The Mitsubishi Eclipse is a sport compact car that was produced by Mitsubishi in four generations from 1989 until 2011. A convertible body style was added during the 1996 model year.

The first two generations share the automobile platform and parts with the rebadged Eagle Talon and Plymouth Laser captive imports. They were built during Mitsubishi Motors' close relationship with Chrysler Corporation. Their partnership was known as Diamond-Star Motors (DSM). In Japan, the first two generations were sold at a specific Japanese retail chain called Mitsubishi Car Plaza. The third, 2000-2005 generation shared a redesigned platform with the Chrysler Sebring and Dodge Stratus. In May 2005, the fourth, and final generation Eclipse was introduced, replacing the Chrysler platform used for the third generation with the PS platform.

According to Mitsubishi Motors, the Eclipse was named after an unbeaten 18th-century English racehorse that won 18 races in a row and then retired.

The Eclipse was officially sold in Japan, North America, the Middle East, South Korea, the Philippines, Brazil, and China. At the end of August 2011, the final Eclipse was manufactured and subsequently auctioned for charity.

In 2017, Mitsubishi resurrected the Eclipse name on a compact crossover vehicle, titled the Eclipse Cross.

First generation (D21A/D22A/D27A; 1989)

Overview

The first-generation Mitsubishi Eclipse was marketed as an entry to mid-level four-cylinder sports coupe segment. Five trim levels were available; all were front-wheel drive except the GSX which was all-wheel drive. The GS Turbo and GSX were equipped with turbocharged engines.

The first-generation Eclipse underwent minor styling changes during its production; 1992–1994 models have updated sheet metal and are easily distinguishable from earlier model years. The most notable is that the 1990-1991 models have pop-up headlights, whereas 1992-1994 models have exposed aerodynamic headlights. The Eclipse was revised for the 1995 model year as the second generation.

Trim levels

The Eclipse was available in five trim levels during its first-generation production run. AWD models were not available until halfway through the first model year.

Eclipse: Base model equipped with a  naturally-aspirated 1.8 L 8-valve SOHC 4G37 4-cylinder engine
Eclipse GS: Upgraded model with slightly more equipment
Eclipse GS DOHC: Upgraded model equipped with a  naturally aspirated 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC Mitsubishi Sirius engine; a naturally aspirated variant of the 4G63T 4-cylinder engine
Eclipse GS DOHC AWD: Equipped with a  4G63 16-valve naturally-aspirated engine (AWD N/A only available in Europe) All were only available with 5-speed manual transmission and without rear limited-slip differential. Sunroof, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, central locking, and air conditioning were included.
Eclipse GS Turbo: Upgraded model equipped with a * turbocharged 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC 4G63T 4-cylinder engine
Eclipse GSX: AWD model equipped with a * turbocharged 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC 4G63T 4-cylinder engine

 The 1990 GS Turbo with a manual transmission was rated at 190 hp, whereas the 1990 GSX with a manual transmission was rated at . This was for the purpose of offsetting the additional weight of the AWD mechanism (approximately 2,930 lbs Vs 2,570 lbs GVW). However, 1991 and later years of both turbo models standardized on the 195 hp version 4G63T. The automatic models were rated at  due to smaller fuel-injectors and turbocharger.

These models varied significantly in drivetrains and available options, and included some variance in appearance, as higher trim lines added different front and rear fascia panels and surrounding trim, with the GSX model getting a notably different styling package from the others.

Powertrain
The basic driveline layout of the Eclipse is a transverse-mounted 4-cylinder Mitsubishi 4G37 or 4G63 engine situated on the left-hand side of the car driving an automatic or manual transmission on the right-hand side. AWD models have a different transmission which includes a limited-slip center differential and output shaft for a transfer case, which drives the rear differential (also available as limited-slip) and half-shafts.

Engines
The 4G37 and 4G63 engines are gasoline inline-fours. The 4G63 has an iron engine block with an aluminum cylinder head and is equipped with two balance shafts. The turbocharged version of the 4G63 (sometimes referred to as the 4G63T) has a lower compression ratio of 7.8:1 and oil squirters under the pistons for better cooling from extra heat created by forced induction. The turbocharged 4G63 engine received an internal update during the 1992 model year. The engines built from 1989 through April 1992 have 6-bolt motors. Beginning in May 1992, Mitsubishi revised the engine to a 7-bolt design.

Problems and issues
In March 1998, Mitsubishi issued a recall (bulletin 98V069001) for all 1990-1998 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSXs citing, "Lockup of the transfer case can occur due to insufficient lubrication. The condition can cause a loss of vehicle control increasing the risk of a crash." The dealers would inspect the vehicles for the adequacy of the transfer case oil volume, transfer case oil leakage, and operational degradation of the transfer case mechanism. The transfer case itself did not leak but rather the brass plug in the center of the transfer case yoke would leak. Mitsubishi estimated 24,275 vehicles were affected.

Safety
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has determined crash test ratings of the 1G Eclipse:

Awards
The Eclipse Turbo was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1989–1992.

Second generation (D31A/D32A/D33A/D38A/D39A; 1994)

Overview

The Eclipse was redesigned in 1994 (for the 1995 model year) and included standard dual airbags, more rounded styling, a larger interior, and a new engine made by Chrysler for the base model. The second-generation car maintained the market focus of the first-generation car but had numerous changes to appeal to a broader market. A convertible model, named the Eclipse Spyder, was introduced in 1996 offered in two trim levels; the GS and the GS-T. The Spyder GS was powered by a 2.4 L 4-cylinder naturally-aspirated 4G64 engine. The Spyder GS-T was fitted with Mitsubishi's 2.0 L turbocharged 4G63 4-cylinder engine. The GSX model was also powered by this engine but with the addition of a high performance all-wheel-drive system. No convertible model was powered by the Chrysler's 420a engine, nor was there a convertible with all-wheel-drive.

The turbocharged engine option was updated for more power as compared to the previous generation ( vs. ). The naturally-aspirated cars had two different 4-cylinder engines depending on the market. The US version engines produced 140 hp, found only in the RS and GS trims, and were a modified version of the Chrysler Neon engine, the 420A, manufactured by Chrysler and delivered to and installed at the Diamond Star Motors facility. The European market engines were a naturally aspirated 4G63 with . International market Eclipses made less horsepower than their Japanese domestic market relatives when equipped with the 4G63 (, ), due to emissions regulations.

This model exceeded Japanese government's compact car regulations regarding exterior dimensions (maximum width of ), therefore incurred a more expensive annual road tax obligation.

A special version of the Eclipse, called the "10th Anniversary OZ Rally", was sold at the end of the 1999 model run with unique 16-inch Enkei wheels with the OZ Racing logo. It also included the leather interior package, accented exhaust exit, "silver" gauges, mud flaps, and higher-profile spoiler that were available as standard equipment on GS-T coupe and GSX models. The special-edition package was only offered with the 420A engine.

A unique version of the 2G Eclipse was sold in some European countries. It used a naturally-aspirated Mitsubishi 4G63 motor, similar to what was available in the 1G, unique side-view mirrors, and amber rear turn signals.

A minor style revision was applied for the 1997 model year. The front grille opening was given a more aggressive profile. The headlights were given a sharper slant on the inner edges, and the previous all-chrome fixture interior changed to a black interior with chrome reflector inserts. The driving lights were revised from a reflector type to a smaller projection type. The rear bumper cap was altered and had the reverse lights restyled and moved out into the bumper fascia, away from their original central position by the rear license plate bracket. The GS-T coupe and GSX received a higher-profile rear spoiler. The interior color choices also changed from blue and grey in 1995–1996 model years to black/grey, tan/black, and grey in the 1997–1999 model years. A black leather interior option was only available in 1999; the package included all seats (with the 'Mitsubishi' logo embroidered on both of the fronts), door inserts, and a center console armrest.

Trim levels
The Eclipse was available in seven trim levels: Base [Only available in 1996.5 (mid-model year)], RS (Rally Sport), GS (Grand Sport), GS Spyder, GS-T (Grand Sport Turbo), GS-T Spyder, and GSX (Grand Sport X=AWD).

Eclipse RS: Base model equipped with a  and  of torque 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC Chrysler 420a 4-cylinder engine
Eclipse GS: Equipment upgraded model equipped with a  and  of torque 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC Chrysler 420A engine. The European variant of the GS had a naturally-aspirated, DOHC 16-valve 4G63 4-cylinder engine producing 150 HP
Eclipse Spyder GS: Convertible model equipped with a  2.4 L 16-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 4G64 4-cylinder engine
Eclipse GS-T: Upgraded model equipped with a  and  of torque turbocharged and intercooled 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC Mitsubishi 4G63 4-cylinder engine
Eclipse Spyder GS-T: Convertible model equipped with a  and  of torque turbocharged and intercooled 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC Mitsubishi 4G63 4-cylinder engine
Eclipse GSX: AWD model equipped with a  and  of torque turbocharged and intercooled 2.0 L 16-valve DOHC Mitsubishi 4G63 4-cylinder engine

Standard equipment
The second-generation Eclipse was offered in various trim levels.  Standard equipment would vary slightly throughout the production run as some items that were optional on certain trims became standard later in the production run.  Each trim level came with a standard list of equipment however optional equipment packages were also available to add popular and premium features, most commonly found on the GS model.  In addition, optional equipment was also available such as a trunk-mounted CD player, leather interior on the GS and GS-T  and HomeLink and other items such as floormats and wheel locks.

RS: 2.0 L DOHC 4-cylinder engine, 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission, driver and passenger airbags, power steering, cloth reclining front bucket seats, 5-way adjustable driver's seat with memory recliner, center storage console, folding rear seat, map lights, remote fuel door and rear hatch releases, tachometer, trip odometer, low fluid warning lights, AM/FM radio, digital clock, tinted glass, rear defogger, dual remote mirrors, color-keyed bumpers and front air dam, 14-inch wheels with full wheel covers (195/70/HR14 tires.)
GS adds: 4-wheel disc brakes, 6-way (7-way in 1995) adjustable driver's seat, split-folding rear seat, tilt steering column, cassette player, Power antenna (96-99), cruise control, body-colored power mirrors, door handles and rear spoiler, fog lights, a cargo cover and net, 16-inch wheels with 205/55/HR16 tires (96-99 models), lower bodyside cladding, rear windshield washer/wiper.
GS-T adds: turbocharged and intercooled engine, engine oil cooler, air conditioning, cruise control, turbo boost, and oil pressure gauges, Infinity 8-speaker AM/FM cassette/CD player with separate amplifier, anti-theft system, power windows/door locks, sport-tuned shock absorbers, 16-inch alloy 5-spoke wheels, bright dual exhaust outlets.
Spyder GS-T adds:  variable-assist power steering, sport suspension, power insulated soft top with glass rear window, vinyl tonneau cover, leather upholstery, remote keyless entry, theft-deterrent system, leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob, 205/55VR16 tires.
GSX adds to GS-T: Permanent all-wheel drive, 17-inch alloy wheels with 215/50/VR17 tires (97-99), 16-inch alloy wheels with 215/55/VR16 tires with a manual transmission 205/55/VR16 tires for automatic transmission (95-96), limited-slip rear differential (optional 97–98), power driver's seat (96-99), anti-lock brakes (optional 95–99), leather-wrapped steering wheel and manual transmission knob, leather package, 10.8-inch vented front rotors with dual-piston calipers and vented rear rotors (rear vented only early 95).

Powertrain
The basic driveline layout of the Eclipse is a transverse-mounted 4-cylinder Chrysler 420A, Mitsubishi 4G64, or 4G63 engine. The Mitsubishi motors are mounted in the same orientation as the first generation cars. The 420A-powered cars had the engine mounted on the right side of the car, and further back in the chassis. AWD models had a similar transmission to the first generation car. The second-generation GSX also had a stronger carrier/differential when equipped with the limited-slip option.

Engines
All motors are four-cylinder gasoline engines. All have cast iron blocks with aluminum cylinder heads. The 4G63/4G64 engines retain the balance shafts for smoother operation, while the 420a does not. The 1995–1999 turbo engines were given an increased compression ratio of 8.5:1, up from 7.8:1, and a smaller turbo, a Garrett T25 set to  in place of the previous Mitsubishi TD04-13G turbocharger (automatic cars) and TD05-14B turbocharger (manual cars). This was done to minimize turbo lag, which was an undesirable trait for mass-market appeal in the U.S. These changes led to increased horsepower and torque vs. the previous 1G turbos. The 2G turbo cars produced  at 6,000 rpm ( at 6,000 rpm with automatic transmission) and  at 3,000 rpm ( at 3,000 rpm with automatic transmission.)

The 4G63T engines found in 1990–1994 models have a  throttle body compared to the 1995–1999 MY's . The intake ports on the head and runners of the intake manifold are also larger on the 1G. They also have larger crankshaft bearing journals to allow better lubrication. Because they look similar, it is important to note that the 1990-1994 cylinder head is more on the side of high air volume, while the 1995-1999 cylinder head is more on the side of high air velocity.

Mitsubishi Motors quietly updated its 4G63 engine in 1998 and 1999. The crankshaft is more precisely shaved and cut compared to previous years. It is identical to that used in the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, which was not yet sold in North America until 2003. The thrust bearings have been revised to a "split" type to allow better lubrication and self-alignment with the crankshaft. It also had improved tuning and functionality thanks to a new ECU, which was similar to Lancer Evolution ECUs. Although originally deactivated to protect the drivetrain, it included advanced features such as launch control, boost control, adjustable rev-limit, fuel system control as well as fuel and boost map selection for certain Mitsubishi Heavy Industries turbochargers.

Problems and issues
The second-generation Eclipse received numerous Technical Service Bulletins (TSB) affecting a variety of issues with the car however there was one notable powertrain recall. In March 1998, Mitsubishi issued a recall (bulletin 98V069001) for all 1990-1998 Mitsubishi Eclipse GSXs citing, "Lockup of the transfer case can occur due to insufficient lubrication. The condition can cause a loss of vehicle control increasing the risk of a crash." The dealers would inspect the vehicles for the adequacy of the transfer case oil volume, transfer case oil leakage, and operational degradation of the transfer case mechanism. The transfer case itself did not leak but rather the brass plug in the center of the transfer case yoke would leak. Mitsubishi estimated 24,275 vehicles were affected.

Another issue that impacted the mid 1995-1997 Eclipse GS-T/GSX (4G63 equipped vehicles) is thrust-bearing failure commonly referred to in the Eclipse community as "crankwalk." Mitsubishi never publicly addressed the issue via a recall or TSB. There were a variety of symptoms however the most common symptom of crankwalk is the clutch pedal would stick to the floor upon making a left turn. If crankwalk occurred, it typically meant engine failure. In 1998, Mitsubishi revised manufacturing processes to correct the issue.

Safety
All 2G Eclipses came standard with driver and front-passenger airbags, side-guard door beams, front and rear body structure crumple zones, 5 mph energy-absorbing bumpers, safety-cage body construction, 4-wheel disc brakes (except RS), three-point ELR/ALR lap/shoulder safety belts (ELR only for the driver) and height-adjustable front shoulder belts. Anti-lock brakes were optional on all models (except for RS).

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has determined crash test ratings of the 2G Eclipse:

Awards
1995 and 1996 "Driver's Choice Award" - MotorWeek

Third generation (D52A/D53A; 1999)

Overview
The Eclipse underwent a change into its third generation in 1999, closely applying the Mitsubishi SST design study which debuted at the 1998 North American International Auto Show. It was the first concept vehicle exhibited by Mitsubishi at an auto show in the U.S.

Two new powertrain options were available, a  2.4 L 16-valve SOHC 4-cylinder 4G64 and a  24v SOHC 3.0 L V6 (6G72). AWD was no longer an option. The suspension setup was modified to provide a softer and more compliant ride quality.

The third-generation Eclipse shared its powertrain with the eighth-generation Galant. In late 2001, the power of the GT trim was lowered to  as a result of tightened emission standards forcing MMNA to adopt the California emissions standards for all variants of the car, rather than selling independent 'Federal Specification' and 'California Specifications' versions.

In mid-2002, the GTS trim was introduced for the 2003 model year. This vehicle included an engine with a 10:1 compression ratio, revised camshaft profile, and an improved Mitsubishi Variable Induction Management (MVIM) air intake system that gave the car an extra  and a slightly improved power curve. The 2003–2005 GTS coupe, GTS Spyder and GT Spyder shared the new engine while the GT coupe retained the  powertrain.

With the introduction of the 2003 GTS model, the Eclipse saw minor changes including a redesigned front bumper with slotted fog lights, as well as a recoloring of the taillights. On the interior, the gauge face changed, and the door panels were also redesigned. Newly designed five-spoke chrome wheels were offered with the GT and GTS trims.

In 2004, Mitsubishi Motors imported the Eclipse Spyder to the Japanese Domestic Market as a special edition.

Trim levels
The Eclipse was available in 7 trim levels: RS, GS, GS Spyder, GT, GT Spyder, GTS, and GTS Spyder. All trim levels (besides RS and the Spyder) came with an automatic tilt and retracting sunroof. All models were front-wheel drive (FWD). The GTS trims were introduced for the 2003 model year. For the 2005 model year, the RS trim was discontinued and a special "Remix Edition" GS trim package was introduced, which included chrome wheels, identifying placards, and the premium interior package from the GT and GTS models, which was not previously offered on the GS trim.

Eclipse RS: Base model equipped with a  2.4 L 16-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 4G64 engine; automatic RS models were only 3G Eclipse without Mitsubishi's "sportronic" select-shift option
Eclipse GS: Upgraded model equipped with a  2.4 L 16-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 4G64 engine
Eclipse GS Spyder: Convertible model equipped with a  2.4 L 16-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 4G64 engine
Eclipse GT: Upgraded model equipped with a  3.0 L 24-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 6G72 engine
Eclipse GT Spyder: 2000-2002: convertible model equipped with a  3.0 L 24-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 6G72 engine. 2003-2005: convertible FWD model equipped with a  3.0 L 24-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 6G72 engine with MVIM
Eclipse GTS: Upgraded model equipped with a  3.0 L 24-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 6G72 engine with Mitsubishi Variable Induction Management (MVIM)
Eclipse GTS Spyder: Convertible model equipped with a  3.0 L 24-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 6G72 engine with MVIM

Engines
The third-generation Eclipse utilized two distinct Mitsubishi engines: The SOHC 4G64 2.4 L 16-valve four-cylinder and SOHC 6G72 3.0 L 24-valve V6. Both engines use cast iron blocks with aluminum cylinder heads. The four-cylinder, found in the RS, GS, and GS Spyder trims, used a 9:1 compression ratio and produced an output of  and  of torque throughout all years.

The 3.0 L V6, however, used in GT and GT Spyder models, produced  in Federal Specifications between 2000-2001 and  in all GT models in California Specifications, all years with a static compression ratio of 9:1. In 2003, the 3.0 L V6 was improved for the GTS and GT/GTS Spyder, using a revised camshaft profile, raised compression ratio of 10:1 and variable-length MVIM intake manifold. This engine produced .

Safety
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has determined crash test ratings of Eclipse of different model years:

2001 Mitsubishi Eclipse EV
The Mitsubishi Eclipse EV is a prototype electric vehicle with a lightweight electric motor and lithium-ion batteries in the chassis of a third-generation Eclipse. It is powered by manganese lithium-ion batteries made by Japan Storage Battery, which have 65% reduced charging time over nickel-hydrogen batteries.

The prototype model participated in the 2001 Shikoku EV Rally, a  circuit around the perimeter of Shikoku, Japan, where it drove in excess of  on a single battery charge.

Fourth generation (DK2A/DK4A; 2005)

Overview
Another substantial styling revision was introduced, with the fourth-generation model taking some of the profile from the second generation model but maintaining a front fascia consistent with Mitsubishi's corporate styling features of the time. Drivetrain features include a  3.8 L MIVEC V6 engine for the GT trim, 2009 and newer models have . The GS has a  2.4 L MIVEC four-cylinder engine, both derived from the Mitsubishi PS platform family, with which the Eclipse shares many mechanical components. Like the 2004 Galant and third-generation Eclipse, the fourth-generation Eclipse is FWD only, although a concept model has been produced by Mitsubishi and Ralliart with a MillenWorks designed hybrid-electric AWD platform, the 4G63 engine from the Lancer Evolution, and more aggressive body styling with imitation carbon fiber accents. The V6 produces  and  of torque.

The fourth-generation Spyder (convertible) Eclipse was released for the 2007 model year at the North American International Auto Show.

Trim levels
For the 2010 model year in the U.S., its primary market, the Eclipse was available in five trim levels: GS, GS Sport Spyder, SE, GT, and GT Spyder. In Mexico, the GT Spyder is known as the Eclipse Convertible. In Canada, the GT trim is known as the GT-P. The SE package was available in either GS or GT trim specs, however included optional equipment.

Eclipse GS: Base model equipped with a , 2.4 L 16-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 4G69 engine.

Eclipse GS Sport Spyder: Convertible model equipped with a , 2.4 L 16-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 4G69 engine.
Eclipse SE: Upgraded model equipped with either a , 2.4 L 16-valve 4-cylinder MIVEC Engine, or 3.8L 6-cylinder 6G75M engine and included additional features including 18-inch wheels, a front and rear spoiler, unique interior options and side skirt decals.
Eclipse GT: Premium model equipped with a , 3.8 L 24-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 6G75 engine, 2009–2012 models have 265 hp.
Eclipse GT Spyder: Convertible premium model equipped with a , 3.8 L 24-valve SOHC Mitsubishi 6G75 engine, 2009–2012 models have .

The models and standard / optional equipment:

GS Standard- Choice of five-speed manual or a four-speed Sportronic automatic transmission, a 140-watt (max.) Mitsubishi CD/MP3-compatible audio system with six speakers, 17-inch alloy wheels, an anti-theft immobilizer, auto-off halogen headlamps, power windows/locks/mirrors, air conditioning, a split fold-down rear seat, two 12-volt accessory outlets, anti-lock brakes, a rear spoiler, and a six airbag safety system.

Options Include - Sun & Sound package with a power sunroof is paired with a 650-watt Rockford Fosgate audio system. Boasting nine speakers including a  trunk-mounted subwoofer, a 6-CD in-dash changer, and steering-wheel-mounted audio controls, the package also includes a central display with outside temperature and compass readings and an electrochromic rear-view mirror.

GS Spyder - available for sale for the 2007 model year.
Options Include - GS Deluxe Leather Package: Leather front seating surfaces, heated front seats, heated side mirrors, outside temperature indicator and compass in the center dash display.

GT Standard - Choice of six-speed manual or a five-speed Sportronic automatic transmission, a 140-watt (max.) Mitsubishi CD/MP3-compatible audio system with six speakers, 17-inch alloy wheels, an anti-theft immobilizer, auto-off halogen headlamps, fog lamps, power windows/locks/mirrors, air conditioning, a split fold-down rear seat, two 12-volt accessory outlets, 4-wheel anti-lock disc brakes, a rear spoiler, dual-stage six airbag safety system, traction control, a front strut tower bar, and a center display with outside temperature and compass readings.
Options Include- Premium Sport Package with  seven-spoke alloy wheels, leather front seating surfaces, a power sunroof, an eight-way-adjustable (six power) driver's seat, alloy pedals, heated front seats, heated door mirrors, automatic dimming rear-view mirror, air conditioning, and a 650-watt Rockford Fosgate audio system with nine speakers that included a 10-in (254 mm) trunk-mounted subwoofer, a 6-CD/MP3-compatible in-dash changer, and steering wheel-mounted audio controls.

GT Spyder - available for sale for the 2007 model year.
Options Include - GT Premium Sport Package: 18-inch alloy wheels  leather front seating surfaces, 6-way power driver's seat, heated front seats, heated side mirrors, aluminum pedals, automatic climate control and a wind deflector.

Engines
GS - Equipped with the SOHC I4 4G69 engine capable of  in factory trim. The displacement is 2378 cc, with a bore of 87 mm and a stroke of 100 mm. The engine runs 9.5:1 compression. Firing order is 1-3-2-4. It uses 315 cc top feed high impedance injectors with a returnless fuel rail. It has a 62 mm throttle body. The stock exhaust diameter is 2 1/8".
GT - Equipped with the V6  with bore  X stroke  SOHC 4 valves per cylinder 60° V-block 6G75 engine capable of making  in factory trim and a compression ratio of 10.5:1. The firing order is 1-2-3-4-5-6. It uses 315 cc top feed high impedance injectors with a returnless fuel rail. It has a 65 mm throttle body. The stock exhaust diameter is 2 1/4". Since 2009, power is upgraded to  at 5750 rpm and  at 4500 rpm of torque. The intake valves begin to open at 5° before top dead center, and close 55° after top dead center. The exhaust valves open 51° after top dead center, and close 17° after top dead center. The oil pump is a trochoid type. The cooling system is water cooled forced circulation with a centrifugal impeller type pump.

Facelifts

The Mitsubishi Eclipse was given a minor facelift for the 2009 model year, the front fascia changed the fog lights and deleted the triangle housing the "three diamond" logo used to sit on in the grille; the rear fascia changed the "Eclipse" insignia from an indent to raised silver letters. An option to add a dual exhaust and projector H.I.D. headlamps also became available. The V6 engine now rated at  and  of torque in part due to the more open front fascia as well as a new stock dual exhaust system. It was unveiled at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show.

For 2011, the Mitsubishi Eclipse featured a "blackout" roof, similar to the 1990 model. Mitsubishi also lowered the suspension of Eclipse about half an inch to create a lower center of gravity. A rear backup camera and Bluetooth hands free calling to the Sun and sound package were included. In the GS trim, the car gets the same 18-inch wheels and blackout front end as the GT model called the GS Sport.

Final model year

For the 2012 model year, the Eclipse received three slight changes: brake override logic, a clear lip spoiler on the GT trim, and one new exterior color. According to a review and rating by Motor Trend, the fourth-generation Eclipse was described as "dated" - but its "exterior design still stands out among sporty coupes currently available." The 2012 model year Eclipse was now six years old and "is still trying to pass itself off as a sporty two-door." This was the final model year, albeit a short run because production ended in August 2011.

The last Eclipse to roll off the assembly line was built on 16 August 2011, painted Kalapana Black, its color was chosen by members of Mitsubishi's Facebook community, who picked from a historical Eclipse color palette. This was the only Eclipse equipped with both the 3.8L/265 hp V-6 engine and the commemorative SE package, as well as special 18-inch Dark Argent alloy wheels and one of a kind graphics. It is also built with a sunroof, leather interior, 650W Rockford Fosgate 9-speaker audio system with Sirius XM, hands-free Bluetooth phone interface, rear-view camera, and HID headlights. The car was auctioned off by Mecum Auctions in St. Charles, Illinois on 17 September 2012, for $35,000. Proceeds went to the Japanese Red Cross to aid victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

Grand total Eclipse production was 906,876 units.

Recalls
05V247000 - Recalled 6 February 2005, vehicles were found equipped with faulty brake booster assemblies. The brake booster could separate due to improper crimp joints resulting in total brake failure
05V299000 - Recalled 27 June 2005, master cylinders were found to have improperly installed seals. Brake fluid may bypass the seal and result in longer pedal stroke, and reduced braking pressure
15V337000 - Recalled 6 February 2015, vehicles made between 23 December 2005 and 13 February 2009 were recalled for corrosion issues in the ABS unit. This can cause internal valves to seize, resulting in sudden brake failure or reduced stopping ability
08V454000 - Recalled 9 September 2008, certain 2005-2007 vehicles had improper fuel tank mounting brackets which could split. This could result in the fuel tank to come undone in a collision and potentially cause a fuel leak.

Motorsport
The Eclipse has been campaigned in various auto racing events.

Rally, endurance and road racing
The Eclipse, and its Chrysler-branded counterparts, have competed in Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) events.

In 1995, a GT2 class specification Eclipse GSX was entered into the annual 24 Hours of Daytona endurance race. It was placed on grid number 74, at the back in last place. It moved up to 24th place overall finish without any issues. It nearly set a new record as well, passing a total of 50 cars. In 1998, it entered the race again but was now in a lower specification class (GT3/GTS3) It finished in 24th place. In 1999, the Eclipse made its final appearance in the race, achieving 39th place, after posting 455 laps. The name of the team was Spirit of Daytona and their sponsor was Daytona Mitsubishi. Craig Conway, Eric Van Cleef, and Todd Flis were the drivers.

In 2004 and 2005, Greg Collier won the NASA Super Unlimited class national title in a Plymouth Laser RS Turbo. These wins were over purpose built Ferrari Challenge and Porsche Carrera Cup race cars.

In 2009 and 2010, an Eclipse Spyder GS-T driven by Matt Andrews and Andrew Brilliant won the Super Lap Battle Limited championship in Willow Springs, California.

In 2012, a heavily built and tuned Mitsubishi Eclipse piloted by Mark Rybníček won the Czech Hill Climb championship. Other drivers such as Karel Stehlik and David Komarek have used Eclipses in hill climb competition as well. Some of engines produce as much as . They also have short transmission gears to accelerate into triple-digit speeds.

Drag racing
Brent Rau has won three world drag racing championships using an Eclipse; IDRC, NDRA, and NHRA. Many other notable names have also claimed big wins piloting Eclipses for drag racing as well.

Jett Racing entered a third-generation Eclipse for drag racing competition. As of 2014, they hold the world record for the world's fastest four cylinder. It has  and is RWD. It is capable of over . On 29 November 2018, they ran 6.2 seconds in the quarter-mile with 225 MPH for the top speed.

See also
DSM
Plymouth Laser
Eagle Talon

Notes

References

External links

Eclipse
Cars introduced in 1989
Cars discontinued in 2012
1990s cars
2000s cars
2010s cars
Sport compact cars
Hatchbacks
Convertibles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Front-wheel-drive sports cars
Cars discontinued in 2011

Mitsubishi Eclipse


ඔබට අවශ්‍ය ලිපිය තෝරාගන්න

 අාසියාතික භාෂා වලින් විද්‍යා ලෙස භාවිතාවන වචනයේ තේරුම විද්‍යාව බලන්න.
 බෞද්ධ සංකල්පමය විග්‍රහය සඳහා විද්‍යාව (බෞද්ධ සංකල්පය) බලන්න.
 සයන්ස් යන වදනේ සිංහල පරිවර්ථනය සඳහා  නවීන විද්‍යාව බලන්න.
 විද්‍යා යන අන්වර්ථ නාමයේ තේරුම සඳහා සරස්වතී බලන්න.

වැඩිදුර කියවීම්
 නලින් ද සිල්වා. (2008). අපේ ප්‍රවාද 2 විසිදුණු ප්‍රකාශකයෝ. ISBN 978-955-1741-08-2
 නලින් ද සිල්වා. (2003). විද්‍යා කතන්දර විසිදුණු ප්‍රකාශකයෝ. ISBN 955-9170-60-0 Book Pre-view

බාහිර සබැඳි

අපේ දැනුමට දෝහිවීම
 නිර්මාණාත්මක චින්තනය සහ සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය

විද්‍යාව (වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණය)


البريد الناقل ، في الاتصالات الرقمية حيث يوجد سلك واحد فيزيائي مزدوج يمكن استخدامه لنقل العديد من المحادثات الصوتية التي تحدث في وقت واحد، والمعايير العالمية تم إنشاؤها ونشرها.  (سي إي بي تي) في الأصل وحد نظام البريد الناقل ، الذي نقح وحسن تقنية تي الناقل الأمريكي في وقت سابق، وهذا قد تم اعتماده الآن من الاتحاد الدولي للاتصالات(قطاع توحيد الاتصالات) (أي تي يو - تي). هذا الآن يستخدم على نطاق واسع في جميع البلدان تقريبا خارج الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وكندا واليابان.

معايير البريد الناقل تشكل جزءا من التدرج الرقمي متقارب الزمن (بي دي اتش) حيث مجموعات من الدوائر إي1 يمكن أن تجمع على سعة أعلى من الروابط إي3 بين التبادلات الهاتفية أو البلدان. هذا يسمح لمشغل الشبكة أن يوفر النهاية الخاصة لدائرة إي1 بين الزبائن في مختلف البلدان التي تتقاسم روابط ذات قدرة عالية مفردة فيما بينهم.

في الممارسة العملية، تستخدم فقط الاصدارات إي1 (30 دائرة) وإي3 (480 دائرة). فيزيائيا إي1 تبث على شكل 32 وحدة زمنية وإي3 512 وحدة زمنية، لكن تستخدم واحدة لوضع الإطار وعادة واحد يُخصص لإعداد إشارة المكالمة الدعوة وهدمها. على عكس خدمات بيانات الإنترنت، أنظمة البريد الناقل دائما تخصص القدرة على المكالمة الصوتية لكامل المدة. وهذا يضمن الجودة العالية للمكالمة لأن الانتقال يصل مع نفس فترة التأخير (اختفاء) والقدرات في جميع الأوقات.

الدوائر إي1 شائعة جدا في معظم مقاسم الهاتف وتستخدم لربط للشركات المتوسطة والكبيرة، للتبادل النائي وفي كثير من الحالات بين التبادلات. خطوط إي3 تستخدم بين التبادلات والمشغلين و/ أو البلدان، ولها سرعة انتقال من 34.368 ميجابت / ثانية.

إي1
الوصلة إي1 تدير ما يزيد على مجموعتين منفصلتين من الأسلاك، وعادة ما يكون كابل مزدوج ملتوي. اسمية 3 فولت إشارة الذروة مرمزة مع الذيذبات باستخدام الأسلوب الذي يتجنب فترات طويلة دون تغيير القطبية. معدل خط البيانات 2.048 ميجابت / ثانية (الازدواج الكامل، بمعنى مصب 2.048 ميجابت / ثانية ومنبع 2.048 ميجابت / ثانية) والذي ينقسم إلى 32 وحدة زمنية، يتم تخصيص كل 8 بت كدوره. وبالتالي كل وحدة زمنية ترسل وتتلقى عينة 8 بت 8000 مرة في الثانية الواحدة (8 × 8000 × 32 = 2,048,000). هذا هو المثل الأعلى للمكالمات الهاتفية حيث الصوت يكون عينات إلى عدد 8 بت في تلك البيانات ويعاد بناؤها في النهاية الأخرى. الوحدات الزمنية معدودة من 0 حتي 31.

وحدة زمنية واحدة (تي اس 0) حُفظت لأغراض التأطير، وبالتناوب تنقل نمط ثابت. وهذا يسمح للمتلقي أن يلتحم ببداية كل إطار ويتابع كل قناة بالدور. تسمح المعايير بالفحص التكراري الدوري الكامل ليتم القيام به في جميع البتات المنقولة في كل إطار، للكشف عما إذا كانت الدائرة تفقد البتات (المعلومات)، ولكن هذا لا يستخدم دائما.

وحدة زمنية واحدة (تي اس 16) غالبا ما تكون مخصصة لأغراض الإشارة، للسيطرة على إعداد المكالمة وهدمها وفقا لواحد من عدة بروتوكولات مقاييس الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية القياسية. وهذا يشمل قناة الإشارة المترابطة (سي ايه اس) حيث يستخدم مجموعة من البتات لتكرار فتح واغلاق الدوائر (كما لو أُلتقط سماعة الهاتف ونُبضت الأرقام على الهاتف الدوار)، أو باستخدام لهجة الإشارات التي يتم تمريرها عبر صوت الدوائر نفسها. النظم الأحدث استخدمت إشارات القناة العامة (سي سي اس) مثل الشبكة الرقمية أو نظام التشوير 7 (اس اس 7) الذي يرسل رسائل قصيرة مشفرة مع مزيد من المعلومات حول هذا الاتصال بما في ذلك هوية المتصل، نوع الانتقال المطلوب الخ.الشبكة الرقمية غالبا ما تستخدم للتبادل بين الهاتف المحلي وأماكن العمل، بينما إس إس 7 يكاد يقتصر استخدامه بين التبادلات وبين المشغلين.

خلافا  السابقة المتقدمة في أمريكا الشمالية، كافة 8 بت لكل عينة متوفرة لكل مكالمة. هذا يسمح للأنظمة E1 بأن تُستخدم بنفس القدر بالنسبة لمكالمات تبديل البيانات للدائرة، بدون المخاطرة بفقدان أي معلومات.

في حين أن المعيار سي إي بي تي الأصلي جي.703 يحدد خيارات عدة للانتقال الفعلي، على وجه الحصر تقريبا يستخدم تنسيقات اتش دي بي 3.

مستويات التسلسل الهرمي
الـ بي دي اتش المؤسس على معدل إشارة إي0 مصمم بحيث أن كل مستوى أعلى يمكن أن يُعدد مجموعة من الإشارات ذات المستوى الأدنى. إي1 ذو الإطار تم تصميمه لتَحمّل بيانات قنوات 30 إي0 + 1) إشارة قناة، وجميع المستويات الأخرى مصممة لنقل 4 إشارات من المستوى أدناه. نظرا للحاجة الملحة للبتات الزائدة، وتسوية البتات للأعداد لمراعاة معدل الفروق بين أجزاء الشبكة، كل مستوى لاحق لديه قدرة أكبر مما هو متوقع من مجرد ضرب معدل مستوى الإشارة المنخفض (لذلك على سبيل المثال إي2 هو 8.448 ميجابت / ث وليس 8.192 ميجابت / ث كما قد يتوقع المرء عند ضرب معدل إي1 في 4).

لاحظ، نظرا لاستخدام تداخل البت، فمن الصعب جدا عدم تعدد مستوى الروافد المنخفض بشكل مباشر، وتتطلب معدات لعدم تعدد كل مستوى واحد وصولا إلى ما هو مطلوب فرديا.

المراجع

 توصية قطاع تقييس الاتصالات جي.703
 توصية قطاع تقييس الاتصالات جي.7043

وصلات خارجية
 دروس إي1/تي1

إرسال متعدد
معايير الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية

بريد ناقل


Američka akademija umjetnosti i znanosti (engleski: American Academy of Arts and Sciences), poznatija pod nazivom Američka akademija, jedna je od najstarijih i najprestižnijih znanstvenih ustanova u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Često se smatra jednim od uzora američkog obrazovanja i znanstvenih dostignuća, a ima i iznimnu povijesnu važnost jer je osnovana tijekom Američkog rata za neovisnost, na poticaj Johna Adamsa, Johna Hancocka i Jamesa Bowdoina. Njezin rad propisan je zakonskim odredbama u Ustavu SAD-a.

Akademija ima dvije glavne uloge: izbor akademika prema njihovim dostignućima i radu te popularizacija znanosti i njezino promicanje u društvu. Obrazovna zadaća uglavnom je usmjerena na visoko obrazovanje i dodjelu stipendija zaslužnim studentima i sveučilištarcima te predavanja u srednjim školama. Akademija je dužna dati mišljenje svojih članova kod provedbe novih obrazovnih programa, društvenih i političkih mjera vezanih uz obrazovni sustav, stanovništvo ili okoliš, kao i obavještavati javnost o novim znanstvenim i tehnološkim dostignućima u zemlji i svijetu.

Sjedište Akademije nalazi se u Cambridgeu u saveznoj državi Massachusetts. Osim stipendija, ustanova dodjeljuje i nekoliko znanstvenih nagrada za dostignuća u različitim znanstvenim poljima, kao i počasne nagrade svojim članovima za obljetnicu članstva ili potpomaganje rada Akademije novčanim ili nekim drugim sredstvima. Akademija ima oko 4.900 američkih i 600 stranih akademika, među kojima je i 250 dobitnika Nobelovih nagrada i preko 60 primatelja Pulitzerove nagrade.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice Akademije - www.amcad.org

Znanost i tehnologija u SAD-u
Akademije znanosti i umjetnosti


Bevil Gordon D'Urban Rudd (5 October 1894 – 2 February 1948) was a South African athlete, the 1920 Olympic Champion in the 400 metres.

Biography
Rudd was born in Kimberley. He was the son of Henry Percy Rudd and Mable Mina Blyth; paternal grandson of Charles Rudd, who co-founded the De Beers diamond mining company, and Frances Chiappini and maternal grandson of Captain Matthew Smith Blyth CMG, chief magistrate of the Transkei, and Elizabeth Cornelia Philpott.

During his schooling at St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown (Upper House) he excelled both as a student and as an athlete, and he was granted a scholarship for the University of Oxford. Rudd served in the First World War, and was awarded a Military Cross for bravery.

Rudd completed his studies in England, and returned to South Africa, working as a sports journalist.

He married Ursula Mary Knight, daughter of Clifford Hume Knight the Italian Consul to Cape Town, in 1926; they had at least two sons: Bevil John Blyth Rudd and Clifford Robin David Rudd, the South African Cricketer.

In 1930, he became an editor for  The Daily Telegraph, a position he held until after the Second World War. Shortly after his return to South Africa, he died there at age 53.

References

1894 births
1948 deaths
Alumni of St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
British military personnel of World War I
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for South Africa
Olympic bronze medalists for South Africa
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic gold medalists for South Africa
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists for South Africa
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of the Military Cross
South African male middle-distance runners
South African male sprinters
South African people of English descent
South African sports journalists
Sportspeople from Kimberley, Northern Cape

Bevil Rudd


Etilni alkohol poljoprivrednog podrijetla je u smislu Pravilnika o jakim alkoholnim pićima Republike Hrvatske, etilni alkohol ove skupine obilježja. Senzorska svojstva su mu takva da mu se ne smije osjetiti miris ni okus drugačiji od onoga koji potječe od upotrijebljenih sirovina. Najmanja alkoholna jakost mu je 96,0 % vol. Najveći udio ostataka je:
 ukupna kiselost (izražena kao octena kiselina): 1,5 grama po hektolitru preračunato na 100 % vol. alkohola,
 esteri (izraženi kao etil acetat): 1,3 grama po hektolitru preračunato na 100 % vol. alkohola,
 aldehidi (izraženi kao acetaldehid): 0,5 grama po hektolitru preračunato na 100 % vol. alkohola,
 viši alkoholi (izraženi kao 2-metilpropan-1-ol): 0,5 grama po hektolitru preračunato na 100 % vol. alkohola,
 metanol: 30 grama po hektolitru preračunato na 100 % vol. alkohola,
 suhi ekstrakt: 1,5 grama po hektolitru preračunato na 100 % vol. alkohola,
 hlapive baze koje sadrže dušik: 0,1 grama po hektolitru preračunato na100 % vol. alkohola,
 furfural ne smije sadržavati.

Izvori

Enologija


Bundeskurfürsorge bezeichnet Einrichtungen des Bundes der Kriegsblinden Deutschlands, in denen Kriegsblinde Kur- und Erholungsfürsorge in Anspruch nehmen können. Eine Einrichtung der genannten Art existiert im Jahr 2021 in Brilon (Kursanatorium Hochsauerland).

Mit fortschreitender zeitlicher Distanz zu den Weltkriegen wird die Anzahl derjenigen geringer, die als Kriegsblinde Einrichtungen der Kur- und Erholungsfürsorge in Anspruch nehmen. Dies bedingte und hat zur Folge, dass die entsprechenden Einrichtungen geschlossen wurden beziehungsweise werden: Bis zum Beginn des Jahres 2013 ermöglichte das Kriegsblinden-Kursanatorium Söcking in Starnberg Kur- und Erholungsaufenthalte. Dies galt ebenso für das Kursanatorium am Königsberg in Bad Pyrmont, welches Ende Mai 2016 geschlossen wurde. Darüber hinaus waren in Berlin (Kriegsblinden-Erholungs- und Freizeithaus am Kleinen Wannsee) und Braunlage (Senioren- & Pflegezentrum BKD-Kurklinik) entsprechende Einrichtungen vorhanden.

Literatur
 Friedrich Wilhelm Hymmen: Unsere Kurfürsorge 1920 - 1960: 40 Jahre Kur- u. Erholungsfürsorge des Bundes der Kriegsblinden Deutschlands e.V. Bund der Kriegsblinden Deutschlands e.V. Selbstverlag 1960.

Siehe auch
 Kriegsversehrter
 Deutsche Kriegsversehrte im 20. Jahrhundert

Weblinks
 Kur- und Erholungsfürsorge, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2021.
 Kursanatorium Hochsauerland, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2021.

Einzelnachweise

Kriegsgeschädigtenthematik

Bundeskurfürsorge


Flucht von Monkey Island (englischer Originaltitel Escape from Monkey Island) ist der vierte Teil der Videospielreihe Monkey Island.

Handlung

Zu Beginn kehren Elaine und Guybrush Threepwood von ihren Flitterwochen nach Mêlée Island zurück, wo Elaine Gouverneurin ist. Dort müssen die beiden feststellen, dass Elaine für tot erklärt wurde und ihre Villa abgerissen werden soll. Zudem sollen neue Gouverneurswahlen stattfinden. Elaines Konkurrent ist Charles L. Charles, der in Wirklichkeit LeChuck in anderer Gestalt ist.
Guybrush fährt indessen nach Lucre Island, um dort mit Elaines Anwälten zu reden, die das Anwesen der Marleys retten sollen. Guybrush trifft dabei unter anderem auf Ozzie Mandrill, der in der Karibik die Tourismusbranche aufbauen und mit Hilfe der ultimativen Beleidigung die Piraten der Karibik sich gegenüber unterwürfig machen möchte.

Zurück auf Mêlée Island erfährt Guybrush, dass er die ultimative Beleidigung auf Jambalaya Island finden kann, wo er die nötigen Teile findet, um diese zusammenzustellen. Auf Mêlée Island ist LeChuck, der für Ozzie arbeitet, mittlerweile zum Gouverneur gewählt worden. Gemeinsam berauben sie Guybrush der ultimativen Beleidigung und verbannen ihn nach Monkey Island. Guybrush stellt dort eine ultimative Beleidigung in Gestalt eines riesigen Affenroboters zusammen, aktiviert diese und reist wieder zurück nach Mêlée Island, wo inzwischen auch Ozzie seine ultimative Beleidigung aktiviert hat. Ozzie kontrolliert LeChuck, der sich in eine riesige lebendige Statue verwandelt hat. Es kommt zu einem Kampf zwischen dem riesigen Affenroboter und der ebenso großen Statue, in dessen Verlauf LeChuck sich selbst und Ozzie Mandrill zerstört.

Spielprinzip und Technik

Flucht von Monkey Island ist ein sogenanntes 2.5D-Adventure. Aus Polygonen zusammengesetzte, dreidimensionale Figuren agieren vor vorgerenderten, ebenfalls dreidimensionalen Kulissen, die teilweise um handgezeichnete Hintergründe ergänzt sind. Das Spiel wird aus der Third-Person-Perspektive gesteuert. Mittels Tastatur, Joystick oder Gamepad manövriert der Spieler Guybrush Threepwood durch die Spielwelt. Passiert er Interaktionspunkte, sogenannte Hotspots, eröffnet sich dem Spieler die Möglichkeit, mit diesen zu interagieren. Guybrush kann so Gegenstände untersuchen, aufnehmen und anderswo anwenden oder mit NPCs kommunizieren. Dialoge laufen im Multiple-Choice-Verfahren ab. Durch das Lösen von Rätseln schreitet die Handlung voran, und mit voranschreitender Handlung werden weitere Örtlichkeiten freigeschaltet. Das in die Jahre gekommene SCUMM-System wurde durch die GrimE-Engine des LucasArts-Adventures Grim Fandango ersetzt. Diese verwendet nebst 3D-Grafik die Skriptsprache Lua.

Entwicklungs- und Veröffentlichungsgeschichte

Ein erster Entwurf für einen Nachfolger zu The Curse of Monkey Island stammte von leitenden Grafiker des Spiels, Bill Tiller. Das LucasArts-Management lehnte das Konzept aber ab, da sich Tiller zu dieser Zeit auf seine Arbeit an Indiana Jones und der Turm von Babel fokussieren sollte. Stattdessen wurden Sean Clark und Michael Stemmle, die bereits an den Skripten zu Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis und Sam & Max Hit the Road beteiligt waren, mit der Erarbeitung eines Skripts für einen vierten Monkey-Island-Teil beauftragt. Tiller machte sich 2002 mit dem Entwicklerstudio Autumn Moon Entertainment selbständig und setzte sein Konzept als Ghost Pirates of Vooju Island um.

Sprecher

Rezeption

Aus 32 aggregierten Wertungen erzielt Flucht von Monkey Island auf Metacritic einen Score von 86. Das deutsche Magazin GameStar lobte Atmosphäre, Humor und Rätsel des Spiels, kritisierte aber die altbackene Grafik sowie die umständliche Steuerung. Insgesamt bewertet das Magazin Flucht von Monkey Island als "Spielspaß-Feuerwerk". Die ebenfalls deutsche PC Player wertete, Escape from Monkey Island enthalte "dermaßen viele skurrile Charaktere und treffsichere Pointen, dass LucasArts es auch als interaktive Sitcom vermarkten könnte". Redakteur Heinrich Lenhardt bezeichnete das Spiel trotz einiger nicht nachvollziehbarer Rätsel als "Adventure des Jahres".

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Computerspiel 2000
Mac-OS-Spiel
PlayStation-2-Spiel
Point-and-Click-Adventure
Windows-Spiel

Flucht von Monkey Island


Louisa Annie Murray, née le  et morte le , est une écrivaine canadienne d'origine anglaise.

Biographie
Murray est née à Carisbrooke sur l'île de Wight, en Angleterre, et grandit dans le comté de Wicklow en Irlande. Son père est le lieutenant Edward Murray et sa mère, Louisa Rose Lyons, est également issue d'une famille de militaires. Elle émigre au Canada avec sa famille dans les années 1840 à cause de la Grande Famine. Ils s'installent sur l'Île Wolfe (près de Kingston, en Ontario).

Tout en travaillant comme institutrice, elle publie plusieurs articles dans diverses revues littéraires, notamment la  de Montréal. Cependant, ce type de publication dans des magazines a entraîné la perte irrémédiable de plusieurs de ses œuvres : l'une a brûlé accidentellement, tandis qu'au moins deux autres n'ont pas été retrouvées après la fermeture des magazines qui devaient les publier.

Son roman Fauna est publié sous forme de feuilleton grâce à l'intercession de Susanna Moodie. Cette description romantique de la vie canadienne est publiée dans  en 1851 et Mary S. Millar a noté que Murray défend les droits des Amérindiens à préserver leur culture de sa domination par les valeurs européennes.

Selon le Dictionnaire biographique du Canada, Murray est « la principale prosatrice canadienne des années 1870 » : elle « a fait le pont entre le début du gothique et le récit de voyage de pionnières telles que Susanna Moodie et la génération de romancières et de journalistes professionnelles du tournant du siècle ». Son écriture reflète largement les traditions romantiques victoriennes, mais elle s'intéresse également à l'égalité des femmes. Elle correspond fréquemment avec Susanna Moodie et forme plusieurs jeunes écrivaines canadiennes. Ses romans décrivent l'arrière-pays canadien et le rôle des femmes pionnières, qui s'étend au-delà de la « sphère domestique » habituelle. Elle écrit également des essais nationalistes, tels que  (1889), et d'autres pièces non romanesques ; comme par exemple, sa critique de Laura Secord de Sarah Anne Curzon qui disait que chaque Canadien « devrait se faire un point d'honneur d'en posséder un exemplaire ». Elle écrit aussi de la poésie.

Murray vit dans une ferme à Stamford près de Niagara, en Ontario, où elle meurt de la dysenterie en 1894. Bien qu'elle soit respectée à son époque, Murray est largement oubliée après sa mort, car peu de ses œuvres ont été publiées en dehors des feuilletons de son vivant.

Notes et références

Articles connexes

 Littérature canadienne

Liens externes

  Fonds Mary F. Williamson au Musée des beaux-arts du Canada (Ottawa, Ontario).

Naissance en mai 1818
Naissance sur l'île de Wight
Romancière canadienne
Poétesse canadienne
Décès à 76 ans
Décès en juillet 1894
Décès en Ontario
Mort de la dysenterie

Louisa Murray


Bayer Leverkusen, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinin Leverkusen şehrinde kurulan spor kulübü. Genel olarak futbol takımıyla tanınsa da atletizm ve basketbol gibi branşlarda da aktiftir.

1904 yılında ünlü ilaç firması Bayer tarafından kurulmuştur. Buna rağmen futbol takımının Avrupa kupalarındaki ilk başarısı 1987-1988 sezonunda İspanyol ekibi Espanyol karşısında UEFA Kupası'nı almasıdır. Bunun dışındaki bir diğer Avrupa kupası başarısı ise 2001-2002 sezonunda sürpriz bir şekilde UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi finaline çıkmasıdır. Ancak finalde Real Madrid'e karşı alınan 2-1'lik skorla kupayı ellerinden kaçırmışlardır.

Başarıları
Bundesliga İkinci(5 kere): 1996-97, 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2001-02, 2010-11
Almanya Kußballpası 1 kere: 1992-93
UEFA Kupası Şampiyon:1987-88
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi Finalist: 2001-02

Kadro

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî site
 Taraftar Sitesi
 Taraftar Sitesi

UEFA Kupası şampiyonları

Bayer 04 Leverkusen


Chancelaria adını taşıyan Portekiz'de yerleşim birimleri:

 Chancelaria - Alter do Chão belediyesinde bucak.
 Chancelaria - Torres Novas belediyesinde bucak.

Chancelaria


{{Infookvir TV emisija
| bg_color           =
| ime                = He-Man i Gospodari svemira
| slika              = He-Man-i-Gospodari-svemira-logo.png
| ime_2              = He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
| žanr               = akcijaznanstvena fantastika
| format             =
| smislio            = Lou Scheimer
| realizator         =
| utemeljeno_na        = Gospodari svemira od Mattela
| razvio             =
| napisao            =
| scenarij           =
| režiser            =
| voditelj           =
| uloge              =
| žiri               =
| glasovi            = John ErwinAlan OppenheimerLinda GaryLou ScheimerErik GundenErika Scheimer
| pripovjedač        =
| gl_skladatelj      =
| uvodna_gl          = Masters of the Universe"
| završna_gl         =
| skladatelj         = Shuky LevyHaim SabanErika Lane
| država             =
| jezik              = engleski
| sezone             = 2
| emisije            = 130 epizoda
| izvršni_producent  = Lou Scheimer
| producent          = Gwen Wetzler
| urednik            =
| lokacijaprodukcije =
| kinematografija    =
| trajanje_emisije   = 23 minute
| produkcijska_kuća  = FilmationMattel
| budget             =
| tv_kuća            =
| format_slike       =
| format_zvuka       =
| prva_emisija       = 1983.
| posljednja_emisija = 1985.
| prethodna          =
| sljedeća           =
| web_stranica       =
| imdb_id            =
}}
He-Man i Gospodari svemira (eng. He-Man and the Masters of the Universe), američka televizijska animirana serija koju je producirao Filmation na temelju Mattelove linije igračaka Gospodari svemira. Radnja prati sukob između sila dobra, poznatih kao Gospodari svemira, predvođenih nepobjedivim junakom He-Manom, neustrašivim ratnikom goleme moći i sila zla, predvođenih gospodarom uništenja Skeletorom, kojemu je glavni cilj osvojiti dvorac Sive Lubanje i preuzeti vlast nad čitavim planetom Eternijom.

Animirana TV serija prikazivala se između 1983. i 1985. godine i postigla je veliki uspjeh. Pred kraj snimanja serija, realiziran je dugometražni animiran film He-Man i She-Ra: Tajna mača, koji je bio uvod u spin-off serijala She-Ra. Usporedo s uspjehom serijala, uspjeh je doživjela i prodaja Mattelovih akcijskih figura.

Kasnije je franšiza obuhvatila čitav niz mini stripova i stripova, kao i dugometražni film Gospodari svemira (1987.), a iznjedrila je i nove animirane serije, kao što su Nove pustolovine He-Mana (1989. – 1991.), He-Man i Gospodari svemira (2002.) te dvije Netflixove serije, Gospodari svemira: Otkriće i He-Man i Gospodari svemira, obje iz 2021. godine.

 Radnja

Radnja se odvija na planetu Eternije na kojoj život oblikuje spoj magije i visoke tehnologije. Mir na tom svijetu održava princ Adam, sin kralja Randora i kraljice Marlene, koji posjeduje Mač Moći pomoću kojeg se može pretvoriti u moćnog superjunaka He-Mana, zaštitnika Eternije i tajni dvorca Sive Lubanje. Njegovu tajnu znaju samo Čarobnica (Sorceress), vladarica dvorca Sive Lubanje te Čovjek-oružje (Man-At-arms), zapovjednik kraljevske straže, Orko (Orco), maleni trol i čarobnjak te strašljivi tigar Straško (Cringer).

He-Man štiti dvorac Sive Lubanje i cijelu Eterniju od zlog gospodara uništenja Skeletora i njegovih zlih ratnika. Glavni cilj Skeletora je osvojiti dvorac Sive Lubanje, izvora He-Manove moći i otkriti te uzeti njegove tajne, uz pomoć kojih bi mogao ovladati čitavom Eternijom. He-Manu u obrani Eternije od sila zla pomažu Herojski ratnici, među kojima se, osim Man-at-Armsa, ističu Teela, Stratos i Ram Man.

 Glavni likovi

U Hrvatskoj je animiranu seriju prikazivala tadašnja Televizija Zagreb, a emitiranje je započelo 1989. godine.

 Nepotpun popis epizoda

Slijedi nepotpuna tablica epizoda koje su prikazane:

 Posebni program

Poslije završetka prikazivanja serijala 1985. godine, Filmation je objavio još dva dugometražna animirana filma. Prvi je bio He-Man i She-Ra: Tajna mača, koji je označio početak prikazivanja novog animiranog serijala She-Ra: Princeza moći, a drugi He-Man i She-Ra: Božićno izdanje''.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 He-Man i Gospodari svemira (1983.) – IMDb

Animirane televizijske serije
Gospodari svemira

He-Man i Gospodari svemira


ييراكارو (Γερακαρού) هي مدينة في ثيسالونيكي في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1339 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في سالونيك (وحدة إقليمية)
مدن اليونان

ييراكارو (ثيسالونيكي)


أوليفر ماراش  هو لاعب كرة مضرب نمساوي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أبطال الجراند سلام في زوجي كرة المضرب
أبطال بطولة أستراليا المفتوحة
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من غراتس
رياضيون من مدينة بنما
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من النمسا
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2020
لاعبو كرة مضرب نمساويون
مواليد 1980
مواليد في غراتس

أوليفر ماراش


المجهر الضوئي ذو الأطوار المتباينة استعمل سنة 1932 عن طريق العالم فريتس زيرنيكه (Frits Zernike) الذي تحصل على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء سنة 1953 من أجل هذا العمل ويستعمل المجهر لفحص العينات الحية وهي معلقة في سائل دون صبغها، ونستطيع رؤية كثير من التفاصيل عن الخلية وتركيز المواد بها وتعتمد هذه التقنية حقيقة أن الأجزاء المختلفة للخلايا الحية لها كثافات مختلفة.

اقرأ أيضاً
 المجهر الإلكتروني
 المجهر
 المجموعة الضوئية : وتتركب من :
1- العدسات العينية (العدسات التي تواجه العين).
2- العدسات الشيئية (3 أو 4 عدسات مركبة على قرص دوار تواجه الشيء المراد فحصه).
3- المكثف (أسفل المسرح يقوم بتجميع الأشعة الضوئية وتوجيهها نحو الشريحة).
4- مصدر ضوئي (لمبة كهربائية مثبته في قاعدة المجهر).
قوة تكبير المجهر المركب =
قوة تكبير العدسة العينية X
قوة تكبير العدسة الشيئية.

ملحوظة :
1- يوجد لبعض المجاهر المركبة كاميرا خاصة.
2- يجب أن تكون العينات رقيقة وشفافة بسمك من 5 - 10 ميكرون.
3- جهاز الميكروتوم : جهاز يقوم بتقطيع العينات السمكية إلى عينات رقيقة جداً توضع بعدها على الشرائح.

يستعمل في فحص الأنسجة والخلايا

يصل إلى 2500 مرة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 The Phase Contrast Microscope
 Phase Contrast Illumination
 Molecular Expressions: Phase Contrast Microscopy
 Microscopy University: Principles of Phase Contrast Microscopy
 Microscopy University: Principles of Phase Contrast Microscopy: Phase contrast microscopy

اختراعات هولندية
مجهرية
مجاهر
معدات مخبرية

مجهر ضوئي ذو أطوار متباينة


Das Stichweh-Wohnhaus ist Walter Gropius' erstes Nachkriegsbauwerk in Deutschland und sein einziges in Hannover.

Baubeschreibung und Geschichte
Das kleine Wohnhaus im Stil des Neuen Bauens steht im Alleehof 4 in Hannover-Nordstadt in einem großbürgerlichen Villenviertel unweit der Herrenhäuser Gärten. Auffällig an dem zweigeschossigen, kubischen Baukörper mit Flachdach sind kontrastreiche Wechsel von gelben Ziegel- und Putzflächen, die schmalen Fensterbänder und das auf dünne Metallsäulen gestützte Vordach im Eingangsbereich. Im Inneren findet sich hinter "schiffskabinenartigen, intimen Vorräumen" ein großer Wohnbereich.

Zu den Feierlichkeiten des sechzigjährigen Bestehens des Bundes Deutscher Architekten (BDA) besuchte Klaus Stichweh, der Sohn des Bauherrn Wilhelm Stichweh, am 28. Juni 2013 seine Heimatstadt Hannover, um gemeinsam mit dem Bauhistoriker Sid Auffarth vor Publikum über die frühe Zeit des von Stichweh-Wohnhauses, das sich noch im Besitz der Familie Stichweh befindet und an den BDA vermietet ist, zu berichten.

Baugeschichte
Gropius entwarf das Haus nach Vermittlung durch Rudolf Hillebrecht 1952 als kleines Wohnhaus für den Färberei-Unternehmer und Kunstförderer Wilhelm Stichweh.
1974 wurde das Gebäude durch die Architektengemeinschaft Hübotter-Ledeboer-Busch um einen eingeschossigen Wohntrakt erweitert.
Seit 1987 dient es als Ausstellungsraum und Büro des Bundes Deutscher Architekten (BDA) Niedersachsen sowie dem Verein zur Förderung der Baukunst e. V. Die Eintragung in die Denkmalliste erfolgte bereits vor 1985.

Medienecho (Auswahl)
 Conrad von Meding: Der Guillaume-Mythos von Hannover / Ab Dienstag öffnen sich die HAZ-Adventstürchen – es geht in eine geheimnisvolle Sauna unter einem Nordstädter Keller, um  Spionage-Geschichten und das erste Haus, das Bauhaus-Architekt Walter Gropius nach dem Krieg in Deutschland errichtet hat. In: Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung, 30. November 2009

Literatur
 Martin Wörner, Ulrich Hägele, Sabine Kirchhof: Architekturführer Hannover / Architectural guide to Hannover. Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-496-01210-2.
 Helmut Knocke, Hugo Thielen: Alleehof 4. In: Hannover Kunst- und Kultur-Lexikon, S. 75 f.
 Helmut Knocke: Stichweh-Wohnhaus. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 605.

Weblinks

 BDA Niedersachsen: Gropius an der Leine

Einzelnachweise

Baudenkmal in Hannover
Bauwerk von Walter Gropius
Bauwerk des Bauhausstils
Erbaut in den 1950er Jahren
Nordstadt (Hannover)

Stichweh-Wohnhaus


جستين جيملستوب  هو لاعب كرة مضرب أمريكي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أبطال الجراند سلام (كرة مضرب) في الزوجي المختلط
أبطال بطولة أستراليا المفتوحة
أبطال بطولة فرنسا المفتوحة
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ليفنجستون
أشخاص من موريستاون (نيوجيرسي)
أعلام كرة مضرب من فلوريدا
أعلام كرة مضرب من نيوجيرسي
رياضيون أمريكيون يهود
رياضيون من بوكا راتون
لاعبو كرة مضرب أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب يهود
مدربو كرة مضرب أمريكيون
مدونون أمريكيون
مدونون ومدونات أمريكيون
معلقو كرة مضرب
مواليد 1977
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 21
رياضيون من موريستاون (نيوجيرسي)

جستين جيملستوب


An ylide () or ylid () is a neutral dipolar molecule containing a formally negatively charged atom (usually a carbanion) directly attached to a heteroatom with a formal positive charge (usually nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur), and in which both atoms have full octets of electrons. The result can be viewed as a structure in which two adjacent atoms are connected by both a covalent and an ionic bond; normally written X+–Y−. Ylides are thus 1,2-dipolar compounds, and a subclass of zwitterions. They appear in organic chemistry as reagents or reactive intermediates.

The class name "ylide" for the compound should not be confused with the suffix "-ylide".

Resonance structures
Many ylides may be depicted by a multiple bond form in a resonance structure, known as the ylene form, while the actual structure lies in between both forms:

The actual bonding picture of these types of ylides is strictly zwitterionic (the structure on the right) with the strong Coulombic attraction between the "onium" atom and the adjacent carbon accounting for the reduced bond length.  Consequently, the carbon anion is trigonal pyramidal.

Phosphonium ylides

Phosphonium ylides are used in the Wittig reaction, a method used to convert ketones and especially aldehydes to alkenes. The positive charge in these Wittig reagents is carried by a phosphorus atom with three phenyl substituents and a bond to a carbanion.  Ylides can be 'stabilised' or 'non-stabilised'. A phosphonium ylide can be prepared rather straightforwardly. Typically, triphenylphosphine is allowed to react with an alkyl halide in a mechanism analogous to that of an SN2 reaction. This quaternization forms an alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt, which can be isolated or treated in situ with a strong base (in this case, butyl lithium) to form the ylide.

Due to the SN2 mechanism, a less sterically hindered alkyl halide reacts more favorably with triphenylphosphine than an alkyl halide with significant steric hindrance (such as tert-butyl bromide). Because of this, there will typically be one synthetic route in a synthesis involving such compounds that is more favorable than another.

Phosphorus ylides are important reagents in organic chemistry, especially in the synthesis of naturally occurring products with
biological and pharmacological activities. Much of the interest in the coordination properties of a-keto stabilized phosphorus
ylides stems from their coordination versatility due to the presence of different functional groups in their molecular structure.

Non-symmetric phosphorus ylides
The a-keto stabilized ylides derived from bisphosphines like dppe, dppm, etc., viz., [Ph2PCH2PPh2]C(H)C(O)R and [Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2]C(H)C(O)R (R = Me, Ph or OMe) constitute an important class of hybrid ligands containing both phosphine and ylide functionalities, and can exist in ylidic and enolate forms. These ligands can therefore be engaged in different kinds of bonding with metal ions like palladium and platinum.

Other types

Based on sulfur
Other common ylides include sulfonium ylides and sulfoxonium ylides, for instance the Corey-Chaykovsky reagent used in the preparation of epoxides or in the Stevens rearrangement.

Based on oxygen
Carbonyl ylides (RR'C=O+C−RR') can form by ring-opening of epoxides or by reaction of carbonyls with electrophilic carbenes, which are usually prepared from diazo compounds. Oxonium ylides (RR'-O+-C−R'R) are formed by the reaction of ethers with electrophilic carbenes.

Based on nitrogen
Certain nitrogen-based ylides also exist such as azomethine ylides with the general structure:

These compounds can be envisioned as iminium cations placed next to a carbanion. The substituents R1, R2 are electron withdrawing groups. These ylides can be generated by condensation of an α-amino acid and an aldehyde or by thermal ring opening reaction of certain N-substituted aziridines.

The further-unsaturated nitrile ylides are known almost exclusively as unstable intermediates.

A rather exotic family of dinitrogen-based ylides are the isodiazenes: R1R2N+=N–.  The generally decompose by extrusion of dinitrogen.

Stable carbenes also have a ylidic resonance contributor e.g.:

Other
Halonium ylides can be prepared from allyl halides and metal carbenoids. After a [2,3]-rearrangement a homoallylhalide is obtained.

The active form of Tebbe's reagent is often considered a titanium ylide. Like the Wittig reagent, it is able to replace the oxygen atom on carbonyl groups with a methylene group. Compared with the Wittig reagent, it has more functional group tolerance.

Reactions
An important ylide reaction is of course the Wittig reaction (for phosphorus) but there are more.

Dipolar cycloadditions
Some ylides are 1,3-dipoles and interact in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. For instance an azomethine ylide is a dipole in the Prato reaction with fullerenes.

Dehydrocoupling with silanes
In the presence of the group 3 homoleptic catalyst Y[N(SiMe3)2]3, triphenylphosphonium methylide can be coupled with phenylsilane. This reaction produces H2 gas a by product, and forms a silyl-stabilised ylide.

Sigmatropic rearrangements
Many ylides react in sigmatropic reactions. The Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement is an example of a [2,3]-sigmatropic reaction. The Stevens rearrangement is a [1,2]-rearrangement.

A -sigmatropic reaction has been observed in certain phosphonium ylides

Allylic rearrangements
Wittig reagents are found to react as nucleophiles in SN2' substitution:

The initial addition reaction is followed by an elimination reaction.

See also

1,3-dipole
Betaine: a neutral molecule with an onium cation and a negative charge
Zwitterion: a neutral molecule with one or more pairs of positive and negative charges

References

Chemical nomenclature
Functional groups

Ylide


Parfait Mandanda (* 10. November 1989 in Nevers, Frankreich) ist ein französisch-kongolesischer Fußballtorwart.

Karriere

Vereinskarriere
Mandanda begann seine Karriere 1999 bei SM Caen. In der Saison 2006/07 stand er im Kader der zweiten Mannschaft des Klubs. Zur Saison 2007/08 wechselte er zu Girondins Bordeaux, wo Mandanda bei der zweiten Mannschaft einige Male zum Einsatz kam. 2008 kam er zum ersten Mal in den Profikader seines Vereins, kam aber nicht zum Einsatz.

Deshalb wurde er in der Winterpause der Saison 2008/09 an den AS Beauvais in die 3. Liga in Frankreich bis zum Ende der Saison verliehen. Am 29. Mai 2009 debütierte er im Spiel gegen Aviron Bayonnais, das 0:1 verloren ging. Im Juli 2009 nutzte Beauvais die Kaufoption im Leihvertrag und kaufte Parfait Mandanda, der in dieser Saison vier Spiele machte.

In der Saison 2010/11 wechselte er zu Altay İzmir, wo er 12 Spiele absolvierte. In der Saison 2011/12 ging er zu Sporting Charleroi nach Belgien. Er debütierte am 5. November 2011 beim Spiel gegen Lommel United, welches 1:0 gewonnen wurde. In dieser Saison gewann man die Zweitliga-Meisterschaft und stieg in die 1. Division auf. Zur Saison 2012/13 konnte sich Mandanda als Stammtorwart durchsetzen. Seinen Stammplatz verlor er aber in der Saison 2014/15 an Neuzugang Nicolas Penneteau und agiert seitdem als sein Stellvertreter.

In den Jahren 2019 bzw. 2020 folgten dann Ausleihen zum rumänischen Erstligisten Dinamo Bukarest sowie Hartford Athletic in der US-amerikanischen USL Championship. Die Saison 2021/22 verbrachte er beim belgischen Zweitligisten Royal Excel Mouscron und nach dessen Insolvenz war der Torhüter ein Jahr vereinslos, ehe er sich im Sommer 2023 erneut der Reservemannschaft des SM Caen anschloss.

Nationalmannschaft
Anfangs spielte Mandanda für die U-16- und die U-21-Mannschaften von Frankreich, entschied sich aber für das Nationalteams der DR Kongo. Am 5. Februar 2008 wurde er erstmals für das Spiel gegen die französische B-Nationalmannschaft nominiert. Parfait spielte nur in der 2. Halbzeit und verpasste es somit, direkt gegen seinen Bruder Steve zu spielen, da dieser in der 1. Halbzeit für Frankreich spielte. Mandanda stand im Kader der kongolesischen Nationalmannschaft, die am Afrika-Cup 2013 in Südafrika teilnahm. Auch war er Teil der Nationalmannschaft, die 2015 bei der Afrikameisterschaft in Äquatorialguinea den dritten Platz belegte. Insgesamt absolvierte er bis zum Jahre 2019 zwanzig Länderspiele (davon drei inoffizielle) für die Kongolesen.

Erfolge
Nationalmannschaft
 Dritter bei der Afrikameisterschaft: 2015 (ohne Einsatz)

Sporting Charleroi
 Belgischer Zweitliga-Meister: 2011/12

Privates
Alle seine drei Brüder sind ebenfalls Torhüter. Der 1985 geborene Steve ist ehemaliger französischer Nationaltorwart und spielt aktuell beim französischen Erstligisten Stade Rennes, der 1992 geborene und mittlerweile zurückgetretene Riffi spielte beim AC Ajaccio und war ehemaliger kongolesischer U-21-Nationaltorwart. Sein jüngster Bruder, der 1999 geborene Over, steht beim Amateurverein FC Libourne unter Vertrag.

Weblinks

 Parfait Mandanda bei goal.com

 Parfait Mandanda bei foot-national.com
  von der ehemaligen Datenbank von Playerhistory.com (englisch)
 Parfait Mandanda in der Datenbank von footballdatabase.eu

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationaltorhüter (Demokratische Republik Kongo)
Fußballtorhüter (Altay Izmir)
Fußballspieler (AS Beauvais)
Fußballtorhüter (Girondins Bordeaux)
Fußballtorhüter (SM Caen)
Fußballtorhüter (Sporting Charleroi)
Fußballtorhüter (Dinamo Bukarest)
Fußballtorhüter (Hartford Athletic)
Fußballtorhüter (Royal Excel Mouscron)
Kongolese (Demokratische Republik Kongo)
Geboren 1989
Mann

Parfait Mandanda


සමාන ගතිගුණ ඇති මූලද්‍රව්‍ය කාණ්ඩයන්හි සාමුහික නම් යනු  රසායනික මුලද්‍රව්‍යයන්  වර්ගීකරණය  සඳහා  නාමකරණය විස්තර කිරීමට  අයියූපීඒසී (ශුද්ධ හා ව්‍යවහාරික රසායන විද්‍යාඥයින්ගේ අන්තර් ජාතික සංගමය) විසින්  යොදා ගන්නා පදයයි.

අයියූපීඒසී විසින් අනුමත කෙරුණු නම් පහත දැක්වේ :

ක්ෂාර ලෝහ- කාණ්ඩ 1 හි ලෝහයන්: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr.
ක්ෂාරීය පාංශු ලෝහ - කාණ්ඩ 2 හි ලෝහයන්: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
පෙනික්ටෝජන - 15 කාණ්ඩයේ මූලද්‍රව්‍ය: N, P, As, Sb, Bi.
කැල්කෝජන - 16 කාණ්ඩයේ මූලද්‍රව්‍ය: O, S, Se, Te, Po.
හැලජන - 17 කාණ්ඩයේ මූලද්‍රව්‍ය: F, Cl, Br, I, At.
උච්ච වායු - 18 කාණ්ඩයේ මූලද්‍රව්‍ය: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Uuo
ලැන්තනොයිඩ - 57-71 මූලද්‍රව්‍ය: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu.
ඇක්ටිනයිඩ - 89-103 මූලද්‍රව්‍ය: Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr.
විරල පාංශු මූලද්‍රව්‍ය - Sc, Y, සහ ලැන්තනිඩයන්.
ආන්තරික ලෝහ - කාණ්ඩ 3 සිට 11 දක්වා මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන්.

 විසින් තම  ආවර්තිතා වගු - සහ  රසායනික මූලදුව්‍ය -අනුසාර ලිපි වලදී පහත දෙමුහුම් ක්‍රමය භාවිතා කෙරෙයි:
 ක්ෂාර ලෝහ, ක්ෂාර පාංශු ලෝහ, හැලජනල උච්ච වායු, ලැන්තනොයිඩ, ඇක්ටිනයිඩ සහ ආන්තරික  ලෝහයන් සඳහා අයියූපීඒසී ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කෙරේ.
විරල පාංශු මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන්, පෙනික්ටෝජනයන් සහ කැල්කෝජනයන් භාවිතා නොවේ.
ඉතිරි මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන් කාණ්ඩ කෙරෙනුයේ:
'අනෙකුත් ලෝහයන්' - වෙනයම් අයුරකින් වර්තීකරණය නොවූ ලෝහයන්: Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi
ලෝහාලෝහයන් - B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po
'වෙනත් අලෝහයන්' - වෙනයම් අයුරකින් වර්තීකරණය නොවූ අලෝහයන්: - C, N, O, P, S, Se, H

මූලද්‍රව්‍ය කාණ්ඩයන් සඳහා වෙනත් බොහෝ නම් සාමාන්‍ය භාවිතයෙහි පවතින අතර, තව බොහෝමයක් ඉතිහාසය පුරා භාවිතා කර ඇත. නිදසුන් සමහරක් වන්නේ:
ප්ලැටිනම් කාණ්ඩය - Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt.
උච්ච ලෝහ - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් විඛාදනයට ප්‍රතිරෝධයක් දක්වන ලෝහ කාණ්ඩ විවිධ ආකාරයෙන් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයත් වන්නේ Ag, Au, සහ ප්ලැටිනම් කාණඩයෙහි ලෝහයන්ය.
කාසි ලෝහයන් - Cu, Ag, Au.
බැර ලෝහයන් - ඒවා‍යේ ඝනත්වය, පරමාණුක ක්‍රමාංකය, හෝ විෂ බව පදනම් කරගෙන විවිද ආකාරයෙන් අර්ථදක්වා ඇති ලෝහ කාණ්ඩයන්.
නිසග ලෝහයන් - සොබාදහමෙහි පරිශුද්ධ ආකාරයෙන් පවතින ලෝහ, උච්ච ලෝහ සමග  Sn සහ Pb වැනි අනෙකුත් ලෝහ ඇතුළත්ය.
පශ්චාත්-ආන්තරික ලෝහයයන්- ආන්තරික මූලද්‍රව්‍ය තුනට දකුණෙන් පිහිටි,  සම්පූර්ණයෙන් පිරුණු  d-උපකවච සහිත ලෝහ: Zn, Ga, Cd, In, Sn, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi
දුර්වල ලෝහ - p කාණ්ඩයෙහි ලෝහ හැඳින්වීමට සමහර විට භාවිතා කෙරේ: Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Bi.
පාංශු ලෝහ - පැරැණි ඓතිහාසික පදය, සාමාන්‍යයෙන්  3 සහ 13 කාණ්ඩයෙහි ලෝහ හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා වෙන නමුත්, සමහරවිට  බෙරිලියම් සහ ක්‍රෝමියම් වැනි අනෙකක්ද ඇතුළත් කෙරේ.
පාරයුරේනියම් මුලද්‍රව්‍යයන් - පරමාණුක ක්‍රමාංකය 92 ට වැඩි මූලද්‍රව්‍ය.
පාරඇක්ටිනයිඩ මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන් - ඇක්ටිනයිඩ් වලට පසු  මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන් (පරමාණුක ක්‍රමාංකය 103 ට වඩා වැඩි).
පාරප්ලූටෝනියම් මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන් - පරමාණුක ක්‍රමාංකය 94 ට වඩා වැඩි මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන්.
සුළු ඇක්ටිනයිඩයන් - U සහ Pu හැර,  න්‍යෂ්ටික ඉන්ධනයන්හි හමු වන ඇක්ටිනයිඩ: Np, Am, Cm.
සුපිරිඇක්ටිනයිඩයන් - ආවර්තිතා වගුවෙහි අනාවැකි පල කෙරුණු "g ගොනුව" ඇතුළත්,  මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන් 121 සිට 153 දක්වා  උපකල්පිත ශ්‍රේණිය.
බැර පරමාණුව - හයිඩ්‍රජන් හා හීලියම් හැර අනෙකුත් මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන් හැඳින්වීමට,  සංඛ්‍යාත්මක රසායන විද්‍යාවෙහිදී භාවිතා වන පදය.

මෙම කර්තව්‍යය සඳහා ඕනෑම  ආවර්තිතා වගු කාණ්ඩයක් වුවද භාවිතා කල හැක. සමහරවිට,  කාණ්ඩ 14 මූලද්‍රව්‍යය අයුරින්, කාණ්ඩ අංකය භාවිතා වන අතර, සමහරවිට,  කාබන් කාණ්ඩය හෝ කාබන්  පවුල අයුරින්,  කාණ්ඩයෙහි පළමු මූලද්‍රව්‍යයෙහි නම භාවිතා වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත


Berilyum (Be)

Standart atom ağırlığı: 9.012182(3)

Berilyumun doğada bulunan tek kararlı izotopu berilyum-9'dur. Yarı ömrü 3.000.000 yıl olan berilyum-10 ve 10−15 saniyeden daha kısa sürede kendiliğinden iki alfa parçacığına bölünen berilyum-8 gibi yapay izotopları da üretilmiştir.

Tablo

Berilyum izotopları


Zanthoxylum holtzianum, es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es nativa de Tanzania.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o pequeño árbol que alcanza un tamaño de 2-15 m de altura, a veces trepador; el tronco cónico con  3,5-5 cm de diámetro, la corteza gris, las ramas, hojas, inflorescencias de color oxidado o marrón pubescente y con espinas rectas o ligeramente curvadas de 2 -7 mm de largo.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los bosques costeros húmedos o secos, en matorrales semi-perennes, o matorrales, a veces sobre el coral; a una altitud de hasta 700 metros en Tanzania.

Taxonomía
Zanthoxylum holtzianum fue descrita por (Engl.) P.G.Waterman y publicado en Taxon 24: 364, en el año 1975.
Sinonimia
Fagara holtziana Engl. basónimo
Zanthoxylum holtzianum var. holtzianumZanthoxylum somalense (Chiov.) P.G.WatermanFagara somalensis Chiov. (1932)Fagara holtziana var. puguensis Engl.Zanthoxylum tenuipedicellatum'' (Kokwaro) Vollesen

Referencias

holtzianum

Zanthoxylum holtzianum


La Resolución 69 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, adoptada el 4 de marzo de 1949, habiendo recibido y considerado la solicitud de Israel para ser miembro de las Naciones Unidas, el Consejo decidió que, a su juicio, Israel era un Estado amante de la paz y recomendó a la Asamblea General que concedieran la condición de miembro a Israel.

Esta votación se adoptó por nueve votos a favor, uno en contra por parte de Egipto y con la abstención en la votación por parte del Reino Unido.

Referencias

Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprobadas en 1949
0069
Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas referentes a Israel
Israel en 1949


General elections were held in Fiji between 8 and 15 May 1999. They were the first election held under the revised Constitution of 1997, which instituted a new electoral system and resulted in Mahendra Chaudhry taking office as Fiji's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister, following a landslide victory for the Fiji Labour Party. It was also a wipeout loss for the incumbent Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT) government of Sitiveni Rabuka, which lost all but eight seats and won less seats than the Fijian Association Party (FAP).

Opinion polls

Results
Mahendra Chaudhry's Fiji Labour Party won all 19 Indo-Fijian seats, annihilating the National Federation Party which had traditionally been Fiji's dominant Indo-Fijian party; Indo-Fijian voters were angered by the NFP's decision to enter into an electoral coalition agreement with the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei of Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka, whom they had not forgiven for leading the military coup that removed an Indo-Fijian dominated government from power in 1987.  In addition to the 19 Indo-Fijian seats, the Labour Party won 18 of the 25 "open electorates" for a total of 37 - an absolute majority in the 71-member House.  The Fijian Association Party, led by Adi Kuini Speed (the widow of former Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra), won 11 seats (10 ethnic Fijian and 1 open) against only 8 seats (5 ethnic Fijian and 3 open) for the Fijian Political Party, which had ruled the country since 1992.  The Christian Democratic Alliance won 3 seats (2 ethnic Fijian and one open), while Apisai Tora's Party of National Unity won four ethnic Fijian seats.  The United General Party won one "general" and one open electorate.  The remaining six seats (two ethnic Fijian, two "general electorates," one Rotuman, and one open) were won by minor parties and independents.

Aftermath
Many ethnic Fijians were unwilling to accept the result of the election, which was partly because their own votes had been so fragmented while those of Indo-Fijians had been much more united. President and "father of the nation" Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara worked behind the scenes, however, to persuade the main ethnic Fijian parties in parliament to accept Labour Party leader Mahendra Chaudhry as Prime Minister.  To appease ethnic Fijians, Chaudhry gave 11 of the 18 Cabinet posts to native Fijian politicians. Following the power-sharing provisions of the Constitution, the Cabinet was composed of members of numerous political parties.

Not all ethnic Fijians were appeased, however. Simmering resentment exploded on 19 May 2000, when George Speight stormed the parliament buildings and kidnapped most members of the government, including Chaudhry in a coup.

References

External links
Constituency results Psephos

Elections in Fiji
General
Fiji
Fiji

1999 Fijian general election


The Devil's Holiday er en amerikansk dramafilm fra 1930, instrueret af Edmund Goulding og udgivet af Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Manuskriptet blev skrevet af Goulding og havde Nancy Carroll, Phillips Holmes, ZaSu Pitts, James Kirkwood, Sr., Hobart Bosworth, og Ned Sparks på rollelisten.
Nancy Carroll blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle for sin præstation i filmen.

Eksterne Henvisninger

Romantiske film fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 1930
Engelsksprogede film
Dramafilm fra USA
Sort-hvide film fra USA

The Devil's Holiday


Benjamin Busnel, né le 4 décembre 1980, est un réalisateur, scénariste et acteur français.

Biographie

Après un BTS Audiovisuel au Lycée Jacques-Prévert de Boulogne-Billancourt, il commence à réaliser ses premiers courts-métrages, principalement des films fantastiques (Lissepotrome, I love you, Gast) et des comédies (De palier, On s'y met). Son court-métrage De palier, réalisé en un seul plan-séquence et avec son téléphone portable, lui vaut en 2012 le prix du Meilleur Film Mobile au Mobile Film Festival. Le prix s'accompagne d'une somme de  pour que le gagnant réalise un court-métrage. Il réalise ainsi en 2013 une autre comédie, On s'y met. Celle-ci sera ensuite diffusée sur Canal+.

En 2012, il crée, avec Matthias Girbig et Benoît Blanc, la chaîne YouTube Inernet, qui sera produite à partir de 2015 par Studio Bagel. Il explique avoir été intéressé par la liberté qu'offre internet par rapport à la télévision, ainsi que la possibilité de démarrer avec très peu de moyens. Les sketchs diffusés sur Inernet font la part belle à l'humour absurde et au non-sens. Selon Le Télégramme, la chaine rencontre un « vif succès » avec un nombre de vues augmentant de « façon exponentielle » au fil des années. En 2017, la chaîne cumulera 20 millions de vues et .

Au sein d'Inernet, Benjamin Busnel, Matthias Girbig et Benoît Blanc créent la web série Le Département, avec comme actrice principale Cannelle Carré-Cassaigne. La série est ensuite adaptée pour la télévision, avec une diffusion en clair sur Canal+ (sous le même titre : Le Département) entre septembre 2016 et juin 2017.

Il reçoit en 2019, avec Matthias Girbig et Benoît Blanc, le Prix SACD dans la catégorie « Création Interactive ». Il fait également partie, du 15 au 22 mai, de la résidence CNC Talent, qui permet à des créateurs vidéo de participer à des tables rondes, à des rencontres professionnelles et de produire des contenus audiovisuels. Enfin, il est membre du jury du 34e Festival européen du film court de Brest, aux côtés de la comédienne Marie Bunel, de la réalisatrice Valérie Leroy, du compositeur de musique de film Mike Ponton et de la directrice de casting Tatiana Vialle.

En 2018 et 2019, il réalise deux courts-métrages : Vint la vague, dont les rôles principaux sont interprétés par Clotilde Hesme et Noée Abita, et Les Derniers feux, une « mise en abyme expérimentale » avec Clotilde Hesme également. Ce film, dédié à Chris Marker, reçoit le prix Mention spéciale pour la photographie à la 25ème édition du Festival international du court-métrage de Dijon.

En 2020, il intègre le collectif de scénaristes Les Indélébiles. Il participe aussi en tant que membre du jury à la 11e édition du Festival Takavoir de Niort, aux côtés de Camille Ducellier (présidente du jury), John Lvoff, Stéphane Le Garff et Clément Fortin.

Avec Guillaume Hérent et Carine Hinderchiette, il crée une série télévisée d'animation destinée aux enfants: Pfffirates. Colorée et joyeuse, dans un  « esprit Playmobil », cette série est diffusée dans l'émission Tfou à partir du 23 janvier 2022.

Filmographie
Sauf indication contraire ou complémentaire, les informations mentionnées dans cette section peuvent être confirmées par les bases de données Allociné et IMDb.

En tant que scénariste et réalisateur

Courts-métrages
 2002 : Lissepotrome, film fantastique expressionniste avec Gilles François et Mélodie Orru.

 2006 : I love you, film fantastique avec Pierre Moure.
 2007 : Le mal, drame avec Sandy Lakdar.
 2009 : Gast, film fantastique avec Joachim Salinger et Mélodie Orru.
 2010 : Pygomèle, drame avec Kevin Lelannier et Mélodie Orru.
2011 : Soirée loose (scénario de Benjamin Busnel et Élise Lobry, réalisation d'Élise Lobry)
 2012 : De palier, comédie avec Thomas Suire et Sabine Moindrot.
 2013 : On s'y met, comédie avec Thomas Suire et Sabine Moindrot.
 2014 : Get that job !, film musical avec Maryvette Lair et Julien Girbig.
 2018 : Vint la vague, thriller avec Clotilde Hesme et Noée Abita.
 2019 : Les Derniers feux, drame avec Clotilde Hesme.

Internet
 2013-2019 : Inernet, chaîne YouTube avec Benoît Blanc et Matthias Girbig.
 2015 : Les trucs qu'on aimerait dire à sa banque sur Topito
2016-2017 : Le Département (série web, diffusée sur la chaîne YouTube Inernet)

Séries télé
 2016-2017 : Le Département, série humoristique avec Cannelle Carré-Cassaigne, Benoît Blanc et Matthias Girbig.

En tant qu'acteur
 2006 : Les Aventuriers de 8h22 : Benjamin
 2007 : Le mal : le narrateur
 2016-2017 : Le Département : Michel
 2017 : Calls Saison 1 épisode 4 : Le pasteur
 2019 : Calls Saison 2 épisode 4 : Le prêtre
 2019 : Les Derniers feux : le narrateur

En tant que créateur
 2022 : Pfffirates (série d'animation co-créée avec Guillaume Hérent et Carine Hinderchiette)

Récompenses
 Festival des 24 courts de la Sarthe 2007 : 1er prix coup de cœur pour I love you
 Festival international du court métrage de Clermont-Ferrand 2007 : Compétition nationale pour Le mal
 Mobile Film Festival 2012 : Prix du Meilleur Film Mobile pour De palier, Prix de la meilleure actrice dans De palier pour Sabine Moindrot
 Festival Takavoir de Niort 2012 : Grand prix du jury et Prix du public pour De palier
 Festival des 24 courts de la Sarthe 2014 : Grand Prix des 24 tout-courts pour Get that job !
 Web Program Festival 2017 : Prix du meilleur programme humour pour Le Département
 Festival international du court-métrage de Dijon 2019 : Prix Mention spéciale pour la photographie pour Les Derniers feux
 Prix SACD 2019 : Prix Création Interactive (avec Benoît Blanc et Matthias Girbig)

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Site officiel
 Ressources relatives à l'audiovisuel : Allociné, Internet Movie Database

Réalisateur français
Scénariste français
Acteur français de cinéma
Acteur français de télévision
Naissance en décembre 1980

Benjamin Busnel


Stipe Borovac, hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Igrač RK Metković.

S mladom reprezentacijom 2007. osvojio je srebro. Hrvatska mlada reprezentacija je za taj uspjeh dobila Nagradu Dražen Petrović.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši
Rukometaši RK Metkovića
Životopisi, Metković

Stipe Borovac


Cetatea lui David (Citadela lui David, Air Dauid - עיר דוד) este o denumire istorică dată unui sit arheologic în care probabil este cea mai veche așezare, din Cetatea Veche a Ierusalimului situată lângă colțul sud-estic al zidurilor Ierusalimului contemporan. Siteul arheologic include palatul regelui David și un tunel de apă, care a fost construit de regele Ezechia.

Localizare și monumente

Note

Legături externe

 Cetatea lui David Jw.org
 City of David
 From Shiloah to Silwan project
 Did I Find King David's Palace?  Biblical Archaeology Review

Israel
Cartierele Ierusalimului
Munți biblici
Arheologie biblică
Situri arheologice din Israel
Siloam

Cetatea lui David


Mrtve duše (rus. «Мёртвые души») - ruski film redatelja Pjotra Čardinina iz 1909. godine.

Film je snimljen prema romanu Mrtve duše Nikolaja Vasiljeviča Gogolja, napisanog 1842. godine.

Uloge
 Ivan Kamskij
 Vasilij Stepanov
 Aleksandra Gončarova
 Pjotr Čardinin
 Antonina Požarskaja

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Mrtve duše na Kino Poisk

Ruski filmovi 1900-ih

Mrtve duše (1909.)


اختبار التكرار الدوري أو  فحص الفائض الدوري  أو اختصارا CRC هي طريقة تستعمل في علم الحاسوب للتثبت من صحة أو كمال البرامج أو البيانات. يتم استعمال هذه الطريقة مثلا للتأكد من أن برنامجاً ما قد تم تحميله بطريقة صحيحة على آلة ما ولم يحدث تغيير للبرنامج عند التحميل أي للتأكد من تطابق الأصل والنسخة المحملة مثلاً.

تحرير اختبار التكرار الدوري يستخدم عند إرسال ملف من مرسل إلى مستقبل وهو يساعد على التدقيق بأن جميع البيانات التي أرسلت من المرسل هي نفسها ما إلى المستقبل بدون نقصان أو خطأ أي جزء منها. يمكن أيضًا تصحيح الأخطاء المكتشفة في المستقبل بحيث يُسترجع الكود الأصلي.

مثال

يقوم المرسل بإرسال الكود على شكل اقتران كثير الحدود التالية:

الكود المرسل هو 10100011 والمنشأ عن طريق كثيرة الحدود السابقة.

وتستخدم عدد من بتات مساعدة تسمى (CRC bits) أيضا على شكل كثيرة الحدود

الكود المساعد (المنشأ عن طريق كثيرة الحدود السابقة) هو 11001

يتم إضافة عدد معين من الأصفار على الكود المرسل عددها نفس عدد كثيرة الحدود للبت المساعدة.بعدها عن طريق باقي القسمة على 2 مع CRC أو (mod 2)، يتم إضافة الباقي (Rest) في الكود المرسل ويتم ارسالها إلى المستقبل.
في المستقبل يتم من خلال قسمة الكود المرسل على الكود CRC معرفة إذا ما كان هناك خلل بالأرسال أم لا، وإذا كان باقي القسمة صفر فهذا يدل ان الكود المرسل لم يحصل به اخطاء.

المصادر

 http://www.ims.e-technik.tu-dortmund.de/ims/de/Mitarbeiter/HLT/Remigius_Poloczek.html

حسابيات ثنائية
حقول منتهية
خوارزميات
متعددات الحدود

اختبار التكرار الدوري


Melanie de Vales Rafael (4 de setembro de 1995), é uma atriz, cantora e desenhista de modas moçambicana. Melanie fala com fluência a língua Inglesa, Portuguesa e Francesa. Iniciou a sua carreira no ano de 2010, ela já trabalhou com Flora Gomes e Danny Glover.

Biografia
Em 2011 quando tinha apenas 16 anos, tornou-se desenhista jovem no evento Moçambique Semana de Moda, por onde ela apresentou as suas colecções de moda que se realiza anualmente por 5 anos. Em 2014, foi a vencedora no desafio Centro de Moda Local no evento Moçambique Semana de Moda.

Em 2016, participou no filme de Licínio Azevedo "Comboio de Sal e Açúcar" como Rosa (protagonista). É conhecida por participar no filme "República de Crianças" como Nuta.

Actualmente, Melanie reside em Maputo, Moçambique.

Atrizes de Moçambique

Melanie de Vales Rafael