The Federal Constitution of Malaysia (), which came into force in 1957 as the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and was amended in 1963 to form the Constitution of Malaysia, is the supreme law of Malaysia and contains a total of 183 articles. It is a written legal document influenced by two previous documents, the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948 and the Independence Constitution of 1957. The Federation was initially called the Federation of Malaya (Malay: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu) and it adopted its present name, Malaysia, when the states of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore (now independent) became part of the Federation. The Constitution establishes the Federation as a constitutional monarchy, having the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the Head of State with largely ceremonial roles. It provides for the establishment and organisation of three main branches of the government: the bicameral legislative branch called the Parliament, which consists of the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) and the Senate (Dewan Negara); the executive branch led by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet Ministers and the judicial branch headed by the Federal Court.

History

Constitutional Conference:  A constitutional conference was held in London from 18 January to 6 February 1956 attended by a delegation from the Federation of Malaya, consisting of four representatives of the Rulers, the Chief Minister of the Federation (Tunku Abdul Rahman) and three other ministers, and also by the British High Commissioner in Malaya and his advisers.

Reid Commission:  The conference proposed the appointment of a commission to devise a constitution for a fully self-governing and independent Federation of Malaya. This proposal was accepted by Queen Elizabeth II and the Malay Rulers. Accordingly, pursuant to such agreement, the Reid Commission, consisting of constitutional experts from fellow Commonwealth countries and headed by Lord (William) Reid, a distinguished Lord-of-Appeal-in-Ordinary, was appointed to make recommendations for a suitable constitution. The report of the Commission was completed on 11 February 1957. The report was then examined by a working party appointed by the British Government, the Conference of Rulers and the Government of the Federation of Malaya and the Federal Constitution was enacted on the basis of its recommendations.

Constitution: The Constitution came into force on 27 August 1957 but formal independence was only achieved on 31 August. This constitution was amended in 1963 to admit Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore as additional member states of the Federation and to make the agreed changes to the constitution that were set out in the Malaysia Agreement, which included changing the name of the Federation to "Malaysia".  Thus, legally speaking, the establishment of Malaysia did not create a new nation as such but was simply the addition of new member states to the Federation created by the 1957 constitution, with a change of name.

Structure
The Constitution, in its current form (1 November 2010), consists of 15 Parts containing 230 articles and 13 schedules (including 57 amendments).

Parts

 Part I – The States, Religion and Law of the Federation
 Part II – Fundamental Liberties
 Part III – Citizenship
 Part IV – The Federation
 Part V – The States
 Part VI – Relations Between the Federation and the States
 Part VII – Financial Provisions
 Part VIII – Elections
 Part IX – The Judiciary
 Part X – Public Services
 Part XI – Special Powers Against Subversion, Organised Violence, and Acts and Crimes Prejudicial to the Public and Emergency Powers
 Part XII – General and Miscellaneous
 Part XIIA – Additional Protections for States of Sabah and Sarawak
 Part XIII – Temporary and Transitional Provisions
 Part XIV – Saving for Rulers' Sovereignty, etc.
 Part XV – Proceedings Against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers

Schedules
The following is a list of the schedules to the Constitution.
 First Schedule [Articles 18(1), 19(9)] – Oath of Applications for Registration or Naturalization
 Second Schedule [Article 39] – Citizenship by operation of law of persons born before, on or after Malaysia Day and supplementary provisions relating to citizenship
 Third Schedule [Articles 32 and 33] – Election of Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong
 Fourth Schedule [Article 37] – Oaths of Office of Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong
 Fifth Schedule [Article 38(1)] – The Conference of Rulers
 Sixth Schedule [Articles 43(6), 43B(4), 57(1A)(a), 59(1), 124, 142(6)] – Forms of Oaths and Affirmations
 Seventh Schedule [Article 45] – Election of Senators
 Eighth Schedule [Article 71] – Provisions to be inserted in State Constitutions
 Ninth Schedule [Articles 74, 77] – Legislative Lists
 Tenth Schedule [Articles 109, 112C, 161C(3)*] – Grants and Sources of Revenue assigned to States
 Eleventh Schedule [Article 160(1)] – Provisions of the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance 1948 (Malayan Union Ordinance No. 7 of 1948), Applied for Interpretation of the Constitution
 Twelfth Schedule – Provisions of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948 as Applied to the Legislative Council after Merdeka Day (Repealed)
 Thirteenth Schedule [Articles 113, 116, 117] – Provisions relating to delimitation of Constituencies

*NOTE—This Article was repealed by Act A354, section 46, in force from 27-08-1976—see section 46 of Act A354.

Fundamental Liberties
Fundamental liberties in Malaysia are set out in Articles 5 to 13 of the Constitution, under the following headings: liberty of the person, prohibition of slavery and forced labour, protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials, equality, prohibition of banishment and freedom of movement, freedom of speech, assembly and association, freedom of religion, rights in respect of education and rights to property.  Some of these liberties and rights are subject to limitations and exceptions and some are available to citizens only (for example, the freedom of speech, assembly and association).

Article 5 – Right to Life and Liberty
Article 5 enshrines a number of basic fundamental human rights:

  No person may be deprived of life or personal liberty except in accordance with law.
 A person who is unlawfully detained may be released by the High Court (right of habeas corpus).
  A person has the right to be informed of the reasons of his arrest and to be legally represented by a lawyer of his choice.
 A person may not be arrested for more than 24 hours without a magistrate's permission.

Article 6 – No Slavery
Article 6 provides that no person may be held in slavery. All forms of forced labour are prohibited, but federal law, such as the National Service Act 1952, may provide for compulsory service for national purposes.  It is expressly provided that work incidental to serving a sentence of imprisonment imposed by a court of law is not forced labour.

Article 7 – No Retrospective Criminal Laws or Increases in Punishment and no Repetition of Criminal Trials

In the area of criminal laws and procedure, this Article provides the following protections:

 No person shall be punished for an act or omission which was not punishable by law when it was done or made.
  No person shall suffer greater punishment for an offence than was prescribed by law at the time it was committed.
  A person who has been acquitted or convicted of an offence shall not be tried again for the same offence except where a retrial is ordered by a court.

Article 8 – Equality
Article 8 by clause (1) provides that all persons are equal before the law and entitled to its equal protection.

Clause 2 states: "Except as expressly authorised by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent, gender or place of birth in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment."

The exceptions expressly allowed under the Constitution includes the affirmative actions taken to protect the special position for the Malays of Peninsular Malaysia and the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak under Article 153.

Article 9 – Prohibition of Banishment and Freedom of Movement

This Article protects Malaysian citizens against being banished from the country. It further provides that every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the Federation but Parliament is allowed to impose restrictions on the movement of citizens from Peninsular Malaysia to Sabah and Sarawak.

Article 10 – Freedom of Speech, Assembly and Association

Article 10(1) grants freedom of speech, the right to assemble peaceably and the right to form associations to every Malaysian citizen but such freedom and rights are not absolute: the Constitution itself, by Article 10 (2), (3) and (4), expressly permits Parliament by law to impose restrictions in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order, morality, to protect the privileges of Parliament, to provide against contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence.

Article 10 is a key provision of Part II of the Constitution, and has been regarded as "of paramount importance" by the judicial community in Malaysia. However, it has been argued that the rights of Part II, in particular Article 10, "have been so heavily qualified by other parts of the Constitution, for example, Part XI in relation to special and emergency powers, and the permanent state of emergency that has existed since 1969, that much of [the Constitution's] high principles are lost."

Article 10 (4) states that Parliament may pass law prohibiting the questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III, Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Constitution.

Several acts of law regulate the freedoms granted by Article 10, such as the Official Secrets Act, which makes it a crime to disseminate information classified as an official secret.

Laws on freedom of assembly

Under the Public Order (Preservation) Act 1958, the relevant Minister may temporarily declare any area where public order is seriously disturbed or seriously threatened to be a "proclaimed area" for a period of up to one month. The Police has extensive powers under the Act to maintain public order in proclaimed areas. These include the power to close roads, erect barriers, impose curfews, and to prohibit or regulate processions, meetings or assemblies of five persons or more. General offences under the Act are punishable by imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months; but for more serious offences the maximum prison sentence is higher (e.g. 10 years for using offensive weapons or explosives) and sentences may include whipping.

Another law which previously curtailed the freedoms of Article 10 is the Police Act 1967, which criminalised the gathering of three or more people in a public place without a licence.  However the relevant sections of the Police Act dealing with such gatherings have been repealed by the Police (Amendment) Act 2012, which came into operation on 23 April 2012.  The Peaceful Assembly Act 2012, which came into operation on the same day, replaced the Police Act as the principal legislation dealing with public gatherings.

Peaceful Assembly Act 2012

The Peaceful Assembly Act gives citizens the right to organise and participate in peaceful assemblies subject to the restrictions under the Act. Under the law, citizens are allowed to hold assemblies, which includes processions (see the definition of "assembly" and "place of assembly" in section 3 of the Act), upon giving 10 days notice to the police (section 9(1) of the Act). However, no notification is required for certain types of assemblies, such as wedding receptions, funeral processions, open houses during festivals, family gatherings, religious assemblies and assemblies at designated places of assembly (see section 9(2) and the Third Schedule of the Act). However, street protests, which consist of "mass" marches or rallies, are not permitted (See section 4(1)(c) of the Act).

The following are comments from the Malaysian Bar Council on the Peaceful Assembly Act:

PA2011 appears to allow the police to decide what is a "street protest" and what is a "procession". If the police say that an assembly being organised by Group A to gather at one place and move to another is a "street protest", it will be banned. If the police say that an assembly being organised by Group B to gather at one place and move to another is a "procession", it will not be banned and the police will allow Group B to proceed. FAQs on Peaceful Assembly Bill 2011.

Civil society and The Malaysian Bar "opposes the Peaceful Assembly Bill 2011 ("PA 2011") on the grounds that it imposes unreasonable and disproportionate fetters on the freedom of assembly that is guaranteed under the Federal Constitution."Open letter from Lim Chee Wee, President of Malaysian Bar

Laws on freedom of speech

The Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 gives the Home Affairs Minister the discretion to grant, suspend and revoke newspaper publishing permits. Up until July 2012, the Minister could exercise "absolute discretion" on such matters but this absolute discretionary power was expressly removed by the Printing Presses and Publications (Amendment) Act 2012. The Act also makes it a criminal offence to possess a printing press without a licence.

The Sedition Act 1948 makes it an offence to engage in acts with a "seditious tendency", including but not limited to the spoken word and publications. The meaning of "seditious tendency" is defined in section 3 of the Sedition Act 1948 and in substance it is similar to the English common law definition of sedition, with modifications to suit local circumstances. Conviction may result in a sentence of a fine up to RM5,000, three years in jail, or both.

The Sedition Act in particular has been widely commented upon by jurists for the bounds it places on freedom of speech. Justice Raja Azlan Shah (later the Yang di-Pertuan Agong) once said:

Suffian LP in the case of PP v Mark Koding [1983] 1 MLJ 111 said, in relation to the amendments to Sedition Act in 1970, after 13 May 1969 riots, which added citizenship, language, special position of bumiputras and sovereignty of rulers to the list of seditious matters:

Freedom of association

Article 10(c)(1) guarantees the freedom of association subject only to restrictions imposed through any federal law on the grounds of national security, public order or morality or through any law relating to labour or education (Article 10(2)(c) and (3)). In relation to the freedom of incumbent elected legislators to change their political parties, the Supreme Court of Malaysia in the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly v Nordin Salleh held that an "anti party-hopping" provision in the Kelantan State Constitution violates the right to freedom of association. That provision stipulated that a member of the Kelantan legislative assembly who is a member of any political party shall cease to be a member of the legislative assembly if he or she resigns or is expelled from such political party. The Supreme Court held that the Kelantan anti party-hopping provision was void because the "direct and inevitable consequence" of the provision is to restrict the right of members of the assembly from exercising their right to freedom of association. Furthermore, the Malaysian Federal Constitution sets out a complete list of the grounds on which a member of a State Legislative Assembly can be disqualified (e.g. being of unsound mind) and disqualification on the ground of resigning from one's political party is not one of them.

Article 11 – Freedom of religion
Article 11 provides that every person has the right to profess and practice his own religion. Every person has the right to propagate his religion, but state law and, in respect of the Federal Territories, federal law may control or restrict the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among Muslims. There is, however, freedom to carry on missionary work among non-Muslims.

Article 12 – Rights in respect to education
In respect to education, Article 12 provides that there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of religion, race, descent or place of birth (i) in the administration of any educational institution maintained by a public authority, and, in particular, the admission of pupils or students or the payment of fees and (ii) in providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution (whether or not maintained by a public authority and whether within or outside Malaysia). Note however that notwithstanding this Article, the Government is required, under Article 153, to implement affirmative action programs such as the reservation of places in tertiary educational institutions for the benefit of Malays and natives of Sabah and Sarawak.

In respect of religion, Article 12 provides that (i) every religious group has the right to establish and maintain institutions for the education of children in its own religion, and (ii) no person shall be required to receive instruction in or take part in any ceremony or act of worship of a religion other than his own and that for this purpose the religion of a person under the age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or guardian.

Article 13 – Rights to property
Article 13 provides that no person may be deprived of property save in accordance with law. No law may provide for the compulsory acquisition or use of property without adequate compensation.

Federal and state relationship

Article 71 – State sovereignty and state constitutions
The Federation is required to guarantee the sovereignty of the Malay Sultans in their respective States. Each State, irrespective of whether it has a Sultan as its Ruler, has its own State constitution but for uniformity, all State constitutions must have a standard set of essential provisions (See Art. 71 and the 8th Schedule of the Federal Constitution.) These provide for:

 The establishment of a State Legislative Assembly, consisting of the ruler and democratically elected members, which sits for a maximum of five years.
 The appointment of an executive branch, called the Executive Council, by the Ruler from the members of the Assembly.  The Ruler appoints as the head of the Executive Council (the Menteri Besar or Chief Minister) a person whom he believes is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Assembly.  The other members of the Executive Council are appointed by the Ruler on the advice of the Menteri Besar.
 The creation of a state level constitutional monarchy, as the ruler is a required to act on the advice of the Executive Council on almost all matters under the State constitution and law
 The holding of a state general election upon the dissolution of the assembly.
 The requirements for amending state constitutions – two-thirds absolute majority of the members of the Assembly is required.

The Federal Parliament has the power to amend state constitutions if they do not contain the essential provisions or have provisions that are inconsistent with them. (Art. 71(4))

Articles 73 – 79 legislative powers

Federal, state and concurrent legislative lists

Parliament has the exclusive power to make laws over matters falling under the Federal List (such as citizenship, defence, internal security, civil and criminal law, finance, trade, commerce and industry, education, labour, and tourism) whereas each State, through its Legislative Assembly, has legislative power over matters under the State List (such as land, local government, Syariah law and Syariah courts, State holidays and State public works). Parliament and State legislatures share the power to make laws over matters under the Concurrent List (such as water supplies and housing) but Article 75 provides that in the event of conflict, Federal law will prevail over State law.

These lists are set out in Schedule 9 of the Constitution, where:
 The Federal List is set out in List I,
 The State List in List II, and
 The Concurrent List in List III.

There are supplements to the State List (List IIA) and the Concurrent List (List IIIA) that apply only to Sabah and Sarawak.  These give the two states legislative powers over matters such as native law and customs, ports and harbours (other than those declared to be federal), hydro electricity and personal law relating to marriage, divorce, family law, gifts and intestacy.

Residual Power of States:  The States have the residual power to make laws on any matter not listed in any of the three lists (Article 77).

Power of Parliament to make laws for States:  Parliament is allowed to make laws on matters falling under the State List in certain limited cases, such as for the purposes of implementing an international treaty entered into by Malaysia or for the creation of uniform State laws.  However, before any such law can be effective in a State, it must be ratified by law by its State Legislature.  The only except is where the law passed by Parliament relates to land law (such as the registration of land titles and compulsory acquisition of land) and local government (Article 76).

State Islamic laws and Syariah courts

States have legislative power over Islamic matters listed in item 1 of the State List which amongst other things includes the power to:
 Make Islamic laws and personal and family law of Muslims.
 Create and punish offences against precepts of Islam ("Islamic offences") which are committed by Muslims, except in regard to criminal law and other matters which fall under the Federal list.
 Create Syariah courts with jurisdiction over:
 Muslims only,
 Matters falling under Item 1 of the State List, and
 Islamic offences only if authority has been given by Federal law – and under the Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1963, which is a Federal law, Syariah Courts were given the jurisdiction to try Islamic offences, but not if the offence is punishable by: (a) imprisonment of more than 3 years, (b) A fine exceeding RM5,000 or (c) Whipping in excess of six lashes, or any combination thereof.

Other articles

Article 3 – Islam
Article 3 declares that Islam is the religion of the Federation but it then goes on to say that this does not affect the other provisions of the Constitution (Article 4(3)). Therefore, the fact that Islam is the religion of Malaysia does not by itself import Islamic principles into the Constitution but it does contain a number of specific Islamic features:
 States may create their own laws to govern Muslims in respect of Islamic law and personal and family law matter.
 States may create Syariah courts to adjudicate over Muslims in respect of State Islamic laws.
 States may also create laws in relation to offences against precepts of Islam but this is subject to a number of limitations: (i) such laws may only apply to Muslim, (ii) such laws may not create criminal offences as only Parliament has the power to create criminal laws and (iii) the State Syariah Courts have no jurisdiction over Islamic offences unless allowed by federal law (see the above section).

Article 32 – The Head of State

Article 32 of the Constitution of Malaysia provides for a Supreme Head of the Federation or King of the Federation, to be called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who shall not be liable to any civil or criminal proceedings except in the Special Court. The Consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the Raja Permaisuri Agong.

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years, but may at any time resign or be removed from office by the Conference of Rulers, and shall cease to hold office on ceasing to be a Ruler.

Article 33 provides for a Deputy Supreme Head of State or Deputy King, the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who acts as the Head of State when the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is expected to be unable to do so, owing to illness or absence from the country, for at least 15 days. The Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong is also elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five-years or if elected during the reign of a Yang di-Pertuan Agong, until the end of his reign.

Articles 39 and 40 – The executive
Legally, executive power is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Such power may be exercised by him personally only in accordance with Cabinet advice (except where the Constitution allows him to act in his own discretion)(Art. 40), the Cabinet, any minister authorised by the Cabinet, or any person authorised by federal law.

Article 40(2) allows the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to act in his own discretion in relation to the following functions:
(a) The appointment of the Prime Minister,
(b) The withholding of consent to a request to dissolve Parliament, and
(c) The requisition of a meeting of the Conference of Rulers concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities of the Rulers.

Article 43 – Appointment of the Prime Minister and the cabinet

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is required to appoint a Cabinet to advise him in the exercise of his executive functions.  He appoints the Cabinet in the following manner:

 Acting in his discretion (see Art. 40(2)(a)), he first appoints as Prime Minister a member of the Dewan Rakyat who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Dewan.
 On the advice of the Prime Minister, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints other Ministers from among the members of either House of Parliament.

Article 43(4) – Cabinet and the loss of majority in the Dewan Rakyat

Article 43(4) stipulates that if the Prime Minister ceases to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Dewan Rakyat, then unless at the PM's request the Yang di-Pertuan Agong dissolves Parliament (and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may act in his absolute discretion (Art. 40(2)(b))
the PM and his Cabinet must resign.

Under Article 71 and the 8th Schedule, all State Constitutions are required to have a provision similar to the above in relation to their respective Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) and Executive Council (Exco).

The Perak Menteri Besar case

In 2009, the Federal Court had occasion to consider the application of this provision in the Perak State Constitution when the ruling coalition of the state (Pakatan Rakyat) lost the majority of the Perak Legislative Assembly due to floor crossings by several of their members to the opposition coalition (Barisan Nasional). Controversy arose in that incident because the then incumbent Menteri Besar was replaced by the Sultan with a member from Barisan Nasional without there having been a vote of no-confidence on the floor of the State Assembly against the then incumbent Menteri Besar, after he had unsuccessfully sought for the dissolution of the State Assembly. As noted above, the Sultan has complete discretion to decide whether or not to consent to the request to dissolve the assembly.

The Court held that (i) as the Perak State Constitution does not stipulate that the loss of confidence in a Menteri Besar can only be established through a vote in the assembly, then following the Privy Council's decision in  Adegbenro v Akintola [1963] AC 614 and the High Court's decision in Dato Amir Kahar v Tun Mohd Said Keruak [1995] 1 CLJ 184, evidence of loss of confidence may be gathered from other sources and (ii) it is mandatory for a Menteri Besar to resign once he loses the confidence of the majority and if he refuses to do so then, following the decision in Dato Amir Kahar, he is deemed to have resigned.

Article 121 – The judiciary

The judicial power of Malaysia vests in the High Court of Malaya and the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak, the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court.

The two High Courts have juridisction over civil and criminal matters but have no jurisdiction "in respect of any matter within the jurisdiction of the Syariah courts." This exclusion of jurisdiction over Syariah matters is stipulated in Clause 1A of Article 121, which was added to the Constitution by Act A704, in force from 10 June 1988.

The Court of Appeal (Mahkamah Rayuan) has jurisdiction to hear appeals from decisions of the High Court and other matters as may be prescribed by law. (See Clause 1B of Article 121)

The highest court in Malaysia is the Federal Court (Mahkamah Persekutuan), which has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the Court of Appeal, the high courts, original or consultative jurisdictions under Articles 128 and 130 and such other jurisdiction as may be prescribed by law.

Separation of Powers

In July 2007, the Court of Appeal held that the doctrine of separation of powers was an integral part of the Constitution; under the Westminster System Malaysia inherited from the British, separation of powers was originally only loosely provided for. This decision was however overturned by the Federal Court, which held that the doctrine of separation of powers is a political doctrine, coined by the French political thinker Baron de Montesquieu, under which the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the government are kept entirely separate and distinct and that the Federal Constitution does have some features of this doctrine but not always (for example, Malaysian Ministers are both executives and legislators, which is inconsistent with the doctrine of separation of powers).

Article 149 – Special Laws against subversion and acts prejudicial to public order, such as terrorism
Article 149 gives power to the Parliament to pass special laws to stop or prevent any actual or threatened action by a large body of persons which Parliament believes to be prejudicial to public order, promoting hostility between races, causing disaffection against the State, causing citizens to fear organised violence against them or property, or prejudicial to the functioning of any public service or supply. Such laws do not have to be consistent with the fundamental liberties under Articles 5 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty), 9 (No Banishment from Malaysia and Freedom of movement within Malaysia), 10 (Freedom of Speech, Assembly and Association) or 13 (Rights to Property).

The laws passed under this article include the Internal Security Act 1960 (ISA) (which was repealed in 2012) and the Dangerous Drugs (Special Preventive Measures) Act 1985. Such Acts remain constitutional even if they provide for detention without trial. Some critics say that the repealed ISA had been used to detain people critical of the government. Its replacement the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 no longer allows for detention without trial but provides the police, in relation to security offences, with a number of special investigative and other powers such as the power to arrest suspects for an extended period of 28 days (section 4 of the Act), intercept communications (section 6), and monitor suspects using electronic monitoring devices (section 7).

Restrictions on preventive detention (Art. 151):
Persons detained under preventive detention legislation have the following rights:

Grounds of Detention and Representations:   The relevant authorities are required, as soon as possible, to tell the detainee why he or she is being detained and the allegations of facts on which the detention was made, so long as the disclosure of such facts are not against national security.  The detainee has the right to make representations against the detention.

Advisory Board:  If a representation is made by the detainee (and the detainee is a citizen), it will be considered by an Advisory Board which will then make recommendations to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.  This process must usually be completed within 3 months of the representations being received, but may be extended.  The Advisory Board is appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.  Its chairman must be a person who is a current or former judge of the High Court, Court of Appeal or the Federal Court (or its predecessor) or is qualified to be such a judge.

Article 150 – Emergency Powers

This article permits the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, acting on Cabinet advice, to issue a Proclamation of Emergency and to govern by issuing ordinances that are not subject to judicial review if the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security, or the economic life, or public order in the Federation or any part thereof is threatened.

Emergency ordinances have the same force as an Act of Parliament and they remain effective until they are revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or annulled by Parliament (Art. 150(2C)) and (3)).  Such ordinances and emergency related Acts of Parliament are valid even if they are inconsistent with the Constitution except those constitutional provisions which relate to matters of Islamic law or custom of the Malays, native law or customs of Sabah and Sarawak, citizenship, religion or language. (Article 150(6) and (6A)).

Since Merdeka, four emergencies have been proclaimed, in 1964 (a nationwide emergency due to the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation), 1966 (Sarawak only, due to the Stephen Kalong Ningkan political crisis), 1969 (nationwide emergency due to the 13 May riots) and 1977 (Kelantan only, due to a state political crisis).

All four Emergencies have now been revoked: the 1964 nationwide emergency was in effect revoked by the Privy Council when it held that the 1969 nationwide emergency proclamation had by implication revoked the 1964 emergency (see Teh Cheng Poh v P.P.) and the other three were revoked under Art. 150(3) of the Constitution by resolutions of the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara, in 2011.

Article 152 – National Language and Other Languages

Article 152 states that the national language is the Malay language. In relation to other languages, the Constitution provides that:

(a) Everyone is free to teach, learn or use any other languages, except for official purposes. Official purposes here means any purpose of the Government, whether Federal or State, and includes any purpose of a public authority.

(b) The Federal and State Governments are free to preserve or sustain the use and study of the language of any other community.

Article 152(2) created a transition period for the continued use of English for legislative proceedings and all other official purposes.  For the States in Peninsular Malaysia, the period was ten years from Merdeka Day and thereafter until Parliament provided otherwise.  Parliament subsequently enacted the National Language Acts 1963/67 which provided that the Malay language shall be used for all official purposes. The Acts specifically provide that all court proceedings and parliamentary and state assembly proceedings are to be conducted in Malay, but exceptions may be granted by the judge of the court, or the Speaker or President of the legislative assembly.

The Acts also provide that the official script for the Malay language is the Latin alphabet or Rumi; however, use of Jawi is not prohibited.

Article 153 – Special Position of Bumiputras and Legitimate Interests of Other Communities

Article 153 stipulates that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, acting on Cabinet advice, has the responsibility for safeguarding the special position of Malays and the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak, and the legitimate interests of all other communities.

Originally there was no reference made in the article to the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak, such as the Dusuns, Dayaks and Muruts, but with the union of Malaya with Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak in 1963, the Constitution was amended so as to provide similar privileges to them. The term Bumiputra is commonly used to refer collectively to Malays and the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak, but it is not defined in the constitution.

Article 153 in detail

Special position of bumiputras:  In relation to the special position of bumiputras, Article 153 requires the King, acting on Cabinet advice, to exercise his functions under the Constitution and federal law:

(a) Generally, in such manner as may be necessary to safeguard the special position of the Bumiputras and

(b) Specifically, to reserve quotas for Bumiputras in the following areas:

 Positions in the federal civil service.
 Scholarships, exhibitions, and educational, training or special facilities.
 Permits or licenses for any trade or business which is regulated by federal law (and the law itself may provide for such quotas).
 Places in institutions of post secondary school learning such as universities, colleges and polytechnics.

Legitimate interests of other communities:  Article 153 protects the legitimate interests of other communities in the following ways:

 Citizenship to the Federation of Malaysia - originally was opposed by the Bumiputras during the formation of the Malayan Union and finally agreed upon due to pressure by the British
 Civil servants must be treated impartially regardless of race – Clause 5 of Article 153 specifically reaffirms Article 136 of the Constitution which states: All persons of whatever race in the same grade in the service of the Federation shall, subject to the terms and conditions of their employment, be treated impartially.
 Parliament may not restrict any business or trade solely for Bumiputras.
 The exercise of the powers under Article 153 cannot deprive any person of any public office already held by him.
 The exercise of the powers under Article 153 cannot deprive any person of any scholarship, exhibition or other educational or training privileges or special facilities already enjoyed by him.
 While laws may reserve quotas for licences and permits for Bumiputras, they may not deprive any person of any right, privilege, permit or licence already enjoyed or held by him or authorise a refusal to renew such person's license or permit.

Article 153 may not be amended without the consent of the Conference of Rulers (See clause 5 of Article 159 (Amendment of the Constitution)). State Constitutions may include an equivalent of Article 153 (See clause 10 of Article 153).

The Reid Commission suggested that these provisions would be temporary in nature and be revisited in 15 years, and that a report should be presented to the appropriate legislature (currently the Parliament of Malaysia) and that the "legislature should then determine either to retain or to reduce any quota or to discontinue it entirely."

New Economic Policy (NEP):
Under Article 153, and due to 13 May 1969 riots, the New Economic Policy was introduced. The NEP aimed to eradicate poverty irrespective of race by expanding the economic pie so that the Chinese share of the economy would not be reduced in absolute terms but only relatively. The aim was for the Malays to have a 30% equity share of the economy, as opposed to the 4% they held in 1970. Foreigners and Malaysians of Chinese descent held much of the rest.

The NEP appeared to be derived from Article 153 and could be viewed as being in line with its general wording. Although Article 153 would have been up for review in 1972, fifteen years after Malaysia's independence in 1957, due to the May 13 Incident it remained unreviewed. A new expiration date of 1991 for the NEP was set, twenty years after its implementation. However, the NEP was said to have failed to have met its targets and was continued under a new policy called the National Development Policy.

Article 160 – Constitutional definition of Malay

Article 160(2) of the Constitution of Malaysia defines various terms used in the Constitution, including "Malay," which is used in Article 153.  "Malay" means a person who satisfies two sets of criteria:

First, the person must be one who professes to be a Muslim, habitually speaks the Malay language, and adheres to Malay customs.

Second, the person must have been:

(i)(a) Domiciled in the Federation or Singapore on Merdeka Day,
(b) Born in the Federation or Singapore before Merdeka Day, or (c) Born before Merdeka Day of parents one of whom was born in the Federation or Singapore, (collectively, the "Merdeka Day population") or
(ii) Is a descendant of a member of the Merdeka Day population.

As being a Muslim is one of the components of the definition, Malay citizens who convert out of Islam are no longer considered Malay under the Constitution. Hence, the Bumiputra privileges afforded to Malays under Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia, the New Economic Policy (NEP), etc. are forfeit for such converts. Likewise, a non-Malay Malaysian who converts to Islam can lay claim to Bumiputra privileges, provided he meets the other conditions. A higher education textbook conforming to the government Malaysian studies syllabus states: "This explains the fact that when a non-Malay embraces Islam, he is said to masuk Melayu (become a Malay). That person is automatically assumed to be fluent in the Malay language and to be living like a Malay as a result of his close association with the Malays."

Due to the requirement to have family roots in the Federation or Singapore, a person of Malay extract who has migrated to Malaysia after Merdeka day from another country (with the exception of Singapore), and their descendants, will not be regarded as a Malay under the Constitution as such a person and their descendants would not normally fall under or be descended from the Merdeka Day Population.

Sarawak:  Malays from Sarawak are defined in the Constitution as part of the indigenous people of Sarawak (see the definition of the word "native" in clause 7 of Article 161A), separate from Malays of the Peninsular.
Sabah: There is no equivalent definition for natives of Sabah which for the purposes of the Constitution are "a race indigenous to Sabah" (see clause 6 of Article 161A).

Article 181 – Sovereignty of the Malay Rulers
Article 181 guarantees the sovereignty, rights, powers and jurisdictions of each Malay Ruler within their respective states. They also cannot be charged in a court of law in their official capacities as a Ruler.

The Malay Rulers can be charged on any personal wrongdoing, outside of their role and duties as a Ruler. However, the charges cannot be carried out in a normal court of law, but in a Special Court established under Article 182.

Special Court for Proceedings against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers

The Special Court is the only place where both civil and criminal cases against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Ruler of a State in his personal capacity may be heard. Such cases can only proceed with the consent of the Attorney General. The five members of the Special Court are (a) the Chief Justice of the Federal Court (who is the Chairperson), (b) the two Chief Judges of the High Courts, and (c) two current or former judges to be appointed by the Conference of Rulers.

Parliament

Malaysia's Parliament is a bicameral legislature constituted by the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat), the Senate (Dewan Negara) and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Art. 44).

The Dewan Rakyat is made up of 222 elected members (Art. 46). Each appointment will last until Parliament is dissolved for general elections. There are no limits on the number of times a person can be elected to the Dewan Rakyat.

The Dewan Negara is made up of 70 appointed members. 44 are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, on Cabinet advice, and the remainder are appointed by State Legislatures, which are each allowed to appoint 2 senators. Each appointment is for a fixed 3-year term which is not affected by a dissolution of Parliament. A person cannot be appointed as a senator for more than two terms (whether consecutive or not) and cannot simultaneously be a member of the Dewan Rakyat (and vice versa) (Art. 45).

All citizens meeting the minimum age requirement (21 for Dewan Rakyat and 30 for Dewan Negara) are qualified to be MPs or Senators (art. 47), unless disqualified under Article 48 (more below).

Parliamentary Cycle and General Elections

A new Parliament is convened after each general election (Art. 55(4)). The newly convened Parliament continues for five years from the date of its first meeting, unless it is sooner dissolved (Art. 55(3)). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong has the power to dissolve Parliament before the end of its five-year term (Art. 55(2)).

Once a standing Parliament is dissolved, a general election must be held within 60 days, and the next Parliament must have its first sitting within 120 days, from the date of dissolution (Art. 55(3) and (4)).

The 12th Parliament held its first meeting on 28 April 2008 and will be dissolved five years later, in April 2013, if it is not sooner dissolved.

Legislative power of Parliament and Legislative Process

Parliament has the exclusive power to make federal laws over matters falling under the Federal List and the power, which is shared with the State Legislatures, to make laws on matters in the Concurrent List (see the 9th Schedule of the Constitution).

With some exceptions, a law is made when a bill is passed by both houses and has received royal assent from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, which is deemed given if the bill is not assented to within 30 days of presentation. The Dewan Rakyat's passage of a bill is not required if it is a money bill (which includes taxation bills). For all other bills passed by the Dewan Rakyat which are not Constitutional amendment bills, the Dewan Rakyat has the power to veto any amendments to bills made by the Dewan Negara and to override any defeat of such bills by the Dewan Negara.

The process requires that the Dewan Rakyat pass the bill a second time in the following Parliamentary session and, after it has been sent to Dewan Negara for a second time and failed to be passed by the Dewan Negara or passed with amendments that the Dewan Rakyat does not agree, the bill will nevertheless be sent for Royal assent (Art. 66–68), only with such amendments made by the Dewan Negara, if any, which the Dewan Rakyat agrees.

Qualifications for and Disqualification from Parliament

Article 47 states that every citizen who is 21 or older is qualified to be a member of the Dewan Rakyat and every citizen over 30 is qualified to be a senator in the Dewan Negara, unless in either case he or she is disqualified under one of the grounds set out in Article 48. These include unsoundness of mind, bankruptcy, acquisition of foreign citizenship or conviction for an offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or to a "fine of not less than two thousand ringgit".

Citizenship

Malaysian citizenship may be acquired in one of four ways:
 By operation of law;
 By registration;
 By naturalisation;
 By incorporation of territory (See Articles 14 – 28A and the Second Schedule).

The requirements for citizenship by naturalisation, which are relevant to foreigners who wish to become Malaysian citizens, stipulate that an applicant must be at least 21 years old, intend to reside permanently in Malaysia, have good character, have an adequate knowledge of the Malay language, and meet a minimum period of residence in Malaysia: he or she must have been resident in Malaysia for at least 10 years out of the last 12 years, as well as the immediate 12 months, before the date of the citizenship application (Art. 19).  The Malaysian Government retains the discretion to decide whether or not to approve any such applications.

Malaysia is one of 25 countries that did not give mothers and fathers equal rights under the country's citizenship law. In September 2021, the Kuala Lumpur High Court ruled in favour of family support group Family Frontier's petition that Malaysian mothers have the right to pass their citizenship to their children born overseas – a privilege previously only granted to fathers. The change helps ease access to residency, education and healthcare for families. It was hailed by activists as a giant step toward gender equality. On 17 February 2023, the Anwar Ibrahim Cabinet confirmed that it would amend the Constitution to enable children born overseas to Malaysian mothers, who are married to foreigners, to obtain Malaysian citizenship automatically. Legislation amending the constitution is expected to be introduced in 2023.

Election Commission

The Constitution establishes an Election Commission (EC) which has the duty of preparing and revising the electoral rolls and conducting the Dewan Rakyat and State Legislative Council elections...

Appointment of EC Members

All 7 members of the EC are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (acting on the advice of the Cabinet), after consulting the Conference of Rulers.

Steps to enhance the EC's Independence

To enhance the independence of the EC, the Constitution provides that:

 The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall have regard to the importance of securing an EC that enjoys public confidence when he appoints members of the commission (Art. 114(2)),

 The members of the EC cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and in the same manner as those for removing a Federal Court judge (Art. 114(3)) and

 The remuneration and other terms of office of a member of the EC cannot be altered to his or her disadvantage (Art. 114(6)).

Review of Constituencies

The EC is also required to review the division of Federal and State constituencies and recommend changes in order that the constituencies comply with the provisions of the 13th Schedule on the delimitation of constituencies (Art. 113(2)).

Timetable for review of Constituencies

The EC can itself determine when such reviews are to be conducted but there must be an interval of at least 8 years between reviews but there is no maximum period between reviews (see Art. 113(2)(ii), which states that "There shall be an interval of not less than eight years between the date of completion of one review, and the date of commencement of the next review, under this Clause.")

Constitutional Amendments

The Constitution itself provides by Articles 159 and 161E how it may be amended (it may be amended by federal law), and in brief there are four ways by which it may be amended:

Some provisions may be amended only by a two-thirds absolute majority  in each House of Parliament but only if the Conference of Rulers consents. These include:
 Amendments pertaining to the powers of sultans and their respective states
 The status of Islam in the Federation
 The special position of the Malays and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak
 The status of the Malay language as the official language
Some provisions of special interest to East Malaysia, may be amended by a two-thirds absolute majority in each House of Parliament but only if the Governor of the East Malaysian state concurs. These include:
 Citizenship of persons born before Malaysia Day
 The constitution and jurisdiction of the High Court of Borneo
 The matters with respect to which the legislature of the state may or may not make laws, the executive authority of the state in those matters and financial arrangement between the Federal government and the state.
 Special treatment of natives of the state
Subject to the exception described in item four below, all other provisions may be amended by a two-thirds absolute majority in each House of Parliament, and these amendments do not require the consent of anybody outside Parliament.
Certain types of consequential amendments and amendments to three schedules may be made by a simple majority in Parliament.

Two-thirds absolute majority requirement

Where a two-thirds absolute majority is required, this means that the relevant Constitutional amendment bill must be passed in each House of Parliament "by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of" that House (Art. 159(3)).  Thus, for the Dewan Rakyat, the minimum number of votes required is 148, being two-thirds of its 222 members.

Effect of MP suspensions on the two-thirds majority requirement

In December 2010, a number of MPs from the opposition were temporarily suspended from attending the proceedings of the Dewan Rakyat and this led to some discussions as to whether their suspension meant that the number of votes required for the two-thirds majority was reduced to the effect that the ruling party regained the majority to amend the Constitution.  From a reading of the relevant Article (Art. 148), it would appear that the temporary suspension of some members of the Dewan Rakyat from attending its proceedings does not lower the number of votes required for amending the Constitution as the suspended members are still members of the Dewan Rakyat:  as the total number of members of the Dewan Rakyat remains the same even if some of its members may be temporarily prohibited to attending its proceedings, the number of votes required to amend the Constitution should also remain the same – 148 out of 222.  In short, the suspensions gave no such advantage to the ruling party.

Frequency of Constitutional Amendments
According to constitutional scholar Shad Saleem Faruqi, the Constitution has been amended 22 times over the 48 years since independence as of 2005. However, as several amendments were made each time, he estimates the true number of individual amendments is around 650. He has stated that "there is no doubt" that "the spirit of the original document has been diluted". This sentiment has been echoed by other legal scholars, who argue that important parts of the original Constitution, such as jus soli (right of birth) citizenship, a limitation on the variation of the number of electors in constituencies, and Parliamentary control of emergency powers have been so modified or altered by amendments that "the present Federal Constitution bears only a superficial resemblance to its original model". It has been estimated that between 1957 and 2003, "almost thirty articles have been added and repealed" as a consequence of the frequent amendments.

However another constitutional scholar, Prof. Abdul Aziz Bari, takes a different view. In his book "The Malaysian Constitution: A Critical Introduction" he said that "Admittedly, whether the frequency of amendments is necessarily a bad thing is difficult to say," because  "Amendments are something that are difficult to avoid especially if a constitution is more of a working document than a brief statement of principles."

Technical versus Fundamental Amendments

Taking into account the contrasting views of the two Constitutional scholars, it is submitted that for an informed debate about whether the frequency and number of amendments represent a systematic legislative disregard of the spirit of the Constitution, one must distinguish between changes that are technical and those that are fundamental and be aware that the Malaysian Constitution is a much longer document than other constitutions that it is often benchmarked against for number of amendments made.  For example, the US Constitution has less than five thousand words whereas the Malaysian Constitution with its many schedules contains more than 60,000 words, making it more than 12 times longer than the US constitution. This is so because the Malaysian Constitution lays downs very detailed provisions governing micro issues such as revenue from toddy shops, the number of High Court judges and the amount of federal grants to states. It is not surprising therefore that over the decades changes needed to be made to keep pace with the growth of the nation and changing circumstance, such as increasing the number of judges (due to growth in population and economic activity) and the amount of federal capitation grants to each State (due to inflation). For example, on capitation grants alone, the Constitution has been amended on three occasions, in 1977, 1993 and most recently in 2002, to increase federal capitation grants to the States.

Furthermore, a very substantial number of amendments were necessitated by territorial changes such as the admission of Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak, which required a total of 118 individual amendments (via the Malaysia Act 1963) and the creation of Federal Territories.  All in all, the actual number of Constitutional amendments that touched on fundamental issues is only a small fraction of the total.

See also
 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis
 History of Malaysia
 Law of Malaysia
 Politics of Malaysia
 Malaysia Agreement
 Malaysia Bill (1963)
 Malaysian General Election
 Reid Commission
 Status of religious freedom in Malaysia

Notes
Books
 Mahathir Mohammad, The Malay Dilemma, 1970.
 Mohamed Suffian Hashim, An Introduction to the Constitution of Malaysia, second edition, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printers, 1976.
 Rehman Rashid, A Malaysian Journey, Petaling Jaya, 1994
 Sheridan & Groves, The Constitution of Malaysia, 5th Edition, by KC Vohrah, Philip TN Koh and Peter SW Ling, LexisNexis, 2004
 Andrew Harding and H.P. Lee, editors, Constitutional Landmarks in Malaysia – The First 50 Years 1957 – 2007, LexisNexis, 2007
 Shad Saleem Faruqi, Document of Destiny – The Constitution of the Federation of Malaysia, Shah Alam, Star Publications, 2008
 JC Fong,Constitutional Federalism in Malaysia,Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 2008
 Abdul Aziz Bari and Farid Sufian Shuaib, Constitution of Malaysia – Text and Commentary, Pearson Malaysia, 2009
 Kevin YL Tan & Thio Li-ann, Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore, Third Edition, LexisNexis, 2010
 Andrew Harding, The Constitution of Malaysia – A Contextual Analysis, Hart Publishing, 2012

Historical Documents
 Report of the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Conference held in London in 1956
 Report of the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Commission 1957 (The Reid Commission Report)
 Agreement relating to Malaysia signed on 9 July 1963 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore (Malaysia Agreement)

Websites
 An Introduction to the Malaysian Constitution

Constitution
 Federal Constitution of Malaysia (Full text - incorporating all amendments up to P.U.(A) 164/2009)
 Reprint of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia (as at 1 November 2010), with notes setting out the chronology of the major amendments to the Federal Constitution

Legislation
 Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1963
 Peaceful Assembly Act 2012
 Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012

References

External links

 Text of the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, passed by the British Parliament

1957 in Malayan law

Constitution of Malaysia


Apón () je rijeka u Venezueli.

Apón River izvire u gorju Serranía del Perijá, na istoku Venezuele. U donjem toku teče kroz ekoregiju Vlažne šume Catatumba, nakon čega se ulijeva u jezero Maracaibo.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Venezueli
Slijev jezera Maracaibo

Apón


Love Wedding Repeat est un film italo-britannique réalisé par Dean Craig, sorti en 2020. Il s'agit d'un remake du film français Plan de table de Christelle Raynal sorti en 2012.

Synopsis
Le film montre différentes versions possibles d'un même mariage à Rome.

Fiche technique
 Titre original britannique : Love Wedding Repeat
 Titre italien : Un amore e mille matrimoni
 Réalisation : Dean Craig
 Scénario : Dean Craig
 Photographie : Hubert Taczanowski
 Montage : Christian Sandino-Taylor
 Production : Guglielmo Marchetti et Piers Tempest
 Société de production : Notorious Pictures et Tempo Productions Limited
 Pays :  et
 Genre : Comédie romantique
 Durée : 100 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
Netflix :

Distribution
 Sam Claflin  : Jack
 Olivia Munn  : Dina
 Freida Pinto  : Amanda
 Eleanor Tomlinson  : Hayley
 Joel Fry  : Bryan
 Jack Farthing  : Marc
 Tim Key  : Sidney
 Allan Mustafa  : Chaz
 Aisling Bea  : Rebecca
 Paolo Mazzarelli  : Vitelli
 Simonetta Solder : Sophia
 Tiziano Caputo : Roberto
 Stefano Patti  : le témoin de Roberto
 Giusi Merli : Grand-mère
 Francesca Rocco : Cristina
 Achille Brugnini : le prêtre
 Alexander Forsyth  : Greg
 Christian Hillborg : Olof
 Penny Ryder : l'oracle

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil mitigé de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 41 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film britannique sorti en 2020
Film italien sorti en 2020
Comédie romantique britannique
Comédie romantique italienne
Remake britannique de film français
Remake italien de film français
Film se déroulant à Rome
Film tourné à Rome
Film distribué par Netflix

Love Wedding Repeat


إليونورا هابسبورغ  أرشيدوقة النمسا (فيينا، 2 نوفمبر 1534 - مانتوفا، 5 أغسطس 1594) ابنة فرديناند هابسبورغ (الإمبراطور فرديناند الأول مستقبلاً) و آنا ياغيلون.

تزوجت يوم السادس و العشرين من أبريل سنة 1561 في مانتوفا الدوق غولييلمو غونزاغا (1538-1587) و أنجبت منه :
 فينشينسو (1562-1612) دوق مانتوفا و مونفيراتو من سنة 1587 باسم فينشينسو الأول
 مارغيريتا (27 مايو 1564 - 6 يناير 1618) تزوجت في 24 فبراير سنة 1579 من ألفونسو الثاني ديستي (1533 - 1597) دوق فيرارا
 آنا كاتيرينا (17 يناير 1566 - 3 أغسطس 1621) تزوج في 14 مايو 1582 خالها فرديناند الثاني حاكم تيرول (1529-1595) ، ترملت لاحقاً ، فأصبحت راهبة.

مراجع

أرشيدوقات النمسا
أشخاص من فيينا
بنات الأباطرة
بنات ملوك
بيت هابسبورج في القرن 16
غونزاغا
مواليد 1534
مواليد في فيينا
نبلاء من فيينا
نمساويات في القرن 16
وفيات 1594
وفيات في مانتوفا

إليونورا هابسبورغ (1534 – 1594)


Botswana is divided into 10 administrative districts, two cities, five towns and 11 sub districts. These are administered by 16 local authorities (district councils, city councils or town councils).

See also
Sub-districts of Botswana
List of districts of Botswana by Human Development Index
ISO 3166-2:BW
Botswana cities and districts
Statistics Botswana Website

References

Subdivisions of Botswana
Botswana, Districts
Botswana 1
Districts, Botswana
Botswana geography-related lists

Districts of Botswana


Dines Christian Jochum Pontoppidan Aagaard (16. august 1807 – 6. august 1899) var en dansk maler og fotograf.

Liv
Den 16. august 1807 fødtes Dines Christian Jochum Pontoppidan Aagaard i Kolding. Han var den fjerde Dines Pontoppidan Aagaard, som Jacob og Magdalene bragte til verden, men den første der overlevede barndommen. Han var søn af tidligere gartner, senere købmand, Jacob Aagaard, som havde bosat sig med sin købmandsgård lige udenfor Sønderport. Faderen var en stor købmand og velagtet koldingborger. Han virkede blandt andet som forligelseskommissær og kirkeværge.

I 1837 giftede P. Aagaard sig med kusinen Rasmine. Kort tid efter brylluppet købte han den gamle borgmestergård på Rendebanen, hvor han og Rasmine sammen fik tre børn; Thora, Børge og Frederikke.

Karriere

P. Aagaard kom som ung i lære som maler. Som 19 årig blev han optaget på Det Kongelige Kunstakademi eller Det Kongelige Academie for de skjønne Kunster, som det hed dengang. Fra 1826, og de næste knap otte år tilbragte han på gipsskolen, hvor han tegnede af efter statuer. Han avancerede aldrig til modelskolen, hvor man tegnede efter levende modeller. I stedet indløste han i 1835 borgerbrev som maler og udsmykkede bl.a. altertavler i Kolding og omegn. Et erhverv han bestred det meste af sit liv.

Han oprettede som 50-årig sit atelier på Rendebanen i Kolding i oktober 1857 og blev hermed byens første fastboende fotograf, hvor han virkede som portrætfotograf frem til 1880. Det er uvist, hvor Aagaard lærte fotografhåndværket, eller af hvem. Han har muligvis tilegnet sig nogle færdigheder af tidens omrejsende fotografer. I juni 1850 fremgik det af Kolding Avis, at en fotograf optog daguerreotypier i Aagaards have, hvor han også tilbød "grundig undervisning i at daguerreotypere". Så her har Aagaard i hvert fald set et fotoapparat. I 1857 annoncerede han åbningen af sit eget atelier, og han har på dette tidspunkt fuldt ud behersket kollodiumteknikken, som var den nye fotografiske glasplade-teknik, der blev opfundet i 1851. Mellem 1857 og 1880 tog han billeder af et bredt udsnit af befolkningen i Kolding og omegn. En stor del af denne samling befinder sig på Kolding Stadsarkiv. som har digitaliseret hele den bevarede samling.

Eksterne henvisninger
 fotohistorie om P. Aagaard

Malere fra Danmark
Fotografer fra Danmark

P. Aagaard (fotograf)


A coroa de Kritonios (em italiano: Corona di Kritonios) é uma guirlanda dourada da Magna Grécia grega que remonta ao século IV a.C. encontrada em Armento em 1814, na Serra Lustrante. É exibido no Antikensammlungen em Munique.

Recursos
A coroa tem uma altura de cerca de 37 centímetros; sua estrutura delicada sugere que não foi destinado a ser usado.

A coroa representa dois ramos de carvalho, adornados com bolotas e muitas flores de diferentes tipos. No carvalho e nas flores há muitas abelhas presas à coroa por meio de folhas finas de ouro. Além disso, três figuras humanas aparecem: uma deusa alada, chamada Deusa Rainha Triunfante, três Erotes e dois Nike.

A base da coroa é formada por um círculo, onde, em pares de cada lado, oito tochas de 0,12-0,16 centímetros de altura são soldadas. Na parte superior, a frente, há três outras tochas de 5 cm, que suportam os pinos da Deusa Rainha Triunfante, enquanto os outros suportam um monte de flores e fronds. No círculo também estão cachos soldados de frutas, tendões, três grandes rosas de cada lado.

O material é quase ouro puro, com traços de cobre e talvez telúrio; o ouro foi reduzido a folhas finas, com espessuras variando de 1/20 a 1/10 de milímetro. Os fios dourados têm um diâmetro de 1/4 a 3/4 milímetros.

A coroa pesa um rolo e duas onças (antigas unidades de medida utilizadas no sul da Itália); Pesa aproximadamente 55.419 gramas, uma vez que um rolo pesava 0,891 gramas, e uma onça igualou 27.264 gramas.

Olhando para a coroa você pode notar estilos diferentes. De acordo com o historiador de arte Angelo Lipinsky, a coroa foi produzida por vários artesãos dentro da mesma oficina combinando o gosto helenístico pelo realismo.

No centro está o verdadeiro protagonista da coroa, a Rainha Deusa Triunfante. Os dois Nike, nas laterais da deusa, são representados como se flutuassem em galhos e flores, entre os quais também há abelhas que são reproduzidas cantilevered e proporcionais ao tamanho das flores. O serto está faltando um monte de flores, um quarto Erote e, talvez, algumas abelhas.

Plantas

As plantas são ervas conhecidas desde os tempos da medicina popular por suas virtudes terapêuticas. Eles foram forjados de uma forma muito realista e isso os torna bem reconhecíveis.  A base da coroa consiste em cálices esmaltados turquesa, um galho de carvalho, hera e elementos de mirtilo.

Algumas das plantas reconhecíveis representadas na coroa são:

 sarsaparilla local, que não tem raízes, mas sobe com tendões para produzir aglomerados de frutos vermelhos, elementos reproduzidos na Coroa;
 ramificações de carvalho e fragno (variedade de carvalho) com uma, duas ou três folhas e nozes;
 flores de rosehip selvagem, na parte inferior da coroa;
 rosas de jardim de duas flores;
 folhas de espinheiro, dispostos na parte inferior e no círculo interno da coroa;
 Margarida;
 Asteraceae
 Algumas castanhas, flores mallow e flores de ervas daninhas, reproduzidas em quatro variedades (Convolvulus soldanella, althaeoides, elegantissimus e arvensis), cujo corolla é coberto com um intenso esmalte azul.

A "Deusa Rainha Triunfante"

O serto de galhos e flores que formam a Coroa é superado por uma figura feminina alada, a Deusa Rainha Triunfante. Acredita-se que seja uma "reinterpretação" lucana da rainha juno do Olimpo, protetora das mulheres desde o nascimento até a morte. Em seu pedestal, de forma cúbica, está gravada a frase em grego ΚΡEΙΦΩNIOΣ HΦHKH TOEI ΣTHΦANON (Kreithonios ètheke toei stèfanon), que significa 'Critonius dedicou esta coroa'.

Está excluído que é uma Vitória Alada (Nike), por causa do diadema pontiagudo na cabeça e uma fina coroa de pérolas que aparece entre os fios de cabelo. Essas características não são de fato típicas de um Nike, mas são próximas às de diáries femininas encontradas no sul da Tuscia que datam do século VI a.C.

Da mesma forma, os objetos que esta figura carrega em suas mãos também não são típicos da Nike: com a mão esquerda ele segura uma patera enquanto à direita ele tinha que segurar um cetro, agora desaparecido. Por outro lado, as outras figuras femininas que, juntamente com os Erotes, acompanham a deusa em triunfo, a quem a terceira palavra da inscrição dedicatória (TOEI) que o epígrafo Michel Lejeune traduz como "à divindade" poderia, portanto, referir-se, são Nike.

A deusa usa um chiton, modelado em seus ombros e peito, e uma himação decorada com granulação que do ombro esquerdo e braço desce em grandes dobras ao longo do corpo. O pescoço é decorado com um colar fino. Com a mão esquerda, ele segura um patera enquanto à direita ele tinha que segurar um cetro, agora faltando. Nos pés ele usa sapatos fechados em couro de ponta redonda, enquanto na cabeça ele usa uma coroa pontiaguda: asas com penas muito longas brotam dos ombros.

Descoberta
Em 2 de agosto de 1814, o coronel Diodato Sponsa di Avigliano contratou quatro escavadores de Anzi e realizou uma escavação ilegal em três sepultamentos de câmara no distrito de Serra d'Oro, a 5 km de Armento (Potenza), encontrando vários objetos preciosos no túmulo de um falecido cremado em uma grade de ferro.

O coronel relatou que encontrou uma guirlanda de ouro com uma inscrição de 27 letras, um fauno de bronze com uma altura de uma palma e meia, um castiçal de bronze em cinco pedaços, quatro vasos grandes, cerca de vinte pequenos vasos de valor rico, um carneliano e ornamentos femininos em vários pedaços de ouro, mas áspero. A guirlanda dourada foi o que agora é identificado como a coroa de Kritonios.

Vários dos objetos encontrados em Armento foram comprados por Carolina Bonaparte, esposa do rei de Nápoles, Gioacchino Murat, e um apaixonado colecionador de obras de arte. Carolina, após o tiroteio de Murat, teve que fugir de Nápoles se refugiando na Baviera. Lá, ela foi então forçada por problemas econômicos a vender sua coleção de obras de arte, incluindo a coroa, ao rei Luís I da Baviera em 1826.

Zona arqueológica
A área arqueológica está localizada no bairro Serra Lustrante, anteriormente chamado de Serra d'Oro. A área da descoberta foi frequentada a partir das últimas décadas do século IV a.C. como um local de adoração. Um pequeno sacelão quadrangular com um caminho pavimentado adjacente é dado a este período: atrás dele foram identificados um cisterna, uma cisterna e um grande pithos (vaso de terracota), que sublinham o papel central da água na área sagrada.

No século III a.C., o santuário foi monumentalizado e situado em dois terraços conectados por uma escadaria e divididos por uma parede de blocos quadrados de arenito. No terraço inferior foi construído um edifício sagrado com um plano quadrado, em eixo com um altar e duas bases. Ao redor do prédio foi pavimentado um novo caminho cerimonial. A cisterna recolheu a água canalizada do terraço superior e das nascentes subterrâneas, enquanto atrás do altar havia algumas salas de serviço, com o telhado decorado com antefixos. Aqui em 1969 um espécime da cabeça de Gorgon foi encontrado.

No terraço superior havia três grandes quartos: em um dos três quartos foram encontrados dois poços com restos de animais sacrificiais, uma lareira e um cais com três pateras com ossos de aves. O rito de sacrifício era, portanto, começar no terraço inferior, com a lavagem do animal sacrificial com as águas sagradas e com o sacrifício no altar, enquanto a cerimônia terminava no terraço superior, com o consumo da carne do animal.

A monumentalizarão do santuário, com a construção do sistema de terraços panorâmicos, faz parte de uma estrutura helenística: é, portanto, provável o contato direto entre as populações do interior e as influências da Magna Graecia. Em um contexto bastante próximo, na colônia grega de Heraklea, localizada no fundo do vale do Agro, há uma área sagrada muito semelhante ao Templo onde a Coroa foi encontrada: portanto, a influência direta da colônia não é improvável.

A última fase de construção, à qual está conectada a construção das salas do alto sul do santuário, remonta ao final do século III a.C. Posteriormente, no século II a.C., com a romanização definitiva da área de Val Agri, houve um abandono gradual do território.

O santuário deveria ser dedicado a Héracles, que é configurado como o garantidor dos valores guerreiros e competitivos da juventude, na dupla dimensão divina e heroica. Além disso, cultos em Héracles ligados à transumanidade dos pastores e ao culto à água são atestados tanto no centro quanto no sul da Itália. A partir da análise dos materiais encontrados, pode-se argumentar que o culto de Héracles estava associado ao culto de uma didade feminina subordinada, que poderia ser identificada com aquele protetor mefito das águas particularmente difundidas no contexto lucano.

A importância dos achados reflete a importância de uma área arqueológica que se enquadra no parque nacional dos apeninos lucanos Val d'Agri Lagonegrese: o santuário da Serra Lustrante teve que ser um local de encontro e agregação das aristocracias locais dos centros indígenas do vale médio, dentro da organização territorial lucana.

Referências

Joias da Itália
Coroas

Coroa de Kritonios


11854 Ludwigrichter este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11854 Ludwigrichter este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 8,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi

11854 Ludwigrichter


Die Niederländische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2004 war die 59. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in den Niederlanden.

Sieger und Finalisten

Weblinks
badminton.nl

2004
Badminton 2004


Dragostea platonică este o iubire castă, dar pasională. În general, spunem despre o iubire că este platonică atunci când nu se poate consuma, materializa. Se exprimă intelectual, și nu fizic. Acest tip de dragoste acordă mai multă importanță spiritului decât senzualității. Este forma cea mai pură și impecabilă a iubirii, fiind lipsită de sexualitate. Termenul de "iubire platonică" datează de acum 500 de ani. În timpul Renașterii, amânarea actului sexual era un pas important în dobândirea egalității femeii cu bărbatul.

Prietenie
Dragoste
Filozofia iubirii

Dragoste platonică


An Ptilothrix deusta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Karen Louise Wilson. An Ptilothrix deusta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ptilothrix, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ptilothrix (Cyperaceae)

Ptilothrix deusta


Apophlaea, rod crvenih alga iz porodice Hildenbrandiaceae. Pripadaju mu dvije morske vrste pred obalom Novog Zelanda

Vrste
 Apophlaea lyallii J.D.Hooker & Harvey
 Apophlaea sinclairii J.D.Hooker & Harvey

Izvori

Hildenbrandiophycidae

Apophlaea


An Dendrocalamus hamiltonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, George Arnott Walker Arnott ngan William Munro. An Dendrocalamus hamiltonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. h. edulis
 D. h. undulatus

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dendrocalamus

Dendrocalamus hamiltonii


Fra Vinko Sičaja (Podbor, župa Šćit, 21. srpnja 1966.), hrvatski katolički svećenik iz Bosne i Hercegovine, redovnik franjevac, definitor franjevačke provincije sv. Križa Bosne Srebrene

Životopis
Rodio se u Podboru, župi Šćitu. U novicijat je stupio 14. srpnja 1985. u Gorici kod Livna. Prve zavjete položio je 11. srpnja 1986. u Sarajevu. Svečane zavjete dao je 19. listopada 1991. u Sarajevu. Za svećenika se zaredio 20. srpnja 1992. u Podhumu. Definitor franjevačke provincije sv. Križa Bosne Srebrene.

Izvori

Bosanskohercegovački franjevci
Hrvatski katolički svećenici

Vinko Sičaja


A zona de fractura de Tjörnes é uma região de falhas transformantes situada no norte da Islândia, parte da porção emersa da dorsal mesoatlântica. Esta zona de fratura estabelece a ligação entre a dorsal Kolbeinsey, ao norte, e a zona vulcânica Norte da Islândia (NVZ na carta ao lado), ao sul.

Descrição
A zona de fractura de Tjörnes é uma estrutura complexa de falhas transformantes, orientadas no sentido este-oeste, grosseiramente perpendiculares ao alinhamanento geral da dorsal Média do Atlântico. A estrutura é assim designda por por incluir a região de Tjörnes, uma pequena península na costa norte da Islândia.

A região é sismicamente muito ativa, tendo estado na origem durante as últimas décadas de numerosos sismos, com destaque para a região do Eyjafjörður, e que foram sentidos pelas populações das aldeias de Tröllaskagi e de Flateyjarskagi.

Referências

Geologia da Islândia
Geologia do Oceano Atlântico

Zona de fratura de Tjörnes


An Poa arachnifera in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Torrey. An Poa arachnifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Poa

Poa arachnifera


Vaccinul BCG (denumirea provine de la bacilul Calmette–Guérin) este un vaccin utilizat în principal împotriva tuberculozei. În țările unde tuberculoza sau lepra apare frecvent, este recomandată o singură doză pentru bebelușii sănătoși, iar aceasta trebuie administrată cât mai recent de la naștere. Copiii ce prezintă HIV/SIDA nu ar trebui vaccinați. În zonele în care tuberculoza nu este comună, doar bebelușii ce prezintă risc mare sunt, de obicei, imunizați, în cazul în care pacienții suspectați de tuberculoză au fost testați și tratați. De asemenea, adulții care nu au tuberculoză și nu au fost imunizați în prealabil, dar care sunt expuși frecvent la tuberculoza rezistentă la medicamente pot fi imunizați. Este uneori utilizat în tratamentul cancerului vezical.

Procentele de protecție variază considerabil și aceasta durează între zece și douăzeci de ani. Vaccinul previne infectarea a aproximativ 20% dintre copii, iar pentru cei infectați deja, în jumătate dintre cazuri va fi prevenită dezvoltarea bolii. Vaccinul se administrează prin injectare intradermică. Necesitatea dozelor suplimentare nu este susținută de dovezi.

Reacțiile adverse severe sunt rare. De multe ori apare roșeață, umflături și durere medie în zona injectării vaccinului. O mică ulcerație ar putea, de asemenea, să se formeze, rămânând cicatrice după vindecare. Efectele adverse sunt mai comune și potențial mai severe la persoanele cu un sistem imunitar slăbit. Nu se poate folosi în condiții de siguranță în timpul sarcinii. Vaccinul a fost original dezvoltat din  ce se găsește, de obicei, la bovine. Chiar dacă a fost atenuată, tulpina BCG din acest preparat este încă vie.

Vaccinul BCG a fost utilizat pentru prima dată în scop medical în anul 1921. Acesta se află pe lista medicamentelor esențiale ale Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății. În fiecare an, vaccinul este administrat la aproximativ 100 de milioane de copii.

Utilizări medicale
Vaccinul BCG este utilizat pentru imunizarea activă împotriva tuberculozei. Acesta se administrează imediat după naștere (începând cu 4 zile după naștere), intradermic.

Studii din anul 1994 au sugerat faptul că vaccinul BCG reduce riscul dezvoltării unei infecții tuberculozice cu aproximativ 50%. În 2014 s-a demonstrat că vaccinul reduce infecțiile cu 19–27% și reduce progresia unei infecții latente la una activă cu aproximativ 71%. Totuși, există variații în ceea ce privește eficacitatea sa în diferite regiuni geografice, datorită diferenței genetice a persoanelor, a mediilor, a expunerii și a condițiilor de preparare ale vaccinului în laborator.

Vaccinul prezintă cea mai mare eficacitate în profilaxia tuberculozei miliare și a meningitei tuberculozice, și este utilizat chiar și în statele în care eficacitatea asupra tuberculozei pulmonare este neglijabilă.

Efecte adverse
Ca orice medicament injectabil, vaccinul BCG poate produce durere și iritație la locul injectării. Acesta se administrează intradermic, însă dacă administrarea se face subcutanat, există riscul dezvoltării infecțiilor și migrarea acestora către ganglionii limfatici din vecinătate, ceea ce poate produce adenopatie (care necesită uneori aspirarea puroiului).

Vaccinul BCG nu trebuie administrat pacienților imunocompromiși (de exemplu, cu SIDA), deoarece poate provoca o infecție severă diseminată, uneori letală. Incidența acestui efect este de unul la un milion de administrări. Începând cu anul 2007, Organizația Mondială a Sănătății nu mai recomandă acest vaccin pentru nou-născuți cu HIV, nici măcar în cazul unui risc mare de expunere la TBC, datorită riscului de infecție diseminată.

Obținere
Vaccinul BCG este un vaccin viu atenuat, ceea ce înseamnă că este preparat dintr-o tulpină de Mycobacterium bovis (bacil tuberculos bovin) care a fost puternic atenuată (adică cu virulență redusă) și care astfel nu mai poate cauza infecții la oameni, dar este capabil să declanșeze un răspuns imun. Bacilii sunt foarte similari cu cei sălbatici în ceea ce privește imunogenitatea, inducând o protecție cu o eficiență de până la 80% și pe o durată de 15 ani; eficacitatea sa variază totuși în funcție de regiune.

Note

Legături externe
 Vaccinarea BCG

BCG
Tuberculoză
Medicamente esențiale listate de OMS

Vaccin BCG


Shogo Matsuo (født 28. juli 1987) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder AC Nagano Parceiro og FC Ryukyu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shogo Matsuo


حياة  أو هَيات هي سلسلة فنادق عالمية، ويقع مقرها في شيكاغو ولاية ايلنويز في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

لمحة تاريخية

يقع المقر الرئيسي لشركة فنادق حياة في شيكاغو بالولايات المتحدة العالمية ويرجع اسم حياة لمالكة (هيات فون دن) وشريكة جاك د.كروش
وتعتبر هيات أو حياة شركة رائدة في قطاع الضيافة والفندقة، إذ تنتشر فنادق حياة في 45 دولة حول العالم من أجل توفير تجربة إقامة مريحة ومتميزة للنزلاء في ظل ظروف الحياة اليومية. وذلك من خلال تقديم الضيافة الأصيلة المتميزة بكافة متطلبات النزيل من الخدمات والراحة والرفاهية وتمتلك شركة فنادق حياة سلسلة من الفنادق والمنتجعات يبلغ عددها 447 منشأة فندقية حول العالم والتي تلبي متطلبات النزلاء بمختلف الشرائح وهي: جراند حياة، وحياة ريجنسي، وبارك حياة، وأنداز، وحياة بلس، وحياة سمر فيلد سويس كما أن فنادق حياة هي علامة متميزة في عالم الضيافة والفنادق على مستوى العالم حيث تتوفر لدينا العديد من الفرص الوظيفية في بيئة عمل ممتعة لتلك المواهب الشابة المتخصصة في إدارة الضيافة والفندقة.

العلامات التجارية
تمتلك شركة حياة أسماء عدة لفنادقها المنتشرة حول العالم:
 بارك حياة.
 أنداز.
 جراند حياة.
 حياة ريجينسي.
 حياة سمرفيلد.
 حياة بلس.
 حياة هاوس.

بعض فنادق حياة

جراند حياة شانغهاي
وهوأطول فندق بالعالم حيث يتواجد في برج جين ماو وسط شانغهاي.

جراند حياة نيويورك
ويقع في منطقة مانهاتن الراقية.

جراند حياة طوكيو
ويقع في منطقة روبونجي الشهيرة وسط العاصمة طوكيو.

جراند حياة سان دييجو
وهو من أكبر فنادق كاليفورنيا واشهرهاويعتبر من معالم مدينة سان دييجو.

جراند حياة القاهرة
جراند حياة القاهرة عبد العزيز الإبراهيم، ويقع في قلب القاهرة في رأس جزيرة الروضة على النيل ويتكون من بنايتين احداهما كانت بالاصل فندق مريديان.يتكون البناء من 41 طابق ويحتوي على 714 غرفة ومطعم في باخرة تبحر بالنيل

ويحتوي أيضا على مركز تسوق (جالاريا مول) وفي أعلى البناء يوجد مطعم دائري فخم يتيح للزبائن مشاهدة القاهرة من نقطة عالية.

بارك حياة أبوظبي
بارك حياة أبو ظبي في الإمارات العربية المتحدة ملاذ حصري يقع على جزيرة السعديات وعلى امتداد تسع كيلومترات من الرمال البيضاء المحمية، يلبي متطلبات جميع المسافرين من رجال الأعمال والسياح على حد سواء، من خلال موقعه الفريد الذي يطل على شاطئ البحر ونادي جولف شاطئ السعديات وكذلك قربه على بعد دقائق من منطقة أبوظبي التجارية الرئيسية، الكورنيش وعلى بعد 25 دقيقة فقط من مطار أبو ظبي العالمي.

بارك حياة دبي
يعد فندق بارك حياة دبي ملاذاً فاخراً بإطلالة مائية خلابة، إذ يقع على مقربة من نادي خور دبي للجولف واليخوت ذي الصيت العالمي، على بعد دقائق فقط من وسط المدينة ومراكز التسوق الفاخرة والمناطق التجارية الرئيسية.

بارك حياة جدة
يقع فندق بارك حياة جدة- النادي. المنتجع. المارينا وسط الحدائق الرائعة الممتدّة على طول كورنيش جدّة، حيث المناظر الطبيعية الساحرة والتي تجعل من هذا المنتجع الفخم، مقصداً استثنائيا للراحة والاسترخاء، آما يُشكّل موقعه في قلب المدينة عند نادي الفروسية بشارع الحمراء، نقطة استراتيجيّة تبعد بضع دقائق فقط عن منطقة مرآز الأعمال.

جراند حياة دبي
ترتفع أبراج جراند حياة دبي الرائعة لتتألق بالقرب من ضفاف خور دبي التاريخي، الفندق هو الأحدث في الفخامة بدبي حيث يجمع هذا الفندق الفريد من نوعه ما بين فخامة البناء والمنتجع الرائع محتضنا بأفخم غرف واجنحة وشقق مفروشة وفيلا، وواحد من أحدث مراكز الاجتماعات والمؤتمرات في منطقة الشرق الأوسط، كل ذلك في وسط واحة من الحدائق الخلابة تغطي رقعة مساحتها 148000 متر مربع.

جراند حياة إسطنبول
يقع فندق جراند حياة في بالقرب من جامعة إسطنبول التقنية ومركز أتاتورك الثقافي، وساحة تقسيم وعلى بعد مسافة قصيرة من قصر توب كابي وآيا صوفيا. يعد فندق جراند حياة من الفنادق ذات الخمسة نجـوم وبتمبز هذا الفندق بتصميمه الفريد الذي يمزج بين تقاليد الشرق والغرب مما يعكس روح وثقافة المدينة الساحرة إسطنبول، ويكون الفندق من 9 طوابق ويضم الكثير من المرافق والخدمات حيث يقدم غرف وأجنحة فاخرة ويحتوي على بركة سباحة خارجية، وغرفة للبخار، ساونا، ومرافق اللياقة البدنية، وملاعب التنس، ومجموعة من المطاعم كما يقدم خدمات المرافق التجارية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع فنادق حياة الرسمي
 جراند حياة مانهاتن، نيويورك
 جراند حياة طوكيو
 جراند حياة القاهرة
 جراند حياة دبي
 جراند حياة بالي
 جراند حياة إسطنبول
 فنادق حياة درجة رجال الأعمال
 الأجنحة الفندقية
 فنادق حياة في وسط أوروبا

الاكتتابات العامة الأولية 2009
تأسيسات سنة 1957 في كاليفورنيا
سلاسل فندقية في الولايات المتحدة
شركات ضيافة أسست في 1957
شركات فنادق
شركات مدرجة في بورصة فرانكفورت
شركات مدرجة في بورصة نيويورك
شركات مقرها في شيكاغو (إلينوي)
فنادق أسست في 1957
فنادق ومنتجعات حياة

حياة (فندق)


The Unique Komedy Ukulele Orchestra ist eine 2009 vom Deutschen Erwin Clausen unter dem Namen The United Kingdom Ukulele Orchestra (TUKUO, UKUO) gegründete deutsche Band unter der musikalischen Leitung von Peter Moss, der 27 Jahre lang zum Kreativteam der wöchentlich ausgestrahlten satirischen Radioshow der BBC mit dem Titel "The News Huddlines" gehörte. Die satirische und komödiantische Präsentationsform des Orchesters hat seine Wurzeln[unbelegt] in der erwähnten Radio-Satire und seiner jahrelangen Mitarbeit an dem Musical The Rocky Horror Show in London.

Geschichte und Zusammensetzung

Das Orchester bestand zu Beginn aus Weggefährten und Freunden[unbelegt] des musikalischen Direktors,  Peter Moss, die schon seit 1998[unbelegt] zusammen Ukulele gespielt hatten und wurde um weitere Spieler aus London, Glasgow, Nottingham und Edinburgh ergänzt. Im Jahr 2011 ging das Orchester auf Europa-Tournee und nahm im Jahr 2012 am  Edinburgh Festival teil.[unbelegt]
Es spielte 2011 auf dem "Hamburger Kabarett-Festivals" im St. Pauli Theater.[unbelegt]

Das Orchester besteht aus sechs bis sieben akustischen Ukulele-Spielern und einer elektrischen Bass-Ukulele. Das Repertoire der Musikgruppe erstreckt sich von Klassik über Rock, Pop und Jazz. Das Orchester arbeitet weniger mit Verfremdungen des musikalischen Materials, sondern eher mit der Herstellung eines manchmal dem Original ziemlich nahestehenden Klangbildes aus dem Rhythmus der Ukulele und einem mehrstimmigen Gesang. Spontane Überblendungen und Überleitungen von Klassik in Pop oder etwa von der Oper in Swing oder Jazz sind ebenso Bestandteile ihrer Show wie komödiantisch vorgetragene Medleys aus sehr verschiedenen Musikrichtungen und Stilen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt auch komödiantischen Ukulele-Spielern und Vorläufern aus der britischen Film- und Showgeschichte wie George Formby jr.

Das Orchester arbeitet im Jahr 2015 bei seinen Konzerten in Deutschland und USA mit der Besetzung: Lesley Cunningham, Sarah Dale, Alan Dowson, Alex Gold, Stephen Truman, Peter Baynes, Stuart Crout und Andrew Wild.
Von Beginn an unterstützt das Orchester mit seinen Konzerten das von Paul Moore in Israel gegründete Versöhnungsprojekt "Ukuleles for Peace", bei dem israelische und palästinensische Kinder zusammen Ukulele spielen, was helfen soll, Kinder in der gespaltenen Region über das gemeinsame Musizieren friedvoll zusammenzubringen.

Rechtsstreit
Gründungsname, Erscheinungsbild und Darbietung der Band ähnelten stark dem 1985 gegründeten Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain (UOGB). Diese Ähnlichkeit führte zu einer gerichtlichen Auseinandersetzung, bei der das Londoner High Court feststellte, "dass das vor wenigen Jahren von Erwin Clausen in Deutschland gegründete copy cat 'The United Kingdom Ukulele Orchestra' eine unzulässige Nachahmung darstellt" und "sich an den guten Ruf und die Reputation des The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain angehängt" habe. Das Gericht befand den Veranstalter der Band des passing off (englisch; wörtlich: "sich ausgeben als") für schuldig und kam zum Schluss, er und seine Kollegen bei Yellow Promotions hätten bei der Aufstellung der Band outside honest practices (wörtlich etwa: "außerhalb ehrenhafter Praktiken") gehandelt. Mit diesem Urteil wurde der Band auch untersagt, innerhalb Großbritanniens (dem Zuständigkeitsbereich des Gerichts) unter dem irreführenden Namen aufzutreten. Auf der überarbeiteten Webpräsenz der Band wird nun der Name "The Unique Komedy Ukulele Orchestra" genutzt.

Diskografie
CDs
 2011: Live in Concert
 2012: The Hamburg Concert
 2013: Live in Concert

DVDs
 2011: The Mannheim Concert
 2012: The Hamburg Concert

Besetzung
 Bass-Ukulele: Stephen Truman
 Ukulele/Gesang: Lesley Cunningham
 Ukulele/Gesang: Sarah Dale
 Ukulele/Gesang: Alan Dowson
 Ukulele/Gesang: Stuart Crout
 Ukulele/Gesang: Alex Gold
 Ukulele/Gesang: Peter Baynes
 Ukulele/Gesang: Andrew Wild
 Leitung: Peter Moss

Siehe auch
 Liste von Ukulele-Orchestern

Weblinks
 Website des Orchesters
  Rechtsanwalt Dr. Urs Verweyen zur Causa
 Guardian-Artikel
 BBC-Artikel

Einzelnachweise

Musikgruppe (Deutschland)
Zupforchester
Gegründet 2009

United Kingdom Ukulele Orchestra