra AZ Alkmaar
Fodboldspillere fra S.B.V. Excelsior
Fodboldspillere fra ADO Den Haag
Fodboldspillere fra NAC Breda
Fodboldspillere fra Roda JC
Fodboldspillere fra SønderjyskE

Kees Luijckx


Krogaspe er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Nortorfer Land i den sydøstlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Krogaspe ligger nordvest for Neumünster ved Bundesautobahn 7 og den tidligere Bundesstraße 205 mod Rendsborg.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Krogaspe


Christopher Zanella (Waldshut, 21 de octubre de 1989) es un expiloto suizo de automovilismo. En 2011 fue subcampeón de la FIA Fórmula Dos.

Carrera

Inicios
Zanella empezó en el 2003 en el karting, en 2007 empezó a competir en los fórmulas con la Formula Renault 2.0 Suiza. En 2008 logró ganar el campeonato. Posteriormente entró a competir en competiciones como la Fórmula 3 Euroseries y la Eurocopa de Fórmula Renault 2.0.

FIA Fórmula Dos y Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series
En 2011, Zanella entró a la FIA Fórmula Dos. Su temporada empezó muy bien, terminando en la zona de podio y ganando carreras, llegó a liderar el campeonato durante 4 rondas; en la segunda mitad del campeonato, no logró subir al podio en ninguna ocasión pero logró conservar la segunda plaza del campeonato. En 2012 repite en el campeonato y esta vez termina en la tercera posición final con 2 victorias a lo largo de la temporada.

Al año siguiente, compitió en la temporada de Fórmula Renault 3.5 Series con ISR Racing. Obtuvo un podio en su carrera de debut, pero luego no logró destacar y dejó la categoría al finalizar el año.

Años posteriores
Tras dos años sin correr, el piloto suizo llegó al ADAC GT Masters para competir con un Porsche 911 GT3 R del equipo Schütz Motorsport en 2016. En la temporada siguiente se trasladó al equipo HB Racing (Lamborghini Huracán GT3), dejando nuevamente las carreras a tiempo completo al finalizar el año.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial

Pilotos de automovilismo de Suiza
Pilotos de Eurocopa de Fórmula Renault 2.0
Pilotos de World Series Fórmula V8 3.5
Pilotos del Campeonato de Fórmula Dos de la FIA
Pilotos de Fórmula 3 Euroseries
Nacidos en Waldshut-Tiengen

Christopher Zanella


Afro@Digital es una película de la República Democrática del Congo del año 2002 dirigida por Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda.

Sinopsis
La película se pregunta cómo África, que vive inmerso en el terrorismo de la pobreza, puede incorporar la tecnología digital - no es un valor en sí mismo - para escapar de la lógica de la pobreza y del desarrollo pero asegurándose que ella no se convierta en un agente neolonialista o no la margine aún más; en síntesis, cual sería la finalidad de adaptar la tecnología  y cuál es la que nos conviene. El documental menciona el Hueso de Ishango, el instrumento de cálculo más antiguo del mundo que se conoce -anterior en 15000 años a la construcción de las Pirámides- encontrado en la región de los grandes lagos de África Central y señala que pese a la escasez de computadoras en el continente, el mayor yacimiento de coltán, un mineral usado en la mayoría de los microprocesadores,está en el Congo.

Comentarios
Paul Stoller, de la Universidad de West Chester opinó sobre el filme:

Premios
AFRO@DIGITAL fue galardonada con la Mención del Jurado en el Festival Internacional de Cine Independiente de Harare, Zimbabue, 2004

Referencias

Afro@Digital


Thomas G. Stanford (* 1924 in Deutschland; † 23. Dezember 2017 in Santa Fe, New Mexico) war ein US-amerikanischer Filmeditor, der bei der Oscarverleihung 1962 den Oscar für den besten Schnitt gewann.

Leben
Stanford begann seine Laufbahn als Editor in der Filmwirtschaft Hollywoods 1955 bei einer Verfilmung von Don Giovanni und wirkte bis 1988 bei der Herstellung von 25 Filmen und Fernsehserien mit.

1962 gewann er den Oscar für den besten Schnitt, und zwar für den Tanzfilm West Side Story (1961) von Robert Wise und Jerome Robbins mit Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer und Russ Tamblyn in den Hauptrollen.

Einer seiner Schnittassistenten Mitte der 1960er war Neil Travis, der unter anderem 1991 den Oscar für den besten Schnitt gewann.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1955: Don Giovanni
 1959: Plötzlich im letzten Sommer (Suddenly, Last Summer)
 1961: West Side Story
 1964: Emil und die Detektive (Emil and the Detectives)
 1965: Stimme am Telefon (The Slender Thread)
 1968: Die Hölle sind wir (Hell in the Pacific)
 1969: Der Gauner (The Reivers)
 1972: Jeremiah Johnson
 1980: Kagemusha – Der Schatten des Kriegers (影武者, Kagemusha)
 1981: Die Legende vom einsamen Ranger (The Legend of the Lone Ranger)
 1988: Kid Gloves Last Fight – Sein letzter Kampf (Split Decisions)

Auszeichnungen
 1962: Oscar für den besten Schnitt

Weblinks

Filmeditor
Oscarpreisträger
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1924
Gestorben 2017
Mann

Thomas Stanford


Janica Kostelić (; born 5 January 1982) is a Croatian former alpine ski racer. She is a four-time Olympic gold medalist. In addition to the Olympics, she won five gold medals at the World Championships. In World Cup competition, she won thirty individual races, three overall titles, three slalom titles, and four combined titles. Kostelic's accomplishments in professional skiing have led some commentators, writers, and fellow ski racers to regard her as the greatest female ski racer of all time.

Biography
Kostelić is the only woman to win four gold medals in alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics (in 2002 and 2006), and the only woman to win three alpine skiing gold medals in one Olympics (2002).

Kostelić was the World Cup overall champion in 2001, 2003 and 2006. On 15 January 2006, Kostelić became the third woman in World Cup history (after Swede Pernilla Wiberg and Austrian Petra Kronberger) to win World Cup races in all of the sport's five disciplines. On 5 February 2006 Kostelić became the second female skier (after Petra Kronberger) to win all five disciplines in one season.

In the summer of 2006, she decided to not compete in the 2007 season, due to chronic knee and back pain. She had endured ten knee surgeries and thyroid surgery during her career. Following a year away from competition, Kostelić announced her retirement from racing in April 2007, at just 25 years old.

Since 2016, Kostelić has been the State Secretary for Science, Education and Sports in the Croatian Government.

Career

Early years
Born in Zagreb, Croatia, then part of Yugoslavia, into a winter sports family, Kostelić's father Ante was also her trainer. Her older brother Ivica is a ski racer in his own right, the 2011 overall World Cup champion.  She started skiing at the age of three and began training at nine years old, and quickly became successful and won several junior competitions.

At the age of 16, Kostelić was selected for the Croatian team for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. Her best result was 8th place in the combined. She competed in all five disciplines. She won her first World Cup slalom in December 1999. Kostelić then suffered knee ligament damage which kept her out of competition until late 2000. She won the World Cup overall title that 2001 season with eight further victories.

2002 Winter Olympics
At the 2002 Winter Olympics she won three gold medals and a silver, the first Winter Olympic medals ever for an athlete from Croatia. No other female alpine racer has ever won four medals or three gold medals at a single Olympics.

Kostelić chose not to compete in the downhill and concentrated on the combined. She performed well in the downhill run and then won the gold medal after the two-run slalom. She then won a silver medal in the super-G, just behind Daniela Ceccarelli. The next race was the slalom, in which Kostelić won her second gold medal, narrowly beating Laure Péquegnot. Her final victory was in the giant slalom, a substantial 1.32 seconds ahead of silver medalist Anja Pärson.

Later career
Kostelić won the World Cup overall title again in 2003, but missed the following season due to knee surgery in October, her fourth in ten months, and thyroid surgery in January 2004. This caused 2004 to be the only year from 1998 to 2006 that she was not recognized as "Croatian Sportswoman of the Year."

After more than 18 months aways from competition, she returned to World Cup competition at Sölden and finished eighth in the giant slalom in October 2004. At the World Championships in February 2005, she won three gold medals, despite being in ill health. She won the downhill and successfully defended her world titles in slalom and combined.

In the 2006 season, Kostelić won the World Cup overall title for the third time, but also was in Top 5 in all 4 disciplines, including number 1 in slalom.  She won her first World Cup races in giant slalom (2), super-G and downhill in 2006.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino she won a gold medal in women's alpine combined. That was her fourth Olympic gold medal, making her the most successful female skier in the history of the Olympic Games. This record was set on 18 February 2006, only half an hour after Norway's Kjetil André Aamodt, winner of the men's super-G, became the first Alpine skier in men's competition to win four Olympic gold medals.

She also became the first alpine skier to win the "Sportswoman of the Year" award at the Laureus World Sports Awards in 2006, in part for her accomplishment of winning races in each discipline during the year.

Due to recurring injuries, Kostelić has not competed since the conclusion of the 2006 season. As expected, she announced her retirement a year later on 19 April 2007, citing persistent pain from her injuries.

World Cup
She won 3 overall World Cup titles: 2001, 2003 and 2006. In 2005 she was second overall, just three points behind winner Anja Pärson – the smallest difference between 1st and 2nd place in women's World Cup history. (In 2011, Maria Riesch beat Lindsey Vonn in the overall world cup by a margin of three points as well.)

Kostelić also won the slalom season title three times, the same years that she won the overall titles.  She also would have won the season trophy for the combined discipline four times (2001, 2003, 2005, 2006), but the discipline trophy for the combined was not awarded to women during her career, being added only in 2007.

She won a total of 30 World Cup races, including at least one in every discipline: 20 in slalom, 6 in combined, 2 in giant slalom, 1 in super-G, and 1 in downhill.

World Cup results

Season titles
6 titles – (3 overall, 3 slalom) plus 4 combined (unofficial)

Season standings

Race victories
30 wins – (1 DH, 1 SG, 2 GS, 20 SL, 6 K)

World Championship results

Olympic results

Personal life
On 1 January 2019, Kostelić gave birth to her first child.

See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
Ante Kostelić
List of FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women's race winners

References

External links

1982 births
Croatian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Croatia
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic gold medalists for Croatia
Olympic silver medalists for Croatia
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
21st-century Croatian people
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Living people

Janica Kostelić


بلدية راجاديل (بالكاتالانية: Rajadell) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 470 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في باجس
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

راخاديل


Lahey (Hollandaca: Den Haag veya 's-Gravenhage), Hollanda'da Güney Hollanda eyaletinde Hollanda Krallığı devletinin efektif başkenti ve içinde bulunduğu eyaletin merkezi olan şehirdir.

Lahey Hollanda Krallığı hükûmetinin, bakanlıklarının, parlamentosunun, Hollanda Yüksek Mahkemesi'nin ve Hollanda Devlet Konseyi'nin bulunduğu şehirdir. Hollanda Kralı Willem-Alexander'ın oturduğu saray "Huis ten Bosch" ve çalışma yeri "Noordeinde Sarayı" Lahey'de bulunmaktadır. Hollanda'ya yabancı ülkelerin gönderdikleri diplomatik misyonlar ve elçilikler Lahey'dedir. Fakat Hollanda Krallığı anayasasına göre başkent Lahey değil, Amsterdam'dır.

Şehrin belediye sınırları içindeki nüfusu (1 Eylül 2011 tarihi itibarıyla) yaklaşık 500.000 kişidir. Fakat Lahey'in içinde bulunduğu Hollanda'da Ranstad Holland adı verilen şehirleşmiş metropoliten alan Amsterdam, Haarlem, Leyde, Rotterdam ve Utrecht şehirlerini de kapsayarak nüfusu yaklaşık 7.1 milyon kişidir.

Lahey'de 150 adet uluslararası kurum bulunmaktadır. Bunların başında Uluslararası Adalet Divanı ve Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi bulunmaktadır. Böylece Lahey şehri Birleşmiş Milletler kurumunun ek ofislerinin bulunduğu New York, Viyana, Cenevre ve Nairobi ile önemli bir uluslararası merkezdir.

Kardeş şehirler
Lahey şehrinin şu yabancı şehirlerle kardeş şehir bağlantıları bulunur:

Fotoğraflar
Lahey

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Lahey için turistik enformasyon
 Lahey şehri belediyesi resmî sitesi .
 Lahey'de sergilenen Hollanda'da bulunan en büyük tablo .
 2012 Lahey festivalleri.
  Scheveningen plajı resmî sitesi .

Kıyı şehirleri

Lahey


Bozağakaraderbendi, Tunceli ilinin Pülümür ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 85 km, Pülümür ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Pülümür belde ve köyleri

Bozağakaraderbendi, Pülümür


Biserica evanghelică din Arcalia, comuna Șieu-Măgheruș, județul Bistrița-Năsăud, a fost construită pe la 1800. Figurează pe lista monumentelor istorice 2015, .

Localitatea
Arcalia (în dialectul săsesc Kallesdref, în , în ) este un sat în comuna Șieu-Măgheruș din județul Bistrița-Năsăud, Transilvania, România.

Biserica
În forma actuală biserica datează de la începutul secolului XIX, ca și Castelul Bethlen din localitate. Se pare că în anul 1863 când a avut loc un incendiu în sat, ar fi ars și turnul bisericii, fiind într-o stare avansată de degradare. Biserica a dispus de o orgă construită în 1907 de Carl Leopold Wegenstein.

După exodul sașilor transilvăneni, biserica a fost cumpărată în anul 1977 de comunitatea ortodoxă. Lucrările de reparație s-au terminat în anul 1997, iar pe data de 26 octombrie P.S. Irineu Bistrițeanul, împreună cu un sobor de 20 de preoți, a săvârșit slujba de sfințire a bisericii, ce a primit hramul "Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul".

Note

Bibliografie
Anghel Gheorghe, Fortificații medievale din piatră, secolele XII-XVI, Cluj Napoca, 1986.
Avram Alexandru, Câteva considerații cu privire la bazilicile scurte din bazinul Hârtibaciului și zona Sibiului, în Revista monumentelor și muzeelor de istorie, 1981, numărul 2.
Juliana Fabritius-Dancu, Cetăți țărănești săsești din Transilvania, în Revista Transilvania, Sibiu, 19.
 Hermann Fabini: Atlas der siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Kirchenburgen und Dorfkirchen. Band I. Heidelberg, 2002.
Iambor Petre, Așezări fortificate din Transilvania (sec. IX-XIII), Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
Thomas Nägler, Așezarea sașilor în Transilvania, Editura Kriterion, București, 1992.
Adrian Andrei Rusu, Castelarea carpatica, Editura MEGA, Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
George Oprescu, Bisericile, cetăți ale sașilor din Ardeal, Editura Academiei, București, 1956.
Țiplic Ioan-Marian, Organizarea defensivă a Transilvaniei în evul mediu (secolele X-XIV), Editura Militară, București, 2006.

Vezi și
 Arcalia, Bistrița-Năsăud

Legături externe
 Fișă monument

Imagini

Monumente istorice din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserici evanghelice de confesiune augustană din România
Biserici din secolul al XIX-lea din România
Biserici ortodoxe în România
Biserici din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul

Biserica evanghelică din Arcalia


El UART 8250 (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) es un circuito integrado diseñado para implementar la interfaz de las comunicaciones seriales. La pieza fue fabricada originalmente por National Semiconductor Corporation. Fue de uso común en los PC y el equipo relacionado como impresoras o módems. El 8250 incluyó en el chip un generador de bit rate programable, permitiendo el uso, tanto de los bit rates comunes, como los de propósitos especiales, que podían ser precisamente derivados desde una arbitraria frecuencia de referencia de oscilador de cristal.

Las designaciones del chip llevan letras de sufijo para revisiones posteriores de la misma serie de chips. Por ejemplo, el 8250 original fue rápidamente seguido por las versiones 8250A y 8250B que corrigieron algunos bug. Particularmente, el 8250 original podía repetir la transmisión de un carácter si la línea Clear To Send (CTS) fuera activada asincrónicamente durante el primer intento de transmisión.

Debido a la alta demanda, otros fabricantes pronto comenzaron a ofrecer chips compatibles. Western Digital ofreció el chip WD8250 bajo los nombres Async Communications Interface Adapter (ACIA) y Async Communications Element (ACE).

Los UART 16450 y 16450A, comúnmente usados en los computadores de la serie IBM PC/AT, mejoraban al 8250 permitiendo velocidades más altas de la línea serial.

Con la introducción de sistemas operativos multitareas en el hardware del PC, como con el OS/2, Windows NT o varios sabores de UNIX, se convirtió en un problema el breve tiempo disponible para servir las peticiones de interrupción carácter por carácter, por lo tanto los puertos seriales del IBM PS/2 introdujeron los UART 16550 y 16550A, que tenían incorporado un FIFO de 16 bytes o buffer de memoria para mejorar la recopilación de los caracteres entrantes.

Modelos posteriores agregaron memorias más grandes, soportaron velocidades más altas, combinaron múltiples puertos en un chip y finalmente se convirtieron en parte de los ahora comunes circuitos Super I/O de entrada/salida que combinaban la mayoría de la lógica de entrada/salida de la tarjeta madre del PC.

Historia

El 8250 UART fue introducido con el IBM PC. Las revisiones 8250A y 8250B fueron lanzadas más adelante, y el 16450 fue introducido con el IBM Personal Computer/AT.

La diferencia principal entre los lanzamientos era la máxima velocidad de comunicación permitida.

Véase también
 Intel 8086 y 8088. Primeros microprocesadores de la arquitectura x86
 Intel 8089. Coprocesador de entrada/salida
 Intel 8284. Generador de reloj
 Intel 8282. Octal Latch
 Intel 8286. Octal Bus Transceiver
 Intel 8288. Controlador de bus
 Intel 8289. Árbitro de bus
 Intel 8237. Controlador programable de DMA
 Intel 8259. Controlador programable de interrupciones (PIC)
 Intel 8253. Temporizador programable de intervalos (PIT)
 Intel 8255. Interface programable de periféricos (PPI)

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Serial and UART Tutorial

Chips de soporte
Chipsets x86
Circuitos integrados de Intel

UART 8250


Pas... de quartier est un film musical français réalisé par Paul Vecchiali et sorti en 2022.

Synopsis

Adolphe, vieux garçon qui vit avec sa mère handicapée, obtient un rôle de chanteur et danseur travesti dans un cabaret nouvellement installé. Un groupe d'habitants conservateurs, voire d'extrême-droite, tente d'obtenir la fermeture du lieu. Un membre de ce groupe, ancien amant d'Adolphe, avertit celui-ci des projets du groupe et finit même par renouer sa relation avec Adolphe, au point que les deux hommes prévoient de se marier. Des sbires sont toutefois commandés par le meneur du groupe et assassinent sur scène le meneur de la revue, ainsi que, dans les coulisses, son assistante qui s'interpose pour sauver le fiancé d'Adolphe.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Pas... de quartier
 Réalisation : Paul Vecchiali
 Scénario : Paul Vecchiali
 Musique : Roland Vincent, Vincent Ronda
 Production : Dialectik
 Pays d'origine :
 Durée :
 Date de sortie : France -

Distribution
 Ugo Broussot
 Mona Heftre
 Franck Libert
 Jérôme Soubeyrand

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Pierre Eugène, Cahiers du cinéma, , avril 2022,
 Positif, , mai 2022,

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2022
Film dramatique français
Film réalisé par Paul Vecchiali

Pas... de quartier


Oksana Markarova (ukrainien : Оксана Сергіївна Маркарова), née le 28 octobre 1976 à Rivne, une femme politique ukrainienne.

Biographie
Oksana Markarova est diplômée de l'université nationale Académie Mohyla de Kiev et de l'université de l'Indiana à Bloomington.

Carrière politique

Ambassadrice d'Ukraine aux États-Unis depuis février 2021.

Elle a été ministre des Finances du gouvernement Hroïsman puis du gouvernement Hontcharouk et elle a œuvré pour le développement des relations économique avec la France notamment avec un contrat entre l'Ukraine et Airbus Helicopters.

Décoration
 , 16 décembre 2020

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ministre ukrainienne
Diplomate ukrainien du XXIe siècle
Ambassadeur d'Ukraine aux États-Unis
Étudiant de l'université nationale de Kiev-Mohyla-Académie
Étudiant de l'université de l'Indiana à Bloomington
Chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite
Naissance en octobre 1976
Naissance à Rivne
Naissance en RSS d'Ukraine

Oksana Markarova


Lois Smith (Topeka, Kansas; 3 de noviembre de 1930) es una actriz estadounidense cuya carrera en el teatro, cine y televisión se ha extendido por cinco décadas.

Biografía
Smith nació como Lois Arlene Humbert en Topeka, Kansas, hija de Carrie Davis (de soltera Gottshalk) y William Oren Humbert, quién era un empleado de una compañía telefónica. Es graduada de la Universidad de Washington.

Después de dos apariciones en televisión, Smith hizo su debut en el cine en East of Eden, Mi vida es mi vida, Up the Sandbox, Four Friends, Atracción fatal, Tomates verdes fritos, How to Make an American Quilt, Hard Promises, Dead Man Walking, Twister, Minority Report, Tumbleweeds y Hollywoodland.

Ha sido activa en televisión apareciendo en series, telenovelas, dramas, y comedias.

Vida personal
Estuvo casada con Wesley Dale Smith, un profesor, desde el 5 de noviembre de 1948 hasta su divorcio en 1970; tiene una hija.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices de teatro de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Kansas
Nacidos en Topeka

Lois Smith


Ion Casian (n. 8 iunie 1953, Pîrlița, Ungheni) este un politician și jurist din Republica Moldova, care din ianuarie 2015 este deputat în Parlamentul Republicii Moldova din partea Partidului Liberal (PL), vicepreședinte al comisiei parlamentare pentru drepturile omului și relații interetnice.
Începând cu 14 ianuarie 2010 a fost membru al Comisiei pentru studierea și aprecierea regimului comunist totalitar din Republica Moldova.

De asemenea, el este vicepreședinte al Uniunii Juriștilor din Republica Moldova și membru fondator al asociației obștești "Hepavit".

Din 1979 până a deveni deputat a fost avocat. Între 1997-2002 a deținut funcția de vicepreședinte al Uniunii Avocaților din Moldova.

Referințe

Legături externe
Ion Casian pe site-ul parlamentului

Nașteri în 1953
Nașteri pe 8 iunie
Avocați moldoveni
Deputați moldoveni
Juriști moldoveni
Membri ai Partidului Liberal (Republica Moldova)
Moldoveni în viață
Oameni din raionul Ungheni
Politicieni moldoveni
Decorați cu Ordinul Gloria Muncii al Republicii Moldova
Absolvenți ai Universității de Stat din Moldova
Miniștri ai tehnologiei informației și comunicațiilor ai Republicii Moldova

Ion Casian