Federico Giunti (d. 6 Ağustos 1971, Perugia, İtalya) İtalyan teknik adam ve emekli futbolcudur.

Kariyeri

Futbolculuk kariyeri

Guinti, futbola 14 yaşında, amatör takım Citta di Castello'nun altyapısında başladı. 1987'de profesyonel takıma geçti. 4 sene formasını giydiği takımla 60 maça çıktı. 1991'de Perugia'ya transfer oldu. Serie C1 takımı Perugia'daki ilk sezonunda 20 maça çıktı. 1992-93 sezonunda 28 maçta 4 gol atarak takımın en başarılı futbolcularından oldu. Sonraki sezon sonunda Serie B'ye çıkma hakkı kazanan takıma Guinti 24 maçta 4 gollük performansıyla yardım etti. Serie B'deki ilk sezonunda ise 29 maçta 7 gollük performansıyla en iyi sezonunu geçirdi. 1995-96 sezonunda Guinti, neredeyse her maç forma giydi. Sezon sonu takımı 15 yıllık aradan sonra Serie A'ya çıktı. 8 Eylül 1996'da Sampdoria'yı 1-0 yendikleri maç ile ilk kez Serie A'da maça çıkmış oldu. Sezon içindeki performansıyla İtalya'nın en iyi orta sahalarından biri olarak gösterildi. Bu dönemde millî takıma da çağrıldı. Sezon sonu 16. olup takım, yine küme düşse de Guinti, birçok transfer teklifi aldı.

Orta sahadaki başarılı oyunuyla Parma'ya giden oyuncu, burada sadece bir sezon (1997-1998) içinde 13 karşılaşmada takımının formasını giyebilmiştir. Sonraki sezonun ilk yarısında ise sadece 2 maçta forma giydi. Ancak 1999 Ocak'ında İtalyan devi Milan kendisini transfer etti. Sezonun devamında sadece 6 maç giydi ve sezon sonu Milan ile Serie A şampiyonu oldu. Sonraki iki sezonda ise 24'er kez forma giydi. İlk golünü 1999-2000 sezonunda Şampiyonlar ligi grup maçlarında Galatasaray'a 3-2 yenildikleri maçta attı. 2000-01 sezonunda Milan formasıyla son golünü, Milan'ın, ezeli rakibi FC Internazionale Milano'yu 6-0 yendiği derbi maçında kaydetti.

2001 yılında Brescia'ya transfer oldu ve Roberto Baggio ve Josep Guardiola ile beraber forma giydi. 1,5 sezonda 27 maça çıkıp 2 gol attı. Takım ile anlaşmazlıkları sonucu ilk kez İtalya'dan ayrılarak, Ocak 2003'te Beşiktaş'a transfer oldu. Yarım sezon içinde 16 maçta 1 gol atarak, Beşiktaş'ın şampiyonluğunda rol oynadı. Sonraki sezon da Beşiktaş'ta kaldı. Beşiktaş'ta 40 kez forma giyen Giunti takımına 1 gol kazandırmıştır. 2008'de Zaman Gazetesi'ne verdiği demeçte "İstanbul'da hayatımın en güzel günleri geçti. Eşim ve benim için güzel günlerdi. Şimdi üç yaşında bir oğlum var ve yurtdışına çalışmak için çıkamam. Beşiktaş'a karşı bir küskünlüğüm yok. Beşiktaş taraftarı 90 dakika boyunca susmayan, muhteşem bir taraftar. İtalya'da taraftarlar bir maç öncesinde, bir de gol atılınca tezahürat yaparlar. Beşiktaş taraftarı ise maçta hiç susmuyordu. Beni unutmasınlar, onları çok seviyorum." demiştir.

2004-05 sezonunda Bologna formasıyla 23 karşılaşmada 2 gol kaydetti. 2005'te AC ChievoVerona'ya transfer oldu. Normalde ligi 7. bitiren takım, İtalya'daki şike skandalı ardından yapılan puan değişiklikleri ile sezonu 4. bitirmiş oldu. Tarihinin en iyi derecesini alan takım, UEFA Kupası'na da gitmeye hak kazandı. Guinti ise sezonda 28 maçta forma giydi. Sonraki sezonun ilk yarısında 8 maç forma giydi. Anack sonra teknik adam Luigi Delneri tarafından forma şansı verilmedi. Sezon sonu 1 puan farkla küme düştüler. Serie B'de de hoca değişikliğine rağmen forma şansı bulamadı. 2007-08 sezonunun ikinci yarısında Chievo'daki hocası Giuseppe Pillon'un çalıştırdığı Foot Ball Club Treviso'da kiralık olarak oynadı ve 10 maçta forma giydi. Sezon sonu futbola veda etti.

Millî takım kariyeri

Perugia'daki parlak dönemleri sırasında, Giunti İtalya millî futbol takımına çağrıldı ve 6 Kasım 1996'da İtalya - Bosna Hersek hazırlık maçında ilk ve son kez millî takım formasını giydi.

Teknik adamlık kariyeri

Eylül 2009'da eski takımı perugia'nın altyapısının başına getirildi. Giunti Perugia'ın iflas ilan etmesinden sonra, Temmuz 2010'da (altında-19), Berretti yeni teknik direktörü olarak Foligno'ya katıldı. Aralık 2010 yılında patronu Salvatore Matrecano kendisini Foligno'nun baş antrenörü olarak atadı.

Başarılar

 İtalya Ligi Serie A Şampiyonluğu: 1
 Milan: 1999
 Süper Lig Şampiyonluğu: 1
 Beşiktaş: 2003
 İtalya 2. Ligi Serie B Şampiyonluğu: 1
 AC ChievoVerona: 2008
 İtalya 3. Ligi Serie C1 Şampiyonluğu: 1
 Perugia: 1994

İtalyan teknik direktörler
AC Perugia Calcio futbolcuları
Parma Calcio 1913 futbolcuları
AC Milan futbolcuları
Brescia Calcio futbolcuları
Bologna FC 1909 futbolcuları
AC ChievoVerona futbolcuları
Serie B futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
İtalya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
İtalyan gurbetçi futbolcular
Treviso FBC 1993 futbolcuları
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
1971 doğumlular
İtalyan futbolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Serie A futbolcuları
Beşiktaş JK yabancı futbolcuları
Perugia doğumlular
Türkiye'deki İtalyan gurbetçiler
Resim aranan futbolcular

Federico Giunti


The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pick-up Artists, traducido en España como El Método, es un libro de no ficción escrito por el periodista de investigación Neil Strauss como una crónica de su viaje y los encuentros en la comunidad de seducción.

El libro apareció en la lista de superventas de The New York Times durante dos meses después de su lanzamiento en septiembre de 2005, volviendo al primer puesto de nuevo en 2007 durante la emisión de la serie de televisión The Pick-Up Artist en el canal VH1, presentado por el artista del ligue Mystery. En su formato original publicado en tapa dura, el libro estaba cubierto de cuero negro y marcado con satén rojo, similar a algunas ediciones de la Biblia. A pesar de la reputación que el libro ha ganado como una exposición sobre las comunidades de seducción, fue escrito originalmente como una obra autobiográfica.

Argumento

Mientras trabaja en un artículo, Strauss tropieza con la comunidad del Pick Up. Intrigado por la subcultura,  empieza a participar en los grupos y foros de discusión en línea, sobre todo para superar su propia frustración con su vida romántica y sexual. A medida que se encuentra cada vez más involucrado en la comunidad de seducción, Strauss asiste a un taller práctico llevado a cabo por Mystery (Erik Von Markovik). Durante el taller, Strauss y otros participantes abordaban a las mujeres mientras recibían consejos de los instructores.

Luego, el libro narra la forma en que Strauss (bajo el seudónimo de Style) se consagra como un maestro de la seducción (Pick-Up Artist). Mientras, describe los distintos miembros de la comunidad y cómo se hace amigo de estos, especialmente de Mystery. También narra su éxito, sus experiencias con mujeres y su vida en el llamado "Project Hollywood", el alquiler de una mansión de clase alta en Los Ángeles por parte de la comunidad. El libro culmina con los acontecimientos que pusieron fin al Project Hollywood y dieron origen a la creación de Real Social Dynamics. También se contempla el comienzo de la relación de Strauss con Lisa Leveridge.

El libro también narra experimentos con los hábitos de sueño, aseo personal y sus encuentros con celebridades como Tom Cruise, Courtney Love y Britney Spears.

Referencias

Véase también
 Neil Strauss
 Artista del ligue
 Comunidad de seducción

Enlaces externos
 Picking Up and Acting Out: Politics of Masculinity in the Seduction Community,Elana Clift thesis, University of Texas

Libros de seducción
Masculinidad

El método (libro)


In der Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Beckerich sind alle Kulturdenkmale der luxemburgischen Gemeinde Beckerich aufgeführt (Stand: 19. Juli 2023).

Kulturdenkmale nach Ortsteil

Beckerich

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Elvingen/Hovelingen

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Levelingen

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Noerdingen

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Oberpallen

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Schweich

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Legende: PCN – Immeubles et objets bénéficiant des effets de classement comme patrimoine culturel national; IS – Immeubles et objets inscrits à l'inventaire supplémentaire

Weblinks

Quelle
 Liste des immeubles et objets beneficiant d'une protection nationales, Nationales Institut für das gebaute Erbe, Fassung vom 9. Juni 2023, S. 4 ff. (PDF)

Beckerich
!Kulturdenkmal

Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Beckerich


Değişim değeri ve kullanım değeri kavramları, Marksizmin, ekonomi politiğin eleştirisinde kullandığı ve kapitalist toplumunun temel yapısal sorunlarını analiz ederken kullandığı temel kategorilerdir.Ürünün meta olma ya da metaya dönüşmesinin niteliğini bu kavramlar açıklar.Değişim değeri bir ürünün kullanımından öte alınır satılır bir şey olmasına neden olur. Meta fetişizminin kaynağı bu değişim değeriyle ilgili olduğu gibi, Marx'ın açıklamalarında önemli bir yer tutan emek gücü'nün bir metaya dönüşmesinin temelinde de bu nokta belirleyici bir rol oynar.

Marks'ın tanımlamasına göre;
Kullanım-değerleri, ancak kullanım ya da tüketim ile bir gerçek haline gelir: bunlar, ayrıca, toplumsal biçimi ne olursa olsun, her türlü servetin özünü oluştururlar. İncelemek üzere olduğumuz toplum biçiminde, bunlar, ayrıca, değişim-değerinin maddi taşıyıcılarıdır. (Vurgular eklendi)

ve
Gereksinmelerini kendi emeğinin ürünü ile doğrudan doğruya karşılayan kimse, gerçekte, kullanım-değeri yaratır, ama meta yaratmamıştır. Meta üretmek için, o kimsenin yalnızca kullanım-değerleri değil, başkaları için kullanım-değerleri, toplumsal kullanım-değerleri üretmesi gerekir. (Ve salt başkası için üretmesi de yetmez. Ortaçağ köylüsü, feodal bey için ürün-rant-tahıl, papaz için öşür-tahıl üretirdi. Ama, ne bu ürün-rant-tahıl, ne de öşür-tahıl, bir başkası için üretilmiş olmaları gerçeğine karşın, meta haline gelmemişlerdi. Bir ürünün meta olabilmesi için, kuIlanım-değeri olacağı başka bir kimseye, değişim yoluyla devredilmesi gerekir.)

 Kapital'daki açıklama icin bkz:

Marksist ekonomi teorisi

Değişim değeri ve kullanım değeri


Astara još poznata i pod nazivom Azerbajdžanska Astara (azerski: Azərbaycan Astarası) je naseljeno mjesto u Azerbajdžanu. Astara je središte Astarinskoga rajona. Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2008. Astara ima 16,130 stanovnika.

Zemljopis
Istočno od Azerbajdžanske Astare nalazi se Kaspijsko jezero. Azerbajdžanska Astara je jedna od najjužnijih naseljenih mjesta u Azerbajdžanu. Od azerbajdžansko-iranske granice dijeli je 3 kilometara. Južno od Azerbajdžanske Astare nalazi se rijeka Astaračaj. Preko te rijeke nalazi se Iran te Iranska Astara. Mnogi stanovnici Azerbajdžana dnevno prelaze granicu kako bi kupili proizvode i usluge koje se ne mogu nabaviti u Azerbajdžanu.

Povijest
Astara se prvi put spominje pod imenom Astārāb u zemljopisnoj knjizi Hudud al-'Alam iz 10. stoljeća. U 14. stoljeću Astara postaje sjedište gilanskih Ispahbada. Između 16. stoljeća i 18. stoljeća astarinski Tališki kanovi su bili autonomni ili nominalno podređeni upraviteljima Gilana ili Ardabila; te su u nekoliko navrata igrali važne uloge u povijesti kaspijskih provincija. Prema Vladimiru Minorskiju nije poznato je su li kasniji upravitelji Astare bili potomci gilanskih Ispahbada. Obitelj Taliških kanova je i nakon ruskoga zauzimanja Astare 1813. godine imala posebna prava.

Astara je u 18. i 19. stoljeću bila dio kratkotrajnoga Tališkoga kanata te je kratkotrajno bila sjedište kanata. Njenu poziciju je zamijenio grad Lankoran. Nakon Turkmajčanskoga mira potpisanoga 1828. godine Astara je podijeljena na dva djela: Azerbajdžansku Astaru (ovaj dio) sjeverno od rijeke Astaračaj i na Iransku Astaru južno od rijeke Astaračaj.

Poznate osobe
 Džabrajil Hasanov, azerbajdžanski hrvač slobodnim stilom.

Izvori

Vidi još
 Astara (Iran)

Vanjske poveznice

Naselja u Azerbajdžanu
Lučka mjesta u Azerbajdžanu

Astara (Azerbajdžan)


Narum Station (Narum holdeplass) var en jernbanestation, der lå i Narum i Østre Toten kommune på Skreiabanen i Norge. Stationen blev åbnet 20. juni 1929 som et af fem nye trinbrætter, da Skreiabanen blev omstillet til drift med motorvogne. Den blev standset efter behov, indtil persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet 15. september 1963. Skreiabanen som sådan blev nedlagt formelt 1. februar 1988.

Stationen lå mellem Bøverbru og Kolbu, 7,45 km fra banens udgangspunkt, Reinsvoll Station. Sporene ved den nedlagte station blev taget op allerede i 1988.

Kilder

Stationer på Skreiabanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1929
Ophørt i 1988

Narum Station


L'Iveco Domino est un autocar de grand tourisme produit par le constructeur italien Iveco, filiale du groupe Fiat Industrial. Le modèle Domino a connu plusieurs évolutions depuis son lancement en 1987.

Il est fabriqué en Italie dans les ateliers de la société Industrie Minerva SpA, filiale de la Carrozzeria Orlandi de Modène, sur la base des châssis :
 Iveco 370 à partir de 1987, l'autocar est nommé « Iveco 370S by Orlandi » ;
 Iveco 370 à partir de 1988, l'autocar est nommé « Iveco Orlandi Domino GT/GTS » ;
 Iveco 391 en 1994, l'autocar est nommé « Iveco Domino 94 » ;
 Iveco 397 en 1998, l'autocar est nommé « Iveco Domino 2001 », puis, à partir de 2002, « Irisbus Domino 2001 » ;
 Iveco 397E de 2007 à 2011, l'autocar est nommé « Irisbus New Domino ».

Historique

IVECO Domino GT/GTS (1988-94)

La première version du Domino, lancée en 1988, repose sur le châssis du Fiat 370S.12.30, avec une carrosserie réalisée par la Carrozzeria Orlandi. Il était baptisé « Domino GT/GTS », selon le niveau de finition choisi. C'est la version haut et très haut de gamme du S. Une autre version haut de gamme du  était déjà fabriquée par Orlandi, le  Orlandi Poker, depuis 1978.

La première version de l'IVECO Domino GT/GTS Orlandi reprend toute la chaîne cinématique du Fiat 370S avec le moteur six cylindres en ligne aspiré  de  de cylindrée développant . D'une longueur standard de , il accueille  plus un guide et le conducteur.

IVECO Domino 94 (1994-98)
En 1994, le modèle bénéficie de quelques retouches esthétiques extérieures et intérieures avec une finition plus luxueuse. Il est alors renommé «  ». Il est disponible en deux hauteurs, HD et HDH, dont le HDH positionne le poste de conduite très bas avec les premiers sièges des passagers avançant au dessus du conducteur. Il est doté d'un moteur  de  développant  ().

IVECO Domino 2001 (1998-2007)

L'IVECO Domino 94 by Orlandi est remplacé par le Domino 2001 en 1998. C'est un tout nouveau modèle qui repose sur le dernier né des châssis Iveco pour autocars, le . La Carrozzeria Orlandi, qui vient d'être intégré dans la division autobus d'Iveco, verra son nom disparaître des références extérieures sur ses productions.

La première version qui est lancée apparaît en 1998 et est baptisée « IVECO Domino 2001 ». Le véhicule conserve les cotes extérieures, largeur et longueur du précédent modèles (maximales autorisées) mais sa hauteur est portée à  pour les versions HD Classic et Special, et à  pour la version HDH. Les motorisations de la version  sont conservées et conformes à la norme  pour les versions HD, tandis que la version HDH adopte le  développant . Les trois modèles conservent une boîte de vitesses manuelle.

À partir de 2001, après la création d'Irisbus résultant de fusion entre les divisions autobus d'IVECO Europe et de Renault-RVI, l'IVECO Domino 2001 est renommé Irisbus Domino 2001. La gamme sera remplacée en  par le New Domino.

Cette nouvelle série, comme les précédentes, est disponible en deux hauteurs, HD et HDH. Irisbus a choisi un groupe motopropulseur éprouvé, le FPT-Iveco Cursor 10, un moteur moderne conforme aux normes environnementales les plus exigeantes ( ou EEV). Il est disponible avec deux puissances : 380 et .

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Fiches techniques IVECO Domino Orlandi FER Rimini, sur digilander.libero.it.
  Brochure Iveco Domino 2001 , sur tplitalia.it.

Modèle d'autocar
Domino
Domino
Poids lourd des années 1980
Poids lourd des années 1990
Poids lourd des années 2000
Poids lourd des années 2010
Fiat

Iveco Domino


Ambarnyi (en , en , en ) est une municipalité rurale du raïon de Louhi en république de Carélie.

Géographie
Ambarnyi est situé entre le lac Pirttijärvi et le lac Ambarnoje, à 43 km au sud-est de Louhi.

La municipalité d'Ambarnyi a une superficie de .

Il est bordé au nord par les municipalités de Pääjärvi, Kiestinki, Louhi, Plotina et Malinavaara du raïon de Louhi et par l'oblast de Mourmansk au delà de la mer Blanche, au sud-est et au sud par Kuusema et Vääräkoski du raïon de Kem ainsi qu'au sud-ouest par Jyskyjärvi et Luusalmi du raïon de  Kalevala.

La majeure partie du territoire est boisée.

Démographie
Recensements (*) ou estimations de la population

Bibliographie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Village dans la république de Carélie
Raïon de Louhi

Ambarnyi


The Owl Creek Mountains are a subrange of the Rocky Mountains in central Wyoming in the United States, running east to west to form a bridge between the Absaroka Range to the northwest and the Bridger Mountains to the east. The range forms the boundary between the Bighorn Basin to the north and the Shoshone Basin to the south. The Wind River passes through the gap between the range and the Bridger Mountains to the east, and becomes the Bighorn River on the north side of the mountains. The high point of the range is .  The range is entirely within the Wind River Indian Reservation.

See also
 List of mountain ranges in Wyoming

Notes

Mountain ranges of Wyoming
Landforms of Hot Springs County, Wyoming
Wind River Indian Reservation

Owl Creek Mountains


Haruya Ide (født 25. marts 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Montedio Yamagata.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Haruya Ide


Lyn Jacenko (eigentlich Lynette Marie Jacenko, geborene Tillett; * 15. August 1953) ist eine ehemalige australische Weitspringerin.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1972 in München schied sie im Weitsprung in der Qualifikation aus und kam im Fünfkampf auf den 16. Platz.

1974 wurde sie Fünfte bei den British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, und 1977 siegte sie beim Leichtathletik-Weltcup in Düsseldorf.

Bei den Commonwealth Games 1978 in Edmonton wurde sie Achte im Weitsprung und gewann mit der australischen Mannschaft Bronze in der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel. 1979 wurde sie Siebte beim Weltcup in Montreal.

Ihre persönliche Bestweite von 6,70 m stellte sie am 18. März 1978 in Brisbane auf.

Viermal wurde sie australische Meisterin im Weitsprung (1972, 1977–1979) und einmal im Fünfkampf (1972).

Weblinks

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1972
Weitspringer (Australien)
Mehrkämpfer (Australien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Australien)
Australier
Geboren 1953
Frau
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Australien)
Australischer Meister (Leichtathletik)

Lyn Jacenko


Izolacija od vune izrađena je od vlakana od ovčje vune koja su ili mehanički povezana ili spojena pomoću između 5% i 20% recikliranog poliesterskog ljepila za oblikovanje izolacijskih šipki, valjaka i užadi. Izolacija od prirodne vune učinkovita je i za toplinsku i za zvučnu izolaciju. Vuna se često dobiva iz jeftinije crne vune u Velikoj Britaniji i Europi. Šišmiši se obično koriste u zidovima i stropovima zgrada od drvenih okvira, valjci se mogu prerezati prema veličini potkrovlja, a konopci se mogu koristiti između trupaca u kućicama od drveta. Izolaciju od prirodne vune treba razlikovati od izolacije od mineralne vune, koja se naziva i šljaka ili kamena vuna, koja podsjeća samo na vlakna od prirodne vune. Stvarno se proizvodi od kamena, šljake i drugih sirovina koje se tope i ulivaju u vlakna.

Ovčja vuna je prirodni, održiv, reciklirajući materijal koji je biorazgradiv i ima malo energije. Ne ugrožava zdravlje ljudi ili okoliša i ne zahtijeva zaštitu za ugradnju, za razliku od izolacije od stakloplastike. Vuna je visoko učinkovit izolacijski materijal koji ima bolje rezultate od svoje R vrijednosti jer može apsorbirati i oslobađati vlagu. Mongolski nomadi koristili su filcane i tkane jastučiće od ovčje vune kao izolacijski sloj na zidovima i podovima svojih stanova, zvani ger ili yurts. Upotreba vune za izolaciju počinje rasti u popularnosti. Već je popularna u Australiji koja proizvodi 55% svjetske sirove i prerađene vune kao i u Europi i Kanadi, a sve je jača u Sjedinjenim Državama

Građevinska razmatranja
Izolacija od vune obično se isporučuje u kolutima od valova ili konopa različitih širina i debljina, ovisno o proizvođaču. Općenito, vuneni šišmiši imaju debljine od 50 mm (2 in) do 100 mm (4 in), širine od 400 mm (16 in) i 600 mm (24 inča), i duljine od 4000 mm (13 ft 4 in), 5000 mm (16 ft 8 inča), 6000 mm (20 ft) i 7200 mm (24 ft). Širine 16 in i 24 inča standardna su mjerenja između nosača u zidu okvira šipke. Većina proizvođača nudi i prilagođene veličine, a batine i užad se lako režu jednom na licu mjesta

Izolacija od vune košta znatno više od uobičajene izolacije od stakloplastike, ali ne zahtijeva upotrebu zaštitnih rukavica i može imati znatno niže rizike za zdravlje kako za stanare zgrade, tako i za instalacijsku posadu. Može se koristiti na krovu, zidovima i podovima bilo koje vrste zgrada ako postoje prostori za postavljanje izolacije. Instalacija vunene izolacije vrlo je slična ugradnji konvencionalnih izolacijskih šipki; može se učvrstiti spajalicama ili može biti trenje, što uključuje rezanje izolacije malo veće od prostora koji zauzima, koristeći trenje da ga drži na mjestu.

Okolišna razmatranja
Ovce se više ne uzgajaju prvenstveno radi svoje vune; međutim, potrebno ih je obrezati godišnje kako bi se zaštitilo zdravlje životinje. [potrebno je] Neke vune koje se koriste za proizvodnju izolacije vuna se odbacuje kao otpad iz drugih industrija zbog svoje boje ili stupnja. Kao kontrolirani otpadni otpad ne može se odlagati dok ga ne očistite. Stoga se energetski trag pranja vune pripisuje stočarstvu u skladu s PAS2050. Postoje nekoliko primarnih okolišnih čimbenika koje je potrebno uzeti u obzir prilikom traženja izvora vune, poput načina na koji se jato tretira pesticidima, kemikalijama koje se koriste u obradi vune nakon šišanja te udaljenosti od izvora do izvora posljednje odredište. Ovce se često tretiraju insekticidom i fungicidom u procesu koji se naziva usitnjavanje. To ostavlja ostatak na runo i može dovesti do onečišćenja podzemne vode ako se koristi nepravilno. Ti se ostaci često isperu nakon što se runo iseče, ali to rezultira u tri nusprodukta: masti, tekućinama i mulju. Prva dva se mogu sigurno zbrinuti, ali treća sadrži ostatke pesticida koji izazivaju zabrinutost za odlaganje.

Izolacija od ovčje vune često se tretira boraksom kako bi se poboljšale njezine otpornosti na vatru i otpornost na štetočine. Razina Boraxa je relativno niska, samo 4% suhe težine, iako kade za čišćenje imaju veće opterećenje od 8–9%.  Iskopavanje Boraxa koristi jednu od najčišćih dostupnih rudarskih tehnika ali boraksa se sve više stavlja u fokus kao sumnjivi reproduktivni toksin koji se dugi niz godina smatra relativno sigurnim; studije gutanja životinja u nekoliko vrsta, u velikim dozama, pokazuju da borati uzrokuju reproduktivne i razvojne učinke. Najznačajniji način izloženosti za ljude jest udisanje koje postavlja pitanja može li prašina izolacije od vune dovesti do značajne izloženosti ljudi, iako to vjerojatno neće imati tko osim profesionalnih ugrađivača.

Postoje neke tvrtke koje koriste DE ( dijatomejska zemlja ) kao pesticid. Smatra se da je DE bezopasna i koristi se u hrani za životinje i životinje da bi ublažila parazite. DE ima nedostatak što se mora primijeniti u dva koraka kako bi bio učinkovit, a vunu treba ugraditi labavom.

Neke tvrtke koriste Thorlan IW (Kaliumfluorotitanat), koji odbija moljac. To je tretman na bazi titana koji ostaje s vlaknima tijekom cijelog razdoblja upotrebe. Thorlan IW nalazi se u registru kemijskih zakona Europske unije o certificiranim proizvodima. Gumena otopina se nanosi vruća i omogućava Thorlanovom premazu da ostane s proizvodom cijeli život.

Izvori

Vunena izolacija


Ringvej Syd  er en 2 sporet omfartsvej der går syd om Skive. Vejen er en del af Primærrute 26 mellem Aarhus og Hanstholm.

Historie

Folketinget vedtog i 1990 en projekteringslov for Primærrute 26 mellem Aarhus og Hanstholm. Strategien for udbygning af rute 26 har været først at løse problemerne med gennemfartstrafik i byerne.

Som konsekvens af projekteringsloven blev der i perioden 1993-1996 anlagt en forbindelsesvej syd om Skive, som åbnede i etaper for trafik frem til 30. oktober 1996. Strækningen tager udgangspunkt i den eksisterende Primærrute 26 ved Dommerby øst for Skive og forløber herfra syd om Skive. Syd for Skive er der etableret en dalbro over Skive Ådal. Dalbroen skal med tiden indgå i forlægning af Primærrute 26 mellem Viborg og Skive til den såkaldte Stoholm-linje.

Kilder

Gader i Skive
Transport i Skive

Ringvej Syd (Skive)


Egipatsko-izraelski mirovni sporazum (1979.) postpisan je 1979. u Washingtonu kao rezultat pregovora u Camp Davidu 1978. Egipat je ovim činom postao prva arapska država koja je potpisala sporazum o miru i priznala Izrael. Jordan je to isto napravio izraelsko-jordanskim sporazumom iz 1994.

Sporazum o miru potpisan je 16 mjeseci poslije posjete egipatskog predsjednika Anvara el-Sadata Izraelu 1977., i kao posljedica intenzivnih pregovora. Čak i nakon postignutog dogovora u Camp Davidu nije bilo izvjesno hoće li Egipat potpisati sporazum, jer je bio pod jakim pritiskom drugih arapskih država.

Glavni elementi sporazuma sadržavali su uzajamno priznanje obe države, završetak rata koji je trajao još od 1948., i povlačenje izraelskih vojnih snaga i povratak civila na Sinajski poluotok, koji je Izrael okupirao 1967.

Sporazumom se osigurava i nesmetano plovljene izraelske mornarice Sueskim kanalom i tretiranja Tiranskog tjesnaca i Akapskog zaljeva međunarodnim pomorskim putevima, koji su bili formalni casus belli Šestodnevnog rata 1967.

Vanjske poveznice
 Tekst sporazuma na stranicama egipatskog ministarstva vanjskih poslova.
 Tekst sporazuma na stranicama izraelskog ministarstva vanjskih poslova.

Bliskoistočni sukob
Povijest Egipta
Povijest Izraela
Mirovni sporazumi
Egipatsko-izraelski odnosi


وهو القاضي الشيخ أبو عبد الله محمد بن علي بن محمد بن الحسين بن عبد الملك ابن حمويه الدامغاني، ولد في دامغان في ليلة الأثنين 8 ربيع الثاني عام 398هـ / 1007م، وتفقه على شيوخ بلده.

قدم بغداد ودخلها يوم الخميس 26 رمضان عام 419 هـ وسمع الحديث من علماء بغداد وبرع في الفقه، وعرف بالعقل الوافر والتواضع، فأرتفع ذكره، وعلا صيته، وشيوخه كانوا ما زالوا أحياء، وأنتهت إليه الرئاسة في فقهاء المذهب الحنفي. من تلامذتهِ أبنهِ أبو الحسن الدامغاني وابن أختهِ أبو محمد الدامغاني.

كان فصيح العبارة كثير المحاضرات سهل الخلاق، وكان يعاني الفقر أيام طلبهِ للعلم، وربما أستضاء بسراج الحارس.،

كان الشيخ محمد الدامغاني من الشهود العدول لدى القاضي ابن ماكولا وتولى بعده منصب قاضي القضاة يوم الثلاثاء 9 ذي القعدة عام 447 هـ، وخلع عليه وقريء عهده، ودخل في خدمة السلطان طغرل بك يوم الأربعاء 10 ذي القعدة عام 447 هـ، فأعطاه دست وثياب وبغلة، ودامت ولايته على القضاء ثلاثين عاماً وكان يوصف بكثرة الأكل، وكان مشابهاً ونظيراً للإمام الفقيه أبو يوسف الأنصاري في الحشمة والوقار والسؤدد.

وفاته
مرض الشيخ أبي عبد الله الدامغاني يوم الأربعاء 17 رجب عام 478 هـ، وكان الناس يعودونه ويدخلون عليه إلى غاية يوم الأربعاء 24 رجب، فحجب عن الناس يومين ثم توفي ليلة السبت 27 رجب عام 478هـ/ 1085م، فنزع العلماء طياليسهم يوم وفاته، وصلى بالناس على جنازته أبنه أبو الحسن الدامغاني ودفن في داره بنهر القلائين بالكرخ، ثم نقل إلى مشهد الإمام  ودفن إلى جانب الإمام وتحت قبتهِ في مقبرة الخيزران في الأعظمية.

مصادر

فقهاء عراقيون
أشخاص من بغداد
علماء دين سنة عراقيون
قضاة عراقيون
مواليد 398 هـ
مواليد 1007
وفيات 478 هـ
وفيات 1085
مدفونون في مقبرة الخيزران

أبو عبد الله الدامغاني


Les Misérables ist eine britische Verfilmung des gleichnamigen Musicals, das wiederum auf dem Roman Die Elenden (Original französisch: Les Misérables) von Victor Hugo basiert. Regie führte Tom Hooper nach einem Drehbuch von William Nicholson, Alain Boublil, Claude-Michel Schönberg und Herbert Kretzmer, die Hauptrollen sind mit Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Eddie Redmayne, Amanda Seyfried, Sacha Baron Cohen, Helena Bonham Carter, Samantha Barks und Aaron Tveit besetzt.

Frühe Pläne zu einer Filmversion des Musicals existierten seit den späten 1980er Jahren. Nach der konzertanten Aufführung anlässlich des 25. Jubiläums des Musicals (in der revidierten Fassung von 1985) am 3. Oktober 2010 gab Produzent Cameron Mackintosh die Wiederaufnahme des Vorhabens bekannt. Hooper und Nicholson wurden im März 2011 für Regie und Drehbuch engagiert, die Hauptrollen im Verlauf desselben Jahres besetzt. Die Dreharbeiten begannen am 8. März 2012 und endeten am 23. Juni 2012. Der Film wurde am 23. November 2012 in New York uraufgeführt. Der offizielle Kinostart in den Vereinigten Staaten erfolgte am 25. Dezember 2012, nachdem zuvor der 14. Dezember angekündigt worden war. Im deutschsprachigen Raum war der Film ab dem 21. Februar 2013 zu sehen.

Handlung

Jean Valjean wird von Inspektor Javert aus dem Zuchthaus entlassen, in dem er 19 Jahre verbüßte, weil er einst für den Sohn seiner Schwester Brot gestohlen und mehrere Fluchtversuche unternommen hatte. Nach seiner Entlassung versucht Valjean in einem Gasthaus Unterkunft zu finden. Er wird jedoch überall abgewiesen, bis er Zuflucht beim Bischof findet. Valjean verschwindet mitten in der Nacht und stiehlt das Silber des Bischofs. Er wird aber gefasst, bevor der Bischof angibt, er habe Valjean das Silber geschenkt. Jahre später hat er sich eine neue Existenz als Bürgermeister ("Le Maire") einer Stadt aufgebaut. Als die junge Fantine in seinem Beisein im Krankenhaus stirbt und er von Javert wiedererkannt wird, flieht er. Auf der Flucht nimmt er Fantines Tochter Cosette zu sich und begibt sich mit ihr nach Paris.

Als sich Cosette dort in den Studenten Marius Pontmercy verliebt, geraten Valjean und Javert während des Juniaufstands 1832 erneut aneinander. Während Valjean den bewusstlosen Marius vor dem Tod bewahren kann, begeht Javert Selbstmord, indem er sich in die Seine stürzt. Valjean verlässt Cosette heimlich, gesteht Marius aber seine Vergangenheit, verbietet ihm aber mit ihr darüber zu sprechen, weil sie niemals etwas über seine Vergangenheit erfahren soll, da er Angst hat, dass sie ihn dann verachten würde.

Während der Hochzeit mit Cosette erkennt Marius, dass es Valjean war, der ihm das Leben gerettet hat, und die beiden machen sich auf den Weg zu ihm. Sie finden ihn in dem Kloster, in dem er nach seiner Zeit im Zuchthaus Unterschlupf gesucht hatte. Geschwächt durch die vorherige Flucht vor den Geschehnissen während des Aufstandes und die Trennung von Cosette ist er am Ende seiner Kraft. Valjean stirbt und wird von Fantine ins Jenseits begleitet.

Besetzung

 Hugh Jackman als Jean Valjean, ein nach 19 Jahren Gefangenschaft entlassener Ex-Sträfling, der sein ganzes Leben mit dieser Vergangenheit kämpft.
 Russell Crowe als Inspektor Javert, ein Polizist auf der Suche nach Valjean.
 Anne Hathaway als Fantine, eine Arbeiterin mit einer unehelichen Tochter.
 Eddie Redmayne als Marius Pontmercy, ein Jurastudent, der sich in Cosette verliebt. Um sich auf die Rolle vorzubereiten, nahm Redmayne Gesangsunterricht.
 Amanda Seyfried als Cosette, Fantines uneheliche Tochter, die von Valjean adoptiert wird und sich in Marius verliebt.
 Sacha Baron Cohen und Helena Bonham Carter als das Ehepaar Thénardier, Schankwirte, die Cosette zu sich nehmen, um das Kind schamlos auszubeuten.
 Samantha Barks als Éponine, Tochter der Thénardiers, die sich ebenfalls in Marius verliebt, ohne von diesem beachtet zu werden. Barks hatte diese Rolle mehrmals auf der Bühne gespielt (London 2010–2011 und 25th Anniversary Concert).
 Aaron Tveit als Enjolras, Anführer einer revolutionären Studentengruppe Les amis de l'ABC.
 Colm Wilkinson als der Bischof von Digne, der den ausgestoßenen Valjean bei sich aufnimmt und ihn dazu bringt, sein Leben zu ändern. Wilkinson sang die Rolle des Valjean bei der Uraufführung 1985 und danach noch in mindestens sechs weiteren Produktionen.
 George Blagden als Grantaire, ein Student der Studentengruppe Les amis de l'ABC, welcher den Skeptiker der Revolutionäre und den Gegenpart zu Enjolras darstellt.

Weiterhin sind Darsteller in kleineren Rollen zu sehen, die bereits in Bühnenproduktionen des Musicals mitspielten, unter anderem: Frances Ruffelle (eine Prostituierte), Ashley Artus (ein Zuhälter), Lynne Wilmot (eine Prostituierte), Kelly-Anne Gower (Gast in Thénardiers Schänke), Julia Worsley (eine Prostituierte), Jonny Purchase (ein Student), John Barr (Sträfling #5), Ryan Laskey, Stevee Davies, Jos Slovick, Mary Cormack (eine Prostituierte), Linzi Hateley (eine Prostituierte), Sara Pelosi (eine Prostituierte), Alice Fearn (eine Fabrikarbeiterin, die zu Fantines Entlassung beiträgt), Josef Altin (ein Sträfling), Caroline Sheen (eine Fabrikarbeiterin), Hadley Fraser (ein Offizier), Gemma Wardle, Katy Secombe, Gina Beck, Adebaya Bolaji (ein Matrose), Alexia Khadime, Hannah Waddingham, Daniel Evans (Zuhälter), Katie Hall, Nancy Sullivan, Jacqui Dankworth (eine Fabrikarbeiterin), Clare Foster, Adrian Scarborough, Kerry Ellis (Gast in Thénardiers Schänke), Alison Jiear, Mike Donovan (Gast in Thénardiers Schänke) und Kerry Ingram.

Deutsche Synchronfassung
Die deutsche Synchronisation erfolgte durch die Interopa Film GmbH in Berlin. Dialogregie führte Christoph Cierpka nach dem Dialogbuch von Alexander Löwe.

Soundtrack

Produktion
Bereits 1988 war Alan Parker als Regisseur für einen Musicalfilm in Betracht gezogen worden. 1991 unterschrieb jedoch Bruce Beresford einen entsprechenden Vertrag, und 1992 hieß es, dass Tri-Star Pictures den Film produzieren sollten; das Projekt wurde jedoch wenig später aufgegeben. 2005 bestätigte Mackintosh, dass von seiner Seite weiterhin Interesse an einer Filmadaptation bestünde.

Schließlich enthielt die DVD bzw. Blu-ray des "25th Anniversary Concert", der konzertanten Aufführung anlässlich des 25. Jubiläums der Uraufführung der revidierten Fassung von 1985 (Uraufführung der originalen Fassung war 1980), den Hinweis, dass neue Pläne für eine Adaption beständen.

Im März 2011 wurden Tom Hooper und William Nicholson für Regie und Drehbuch unter Vertrag genommen. Im Juni 2011 begannen Mackintosh und Working Title Films die Produktion. Noch im selben Monat waren Hugh Jackman und Paul Bettany als Valjean und Javert im Gespräch. Ebenfalls angesprochen wurden Anne Hathaway und Helena Bonham Carter.

Im September 2011 wurden die Rollen von Valjean und Javert schließlich mit Jackman und Russell Crowe besetzt. Etwa zur selben Zeit wurde mit dem 7. Dezember 2012 ein vorläufiges Datum für den Kinostart bekannt gegeben. Im Oktober wurde die Besetzung der Rolle der Fantine mit Anne Hathaway bestätigt. Im November wurde die Besetzungsliste um Eddie Redmayne als Marius erweitert, während für die Rolle der Éponine Lea Michele, Taylor Swift, Scarlett Johansson und Evan Rachel Wood in Betracht gezogen wurden. Im Dezember fand das Casting für die Rolle der Cosette in New York City statt. Im selben Monat gab Hooper bekannt, dass der Film nicht in 3D gedreht werde und etwa zweieinhalb Stunden dauern solle. Wenige Tage später wurde erstmals über Sacha Baron Cohen als Thénardier und über Aaron Tveit als Enjolras gemunkelt. Ebenfalls im Dezember gab Jackman bekannt, dass Proben im Januar beginnen sollten. Gleichzeitig wurde bestätigt, dass die Schauspieler live singen sollten und die Lieder nicht bereits vorher aufgenommen werden sollten.

Im Januar 2012 wurde Amanda Seyfried die Rolle der Cosette und angeblich Taylor Swift die Rolle der Éponine angeboten, was wenig später von Swift dementiert wurde. Am 12. Januar bestätigte Redmayne, dass Seyfried Cosette und Helena Bonham Carter Madame Thénardier spielen würden. Auch bestätigte Hooper, dass er sich an die durchkomponierte Form des Musicals halten und wenig zusätzlichen Dialog einbauen wolle. Wenig später bestätigte die offizielle Webseite des Musicals die Besetzung von Tveit und Seyfried ebenso wie die Mitarbeit von Colm Wilkinson (Bischof von Digne) und Frances Ruffelle (ein "leichtes Mädchen"). Beide hatten in der Uraufführung des Musicals mitgewirkt; Wilkinson als Valjean und Ruffelle als Éponine. Schließlich wurde auch noch die Besetzung der Rolle des Grantaire mit George Blagden bekannt gegeben.

Am Ende des Monats trat Mackintosh während des Schlussapplauses einer Vorstellung des Musicals Oliver! im Palace Theatre in Manchester auf die Bühne und verkündete, dass die Sängerin der Nancy, Samantha Barks, ihre Rolle als Éponine für den Film wieder aufnehmen würde. In einem Interview mit der BBC gab Hooper bekannt, dass Claude-Michel Schönberg, der Komponist des Musicals, ein neues Stück sowie neue Zwischenmusik komponiere.

Im Februar 2012 fanden Vorsprechen für die Besetzungen der kleineren Rollen in Rochester und Chatham statt. Einige Tage später gab Mackintosh offiziell bekannt, dass Helena Bonham Carter die Rolle der Mme Thénardier übernehmen und dass der Titel des neuen Liedes Suddenly sein würde. Am Ende des Monats wurde auch das Gerücht über die Besetzung der Rolle des Thénardier mit Sacha Baron Cohen bestätigt, ebenso Daniel Huttlestone als Gavroche.

Den Dreharbeiten gingen neunwöchige Proben voraus, und Hugh Jackman und Anne Hathaway nahmen in Vorbereitung auf ihre Rollen 12,5 bzw. 15 kg ab. Die Dreharbeiten begannen schließlich am 8. März 2012 in Frankreich. Weitere Drehorte waren Portsmouth, Oxford und die Pinewood Studios in England. Innerhalb der folgenden Wochen wurde der Kinostart auf den 14. Dezember verschoben, und es gelangten die ersten Bilder der zwei Hauptdarsteller an die Öffentlichkeit. Auch wurden Listen mit teilnehmenden Sängern veröffentlicht, die bereits bei diversen Aufführungen des Musicals mitgewirkt hatten. Im April wurden am Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich die Kulissen für diverse Szenen in Paris sowie die Barrikaden aufgebaut, unter anderem ein Nachbau des Elefanten der Bastille, den Gavroche im Roman als Zufluchtsort gewählt hat. Wenig später erregte Anne Hathaway Aufsehen, als Bilder von ihr mit sehr kurzen Haaren auftauchten, da Fantine ihre Haare verkauft, um für ihre Tochter bezahlen zu können.

Das Besondere an dieser Produktion ist, dass erstmals die Vocals einer vollständigen Musicalverfilmung komplett am Set aufgenommen wurden und nicht, wie sonst üblich, schon einige Monate vorher im Studio eingesungen wurden. Die Darsteller wurden am Set von einem Pianisten begleitet, der sich nach Tempo und Interpretation der einzelnen Darsteller richtete. In der Postproduktion wurde dann das Orchester hinzugefügt.

Rezeption

Einspielergebnis
Die 61 Mio. US-Dollar (47 Mio. Euro) teure Produktion spielte weltweit knapp 442 Mio. US-Dollar ( Mio. Euro) ein, davon knapp 149 Mio. US-Dollar (  Mio. Euro) allein in den Vereinigten Staaten. In Deutschland spielte der Film über 6,1 Mio. USD ( Mio. Euro) ein, davon etwa 1,5 Mio. USD ( Mio. Euro) am Startwochenende, die Einnahmen in Österreich belaufen sich auf 0,8 Mio. Euro.
Les Misérables steht damit (im Mai 2013) auf Platz 3 der erfolgreichsten Musicalfilme nach Grease und Chicago, und hat nach Sherlock Holmes den zweitbesten Start an Weihnachten.

Kritiken
Der Film erhielt insgesamt überwiegend positive Kritiken. Bei Metacritic.com erreicht er 63 von 100 Punkten, basierend auf 41 professionellen Kritiken, sowie 7,3 von 10 Punkten in der Zuschauerbewertung.
Auf dem Tomatometer von Rotten Tomatoes erhält Les Misérables 70 % basierend auf 224 Kritiken.

Auszeichnungen
Noch vor der Premiere von Les Misérables wurden beim Hollywood Film Festival Ende Oktober 2012 die Filmproduzenten Tim Bevan, Cameron Mackintosh, Eric Fellner und Debra Hayward ("Producer of the Year"), Éponine-Darstellerin Samantha Barks ("Spotlight Award") sowie der Filmtrailer preisgekrönt. Ebenso wurde Nebendarstellerin Anne Hathaway mit einer Vielzahl an Preisen ausgezeichnet.

Oscarverleihung 2013
 Bestes Make-up und beste Frisuren – Lisa Westcott, Julie Dartnell
 Beste Nebendarstellerin – Anne Hathaway
 Bester Ton – Andy Nelson, Mark Paterson, Simon Hayes
 weitere Nominierungen:
 Bester Film – Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward, Cameron Mackintosh
 Bester Hauptdarsteller – Hugh Jackman
 Bestes Szenenbild – Eve Stewart, Anna Lynch-Robinson
 Bestes Kostümdesign – Paco Delgado
 Bester Song – Claude-Michel Schönberg, Herbert Kretzmer, Alain Boublil für Suddenly

Golden Globe Awards 2013
 Bester Film – Komödie oder Musical – Tom Hooper
 Bester Hauptdarsteller – Komödie oder Musical – Hugh Jackman
 Beste Nebendarstellerin – Anne Hathaway
 weitere Nominierungen:
 Bester Filmsong – Claude-Michel Schönberg für Suddenly

British Academy Film Awards 2013
 Beste Nebendarstellerin – Anne Hathaway
 Bester Ton – Simon Hayes, Andy Nelson, Mark Paterson, Jonathan Allen, Lee Walpole, John Warhurst
 Beste Maske – Lisa Westcott
 Bestes Szenenbild – Eve Stewart, Anna Lynch-Robinson
 weitere Nominierungen:
 Bester Film
 Bester britischer Film
 Bester Hauptdarsteller – Hugh Jackman
 Beste Kamera – Danny Cohen
 Beste Kostüme – Paco Delgado

Critics' Choice Movie Awards 2013
 Beste Nebendarstellerin – Anne Hathaway
 weitere Nominierungen:
 Bester Film
 Bester Hauptdarsteller – Hugh Jackman
 Bestes Schauspielensemble
 Beste Regie – Tom Hooper
 Beste Kamera – Danny Cohen
 Bestes Szenenbild – Eve Stewart (Szenenbildnerin); Anna Lynch-Robinson (Set Decorator)
 Bester Schnitt – Melanie Ann Oliver und Chris Dickens
 Beste Kostüme – Paco Delgado
 Bestes Make-up
 Bestes Lied – Suddenly

Screen Actors Guild Awards 2013
 Beste Nebendarstellerin – Anne Hathaway
 weitere Nominierungen:
 Bester Hauptdarsteller – Hugh Jackman
 Bestes Schauspielensemble in einem Film
 Bestes Stuntensemble in einem Film

Young Artist Awards 2013
 Beste Nebendarstellerin in einem Spielfilm – zehn Jahre oder jünger – Isabelle Allen
 weitere Nominierungen:
 Bester Nebendarsteller in einem Spielfilm – Daniel Huttlestone

Satellite Awards 2012
 Beste Nebendarstellerin – Anne Hathaway
 Bester Filmsong – Suddenly
 Bestes Ensemble
 weitere Nominierungen:
 Bester Film
 Bester Hauptdarsteller – Hugh Jackman
 Bester Nebendarsteller – Eddie Redmayne
 Bester Filmschnitt
 Bester Tonschnitt
 Bestes Szenenbild
 Bestes Kostümdesign

National Board of Review Award 2012
 Bestes Schauspielensemble

Deutsche Film- und Medienbewertung
 Prädikat "Besonders Wertvoll"

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website zu Les Misérables (englisch)

 Soundtrack auf CD-Lexikon

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
Britischer Film
Kriminalfilm
Filmdrama
Musicalverfilmung
Victor-Hugo-Verfilmung

Les Misérables (2012)


An Trachyandra arenicola in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Charles Manning ngan Peter Goldblatt. An Trachyandra arenicola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trachyandra, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trachyandra

Trachyandra arenicola


المصارعة الحرة

توزيع الاوسمة

النتائج الكاملة

المصارعة اليونانية-الرومانية

توزيع الاوسمة

النتائج الكاملة

مجموع اوسمة المصارعة

المصادر
 (الموسوعة الموجزة للاولمبياد العربي) د ضياء المنشئ -بغداد- 1989
 (دورة الحسين لكل العرب) عثمان القريني وتيسير العميري -عمان -1999

المصارعة في 1953
1953
مصارعة
مصارعة

المصارعة في الدورة الرياضية العربية الأولى الإسكندرية 1953


Ehretiaceae, porodica biljaka, dio reda Boraginales, ponekad i kao potporodica porodice boražinovki. Sastoji se od više rodova, a ime je došlo po rodu erecija ili ehrecija (Ehretia)

Rodovi
 Ehretia P. Browne (69 spp.)
 Cortesia Cav. (1 sp.)
 Halgania Gaudich. (18 spp.)
 Tiquilia Pers. (28 spp.)
 Bourreria P. Browne (72 spp.)
 Rochefortia Sw. (11 spp.)
 Lepidocordia Ducke (2 spp.)

Izvori

Boražinolike

Ehretiaceae


Keith David Primeau (born November 24, 1971) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Detroit Red Wings, Hartford Whalers, Carolina Hurricanes and Philadelphia Flyers.

He was recently the special assistant to the general manager and director of player development of the Las Vegas Wranglers of the ECHL, now currently an assistant hockey coach at Bishop Eustace Preparatory School, the coach of Revolution in the Revolution Ice gardens, and the owner of a franchise of Bain's Deli in Philadelphia. He is the older brother of Wayne Primeau.

Playing career
Primeau was drafted third overall in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings after playing two years with the Niagara Falls Thunder of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He split his first two professional seasons with Detroit and their then-American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings. He set career highs in assists (42), points (73) and plus/minus (+34) in 1993–94. He made his only Stanley Cup Finals appearance while with the Red Wings in 1995, losing in a sweep to the New Jersey Devils. Primeau held out after the club signed Igor Larionov and after playing for Canada in the 1996 World Cup of Hockey, Detroit traded him (along with Paul Coffey and a 1997 first-round draft pick, ultimately used to select Nikos Tselios) to the Hartford Whalers in exchange for Brendan Shanahan and Brian Glynn a few days following the start of the 1996–97 season.

Primeau became a leader with his new team when the franchise moved to North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes, being named team captain in 1998–99. However, he missed the majority of the 1999–2000 NHL season after holding out and was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers (along with a 2000 fifth-round draft pick, ultimately used to select Kristofer Ottosson) in exchange for Rod Brind'Amour, Jean-Marc Pelletier and a 2000 second-round draft pick (Agris Saviels) on January 23, 2000. On May 5, 2000, Primeau scored the game-winning goal in the longest game in modern NHL playoff history (five overtime periods for a total of 152 minutes and one second) against Ron Tugnutt of the Pittsburgh Penguins in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals. Only two games, in 1933 and 1936, were longer.

In his first full season with the Flyers, Primeau led the team in goals (34) and tied his career-high in points (73). Early in the following season, he was named team captain after defenceman Éric Desjardins resigned from the position. After posting nearly identical seasons statistically in 2001–02 and 2002–03, Primeau was given the task of centering a more defense-oriented line in 2003–04. He did well enough in his new role to earn a surprise selection to the 2004 NHL All-Star Game, the second of his career.

In the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs, Primeau recorded nine goals and seven assists for a total of 16 points; it was the best playoff year of Primeau's career and his play carried the team to within a game of the Stanley Cup finals. In Game 6 of the Eastern Conference finals, against the Tampa Bay Lightning, Primeau scored the game-tying goal with 1:49 left in regulation. The Flyers won the game, 5–4 in overtime, sending the series back to Tampa for Game 7. The Flyers went on to lose that game by a score of 2–1. Hockey legend Phil Esposito later told Primeau that, "During the '04 playoffs, when you and the Flyers took the Lightning to seven games, you were the most dominating player I ever saw. More than Orr, Howe, Gretzky, or anyone."

Nine games into the 2005–06 season, Primeau suffered a concussion which ended his season. As a result of ongoing post-concussion syndrome, he officially announced his retirement on September 14, 2006. On February 12, 2007, the Flyers honoured Primeau before a game against the Detroit Red Wings, the team which originally drafted him. An emotional Primeau thanked the fans for welcoming him back.

Primeau has been a resident of Voorhees Township, New Jersey.

Personal life
Primeau, along with his brother, Wayne, and Las Vegas Wranglers general manager Ryan Mougenel, own and operate the Toronto-based Durham Hockey Institute. The three of them are also part-owners of the Whitby Fury, a team in the Ontario Junior Hockey League (OJHL). Keith's son Cayden played his college hockey at Northeastern University, before signing his entry level contract with the Montreal Canadiens after his sophomore season. Cayden was a 7th round draft pick of the Montreal Canadiens in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft and started 5 games for the silver medal winning United States men's national junior ice hockey team in the 2019 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

Primeau and his wife, Lisa reside in Voorhees, New Jersey with their four children, where they have resided since his January 2000 trade to the Philadelphia Flyers. The family previously resided in Farmington Hills, Michigan earlier in his career.

Awards
1989–90: Second All-Star Team OHL
1989–90: OHL Most Goals (57)
1989–90: Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy Leading Scorer OHL
1998–99: Played in All-Star Game NHL
2000–01: Yanick Dupre Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)
2002–03: Toyota Cup (Philadelphia Flyers)
2003–04: Played in the 2004 NHL All-Star Game

Records
May 5, 2000: Ended longest game in modern NHL playoff history with his goal at 92:01 of overtime.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

All-Star Games

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Carolina Hurricanes captains
Carolina Hurricanes players
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Detroit Red Wings players
Franco-Ontarian people
Hamilton Steelhawks players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Niagara Falls Thunder players
Olympic ice hockey players for Canada
Sportspeople from Voorhees Township, New Jersey
Philadelphia Flyers captains
Philadelphia Flyers players

Keith Primeau


Leonor de Guzmán născută Leonor Núñez de Guzmán Ponce de León (1310–1351) a fost o nobilă castliană și mama regelui Henric al II-lea al Castiliei. Femeie frumoasă și inteligentă a fost metresa regelui Alfonso al XI-lea al Castiliei cu care a avut zece copii.

Biografie
Leonor a fost fiica nobilului Pedro Núñez de Guzmán și a soției acestuia, Beatriz Ponce de León, o strănepoată a regelui Alfonso al IX-lea al Leonului. Părinții ei au măritat-o pe Leonor la vârsta de 18 ani cu Juan de Velasco, care face parte din nobilimea castiliană și cu care a avut o viață fericită deși era mult mai în vârstă decât ea (62 de ani). După aproape trei ani, soțul ei a decedat și văduva Leonor s-a retras la bunica ei, la Sevilla.

La Sevilla îl întâlnește pe regele Alfonso al XI-lea al Castiliei, care a fost foarte impresionat de frumusețea ei și căruia i-a inspirat o pasiune violentă până la moartea sa. Regele a preferat-o pe Leonor soției sale, Maria a Portugaliei, fiica regelui Afonso al IV-lea al Portugaliei și a reginei Beatrice de Castilia, cu care s-a căsătorit în 1328.

Metresă regală
Alfonso al XI-lea a întâlnit-o pe Leonor în acsa lui Enrique Enriquez, soțul surorii Leonorei. Alfonso își abandonează soția și fiul legitim pentru a se dedica în întregime familiei sale nelegitime, pe care a înzestrat-o cu moșii și pe care a ridicat-o la un statut similar cu cel al reginei. Acest lucru a provocat nemulțumiri în rândul multor nobili și în special, a reginei legitime și a fiului ei, prințul Petru.
Umilita regină a cerut soțului ei să înceteze cu afișarea publică a preferinței pentru metresa sa. Regele a ignorat cererea soției și a dăruit Leonorei în plus Huelva, Tordesillas și Medina-Sidonia. De asemenea, el a hotărât ca Leonor să participe la chestiunile politice. Curtea era tulburată de comportamentul regelui și ca urmare, Papa a intervenit forțând Portugalia să invadeze Castilia.

Regele a murit la 27 martie 1350 și a fost succedat de fiul său Petru iar soția sa Maria a servit ca regetă în timpul minoratului fiului lor. Maria nu a uitat umilințele suferite din cauza iubirii soțului ei pentru metresa sa. Însetată de răzbunare, Maria a închis-o pe Leonor, iar mai târziu a ordonat executarea rivalei sale în 1351, în castelul arab Abderrahman III din Talavera de la Reina. Decesul Leonorei a exacerbat ruptura în cadrul familiei regale. Fiul Leonorei, Henric, și fiul Mariei, Petru, au continuat să  se lupte unul cu altul pentru controlul Castiliei. În cele din urmă Henric a câștigat și a fost încoronat rege al Castiliei.

Copii
Pedro Alfonso, senior de Aguilar de Campoo (1330–1338)
Juana Alfonso (n. 1330)
Sancho Alfonso, senior de Ledesma (1331–1343)
Henric al II-lea al Castiliei (1334–1379)
Fadrique Alfonso, senior de Haro (1334–1358)
Fernando Alfonso, senior de Ledesma
Tello Alfonso, senior de Aguilar de Campoo (1337–1370)
Juan Alfonso, senior de Badajoz (1341–1359)
Sancho Alfonso, conte de Alburquerque (1342–1374)
Pedro Alfonso (1345–1359)

Trei dintre fiii Leonorei: Henric al II-lea, Fadrique Alfonso și Sancho Alfonso, au fost strămoșii regelui Ferdinand al II-lea de Aragon. În plus, Isabela I a Castiliei, soția lui Ferdinand al II-lea de Aragon, a fost descendentă atât din Leonor cât și din Maria astfel: nepotul lui Henric al II-lea, Henric al III-lea, s-a căsătorit cu nepoata lui Petru al Castilei, Caterina de Lancaster; fiul lor, Ioan al II-lea al Castiliei a fost tatăl Isabelei I a Castiliei.

Note

Nașteri în 1310
Decese în 1351
Metrese
Femei din Evul Mediu
Oameni din Sevilla

Leonor de Guzmán


Jan Soelberg (født 1946, død 1991) var en forfatter, som skrev mest om elektronik.

Jan Soelberg var ansat i JostyKit hvor han stod bag mange af elektronik byggesættene - og er medforfatter på bøgerne Anvendt elektronik fra 1970 til 1980. Anvendt Elektroniks 10. og sidste udgave fra 1994 er skrevet af Niels Dreijer, med genbrug af enkelte diagrammer fra tidligere udgaver. Jan Soelbergs navn er dog bibeholdt på omslaget. Mange af Anvendt elektronik-udgaverne er oversat til flere sprog bl.a. tysk, svensk, engelsk og fransk.

Jan Soelberg stiftede i 1983 firmaet Circuit Design, som udgav elektronikbladet kaldet CIRCUIT - Data og Teknik. I juni 1991 omkom Jan Soelberg i en helikopterulykke. Juni 1996 blev Circuit Design blev omdøbt til Circuit Data I/S grundet større fokus på PCere og software.

Bibliografi

Anvendt Elektronik

JostyKit Forlag, udgivet af
Danske udgaver af bogen Anvendt Elektronik:
 Anvendt elektronik 71-72 udgivet i 1970, Programmeret indlæring i transistorteknisk grundteori og dimensionering. Jens Rahbek og Jan Soelberg. (ingen kendt ISBN).
 Anvendt elektronik udgivet i 1973, 5. udgave. Jan Soelberg. (ingen kendt ISBN).
 Anvendt elektronik udgivet i 1974, 6. udgave. Jan Soelberg. (ingen kendt ISBN).
 Anvendt elektronik udgivet i 1975, 7. udgave. Jan Soelberg. (ingen kendt ISBN).
 Anvendt elektronik udgivet i 1977, 8. udgave. Jan Soelberg. .
 Anvendt elektronik i to bind:
 Anvendt elektronik bind 1 udgivet i 1980, 9. udgave. Jan Soelberg. .
 Anvendt elektronik bind 2 udgivet i 1980, 9. udgave. Jan Soelberg. .

Teknisk Forlag, udgivet af
 Anvendt elektronik udgivet i 1994, 10. udgave. Jan Soelberg og Niels Dreijer. .
 Anvendt elektronik udgivet i 1997, 10. udgave 2. oplag. Jan Soelberg og Niels Dreijer. .

Circuit Design
Fra worldcat:
 CX81-I. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1983. .
 CH145-SC : Computer smalbåndsmodtager. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CM20-LAB : elektronisk loddekolbestyring, LCD-meter & strømforsyning. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CX-MONOC : CX-MONOC-9"-12" computer monitor (monokrom). Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CM50-LFG : audiogenerator : audiogenerator 10Hz-200kHz med digital frekvens display. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CC20-RX : CC20-Tx - IR alarmmodtager for moduleret lys. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CS-MODEM : 0-300 baud duplex "smart"-modem for 5V/RS232 & 8-bit I/O. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CM10-HCM : hjerte kardiograf forsats for elektrokardiografi. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CM10-DCM : 4.5 digit LCD counter, capacitance meter, VHF counter ; CM10-CAP ; CM10-VHF. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CC20-TX : impulsbreddemoduleret infrarød sender/62,5kHz. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1984. .
 CXZ8-232C : niveauomsætter & strømforsyning (for Z8). Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1985. .
 CM50-ST signal-tracer : signaltracer, AC-milli-voltmeter, logaritmisk detektor. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1985. .
 CM50-MP power meter : 19" rack. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1985. .
 CH10-VHF smalbånd : VHF-modtagermodul. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1985. .
 CM20-VCO frekvens-synthese oscillator. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1985. .
 CX/M modem : computer modem 300/1.200 baud. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1985. .
 CXZ8-P8 power port : Z8 realtime-clock : 220Vac ind/ud port for computerstyrede apparater : specialtillæg for tænd-sluk-ur over Z8-computeren. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1985. .
 CM50-MS RF-generator : målesender/signal generator for HF/VHF/UHF. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1985. .
 CC20-A : CC20A-alarmterminal for Dankort læsespalte. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986. .
 CC20AC - PWM-chopper. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986. .
 PC-MAK - trådløs CAD/CAM-mus : computerdel : PC-MAK/241186 - trådløs CAD/CAM-mus - computerdel. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986. .
 CXZ8-step : dual steppermotorstyring med chopper. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986. .
 CXM 1200 psk-modem : computermodem 1.200/1.200 baud duplex psk udvidelse. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986. .
 CH10-TXA - kodet alarmsender for VHF eller UHF. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986. .
 CXZ8-VDU : video display unit for monokrom monitor 80CHR/25 linier. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986. .
 CH10RA - VHF/UHF radio alarm : CH10RA/251186 synthesestyret VHF eller UHF kodet radioalarm. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986. .
 PC-MIK - trådløs CAD/CAM-mus : PC-MIK/200986 - trådløs CAD/CAM-mus. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1986.
 CC20IR : IR-fjernstyring : CC20-IR-IR-universal fjernstyring. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1987. .
 PCHUB : repeater for ArcNet : ArcNet tokenized PC LAN. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1987. .
 PC-PROM : universal PC-programmeringsenhed. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1987. .
 PCANET : PC token pass LAN. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1987. .
 CC20-PIR : 3 eksempler på IR-detektering : IR-styret 220Vac lyskontakt CC20-PIR : IR-styret alarm og effekt driver CC20-PIRA : IR-styret talekontakt CC20-TALK. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1987. .
 Circuit PC-START ;Circuit DOS-start. Færdselsregler for PC : Hvordan bruges min PC. Jan Soelberg, Circuit Design, 1991. .

Referencer

Forfattere fra Danmark i det 20. århundrede
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Omkomne ved flyulykker

Jan Soelberg


Micheál Martin (f. 1. ágúst 1960) er írskur stjórnmálamaður úr flokknum Fianna Fáil sem var forsætisráðherra Írlands (Taoiseach) frá júní 2020 til desember 2022. Hann hefur verið leiðtogi Fianna Fáil frá árinu 2011. Hann hefur setið á neðri deild írska þingsins fyrir kjördæmið Cork South-Central frá árinu 1989. Hann var leiðtogi stjórnarandstöðunnar frá 2011 til 2020, utanríkisráðherra Írlands frá 2004 til 2008, heilbrigðisráðherra frá 2000 til 2004 og menntamálaráðherra og borgarstjóri Cork frá 1992 til 1993.

Á meðan Martin var heilbrigðis- og barnamálaráðherra árið 2004 setti hann bann við tóbaksreykingum á öllum vinnustöðum á Írlandi og stofnsetti nýja ríkisheilbrigðisstofnun (enska: Health Service Executive; írska: Feidhmeannacht na Seirbhíse Sláinte). Írland var fyrsta ríki heims sem setti slíkt allsherjarreykingabann á vinnustöðum. Sem utanríkisráðherra fór Martin til Rómönsku Ameríku í fyrsta sinn árið 2009 og fór fyrstur írskra ráðherra í opinbera heimsókn til Kúbu. Sama ár fór hann til Kartúm til þess að semja um lausn Sharon Commins, írsks hjálparstarfsmanns sem hafði verið rænt af súdönskum skæruliðum. Árið 2010 varð hann fyrstur vestrænna utanríkisráðherra til að heimsækja Gasaströndina síðan Hamas-samtökin komust þar til valda árið 2007.

Í janúar árið 2011 sagði Martin af sér sem utanríkisráðherra en var síðan kjörinn áttundi leiðtogi Fianna Fáil eftir að Brian Cowen sagði af sér. Í þingkosningum ársins 2011 bað Fianna Fáil undir forystu Martins sinn versta ósigur frá stofnun sinni, tapaði 57 þingsætum og vann aðeins 17,4% atkvæða. Flokknum gekk mun betur í kosningum ársins 2016 og hann rúmlega tvöfaldaði fylgi sitt úr 20 þingsætum í 44. Í kosningum ársins 2020 varð Fianna Fáil stærsti þingflokkurin á ný og hlaut 38 þingsæti, einu fleira en Sinn Féin, sem vann 37 sæti. Eftir langar stjórnarmyndunarviðræður var Martin útnefndur forsætisráðherra Írlands þann 27. júní 2020. Hann leiddi samsteypustjórn Fianna Fáil við flokkana Fine Gael og Græna flokkinn. Samkvæmt stjórnarsáttmála flokkanna sat Martin sem forsætisráðherra á fyrri hluta kjörtímabilsins en síðan tók leiðtogi Fine Gael, Leo Varadkar, aftur við forsætisráðuneytinu.

Tilvísanir

Forsætisráðherrar Írlands
Utanríkisráðherrar Írlands

Micheál Martin


Bianca e Fernando es una ópera en dos actos con música de Vincenzo Bellini y libreto en italiano de Domenico Gilardoni en su primera versión. La ópera se estrenó el 30 de mayo de 1826 en el Teatro San Carlos de Nápoles.

Historia
Hay dos versiones de esta ópera: la primera, titulada Bianca e Gernando (1826) tiene un libreto por Domenico Gilardoni, basado en Bianca e Fernando alla tomba di Carlo IV, duca di Agrigento (Blanca y Fernando en la tumba de Carlos IV, duque de Agrigento) por Carlo Roti. Esta versión tuvo su primera representación en el Teatro San Carlos, Nápoles, el 30 de mayo de 1826. La segunda versión, Bianca e Fernando (1828) tiene un libreto modificado por Felice Romani, quien se convertiría en colaborador de Bellini en siete de sus óperas. La primera representación de Bianca e Fernando tuvo lugar con ocasión de la inauguración del nuevo Teatro Carlo Felice, Génova el 7 de abril de 1828.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase  no aparece entre las óperas representadas en el período 2005-2010.
Lugar: Agrigento
Finales del  /
Antecedentes El ambicioso Filippo ha encarcelado en secreto a Carlo, duque de Agrigento y usurpado su trono. En consecuencia, el hijo de Carlo, Fernando, se vio obligado a exiliarse aunque todavía era solo un niño. La hija de Carlo, Bianca, la viuda del duque de Messina, que ignora los planes de Filippo, accede a convertirse en su esposa. Fernando, ahora adulto, regresa a casa con el deseo de vengar a su padre, a quien cree muerto.

acto 1
Con un nombre falso y pretendiendo ser un soldado de fortuna, Fernando llega al palacio de Agrigento y ofrece sus servicios al nuevo duque. Convence a Viscardo, un seguidor de Filippo, de que vio morir a Fernando y Filippo recibe esta noticia con alegría. Contrata a Fernando sin dudarlo, pensando en confiarle la tarea de matar a Carlo.

Bianca llega al palacio para encontrarse con su futuro novio. Aquí conoce a Fernando, pero después de tantos años, no lo reconoce. De hecho, sospecha de él. Fernando, por su parte, está convencido de que su hermana es cómplice del usurpador.

Acto 2
Filippo ordena a Fernando que vaya a la prisión para matar a Carlo. Al mismo tiempo, anuncia su próxima boda con Bianca. El viejo y confiable secuaz de Fernando, Clemente, le informa a Bianca que Fernando quiere verla a ella y a su hermano y hermana finalmente encontrarse cara a cara. Pero cuando se reconocen, Fernando le cuenta a Bianca las tramas de Filippo. Juntos, van a la prisión para liberar a Carlo, seguidos por los compañeros de armas de Fernando. Filippo también llega al palacio, trayendo consigo al hijo pequeño de Bianca a quien amenaza con matar si Fernando no se entrega. Pero el fiel Clemente lo desarma y el tirano finalmente es derrocado. [12]

Personajes

Grabaciones

Referencias
Notas

Fuentes
Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, Nueva York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-140-29312-4
Osborne, Charles, The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, Portland, Oregón: Amadeus Press, 1994  ISBN 0931340713
Licencia

Enlaces externos

Grabaciones y otros datos en Operone.de (en alemán)

Óperas de Vincenzo Bellini
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1826
Óperas de 1828
Óperas estrenadas en Nápoles

Bianca e Fernando


صبرا هو اسم حي تابع إداريا لبلديّة الغبيري في محافظة جبل لبنان. تحده مدينة بيروت من الشمال والمدينة الرياضية من الغرب ومدافن الشهداء وقصقص من الشرق ومخيم شاتيلا من الجنوب.

حوصر حي صبرا ومخيم شاتيلا المجاور لمدة ثلاث أيام من قبل الجيش الإسرائيلي في سياق اجتياحه لبنان، قامت خلالها ميليشيا يمينية باختطاف عدد كبير من سكان الحي نحو مخيم شاتيلا حيث قامت بقتل العديد منهم خلال مذبحة داخل المخيم راح ضحيتها ما بين 2000 إلى 3000 مواطن لبناني وفلسطيني.

يسكن الحي نسبة كبيرة من الفلسطينيين، لكنه لا يعد مخيما رسميا للاجئين رغم ارتباط اسمه باسم شاتيلا، مما يولد انطباعا بكونه مخيما.
تعود التسمية إلى عائلة صبرا التي أطلق اسمها على شارع صبرا الذي يمر في قلب الحي بادئا في حي الدنا في منطقة الطريق الجديدة ببيروت ومارا بساحة صبرا وسوق الخضار الرئيس ومنتهيا عند مدخل مخيم شاتيلا. ويسمى الشارع في المسافة بين ساحة صبرا وشاتيلا بآخر شارع صبرا.
 صبرا على WikiMapia

مواضيع متعلقة
 مجزرة صبرا وشتيلا

مراجع

أحياء لبنان
الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية
بيروت

صبرا (حي)


O North Esporte Clube é um clube de futebol brasileiro da cidade de Montes Claros, em Minas Gerais. Foi fundado em 27 de junho de 2022 por Victor Felipe Oliveira e Andrey Souza. Atualmente disputa o Campeonato Mineiro - Módulo II, equivalente a segunda divisão mineira.

Popularmente conhecido como O Rei do Norte, o North disputa os seus jogos no Estádio José Maria de Melo, popularmente chamado de Campo de Cassimiro, também utilizado pelo Funorte Esporte Clube e pela AA Cassimiro de Abreu. Suas cores principais são o azul, preto, branco e dourado.

História
Fez sua estreia profissional na Segunda Divisão do Campeonato Mineiro em 2022. Classificou para a segunda fase em 1ª com 16 pontos em 7 jogos, terminando na liderança do Grupo A e avançado para as quartas de final enfrentar o Novo Esporte. No jogo de ida ganhou com um placar de 3 - 2 e na partida de volta empatou em 0 - 0 se classificando para as semifinais indo enfrentar o Valeriodoce. No jogo de ida empatou com um placar de 0 - 0 e na partida de volta ganhando de 1 - 0 e indo para a decisão contra o Coimbra onde empatou na partida de ida em 0 - 0 e empatando na partida de volta por 1 - 1 e sendo campeão por ter melhor campanha na primeira fase.

Símbolos

Escudo

Significado
No meio do escudo aparece o Fênix, simbolizando o renascimento do futebol na região, além do sol, presença marcante no sertão do Norte de Minas, junto das sete estrelas que representam as microrregiões de Montes Claros, Bocaiuva, Janaúba, Januária, Grão Mogol, Salinas e Pirapora.

Mascote
O mascote oficial do clube é o Gladiador.

Títulos

Estatísticas

Ver também
 Estádio José Maria de Melo
 Campeonato Mineiro de Futebol
 Lista de clubes de futebol do Brasil

Ligações externas
 Sítio oficial

Clubes de futebol de Montes Claros
Clubes de futebol fundados em 2022
Fundações em Minas Gerais em 2022

North Esporte Clube


An Posidonia oceanica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Alire Raffeneau Delile. An Posidonia oceanica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Posidonia, ngan familia nga Posidoniaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Posidonia

Posidonia oceanica


325P/Yang-Gao, komet Jupiterove obitelji, objekt blizu Zemlje. Predotkriven na snimkama.

Izvori

Kometi

325P/Yang-Gao


Blade Runner 2049 er en amerikansk science fiction-film, instrueret af Denis Villeneuve og produceret af Ridley Scott. Det er en efterfølger til Blade Runner fra 1982.

Medvirkende
Harrison Ford som Rick Deckard
Ryan Gosling som Officer K
Ana de Armas som Joi
Jared Leto som Niander Wallace
Edward James Olmos som Gaff
Dave Bautista
Robin Wright
Mackenzie Davis
David Dastmalchian
Lennie James

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2017
Science fiction-film fra USA
Værker om fremtiden
Engelsksprogede film

Blade Runner 2049


Biloxi kan henvise til:

 Biloxi, Mississippi – en by i USA
 Biloxi, Texas – et kommunefri område i USA
 Biloxi (indianerstamme) – en siouxsproget indianerstamme
 Biloxi (sprog) – et siouxsprog

Biloxi


Gabriel Léon M'ba (9 February 1902 – 28 November 1967) was a Gabonese politician who served as both the first Prime Minister (1959–1961) and President (1961–1967) of Gabon.

A member of the Fang ethnic group, M'ba was born into a relatively privileged village family. After studying at a seminary, he held a number of small jobs before entering the colonial administration as a customs agent. His political activism in favor of black people worried the French administration, and as a punishment for his activities, he was issued a prison sentence after committing a minor crime that normally would have resulted in a small fine. In 1924, the administration gave M'ba a second chance and selected him to head the canton in Estuaire Province. After being accused of complicity in the murder of a woman near Libreville, he was sentenced in 1931 to three years in prison and 10 years in exile. While in exile in Oubangui-Chari, he published works documenting the tribal customary law of the Fang people. He was employed by local administrators, and received praise from his superiors for his work. He remained a persona non grata to Gabon until the French colonial administration finally allowed M'ba to return his native country in 1946.

After returning from exile, he began his political ascent by founding the Gabonese Mixed Committee. After his party broke ties with the French Communist Party in 1951, it was allowed to run in French Gabon elections and he was elected to the Territorial Assembly in 1952. After becoming mayor of the capital city, Libreville, in 1956, M'ba quickly rose to prominence and was appointed the vice-president of the governor's council on 21 May 1957, the highest position held by a native African in French Gabon. In 1958, he directed an initiative to include Gabon in the Franco-African community further than before.

After independence, he served as the first Prime Minister of Gabon from 27 February 1959 until 21 February 1961.  He became the first President of Gabon on 17 August 1960. Political nemesis Jean-Hilaire Aubame briefly assumed the office of president through a coup d'état in February 1964, but order was restored days later when the French intervened. M'ba was reelected in March 1967, but died of cancer in November 1967 and was succeeded by his vice president, Albert-Bernard Bongo.

Early life

A member of the Fang ethnic tribe, M'ba was born on 9 February 1902 in Libreville, Gabon. His father, a small business manager and village chief, once worked as the hairdresser to Franco-Italian explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza. His mother, Louise Bendome, was a seamstress. Both were educated and were among the first "evolved couples" in Libreville. M'ba's brother also played an important role in the colonial hierarchy; he was Gabon's first Roman Catholic priest.

In 1909, M'ba joined a seminary to receive his primary education. From 1920, he was employed as a store manager, a lumberjack and trader before entering the French colonial administration as a customs agent. Despite his good job performance, M'ba's activism in helping black Gabonians, particularly for the Fangs, worried his superiors. In September 1922, M'ba wrote to Edmond Cadier, Lieutenant-Governor of Gabon:

His remarks upset authorities, and he suffered the consequences in December 1922, when he was sentenced to prison after having committed a minor crime of providing a colleague with falsified documents.

Under the colonial administration

Chef de canton
In either 1924 or 1926, M'ba reconciled with colonial authorities and was chosen to succeed the deceased chef de canton (similar to a village chief) of Libreville's Fang neighbourhood. As the leader of a group of young Libreville intellectuals, he ignored the advice of elder Fangs and quickly gained a reputation as a strong, confident, and able-minded man. He once wrote in a letter that he was "[m]issioned to enforce public order and defend the general interest" and that he did "not accept that people transgress the orders received from the authority that I represent."

M'ba did not have an idealist vision of his job; he saw it as a way to become wealthy. With his colleague Ambamamy, he forced labour on the residents of the canton for his personal use, to cover his large expenditures. The colonial administration was aware of the embezzlement, but they chose to overlook it. However, beginning in 1929, the colonial administration started to investigate his activities after they intercepted one of his letters to a Kouyaté, secretary for the Ligue des droits de l'homme, who was accused of being an ally of the Comintern. Despite this suspected Communist alliance, the French authorities did not oppose M'ba's appointment as head chief of the Estuaire Province by his colleagues.

In those years, M'ba, a member of the Ligue, distanced himself from Roman Catholicism, but did not break completely with his faith. He instead became a follower of the Bwiti religious sect, which Fangs were particularly receptive to. He believed this would help revitalise a society which he felt had been damaged by the colonial administration. In 1931, the sect was accused of murdering a woman whose remains were discovered outside a market in Libreville. Accused of complicity, even though his involvement in the crime was not proven, M'ba was removed from power and sentenced to three years in prison and ten years of exile. Officially this was for embezzlement of tax revenues and his abusive treatment of the local labour force.

Exile in Oubangui-Chari

While exiled in the French territory of Oubangui-Chari, first in the towns of Bambari and then Bria, he continued to exert influence among Fangs via correspondence with his compatriots in Libreville. Worried by the situation, Governor-General Antonetti ordered in 1934, at the end of his prison sentence, that M'ba be placed under surveillance.

During his years in exile, he wrote about the customary rights of the Fang people in the "Essai de droit coutumier pahouin" () and published it in Bulletin de la société des recherches congolaises in 1938. This work quickly became the main reference on Fang tribal customary law. By 1939, the native ex-chief remained a persona non grata to Gabon, as stated in the letter from the head of the Estuarie Department, Assier de Pompignan:

In spite of being in exile, M'ba was employed by local administrators. Placed in secondary offices and having no proper power, he was an accomplished and valuable employee. Thanks to praiseworthy reports from his superiors, he was once again seen as a reliable indigenous element on which the colonial administration could rely on. In 1942, a sentence reduction was granted to him. Following his release, he became a civil servant in Brazzaville, where his prestige increased.

Political ascension

Return to Gabon and local politician
In 1946, M'ba returned to Gabon, where he was greeted exultantly by his friends. He was not reinstated as chef de canton; instead, he obtained an important position as store manager for the English trading house John Holt. That same year, he founded the Gabonese Mixed Committee (CMG), a political party close to the African Democratic Rally (RDA), an inter-African party led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. The party's main objective was to obtain autonomy for its member states and oppose the Senegalese leader Léopold Sédar Senghor's idea of federalism. Playing on his past as a former exile, and through the network of Bwiti followers, M'ba managed to rally support from the Fang and Myènè peoples. His goal was to win indigenous administrative and judicial posts.

Based on his success in Libreville, M'ba aspired, at one point, to become the head of the region, an idea which many notable Fangs supported during the Pahouin congress at Mitzic in February 1947. However, the colonial authorities refused to give him the position. Due to his relations with the RDA, which was linked to the French Communist Party, M'Ba was seen as a communist and propagandist in the colony; for the authorities, these suspicions had been confirmed when M'ba was involved in the 1949 RDA congress in Abidjan.

In 1951, the CMG decided to break its ties with the Communists, siding with the moderate position favored by Houphouët-Boigny while he did the same. At the same time M'ba, while maintaining his "rebellious" image to the electorate, became close with the French administration. However, the administration was already supporting his main opponent, Congressman Jean-Hilaire Aubame, who was M'ba's protégé and his half-brother's foster son. In the legislative elections of 17 June 1951, Aubame was easily re-elected, as M'ba only received 3,257 votes, just 11% of the electorate. In the territorial elections of March 1952, Aubame's Gabonese Democratic and Social Union (UDSG) won 14 of the 24 contested seats, against two for the CMG; however, the CMG received 57% of the votes cast in Libreville.

Rise to power

Initially rejected by the Territorial Assembly, M'ba allied himself with French representatives in the assembly. However, using his charismatic traits and his reputation as a "man of the people", he managed to win a seat there in 1952.

He left the CMG to join the Gabonese Democratic Bloc (BDG) led by Paul Gondjout in 1954, whom M'ba intended to overthrow. Gondjout, the secretary of the BDG, appointed M'ba secretary-general and formed a long term alliance against Aubame. In the legislative elections of 2 January 1956, M'ba received 36% of the votes versus 47% for Aubame. Though not elected, M'ba became the leader of the indigenous territory, and some of the UDSG began to ally themselves with him.

In the municipal elections of 1956, M'ba received support from the French logging industry, especially Roland Bru, and was elected mayor of Libreville with 65.5% of the vote. On 23 November he was appointed the first mayor of the capital. This has been cited as the BDG's first significant victory over the UDSG. In the French practice of holding multiple posts known as cumul des positions, M'ba served as both mayor and deputy.

In the territorial elections of March 1957, his reputation as a "forester's man" worked against him; the BDG finished second again, winning 16 of the 40 contested seats, against 18 for the UDSG. Bru and other French foresters bribed several UDSG deputies to switch their political party to the BDG. M'ba's party won 21 seats against 19 for Aubame's party after a recount. However, in the absence of an absolute majority, both parties were obliged to submit on 21 May 1957, a list of individuals that both agreed were suitable for election into the government.  That same day, M'ba was appointed vice president of the government council under the French governor. Soon, divisions grew within the government, and Aubame resigned from his position and filed a motion of censure against the government. The motion was rejected by a 21–19 vote. With M'ba's victory, many elected UDSG members joined the parliamentary majority, giving the party a majority with 29 of the 40 legislative seats. Well installed in the government, he slowly began to reinforce his power.

After voting in favor of the Franco-African Community, similar to the British Commonwealth, in the constitutional referendum of 28 September 1958, Gabon became pseudo-politically independent. French journalist Pierre Péan asserted that M'ba secretly tried to prevent Gabonese independence; instead, he lobbied for it to become an overseas territory of France. In December 1958, the Assembly voted to establish the legislature, and then promulgated the constitution of the Republic of Gabon on 19 February 1959. On 27 February, M'ba was appointed Prime Minister. After M'ba openly declared for the departmentalization of Gabon in November 1959, Jacques Foccart, Charles de Gaulle's spin doctor for African policy, told him that this solution was unthinkable. M'ba then decided to adopt a new flag by affixing the design of the national tree, the Angouma, over the French flag. Again, Foccart, as a loyal Frenchman, refused.

From July 1958, a third political force tried to establish itself in Gabon: the Parti d'Union Nationale Gabonais (PUNGA), led by René-Paul Sousatte and Jean-Jacques Boucavel, created attempting to unite the southern Gabonese against the established BDG and UDSG. It was also supported by former UDSG members, "radical" students, and trade unionists. Though it voted against the constitutional referendum, PUNGA organised several events geared toward gaining independence and the holding of more parliamentary elections, which were also supported by the UDSG. In March 1960, after independence had already been obtained, M'ba cracked down on PUNGA, claiming its goal had already been reached. He filed an arrest warrant for Sousatte for conspiring against him and searched the houses of UDSG members, who he accused of complicity. Intimidated, three deputies of the UDSG joined the majority.

President of Gabon

Consolidation of power
On 19 June 1960, legislative elections were organised through the scrutin de liste voting system, a form of bloc voting in which each party offers a list of candidates who the population vote for; the list that obtains a majority of votes is declared the winner and obtains all the contested seats. Through the redistricting of district and constituency boundaries, the BDG arbitrarily received 244 seats, while the UDSG received 77. In the month before full political independence of Gabon was achieved on 13 August, M'ba signed 15 cooperation agreements with France, pertaining to national defense, technical cooperation, economic support, access to materials, and national stability. On 17 August, independence was proclaimed. However, the Prime Minister realistically declared on 12 August, "We must not waste our chances by imagining that with independence, we now own a powerful fetish that will fulfill our wishes. In believing that with independence everything becomes easy and possible, there is a danger of descending into anarchy, disorder, poverty, famine."

M'ba aspired to establish a democratic regime, which, in his view, was necessary for the development and attraction of investments in Gabon. He attempted to reconcile the imperatives of democracy and the necessity for a strong and coherent government. Yet in practice, the regime showed a fundamental weakness in attaining M'ba's goal in which he, who had by this time become known as "the old man", or "the boss", would have a high degree of authority. A cult of personality developed steadily around M'ba; songs were sung in his praise and stamps and loincloths were printed with his effigy. His photograph was displayed in stores and hotels across Gabon, in government buildings hung next to that of de Gaulle.

In November 1960, a crisis broke out within the majority party. After deciding to reshuffle the cabinet without consulting Parliament, the president of the National Assembly, Paul Gondjout, a previous ally of M'ba's, filed a motion of censure. Gondjout supposedly hoped to benefit from a balance of power modified to his own advantage, and specifically sought the establishment of a strong parliament and a prime minister with executive power. M'ba, who did not share these ideas, reacted repressively. On 16 November, under the pretext of a conspiracy, he declared a state of emergency, ordering the internment of eight BDG opponents and the dissolution of the National Assembly the day after. Electors were asked to vote again on 12 February 1961. Gondjout was sentenced to two years in prison. Sousatte, who also opposed the constitution, was also sentenced to the same amount of jail time. Upon their releases, M'ba appointed Gondjout president of the economic council and Sousatte Minister of Agriculture, both mostly symbolic posts.

"Hyperprésident" of Gabon
On 4 December, M'ba was elected to replace Gondjout as Secretary General of the BDG. He turned to the opposition to strengthen his position. With Aubame, he formed a number of sufficiently balanced political unions to appeal to the electorate. On 12 February, they won 99.75% of the vote. The same day, M'ba was elected President of Gabon, being the only candidate. In thanks for his help, M'ba appointed Aubame as foreign minister to replace André Gustave Anguilé.

On 21 February 1961, a new constitution was unanimously adopted, providing for a "hyperpresidential" regime. M'ba now had full executive powers: he could appoint ministers whose functions and responsibilities were decided by him; he could dissolve the National Assembly by choice or prolong its term beyond the normal five years; he could declare a state of emergency when he believed the need arose, though for this amendment he would have to consult the people via a referendum. This was, in fact, very similar to the constitution adopted in favor of Fulbert Youlou at roughly the same time. A report from the French secret service summarized the situation as follows:

The new constitution and the National Union (a political union they founded) suspended the quarrels between M'ba and Aubame from 1961 to 1963. Despite this, political unrest grew within the population, and many students held demonstrations on the frequent dissolutions of the National Assembly and the general political attitude in the country. The president did not hesitate to enforce the law himself; with a chicotte, he whipped citizens who did not show respect for him, including passersby who "forgot" to salute him. In addition, in February 1961, he decreed the internment of approximately 20 people for these demonstrations.

On 9 February 1963, the President pardoned those arrested during the political crisis of November 1960. On 19 February, he broke his ties with Aubame; all UDSG representatives were dismissed, with the exception of M'ba supporter Francis Meye. In an attempt to oust Aubame from his legislative seat, M'ba appointed him President of the Supreme Court on 25 February. Thereafter, M'ba claimed that Aubame had resigned from the National Assembly, citing incompatibility with parliamentary functions. Aubame resolved the problem by resigning from his post on the Supreme Court, complicating matters for M'ba. Faced with reports of tension between the government and the National Assembly, even though 70% of it were BDG members, the Gabonese president dissolved the legislature on 21 January 1964 as an "economy measure".

The electoral conditions were announced as such: The election 67 districts were reduced to 47. M'ba disqualified Aubame by announcing anyone who held a post recently was banned. Any party would have to submit 47 candidates who had to pay US$160 or none at all. Thus, over US$7,500 would be deposited without considering campaign expenses. M'ba's idea was that no party other than his would have the money to enter candidates. In response to this, the opposition announced its refusal to participate in elections that they did not consider fair.

1964 Gabon coup d'état

From the night of 17 February to the early morning of 18 February 1964, 150 Gabonese military personnel, headed by Lieutenant Jacques Mombo and Valére Essone, arrested President of the National Assembly Louis Bigmann, French commanders Claude Haulin and Major Royer, On Radio Libreville, the military announced to the Gabonese people that a coup d'état had taken place, and that they required technical assistance and told the French not interfere in this matter. M'ba was instructed to broadcast a speech acknowledging his defeat. "The D-Day is here, the injustices are beyond measure, these people are patient, but their patience has limits", he said. "It came to a boil."

During these events, no gunshots were fired. The people did not react strongly, which according to the military, was a sign of approval. A provisional government was formed, and the presidency was offered to Aubame. The government was composed of civilian politicians from both the UDSG and BDG, such as Paul Gondjout. The plotters were content to ensure security for civilians. The small Gabonese army did not intervene in the coup; composed mostly of French officers, they remained in their barracks.

Second Lieutenant Ndo Edou gave instructions to transfer M'ba to Ndjolé, Aubame's electoral stronghold. However, due to heavy rain, the deposed president and his captors took shelter in an unknown village. The next morning they decided to take him over the easier road to Lambaréné. Several hours later, they returned to Libreville. The new head of government quickly contacted French ambassador Paul Cousseran, to assure him that the property of foreign nationals was protected and to ask him to prevent any French military intervention.

But in Paris, de Gaulle decided otherwise. M'ba was one of the most loyal allies to France in Africa. While visiting France in 1961, M'ba said: "All Gabonese have two fatherlands: France and Gabon." Moreover, under his regime, Europeans enjoyed particularly friendly treatment. The French authorities therefore decided, in accordance with signed Franco-Gabon agreements, to restore the legitimate government. Intervention could not commence without a formal request to the Head of State of Gabon. Since M'ba was otherwise occupied, the French contacted the Vice President of Gabon, Paul Marie Yembit, who had not been arrested. However, he remained unaccounted for; therefore, they decided to compose a predated letter that Yembit would later sign, confirming their intervention. Less than 24 hours later, French troops stationed in Dakar and Brazzaville landed in Libreville and restored M'ba back into power. Over the course of the operation, one French soldier was killed, while 15 to 25 died on the Gabonese side.

Under the tutelage of France
After he was reinstated into power, M'ba refused to consider the coup was directed against him and his regime. He believed it was a conspiracy against the state. Soon, however, anti-government demonstrations sprang up, with slogans such as "Léon M'ba, président des Français!" () or ones that called for the end of the "dictatorship". They showed solidarity after Aubame was charged on 23 March for his alleged involvement in the coup d'état. Despite the fact that he did not participate in the planning of the coup, Aubame was sentenced at his trial to 10 years of hard labor and 10 years of exile.

Despite these events, legislative elections, which were planned before the coup, were held in April 1964. The major opposition parties were deprived of their leaders, who were prevented from participating in the elections due to their involvement in the coup. The UDSG disappeared from the political scene, and the opposition consisted of parties that lacked national focus and maintained only regional or pro-democracy platforms. The opposition still won 46% of the votes and 16 of 47 seats, while the BDG received 54% of the vote and 31 seats in the assembly.

His French friends constantly surrounded him, protecting or providing him with counsel. A presidential guard was created by Bob Maloubier, a former French secret agent, and co-financed by French oil groups. The oil groups, active in the country since 1957, had strengthened their interests in 1962 after the discovery of offshore oil deposits. Gabon quickly became a major oil supplier for France. They carried such influence in Gabon that following the February 1964 coup, the decision to seek military intervention was taken by the CEO of Union Générale des Pétroles (UGP; now known as Elf Aquitaine), Pierre Guillaumat, Foccart, and other French businessmen and leaders. Later on, another UGP executive, Guy Ponsaillé, was appointed as political adviser to the president and became M'ba's representative in discussions with French companies. However, the Gabonese president was afraid of internal strife or assassination, so he remained secluded inside his heavily defended presidential palace. Ponsaillé helped M'ba obtain support from political moderates and accompanied him in his visits around the country in order to restore his reputation among the Gabonese people.

French ambassador Cousseran and American ambassador Charles F. Darlington, suspected of sympathizing with Aubame, left shortly after the coup. The new French ambassador François Simon de Quirielle, a "traditional diplomat", was determined not to interfere in the internal affairs of Gabon. After a few months of misunderstandings with de Quirielle, M'ba contacted Foccart to tell him that he could no longer work with the Ambassador. Foccart recounted the events in his memoirs, Foccart Speaks:

As a result of this incident, Foccart appointed a "colonialist", Maurice Delauney, as the new French Ambassador to Gabon.

Succession and legacy
From 1965, the French began looking for a successor for M'ba, who was aging and sick. They found the perfect candidate in Albert Bernard Bongo (later known as Alhaji Omar Bongo Ondimba), a young leader in the President's cabinet. Bongo was personally "tested" by General de Gaulle in 1965, during a visit to the Élysée Palace. Confirmed as M'ba's successor, Bongo was appointed on 24 September 1965 as Presidential Representative and placed in charge of defence and coordination.

In August 1966, M'ba was admitted to the Hôpital Charles Bernard, a hospital in Paris. Despite his inability to govern, the president clung to his power. Only after a long insistence by Foccart did M'ba agree to appoint Bongo as Vice President in replacement of Yembit, announcing his decision through a radio and television message recorded in his room on 14 November 1966. A constitutional reform in February 1967 legitimized Bongo as M'ba's successor. The preparations for the succession were finalized by the early legislative and presidential elections held on 19 March 1967. Since no one dared to stand on the opposition ticket, M'ba was reelected with 99.9% of the vote, while the BDG won all seats in the Assembly.

On 28 November 1967, just days after he took his presidential oath at the Gabonese embassy, M'ba died of cancer in Paris, where he had been treated since August of that year. He was survived by his wife, Pauline M'ba, and 11 children. The day after M'ba's death, Bongo constitutionally succeeded him as President of Gabon. Gabon's main airport, the Leon M'ba International Airport, was later named for him.

Forty years after his death, the Léon M'ba Memorial was built in Libreville to honor his memory. President Bongo laid the cornerstone for the Memorial on 9 February 2007, and it was inaugurated by Bongo on 27 November 2007. In February 2008, it was opened to the public. In addition to serving as a mausoleum for M'ba, the Memorial is a cultural center.

Notes

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1902 births
1967 deaths
People from Libreville
Gabonese Roman Catholics
Rassemblement Démocratique Africain politicians
Gabonese Democratic Party politicians
Presidents of Gabon
Prime Ministers of Gabon
People of French Equatorial Africa
Leaders ousted by a coup
Deaths from cancer in France
Fang people

Léon M'ba


A sociologia da cultura diz respeito ao estudo da cultura por meio de conceitos e métodos sociológicos.

Bibliografia

 Battani, Marshall; John R. Hall, Mary Jo Neitz. 2003. Sociology on culture. New York: Routledge.
 Binder, Amy; Mary Blair-Loy, John H. Evans, Kwai Ng, Michael Schudson, eds. 2008. Cultural sociology and its diversity. Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science 619. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
 Griswold, Wendy. 2008. Cultures and societies in a changing world. 3a ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.
 Smith, Philip; Alexander Riley. 2009. Cultural theory: An introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Sociologia da cultura

Sociologia da cultura