OutKast, Georgia çıkışlı Amerikalı bir hip hop ikilisi. "Hey Ya!" gibi başarılı şarkılar, grubun tanınmasında önemli rol oynamıştır.

Grup hakkında

Liseyi Atlanta'da aynı okulda okuyan André Benjamin (André 3000, eski adıyla Dre) ve Antwan Patton (Big Boi), 1991'de OutKast'i kurdu ve Organized Noize Productions ile anlaşma yaptı.

"Southernplaylisticadillacmuzik" dönemi

Liseden sonra LaFace Records'a geçen ikili, 1994'te ilk albümleri olan "Southernplaylisticadillacmuzik"i yayınladı. Albümden çıkan ilk single "Player's Ball" ile rap listelerinde 1 numaraya yükselen OutKast, bu single'ın 6 hafta boyunca 1 numarada kalmasıyla ilk altın plağını aldı. Albüm ise ilk 20'ye girdi ve yılın sonunda gruba platin plak kazandırdı. Dre ve Big Boi, 1995 yılında Source Ödülleri'nden "En İyi Yeni Rap Grubu" ödülünü alırken, ikili "Higher Learner" filminin soundtrack'ine de "Phobia" isimli şarkıyı ekleyerek bir kez daha kendilerini gösterme fırsatını yakalamış oldu.

"ATLiens" ve "Aquemini" dönemi

İki yıl aradan sonra 1996'da yeni albümleri "ATLiens" ile geri dönen OutKast, "Elevators (Me & You)" single'larıyla Top 40 listesinde ve Billboard Hot Rap Singers Chart'ta zirveye yerleşti. Bu single ile Hot R&B Singles Sales Chart'ta 4 hafta boyunca birinciliği kaybetmeyen ikili, 1998'de "Aquemini" 'isimli 3. albümlerini piyasaya sürdü. Bu albümleriyle de platin plak kazanan grup, 1999 yılında Grammy Ödülleri'ne En İyi Rap Performansı dalında aday gösterildi.

"Stankonia" dönemi

Yeni albümlerinden önce verdikleri düzenli "iki yıl ara" alışkanlıklarını bozmayan Outkast, 2000 yılında "Stankonia" adlı albümü piyasaya sürdü. Bu albümden ilk çıkan single B.O.B. "Bombs Over Baghdad" olurken, albüm gruba iki kez platin plak kazandırdı ve albümden çıkan "Ms.Jackson single"ı ile ikili, haftalarca birçok listenin 1 numarasında kalarak grubu inanılmaz büyük bir başarıya ulaştırdı. Bu dönemde André sahne ismini Dre'den André 3000'e çevirdi ve 2001 yılında aynı single'la Top 40 listesininde zirvesinde yine OutKast görünüyordu. "Speedballin" şarkılarıyla Tomb Raider filminin soundtrack'inde yer alan grup, "Ms.Jackson" şarkısının klibiyle de MTV Müzik Ödülleri'nden "En İyi Hip-Hop Videosu" ödülünü kazandı.

Kazandıkları ödüllerin ardından hit şarkılarının toplandığı "Big Boi & Dre Present Outkast" albümünü çıkaran Outkast, 2002 yılında iki tane Grammy Ödülü kazandı. BET Awards'tan da "En İyi Grup" ödülüne sahip olan ikili, 2003 yılında Amerikan Müzik Ödüllerinden "En İyi İkili R&B Hip-Hop Grubu" ve Grammy'den de "En İyi Rap Performansı" ödüllerine layık görüldü.

"Speakerboxxxx: The Love Below" dönemi

2003 yılında "Speakerboxxxx: The Love Below" isimli 4. albümlerini piyasaya süren Outkast, Hey Ya şarkısıyla Top 40'a hızlı bir giriş yaptı ve bu parçayla Top 10'de 7 hafta boyunca 1 numarada kaldı. 2004 yılında albümlerinin çıkmasının üzerinden henüz bir yıl geçmişken, albüm, satışlarıyla 8 kez platin plak almıştı. Bu albümleriyle de üç tane Grammy Ödülü kazanan ikili, Mart ayında Rolling Stone dergisinin kapağında gözüktü. "Hey Ya" şarkılarıyla MTV Video Müzik Ödülleri'nden 4, Amerikan Müzik Ödülleri'nden de 3 ödül kazanan Outkast üyeleri, 2005 ve 2006 senelerinde sinema sanatıyla ilgilenmeye başladı.

André 3000, 2005 senesinde John Singleton filmi Four Brothers'da rol alırken, Big Boi "ATL" adlı filmde ufak bir rol üstlendi. Bu projeler sonrasında "Idlewild" adlı filmde birlikte oynayan ikili, 2006 Ağustos ayında bu filmin soundtrack'ini piyasaya sürdü. Albümden çıkan ilk single "The Mighty 'O'" olurken, grup bu albümle Amerika listelerinde 2 numara oldu. Big Boi, Kasım ayında oluşturduğu "Purple Ribbon All-Star" adlı projesiyle "Got Purp? Vol. 2" adlı albüme imza atarken, medyada bu albüm sonrasında OutKast'in dağılacağına dair haberler yayınlanmaya başladı. Bu haberleri yalanlayan ikili, şu günlerde yeni albümleri üzerinde çalıştıklarını belirtti.

Albümler

 1994: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik
 1996: ATLiens
 1998: Aquemini
 2000: Stankonia
 2003: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below
 2006: Idlewild

Hip hop ikilileri
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
1991'de kurulan müzik grupları
Amerikalı müzikal ikililer
Yılın Albümü Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Rap Albümü Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Grup MTV Avrupa Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
MTV Avrupa Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Şarkı MTV Avrupa Müzik Ödülü sahipleri

OutKast


Yazıcılar, Zonguldak ilinin Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Belen, Kadı ve Burgucu mahalleleri daha önceleri Ova köyüne bağlı iken, 17 Mayıs 1955'te birleşerek Yazıcılar adıyla bağımsız bir köy haline geldi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 65 km, Karadeniz Ereğli ilçe merkezine 18 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Karadeniz Ereğli belde ve köyleri

Yazıcılar, Karadeniz Ereğli


نبذة عنه
الأمير عبد الرحمن بن حسن جاويش القازدغلي «كتخدا مصر أي محافظ مصر» واشتهر باسم عبد الرحمن كتخدا كان من أمراء المماليك في عصر علي بك الكبير، وقد عين، بعد أن تدرج في المناصب العسكرية حتى أصبح مسئولا عن الجيش. ففي عام 1737م رقي إلى رتبة جاويش، ثم باش جاويش.

المناصب التي تقلدها

وفي عام 1152هـ/1739م حل الأمير عبد الرحمن كتخدا محل سليمان جاويش في منصب السردار «أو القائد العام». وكان الأمير عبد الرحمن كتخدا واحدا من أعظم الراعين للحركة المعمارية خلال العصر العثماني، وربما كان الأنشط في تاريخ القاهرة كله؛ وآثار كثيرة تحمل اسمه من أشهرها سبيل عبد الرحمن كتخدا

عماراته التي أنشأها بالقاهرة

عبد الرحمن كتخدا: (ت 1190هـ-1776)، ابن حسن جاويش القازدغلي، نسبة إلى قازداغ ومعناها جبل الأوز. ترجم له الجبرتي ترجمة طويلة في كتابه عجائب الآثار وذكر عماراته التي أنشأها في نواحي القاهرة، وكذا القناطر التي شيدها. زاد في بناء الأزهر ما يكاد يكون نصف الجزء المسقوف في جهة القبلة وحدها وزيادته أعلى من أرض المسجد القديم وله فيه محراب. أقام منارة الأزهر التي في الركن الجنوبي الشرقي للأزهر عند باب الصعايدة وهي على يمين الداخل، وعلى يساره ضريح عبد الرحمن كتخدا تطل عليه المنارة، وبينهما رحبة غير مسقوفة والضريح في حجرة عليها قبة، يعلوها تركيبة مزينة بالكتابات. له بالقاهرة عدة مساجد وأسبلة. كما أنه أصلح كثيراً من المشاهد منها مشهد الأمير عثمان كتخدا القازدوغلي، وعثمان كتخدا كان من رجال الأمير حسن جاويش القازدوغلي والد الأمير عبد الرحمن صاحب المنشآت العمرانية بالقاهرة، وتقلب في عدة وظائف إلى أن عين «كتخدا» أي وكيلا للوالي، توفي سنة 1149 هـ (1736م).
2 : اعتنت لجنة حفظ الآثار العربية بالجامع منذ سنة 1933 فازالت الدكاكين التي كانت تحجب الواجهة الشمالية واصلحت فظهرت بعد احتجابها. وفي سنة 1939ازالت منزلا كان يجاور الباب الشمالي للجامع واكملت بناء الواجهة. وفي سنة 1992 تأثر الجامع بالزلزال الذي حدث بالقاهرة في تلك السنة وأدى إلى حدوث خلل في أسقفه وجدرانه، وقامت هيئة الآثار المصريّة بتجديد الجامع تجديداً شاملا واعادته إلى أصله وانتهت أعمال التجديد سنة 2001.

وفاته

نفاه علي بك الكبير لثلاث عشرة سنة، ثم عاد في عام 1776م؛ وتوفي بعدها بقليل، وهو في السبعين عام 1776

المراجع
 حسن عبد الوهاب: تاريخ المساجد ص 323 - 326.
 سعاد ماهر: مساجد مصر ج 5 ص 243 - 246.
 الجبرتي، عبد الرحمن: عجائب الآثار ج1 ص 168.
 علي مبارك: الخطط الجديدة ج 5 ص 89 - 91.

مماليك

عبد الرحمن كتخدا


මාතර බෝධිය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මාතර පිහිටි පූජනීය බෝ වෘක්ෂයකි.

මේවාද බලන්න
කළුතර බෝධිය

මාතර බෝධිය


David Pacifico, known as Don Pacifico (1784? – 12 April 1854), was a Portuguese Jewish merchant and diplomat. He was considered a British subject by birth and was the central figure in the Anglo-Greek dispute of 1850, known as the Don Pacifico Affair.

Biography

Early life
Pacifico was a Sephardic Jew of Italian descent. Pacifico's grandfather, of the same name, was born in Italy eventually settled down in Gibraltar. His family had been expelled from Spain with the rest of the Jews in 1492. His ancestors reached Italy, particularly Tuscany, first Leghorn and then Florence. As Pacifico grew up in Portugal because of his father's work, he was speaking fluent Portuguese.  That led to the myth of Portuguese descent for the Pacificos, who were actually of Spanish descent.

Pacifico's parents were married in Bevis Marks Synagogue in London in 1761. He gave varying accounts of his birth, placing it either in Oran, which belonged to Spain at the time, or in Gibraltar, which was a British possession. He once claimed to be a Spanish subject.

A liberal living in Portugal during the Civil War of 1828–34, he was persecuted by the Miguelists. In 1835, after the war, he was rewarded by the victorious liberals with a consulship in Morocco and Portuguese citizenship. From 1837 to 1842, he served as consul-general in Athens, during which time he also engaged in commerce and became prominent in the local Jewish community.

Greece

Pacifico continued residing in Greece after he was stripped of his position for repeatedly overstepping his authority in 1842. In April 1847, in order not to offend a visiting French Jewish financier, a member of the Rothschild family, the government banned the traditional burning of Judas Iscariot in effigy during Greek Orthodox Easter celebrations. An angry mob sacked Pacifico's house as police looked on. Pacifico then enlisted the aid of the British legation in claiming £32,000 in compensation from the Greek government for damage to his property, plus 10% interest and £500 for physical violence against Pacifico himself. The claim was approved by Lord Palmerston, then Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He also claimed compensation for land of his that had been acquired by the state. While this latter claim was accepted, the Greek government ignored his claims relating to the riot. The affair came to a head in January 1850, when the Royal Navy blockaded Athens to force Greece to settle Pacifico's claims and others'. Through French and Russian intervention, his claims were reduced, the blockade lifted and Greece agreed to pay.

London
The Don Pacifico affair provoked a debate in Parliament. Palmerston justified his actions in a speech to the house on 25 June 1850, using the phrase, Civis romanus sum, translated as "I am a Roman citizen", the declaration by a Roman to protect him from harm anywhere in the Roman Empire. He railed against the anti-Semitic prejudice that "because a man is of the Jewish persuasion, he is fair game for any outrage." In a vote on an opposition motion, the right of a British subject to appeal for aid anywhere in the world was affirmed by the house with a majority of forty-six.

Despite his international prominence, Pacifico was unpopular with London's Jews. He died at 15 Bury Street in London on 12 April 1854 and was buried two days later at the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' cemetery at Mile End Road. In an obituary published 21 April, The Jewish Chronicle called him an "individual who … caused so much sensation in the political world."

See also
 List of Gibraltarians

References

External links

voll. 18, 19, Jewish Historical Society of England, 1958, p. 1, "( ... ) The Pacifico family is of Italian Jewish origin ( ... )"
 "(..) Pacifico, the Elder, Joshua's son, was born in 1707 in Italy and arrived in Gibraltar in 1726 (...)"
', Roy Jenkins, Gladstone: A biography, Random House, 2002, "(...) Pacifico was a Spanish jew (...)"
'
' ( ... )Don Pacifico, the hero of the 1847–48 claims, was a naturalized British subject ( ... )",  House Documents - Vol. 1-2;Vol 270 - Page 1339 Congress House of Representatives - 1874
'

1780s births
1854 deaths
Gibraltarian Sephardi Jews
Greek Sephardi Jews
Portuguese Jews
Portuguese people of Italian descent
Gibraltarian emigrants to Greece
History of Greece (1832–1862)
Antisemitic attacks and incidents in Europe
Victims of antisemitic violence

David Pacifico


O juramento de posse do presidente dos Estados Unidos é o juramento ou afirmação que o presidente dos Estados Unidos faz ao assumir o cargo. A redação do juramento é especificada no Artigo II, Seção Um, Cláusula 8, da Constituição dos Estados Unidos, e um novo presidente deve tomá-lo antes de exercer ou cumprir quaisquer poderes ou deveres oficiais.

Esta cláusula é uma das três cláusulas de juramento ou afirmação na Constituição, mas é a única que realmente especifica as palavras que devem ser ditas. O Artigo I, Seção 3, exige que os senadores, quando se sentam para tentar impeachments, estejam "em juramento ou afirmação". O Artigo VI, Cláusula 3, também exige que as pessoas nele especificadas "sejam obrigadas por juramento ou afirmação, a apoiar esta Constituição". O juramento presidencial exige muito mais do que aquele juramento geral de lealdade e fidelidade . Esta cláusula ordena que o novo presidente jure ou afirme que "vai fazer o melhor de minha capacidade, preservar, proteger e defender a Constituição dos Estados Unidos".

Texto do juramento presidencial

Cerimônia de juramento
Um presidente recém-eleito ou reeleito dos Estados Unidos inicia seu mandato de quatro anos ao meio-dia do dia vinte de janeiro seguinte à eleição e, por tradição, presta juramento durante uma posse nessa data; antes de 1937 o mandato do presidente começou em 4 de março. Se 20 de janeiro cair em um domingo, o presidente será empossado nesse dia fazendo o juramento em particular, mas depois fará o juramento novamente em uma cerimônia pública no dia seguinte, em 21 de janeiro.

Nove vice-presidentes sucederam à presidência após a morte ou renúncia do presidente. Nessas situações, o juramento de posse era administrado ao novo presidente o mais rápido possível, pois isso permitia que a presidência continuasse ininterrupta.

Administração do juramento

Embora a Constituição não exija que alguém em particular administre o juramento presidencial, ele foi administrado pelo chefe de justiça começando com John Adams, exceto após a morte de um presidente em exercício. George Washington tomou posse durante sua primeira posse, em 30 de abril de 1789, pelo chanceler de Nova York Robert Livingston. William Cranch, juiz-chefe do Tribunal do Circuito dos EUA, administrou o juramento a Millard Fillmore em 10 de julho de 1850, quando se tornou presidente após a morte de Zachary Taylor. Ao ser informado da morte de Warren Harding, enquanto visitava a casa de sua família em Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge foi empossado como presidente por seu pai, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., um notário público. A juíza federal Sarah T. Hughes administrou o juramento de posse a Lyndon B. Johnson a bordo do Air Force One após o assassinato de John F. Kennedy em 22 de novembro de 1963; a única vez que uma mulher administrou o juramento do cargo. No geral, o juramento presidencial foi administrado por 15 juízes-chefes (um dos quais - William Howard Taft - também foi ex-presidente), um juiz associado, quatro juízes federais, dois juízes estaduais de Nova York e um tabelião.

Juramentos
Posses de presidentes dos Estados Unidos
História presidencial dos Estados Unidos
Presidência dos Estados Unidos
Cláusulas da Constituição dos Estados Unidos

Juramento de posse do presidente dos Estados Unidos


Bakuman (バクマン。) est un film japonais réalisé par Hitoshi Ōne, sorti en 2015.

Synopsis
Moritaka et Akito, deux lycéens, s'associent pour devenir mangakas, l'un s'occupe du dessin et l'autre du scénario. Moritaka veut impressionner Miho qui, elle veut devenir seiyū. Il lui promet qu'elle pour faire du doublage pour la future adaptation animée de son manga.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Bakuman
 Titre original : バクマン。
 Réalisation : Hitoshi Ōne
 Scénario : Hitoshi Ōne d'après le manga Bakuman. de Tsugumi Ōba et Takeshi Obata
 Musique : Sakanaction
 Montage : Yasuyuki Ohzeki
 Production : Akihiro Yamauchi (producteur délégué)
 Société de production : Amuse, Dentsu, East Japan Marketing & Communications, GyaO, JVC Kenwood Victor Entertainment, KDDI Corporation, Nippon Shuppan Hanbai, Office Crescendo, Shueisha et Tōhō
 Pays :
 Genre : Comédie
 Durée : 119 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Takeru Satoh : Moritaka Mashiro
 Ryūnosuke Kamiki : Akito Takagi
 Nana Komatsu : Miho Azuki
 Hirofumi Arai : Kazuya Hiramaru
 Lily Franky : Sasaki
 Kenta Kiritani : Shinta Fukuda
 Kankurō Kudō : Taro Kawaguchi
 Sarutoki Minagawa : Takuro Nakai
 Shōta Sometani : Eiji Niizuma
 Takayuki Yamada : Akira Hattori

Bande originale
La bande originale du film s'intitule Motion Music of Bakuman et a été composée par Sakanaction.

Tournage
Le tournage du film se déroule entre mai et .

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé pour deux Asian Film Awards : meilleur montage et meilleur son. Il a également été nommé pour sept Japan Academy Prizes et en a reçu deux meilleur montage et meilleur son (il a également remporté le prix de la popularité).

Box-office
Le film a rapport 13,5 millions de dollars au box-office.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film japonais sorti en 2015
Comédie japonaise
Film de Tōhō
Adaptation d'un manga au cinéma
Film mettant en scène un écrivain

Bakuman (film)


Joachim Vogel ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Joachim Vogel (Fußballspieler) (1931–1984), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Joachim Vogel (Diplomat) (* 1936), deutscher Diplomat
 Joachim Vogel (Radsportler) (* 1954), deutscher Radsportler
 Joachim Vogel (Jurist) (1963–2013), deutscher Jurist

Joachim Vogel


Whoopee or whoopie  may refer to:

 Whoopee , an exclamation used as a form of cheering or to express jubilation
 Whoopee or whoopie, a euphemism for sexual intercourse
 Whoopee!, a 1928 musical comedy
 Whoopee! (film), a 1930 adaptation of the musical
 Whoopee! (comics), a British comic book magazine of the 1970s and '80s
 Whoopee cap, a type of zigzagged felt cap
 Whoopee cushion, a practical joking device that mimics flatulence
 Whoopie pie, a kind of cookie sandwich
 Whoopie sling, a type of rope sling used in tree pruning and hammock suspension
 Whoopie hook, a type of hook or fastener used in a whoopie sling

See also
 Whoopee Camp, developers of the game Tomba!
 Whoopee Hill, a hill in Ohio County, Kentucky
 Whoopi (TV series), an American sitcom of the 2000s starring Whoopi Goldberg

Whoopee


المحلى في شرح المجلى بالحجج والآثار لمؤلفه الأمام علي بن حزم الأندلسي ناشر المذهب الظاهري، ويعتبر كتاب المحلى من أهم كتب ابن حزم الأندلسي، وقد شهر به وأعتبر بذللك ناشر المذهب الظاهري، الذي يأخذ بظاهر النص ومدلوله اللفظي والمعنوية، ومجتهدا لا يعتبر القياس في المعاني البتّة، ويعتبر القياس اللفظي إنما هو دلالة اللفظ أو دلالة المعنى من اللفظ، وإنما الخلاف بين أهل أصول الفقه في الألفاظ، ولا يعتبر العلة ولا يحكم إلا بالكتاب والسنة وإجماع الصحابة، والكتاب ثروة فقهية وموسوعة جامعة في الفقة المقارن حوت ما يعادل 2312 مسألة بدأها المؤلف بالعقائد وأنهاها بمسائل التعزير، واستعرض ابن حزم خلالها آراء الفقهاء والمجتهدين جميعا قبل أن ينقض عليهم مبدياً رأيه.

محتوى الكتاب

المقدمة

تقسيم الكتاب
تقع مطبوعة المحلى في 13 جزءًا، في 7050 صفحة، من القطع المتوسط. ويضم 2312 مسألة. وقد أحصى الأستاذ محمد رواس قلعجي 12903 رأياً من آراء السلف في كتاب المحلى، نسبها ابن حزم إلى 546 عالماً من علماء السلف، منهم من نسب إليه أكثر من 600 رأي، ومنهم من لم ينسب إليه سوى رأي واحد. بالإضافة إلى 250 مسألة نسبها إلى جماعة من الصحابة، لم يعرف لهم فيها مخالف.

إتمام الكتاب
توفي ابن حزم الأندلسي قبل أن يتم كتابه المحلى، وبلغ به حتى المسألة 2028 فأتمه من بعده ابنه أبو رافع ملخصًا المسائل الباقية حسب أبواب الفقه من كتاب أبيه الإيصال إلى فهم كتاب الخصال.

وصلات خارجية

 ابن حزم - المحلى

مراجع

مصادر
 مشكاة الإسلامية

كتب ابن حزم
كتب فقه ظاهري

المحلى بالآثار


The Celtiberians were a group of Celts and Celticized peoples inhabiting an area in the central-northeastern Iberian Peninsula during the final centuries BCE. They were explicitly mentioned as being Celts by several classic authors (e.g. Strabo). These tribes spoke the Celtiberian language and wrote it by adapting the Iberian alphabet, in the form of the Celtiberian script. The numerous inscriptions that have been discovered, some of them extensive, have allowed scholars to classify the Celtiberian language as a Celtic language, one of the Hispano-Celtic (also known as Iberian Celtic) languages that were spoken in pre-Roman and early Roman Iberia. Archaeologically, many elements link Celtiberians with Celts in Central Europe, but also show large differences with both the Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture.

There is no complete agreement on the exact definition of Celtiberians among classical authors, nor modern scholars. The Ebro river clearly divides the Celtiberian areas from non-Indo-European speaking peoples. In other directions, the demarcation is less clear. Most scholars include the Arevaci, Pellendones, Belli, Titti and Lusones as Celtiberian tribes, and occasionally the Berones, Vaccaei, Carpetani, Olcades or Lobetani.

In 195 BC, part of Celtiberia was conquered by the Romans, and by 72 BC the entire region had become part of the Roman province of Hispania Citerior. The subjugated Celtiberians waged a protracted struggle against the Roman conquerors, staging uprisings in 195–193 BC, 181–179 BC, 153–151 BC, and 143–133 BC. In 105 BC, Celtiberian warriors drove the Germanic Cimbri from Spain in the Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) and also played an important role in the Sertorian War (80–72 BC).

Etymology

The term Celtiberi appears in accounts by Diodorus Siculus, Appian and Martial who recognized intermarriage between Celts and Iberians after a period of continuous warfare, though Barry Cunliffe says "this has the ring of guesswork about it." Strabo just saw the Celtiberians as a branch of the Celti. Pliny the Elder thought that the original home of the Celts in Iberia was the territory of the Celtici in the south-west, on the grounds of an identity of sacred rites, language, and the names of cities.

History

Early history

Strabo cites Ephorus's belief that there were Celts in the Iberian peninsula as far as Cadiz. The material culture of the north-western regions of the Iberian Peninsula showed continuity from the end of the Bronze Age (c. 9th century BC) until it was subsumed by Roman culture (c. 1st century BC). It is associated with the Celtic tribal groups the Gallaecians and the Astures. The population predominantly practiced transhumant cattle-herding, protected by a warrior elite, similar to those in other areas of Atlantic Europe, centered in the hill-forts, locally termed castros, that controlled small grazing territories. Settlements of circular huts survived until Roman times across the north of Iberia, from Northern Portugal, Asturias and Galicia through Cantabria and northern Leon to the Ebro River.

Celtic presence in Iberia likely dates to as early as the 6th century BC, when the castros evinced a new permanence with stone walls and protective ditches. Archaeologists Martín Almagro Gorbea and Alberto José Lorrio Alvarado recognize the distinguishing iron tools and extended family social structure of developed Celtiberian culture as evolving from the archaic castro culture which they consider "proto-Celtic".

Archaeological finds identify the culture as continuous with the culture reported by Classical writers from the late 3rd century onwards (Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio). The ethnic map of Celtiberia was highly localized however, composed of different tribes and nations from the 3rd century centered upon fortified oppida and representing a wide-ranging degree of local assimilation with the autochthonous cultures in a mixed Celtic and Iberian stock.

The cultural stronghold of Celtiberians was the northern area of the central meseta in the upper valleys of the Tagus and Douro east to the Iberus (Ebro) river, in the modern provinces of Soria,  Guadalajara, Zaragoza and Teruel. There, when Greek and Roman geographers and historians encountered them, the established Celtiberians were controlled by a military aristocracy that had become a hereditary elite. The dominant tribe were the Arevaci, who dominated their neighbors from powerful strongholds at Okilis (Medinaceli) and who rallied the long Celtiberian resistance to Rome. Other Celtiberians were the Belli and Titti in the Jalón valley, and the Lusones to the east.

Excavations at the Celtiberian strongholds Kontebakom-Bel Botorrita, Sekaisa Segeda, Termantia complement the grave goods found in Celtiberian cemeteries, where aristocratic tombs of the 6th to 5th centuries BC give way to warrior tombs with a tendency from the 3rd century BC for weapons to disappear from grave goods, either indicating an increased urgency for their distribution among living fighters or, as Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio think, the increased urbanization of Celtiberian society. Many late Celtiberian oppida are still occupied by modern towns, inhibiting archaeology.

Metalwork stands out in Celtiberian archaeological finds, partly from its indestructible nature, emphasizing Celtiberian articles of warlike uses, horse trappings and prestige weapons. The two-edged sword adopted by the Romans was previously in use among the Celtiberians, and Latin lancea, a thrown spear, was a Hispanic word, according to Varro. Celtiberian culture was increasingly influenced by Rome in the two final centuries BC.

From the 3rd century, the clan was superseded as the basic Celtiberian political unit by the oppidum, a fortified organized city with a defined territory that included the castros as subsidiary settlements. These civitates as the Roman historians called them, could make and break alliances, as surviving inscribed hospitality pacts attest, and minted coinage. The old clan structures lasted in the formation of the Celtiberian armies, organized along clan-structure lines, with consequent losses of strategic and tactical control.

Late period

The Celtiberians were the most influential ethnic group in Iberia when the Mediterranean powers (Carthage and Rome) started their conquests.  In 220 BC, the Punic army was attacked when preparing to cross the Tagus river by a coalition of Vaccei, Carpetani and Olcades. Despite these clashes, during the Second Punic War the Celtiberians served most often as allies or mercenaries of Carthage in its conflict with Rome, and crossed the Alps in the mixed forces under Hannibal's command. Under Scipio Africanus, the Romans were able to secure alliances and change the allegiances of many Celtiberian tribes, using these allied warriors against the Carthaginian forces and allies in Spain.  After the conflict, Rome took possession of the Punic empire in Spain, and some Celtiberians soon challenged the new dominant power that loomed in the borders of its territory. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus spent the years 182 to 179 pacifying the Celtiberians. Gracchus boasted of destroying over 300 Celtiberian settlements.

In 155 BC, a raid into Hispania Ulterior (Farther Spain) by the Lusitani and the defeat of two successive Roman praetors encouraged the town of Segeda in Hispania Citerior (Nearer Spain) to rebel. The following year, it refused to pay tribute or provide a military contingent to Rome but formed instead a confederacy with neighboring towns and began the construction of a defensive wall. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was sent against the Celtiberians in 153 BC, with nearly 30,000 men. But the consul was late in arriving and ambushed soon after, with 6,000 Romans slain. A siege of Numantia several days later, where the Segedans had taken refuge, was no more successful. Three elephants were brought up against the town walls but became frightened and turned on the Romans, who retreated in confusion. There were other setbacks, and the hapless Nobilior was obliged to withdraw to camp, where more men suffered frostbite and died of the winter cold. Nobilior lost over 10,000 men in his campaign. In 137 BC, the Celtiberians forced the surrender of a 20,000-man Roman consular army led by Gaius Hostilius Mancinus. In 134 BC, the consul Scipio Aemilianus took charge of the demoralized Roman troops in Spain and laid siege to Numantia.

Nearby fields were laid waste and what was not used burned. The stronghold of Numantia then was circumvallated with a ditch and palisade, behind which was a wall ten feet high. Towers were placed every hundred feet and mounted with catapults and ballistae. To blockade the nearby river, logs were placed in the water, moored by ropes on the shore. Knives and spear heads were embedded in the wood, which rotated in the strong current. Allied tribes were ordered to send reinforcements. Even Jugurtha, who later would revolt from Rome, himself, was sent from Numidia with twelve war elephants. The Roman forces now numbered 60,000 men and were arrayed around the besieged town in seven camps. The Numantines, "ready though they were to die, no opportunity was given them of fighting".

There were several desperate attempts to break out but they were repulsed. Nor could there be any help from neighboring towns. Eventually, as their hunger increased, envoys were sent to Scipio, asking if they would be treated with moderation if they surrendered, pleading that they had fought for their women and children, and the freedom of their country. But Scipio would accept only deditio (surrender). Hearing this demand for absolute submission, the Numantines, "who were previously savage in temper because of their absolute freedom and quite unaccustomed to obey the orders of others, and were now wilder than ever and beside themselves by reason of their hardships," slew their own ambassadors.

After eight months, the starving population was reduced to cannibalism and, filthy and foul smelling, compelled to surrender. But, "such was the love of liberty and of valour which existed in this small barbarian town," relates Appian, that many chose to kill themselves rather than capitulate. Families poisoned themselves, weapons were burned, and the beleaguered town set ablaze. There had been only about 8,000 fighting men when the war began; half that number survived to garrison Numantia. Only a pitiable few survived to walk in Scipio's triumph. The others were sold as slaves and the town razed to the ground, the territory divided among its neighbors.

After Numantia was finally taken and destroyed, Roman cultural influences increased; this is the period of the earliest Botorrita inscribed plaque; later plaques, significantly, are inscribed in Latin. The Sertorian War (80–72 BC) marked the last formal resistance of the Celtiberian cities to Roman domination, which submerged the Celtiberian culture.

The Celtiberian presence remains on the map of Spain in hundreds of Celtic place-names. The archaeological recovery of Celtiberian culture commenced with the excavations of Numantia, published  between 1914 and 1931.

A Roman army auxiliary unit, the Cohors I Celtiberorum, is known from Britain, attested by 2nd century AD discharge diplomas.

Genetics

In a March 2019 genetic study published in Science, three Celtiberians buried at La Hoya, Alava (in Beron territory) between 400 BC and 195 BC were examined. They had high levels of north-central European ancestry compared to non-Celtic populations of Iberia. One of the males examined was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup I2a1a1a.

See also
Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
Gallaeci

Notes

References

Ángel Montenegro et alii, Historia de España 2 – colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200–218 a.C), Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
Antonio Arribas, The Iberians, Thames & Hudson, London (1964)
Francisco Burillo Mozota, Los Celtíberos, etnias y estados, Crítica, Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007)
Barry Cunliffe, "Iberia and the Celtiberians" in The Ancient Celts, Penguin Books, London (1997)
Alberto J. Lorrio Alvarado, Los Celtíberos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997)
Alberto J. Lorrio Alvarado and Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero, "The Celts in Iberia: an Overview" in e-Keltoi 6
J. P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans,  Thames & Hudson, London (1989)

J. Alberto Arenas Esteban, & Mª Victoria Palacios Tamayo, El origen del mundo celtibérico, Excmº Ayuntamiento de Molina de Aragón (1999)

External links

James Grout: The Celtiberian War, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)

Celtic tribes of the Iberian Peninsula
Ancient peoples of Spain
Ancient peoples of Portugal
Transhumant ethnic groups

Celtiberians


Zelkova (from Georgian  dzelkva, 'stone pillar') is a genus of six species of deciduous trees in the elm family Ulmaceae, native to southern Europe, and southwest and eastern Asia. They vary in size from shrubs (Z. sicula) to large trees up to  tall (Z. carpinifolia). The bark is smooth, dark brown. Unlike the elms, the branchlets are never corky or winged. The leaves are alternate, with serrated margins, and (unlike the related elms) a symmetrical base to the leaf blade. The leaves are in two distinct rows; they have pinnate  venation and each vein extends to the leaf margin, where it terminates in a tooth. There are two stipules at each node, though these are caducous (shed early), leaving a pair of scars at the leaf base. Zelkova is polygamous. Staminate flowers are clustered in the lower leaf axils of young branchlets; the perianth is campanulate, with four to six (to seven)  lobes, and the stamens are short. Pistillate and hermaphrodite flowers are solitary, or rarely in clusters of two to four, in the upper leaf axils of young branchlets.  The fruit is a dry, nut-like drupe with a dorsal  keel, produced singly in the leaf axils. The perianth and  stigma are persistent.

Species and distribution
Zelkova abelicea – Cretan zelkova (Crete in Greece)
Zelkova carpinifolia – Caucasian zelkova (Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran)
Zelkova serrata – Keyaki or Japanese zelkova (Japan, Korea,  Kuril Islands in Russia, Taiwan, China)
Zelkova serrata var. serrata
Zelkova serrata var. tarokoensis
Zelkova sicula – Sicilian zelkova (Sicily, Italy in 2 locations: Bosco Pisano and Ciranna)
Zelkova sinica – Chinese zelkova (China)
Zelkova schneideriana – Schneider's zelkova (China)
Hybrids
Zelkova × verschaffeltii – Cut-leaf zelkova (Z. carpinifolia × Z. serrata)

Ecology
The genus Zelkova was common throughout northern Europe and North America as late as the Pliocene. However, extensive Pleistocene glaciation has confined the genus to its present range to the eastern Mediterranean islands and the Caucasus, and in eastern Asia where only local glaciation occurred. Species of Zelkova were important elements of the vast forests that prevailed throughout the Northern Hemisphere during much of the Cenozoic Period.

Today, the genus comprises six species with disjunct distribution patterns: three in eastern Asia [Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino; Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz.; and Zelkova sinica C. K. Schneid.], one in southwestern Asia [Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) C. Koch] and two on the Mediterranean islands of Sicily (Zelkova sicula Di Pasq., Garfi & Quézel) and Crete [Zelkova abelicea (Lam.) Boiss.]. The oldest fossils attributed to Zelkova date from the early Eocene (55 million years ago) in western North America, where the genus is extinct today.  In Bulgaria, Zelkova fossils were found in Paleogene and Neogene layers in the following locations: Zelkova ungeri (Ett.) Kov. — Lozenets, Kurilo, Chukurovo in Sofia Region, Dospey in Samokov Region, Pernik, Pirin Mine in Blagoevgrad Region, Bobov Dol in Kyustendil Region; Zelkova praelonga Berger — Pirin Mine in Blagoevgrad Region.

Zelkova abelicea is endemic to Crete (Greece); it has a fragmentary distribution in the four main mountain regions of Crete (Lefka Ori, Psiloritis, Dikti and Thrypti), between 900 and 1800 m above sea level, which corresponds to the upper timberline. It grows mainly on north-facing slopes or in and around rocky river-beds and gullies which remain moist during dry summers. The species is highly endangered through habitat fragmentation and destruction, overgrazing, fire and water stress.

The Sicilian Zelkova Z. sicula, only discovered in 1991, is listed as an endangered species. The two known populations close to Syracuse (Bosco Pisano and Ciranna) comprise a small number of low shrubs suffering from severe overgrazing; the natural mature size of undamaged specimens is unknown.

Whilst all the known Zelkova taxa are currently in cultivation and in botanic gardens or arboreta, relatively few collections are known to be from wild sourced material or known in the countries of their natural distribution. Z. sicula and Z. abelicea are the two taxa considered to be at most risk of extinction (Critically Endangered and Vulnerable). These two Zelkova species are the two with the most restricted natural distribution—both are small island endemics. The Zelkova with the widest natural distribution, Z. serrata, is also the most common Zelkova in botanic garden collections

Phylogeography, using chloroplast and mitochondrial markers, has mostly focused on the Quaternary and the influence of the cycles of glaciation on species distribution and structure.
 Phylogeography has, however, also been used to document more ancient patterns, with some of them presumably dating as far back as the early Miocene. The retrieval of ancient patterns may be specific to tree species, which are assumed to evolve more slowly than herbaceous plants and shrubs.  Zelkova trees live for centuries, which is a good indication that ancient patterns might be recovered using molecular markers.

A few phylogenetic and biogeographical studies have been carried out on Zelkova, but these studies had small sample sizes or weak representation of wild populations. A more comprehensive phylogeographical analysis, based on trnH–psbA, trnL and internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2), was the first to use a wide sampling of natural populations from nearly all the disjunct regions where Z. abelicea, Z. carpinifolia and Z. sicula presently grow. It aimed to assess the diversity within and among species using DNA from two cellular compartments that have different modes of inheritance and trace different histories.

Cultivation and uses
Zelkova serrata and Z. carpinifolia are grown as ornamental trees.  The wood is hard, used for making furniture.   In Japan, the wood of the keyaki, or Z. serrata is used for making drums, called wadaiko. The most desired drums are hollowed out of a trunk of a zelkova tree, but in many cases, the drum is fashioned from staves of keyaki wood, using the same method as when constructing a barrel.

Etymology
The name Zelkova derives from the native name of  Z. carpinifolia in the Georgian language – one of the Kartvelian languages spoken in the Caucasus, as shown by the Georgian name,  (dzelkva), from  (dzeli) meaning 'bar' or 'pillar', and  (kva) meaning 'rock', 'stone' The tree was often used for making rock-hard and durable bars for building and furniture.

References

External links

 Gregor Kozlowski, Joachim Gratzfeld et al. Zelkova – an ancient tree: Global status and conservation action

Rosales genera

Zelkova


Baron Burnham, of Hall Barn in the Parish of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 31 July 1903 for the influential newspaper magnate Sir Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baronet, owner of  The Daily Telegraph. He had already been created a Baronet, of Hall Barn in The Parish of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham and of Peterborough Court in the City of London, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 13 October 1892. Levy-Lawson was the son of Joseph Moses Levy, who acquired The Daily Telegraph only months after its founding.

Lord Burnham was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He followed his father in the management and ownership of the newspaper, but sold it in 1928 to Lord Camrose and partners. Lord Burnham also sat as a Member of Parliament. On 16 May 1919, he was created Viscount Burnham, of Hall Barn in the County of Buckingham, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

However, he had no surviving male issue and the viscountcy became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the baronetcy and barony by his younger brother, the third Baron. He was succeeded by his son, the fourth Baron. He was a Major-General in the Territorial Army. His younger son, the sixth Baron (who succeeded his elder brother in 1993), was active on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords and served as a Deputy Speaker between 1995 and 2001 and 2002 and 2005 and as Conservative Deputy Chief Whip from 1997 to 2001. Lord Burnham was one of the 90 elected hereditary peers who were allowed to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. , the title is held by his son, the seventh Baron, who succeeded in 2005.

The family retained an interest in The Daily Telegraph after it was sold in 1928. The fourth Baron and his son the sixth Baron were both executives of the newspaper until the Camrose interests were in turn displaced by Conrad Black in 1986.

The first Baron's sons retained the name Levy-Lawson though predominantly using Lawson, and the fourth Baron was registered with it at birth, but subsequently they have used Lawson only.

Baron Burnham (1903)
Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baron Burnham (1833–1916)
Harry Lawson Webster Levy-Lawson, 2nd Baron Burnham (1862–1933) (created Viscount Burnham in 1919)

Viscount Burnham (1919)
Harry Lawson Webster Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham (1862–1933)

Baron Burnham (1903; reverted)
William Arnold Webster Levy-Lawson, 3rd Baron Burnham (1864–1943)
Edward Frederick Lawson, 4th Baron Burnham (1890–1963)
William Edward Harry Lawson, 5th Baron Burnham (1920–1993)
Hugh John Frederick Lawson, 6th Baron Burnham (1931–2005)
Harry Frederick Alan Lawson, 7th Baron Burnham (born 1968)

There is no heir to the baronetcy and the barony.

Male-line family tree

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1903

Baron Burnham


Events
Francesco Geminiani visits Dublin, where he is robbed of a valuable manuscript.
Domenico Cimarosa enters the Conservatorio di Santa Maria di Loreto.
Joseph Haydn enters the service of the Esterházy family

Popular music
 Mme Papavoine – '"Reviens, aimable Thémire" (Paris)
 John Parry – A collection of Welsh, English & Scotch airs with new variations, also four new lessons for the harp or harpsichord... to which are added twelve airs for the guitar (London: John Johnson)

Opera
Charles-Guillaume Alexandre – George et Georgette
Johann Christian Bach – Catone in Utica, W.G 2
Pasquale Cafaro – Ipermestra (revised version, premiered Dec. 26 in Naples)
Florian Leopold Gassmann – Catone in Utica
Baldassare Galuppi
Demetrio (revised version, premiered June in Padua)
Le Tre Amante Ridicoli (premiered Jan. 18 in Venice)
Christoph Willibald Gluck – Le cadi dupé, Wq.29
Niccolò Jommelli – L'Olimpiade
Tommaso Traetta – Armida
Johann Adolf Hasse – Zenobia

Classical music
Thomas Arne – Judith (oratorio) (first published; first performed 1744)
Charles Avison – 6 Sonatas for Harpsichord, 2 Violins and Cello, Op. 8
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
La Philippine, H.96
La Gabriel, H.97
La Caroline, H.98
La Complaisante, H.109
La Louise, H.114
La Xénophon et la Sybille, H.123
L'Ernestine, H.124
Christoph Willibald Gluck – Don Juan (ballet)
François Joseph Gossec – Sei sinfonie a più stromenti, Op. 5
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 6 ("Le matin")
Symphony No. 7 ("Le midi")
Symphony No. 8 ("Le soir")
Symphony No.11
Michael Haydn – Symphony in C major
Gottfried August Homilius – 32 Praeludia zu geistlichen Liedern vor zwey Claviere und Pedal
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart –
Andante in C major for harpsichord, K. 1a
Allegro in C major for harpsichord, K. 1b
Allegro in F major for harpsichord, K. 1c
Minuet in F major for harpsichord, K. 1d
 Simon Simon – Pièces de clavecin, Op. 1
 Ludwig Zoschinger – Concors digitorum discordia seu 4 Partiæ
Johann Adolph Hasse
La Scusa
Il Nome

Methods and theory writings

 Jean-Philippe Rameau – Origine des sciences

Births

January 20 – Giovanni Domenico Perotti, composer (died 1825)
January 22 – Georg Nikolaus von Nissen, biographer of Mozart (died 1826)
January 23 – Friedrich von Matthisson, librettist (died 1831)
January 26 – Jens Zetlitz, songwriter (died 1821)
February 15 – Jacob Kimball, Jr., composer (died 1826)
February 20 – Johann Christian Ludwig Abeille, pianist and composer
February 22 – Erik Tulindberg, composer (died 1814)
April 20 – Johann Gottlieb Karl Spazier, composer
May 3 – August von Kotzebue, librettist (died 1819)
June 13 – Antonín Vranický or Wranitzky, violinist and composer (died 1820)
June 15 – Charles Henry Wilton, British musician (died 1832)
July 20 – Joseph Lefebvre, composer
September 24 – F.L.Æ. Kunzen, composer
October 9 – Pierre Gaveaux, composer and operatic tenor (died 1825)
date unknown
Antoine Hugot, composer (died 1803)
John Andrew Stevenson, composer (died 1833)

Deaths
January 3 – Willem de Fesch, violinist and composer (born 1687)
January 18 – Francesco Feo, opera composer (born 1691)
February 15 – Carlo Cecere, composer (born 1706)
March 7 – Antonio Palella, composer
March 27 – Johann Ludwig Steiner, composer
 April 10 – Cecilia Elisabeth Würzer, German-Swedish singer
June 12 – Meinrad Spiess, composer
July 9 – Carl Gotthelf Gerlach, organist (born 1704)
October 7 – Johann Pfeiffer, German composer (born 1697)
date unknown
Adam Falckenhagen, lutenist and composer (born 1697)
Newburgh Hamilton, librettist (born 1691)

References

18th century in music
Music by year

1761 in music


සාහිත්‍යය සඳහා නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය යනු, ස්වීඩන කාර්මිකඥ ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් නොබෙල්ගේ අවසන් කැමති පත්‍රයෙහි සඳහන් ආකාරයට "සාහිත්‍යය ක්ෂේත්‍රයෙහි  විඥානවාදී දිශානතියකින් යුතුව  මහත් ලෙසින් කැපී පෙනෙන කෘතියක් නිපැයූ "  (මුල් ස්වීඩන: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk rigtning) ඕනෑම රටක ග්‍රන්ථ කතෘ වරයෙකුට 1901 වසරෙහි සිට වාර්ෂිකව පිරිනැමෙන  ස්වීඩන  සාහිත්‍ය පිළිබඳ ත්‍යාගයකි.

සාහිත්‍යය සඳහා නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය


Curryville est une communauté non incorporée dans le comté de Gordon en Géorgie (États-Unis).

Elle était appelée anciennement  d'après le nom d'une personnalité locale. Le nom actuel vient de David W. Curry, un pharmacien.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Localité en Géorgie (États-Unis)

Curryville (Géorgie)


Með samsæriskenningu er átt við tilgátu sem dregur viðteknar hugmyndir um tiltekinn atburð eða ástand í efa og heldur fram langsóttari skýringu þar sem áhrifamikill hópur fólks eru talinn standa fyrir yfirgripsmiklum blekkingum og yfirhylmingu í eiginhagsmunaskyni, oftar en ekki pólitísku, á kostnað annarra. Hugtakið hefur neikvæða merkingu og er haft um illa grundaðar aðdróttanir.

Í gegnum söguna hafa samsæriskenningar verið tengdar fordómum, nornaveiðum, stríðum, þjóðarmorðum o.s.frv.[1] Menn sem fremja fjöldamorð og hryðjuverk réttlæta oft gjörðir sínar með vísun í hugsjónir sem almennt eru taldar til samsæriskenninga, s.s. Anders Breivik og Timothy McVeigh.

Samsæriskenningar eiga það sammerkt að styðjast við fullyrðingar sem erfitt er að sanna eða afsanna og geta þær því verið mjög lífseigar. Á síðari hluta 20. aldar var svo komið að samsæriskenningar einskorðuðust ekki lengur við jaðar samfélagsins. Efasemdir í garð stjórnvalda og vísinda urðu fyrirferðarmikil og kenningar um ýmis konar ráðabrugg, leyndarhyggju og yfirhylmingu valdahópa sem stönguðust á við það sem talið var til almennrar þekkingar óx fiskur um hrygg. Tortryggni í garð bólusetninga má t.a.m. rekja beint til kenninga um að þær geti valdið einhverfu, geðklofa, vöggudauða o.fl. þrátt fyrir að rannsóknir geti ekki sýnt fram á tengsl við bólusetningar. [2] Árið 2019 var höfnun bólusetninga á lista Alþjóðaheilbrigðismálastofnunarinnar yfir tíu mestu ógnanir við heilsu fólks.

Samsæriskenningar í Bandaríkjunum
Í Bandaríkjunum hafa samsæriskenningar skipað sífellt áhrifameiri þátt í stjórnmálalífi þjóðarinnar. Að loftslagsbreytingar af mannavöldum sé áróður frá Kína til að grafa undan samkeppnishæfi framleiðslugreina í Bandaríkjunum[3] og að enginn viti hvort hlýnun jarðar sé raunveruleg.[4] Ríkisstjórn George W. Bush var treg til að taka þátt í alþjóðlegu átaki til að draga úr losun gróðurhúsalofttegunda og hefur verið sökuð um að standa fyrir leynilegri herferð í Bandaríkjunum beinlínis til að vekja efasemdir um réttmæti loftslagsvísinda sem halda fram hlýnun jarðar.[5]

Ýmsir hafa leitað skýringa á auknum áhrifum samsæriskenninga innan Bandaríkjanna. Sagnfræðingurinn Richard Hofstadter tók fyrir hlutverk vænisýki og samsærishyggju (e. paranoia and conspiracism) í sögu Bandaríkjanna árið 1964 í ritgerðinni "The Paranoid Style in American Politics". Hugtakið "paranoid" kveðst Hofstadter fá að láni úr klínískri sálfræði til að lýsa pólitískum einkennum og viðurkennir að hugtakið sé niðrandi. Það eigi að vera það. Því sé ekki ætlað að stimpla menn í nútíð eða fortíð sem brjálaða menn heldur að vera lýsandi fyrir þá vænisjúku nálgun að stjórnmálum sem hefði verið gegnumgangandi þema í stjórnmálasögu Bandaríkjanna. Hofstadter segir nauðsynlegt að skilja sálfræðilega hugtakið frávarp[6] til að átta sig á sálarlífi bandarískra stjórnmála, en frávarp er það að eigna öðrum sínar eigin óviðunandi kenndir, hvatir og tilfinningar. Þeir sem sjá skrattann í hverju horni eru líklega ekki traustsins verðir sjálfir. Hugtakið samsærishyggja hlaut enn meiri athygli á 9. áratugnum þegar Frank P. Mintz skilgreindi það sem trúna á það að söguleg framvinda væri saga samsæra.[7]

Samsæriskenningar (1990 – 2020)

Clinton Body Count
Clinton Body Count er samsæriskenning sem varðar fyrrum Bandaríkaforseta Bill Clinton og eiginkonu hans Hillary Clinton, talið er að þau hafi látið drepa 50 manns sem þau hefðu umgengst.[8] Þessar kenningar hafa verið á flögri síðan 1990, þegar heimildarmynd kom út sem heitir The Clinton Chronicles, sem var framleidd af Larry Nichols. Í myndinni eru þau sökuð um ýmsa glæpi og morð.[9]

Vince Foster
Vince Walker Foster Jr. (15. janúar 1945 – 20. júlí, 1993) var Bandarískur lögmaður, hann starfaði sem aðstoðarráðgjafi í Hvíta húsinu fyrir Clinton stjórnina. Hann var ekki ánægður með starf sitt í pólitík og féll í þunglyndi. Árið 1993 fannst hann látinn í Fort Marcy garðinum eftir byssuskot. Fimm opinberar rannsóknir komust að því að um sjálfsmorð hafi verið að ræða, en nokkrar samsæriskenningar stungu upp kollinum. Það eru samsæriskenningar um að Foster hafi ekki framið sjálfsmorð heldur var hann drepinn af Clinton hjónunum því hann vissi of mikið. Einnig komu upp kenningar um að hann hafi verið skotinn þrisvar í hausinn og að hann hafi verið myrtur í Hvíta húsinu. Donald Trump Bandaríkjaforseti sagði í viðtali árið 2016: "He knew everything that was going on, and then all of a sudden he committed suicide." [10] Newt Gingrich, fyrrum leiðtogi Repúblikana í Bandaríkjaþingi vann hörðum höndum árið 2016 að því að endurvekja allar gömlu Clinton-samsæriskenningarnar og það þá varðandi "morðið" á Vince Foster. Það mál er aftur til umræðu á AM-Talk Radio.[11]

Fólk sem Clinton hjónin eiga að hafa drepið samkvæmt samsæriskenningum
Mary Mohane var lærlingur í Hvíta húsinu árið 1997, hún var skotin til bana í Whasington D.C. fyrir utan Starbucks við að reyna að stoppa af ræningja. Samsæriskenningar vildu meina að Clinton-hjónin hefðu fyrirskipað morðið.[12] Seth Rich var myrtur árið 2016,  hann var starfsmaður landsnefndar. Fox news sagði að Hillary Clinton hafi skipað að myrða Rich. Jeffery Epstein, dæmdur kynferðisbrotamaður fannst látinn í fangaklefa árið 2019, hann hengdi sig. Dauði hans leiddi til samsæriskenninga á samfélagsmiðlum þar sem Donald Trump tvítaði að dauði Epsteins væri Clinton að kenna og lét fylgja #ClintonBodyCount.[13]

Fæðingarvottorð Obama
Í aðdraganda forsetakosninga árið 2008 var afskaplega mikil umfjöllun um hvort Obama væri í raun og veru kristinn Bandaríkjamaður. Hópur fólks myndaði "Birther Movement", en hún samanstóð af íhaldssömum repúblikönum. Hreyfingin fullyrti að Obama væri ekki hæfur forsetaframbjóðandi því hann væri ekki bandarískur ríkisborgari.[14] Samsæriskenningar þeirra fullyrtu að fæðingarvottorð Obama væri falsað, að hann hefði ekki fæðst á Hawaii heldur í Keníu. Einnig vildu sumir meina að Obama hefði misst ríkisborgararétt sinn þegar hann átti að hafa verið ríkisborgari í Indónesíu í barnæsku. Aðrir héldu því fram að hann væri með tvöfaldan rískisborgararétt, breskan og bandarískan og væri því ekki sannur Bandaríkjamaður.[15] Einnig var grunur um að Obama leyndi því að hann væri í raun múslimi.[16]

Bill Cooper
Milton William "Bill" Cooper (6. maí, 1943 – 5. nóvember, 2001) var bandarískur samsæriskenninga frumkvöðull, útvarpsmaður og rithöfundur. Hann skrifaði bókina Behold a Pale Horse, þar sem hann varaði fólki við margvíslegum samsæriskenningum á heimsvísu. Hann var einn stærsti samsæriskenninga frumkvöðull tíunda áratugs síðustu aldar.[17]

Behold a Pale Horse
Cooper skrifaði bókina Behold a Pale Horse, bókin var gefin út árið 1991. Paul Gilroy, félagsfræðingur, sagði að bókin nær yfir samsæriskennignar á borð við morðið á Kennedy, gjörðir leyniþjónustunnar, komandi ísöld og stríðsátaka vegna Illumnati.[18] Michael Barkun, stjórnmálafræðingur sagði að bókin ein af þeim flóknustu ofur – samsæriskenninga sem hann hafði lesið um, en hann taldi að bókin væri ein sú vinsælasta í uppreisnarhópum og bókabúðum.[19]

HIV/eyðni
Í bókinni segir Cooper frá því að eyðni hafi verið hannaður til þess að fækka svörtu fólki, fólki af rómönskum uppruna og samkynhneigðum. Einnig sagði hann að lyf til að lækna sjúkdóminn hafi verið búið til á sama tíma.[20]

Geimverur og fljúgandi furðuhlutir
Cooper fullyrti árið 1988 að hann hafi séð leynileg skjöl frá bandaríska sjóhernum þar sem hann segist hafa séð samskipti stjórnvalda við geimverur. Á þessum tíma starfaði hann sem lágt skrifuðu afgreiðslustarfi og hefði aldrei fengið aðgang að leynilegum skjölum. Félag áhugamanna um geimverur og fljúgandi furðuhluti sögðu síðar að sumt af því sem Cooper sagðist hafa séð hafi verið orðrétt úr rannsóknum þeirra, þar á meðal nokkur atriði sem félagið sjálft hefði skáldað. Don Ecker, frá UFO magazine skrifaði kynningu um Cooper árið 1900.[21] Cooper sagði að Illuminati og ríkisstjórn Bandaríkjanna ættu í leynilegu samstarfi við geimverur, en dró þær kenningar síðar til baka. Hann trúði því að geimverur stjórnuðu mannkyninu í gegnum allskyns leynifélög, trúarbrögð, töfra, nornagaldra og hið yfirnáttúrulega. Hann vildi meina að Illuminati væri stjórnað af geimverum án þeirra vitundar.[22]

Morðið á Kennedy
Í bók sinni fullyrti Cooper að John F. Kennedy Bandaríkjaforseti hefði verið myrtur því hann hefði ætlað að afhjúpa það að geimverur væru að koma og taka yfir jörðina. Samkvæmt "háleynilegu" myndbandi af morðinu, segist Cooper hafa séð að bílstjóri forsetans, William Greet, notaði gasþrýstibúnað sem hafi verið þróaður af geimverum til að skjóta forsetann frá bílstjórasætinu.[23]

Tilvísanir
[1] (Douglas, Karen M.; Uscinski, Joseph E.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Cichocka, Aleksandra; Nefes, Turkay; Ang, Chee Siang; Deravi, Farzin (2019). "Understanding Conspiracy Theories". Political Psychology. 40 (S1): 3–35. doi:10.1111/pops.12568. ISSN 0162-895X).

[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908388/

[3] Trump, Donald J. @realdonaldtrump (6. nóv 2012) "The concept of global warming was created by and fot the chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).

[4] "Trump says 'nobody really knows' if climate change is real". Washington Post. Sótt 3. desember 2020.

[5] Dickinson, Tim (June 8, 2007). "The Secret Campaign of President Bush's Administration To Deny Global Warming". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2010-01-24.)

[6] https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=5766

[7] Mintz, Frank P. (1985). The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

[8] Moore, Kayleigh (October 25, 2018). "Investigating Rhetoric's of the 'Clinton Body Count'". Medium. Retrieved August 14, 2019.

[9] Philip Weiss (February 23, 1997). "Clinton Crazy". The New York Times.

[10] https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/vince-foster-avoid-testifying/

[11] Fréttatíminn. "Trump á raunverulegan möguleika á sigri". 23. septmber 2016.

[12] FACT CHECK: Clinton Body Bags". Snopes.com. Retrieved November 2, 2020.

[13] Stockler, Asher (10. ágúst, 2019) "Top HUD Official Promotes Clinton Conspiracy Theory in Wake of Epstein´s Apparent Suicide" Newsweek. Sótt 2. desember 2020.

[14] Pasek, Josh; Stark, Tobias H.; Krosnick, Jon A.; Tompson, Trevor (2015). "What motivates a conspiracy theory? Birther beliefs, partisanship, liberal-conservative ideology, and anti-Black attitudes". Electoral Studies. 40: 482–489. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.09.009. ISSN 0261-3794.

[15] Tomasky, Michael (April 27, 2011). "Birthers and the persistence of racial paranoia". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2011.

[16] "Rumour that Barack Obama is Muslim was believed by 22pc". Agence France-Presse. January 29, 2009.

[17] "Arizona Militia Figure Is Shot to Death". Los Angeles Times. November 7, 2001. p. A24. Retrieved October 17, 2010.

[18] Gilroy, Paul (2000). "Planetary Humanism". Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 352–353. ISBN 9780674000964. Retrieved January 17,2013.

[19] Michael Barkun (May 4, 2006). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-520-24812-0. Retrieved January 5, 2012.

[20] Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). "Illuminati". The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 175. ISBN 9781118045633. Retrieved January 17, 2013.

[21] Ecker, Don. Bill Cooper. Skeptic Tank archive. Retrieved February 5, 2013

[22] Michael Barkun (May 4, 2006). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-520-24812-0. Retrieved January 5, 2012.

[23] Kirk, Paul (September 8, 2000). "Govt Aids nut linked to Ku Klux Klan". Mail & Guardian. Johannesburg. Retrieved January 17, 2013.

Samsæriskenningar í Bandaríkjunum


Resultados por concelho
Os resultados nos concelhos do Distrito de Braga foram os seguintes:

Amares

Barcelos

Braga

Cabeceiras de Basto

Celorico de Basto

Esposende

Fafe

Guimarães

Póvoa de Lanhoso

Terras de Bouro

Vieira do Minho

Vila Nova de Famalicão

Vila Verde

Vizela

Lista de Deputados Eleitos
A lista apresentada é conforme a aplicação do Método D'Hondt:

Braga
Legislativas 2022

Eleições legislativas portuguesas de 2022 no distrito de Braga


Eosphagnum, rod mahovnjača svrstan u porodicu Ambuchananiaceae, dio reda Sphagnales. Na popisima postoje dvije vrste, tipična je E. inretortum.

Vrste
 Eosphagnum inretortum (H.A. Crum) A.J. Shaw, 2010
 Eosphagnum rigescens (Warnst.) A.J.Shaw & Flatberg, 2016

Izvori

Sphagnopsida

Eosphagnum


Paleolibertarianism (also known as the "Paleo strategy") is a libertarian political activism strategy aimed at uniting libertarians and paleoconservatives. It was developed by American anarcho-capitalist theorists Murray Rothbard and Lew Rockwell in the American political context after the end of the Cold War. From 1989 to 1995, they sought to communicate libertarian notions of opposition to government intervention using messages accessible to working and middle-class people of the time, and combining libertarian free market views with the cultural conservatism of Paleoconservatism, while also opposing protectionism. The strategy also embraced the paleoconservative reverence for tradition and religion. This approach, usually identified as right-wing populism, was intended to radicalize citizens against the state. The name they chose for this style of activism evoked the roots of modern libertarianism, hence the prefix paleo. That founding movement was American classical liberalism, which shared the anti-war and anti-New Deal sentiments of the Old Right in the first half of the 20th century. Paleolibertarianism is generally seen as a right-wing ideology.

The paleolibertarian strategy was expected to shift the libertarian movement away from the influence of public policy-oriented libertarian organizations based in Washington, D.C. (who were accused of giving up on communicating the complete libertarian message and of adopting the political and cultural values of the Beltway to gain acceptance among the political elite); and to simultaneously shift American right-wing politics away from the neoconservative movement and its promotion of hawkish or interventionist foreign policy usually characterized as imperialist by libertarian thinkers.

Tenets
According to Rockwell, the paleolibertarian movement hearkens back to such thinkers as "Ludwig von Mises, Albert Jay Nock, Garet Garrett, and the entire interwar Old Right that opposed the New Deal and favored the Old Republic" and distinguished themselves from neo-libertarians, Beltway libertarianism (a pejorative term used by hardline libertarians to describe libertarians who have gained traction in the Beltway, i.e., Washington, D.C., who are accused of surrendering libertarian values to the Beltway values in order to have better public relations with the Beltway elite), left-libertarianism and lifestyle libertarianism. According to Rockwell, paleolibertarianism "made its peace with religion as the bedrock of liberty, property, and the natural order".

Paleolibertarianism developed in opposition to the link between social avant-garde and libertarianism as if they were indivisible issues. In his 1990 essay "The Case for Paleo-Libertarianism", Rockwell charged mainstream libertarians with "hatred of Western culture". He argued that "pornographic photography, 'free'-thinking, chaotic painting, atonal music, deconstructionist literature, Bauhaus architecture, and modernist films have nothing in common with the libertarian political agenda—no matter how much individual libertarians may revel in them". Of paleolibertarians, he wrote that "we obey, and we ought to obey, traditions of manners and taste". After explaining why libertarians friendly with conventional culture could make a better argument for liberty to the middle classes, Rockwell predicted "in the new movement, libertarians who personify the present corruption will sink to their natural level, as will the Libertarian Party, which has been their diabolic pulpit".

In short, according to Lew Rockwell, the motivation of this "paleo" libertarian movement—in contrast with the "modal" libertarian movement of the Beltway and the Libertarian Party as it existed in the early '90s—was the application of the libertarian principles in ways that lead to the radicalization of the middle classes against the state.

History
In the 1992 essay "Right-Wing Populism: A Strategy for the Paleo Movement", Rothbard reflected on the ability of libertarians to gain the disaffected working and middle classes using right-wing populism methods to deliver libertarian ideas.

In the 1990s, a "paleoconservative-paleolibertarian alliance was forged", centred on the John Randolph Club founded in 1989 by traditionalist Catholic Thomas Fleming and Rothbard. Rockwell and Rothbard supported paleoconservative Republican candidate Pat Buchanan in the 1992 presidential election and described Buchanan as the political leader of the "paleo movement". In 1992, Rothbard declared that "with Pat Buchanan as our leader, we shall break the clock of social democracy". The Rockwell and Rothbard intention with this alliance was to rebirth an anti-war and anti-welfare right-wing and to fight the neoconservative leadership of the Republican Party in the context of the end of Cold War.

Three years later, Rothbard said Buchanan developed too much faith in economic planning and centralized state power which eventually led paleolibertarians to withdraw their support for Buchanan. In addition to Buchanan's economic nationalism, Paul Gottfried later complained of a lack of funding, infighting, media hostility or blackout and vilification as "racists" and "anti-Semites". The paleolibertarian strategy did not produce practical results and generated little external sympathy. John Randolph Club was disintegrated in 1995 due to incompatibility of ideas and personalities between libertarian and conservative factions.

Rothbard died in 1995. Rockwell asserted in 1999 that with Rothbard's death the paleolibertarian organizing had ended. In 2007, Rockwell stated that he no longer used the term "paleolibertarian"—because it was distorted by its past association with the term paleoconservative as "some kind of socially conservative libertarian", something that "was not the point at all" of paleolibertarianism—and that all libertarians should be "happy with the term libertarian."

Influence
During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries and the campaign for the 2016 United States presidential election, several figures active in 1990s paleolibertarianism expressed levels of sympathy for the messages of then-candidate Donald Trump. Lew Rockwell was sympathetic to Trump's 2016 presidential campaign because of his message against the Republican Party and Democratic Party establishments, as was Rothbardian Justin Raimondo, who voted for Trump on the basis of foreign policy. In a 2016 pre-election debate with Reason editor Nick Gillespie, Austrian School anarcho-capitalist economist Walter Block advised libertarians living in battleground states to support Trump rather than cast their votes for Libertarian Party nominee Gary Johnson, citing the Trump campaign's  foreign policy.

In line with these views, libertarian columnist Ilana Mercer authored a book in June 2016 about presidential candidate Trump titled The Trump Revolution: The Donald's Creative Destruction Deconstructed, a critical examination of then-candidate Trump from a libertarian perspective. In discussing Mercer's book, Objectivist-libertarian scholar Chris Matthew Sciabarra observed that Mercer endorsed "not necessarily the policies of Trump, but 'The Process of Trump'". Scabbarra further noted that "[t]he most interesting of her arguments is the bolstering of liberty by Donald J. Trump [...] smashing an enmeshed political spoils system to bits: the media complex, the political and party complex, the conservative poseur complex. In the age of unconstitutional government—Democratic and Republican—this process of creative destruction can only increase the freedom quotient".

Following the 2022 Libertarian National Convention, the Mises Caucus, a paleolibertarian faction, became the dominant faction on the Libertarian National Committee.

Criticism

Ron Paul newsletters

The libertarian publication Reason asserted that "a half-dozen longtime libertarian activists—including some still close to Ron Paul—all named the same man as Paul's chief ghostwriter: Ludwig von Mises Institute founder Llewellyn Rockwell, Jr.", although Rockwell denied it.

Notable proponents and organizations

 Murray Rothbard, American anarcho-capitalist and Austrian economist.
 Lew Rockwell, associate of Rothbard, advocate of secession, and founder of the Mises Institute.
 Hans-Hermann Hoppe, German economist, anarcho- capitalist, and cultural conservative.
 Gary North, American economist and Christian Reconstructionist.
 R.J. Rushdoony, Armenian-American Calvinist minister, reconstructionist, and advocate of Christian libertarianism.
 Jeffrey Tucker, member of the Mises Institute and advocate of Bitcoin.
 Stefan Molyneux, Canadian far-right podcaster, known for supporting extreme anarcho-capitalism along with White nationalism and Scientific racism, and a former associate of Rockwell.
 Justin Raimondo,  anti-war activist.
 Javier Milei, Argentinian presidential candidate.
 Mises Institute, founded by Rockwell to advance Paleolibertarian and Austrian economic views.
 Mises Caucus, faction within the American Libertarian Party
 Property and Freedom Society, organization for right-libertarians founded and led by Hoppe.

See also

 Alt-lite
 Austrian School
 Coalition for the Renewal of the Republic – Liberty and Hope
 Conservative liberalism
 Criticism of democracy
 Dark Enlightenment
 Hans Hermann Hoppe
 Libertarian conservatism
 Libertarian perspectives on immigration
 National conservatism
 National-anarchism
 Nativism (politics)
 Outline of libertarianism
 Paleoconservatism
 Party of Free Citizens
 Radical right (United States)
 Real Politics Union
 Right-libertarianism
 Right-wing populism

References

External links

Anarcho-capitalism by form
Libertarianism by form
Libertarianism in the United States
Right-libertarianism

Paleolibertarianism


På de syv have er en dokumentarfilm fra 1966 instrueret af Ole Roos efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Filmens udgangspunkt er søfartens rolle i den verdensomspændende vareudveksling, og dens formål er at give et indtryk af dansk skibsfarts fornemme placering.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1966

På de syv have


Jetro Danovich Sexer Willems (* 30. März 1994 in Willemstad, Curaçao, Niederländische Antillen) ist ein niederländischer Fußballspieler. Der linke Verteidiger steht beim FC Groningen unter Vertrag.

Karriere

Vereine
Willems begann seine Profikarriere bei Sparta Rotterdam, wo er am 16. Januar 2011 zu seinem ersten Einsatz in der Eerste Divisie kam. Beim Spiel gegen Go Ahead Eagles Deventer stand er in der Startaufstellung. Am 31. August 2011 wechselte er zur PSV Eindhoven, wo er einen Dreijahresvertrag unterschrieb. Dort debütierte Willems am 23. Oktober 2011 in der Eredivisie, als er beim Spiel gegen Vitesse Arnheim eingewechselt wurde. Im April 2012 verlängerte er seinen Vertrag bis 2016. Am 13. April 2014 zog sich Willems im Ligaspiel gegen Feyenoord Rotterdam einen Knorpeleinriss im rechten Knie zu. Aufgrund dieser Verletzung verpasste er den Beginn der neuen Saison und die Weltmeisterschaft in Brasilien. Für die PSV kam der Abwehrspieler in 192 Pflichtspielen zum Einsatz, traf zwölfmal und bereitete 34 weitere Tore vor.

Zur Saison 2017/18 wechselte Willems zum Bundesligisten Eintracht Frankfurt, bei dem er einen Vierjahresvertrag unterschrieb. Im Mai 2018 gewann er mit der Eintracht nach einem 3:1-Finalsieg gegen den FC Bayern München den DFB-Pokal. In der darauffolgenden Spielzeit erreichte er mit der Mannschaft das Halbfinale der Europa League.

Zur Saison 2019/20 wurde Willems für eine Spielzeit an Newcastle United verliehen. Zudem sicherten sich die Magpies eine Kaufoption. Der Niederländer absolvierte 19 Partien in der Premier League sowie eine im League Cup, ehe er sich Mitte Januar 2020 im Spiel gegen den FC Chelsea einen Kreuzbandriss zuzog und bis Saisonende ausfiel. Nachdem er nach seiner Rückkehr nach Frankfurt in der Spielzeit 2020/21 zu keinem Pflichtspieleinsatz gekommen war, verließ er den Verein zum Saisonende mit Auslaufen seines Vertrages. Wettbewerbsübergreifend stand er in 65 Spielen für die Eintracht auf dem Platz.

Vor dem 3. Spieltag der Saison 2021/22 schloss sich Willems der SpVgg Greuther Fürth an. Der 27-Jährige unterschrieb beim Bundesliga-Aufsteiger einen Vertrag bis zum 30. Juni 2023. Anfang September 2022 löste er dort seinen Vertrag auf und war anschließend mehrere Monate vereinslos, ehe er im Februar 2023 einen Vertrag beim FC Groningen unterschrieb.

Nationalmannschaft

Willems nahm mit der niederländischen U17-Auswahl an der U17-Europameisterschaft 2011 teil und gewann mit seiner Mannschaft den Titel. Im Mai 2012 wurde er von Bondscoach Bert van Marwijk in den Kader der niederländischen A-Nationalmannschaft für die Europameisterschaft 2012 berufen und kam im Vorbereitungsspiel gegen Bulgarien zu seinem ersten Länderspieleinsatz. Willems übernahm den Kaderplatz seines Teamkollegen Erik Pieters, der wegen eines Mittelfußbruches nicht teilnehmen konnte. Mit seinem Einsatz beim ersten Gruppenspiel gegen Dänemark war Willems mit 18 Jahren und 71 Tagen der bis dahin jüngste Spieler, der bei einer Europameisterschaft auflief und löste in dieser Rangliste den Belgier Enzo Scifo ab. Insgesamt kam Willems bei der Europameisterschaft in allen drei Spielen der "Elftal" zum Einsatz.

Auch anschließend war Willems Bestandteil der Nationalmannschaft und absolvierte mehrere Qualifikationsspiele zur Weltmeisterschaft 2014, für die er jedoch letztlich nicht in den niederländischen Kader berufen wurde. Von November 2014 bis Juni 2015 wurde er dreimal in EM-Qualifikationsspielen eingesetzt und verpasste mit seiner Mannschaft die Teilnahme an der Endrunde in Frankreich. Am 10. Oktober 2016 absolvierte Willems sein 22. und bislang letztes Länderspiel bei der 0:1-Niederlage im WM-Qualifikationsspiel gegen Frankreich.

Erfolge
PSV Eindhoven
 Niederländischer Pokalsieger: 2012
 Niederländischer Meister: 2015, 2016
 Niederländischer Supercupsieger: 2015

Eintracht Frankfurt
 DFB-Pokal-Sieger: 2018

Nationalmannschaft
 U17-Europameister: 2011

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Niederlande)
Teilnehmer an einer Fußball-Europameisterschaft (Niederlande)
Fußballspieler (Sparta Rotterdam)
Fußballspieler (PSV Eindhoven)
Fußballspieler (Eintracht Frankfurt)
Fußballspieler (Newcastle United)
Fußballspieler (SpVgg Greuther Fürth)
Fußballspieler (FC Groningen)
Niederländischer Meister (Fußball)
DFB-Pokal-Sieger
Niederländer
Geboren 1994
Mann

Jetro Willems


Skip Martin, eigentlich Derek George Horowitz (* 28. März 1928 in London; † 4. November 1984 ebenda) war ein britischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Skip Martin, der als Sohn eines Belarussen und einer Engländerin in London zur Welt kam, gab 1957 in dem von Otto Preminger inszenierten Historienfilm Die heilige Johanna sein Filmdebüt. Eine seiner besten Leistungen zeigte er in der Edgar-Allan-Poe-Verfilmung Satanas – Das Schloß der blutigen Bestie. Im deutschsprachigen Raum wurde der kleinwüchsige Mime vor allem durch die zweiteilige Nibelungen-Verfilmung von Harald Reinl bekannt, in der man ihm die Rolle des Alberich übertragen hatte. Später wirkte er in Horror-Steifen wie Circus der Vampire (1972) und Frankensteins Horror-Klinik (1973), sowie in einigen Fernsehserien mit. Um sich zwischen den Engagements finanziell über Wasser zu halten, war er auch als Tabakwarenhändler tätig.

Martin starb 1984 im Alter von 56 in seiner Heimatstadt London.

Filmografie
 1957: Die heilige Johanna (Saint Joan)
 1958: Corridors of Blood
 1961: Mit Schirm, Charme und Melone (The Avengers, Fernsehserie) – Folge 6: Das Girl auf dem Trapez
 1961: Der rote Herzog (The Hellfire Club)
 1964: Satanas – Das Schloß der blutigen Bestie (The Masque of the Red Death)
 1966: Das Rätsel des silbernen Dreieck (Circus of Fear)
 1966: The Sandwich Man
 1966: Die Nibelungen, Teil 1 – Siegfried
 1966: Irrfahrt eines Weihnachtsbaumes (The Christmas Tree)
 1967: Die Nibelungen, Teil 2 – Kriemhilds Rache
 1967: Adam Adamant Lives! (Fernsehserie) – Folge 28: Wish You Were Here
 1967: Ich bin wie ich bin – Das Mädchen aus der Carnaby Street (Col cuore in gola)
 1969: Where's Jack?
 1969: Canterbury Tales (Fernsehserie) – Folge 5: The Wife of Bath's Tale/The Clerk's Tale
 1971: Shirley (Shirley's World, Fernsehserie) – Folge: Always Leave Them Laughing
 1972: Circus der Vampire (Vampire Circus)
 1973: Son of Dracula
 1973: Frankensteins Horror-Klinik (Horror Hospital)
 1975: The Goodies (Fernsehserie) – Folge 6, Staffel 5: Scatty Safari
 1975: The Goodies (Fernsehserie) – Folge 11, Staffel 5: South Africa

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Brite
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 1984
Mann

Skip Martin (Schauspieler)


هنري كوهيت وهيلين ويلز مودي فازا بأخر بطولتين لهما في فرنسا البطولات الفرنسية, وقد كانت الفوز الخامس لكوهيت والرابع لهيلين مودي.

وهنا قائمة بالبطولات الفرنسية لعام 1932 (و المعروفة الآن باسم دورة رولان غاروس) :

الكبار

فردي رجال

 هنري كوهيت هزم  جورجيو دي ستيفانو, النتيجة:6-0, 6-4, 4-6, 6-3

فردي سيدات

 هيلين ويلز مودي هزمت  سايمون ماثيو, النتيجة:7-5, 6-1

زوجي رجال
 هنري كوهيت و جاكويز بروغنون هزما  كريسيتان بواسيس و مارسيل بيرنارد, النتيجة:6-4, 3-6, 7-5, 6-3

زوجي سيدات
 هيلين ويلز مودي و إليزابيث رايان هزمتا  بيتي نتهال و إيلين بونيت وايتنغ ستال, النتيجة:6-1, 6-3

زوجي مختلط
 بيتي نتهال و فريد بيري هزما  هيلين ويلز مودي و سيدني وود, النتيجة:6-4, 6-2

مراجع

باريس في 1932
أحداث مايو 1932 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 1932 الرياضية
دورات رولان غاروس
دورات رولان غاروس حسب السنة
رياضة فرنسية في 1932
كرة المضرب في 1932
كرة مضرب فرنسية في 1932

البطولات الفرنسية 1932 (كرة مضرب)


Lovemore Bonjisi es un escultor de Zimbabue, nacido el año 1985 en Ruwa.

Datos biográficos

Lovemore Bonjisi se dedica a la talla escultórica desde los 12 años de edad, primero con su hermano Lameckem, hasta los 14 años y después por separado. Lovemore vive y trabaja en Harare, la capital de Zimbabue y es apodado el Miguel Ángel de África. Expuso en los Países Bajos, República Federal Alemana, Estados Unidos, Australia y Corea del Sur.

En 2007 visitó la República Checa, donde se presentó la exposición en el Jardín Botánico de Praga Estatuas de Zimbabue realizada del 22 al 26 de agosto y Sohu, las mujeres-cabeza del 29 de agosto al 2 de septiembre. Los interesados pueden seguir el artista en su trabajo a través de una webcam en Internet.

Referencias y notas

Notas

 Enlaces externos

 Exposición de fotografías de las esculturas de Zimbabue en Praga-Jardín Botánico de Troja (21 de junio de 2007-16 de septiembre de 2007)

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Zimbabue
Escultores del siglo XXI
Zimbabuenses del siglo XXI

Lovemore Bonjisi


الهروس هو معجون الفلفل والبصل، تعده النساء في الجنوب التونسي في منازلهن كجزء من العولة.
 ويتم إعداده على النحو التالي: يجفف الفلفل الأحمر ثم تنزع بذوره ويتم رحيه، ثم يخلط بكمية مناسبة من البصل والملح المعد مسبقا لمدة طويلة. ويستعمل الهروس في إعداد الطعام وخاصة في أنواع المرق.
 ويختلف عن الهريسة من حيث كونها تصنع من الفلفل والتوابل دون البصل.

مطبخ تونسي

هروس


Novák Csaba-Zoltán () este un senator român, ales în 2016.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Nașteri în 1975
Nașteri pe 25 octombrie
Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Uniunii Democrate Maghiare din România
Maghiari din Transilvania
Senatori români 2020-2024

Csaba Zoltán Novák


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za književnost:

Rođenja

Smrti

 15. travnja – Jean-Paul Sartre, francuski filozof, romanopisac, esejist, dramaturg, scenarist i kritičar (* 1905.)

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 18. prosinca – Dobriša Cesarić, hrvatski pjesnik i prevoditelj. (* 1902.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1980.


Viktoria Vikentievna Meffert-Abramovich (1889 - 1947) fue un botánico alemán, que migró a Rusia. Mefferet describió en 1941 una de las sinonimia de Rosa, Hulthemosa × kopetdaghensis que es una de las especies implicadas en la renominación al género Rosa.

Referencias

Botánicos de Alemania del siglo XX
Escritores en alemán

Abramovic V.V. Meffert


Un oaspete la cină este un film românesc din 1986 regizat de Mihai Constantinescu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii György Csapó, Ruxandra Bucescu și Constantin Codrescu.

Rezumat

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 György Csapó — Mihai Iliescu, muncitor optician (menționat Gheorghe Csapó)
 Ruxandra Bucescu — Ileana Pandrea, studentă la Facultatea de Arhitectură
 Constantin Codrescu — Alexandru Pandrea, profesor universitar de mecanică fină la Institutul Politehnic, tatăl Ilenei
 Adela Mărculescu — Adela Pandrea, mama Ilenei
 Paul Lavric — Crișovanu, șef de secție la Fabrica de Aparate Optice
 Geo Costiniu — Dan Trăistaru, asistent universitar la Institutul Politehnic
 Daniel Tomescu — Hârtopanu, inginer optician, șeful echipei de cercetare a microscopului stereoscopic
 Vasile Muraru — Fănel, muncitor optician, colegul lui Mihai
 Carmen Enea — Dorina, studentă, colega de facultate a Ilenei
 Răzvan Florea — Ionuț, fratele mai mic al lui Mihai Iliescu
 Ion Siminie — Cârțu, directorul Fabricii de Aparate Optice
 Nicolae Albani — prorectorul Institutului Politehnic
 Vasile Popa — Pavel, muncitor optician, colegul lui Mihai
 Oana Ștefănescu
 Gheorghe Șimonca — maistru optician, coleg de serviciu al lui Mihai
 Jana Gorea — madam Petcu, gazda familiei Iliescu
 Mircea Stoian
 Geanina Crăciun
 Gheorghe Dănilă
 Lamia Beligan
 Marcel Horobeț
 Ștefan Guță
 Gabriela Baciu
 Velvet Moraru
 Gabriela Toma
 Mircea Bucescu
 Ștefan Mîntulescu
 Mirela Stănescu
 Ana Manolache
 Alexandru Manea
 Nicolae Pădureanu
 Niță Anastase — șoferul care transportă mobila (nemenționat)

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.974.566 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1986 în film

Filme din 1986
Filme regizate de Mihai Constantinescu
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice românești

Un oaspete la cină


Alain Testart (1945-2013), anthropologue français ;
 Jacques Testart (né en 1939), biologiste français ;
 Paul Testart (1872-1961), imprimeur-libraire et éditeur de cartes postales à Épinal.

Testart


Spice Girls (Baharat Kızlar), kadınlardan oluşan İngiliz müzik grubu. Grup üyeleri; Mel B olarak tanınan Melanie Brown, Sporty Spice (Sportmen Baharat) Mel C olarak bilinen Melanie Chisholm, Baby Spice (Bebek Baharat) Emma Bunton, Ginger Spice (Kızıl Baharat), Geri Halliwell ve Posh Spice (Sosyetik Baharat) Victoria Beckham (Adams)' dır. Gruba takma isimlerini 1996 yılında "Top of the Pops" dergisi vermiş ve bu takma isimler hem basın hem de grup tarafından kabul edilmiştir.  "Kız Gücü (Girl Power)" sloganıyla hareket eden grup, 90'lı yılların pop kültür ikonlarından olmuştur. Grup, 90'lı yıllardaki genç pop kültürün tekrar ortaya çıkmasında rol oynamış ve İngilizlerin Amerika kıtasını 90'lı yıllardaki ikinci işgali olarak tanımlamıştır. Time Dergisi, grubu İngiltere'nin en çok tanınan yüzü olarak tanımlamıştır.

Grup, ilk single'ları olan "Wannabe" yi 1996 yılında  Virgin Records'dan çıkartmıştır. Single, 37 ülkede bir numara olmuş ve grubun uluslararası başarısının mimarı olmuştur.  İlk albümleri Spice (1996), dünya çapında 23 milyondan fazla satmış, tarihte bir kadın grubu tarafından en çok satılan albüm olmuştur. Bir sonraki albümleri Spiceworld (1997) de ticari olarak başarılı bir albüm olmuştur. Dünya çapında 13 milyondan fazla satmıştır.  Kasım 2000'de Halliwell'in olmadığı ilk albümleri Forever'ı yayınlamıştır. Ocak 2021'de grup üyeleri solo kariyerlerine ağırlık vereceklerini ama grubun devam edeceğini açıklamışlardır.

Spice Girls'ün (Baharat Kızlar) başarısının kaynağı, tişörtlerden grup üyelerinin bebeklerine kadar çok geniş bir ürün pazarlama becerileri, Geri Halliwell'in Birleşik Krallık bayrağı desenli ikonik elbisesi, Spice World (1997) filmi ve 2007-2008 ile 2019 yıllarında düzenledikleri tekrar birleşme turneleridir. Simon Fuller'ın hamiliği ve menajerliğinde grubun kendisi de bir ürün olarak pazarlanmayı kabul etmiş ve İngiliz ve dünya basınında sürekli yer almıştır.  Grup zamanının en başarılı pazarlama ürünlerinden biri olmuştur. Mayıs 1998 itibarıyla gelirleri yaklaşık olarak $500–800 milyondur.

Spice Girls dünya çapında 90 milyon albüm satmış ve pek çok ödülün de sahibi olmuştur. 5 kez Brit Awards kazanan grup, 3 kez American Music Awards, 4 kez Billboard Music Awards, 3 kez MTV Europe Music Awards, 1 MTV Video Music Award ve 3 kez World Music Awards sahibi olmuştur.

2000 yılında Brit Awards'da "müziğe olan katkılarından" kategorisinin en genç kazananı olmuşlardır.

Kuruluşu
Grubun ortaya çıkışı; 1994 yılında bir İngiliz gazetesine verilen bir ilan sonucu başvuran yüzlerce genç kız arasından seçilen Geri Halliwell, Melanie Brown, Emma Bunton, Victoria Adams  ve Melanie Chisholm'un hizmet ettiği "ortak hedef" çerçevesinde alışılmışın dışında bir şekilde gerçekleşti.

Üyeleri
 Emma Bunton
21 Ocak 1976, Takma Adı: Baby Spice (Bebek Baharat) Gruba en son katılan ve en genç üye Emma, özellikle çocukların favori Spice'ıydı. Çocukken aldığı eğitimi sayesindeki danstaki becerisi ve kadife sesiyle Spice Girls şarkılarına renk katan önemli bir eleman oldu. Grup dağıldıktan sonra "A Girl Like Me" (2001),"Free Me" (2004) ve "Life In Mono" (2006) adlı 3 solo albüm çıkardı, fakat aksine solo kariyeri gruptaki başarısı gibi ses getirmedi. Ağustos 2007'de nişanlısı Jade Jones'dan, Beau adında bir erkek çocuğu dünyaya getirdi.
 Geri Halliwell
6 Ağustos 1972, Takma Adı: Ginger Spice (Kızıl Baharat) Baharat Kızlar'ın gerçek "baharat"ı Geri, kızlar arasındaki en büyük ve en tecrübeli üyedir. Kızıl-sarı saçları ve Madonna ve Wonder Woman karışımı ilginç kostümleriyle gruptaki en ilgi çeken Spice'dı. Seksi sesiyle söylediği her şarkıyı "baharatlayan" Geri, 31 Mayıs 1998'de Spice Girls'den ayrıldı. "Schizophonic" (1999), "Scream If You Wanna Go Faster" (2001), adlı 2 başarılı albüm çıkardı. 2005 te ise "Passion" adında 3. albümünü çıkardı ama bu albümde çok fazla başarı sağlayamadı. Mayıs 2006'da, Traffic filminin senaristi Sasha Gervasi'den Bluebell Madonna adlı bir kız çocuk dünyaya getirdi. 2007/2008 turnesi için Spice Girls'ün bir araya gelmesindeki en büyük etken olduğu söylenen Geri, ayrıca 2008'de "Ugenia Lavender" isimli çocuk kitapları serisi çıkarttı. Beklenenin çok üstünde ilgi gören Ugenia Lavender'ın beyazperdeye aktarılacağı söylentilerini, serinin resmi sitesinde yaptığı açıklamada Hollywood senaristlerinin Ugenia ile yakından ilgilendiklerini söyleyerek yanıtladı.
 Melanie Brown:
29 Mayıs 1975, Takma Adı: Scary Spice (Korkunç Baharat) Grubun siyahi elemanı Mel B, baharatlar arasındaki en vahşi görünendi. Leopar desenli giysileri, kabarık saçları ve platform ayakkabılarıyla 1990'larda 1970'ler modasını geri getirmişti. En iyi dans eden Spice'tı. Grup dağılmadan 1998 yılında Missy Elliot ile düet yaptığı "I want you back" isimli single ile Britanya'da bir numaraya oturmuştur. Spice Girls'den sonra "Hot" (2000) ve "L.A.State Of Mind" (2005) adlı iki albüm çıkardı. Ancak bu albümlerde çok fazla ses getirmedi 1999'da Spice Girls dansçısı Jimmy Gulzar'dan Phoenix Chi, 2007'de ünlü oyuncu Eddie Murphy'den Angel Iris isminde iki kız çocuğu dünyaya getirdi. Haziran 2007'de Stephen Belafonte ile dünya evine girdi. 2008 Kainat Güzellik Yarışması'nda sunuculuk yapan Melanie, yıl sonunda merakla beklenen 3. albümünü 2008 sonunda piyasaya sürülmesi beklenirken hâlâ sürülmemiştir.
 Melanie Chisholm:
12 Ocak 1974, Takma Adı: Sporty Spice (Sportif Baharat) Kaslı ve enerjik Spice, Melanie C, başlarda en sessiz, sakin baharat kızdı. Hiç kuşkusuz kızlar arasında en iyi sese sahip olan da Mel C'nin ta kendisiydi. Grubun ara verdiği sırada yaptığı "Northern Star" (1999) albümünün başarısının ardından "Reason" (2002) ve "Beautiful Intentions" (2005) ve "This Time" (2007) adlı başarılı albümler çıkardı.Albümler Spice Girls gibi büyük sükse yapamasa da kendisi solo kariyerini en uzun süre devam ettiren, en iyi başarı sağlayan baharattır.
 Victoria Adams/Beckham:

17 Nisan 1974, Takma Adı: Posh Spice (Havalı Baharat) Spice Girl'lerin en şık ve havalısı Victoria, vokal kabiliyeti en az olan baharattı ama tüm Spice kızları gibi başarılı bir dansçıydı. 1997'de nişanlandığı David Beckham ile 1999'da evlendi ve çift günümüzün en ünlü çifti haline geldi. "Victoria Beckham" (2001) adını taşıyan bir solo albüm ve "This Groove/Let Your Head Go" adlı bir single çıkardı. "That Extra Half an Inch: Hair, Heels and Everything In Between" adlı bir kitap yazdı. Fakat o da solo kariyerinde istenilen başarıyı yakalayamayınca moda dünyasına yöneldi ve magazin basının vazgeçilmez ismi haline geldi. "Rock and Republic" moda markasını kurdu. Bir moda ikonu olarak kaldı. Brooklyn, Romeo, Cruz ve Harper adlı 4 çocuğu vardır.

Londra'da kendilerine tutulan bir evde yaşayıp, besteler yapmaya çalışan bu "şanslı" 5 genç kız, onlara sonsuz bir inançla bağlı olan menajerleri Simon Fuller'ın desteğiyle Virgin Records ile anlaşma imzaladı ve dans dersleri, şan dersleri, imaj derken, tam anlamıyla "bir gecede yıldız" oldular.

Başlangıç ve başarı
1996 yazında piyasaya sürüldüğü gibi patlayan "Wannabe" 45'liği, birbirlerinden hem görünüş hem de tavır olarak farklı oldukları için kendilerine taktıkları Spice Girls ismini Britanya listesinde 7 hafta zirveye kazıdığında eleştirmenler tarafından pek ciddiye alınmamıştı. Grubun bu beklenmedik başarısını hitap ettikleri kitlenin yaş ortalamasının oldukça küçük olmasına bağlanmıştı, ta ki Kraliçe Elizabeth bile bir Spice Girls hayranı olduğunu itiraf edene kadar. Baharat Kızlar'ın şöhreti dalga dalga tüm dünyaya yayılırken, ilk çıktıklarında onlara eleştiriler yağdıranlar susarak onların bir açığını yakalamayı beklediler. "Wannabe" 37 ülkede liste başı oldu ve 1996'nın adeta marşı haline geldi.

Topluluğun zirve keyfi yaşayan "Say You'll Be There", "2 Become 1" gibi günümüzde pop klasiği olarak nitelendirilen çalışmaları içinde barındıran ilk albümleri "Spice" 90'ların en çok 1 numarada kalan albümü unvanına sahip, 25 milyon satmış bir çalışma olunca haliyle kimse "one hit wonder" diyemedi bu kızlar için.

Esas bombanın, her Britanyalılar için "rüya" olan Amerikan müzik piyasası üzerinde yarattığı, benzerine yalnızca The Beatles zamanında yaşanmış başarılar zinciri olduğunu da unutmamak gerekir. "Wannabe"nin Billboard Hot 100'e 11 numaradan girerek -ki bu tüm zamanların İngiliz debut single rekoru- hemen liste başına yerleşmesi ve aynı anda albümün patlaması grubun birçok kez "Beatles'ın tahtının sahibi" olarak anılmasına neden oldu. "Spice" albümünün Atlantik'in iki tarafında da 1 numara olması beraberinde kızlara star unvanını da getirdi. Onlar Birleşik Krallık'ın müzik arenasındaki gururlarıydılar.

İnsanlar bu 5 çılgın kız hakkında her şeyi merak ediyorlardı. Çok kısa bir
sürede kırılmadık rekor bırakmayan Spice Girls tv programlarının, gazete
ve dergilerin vazgeçilmez konu mankenleri oldu. Özel hayatları didik didik
edilen kızlar,dünyanın ünlü ve zengin erkekleriyle de anılıyorlardı. Dönemin
bir başka başarılı popçusu Kavana, grubun "sportif" kızı Mel C ile, R&B şarkıcısı Jade "bebek" baharat Emma ile birlikte magazin gündemini süsledi. Geri ise şüphesiz spicelar arasında en çapkın olanıydı. Grubun beyni olarak bilinen ve üyeler arasında yaşça en büyük olan Geri giysileri, şovları ve aşklarıyla kızlar arasında en çok dikkat çeken isimdi.

Attıkları her adım olay olan Spice Girls'ün 2.albümleri "Spice World" 1997'nin en çok satan albümlerinden biri oldu. Çektikleri "Spice World: The Movie" adlı filmle Cannes Film Festivali'ne katıldılar. Ve gişe rekorları kırdılar.

Özellikle "Spice World" döneminde, albümün ve filmin adına yakışır bir şekilde "pazarlama harikası"na dönüşen grubun yan sektörleri oluştu ve hayranların büyük ilgisini çeken oyuncak bebekleri, t-shirtleri, çantaları, şekerleri, deodorantları vs. Spice Girls fenomeninin yansıdığı eşyalardan sadece birkaçı...

Bu sırada başlattıkları görkemli dünya turnesi, Spice Girls'ün dünyanın dört bir yanındaki milyonlarca hayranına seslenmesini sağladı. 100'ün üzerinde konser içeren turne, İstanbul'da başlamıştı.

Etkisi
Grup, öyle bir fenomen yarattı ki, Spice Girls'ün başarısını ağızlarının suları akarak izleyen paragöz plak şirketi sahipleri, girl band formatında yeni kızları müzik arenasına sürdü. Spice Girls için "fabrikasyon" tanımlamasını kullanan All Saints kızları "Never Ever" 45'liğiyle listelerde kendini gösterirken, manken fizikli Close II You, İrlanda'nın şirin köy kızları B*Witched, orijinallik yoksunu No Angels,Girls Aloud ve Popsie gibi gruplar, Spice'ların takipçisi oldular. Tabii ki hiçbir girl band, Spice Girls'ün tahtını ele geçiremedi.

Geri Adım
Geri Halliwell, Mayıs ayında Spice Girls'den ayrıldı. Geri'nin ayrılması, her birinin tek başına anılmasına yol açtı. Victoria'nın David Beckham'la olan ilişkisi, Melanie B'nin hamileliği derken grup '98 sonunda bitirdiği Amerika turnesinin ardından müziğe ara verdi.

Solo Çalışmalar
1999'dan beri Spice Girls elemanları solo çalışmalarıyla ayakta kaldı. Geri'nin "If Only" adlı kitabı 500.000 satışla '99'un Avrupa genelinde en çok satan otobiyografisi oldu. Spice Girls'ün müzik yaşamına da ışık tutan kitapta anlatılanlar grupla Geri'nin arasını bir kez daha açmış oldu. Ayrıca Halliwell "Schizophonic" adını taşıyan solo albümünü piyasaya sürdü. "Schizophonic", grubu terk ettiği günden beri dünyanın en çok konuşulan kadını olan Geri'nin yalnızca magazin yönüyle değil, şarkılarıyla da varolabileceğini gösterdi. Melanie C ise ilk solo albümünden çıkardığı "Never Be The Same Again" ve "I Turn To You" hitleriyle listelerde kendine yer buldu. Victoria otobiyografisi "Learning To Fly" ile bestseller olurken, Emma "What Took You So Long",Mel B ise "I Want You Back" ile Britanya'da 1 numaraya yükseldi.

Dağılma
2000'de Halliwell dışındaki üyeler bir araya gelerek "Forever" adını verdikleri 3.albümlerini çıkardılar. Bu kez, önceki albümlerdeki pop soundunu, r&b'ye geçiş yaparak yıkan Spice Girls, büyük bir risk almış oldu. "Holler/Let Love Lead The Way" double single'ı bir numaraya oturdu. Albüm, 5.000.000 sattı." Dünyanın en büyük grubu" olarak tanımlayan Baharat Kızlar, aynı yıl, Brit Awards'ın kendilerine verdiği, efsanelere layık görülen "Hayat Boyu Başarı" ödülü, Spice Girls'ün müzikal sürecini tamamladığına işaret ediyordu. Grup üyeleri Şubat 2001'de yollarını ayırsa da, hiçbir zaman dağıldıklarını resmi olarak açıklamadı.

Geri Dönüş ve 2007/2008 Turnesi
Grup dağıldıktan 2 sene sonra Victoria Beckham'ın grubu yeniden bir araya getireceğini iddia etse de yıllarca 5 Baharat Kız'ı birlikte görmek isteyen hayranların rüyaları, ancak 28 Haziran 2007'de gerçek oldu. Spice Girls'ün uzun süredir planlanan geri dönüşü için tek engel olarak gösterilen Mel C, en sonunda Emma, Geri, Victoria ve Mel B ile yeniden bir araya gelmeyi kabul etti. Londra 02 Venue'da basın toplantısı yapmak için 9 yıl sonra ilk kez bir araya gelen Geri Halliwell, Melanie Brown, Victoria Beckham, Melanie Chisholm ve Emma Bunton, Aralık 2007'de başlayacak yeni turneleri hakkında bilgi verdi. Los Angeles'tan Köln'e, Arjantin'den Cape Town'a 11 ülkeyi ve 6 kıtayı kapsayacak olan turne, Noel'de piyasaya sürülecek "The Greatest Hits" toplama albümü ve grubun perde arkasını anlatacak belgesel filmle desteklenecek. Aralarındaki kimyanın 10 yıl öncesinden farksız olduğu gözlenen Baharat Kızlar, 2005 yılında geri dönen Take That grubuyla kıyaslanmak istemediklerini, sadece hayranlarına teşekkür etmek için bir turne hazırladıklarını belirttiler. Geri dönüş turnesi için bir günde 1 milyondan fazla insanın bilet başvurusunda bulundu. Tur biletleri 38 saniyede satılarak bitti. Böylece Spice Girls bir kez daha Guiness Rekorlar kitabına girdi.

Veda
Başlangıçta sadece 11 konser içereceğini açıkladıkları Return Of The  Spice Girls turnesi, öyle büyük ilgi gördü ki kızlar çareyi konser sayısını 47'ye çıkarmakta buldu. ABD ve Birleşik Krallık konserlerini arttıran kızlar, Çin, Arjantin ve Cape Town konserlerini yoğun programları nedeniyle iptal etmek zorunda kaldılar. Turnenin bitmesiyle yeniden yollarını ayıran Spice Girls üyeleri, haklarında çıkan "kavgalılar, geçinemiyorlar" söylentilerine web sitelerinden yayınladıkları bu mesajla cevap verdi:

"Evet zaman doldu, yolun sonuna geldik. Hüzün ve sevinç bir arada. Ne kadar da mesafe kat ettik.

Tekrar bir araya gelmemizin böylesine muhteşem bir şey olabileceğini kim tahmin edebilirdi ki?

Bizim küçük hayalimiz nasıl  da büyüdü, inanılmaz bir rüyaya dönüştü. Bu bizim hayallerimizin gerçek olmasının bir ispatı.

10 yıl sonra tekrar başladık ve eski sevenlerimize yenileri de ekledik.

47 şov boyunca bizlere verdiğiniz ilham ve motivasyon için çok teşekkür ederiz."

Diskografi

Albümler
 Spice (1996)
 Spiceworld (1997)
 Forever (2000)
 Greatest Hits (2007)

45'likler
 Wannabe (1996)
 Say You'll Be There (1996)
 2 Become 1 (1996)
 Mama/Who do you think you are (1997)
 Spice Up Your Life (1997)
 Too Much (1997)
 Stop (1998)
 Viva Forever (1998)
 Goodbye (1998)
 Holler/Let Love Lead The Way (2000)
 Headlines(Friendship Never Ends) (2007)

Turneler
 1997-1998: Spiceworld Tour
 1999: Christmas in Spiceworld
 2007-2008: The Return of the Spice Girls
 2019: Spice World 2019

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.thespicegirls.com
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091024051956/http://returnofthespicegirls.com/
 http://www.gerihalliwell.co.uk
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130523093914/http://www.melanie-c.net.ms/
 http://www.melaniec.net
 https://web.archive.org/web/20141221123451/http://www.portalmelaniec.com/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20200128030637/http://www.emmabuntonofficial.com/

http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/article6997164.ece </references>

1990'ların müzik grupları
2000'lerin müzik grupları
İngiliz pop müzik grupları
Ivor Novello Ödülü sahipleri
MTV Video Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
BRIT Ödülü sahipleri
Juno Ödülü sahipleri
MTV Video Müzik Ödülleri En İyi Dans Video Klibi sahipleri
En İyi Grup MTV Avrupa Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
MTV Avrupa Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Feminist müzisyenler

Spice Girls


Mladinj je nenaseljeni otočić uz zapadnu obalu otoka Molata. Od obale Molata je udaljen oko 230 metara.

Površina otoka je 4.543 m2, duljina obalne crte 256 m, a visina oko 7 metara.

Izvori

Sjevernodalmatinski otoci

Mladinj


Biserica de lemn din Runcușor, comuna Bala, județul Mehedinți, a fost construită în secolul XIX (1834). Are hramul "Sfântul Mare Mucenic Gheorghe". Biserica se află pe lista monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
La Runcușor este un caz singular întâlnit, la bisericile din Plaiul Cloșani, când clopotnița nu se află în apropierea bisericii, ea fiind amplasată la drumul principal ce străbate satul, semnalând existența bisericii în apropiere, dar ascunsă vederii, o bisericuță înconjurată de crucile din cimitir. În anuarul pe 1900 ea este consemnată ca biserică de lemn, cu hramul Sfântul Gheorghe, construită în anul 1834, avându-l ca preot la 1900 pe G. Izverceanu, iar epitrop pe Gh. P. Mănescu.

Pe latura vestică are un pridvor din lemn, deschis, sprijinit pe patru stâlpi. Biserica este tencuită, cu ferestre mici, fără zugrăveli exterioare sau interioare. Toate aceste trăsături, la care se adaugă peretele plin dintre naos și pronaos și clopotnița separată de corpul bisericii, îi dau o notă de arhaicitate, biserica putând fi mai veche, mai ales că nu are nici o pisanie care să confirme datarea.

În interior se remarcă catapeteasma, ușile și icoanele împărătești. Catapeteasma cuprinde trei rânduri de icoane bine lucrate, despărțite printr-un motiv geometric format din linii care se întretaie, iar în partea de sus se află un motiv floral, spiralat. Chiar lângă boltă este crucea cu Răstignirea Mântuitorului, având alături două molene cu chipuri feminine, iar în părțile laterale Soarele și Luna.

Icoanele împărătești: în partea centrală Mântuitorul și Maica Domnului stau pe câte un jilț și sunt zugrăviți în culori sobre, cu straie aurii și coroană pe cap. În partea stângă icoana Arhanghelul Mihail, cu sabia ridicată, iar în partea dreaptă se află icoana de hram, Sfântul Mare Mucenic Gheorghe.

Note

Bibliografie
Studii regionale
C.Boteanu, V.Oprenescu - Bisericile din Plaiul Cloșani, vol.I, Editura TipoRadical (2007)

Vezi și
 Runcușoru, Mehedinți

Runcușor
Monumente istorice din județul Mehedinți
Biserici din secolul al XIX-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Gheorghe

Biserica de lemn din Runcușor