An intendant (;  ;  ) was, and sometimes still is, a public official, especially in France, Spain, Portugal, and Latin America. The intendancy system was a centralizing administrative system developed in France. In the War of the Spanish Succession of 1701 to 1714 the French royal House of Bourbon secured its hold on the throne of Spain; it extended a French-style intendancy system to Spain and Portugal - and subsequently worldwide through the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire. Regions were divided into districts, each administered by an intendant.
The title continues in use in Spain and in parts of Spanish America for particular government officials.

Development of the system in France
Intendants were royal civil servants in France under the Old Regime.  A product of the centralization policies of the French crown, intendants were appointed "commissions," and not purchasable hereditary "offices," which thus prevented the abuse of sales of royal offices and made them more tractable and subservient emissaries of the king.  Intendants were sent to supervise and enforce the king's will in the provinces and had jurisdiction over three areas: finances, policing and justice.

Their missions were always temporary, which helped reduce favorable bias toward a province, and were focused on royal inspection.  Article 54 of the Code Michau described their functions as "to learn about all crimes, misdemeanors and financial misdealings committed by our officials and of other things concerning our service and the tranquility of our people" ("informer de tous crimes, abus et malversations commises par nos officiers et autres choses concernant notre service et le soulagement de notre peuple").

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the intendants were chosen from the noblesse de robe ("administrative nobility") or the upper-bourgeoisie.  Generally, they were masters of requests in the Conseil des parties. They were chosen by the Controller-General of Finances who asked the advice of the Secretary of State for War for those who were to be sent in border provinces.  They were often young: Charles Alexandre de Calonne became an intendant at the age of 32, Turgot and Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny at the age of 34, and Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny at the age of 40.

A symbol of royal centralization and absolutism, the intendant had numerous adversaries.  Those nostalgic for an administration based on noble lineage (such as Saint-Simon) saw intendants as parvenus and usurpers of noble power.  Partisans of a less absolute monarchy (such as Fénelon) called for them to be abolished.  Jacques Necker, the only Minister of Finances since 1720 who had not himself been an intendant, accused them of incompetence because of their youth and social aspirations. The cahiers de doléances of 1789 depicted them as over zealous agents of fiscal policies which weighed heavily on the people.

The term intendant was also used for certain positions close to the Controller-General (see this term for more information):
 intendants of finance
 intendants of commerce
 intendants of the sovereign council

In the same way, the term intendant général was used for certain commissioned positions close to the State Secretaries of War and of the Navy.

History
As early as the 15th century, the French kings sent commissioners to the provinces to report on royal and administrative issues and to undertake any necessary action.  These agents of the king were recruited from among the masters of requests, the Councillors of State and members of the Parlements or the Court of Accounts.  Their mission was always for a specific mandate and lasted for a limited period.  Along with these, there were also commissioners sent to the army, in charge of provisioning the army, policing and finances; they would supervise accountants, providers, merchants, and generals, and attend war councils and tribunals for military crimes.  Such commissioners are found in Corsica as early as 1553, in Bourges in 1592, in Troyes in 1594, and in Limoges in 1596.

When Henry IV ascended the throne in 1589, one of his prime focuses was to reduce the privileges of the provincial governors who, in theory, represented "the presence of the king in his province" but had, during the civil wars of the early modern period, proven themselves to be highly intractable; these positions had long been held by only the highest ranked noble families in the realm.  The Intendants to the provinces —- the term "Intendant" appears around 1620 during the reign of Louis XIII – became an effective tool of regional control.

Under Louis XIII's minister Cardinal Richelieu, with France's entry into the Thirty Years' War in 1635, the Intendants became a permanent institution in France.  No longer mere inspectors, their role became one of government administrators.  During the Fronde in 1648, the members of Parlement of the Chambre Saint-Louis demanded that the Intendants be suppressed; Mazarin and Anne of Austria gave in to these demands except in the case of border provinces threatened by Spanish or Imperial attack.  At the end of the Fronde, the Intendants were reinstated.

When Louis XIV (1643–1715) was in power, the Marquis of Louvois, War Secretary between 1677 and 1691, further expanded the power of the provincial intendants. They monitored Louis's refinements of the French military, including the institution of a merit promotion system and a policy of enlistment limited to single men for periods of four years.  After 1680, Intendants in France had a permanent position in a fixed region (or "généralité"); their official titles being intendant de justice, police et finances, commissaires départis dans les généralités du royaume pour l'exécution des ordres du roi (or de Sa Majesté).

The position of Intendant remained in existence until the French Revolution. The title was maintained thereafter for military officers with responsibility for financial auditing at regimental level and above.

A 2021 study, which used a dataset of 430 intendants from 1640 to 1789, found that less than half of these officials went through the legally-specified training path. The study raised questions about the impersonal nature of these bureaucrats, with evidence indicating that familial and marital ties were factors in appointments, and that appointment duration had wide variability.

Functions
Appointed and revoked by the king and reporting to the Controller-General of Finances, the Intendant in his "généralité" had at his service a small team of secretaries.  In the 18th century, the "généralité" was subdivided into "subdelegations" at the head of which was placed a "subdelegate" (having also a team of secretaries) chosen by the Intendant.  In this way, the Intendant was relatively understaffed given his large jurisdiction.

Notable intendants
 Claude-François Bertrand de Boucheporn, in Corsica then Pau, Bayonne and Auch
 Paul Esprit Marie de la Bourdonnaye in Poitiers
 Charles Alexandre de Calonne in Metz, then in Lille, future Controller-General of Finances
 Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur in Bordeaux
 Antoine-Martin Chaumont de La Galaizière in Soissons then in Lorraine
 Jean-Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon in Poitiers
 Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny in Limoges, then in Bordeaux
 Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot in Limoges, future Controller-General of Finances

New France
The French North American colony of New France, which later became the Canadian province of Quebec, also had a senior official called an intendant, who was responsible to the French King. New France's first intendant was Jean Talon, comte d'Orsainville in 1665, and the last one, at the time of the British conquest of Quebec was François Bigot.

Spain and Spanish Empire
Intendants were introduced into Spain and the Spanish Empire during the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms. The reforms were designed by the new dynasty to make political administration more efficient and to promote economic, commercial, and fiscal development of their new realms. An intendente was in charge of a Spanish administrative unit, called an intendencia, which could include one or more provinces. The intendente was appointed directly by the Crown and had responsibility to oversee the treasury, the collection of taxes, and corruption practices and to promote agriculture and economic growth in general. With fiscal powers that gave them a say in almost all administrative, ecclesiastical and military matters, intendentes were conceived by the Bourbon kings to be a check on other local officials (who in the past couple of centuries had come to gain their position through the sale of offices or inheritance), just as the intendants had been in France a century earlier. Throughout the 18th century the Bourbons experimented with the powers and duties of the intendants, both in Spain and overseas, so what follows is only a general description of the Spanish intendancy. In any given area at any given time, the duties of the intendant would have been specified by the laws that established that particular intendancy.

The first intendencias were established in Spain after 1711, during the War of the Spanish Succession on the advice of Jean Orry, who had been sent by Louis XIV of France to help his young grandson Philip V set up his new government. The first intendants (superintendentes generales del ejército) oversaw the finances of the army and of the territories conquered by the Bourbons, and after the war, they were made permanent (intendentes de ejército y provincia). (After 1724, most intendancies lost their military character except in areas with a captaincy general and in Navarre.) In 1749 an intendancy was established in every province, with the intendant also holding the office of corregidor of the capital city.  (The offices were separated again in 1766). District alcaldes mayores or coregidores were subordinated to the provincial intendente-corregidor and assisted him in managing the province and implementing reforms.

As a result of the Seven Years' War an intendancy was set up in Cuba in 1764. The Cuban intendant had oversight of the army's and the royal treasury's finances. (Two new intendancies with oversight only over the treasury were established in 1786 in Camagüey and Santiago de Cuba.) After a two years of experimentation with the new office, an intendancy was introduced in Louisiana (1764).

That same year Visitador General José de Gálvez created a plan to set up intendancies in New Spain (Mexico). The first one was set up in central Mexico in 1786, followed in 1787 by Veracruz, Puebla, Valladolid in Michoacan, Guadalajara, Oaxaca, Guanajuato, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Durango,  Sonora, and in 1789 Mérida, the main city in Yucatán. These administrative changes codified existing regional divisions of Center (Mexico, Veracruz, Puebla, Michoacan), South (Oaxaca, Mérida), and North (Zacatecas, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Durango, and Sonora).

In 1776 Gálvez, now Minister of the Indies, established an intendancy (superintendencia) for all of Venezuela in 1776, and several in the Río de la Plata in 1783.  Most of the overseas intendants were assisted by officials (subdelegados) who replaced the old corregidores or alcaldes mayores.  Initially intendancies were held by a separate person from the viceroy or the governor, but eventually in many places the offices were granted to one person due to conflicts that emerged between these two.

More intendancies were established in Quito, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico (1784), Guatemala, more areas of New Spain, Chile (1786) and Cuenca (1786).  The Revolt of the Comuneros prevented their installation in New Granada.

Portugal and Portuguese Empire

In Portugal, historically, the title "intendant" (intendente in Portuguese) has been mainly associated with police roles.

From 1760 to 1832, the head of the Police of the Kingdom of Portugal had the title of "Intendant General of the Police of the Court and of the Kingdom". A similar title - that of "Intendant General of the Public Security" - was used from 1928 to 1932 to designate the head of the Portuguese Civil Police.

Current use in Hispanic and Lusophone countries

Portugal

Presently, intendant is a rank of officer in the Public Security Police, roughly equivalent to the military rank of lieutenant-colonel. Analogously, the police rank of sub-intendant corresponds to the rank of major, while the police rank of superintendent corresponds to the rank of colonel.

The rank insignia of an intendant consists of a dark blue epaulet with two crossed horsewhips inside a laurel wreath and two PSP stars. Each PSP star consists in a six points silver star with the "SP" monogram in the center. The rank insignia of a sub-intendant is similar but with only a single PSP star.

Spain
Nowadays in the Spanish armed forces, the title Intendant refers to a Colonel in the Supply Branch either in the Navy, Army or Air Force. It is also used in some branches of the administration such as the Catalan Police, (Mossos d'Esquadra in Catalan) or in some Autonomous Communities (Comunidades Autónomas in Spanish).

Argentina
In Argentina, intendente (m) or intendenta (f) refers to city mayors – heads of government of municipalities (or partidos in Buenos Aires Province). This meaning is not at all connected to the usage in other countries. Spanish-language media in countries other than Argentina tend to refer to Argentine city mayors as alcaldes, which is the most common Spanish word for mayor.
In the Argentine Army, "Intendencia" is the Spanish name of the Quartermaster Corps, and its members are informally called "intendentes".
In some organizations, such as clubs, gated communities, large companies, etc., "intendente" is the name given to the person in charge of general maintenance of common spaces.

Chile
Chile is administratively divided in 16 regions. Between 1976 (1974 in some regions) and 2021, each region was headed by an intendant, appointed by the president.

Cuba
In Cuba, the intendant was introduced by the Constitution of the Republic (2019) to head the Administrative Councils - subordinate to the Municipal Assemblies of People's Power (town halls) - and with strictly executive-administrative functions. As the highest local authority is the President of the Municipal Assembly (mayor), it is up to him to designate and remove the intendant, after agreement with the majority of the Delegates of People's Power (councilors).

Paraguay
The Republic of Paraguay is administratively divided into 17 departamentos (departments), each of which is headed by an gobernador departamental (departmental governor). These departamentos are divided into 261 distritos (districts) (plus the capital district), districts are headed by an intendente municipal (municipal intendant), these  intendants are popularly elected, and serve a term of five years.

Uruguay
Uruguay is divided administratively into 19 departamentos (departments). The executive power of each department is the intendencia (intendancy), headed by an intendente departamental (departmental intendant).  The intendants are popularly elected, and serve a term of five years.

Japan
A daikan was an intendant or magistrate in historical Japan.  The office he held was called the Daikansho.  The daikan was responsible for overseeing a range of governmental functions, including infrastructure, tax collection, and judicial matters.

Russia and Soviet Union
The position of intendant was part of the tsarist Russian army from 1812 to 1868; intendants were responsible for supplies, finances, etc. in the field. After the 1935 rank reform that established 'personal ranks' in the Soviet military, it was reintroduced as the rank title for administrative and supply officers. The specific ranks, their collar insignia, and their line equivalents were:
technician-intendant second class, two rectangles, lieutenant
technician-intendant first class, three rectangles, senior lieutenant
intendant third class, one rectangle, captain
intendant second class, two rectangles, major
intendant first class, three rectangles, colonel.
brigindendant (i.e., brigade intendant), one diamond, kombrig (brigade commander)
divintendant (i.e., division intendant), two diamonds, komdiv (division commander)
korindendant (i.e., corps intendant), three diamonds, komkor (corps commander)
armintendant (i.e., army intendant), four diamonds, komandarm (army commander) second class.

On 7 May 1940, the rank title system for all Soviet Army senior officers was changed to bring it closer in line with standard European practice, and the ranks of major general of the intendant service, lieutenant general of the intendant service, and colonel general of the intendant service were introduced. Senior officers from brigintendant to armintendant rank underwent a re-attestation process and were given a general rank.

On 30 March 1942, the 'intendant' ranks equivalent to those between lieutenant and colonel were abolished, and officers holding those ranks also underwent a re-attestation process and received ranks ranging from lieutenant of the intendant service to colonel of the administrative service.

Scotland
In Scotland intendant is an archaic title meaning "supervisor" or "curator". The senior officer of the City of Glasgow Police was called an Intendant in the document establishing the force in  1800.

United States
For much of its history, the chief magistrate of the city of Charleston, South Carolina was the Intendant of the City, roughly corresponding to a mayor. The title Intendant was also used in other Lowcountry towns, where the office was assisted by "wardens," a system which may have derived from earlier ecclesiastical administration under colonial rule.

Other uses
It is also commonly found today in many theaters and opera houses in Europe, where it is the equivalent to the title of general director, given to an individual in a managerial position, generally having control over all aspects of the company.

In Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Intendant was a title in the mirror universe. The mirror universe version of Kira Nerys held the position of Intendant of Bajor.

See also
Bourbon reforms
List of governors and intendants in the Viceroyalty of New Spain
List of intendants in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Quartermaster

References
Portions of the section on France are a translation of the article Intendant (Ancien Régime) from the French Wikipedia, accessed on 13 August 2006.

Further reading
Barbier, Jacques. Reform and Politics in Bourbon Chile, 1755-1796. Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press, 1980.  (1980)
 Fisher, John R. Government and Society in Colonial Peru: The Intendant System, 1784-1814. (1970)
Fisher, Lillian Estelle. The Intendant System in Spanish America. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1929.
Haring, Clarence H., The Spanish Empire in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.
Lynch, John. Spanish Colonial Administration, 1782-1818: the Intendant System in the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (1958)

Government of Chile
Government of France
Offices in the Ancien Régime
Gubernatorial titles
Spanish Empire

Intendant


David Brickhill-Jones (* 1981) ist ein britischer Orientierungsläufer.

Der aus Wales stammende Brickhill-Jones überraschte 2002 als Vierter im Sprint bei den Europameisterschaften in Ungarn. Eine Medaille verpasste er dabei lediglich um 0,2 Sekunden. An diesen Erfolg konnte Brickhill-Jones danach aber nicht mehr anknüpfen. Er startete noch bei drei Weltmeisterschaften im Sprint, schaffte dabei zweimal den Einzug in das Finale und belegte dabei die Plätze 22 (2004) und 17 (2006). Bei einem Weltcuprennen in der Saison 2005 belegte er den zweiten Platz. Nach einer dreijährigen Pause bei internationalen Meisterschaften wurde er 2009 für die World Games in Taiwan nominiert, verpasste aber auch dort Platzierungen im Vorderfeld.

Brickhill-Jones lebt in Helsinki, startete bei internationalen Läufen aber für den norwegischen Klub Halden SK. Sein britischer Verein sind die South Yorkshire Orienteers.

Platzierungen

Weblinks
 David Brickhill-Jones World of O Runners
 David Brickhill-Jones World FootO Ranking
 David Brickhill-Jones British Orienteering Federation

Orientierungsläufer (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Brite
Geboren 1981
Mann

David Brickhill-Jones


was the captain of the first unit of the Shinsengumi, a special police force in Kyoto during the late shogunate period. He was one of the best swordsmen of the Shinsengumi.

Background
He was born  in 1842 or 1844 from a samurai family in the Shirakawa Domain's Edo mansion. His great-grandfather was Okita Kan'emon (d. 1819) and his grandfather was Okita Sanshiro (d. 1833.) His father, Okita Katsujiro, died in 1845; he had two older sisters, Okita Mitsu (1833–1907) and Okita Kin (1836–1908). In 1846, in order to marry the adopted son of the Okita family, Okita Rintarō (1826–1883), his oldest sister Okita Mitsu became an adopted daughter of Kondo Shusuke in name. Kondo Shusuke was the third master of the Tennen Rishin-ryū and Okita started training at the Shieikan with him around the age of nine. By that time, Kondo Shusuke had already adopted Shimazaki Katsuta (the later Kondō Isami), but Hijikata Toshizō had not yet enrolled at the Tennen Rishin-ryū school. Okita proved to be a prodigy; he mastered all the techniques and attained the Menkyo Kaiden scroll (license of total transmission) in the ryū at the age of eighteen or so.

In 1861, Okita became Head Coach (Jukutou) at the Shieikan. Even though he was often commented to be honest, polite, and good-natured by those around him, he was also known to be a strict and quick-tempered teacher to his students.

Shinsengumi period
Okita changed his name to Okita Sōji Fujiwara no Kaneyoshi some time before his departure with the Rōshigumi to Kyoto on March 26, 1863. However, the Rōshigumi was disbanded upon their arrival there on April 10, 1863, while the rest returned to Edo. Okita and several other founding members remained behind in Mibu to form the Mibu Rōshigumi, which would later be renamed as the Shinsengumi on August 18, 1863. Okita was the second youngest among the Shieikan members, most likely with Tōdō Heisuke being the youngest. His brother-in-law Okita Rintarō, also a practitioner of the Tennen Rishin-ryū, became a commander of the Shinchōgumi (the Shinsengumi's brother league in Edo.)

Okita Sōji soon became a Fukuchō Jokin (vice-commander's assistant) of the Shinsengumi. He was one of the members involved in the Serizawa Kamo (one of the original commanders of the Shinsengumi) and the Uchiyama Hikojiro assassinations in 1863.

Mediocre with the shinai, a master of the bokken/bokutou and bo staff, a fascinating trendsetter of the katana, his signature technique was named the Hyakkidou-ri (which roughly translates as "no light blade" or "unenlightened blade") or Sandanzuki (which translates as "Three Piece Thrust"), a technique that could attack one's neck, left shoulder, and right shoulder with one strike. (The Mumyo-ken supposedly could hit all three points simultaneously, but this is an embellishment.) The Mumyo-ken was his own invention and may have been derived from an invention of Hijikata's, the Hirazuki.

It is a popular conception by the public that his tuberculosis was first discovered when he fainted during the Ikedaya incident, mostly due to the depiction appearing in a famous work chronicling the Shinsengumi as well as a number of period dramas based upon it. Some sources on the other hand say that he contracted the disease after that. Both theories are fairly reasonable, as tuberculosis can kill quickly (in weeks), or very slowly (many years). However, one should note that people rarely survived the disease longer than a year once it progressed to the point that they would collapse, and Okita did not die until four years after the affair. Some researchers now believe he instead collapsed due to some other ailment, such as anemia or heat stroke. While many of Shinsengumi fans believe that Yoshida Toshimaro was killed by Okita during the Ikedaya Affair (based on Shimosawa Kan and Shiba Ryōtarō's fiction), it is a historical inaccuracy.

Based on Shiba Ryoutarou's fiction, many also believe that Okita and Hijikata were like brothers. In history, Yamanami Keisuke was the vice-commander Okita shared a brotherly relationship with. Yamanami's seppuku (with Okita as his second) in 1865 was an extremely painful incident in Okita's short life. There is no record showing that Hijikata and Okita were close; it is debatable whether Okita even got along with Hijikata.

In 1865, Okita became the captain of the first unit of the Shinsengumi and also served as a kenjutsu instructor; later that year, he was appointed by Kondo Isami to be the fifth master of the Tennen Rishin-ryu after him.

Although highly unlikely, it was rumored that he wielded a famous katana called Kiku-ichimonji. However, he surely owned a set of Kaga Kiyomitsu (a katana and a wakizashi) and his so-called "Kikuichimonji Norimune" was likely a Yamashiro Kunikiyo instead.

Death
During the Boshin War, after the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in the first month of the year Keiō-4, Okita went into Matsumoto Ryōjun's hospital in Edo. He then moved to a guesthouse with Okita Rintarou, Okita Mitsu, and their children. When the shogunate forces (including the Shinsengumi and the Shinchōgumi) retreated to the Tōhoku region, Okita remained in Edo alone. He died from tuberculosis on July 19 (the 30th day of the fifth month, by the lunar calendar), 1868. Later that night, he was buried at Senshō-ji Temple in Azabu, Edo, under his birth name (with Okita Sōji listed in the death records.) The claim that Okita died when he was 25 is based on the theory that he was born in 1844 and therefore was 25 by East Asian age reckoning when he died in 1868.

The Senshō-ji Temple cemetery had been open to the public for years until the release of NHK's Taiga drama, Shinsengumi! in 2004. Due to the newfound interest in the Shinsengumi and Okita thanks to the drama itself, many visitors flocked to the temple to see his grave, resulting in the temple's cemetery to become restricted to the public, except for one day each year in June.

Name
"Okita" (沖田) was his family name; "Sōji" (総司) was his given name; "Fujiwara" (藤原) was his family clan (the surname of his ancestors); "Kaneyoshi" (房良) was his , a formal given name (like a middle name for gentlemen equivalent). It is unclear whether Okita changed his name to Okita Sōji Fujiwara no Kaneyoshi in 1863 or in 1862 (or less likely, in 1861.) There is a theory that he changed his name to Sōji because some people around him called him "Sō-Ji" (short for Sōjirō.) Other than his full name, he could be referred as Okita Sōji or Okita Sōji Kaneyoshi. In writing, he was sometimes referred as Fujiwara no Kaneyoshi (formal name used in writing) or Okita Kaneyoshi (like the "initials" for his full name.)

In popular culture
Like the other members of the Shinsengumi, fictionalized accounts of Okita's life and actions appear in novels, period dramas and anime/manga series. Although his given name is sometimes pronounced as "Soushi" in the fictional world, it is actually "Sōji".

In the 2004 Japanese drama Shinsengumi!, Okita was played by Tatsuya Fujiwara.
Okita is a main character in the anime/manga Peacemaker Kurogane, which takes more liberties with history.
He is the protagonist of the 2004 manga oneshot Because Goodbyes are Coming Soon by Makoto Yukimura.
Okita is mentioned in the anime and manga series Rurouni Kenshin, which takes place during and after the Meiji Revolution in Japan. He makes a major appearance in the OVA and is briefly shown during the Kyoto Arc (before the character based on the portrayal of Okita Sōji in the novel Shinsengumi Keppūroku, Seta Sōjirō, makes his appearance); in the manga, Okita is also shown during the Jinchū Arc. However, some of the translations of the English dub are incorrect. In the OVA English dub, Okita is portrayed as a subordinate of Saito Hajime, when in fact he was his equal or superior in rank and kenjutsu skills. At the end of the OVA when he finally confronts Kenshin, another Shinsengumi member called Okita a lieutenant in the English dubbed track, when in fact he was the captain of the first troop. In the Japanese dub, the unknown Shinsengumi member correctly refers to him as: 組長 Kumichô. During his brief appearance in the anime, he is shown coughing and having pain in his chest, a reference to his death by tuberculosis.
In the anime series, Intrigue in the Bakumatsu - Irohanihoheto, Okita is depicted as an old acquaintance of the protagonist, Akizuki Yōjirō.
Okita is also one of the main playable characters in the Xbox video game Kengo: The Legend of the 9 Samurai.
In an episode of the anime Ghost Sweeper Mikami, ghost-hunter Mikami Reiko gets inside of a haunted movie about the Bakumatsu and meets Okita, who is depicted as a crazy guy who thinks only of killing people (obvious pun on his usual portrayal, which also is a foil to the show's rendition of Hijikata.) In the anime/manga series Shura no Toki, Okita's (fictional) last battle before succumbing to his sickness is with Mutsu Izumi from the Mutsu Enmei Ryuu, an unarmed martial art. Their duel was a request from Okita himself from years before. Okita appears during a flashback in Kido Shinsengumi: Moeyo Ken (which features Okita's fictional daughter Kaoru as one of the three main characters of the series). He also appears in the short OVA Hijikata Toshizou: Shiro no Kiseki, which attempts a proper portrayal of the Shinsengumi.
Okita is the male protagonist in the manga Kaze Hikaru, a fictional story about the Shinsengumi during the late Tokugawa shogunate, in which Okita trains a young girl to be one of the Shinsengumi in order to avenge her father and older brother. He is also featured in the manga Getsumei Seiki.
He is depicted in the 1999 live-action film Gohatto (sometimes known as Taboo), the 2003 Japanese film When the Last Sword Is Drawn, video game series Shinsengumi Gunrou-den (as the protagonist), video game series Fu-un Shinsengumi, video game series Bakumatsu Renka Shinsengumi, and video game Chaos Wars.
The popular Japanese conception of Okita is that his character and his swordsmanship were of the highest purity. In Shiba Ryotaro's novels, he joined the Shinsengumi not because of his political beliefs but rather out of his loyalty for Kondo Isami and his (fictional) friendship with Hijikata Toshizo.
His anime, manga, and TV depictions tend to be as a handsome young man, sometimes a bishōnen. The Latin American dub of Rurouni Kenshin, even mistook Okita for a woman. In fact, in a 1991 movie, Bakumatsu Jūnjōden (幕末純情伝), he is portrayed as a boyish woman. In a 2003 theatrical production of the same name (which has been renewed every few years), (s)he's been portrayed over the years by actresses such as Ryōko Hirosue, Satomi Ishihara, Mirei Kiritani and Rena Matsui.
Soushi Yukimi, from the anime series Soar High! Isami is inspired and based on Okita Sōji.
Okita appeared in the anime and manga series Yaiba as a fictional grandnephew of the historical Shinsengumi member of the same name. And also in Case Closed as a Kendo Rival of Heiji Hattori.
Okita Sougo, from the anime/manga Gintama, is loosely based on Okita Sōji.
Okita is loosely portrayed in the Japanese otome game, Hakuouki (薄桜鬼), along with other Shinsengumi members. They are samurais who develop vampiristic qualities as the game progresses. He is also portrayed in the anime adaptation of the game. In this franchise, Okita is a skilled warrior who develops a case of tuberculosis. He drinks the ochimizu, a potion which transforms him into a rasetsu.
In the Japanese video game Sengoku Rance by Alicesoft, a female version of Okita plays a minor role, Okita Nozomi. Okita Nozomi can be recruited from the Shinsengumi in the game as a commander, and is one of the best swordsmen in the game. She is also seen constantly coughing up blood and is later diagnosed with the "Cough-Cough Disease".
The digital comic Okita and the Cat deals with the anecdotal last days of Okita Sōji. The former swordsman is depicted as a pleasant raconteur despite his disease, though he's secretly frustrated at his inability to stand by his comrades. The comic, by Josh Hechinger and mpMann, was released for Apple mobile devices in August 2010 through Arrow Publications.
In the 2012 video game and anime Inazuma Eleven GO 2: Chrono Stone, Okita appears during the late stages of his life, but is shown playing soccer against Sakamoto Ryōma, and fuses with Tsurugi Kyōsuke to create "a speedy striker as quick as lightning, who cuts up the field like a lightning bolt".
Okita appears in the volume 13 of High School DxD as a member of the Lucifer group, as the Devil Knight of Sirzechs Lucifer, stated to have been reincarnated as a Devil after his historical death from tubercluosis as a human.
In the gag manga Fate/KOHA-ACE, a spin-off of the Fate franchise created by Kinoko Nasu, the Saber-class servant, dubbed "Sakura Saber," is the spirit of Okita Souji. In this fictional incarnation, Okita is a woman. Sakura Saber also appears as a Servant in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order, and gets her own spinoff Fate/Type Redline.
In the eroge franchise ChuSinGura 46+1 which depicts male historical figures as young girls, Okita is a cyan-haired, amber-eyed girl.
In the anime Touken Ranbu, Okita is frequently shown in Yamatonokami Yasusada's flashbacks or dreams to be consumed by his disease during a raid relating to the Ikeda Inn Incident. Okita is shown to have long, black hair and blue eyes.
In the otome game Destined to Love, Okita is shown as a character with brown hair and brown eyes, and barely take cares of himself. He has his own route in the game.
Another otome game ©2015 Spaceout Inc. features Isami Kondo, Hijikata Toshizo and Soji Okita as suitors for main character. It also has other side characters like Matsumoto Ryojun, Ryoma Sakamoto and Saito Hajime.
In otome game Era of Samurai: Code of Love which developed by Voltage inc, Okita Soji along with Hijikata Toshizo, Harada Sanosuke, Saito Hajime, Kondo Isami and Shinsaku Takasugi were featured as a love interest for main character.
In the 2014 spin-off game from the Yakuza series, Ryu Ga Gotoku Ishin!, Okita Soji is visually based on series regular Goro Majima and the two share a voice as well. The game takes place in the Bakumatsu period and has the protagonist, as Sakamoto Ryouma, joining the Shinsengumi, of which Okita is a division captain.
In the anime Bakumatsu (2018) and its sequel, Bakumatsu Crisis (2019), Okita Soji plays a key antagonist role as a member of the Shinsengumi under the command of Mugensai. Other key members of the Shinsengumi such as Isami Kondo, Yamazaki Susumu and Hijikata Toshizo are also featured, in addition to Takasugi Shinsaku.
In the manga Shuumatsu no Valkyrie, Okita Soji is chosen to represent Humanity in a tournament against the gods of multiple pantheons to determine the fate of Humanity. It is shown that within the show, Okita's fighting style is on the basis of agility.
The name of the main character Tokita Sōjin from the visual novel video game Sen no Hatou, Tsukisome no Kouki (2017) is a tribute to Okita Soji.

See also
Okita Rintarō
Okita Mitsu

Notes

Further reading
 Stephane Lun 倫世豪. A Guide on Shinsengumi: the background and management. 2021 Kindle Paperwhite version. Amazon.com

External links
SHINSENGUMI 新選組 Shinsengumi Website

1840s births
1868 deaths
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Japanese swordfighters
Samurai
Shinsengumi
People from Hino, Tokyo
Tennen Rishin-ryū
Tuberculosis deaths in Japan
Year of birth uncertain

Okita Sōji


This is a list of the members of the European Parliament for France in the 1999 to 2004 session.

See also
 Members of the European Parliament 1999–2004
List of members of the European Parliament, 1999–2004 - for a full alphabetical list
 1999 European Parliament election in France

References

1999
List
France

List of members of the European Parliament for France, 1999–2004


CHMI-DT (channel 13) is a television station licensed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada, broadcasting the Citytv network to the Winnipeg area. Owned and operated by Rogers Sports & Media, the station has studios at 8 Forks Market Road (near Fort Gibraltar Trail and Waterfront Drive) in downtown Winnipeg, and its transmitter is located adjacent to Bohn Road (near Provincial Road 245) in Cartier.

History

In August 1980, Western Manitoba Broadcasters Ltd., owner of Brandon-based CKX-TV, met with community and business leaders to reveal their plan to start a new Portage la Prairie-based television station, with transmitter in Elie, Manitoba. The new station would employ about 20 people. There was no mention of what network it would connect to, but Craig hoped for ease of regulations that would allow him to pull in a network from the U.S. via satellite for programming. Originally some of the television programming would come from CBC Television, as like CKX, but after the CBC said they would not allow another competitive CBC broadcaster in the region because it would duplicate and cannibalize ad revenue of CBWT, Western Manitoba Broadcasters withdrew this part of the application.

An application was made in 1981 for a 287,000-watt station transmitting on VHF channel 13. Their application for a television license was denied by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in 1981 due to "vague" programming promises.

When CKND-TV applied to the CRTC for extension of their signal into the Westman area via a transmitter in Minnedosa, CKX-TV filed an intervention opposing it, saying it would harm CKX's ad revenue. The regulatory body decided in CKX's favour. Despite this, CKND-TV-2 Minnedosa was granted a license and began broadcasting at 6 p.m. September 1, 1982.

Western Manitoba Broadcasters Ltd. applied to the CRTC again in 1985, this time promising to create a larger news department, with news bureaus in Winnipeg, Portage, Brandon and Dauphin. They intended on using call letters CPLP-TV, but later decided on CHMI-TV. The station would be seen on VHF channel 13, the last available clear channel in the region. Future licensed television stations would have to broadcast on UHF frequencies. The licensing hearing was held on December 3, 1985 in Winnipeg.

The station was licensed by the CRTC on May 8, 1986 and owned by Craig Media with a condition of licence that the station would not solicit advertising from businesses located in Winnipeg. This was to protect existing Winnipeg television stations. The station went on the air on October 17, 1986 where it was originally branded as the Manitoba Television Network or MTN. Although it has always been a Winnipeg station for all intents and purposes, for its first decade it was not allowed to sell advertising in Winnipeg.

Mark Evans was initially MTN's news director, before being replaced a year later by Al Thorgeirson.

MTN was well known for its Prairie Pulse News (later retitled MTN Pulse News, and then MTN News), MTN Kids Club, and Prime Ticket Movies, the last of which would carry over to the A-Channel system. The station's initial slogan was "Very independent, very Manitoba!"

In the fall of 1999, Craig Media moved the station's production facilities to the refurbished former Canadian National Railway Power House at The Forks in Winnipeg and rebranded the station as A-Channel, joining CKEM-TV in Edmonton and CKAL-TV in Calgary – effectively uniting Craig's non-CBC affiliates under the A-Channel banner. Technical operations for the station remained in Portage la Prairie.

At a CRTC hearing in Saskatoon in November 1999, Craig Broadcast Systems applied to take over the IMTV transmitter located in Dauphin on VHF channel 6. The signal would extend CHMI's reach into the Parkland region with a 44,000 watt signal. The former IMTV transmitter began broadcasting A-Channel in 2000.

In 2004, Craig Media announced a deal to sell its broadcasting assets to CHUM Limited. The sale was approved by the CRTC on November 19, 2004, and became official on December 1. On February 3, 2005, CHUM announced that the A-Channel stations, including CHMI, would be relaunched as Citytv by that fall; the changes took effect on August 2.

On July 12, 2006, CTVglobemedia announced its takeover of CHUM Limited, pending regulatory approval. CTV originally intended to retain CHMI and the other four Citytv stations, while divesting the A-Channel stations. As of January 2007, technical operations for the station have been moved to fellow Citytv station CKAL-TV in Calgary.

On June 8, 2007, the CRTC approved the CTV takeover of CHUM, but made the deal conditional on CTV divesting itself of Citytv (including CHMI) rather than A-Channel. The CRTC was not willing to allow CTV-Citytv twinsticks. On June 11, Rogers Communications announced that it would buy the Citytv stations for $375 million. The transaction was approved by the CRTC on September 28, and Rogers took control effective October 31.

Between October 2012 and 2018, the station began branding itself on promos and on-screen logos as "City", removing the "tv" portion from its identification. Since 2018, they have reverted to the original "Citytv" branding.

News operation

When 13MTN began broadcasting in 1986, two local newscasts were presented, one at 5:30 to 6:30 p.m., the other newscast from 10 to 11 p.m. Both programs were called Prairie Pulse Tonight. The first two news anchors were Michael Gligor and Barbara Higgins. Ron Thompson presented the weather forecast from Brandon's CKX studio via a live coaxial cable video link to the Portage studio leased from MTS. Ted Deller replaced Gligor in 1987–88. Diana Ottasen replaced Barbara Higgins. Sports anchor was Keith McMahon.

CHMI-DT currently broadcasts 14 hours of local news, which consists of hour-long broadcasts daily at 6 and 11 p.m. since September 4, 2017. CityNews programs previously aired until July 12, 2006, when it was announced that CTVglobemedia would acquire then-owner CHUM Limited. CHMI also aired a local version of Breakfast Television until 2015, when it was discontinued and replaced with a television simulcast of sister radio station CITI-FM's morning show Wheeler in the Morning. Former BT hosts Drew Kozub and Jenna Khan remained as contributors, hosting television-exclusive news and entertainment segments.

Technical information

Subchannel

Analogue-to-digital conversion
On August 31, 2011, when Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts, CHMI-TV flash cut its digital signal into operation on VHF channel 13.

References

External links

HMI-DT
Portage la Prairie
Television channels and stations established in 1986
HMI-DT
1986 establishments in Manitoba

CHMI-DT


Power windows may refer to:

Power window, automobile windows that are raised and lowered by a switch
Power Windows (album), a 1985 album by Canadian progressive rock band Rush
"Power Windows" (song), a 1991 song by Billy Falcon
Power windows is the term for selective color grading in film processing

Power windows (disambiguation)


Santa Serena () es una mártir y virgen cristiana, presuntamente mujer del emperador Diocleciano.

Leyenda

El Martirologio de Adonis y más tarde la Iglesia católica hasta el anterior Martyrologium Romano incluye a "Santa Serena, esposa de Diocleciano".

En Proceedings de San Marcelo y Santa Susana Serena dice que la emperatriz intervino para defender a los cristianos de la persecución desatada por su marido. Por esta razón, la tradición dice que Serena se divorció y luego murió como mártir en la persecución realizada por Diocleciano.

Según otras fuentes, la esposa de Diocleciano se llamaba Prisca. Serena sería así la primera esposa de Diocleciano antes de convertirse en emperador.

Según otras fuentes, Santa Serena no murió como un mártir, pero terminó sus días en el exilio en Hoja, hoy un barrio de Magliano Sabina. Es la santa patrona del país y se dedica a la iglesia parroquial. Se conservan en una urna de plata los supuestos restos de su cuerpo. La existencia de Santa Serena se considera cuestionable y se ha caído de los martirologios hoy.

Referencias

Serena
Serena
Serena
Santos cristianos de la Antigua Roma del siglo III
Mujeres de la Antigua Roma del siglo III
Santos de Italia

Serena de Roma


Swyre Head ist der Name folgender Berge in England:

Swyre Head (Kingston), Berg auf der Isle of Purbeck, Dorset
Swyre Head (Lulworth), Berg bei Lulworth an der Ärmelkanalküste, Dorset

Swyre Head


Infernal Overkill debitantski je studijski album njemačkog thrash metal sastava Destruction. Album je objavljen 24. svibnja 1985. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Steamhammer.

Kao i debitantski albumi kolega iz "teutonske četvroke", Kreatorovog Endless Pain iz 1985., i Sodomovog Obsessed by Cruelty iz 1986. godine, album kombinira elemente thrash metala i tadašnjeg black metala. Iako za razliku od albuma kolega, ovaj je bio bolje prihvaćen među kritičarima.

Popis pjesama

Zasluge
Mike Sifringer – gitara
Schmier – bas-gitara, vokali
Tommy Sandmann – bubnjevi
Ostalo osoblje
Odeon Zwo Werbeverlag – dizajn
Udo Linke – omot albuma
Joachim Peters – fotografija
Horst Müller – inženjering

Izvori

Albumi sastava Destruction
Albumi iz 1985.

Infernal Overkill


Leck (Danca: Læk, Frizce: Leek), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 29.79 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 7659 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Klaus-Michael Tatsch tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.leck.de

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Leck


Le terme période bubaline (de bubalus, le buffle), désigne un style d'art rupestre saharien du Néolithique (toutefois, les buffles africains de savane Syncerus caffer appartiennent à un autre genre que Bubalus, le buffle d'eau euro-asiatique). La « période bubaline » se caractérise par la représentation de grands bovidés, aujourd'hui assimilés à l'espèce sauvage éteinte Pelorovis (appartenant aux ovins, mais jadis prise pour un buffle et appelée Bubalus antiquus). La « période bubaline » désigne le groupe de peintures et gravures rupestres les plus anciennes connues au Sahara. Les témoignages de cette période sont particulièrement abondants dans le Sahara algérien.

Historique
C'est avec le tableau proposé en 1932 par Théodore Monod que l'on trouve, pour la première fois, un étage dit « bubalin » dans une publication scientifique. Ce style étant présent dans le Sud Oranais, mais absent de l'Adrar Ahnet, et Théodore Monod se demandait comment le positionner dans le temps par rapport aux bœufs qu'il venait de relever dans l'Adrar Ahnet. Depuis, les découvertes au Fezzan et au Tassili n'Ajjer ont mis en évidence que le Pelorovis était bien l'espèce témoin de cette époque.

Chronologie
Le style « bubalin » est considéré comme le plus ancien de l'art rupestre du Sahara. Depuis les recherches de Raymond Vaufrey dans le Sud Oranais, et bien qu'il représente presque exclusivement des animaux sauvages, ce style est rattaché au Néolithique. Les outillages néolithiques sont en effet fréquents près des stations de gravures concernées (32 fois sur 36 stations observées).

Aire géographique
La période « bubaline » n'est représentée que dans trois régions du Sahara :
 le Sud Oranais, avec des éléments secondaires dans le Sud Algérois, le Sud Constantinois et le Sud marocain ;
 le Tassili n'Ajjer, avec son centre principal à l'oued Djerat ;
 le Fezzan, avec son centre, la vallée de Mathendous.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Art rupestre du Sahara
 Gravures rupestres du Sud-oranais

Lien externe
 Futura Sciences, La période bubaline

Art rupestre

Période bubaline


مذكرات الدعوة والداعية كتاب سيرة ذاتية ألفه الداعية حسن البنا عن حياته ونشأته الإسلامية وانتقاله للقاهرة للدراسة بدار العلوم وتأسيسه لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين، وقد نصح في مقدمته المشتغلين بالعمل العام بعدم كتابة مذكراتهم فقال: (أوصي الذين يعرضون أنفسهم للعمل العام ويرون أنفسهم عرضة للاحتكاك بالحكومات ألا يحرصوا على الكتابة)

وقد قدم للكتاب الشيخ أبو الحسن الندوي عميد ندوة العلماء- لكهنؤ - الهند.

طرح حسن البنا في الكتاب سيرته من قريته المحمودية، مروراً بمدرسة الرشاد الدينية التي تلقى فيها تعليمه الأولي، فالمدرسة الإعدادية، والجمعيات التي أسسها أو شارك في تأسيسها مثل جمعية الأخلاق الأدبية، وجمعية منع المحرمات. ثم يتناول الطريقة الحصافية ورأيه في التصوف. كما يتناول الحركة الوطنية في ذلك الوقت الإضرابات والمظاهرات.

ثم يذكر دخوله دار العلوم ورأيه في العلم والشهادات.

فصول الكتاب
تتعدد فصول الكتاب إلى ما يزيد عن 60 فصل يبين فيها الكاتب بعض ما مر فيه من عمل وسفر ورحلات واجتماعات.

وصلات خارجية
 لمطالعة نسخة كاملة من الكتاب على الشبكة الدعوية.
 الكتاب على موقع اخوان ويكي

المصادر

كتب إسلامية
كتب حسن البنا
كتب سيرة ذاتية

مذكرات الدعوة والداعية


السماكية هي قرية تقع في الشمال الشرقي من الكرك على مسافة حوالي 25 كم من مركز المحافظة، تتبع إلى لواء القصر. يحد القرية من الغرب بلدة القصر ومن الشرق وادي النخيلة والمعرجة ومن الجنوب قرية حمود ومن الشمال منطقة السنينة.

السكان
يبلغ عدد السكان حوالي 2000 نسمة يشكلون حوالي 350 أسرة، يسكن في السماكية عشائر الحجازين والعكشة (الزيادين، النصراوين، العوابدة، المساعدة، البوالصة) حيث تشكل عشيرة الحجازين ثلثي سكان السماكية، تنتمي عشيرة الحجازين إلى طائفة اللاتين أما العكشة فينتمون إلي طائفة الروم الكاثوليك.
جزء كبير من سكان السماكية يعملون في الوظائف الحكومية والجيش والأجهزة الأمنية بالإضافة إلي العمل في الزراعة بشقيها النباتي والحيواني.
هناك تواجد لعدد كبير من آهل السماكية خارجها مثل الكرك وادر داخل محافظة الكرك ويتواجد عدد كبير أيضا في العاصمة عمان موزعين في مناطق: الهاشمي الشمالي، الأشرفية، طبربور، عمان الغربية، مرج الحمام، ماركا وفي أحياء مادبا، الزرقاء، العقبة والفحيص.
كذلك هناك جالية من أبناء السماكية خارج المملكة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وعدد في كلا من أستراليا، كندا وإيطاليا كما يتواجد عدد من أهل السماكية في الضفة الغربية.

المواقع الأثرية القريبة من السماكية
هناك عدة مواقع أثرية منها البالوع، المدينة، غنيم (السنينة) والدلالح.كما وتحتوي السماكية على العديد من الكهوف المغاور.

سبب التسمية
هناك عدة روايات حول سبب التسمية نذكر منها: -
 قديما سكنها قوم من بني سماك وهم بطن من القحطانية حيث ورد لدى الجزيري عندما مر للحج في المنطقة قافلة مصرية متجهة للحجاز ذكر أن هذه الأطراف يسكنها نفر من بني سماك.
 طبيعة المنطقة الجغرافية لموقع القرية القديمة حيث أن طبيعتها تشبه شكل السمكة نظرا لوقوعها بين واديين.
 نظرا لقرب القرية من سيل المعرجة (وادي السمك) الذي يتواجد فيه السمك الذي يتم اصطياده.
 المعنى في اللغة العربية هو السماك والذي يعني العلو والسمو.

بدايات قرية السماكية
تعود بدايات القرية إلي أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين، حيث كانت بداية السكن فيها تعود إلي عام 1901 بعد حرب الحمايل (العشائر) والتي انتصرت فيها عشيرة المجالي، وبالتالي أصبحت العشائر المسيحية حليفة لعشيرة المجالي، حيث شكلت هذه العشائر حماية للحدود الشرقية من غزو البدو.

كان يوجد في السماكية طائفة مسيحية واحدة هي اللاتين ويعود تاريخها إلى عام 1876 وهو تاريخ تأسيس رعية الكرك ومنها السماكية، وكانت عشائر الحجازين والعكشة يسكنون بيوت الشعر.

تقول المراجع التاريخية أن عشيرة الحجازين والعكشة قدموا من وادي الريحان في الحجاز ثم نزحوا نحو البتراء ووادي موسى ثم بعد ذلك إلى الكرك في سفح جبل شيحان. بعد ذلك كانت بداية الاستقرار والعمل على بناء القرية عام 1909 ولهذة البداية حكاية تقول أن المطران المتواجد في القدس حضر إلى مضارب الحجازين والعكشة ورفض شرب القهوة السادة وطلب منهم التجمع في خربة السماكية والاستقرار فيها وقد ذهب المطران إلي الشيخ قدر المجالي وقام بشراء الخربة مقابل مبلغ 70 مجيدي (العملة التركية آنذاك).

وكان أول بيت بني في القرية بيت خليل الصلاعين الحجازين في عام 1910 بعد ذلك بدأت بيوت القرية تتركب بعضها على بعض بشكل متلاصق وبدون تهوية أو شبابيك وذلك للتوفير في الحجر (الموالي) والذي كان ينقل بواسطة الدواب من مناطق بعيدة.
منذ ذلك التاريخ بدأت السماكية بالنمو والتوسع والتطور وقد بني أول منزل إسمنتي عام 1963 وهو منزل إبراهيم الزيادين.

تمتاز السماكية الحديثة بالمباني الحديثة والشوارع وخدمات المياه والإنارة والصحة والتعليم وتعتبر نسبة التعليم الجامعي والدراسات العليا مرتفعة نسبيا.

مساهمة أبناء السماكية في الحياة العامة في المملكة
منذ بدايات السماكية وأبناؤها يساهمون بفعالية في الحياة والخدمة العامة، حيث كان منهم الوزراء والنواب والإداريين وكبار الضباط في الجيش والأجهزة الأمنية والقضاة.
ونذكر من الشخصيات العامة من أبناء السماكية:
 سابا العكشة والذي خدم وزيرا في عدة حكومات منذ العام 1956 وكذلك نائبا في البرلمان لعدة دورات عن دائرة الكرك.
 الدكتور يعقوب الزيادين مؤسس وأمين عام الحزب الشيوعي الأردني نائب عن مدينة القدس لعام 1956.
 الدكتور فريد العكشة وزير الصحة في العام 1968.
 هاني العكشة نائب في البرلمان لعام 1950كما عمل بالسلك القضائي.
 الدكتور هاني حجازين عضو المجلس الاستشاري لعام 1984-1985 ونائب في البرلمان الأردني عن دائرة محافظة الكرك لدورة 1993-1997.
 الدكتور رائد حجازين نائب في البرلمان الحالي عن الدائرة الثانية (لواء القصر) في محافظة الكرك.
 السلك القضائي حيث عمل العديد من أبناء السماكية نذكر منهم جميل الزيادين، إبراهيم حجازين، عبد الله العكشة، يوسف المساعدة، هاني العكشة، إلياس العكشة، عادل حجازين.
 موسى حجازين ممثل كوميدي إشتُهر بتمثيله الكوميديا الساخرة بدَّور سُمعة وأبو صقر. شارك بالعَديد من المسرحيات والمسلسلات الكوميدية.

ونذكر انه سقط عدد من أبناء السماكية شهداء في الحروب التي خاضها الجيش العربي الأردني في فلسطين منهم حنا النصراوين وحنا الزيادين وفي حروب عام 1967 و1968 منهم جميل حجازين وتوما حجازين، ,ومخائيل سالم البوالصة ويذكر التاريخ الحديث انه تم ترحيل عدد من أبناء السماكية إلي تركيا (الأناضول) إبان الحكم التركي ومنهم مخائيل حجازين، سليمان حجازين، روفائيل زيادين، حنا العوابدة، اسحق حجازين.

الخدمات والدوائر الحكومية
 الصحة: هناك مركز صحي شامل وقد تأسست أول عيادة عام 1959.
 الحكم المحلي:
 تأسس أول مجلس قروي عام 1967 وكان رئيسة يوسف العدايين الحجازين.
 تأسس أول مجلس بلدي عام 1975 وكان رئيسة الأستاذ شاهر حجازين (أبو بشار) الذي تمت إعارته للبلدية من وزارة التربية والتعليم ليترأس المجلس، واستمرت المجالس البلدية بالعمل حتى عام 1999 حيث تم دمج مجلس قروي حمود ومجلس قروي الرشايدة مع المجلس البلدي في السماكية وكان رئيس المجلس بعد الدمج لويس يوسف حجازين وفي عام 2003 تم إلحاق البلدية مع بلدية شيحان وحاليا تتبع منطقة السماكية لبلدية شيحان (مركز لواء القصر).
 الطرق:
ترتبط السماكية بشبكة من الطرق تربطها مع المناطق المجاورة مثل القصر وحمود الرشايدة، وتمتاز بوجود شبكة من الطرق الداخلية الجيدة.أما الطرق الزراعية فهي موجودة لخدمة مناطق زراعة المحاصيل الحقلية وبعض البساتين ولكن معظمها بحاجة إلي صيانة وإعادة فتح وتعبيد.
 المياه:
كان يتم جلب المياه سابقا من سيل المعرجة وخربة البالوع إلي أن تم توصيل خط المياه إلي القرية عام 1965 بواسطة مؤسسة كير اللبنانية وفي عام 1970 تم حفر بئر ارتوازية شرق القرية.
 خدمة الكهرباء:
دخلت الكهرباء إلي القرية عام 1969 بواسطة دعم الإيطاليين، حيث كانت من أوائل القرى التي دخلتها الكهرباء في المحافظة.
 التربية والتعليم:
يوجد في السماكية مدرسة البطريركية اللاتينية الأساسية المختلطة تدرس حتى الصف الثامن الأساسي والطلاب الذين بصدد إكمال دراستهم يتوجهون إلي مدرسة حمود المجاورة أو مدرسة البطريركية اللاتينية في الوسية.و تعتبر مدرسة البطريركية اللاتينية في السماكية من أوائل المدارس والتي تعود إلي العام 1912، كما توجد في القرية مدرسة السماكية الثانوية الشاملة للبنات (حكومية) افتتحت عام 1988.
 خدمة البريد: دخلت خدمة البريد إلى القرية عام 1967.
 المجتمع المدني:
يوجد في السماكية جمعية السماكية الخيرية والتي تأسست عام 1962 ويتبع للجمعية حاليا حضانة أطفال أنشئت عام 1994 ويوجد في القرية فرقة السماكية للفنون الشعبية وفرقة كشافة تابعة لكنيسة اللاتين.
وفي عام 1990 تم تأسيس جمعية روابي مؤاب التعاونية للمنفعة المتبادلة لينضوي تحت لوائها أبناء عشائر آل حجازين داخل وخارج المملكة وتمتلك الجمعية حاليا قاعة للمناسبات في منطقة طبربور في العاصمة عمان.
 دور العبادة:
يوجد في القرية كنيستان هما كنيسة اللاتين وقد بنيت الكنيسة في عام 1909 وتعتبر من المباني التراثية في القرية لكونها نموذجا معماريا على مستوى الكرك، وقبل بناء الكنيسة كان الكهنة يقيمون القداديس والصلوات في مضارب العشيرة، وقد توالى على خدمة الرعية قبل وبعد بناء الكنيسة ما يقرب من 28 كاهنا من جنسيات مختلفة منها الأردنية والفلسطينية واللبنانية والألمانية والإيطالية. وكنيسة الروم الكاثوليك التي بنيت عام 1935، وقد توالى على خدمة الكنيسة والرعية ثمانية كهنة.
 المناخ: تمتاز المملكة بمناخ البحر الأبيض المتوسط والذي بدورة يؤثر على السماكية أي أن الطقس حار جاف صيفا ماطر معتدل شتاء.
 الواقع الزراعي في السماكية:
السماكية قرية زراعية من الطراز الأول حيث كان أهلها منذ البداية يعملون في القطاع الزراعي بشقية النباتي والحيواني، كما يمتاز أهالي السماكية حاليا بزراعة آلاف الدونمات من المحاصيل الحقلية خاصة القمح وللعلم فان أهالي السماكية يمتلكون مساحات واسعة من الأراضي التي تصلح لزراعة المحاصيل الحقلية وهذه الأراضي تقع ضمن أحواض تابعة لقرى القصر، السنينة، حمود، الجدعا، امرع، الروضة وادر بالإضافة لأحواض قرية السماكية.
 الإحصاءات الزراعية عن السماكية:
 المساحة الكلية 2994 دونم.
 مساحة الأراضي الزراعية 2490 دونم.
 المساحة المزروعة أشجار مثمرة 975 دونم
 أعداد الظان 4950 رأس
 أعداد الماعز 1670 رأس
 عدد مزارع الدجاج اللاحم واحدة بسعة 5000 طير
 عدد السود والحفائر واحد (عمل بواسطة المشروع)
 عدد الآبار الارتوازية واحد
 الآليات الزراعية:
يوجد في السماكية 15 جرار زراعي لخدمة أراضي المحاصيل ملحق بها المحاريث المختلفة ووسائل نقل الحبوب والقش (الترولات) ودراسة واحدة.
 المشاريع الزراعية:
أولا: مشروع إدارة المصادر الزراعية / المرحلة الأولى
 المشاريع الجديدة:
بلغت المساحة المشمولة ضمن نشاطات المشروع للمرحلة الأولى حوالي 415 دونم. كما بلغ عدد الآبار للمشاريع السابقة والبساتين القائمة 8 آبار بحجم 240 م مكعب.
 التنمية الريفية:
بلغ عدد السيدات المستفيدات من نشاط التنمية الريفية حوالي 20 سيدة قمن بالتدرب على نشاطات مختلفة وحصلن على قروض وإقامة مشاريع صغيرة مدرة للدخل (خاصة مشاريع تصنيع منتجات الألبان).

ولكون أعداد الثروة الحيوانية في تناقص يقوم معظم أهالي القرية حاليا بشراء الحليب في موسم الحليب من البدو الرحل الذين يقيمون حول القرية في هذا الموسم وبعض مربي الماشية من القرى المجاورة ويتم التركيز على صناعة الجميد والسمن البلدي.
 برنامج إعادة تأهيل البساتين:
تم شمول ما مساحتة 32 دونم من البساتين القديمة ضمن هذا النشاط.
 مشروع تطوير الأراضي المرتفعة:
تم تطوير ما مساحتة حوالي 300 دونم من الأراضي من خلال نشاطات مشروع التطوير.
 مشاريع مديرية الحراج:
يوجد بالقرب من القرية مشروع تحريج السنينة والبالغة مساحتة حوالي 9000 دونم وهناك مشروع تحريج جوانب الطرق بطول 5 كم على الجانبين ما بين السماكية والقصر.
 الزراعات المروية:
يمتلك بعض أهالي القرية قطع أراضي تقع ضمن المنطقة المروية في وادي الموجب حيث يقومون بزراعة الخضراوات المختلفة تحت الري.

مراجع

قرى الأردن
قرى محافظة الكرك
أماكن مأهولة في لواء القصر

السماكية (الكرك)


Das Planken und Schletauer Post ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in den niedersächsischen Gemeinden Lemgow in der Samtgemeinde Lüchow (Wendland) und Prezelle in der Samtgemeinde Gartow im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG LÜ 256 ist 535 Hektar groß. Es ist größtenteils Bestandteil des FFH-Gebietes "Landgraben- und Dummeniederung" und des gleichnamigen EU-Vogelschutzgebietes. Im Südosten grenzt es an das Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Arendsee". Das Gebiet steht seit dem 2. August 2003 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg.

Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt im Südosten des Wendlands an der Landesgrenze zu Sachsen-Anhalt innerhalb des Naturparks Elbhöhen-Wendland. Es stellt ein Waldgebiet auf überwiegend nassen bis feuchten Standorten im Übergang der Landgrabenniederung zur Gartower Flugsand-Anhöhe unter Schutz. In seinem südlichen Bereich, der Schletauer Post, wird es überwiegend von Sumpf- und Bruchwäldern mit eingebetteten naturnahen Stillgewässern, Röhrichten, Nasswiesen und Feuchtgebüschen geprägt. In diesem Bereich wird das Waldgebiet auch von mehreren Wasserläufen durchzogen. Im Süden und Westen schließen sich landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen an das Waldgebiet an, die in das Naturschutzgebiet einbezogen sind. Nach Norden steigt das Gelände leicht an. Hier herrschen lichte, altholzreiche Eichenmischwälder vor, auf den trockeneren Standorten der Altdünen wachsen ferner Kiefernbestände. Zentral entwässert wird das Gebiet durch den nach Westen hin abfließenden Luciekanal, der nördlich von Lüchow in die Jeetzel mündet.

Im Bereich der Schletauer Post befindet sich das Kulturdenkmal "Vierzehn Gräben". Hierbei handelt es sich um die Überreste einer Zollstation aus der Zeit zwischen dem 14. und 16. Jahrhundert, das an einem alten Verkehrsweg zwischen dem Wendland und der Altmark lag.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg
Geographie (Lemgow)
Prezelle
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa

Planken und Schletauer Post


Saffet Sancaklı (d. 27 Şubat 1966, Yugoslavya),Türk millî futbolcu, siyasetçi ve iş insanı. Sancaklı, Kocaeli'de 2011 Türkiye genel seçimleri'nde MHP'den milletvekili adayı oldu. Halihazırda MHP Merkez Yürütme Kurulu üyesidir. Kocaeli'de 2014 Türkiye yerel seçimleri MHP Kocaeli Büyükşehir Belediye Başkan Adayı olmuştur.

Özel hayatı

Eski Yugoslavya'da Tutin şehrinde Boşnak bir ailede 27 Şubat 1966'da doğdu. 1968 yılında Türkiye'ye göç etmiştir. Eğitimini İstanbul'da Gaziosmanpaşa'da Cemal Gürsel İlkokulu'nda ardından ortaokul ve liseyi Vefa Poyraz Lisesinde tamamladı. Anadolu Üniversitesi İşletme Bölümü'nü kazandı, lakin Beşiktaş futbol kulübündeki futbol kariyeri nedeniyle üniversite eğitimi yarıda kaldı. 2009 yılında tekrar üniversite sınavına girdi ve Anadolu Üniversitesi Kamu Yönetimi bölümünü kazandı. Şu anda üniversite öğrenimini; Anadolu Üniversitesi "Kamu Yönetimi" bölümünde devam ettirmektedir.

Futbolculuk kariyeri

Kulüp takımları kariyeri
Sırasıyla Gaziosmanpaşa Kültürspor, Vefa, Beşiktaş, Eskişehirspor, Konyaspor, Sarıyer, Kocaelispor, Galatasaray, Kocaelispor, Fenerbahçe, Konyaspor'da forvet mevkiinde oynadı. olan Saffet Sancaklı, faal futbol yaşantısını 1998-1999 sezonunda Konyaspor'da bıraktı ve FIFA Futbolcu Menajerliği Lisansı aldı.  Süper Ligde toplam 130 gol atarak adını 100'ler kulübüne yazdırdı.

Millî takım kariyeri
24 kez millî takımlara çağrılan Saffet Sancaklı 1 kez Türkiye U-21 ve 19 kez de Türkiye A millî takımı olmak üzere toplam 20 kez millî takımlar formasını giydi ve bu karşılaşmalarda 6 gol kaydetti.

A millî takımla 1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'na katıldı.

Futbolculuk sonrası kariyeri
Futbolculuktan sonra Sancaklı Menajerlik şirketini kurup Türkiye'de yerleşik ilk FIFA Lisanslı futbolcu menajeri oldu.
TMSF'ye devredilen İstanbulspor'un satış ihalesi 30 Haziran 2006'da yapıldı ve 3 milyon 250 bin dolar ile en yüksek teklifi veren Marmara Spor Faaliyetleri Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş, İstanbulspor'un yeni sahibi oldu. Saffet Sancaklı İstanbulspor'un Sportif Danışmanlığını kulübü devredene kadar yapmıştır.

Siyasi kariyeri
2007 Genel Seçimlerinde de MHP'den aday adayı olan Saffet Sancaklı, 28 Ocak 2011 tarihinde Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi genel başkanı Devlet Bahçeli'nin de katıldığı bir tören ile MHP saflarında aktif siyasete atılmıştır. 11 Nisan 2011 tarihinde, İstanbul 2. Bölge 5. Sıra Milletvekili adaylığı resmen açıklanmıştır. Ama 12 Haziran 2011 genel seçimlerinde milletvekili olarak seçilememiştir. 2014 Yerel Seçimlerinde MHP Kocaeli Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığına aday olmuş ancak seçilememiştir. 4 Kasım 2012 ve 21 Mart 2015 tarihinde yapılan MHP 10. ve 11. Olağan Büyük Kurultayında MYK Üyesi seçildi. Haziran 2015 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde ise MHP'den Kocaeli 1. sıra milletvekili adayı olarak gösterildi ve seçildi. Bu seçimlerin tekrarlanması sonucu Kasım 2015 Türkiye genel seçimlerinde MHP'den tekrar aday gösterildi ve yeniden seçildi. 11 Kasım 2016 günü TBMM'deki odasında gizli kamera bulunduğu iddiası meclis gündemine geldi. Ancak daha sonra kameranın daha önceden yerleştirilip söküldüğü anlaşıldı.

Özel yaşamı
Sancaklı evli ve  Duygu ve Mert adında iki çocuk babasıdır. Eşi Hülya Sancaklı Ocak 2017'de eşinin silahıyla intihar etti.

İstatistikleri

Kulüp takım istatistikleri

Millî takım istatistikleri

Millî takım golleri
NOT:Evsahibi olarak Türkiye baz alınmıştır.

Başarıları

Kulüp

Görüntüler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 www.sancakli.com - Sancaklı Menajerlik Resmî İnternet Sitesi
 TFF Resmî İnternet Sitesi - Futbolcu Saffet Sancaklı Profili

 goal.com İnternet Sitesi - Futbolcu Saffet Sancaklı Profili

1966 doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Resim aranan futbolcular
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
Galatasaray SK futbolcuları
Kocaelispor futbolcuları
Sarıyer SK futbolcuları
Konyaspor futbolcuları
Beşiktaş JK futbolcuları
Vefa SK futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Süper Lig 100'ler kulübü futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye'deki Yugoslav göçmenler
1. Lig gol kralları
TBMM 25. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri
TBMM 26. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri
Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi Merkez Yönetim Kurulu üyeleri
Forvet futbolcular
TBMM Çevre Komisyonu
Ülkücüler
TBMM 27. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri
TBMM Millî Savunma Komisyonu
Boşnak asıllı Türkler
TBMM 28. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri

Saffet Sancaklı


සන්තෝෂම් මාස්‌ටර් හෙවත් යාදවන් යනු එල්.ටී.ටී.ඊ. නායකයෙකි. ස්විස්ටර්ලන්තයේ ජීවත්වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

සන්තෝෂම් මාස්‌ටර්


Agrilus erraticus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1900.

Referências

erraticus

Agrilus erraticus


Shangri-La este un musical cu libretul și versurile scrise de James Hilton, Jerome Lawrence și Robert E. Lee și cu muzica compusă de Harry Warren.

Pornind de la romanul clasic Orizont pierdut (1933) al lui Hilton, musicalul prezintă povestea lui Hugh Conway, un membru veteran al serviciului diplomatic britanic, care ajunge într-o lamaserie tibetană utopică din Munții Himalaya, după ce a supraviețuit prăbușirii avionului pe un teren muntos. Atunci când Marele Lama, aflat pe moarte, îi cere să preia conducerea lamaseriei după moartea lui, Conway trebuie să decidă între adoptarea păcii interioare, a iubirii și a unui scop înalt al vieții, pe care îl descoperise  în această lume misterioasă, și întoarcerea în societatea civilizată așa cum o cunoștea el.

Spectacolul de pe Broadway, regizat de Albert Marre și coregrafiat de Donald Saddler, a avut premiera pe 13 iunie 1956 la Winter Garden Theatre și a fost anulat după numai 21 de reprezentații. Distribuția spectacolului a fost formată din: Dennis King, Shirley Yamaguchi, Jack Cassidy, Alice Ghostley, Carol Lawrence, Berry Kroeger, Harold Lang și Robert Cohan.

Irene Sharaff a fost nominalizată la Premiul Tony pentru cele mai bune costume.

O casetă audio a spectacolului a fost înregistrată live în timpul unui spectacol, dar un album cu reprezentația originală nu a fost niciodată lansat. Spectacolul a fost montat în 1960 pentru televiziune ca parte a programului Hallmark Hall of Fame, cu mai multe piese noi și cu o distribuție formată din Richard Basehart, Claude Rains, Gene Nelson, Helen Gallagher și Ghostley, care și-a reluat rolul de pe Broadway.

Melodii

Actul I
 Om Mani Padme Hum
 Lost Horizon
 The Man I Never Met
 Every Time You Danced with Me
 The World Outside
 I'm Just a Little Bit Confused
 The Beetle Race
 Somewhere

Actul II
 What Every Old Girl Should Know
 Second Time in Love
 Talkin' with Your Feet
 Walk Sweet
 Love Is What I Never Knew
 We've Decided to Stay
 Shangri-La

Note

Legături externe

 Recenzie  în revista Time

Musicaluri
Teatrul în Statele Unite ale Americii
1956 în Statele Unite ale Americii

Shangri-La (musical)


Die Caroline war ein kleiner Schraubensalondampfer auf dem Bodensee, der nach einem Unglücksfall 1919 unter dem Namen Stadt Radolfzell den Beinamen "Kartoffeldampfer" erhielt.

Geschichte
Das Schiff gehörte ursprünglich den k.k. Staatsbahnen. Es wurde zunächst zu Vermessungszwecken genutzt oder sollte für Rundfahrten dienen und kam dann für einige Zeit auf den Zellersee im Salzkammergut. 1903 wurde das Fahrzeug vom Bregenzer Bürgermeister Carl Pedenz angekauft. Dieser ließ die Caroline umbauen und als Karoline im Lokalverkehr zwischen Bregenz und Lochau fahren, bis Lochau im Jahr 1910 eine Anlegestelle bekam, die von der Großschifffahrt bedient wurde. Daraufhin wurde die Karoline nach Radolfzell verkauft und versah fortan unter dem Namen Stadt Radolfzell zusammen mit dem Benzinboot Nymphe den Linienverkehr zwischen Radolfzell, Iznang und der Insel Reichenau. Während des Ersten Weltkriegs wurde die Nymphe, die als ehemaliges Segellastschiff noch etwas kleiner war als die Stadt Radolfzell, von der Seewache genutzt und die Stadt Radolfzell, die auch den Spitznamen "Hannokenkreuzer" – nach einer Bezeichnung für die Einheimischen, die das Schiff vorwiegend nutzten – trug, war als einziges Schiff auf den genannten Strecken im Einsatz.

Das Kartoffeldesaster

Im Juli 1919 wurde die Stadt Radolfzell zur Insel Reichenau beordert, wo sie im Auftrag des Radolfzeller Versorgungsamtes 119 Zentner Frühkartoffeln abholen sollte. Dies war etwa das Doppelte der normalerweise gestatteten Zuladung des Schiffes, das unter der Last bis unter die Scheuerleiste eintauchte. Nachdem das Schiff auf seiner Fahrt nach Radolfzell schon etwa zwei Kilometer zurückgelegt hatte, stellte der Maschinist und Heizer fest, dass das Fahrzeug durch die Aschenauswurfluke langsam volllief und die Lenzpumpe dem zuströmenden Wasser nicht gewachsen war. Nachdem der Schiffsführer ein Notsignal abgegeben hatte, konnten die drei Besatzungsmitglieder und fünf Passagiere von Fischerbooten gerettet werden, der Dampfer jedoch sank mitsamt den Kartoffeln. Nachdem die Stadt Radolfzell einige Monate in 17 Metern Tiefe auf Grund gelegen hatte, konnte sie von einem Zürcher Tauchunternehmer gehoben werden und wurde anschließend nach Konstanz geschleppt. Ab dem Frühjahr 1920 konnte das Schiff wieder genutzt werden. Unter Schweizer Flagge versah es weiter den Dienst an der Höri.

Strandung
Mitte November 1921 sollte das Schiff an einem Abend noch eine Fahrt von Radolfzell zur Reichenau absolvieren, wo die Reisenden Anschluss an einen Dampfer nach Stein am Rhein haben sollten. Das Schiff geriet jedoch in einen Sturm und lief schließlich vor dem Genslehorn auf eine Kiesbank auf. Raketen- und Pfeifsignale blieben unbemerkt, der Dampfer konnte sich auch aus eigener Kraft nicht mehr befreien und in den Fahrgastraum drang Wasser ein. Da niemand den Passagieren und der Besatzung zu Hilfe kam, mussten diese die Nacht in dem havarierten und knietief mit Wasser gefüllten Schiff zubringen. Erst anderntags konnte das Schiff nach Konstanz gelangen, wo es abermals repariert wurde.

Der Dampfer Hohenklingen, der an dem Unglücksabend auch die Reichenau anlaufen sollte, kam gleichfalls nicht an, da ihn das gleiche Schicksal ereilte wie die Stadt Radolfzell. Er lief beim Zapplerfach zwischen Gottlieben und Ermatingen auf Grund und kam während der Nacht ebenfalls nicht mehr frei.

Ende und Nachfolger
Nachdem ab 1924 wieder die Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft für den Schiffsverkehr im Radolfzeller Seebecken verantwortlich war, wechselte das Schiff erneut die Flagge. Seine letzte Fahrt fand im Mai 1928 statt. Im Rahmen einer Bodenseerundreise mit Mitgliedern des Munotvereins Schaffhausen kehrte es noch einmal in seinen alten Heimathafen Bregenz zurück, ehe es einige Monate später verschrottet wurde. Den kleinen Dampfer mit den zwei hohen Masten und dem auffallend langen, dunklen Schornstein ersetzte ein neues Schiff, das ebenfalls den Namen Stadt Radolfzell erhielt.

Dieses Nachfolgeschiff existierte nicht lange. Da die Motorenanlage nicht zufriedenstellend arbeitete, wurde die neue Stadt Radolfzell schon 1934 wieder außer Dienst gestellt. Vorgesehen war, dass das Fahrzeug in Kressbronn in der Bodan-Werft zu einem Hilfsschiff für die Deutsche Reichsbahn in Lindau umgestaltet oder wenigstens teilweise dafür genutzt werden sollte. Stattdessen wurde das Schiff aber ausgeschlachtet und im Tiefen Schweb versenkt und die Reichsbahn erhielt mit der Greif ein ganz neu gebautes Dienstboot. Dieses wurde nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges von der französischen Besatzungsmacht abtransportiert und bis Ende der 1990er Jahre in Rouen als Barkasse genutzt.

Literatur
 Werner Deppert: Das Dampfboot "Stadt Radolfzell". Oder wie es zum "Kartoffeldampfer" kam. Konstanzer Almanach 1977, 23. Jahrgang, Verlag Friedr. Stadler, Konstanz.
 Karl F. Fritz: Abenteuer Dampfschiffahrt auf dem Bodensee. 2. Auflage. Multi-Media-Verlag Hinze, Meersburg 1990, ISBN 3-927484-00-8, S. 67–71.
 Arnulf Dieth: Die Österreichische Schiffahrt auf dem Bodensee. Hecht-Verlag, Hard 1984

Weblinks

 Schiffsdaten

Fußnoten

Passagierschiff (Deutschland)
Passagierschiff (Bodensee)
Dampfmaschinenschiff
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik

Caroline (Schiff, 1885)


Bjørgeseter Station (Bjørgeseter stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Gjøvikbanen, der ligger i bygden Bjørgeseter i Oppland fylke i Norge.

Bjørgeseter blev taget i brug som krydsningsspor 20. december 1900 men blev først oprettet som holdeplads under navnet Bjørgesæter 1. januar 1902. Omkring 1910 blev den opgraderet til station, og i april 1921 skiftede den navn til det nuværende. Stationen blev fjernstyret 29. september 1972, og 1. oktober samme år blev den gjort ubemandet. 11. juni 2006 ophørte Gjøvikbanens tog med at standse ved stationen.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Gjøvikbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1902
Ophørt i 2006
Jernbanestationer i Oppland

Bjørgeseter Station


Ricardo Rodríguez Suárez (født 3. april 1974) er en tidligere spansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Spanien

Ricardo Rodríguez Suárez


AUM est un groupe de death metal français, originaire de Paris, formé en 2011.

Biographie
Le groupe est formé en 2011 à Paris par le leader AUM et un ami. AUM jouait de la guitare tandis que son ami s'occupait de la batterie. Ils ont joué ensemble pendant un an, composant quatre morceaux, avant que son ami ne doive déménager pour ses études. Le projet a alors été mis en hiatus. Tout en continuant à écrire de nouveaux morceaux, AUM déménage à Toulouse. Mais là encore, il ne trouve pas de batteur adéquat.

En 2015, il décide d'engager un batteur professionnel et enregistre les morceaux avec lui. Il contacte ensuite Patrick Kremer, propriétaire d'Iron Bonehead Productions, par l'intermédiaire duquel l'album Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum sort l'année suivante.

Style musical
Dans une interview avec Andreas Schiffmann de , le leader AUM déclare s'être inspiré de groupes de black metal comme Gorgoroth, Archgoat, Bestial Warlust, Seigneur Voland, Urgehal, Revenge, Antichrist, Blasphemy, Sarcófago, Demoncy, Truppensturm, Cornigr, Knelt Rote, Noenum, Diocletian et Teitanblood, Cornigr, Knelt Rote, Noenum, Diocletian et Teitanblood. Le groupe lui-même aurait plutôt ses racines dans le death metal, dans le style d'Incantation, Dead Congregation, Corpsessed, Drowned, Cruciamentum, Necros Christos, Gorephilia, Grave Miasma, Rippikoulu, Belial et Sonne Adam. Le titre de l'album est un mantra tibétain. Schilling avait fait une critique de l'album dans un numéro précédent. On y entend un death metal sombre, avec un chant qui rappelle Mors Dalos Ra de Necros Christos, une « dynamique qui monte et descend » dans le style de Sonne Adam, tandis que le «  stoïque et persistant » rappelle Teitanblood. Les chansons sont cependant moins chaotiques et plus structurées.

Discographie
 2016 : Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum (album, Iron Bonehead Productions)

Notes et références

Groupe français de black metal
Groupe français de death metal
Groupe musical formé en 2000

AUM (groupe)