Sicilian (, ; ) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.
It belongs to the broader Extreme Southern Italian language group (in Italian ).

Ethnologue (see below for more detail) describes Sicilian as being "distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language", and it is recognized as a minority language by UNESCO. It has been referred to as a language by the Sicilian Region. It has the oldest literary tradition of the Italo-Romance languages. A version of the UNESCO Courier is also available in Sicilian.

Status

Sicilian is spoken by most inhabitants of Sicily and by emigrant populations around the world. The latter are found in the countries that attracted large numbers of Sicilian immigrants during the course of the past century or so, especially the United States (specifically in the Gravesend and Bensonhurst neighborhoods of Brooklyn, New York City), Canada (especially in Montreal, Toronto and Hamilton), Australia, Venezuela and Argentina. During the last four or five decades, large numbers of Sicilians were also attracted to the industrial zones of Northern Italy and areas of the European Union.

Although the Sicilian language does not have official status (including  in Sicily), in addition to the standard Sicilian of the medieval Sicilian school, academics have developed a standardized form. Such efforts began in the mid-19th century when Vincenzo Mortillaro published a comprehensive Sicilian language dictionary intended to capture the language universally spoken across Sicily in a common orthography.  Later in the century, Giuseppe Pitrè established a common grammar in his Grammatica Siciliana (1875). Although it presents a common grammar, it also provides detailed notes on how the sounds of Sicilian differ across dialects.

In the 20th century, researchers at the Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani developed an extensive descriptivist orthography which aims to represent every sound in the natural range of Sicilian accurately. This system is also used extensively in the Vocabolario siciliano and by Gaetano Cipolla in his Learn Sicilian series of textbooks and by Arba Sicula in its journal.

In 2017, the nonprofit organisation Cademia Siciliana created an orthographic proposal to help to normalise the language's written form.

The autonomous regional parliament of Sicily has legislated Regional Law No. 9/2011 to encourage the teaching of Sicilian at all schools, but inroads into the education system have been slow. The CSFLS created a textbook "Dialektos" to comply with the law but does not provide an orthography to write the language. In Sicily, it is taught only as part of dialectology courses, but outside Italy, Sicilian has been taught at the University of Pennsylvania, Brooklyn College and Manouba University. Since 2009, it has been taught at the Italian Charities of America, in New York City (home to the largest Sicilian speaking community outside of Sicily and Italy) and it is also preserved and taught by family association, church organisations and societies, social and ethnic historical clubs and even Internet social groups, mainly in Gravesend and Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. On 15 May 2018, the Sicilian Region once again mandated the teaching of Sicilian in schools and referred to it as a language, not a dialect, in official communication.

The language is officially recognized in the municipal statutes of some Sicilian towns, such as Caltagirone and Grammichele, in which the "inalienable historical and cultural value of the Sicilian language" is proclaimed. Furthermore, the Sicilian language would be protected and promoted under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML). Although Italy has signed the treaty, the Italian Parliament has not ratified it. It is not included in Italian Law No. 482/1999 although some other minority languages of Sicily are.

Ethnologue report

Other names
Alternative names of Sicilian are , , and . The first term refers to the fact that a form of Sicilian is spoken in southern Calabria, particularly in the province of Reggio Calabria. The other two are names for the language in Sicily itself: specifically, the term  originally describes one of the larger prehistoric groups living in Sicily (the Italic Sicels or ) before the arrival of Greeks in the 8th century BC (see below). It can also be used as a prefix to qualify or to elaborate further on the origins of a person, for example: Siculo-American () or Siculo-Australian.

Dialects
As a language, Sicilian has its own dialects in the following main groupings:
Western Sicilian (Palermitano in Palermo, Trapanese in Trapani, Central-Western Agrigentino in Agrigento)
Central Metafonetic (in the central part of Sicily that includes some areas of the provinces of Caltanissetta, Messina, Enna, Palermo and Agrigento)
Southeast Metafonetic (in the Province of Ragusa and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)
Ennese (in the Province of Enna)
Eastern Non-Metafonetic (in the area including the Metropolitan City of Catania, the second largest city in Sicily, as Catanese, and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)
Messinese (in the Metropolitan City of Messina, the third largest city in Sicily)
Eoliano (in the Aeolian Islands)
Pantesco (on the island of Pantelleria)
Reggino (in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, especially on the Scilla–Bova line, and excluding the areas of Locri and Rosarno, which represent the first isogloss that divide Sicilian from the continental varieties).

History

Early influences
Because Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and many peoples have passed through it (Phoenicians, Ancient Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantine Greeks, Arabs, Normans, Swabians, Spaniards, Austrians, Italians), Sicilian displays a rich and varied influence from several languages in its lexical stock and grammar. These languages include Latin (as Sicilian is a Romance language itself), Ancient Greek, Spanish, Norman, Lombard, Catalan, Occitan, Arabic and Germanic languages, and the languages of the island's aboriginal Indo-European and pre-Indo-European inhabitants, known as the Sicels, Sicanians and Elymians. The very earliest influences, visible in Sicilian to this day, exhibit both prehistoric Mediterranean elements and prehistoric Indo-European elements, and occasionally a blending of both.

Before the Roman conquest (3rd century BC), Sicily was occupied by various populations. The earliest of these populations were the Sicanians, considered to be autochthonous. The Sicels and the Elymians arrived between the second and first millennia BC. These aboriginal populations in turn were followed by the Phoenicians (between the 10th and 8th centuries BC) and the Greeks. The Greek-language influence remains strongly visible, while the influences from the other groups are less obvious. What can be stated with certainty is that in Sicilian remain pre-Indo-European words of an ancient Mediterranean origin, but one cannot be more precise than that: of the three main prehistoric groups, only the Sicels were known to be Indo-European with a degree of certainty, and their speech is likely to have been closely related to that of the Romans.

Stratification
The following table, listing words for "twins", illustrates the difficulty linguists face in tackling the various substrata of the Sicilian language.

A similar qualifier can be applied to many of the words that appear in this article. Sometimes it may be known that a particular word has a prehistoric derivation, but it is not known whether the Sicilians inherited it directly from the indigenous populations, or whether it came via another route. Similarly, it might be known that a particular word has a Greek origin but it is not known from which Greek period the Sicilians first used it (pre-Roman occupation or during its Byzantine period), or once again, whether the particular word may even have come to Sicily via another route. For instance, by the time the Romans had occupied Sicily, the Latin language had made its own borrowings from Greek.

Pre-classical period
The words with a prehistoric Mediterranean derivation often refer to plants native to the Mediterranean region or to other natural features. Bearing in mind the qualifiers mentioned above (alternative sources are provided where known), examples of such words include:
  – "spiny broom" (a thorny, prickly plant native to the Mediterranean region; but also Greek  and may in fact have penetrated Sicilian via one of the Gaulish languages)
  – "to dam or block a canal or running water" (but also Spanish  "to muddy")
  – "ripples caused by a fast running river"
  – "landslide of rocks"
  – "stalk or stem of a fruit etc." (ancient Mediterranean word rak)
  – "crag, cliff" (but also Greek , Latin  and Catalan ).

There are also Sicilian words with an ancient Indo-European origin that do not appear to have come to the language via any of the major language groups normally associated with Sicilian, i.e. they have been independently derived from a very early Indo-European source. The Sicels are a possible source of such words, but there is also the possibility of a cross-over between ancient Mediterranean words and introduced Indo-European forms. Some examples of Sicilian words with an ancient Indo-European origin:
  – "mulberry" (similar to Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós, Romanian  and Welsh  "red, crimson")
  – "not well developed" (similar to Lithuanian  with a similar meaning and Old High German  "short")
  – "multitude, vast number" (from Indo-European *h₁we[n]d- "water").

Greek influences
The following Sicilian words are of a Greek origin (including some examples where it is unclear whether the word is derived directly from Greek, or via Latin):
  – "to fool around" (from , which also gives the Sicilian words:  and  "stupid"; but also Latin  and Spanish )
  – "pitcher" (from ) (cognate of Maltese buqar)
  – "water receptacle" (from ; but also Latin ) (cognate of Maltese bomblu)
  – "basket" (from ; but also Latin )
  – "boy" (from ; but also Latin carus "dear", Sanskrit  "amiable")
  – "earthworm" (from )
  – "cherry" (from ; but also Latin ) (cognate of Maltese ċirasa)
  – "icon, image, metaphor" (from ; but also Latin )
  – type of bread (from ; but Latin )
  – "flower pot" (from ; but also Latin )
  – "cradle" (from )
  – "to stun, amaze" (from )
  – "to eat" (from )
  – "to knock" (from )
  - "small, young" (from )

Germanic influences
From 476 to 535, the Ostrogoths ruled Sicily, although their presence apparently did not affect the Sicilian language. The few Germanic influences to be found in Sicilian do not appear to originate from this period. One exception might be  or  "to hawk goods, proclaim publicly", from Gothic  "to give a signal". Also possible is  "diagonal" from Gothic  "slanting". Other sources of Germanic influences include the Hohenstaufen rule of the 13th century, words of Germanic origin contained within the speech of 11th-century Normans and Lombard settlers, and the short period of Austrian rule in the 18th century.

Many Germanic influences date back to the time of the Swabian kings (amongst whom Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor enjoyed the longest reign). Some of the words below are "reintroductions" of Latin words (also found in modern Italian) that had been Germanicized at some point (e.g.  in Latin to  in modern Italian). Words that probably originate from this era include:
  – "to work in the fields" (from ; but other possible Latin derivations)
  – "to watch over" (from )
  – "forest, woods" (from ; note the resemblance to Anglo-Saxon )
  – "to wag, as in a tail" (from )
  (terracotta jug for holding water; from Old High German )
  – "to save money" (from Old High German )

Arabic influence
In 535, Justinian I made Sicily a Byzantine province, which returned the Greek language to a position of prestige, at least on an official level. At this time the island could be considered a border zone with moderate levels of bilingualism: Latinisation was mostly concentrated in western Sicily, largely among the upper class, whereas Eastern Sicily remained predominantly Greek. As the power of the Byzantine Empire waned, Sicily was progressively conquered by Saracens from Ifriqiya, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. The Emirate of Sicily persisted long enough to develop a distinctive local variety of Arabic, Siculo-Arabic (at present extinct in Sicily but surviving as the Maltese language). Its influence is noticeable in around 300 Sicilian words, most of which relate to agriculture and related activities. This is understandable because of the Arab Agricultural Revolution; the Saracens introduced to Sicily their advanced irrigation and farming techniques and a new range of crops, nearly all of which remain endemic to the island to this day.

Some words of Arabic origin:
  – "to embellish" (  "precious, beautiful") (Cognate of Maltese għażiż, meaning "dear")
  – "snail" (from , Tunisian ; but also Greek . Cognate of Maltese bebbuxu)
  – "jar" ( ; but also Latin )
  (measure for liquids; from Tunisian  )
  (Sicilian ricotta cake; from  , chiefly North African; but Latin  "something made from cheese". Cognate of Maltese qassata)
  – artificial pond to store water for irrigation (from Tunisian  . Cognate of Maltese ġiebja)
  – "sesame seed" (from Tunisian   or . Cognate of Maltese ġunġlien or ġulġlien)
  – "swagger, boldness, bravado" (from   "aggressive boasting, bragging", or from   "rejected")
  – "leader" ( . Cognate of Maltese ras "head")
  – "canal" (from  . Cognate of Spanish acequia Maltese saqqajja)
  – "saffron" (type of plant whose flowers are used for medicinal purposes and in Sicilian cooking; from  . Cognate of Maltese żagħfran and English Saffron)
  – "blossom" ( . Cognate of Maltese żahar)
  – "muscat of Alexandria" (type of dried grape;  . Cognate of Maltese żbib)
  – "market" (from  ; but also Aragonese  and Spanish . Cognate of Maltese suq)
  (the northern gate of Agrigento;   "Gate of the Winds").
 Gisira – "island" (جَزِيرَة jazīra. Cognate of Maltese gżira) (archaic)

Throughout the Islamic epoch of Sicilian history, a significant Greek-speaking population remained on the island and continued to use the Greek language, or most certainly a variant of Greek influenced by Tunisian Arabic. What is less clear is the extent to which a Latin-speaking population survived on the island. While a form of Vulgar Latin clearly survived in isolated communities during the Islamic epoch, there is much debate as to the influence it had (if any) on the development of the Sicilian language, following the re-Latinisation of Sicily (discussed in the next section).

Linguistic developments in the Middle Ages

By A.D. 1000, the whole of what is today Southern Italy, including Sicily, was a complex mix of small states and principalities, languages and religions. The whole of Sicily was controlled by Saracens, at the elite level, but the general population remained a mix of Muslims and Christians who spoke Greek, Siculo-Arabic. There were also a component of immigrants from Ifriqiya. The far south of the Italian peninsula was part of the Byzantine empire although many communities were reasonably independent from Constantinople. The Principality of Salerno was controlled by Lombards (or Langobards), who had also started to make some incursions into Byzantine territory and had managed to establish some isolated independent city-states. It was into this climate that the Normans thrust themselves with increasing numbers during the first half of the 11th century.

Norman and French influence
When the two most famous of Southern Italy's Norman adventurers, Roger of Hauteville and his brother, Robert Guiscard, began their conquest of Sicily in 1061, they already controlled the far south of Italy (Apulia and Calabria). It took Roger 30 years to complete the conquest of Sicily (Robert died in 1085). In the aftermath of the Norman conquest of Sicily, the reintroduction of Latin in Sicily had begun, and some Norman and Norman-French words would be absorbed.
  – "to buy" (from Norman French , French ; but there are different varieties of this Latin etymon in the Romania, cf. Old Occitan )
  – "to hide" (Old Norman French , Norman French /, Old French ; but also Greek )
 / "butcher" (from Old French )
  – "tailor" (Old French ; Modern French )
  – "grey" (from Old French )
  – "mad" (Old French , whence French )
  – "July" (Old French )
 / – "ugly" (Old French )
  – "generosity" (; but also Spanish )
  – "thumb" (Old French )
  – "grape" (Old French, French )
  – "anger" (Old French, French )
  – "to hop, skip" (Norman French )

Other Gallic influences
The Northern Italian influence is of particular interest. Even to the present day, Gallo-Italic of Sicily exists in the areas where the Northern Italian colonies were the strongest, namely Novara, Nicosia, Sperlinga, Aidone and Piazza Armerina. The Siculo-Gallic dialect did not survive in other major Italian colonies, such as Randazzo, Caltagirone, Bronte and Paternò (although they influenced the local Sicilian vernacular). The Gallo-Italic influence was also felt on the Sicilian language itself, as follows:
  – "father-in-law" (from )
  – "brother-in-law" (from ) (cognate of Maltese )
  – "godson" (from ) (cognate of Maltese )
 / – blind (from orb)
  – "to rinse" (from )
  – "where" (from ond)
 the names of the days of the week:
  – "Monday" (from )
  – "Tuesday" (from )
  – "Wednesday" (from )
  – "Thursday" (from )
  – "Friday" (from )

Old Occitan influence
The origins of another Romance influence, that of Old Occitan, had three possible sources:
 The Normans made San Fratello a garrison town in the early years of the occupation of the northeastern corner of Sicily. To this day (in ever decreasing numbers) a Siculo-Gallic dialect is spoken in San Fratello that is clearly influenced by Old Occitan, which leads to the conclusion that a significant number in the garrison came from that part of France. This may well explain the dialect spoken only in San Fratello, but it does not wholly explain the diffusion of many Occitan words into the Sicilian language. On that point, there are two other possibilities:
 Some Occitan words may have entered the language during the regency of Margaret of Navarre between 1166 and 1171, when her son, William II of Sicily, succeeded to the throne at the age of 12. Her closest advisers, entourage and administrators were from the south of France, and many Occitan words entered the language during this period.
 The Sicilian School of poetry was strongly influenced by the Occitan of the troubadour tradition. This element is deeply embedded in Sicilian culture: for example, the tradition of Sicilian puppetry () and the tradition of the  (literally "story-singers"). Occitan troubadours were active during the reign of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and some Occitan words would have passed into the Sicilian language via this route.

Some examples of Sicilian words derived from Occitan:
  – "to light, to turn something on" (from )
  – "to kidnap, abduct" (from ; but also German )
  – "side, place" (from )  (cognate of Maltese banda "side")
  – "landowner, citizen" (from )
  – "sparse, thin, infrequent" (from )(cognate of Maltese  "loose")
  – "equal" (from ). (cognate of Maltese  "equal, as")

Sicilian School of Poetry

It was during the reign of Frederick II (or Frederick I of Sicily) between 1198 and 1250, with his patronage of the Sicilian School, that Sicilian became the first of the modern Italic languages to be used as a literary language. The influence of the school and the use of Sicilian itself as a poetic language was acknowledged by the two great Tuscan writers of the early Renaissance period, Dante and Petrarch. The influence of the Sicilian language should not be underestimated in the eventual formulation of a lingua franca that was to become modern Italian. The victory of the Angevin army over the Sicilians at Benevento in 1266 not only marked the end of the 136-year Norman-Swabian reign in Sicily but also effectively ensured that the centre of literary influence would eventually move from Sicily to Tuscany. While Sicilian, as both an official and a literary language, would continue to exist for another two centuries, the language would soon follow the fortunes of the kingdom itself in terms of prestige and influence.

Catalan influence
Following the Sicilian Vespers of 1282, the kingdom came under the influence of the Crown of Aragon, and the Catalan language (and the closely related Aragonese) added a new layer of vocabulary in the succeeding century. For the whole of the 14th century, both Catalan and Sicilian were the official languages of the royal court. Sicilian was also used to record the proceedings of the Parliament of Sicily (one of the oldest parliaments in Europe) and for other official purposes. While it is often difficult to determine whether a word came directly from Catalan (as opposed to Occitan), the following are likely to be such examples:
  – "to notice, realise" (from ) (cognate of Maltese )
  – "to be embarrassed" (from )
  – "to moisten, soak" (from ) (cognate of Maltese  "to shower")
  – "growth, development" (from )
  – "handkerchief" (from ; but also French ) (cognate of Maltese )
  – "to be pleased" (from )
  – "to look at somebody/something" (from ; but also Arabic  ).
 fardali – "apron" (from faldar) (cognate of Maltese fardal)

Spanish period to the modern age
By the time the crowns of Castille and Aragon were united in the late 15th century, the Italianisation of written Sicilian in the parliamentary and court records had commenced. By 1543 this process was virtually complete, with the Tuscan dialect of Italian becoming the lingua franca of the Italian peninsula and supplanting written Sicilian.

Spanish rule had hastened this process in two important ways:
 Unlike the Aragonese, almost immediately the Spanish placed viceroys on the Sicilian throne. In a sense, the diminishing prestige of the Sicilian kingdom reflected the decline of Sicilian from an official, written language to eventually a spoken language amongst a predominantly illiterate population.
 The expulsion of all Jews from Spanish dominions ca. 1492 altered the population of Sicily. Not only did the population decline, many of whom were involved in important educated industries, but some of these Jewish families had been in Sicily for around 1,500 years, and Sicilian was their native language, which they used in their schools. Thus the seeds of a possible broad-based education system utilising books written in Sicilian were lost.

Spanish rule lasted over three centuries (not counting the Aragonese and Bourbon periods on either side) and had a significant influence on the Sicilian vocabulary. The following words are of Spanish derivation:
  – "to return home" (from ; but also Catalan )
 / – "scales" (from )
  – "arrow" (from ) (cognate of Maltese )
  – "lament, annoyance" (from )
  – "brush" (from ) (cognate of Maltese )
  – "receipt" (from )
  – "to be frightened" (crossover of local  with Spanish )
 / – "solitude" (from )

Since the Italian Unification (the Risorgimento of 1860–1861), the Sicilian language has been significantly influenced by (Tuscan) Italian. During the Fascist period it became obligatory that Italian be taught and spoken in all schools, whereas up to that point, Sicilian had been used extensively in schools. This process has quickened since World War II due to improving educational standards and the impact of mass media, such that increasingly, even within the family home, Sicilian is not necessarily the language of choice. The Sicilian Regional Assembly voted to make the teaching of Sicilian a part of the school curriculum at primary school level, but as of 2007 only a fraction of schools teach Sicilian. There is also little in the way of mass media offered in Sicilian. The combination of these factors means that the Sicilian language continues to adopt Italian vocabulary and grammatical forms to such an extent that many Sicilians themselves cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect Sicilian language usage.

Phonology

Consonants
Sicilian has a number of consonant sounds that set it apart from the other major Romance languages. The most unusual sounds include the retroflex consonants.

 ḌḌ/DD — The retroflex phoneme // (usually geminated or long [ɖː]) is normally the result of the evolution of Latin -ll-. This sound is rare but present among Romance languages, including Sardinian, Southern Corsican, and some dialects of Calabria. Similar but not identical sounds are also found in the rest of the Extreme Southern Italian dialect group. The older [lː] sequence is retained in some dialects, while the pronunciation of this phoneme as dental [dː] is increasingly common. Traditionally in Sicilian, the sound was written as -đđ-, and in more contemporary usage -dd- has been used. It is also often found written -ddh- or -ddr- (both of which are often considered confusing, as they may also represent  and , respectively). In the Cademia Siciliana orthographical proposal as well as the Vocabolario siciliano descriptive orthography, the digraph -ḍḍ- is used. For example, the Italian word   is   in Sicilian.

 DR and TR — The Sicilian pronunciation of the digraphs -dr- and -tr- is  and , or even , . If they are preceded by a nasal consonant, n is then a retroflex nasal sound .
GHI and CHI — The two digraphs -gh- and -ch-, when occurring before front vowel sounds i or e or a semivowel j, can be pronounced as palatal stops  and . From Italian, in place of -gl-, a geminated trigraph -- is used and is pronounced as . When -- is geminated, -- it can be pronounced as .
 RR — The digraph -rr-, depending on the variety of Sicilian, can be a long trill  (hereafter transcribed without the length mark) or a voiced retroflex sibilant . This innovation is also found under slightly different circumstances in Polish, where it is spelled -rz-, and in some Northern Norwegian dialects, where speakers vary between  and . At the beginning of a word, the single letter r is similarly always pronounced double, though this is not indicated orthographically. This phenomenon, however, does not include words that start with a single r resulting from rhotacism or apheresis (see below), which should not be indicated orthographically to avoid confusion with regular double r.
 Voiced S and Z— The  and  sounds are voiced as  and  when after  or other voiced sounds. In the Sicilian digraphs -sb- and -sv-,  becomes voiced and palatalized as a voiced post-alveolar fricative  along with the voiced sounds /, /.
 STR and SDR— The Sicilian trigraphs -str- and -sdr- are  or , and  or . The t is not pronounced at all and there is a faint whistle between the s and the r, producing a similar sound to the shr of English , or how some English speakers pronounce "frustrated". The voiced equivalent is almost similar to how some English speakers might pronounce the phrase "was driving".
 Latin FL — The other unique Sicilian sound is found in those words that have been derived from Latin words containing -fl-. In standard literary Sicilian, the sound is rendered as -ci- (representing the voiceless palatal fricative ), e.g.   ("river", from Latin ), but can also be found in written forms such as -hi-, , -çi-, or erroneously -sci-.
 Consonantal lenition — A further range of consonantal sound shifts occurred between the Vulgar Latin introduced to the island following Norman rule and the subsequent development of the Sicilian language. These sound shifts include: Latin -nd- to Sicilian -nn-; Latin -mb- to Sicilian -mm-; Latin -pl- to Sicilian -chi-; and Latin -li- to Sicilian -gghi-.
 Rhotacism and apheresis — This transformation is characterized by the substitution of single d by r. In Sicilian this is produced by a single flap of the tongue against the upper alveolar ridge . This phenomenon is known as rhotacism, that is, the substitution of r for another consonant; it is commonly found both in Eastern and Western Sicilian, and elsewhere in Southern Italy, especially in Neapolitan. It can occur internally, or it can affect initial d, in which case it should not be represented orthographically to avoid confusion with the regular r (see above). Examples :  ("foot") is pronounced ;  ("Virgin Mary") is pronounced ;  ("to say it") is pronounced . Similarly, apheresis of some clusters may occur in certain dialects, producing instances such as   for  "big".

Vowels

Sicilian has five phonemic vowels: , , , , . The mid-vowels  and  do not occur in unstressed position in native words but may do so in modern borrowings from Italian, English, or other languages. Historically, Sicilian  and  each represent the confluence of three Latin vowels (or four in unstressed position), hence their high relative frequency compared to  and  in, say, Italian or Spanish.

In unstressed position,  and  show reduction to  and  respectively. As in Italian, vowels are allophonically lengthened in stressed open syllables.

Omission of initial i
In the vast majority of instances in which the originating word had an initial , Sicilian has dropped it completely. That has also happened when there was once an initial  and, to a lesser extent,  and :  "important",  "ignorant",  "enemy",  "interesting",  "to illustrate",  "image",  "icon",  "American".

Gemination and contractions
In Sicilian, gemination is distinctive for most consonant phonemes, but a few can be geminated only after a vowel: , , , ,  and . Rarely indicated in writing, spoken Sicilian also exhibits syntactic gemination (or ), which means that the first consonant of a word is lengthened when it is preceded by certain words ending by a vowel:  .

The letter  at the start of a word can have two separate sounds depending on what precedes the word. For instance, in  ("day"), it is pronounced , . However, after a nasal consonant or if it is triggered by syntactic gemination, it is pronounced  as in  ("one day")  or  ("three days") .

Another difference between the written and the spoken languages is the extent to which contractions occur in everyday speech. Thus a common expression such as  ("we have to go and buy...") is generally reduced to  in talking to family and friends.

The circumflex accent is commonly used in denoting a wide range of contractions in the written language, particularly the joining of simple prepositions and the definite article:  =  ("of the"),  =  ("to the"),  =  ("for the"),  =  ("in the"), etc.

Grammar

Nouns and adjectives
Most feminine nouns and adjectives end in -a in the singular:  ("house"),  ("door"),  ("paper"). Exceptions include  ("sister") and  ("fig"). The usual masculine singular ending is -u:  ("man"),  ("book"),  ("name"). The singular ending -i can be either masculine or feminine.

Unlike Standard Italian, Sicilian uses the same standard plural ending -i for both masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives:  ("houses" or "cases"),  ("doors" or "harbors"),  ("tables"). Some masculine plural nouns end in -a instead, a feature that is derived from the Latin neuter endings -um, -a:  ("books"),  ("days"),  ("arms", compare Italian braccio, braccia),  ("gardens"),  ("writers"),  ("signs"). Some nouns have irregular plurals: omu has òmini (compare Italian uomo, uomini), jocu ("game") jòcura (Italian "gioco, giochi") and "lettu" ("bed") "letta" (Italian "letto, letti"). Three feminine nouns are invariable in the plural:  ("hand[s]"),  ("fig[s]") and  ("sister[s]").

Verbs

Verb "to have"
Sicilian has only one auxiliary verb,  "to have". It is also used to denote obligation (e.g.   "[he/she] has to go"), and to form the future tense, as Sicilian for the most part no longer has a synthetic future tense:  "[he/she] will sing" ( or , depending on the dialect).

Verb "to go" and the periphrastic future
As in English and like most other Romance languages, Sicilian may use the verb  "to go" to signify the act of being about to do something.  "I'm going to sing" (pronounced ) "I'm going to sing". In this way,  +  + infinitive can also be a way to form the simple future construction.

Tenses and moods
The main conjugations in Sicilian are illustrated below with the verb  "to be".

 The synthetic future is rarely used and, as Camilleri explains, continues its decline towards complete disuse. Instead, the following methods are used to express the future:
 1) the use of the present indicative, which is usually preceded by an adverb of time:
  — "This evening I go to the theatre"; or, using a similar English construction, "This evening I am going to the theatre"
  — "Tomorrow I [will] write to you"
 2) the use of a compound form consisting of the appropriate conjugation of  ("have to") in combination with the infinitive form of the verb in question:
  — "This evening I will [/must] go to the theatre"
  — "Tomorrow I will [/must] write to you"
 In speech, the contracted forms of aviri often come into play:
  → /;  → ;  → ;  → ;  →
  — "Tomorrow I will [/must] write to you".
 The synthetic conditional has also fallen into disuse (except for the dialect spoken in Messina, ). The conditional has two tenses:
 1) the present conditional, which is replaced by either:
 i) the present indicative:
  — "I [would] call her if you [would] give me her number", or
 ii) the imperfect subjunctive:
  — "I'd call her if you would give me her number"; and
 2) the past conditional, which is replaced by the pluperfect subjunctive:
  — "I'd have gone if you would have told me where it is"
 In a hypothetical statement, both tenses are replaced by the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive:
  — "If I were rich I would buy a palace"
  — "If I had worked I would not have suffered misery".
 The second-person singular (polite) uses the older form of the present subjunctive, such as , which has the effect of softening it somewhat into a request, rather than an instruction. The second-person singular and plural forms of the imperative are identical to the present indicative, exception for the second-person singular -ari verbs, whose ending is the same as for the third-person singular: .

Literature
Extracts from three of Sicily's more celebrated poets are offered below to illustrate the written form of Sicilian over the last few centuries: Antonio Veneziano, Giovanni Meli and Nino Martoglio.

A translation of the Lord's Prayer can also be found in J. K. Bonner. This is written with three variations: a standard literary form from the island of Sicily and a southern Apulian literary form.

Luigi Scalia translated the biblical books of Ruth, Song of Solomon and the Gospel of Matthew into Sicilian. These were published in 1860 by Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte.

Extract from Antonio Veneziano

Celia, Lib. 2
(–1580)

Extract from Giovanni Meli

Don Chisciotti e Sanciu Panza (Cantu quintu)
(~1790)

Extract from Nino Martoglio

Briscula 'n Cumpagni
(~1900; trans: A game of Briscula amongst friends)

Traditional prayers compared to Italian

Influence on Italian

As one of the most spoken languages of Italy, Sicilian has notably influenced the Italian lexicon. In fact, there are several Sicilian words that are now part of the Italian language and usually refer to things closely associated to Sicilian culture, with some notable exceptions:
  (from ): a Sicilian cuisine specialty;
  (from ): a cheese typical of Sicily;
  (from ): a Sicilian pastry;
  (from ): razor clam;
  (from ): butcher's shop;
  (from ): boy, especially a Sicilian one;
 : a Sicilian pastry;
  (from ): a small breed of dogs common in Sicily;
 : a small group of criminals affiliated to the Sicilian mafia;
  (from ): watchman in a farm, with a yearly contract;
  (from ): stony habitation typical of the island of Pantelleria;
  (from ): illegal exchange of goods or favours, but in a wider sense also cheat, intrigue;
  (from ): Jew's harp;
  (from ): quick variation of sea level produced by a store of water in the coasts as a consequence of either wind action or an atmospheric depression;
 : penis in its original meaning, but also stupid person; is also widely used as interjection to show either astonishment or rage;
  (from ): young man, but also the lowest grade in the Mafia hierarchy;
  (from ): small piece of paper, especially used for secret criminal communications;
  (from , literally meaning "beak", from the saying  "to wet one's beak"): protection money paid to the Mafia;
  (onomatopoeia?; "the duck wants a say"): person devoid of value, nonentity;
  (from , literally "to move home"): to leave en masse;
  (equivalent to Italian ): lower Mafia organization.

Use today

Sicily
Sicilian is estimated to have 5,000,000 speakers. However, it remains very much a home language that is spoken among peers and close associates. Regional Italian has encroached on Sicilian, most evidently in the speech of the younger generations.

In terms of the written language, it is mainly restricted to poetry and theatre in Sicily. The education system does not support the language, despite recent legislative changes, as mentioned previously. Local universities either carry courses in Sicilian or describe it as , the study of dialects.

Calabria
The dialect of Reggio Calabria is spoken by some 260,000 speakers in the Reggio Calabria metropolitan area. It is recognised, along with the other Calabrian dialects, by the regional government of Calabria by a law promulgated in 2012 that protects Calabria's linguistic heritage.

Diaspora
Outside Sicily and Southern Calabria, there is an extensive Sicilian-speaking diaspora living in several major cities across South and North America and in other parts of Europe and Australia, where Sicilian has been preserved to varying degrees.

Media
The Sicilian-American organization Arba Sicula publishes stories, poems and essays, in Sicilian with English translations, in an effort to preserve the Sicilian language, in Arba Sicula, its bi-lingual annual journal (latest issue: 2017), and in a biennial newsletter entitled Sicilia Parra.

The movie La Terra Trema (1948) is entirely in Sicilian and uses many local amateur actors.

The nonprofit organisation Cademia Siciliana publishes a Sicilian version of a quarterly magazine, "UNESCO Courier".

Sample words and phrases

See also

 Arba Sicula
 Baccagghju
 Cademia Siciliana
 Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani
 Griko
 Magna Graecia
 Sicilian School
 Siculo-Arabic
 Theme of Sicily

Notes

References

Bibliography

  (the orthography used in this article is substantially based on the Piccitto volumes)

External links

 Cademia Siciliana - a non-profit organization that promotes education, research and activism regarding the Sicilian language, as well as an orthographic standard
 Arba Sicula - a non-profit organization that promotes the language and culture of Sicily
 Napizia - Dictionary of the Sicilian Language
 Sicilian Translator
  www.linguasiciliana.org
 siciliangestures.net: Sicilian body language, learn the meaning of 81 gestures of Sicily with an app (free and no ads)

Italo-Dalmatian languages
Languages of Sicily
Languages of Calabria
Languages of Apulia
Subject–object–verb languages
Articles containing video clips

Sicilian language


Challock es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Ashford, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Challock tiene una superficie de 14,07 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Challock tenía 843 habitantes (49,82% varones, 50,18% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 59,91 hab/km². El 18,27% eran menores de 16 años, el 74,38% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 7,35% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 42,25 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 18,58% estaban solteros, el 69,96% casados y el 11,47% divorciados o viudos.

El 96,56% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,42% de la población, mientras que el 2,01% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,23% eran blancos, el 0,35% mestizos, el 0,35% asiáticos, el 0,71% negros y el 0,35% chinos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 78,93%, el hinduismo por el 0,36% y el judaísmo por el 0,36%, mientras que el 10,77% no eran religiosos y el 9,59% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

418 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 408 de ellos (97,61%) empleados y 10 (2,39%) desempleados. Había 341 hogares con residentes y 7 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Challock


La Ermita de la Virgen del Pinarejo se sitúa a unos tres kilómetros del pueblo de Aldeanueva del Codonal (Segovia). Está cerca del lugar en el que se cruzan la Cañada Real Leonesa Oriental con la carretera de Segovia a Arévalo, lugar del que parte el cordel denominado Camino del Moro, a orillas del río Voltoya y próxima a un manantial conocido como Fuente de la Virgen. En ella se venera la imagen de la Virgen del Pinarejo.

Existió un edificio anterior al que hoy se contempla con el nombre de "Ermita del Pinarexo" o simplemente "El Pinarexo". Delante de ese edificio debió de erigirse una cruz de granito que se conserva frente a la entrada principal de la ermita, en cuyo pedestal aparece la fecha de 1566

El edificio actual se erige en el mismo sitio en el que se levantó un edificio anterior, de menor tamaño, también dedicado a Nuestra Señora del Pinarejo.
El aspecto actual de la ermita responde a las reformas y ampliaciones realizadas a lo largo de tres impulsos constructivos fundamentales. En la segunda mitad del  se inicia la reforma de la iglesia, desmantelando solamente la cabecera de la antigua ermita y manteniendo en pie el resto del edificio. Con posterioridad, en 1738, se decide la demolición de la nave que quedaba en pie, ejecutándose la actual, quedando la ermita concluida. Hacia 1800 tiene lugar la última campaña constructiva, probablemente por iniciativa de los cofrades, erigiéndose la edificación adosada a los pies de la iglesia para acoger la llamada Sala de los Hermanos o del Cabildo, así como la vivienda del santero.

Se utilizaron en la construcción las tapias de calicanto aprovechando la abundancia de cantos rodados dada la proximidad del río. Se refuerzan con machos de ladrillo en verrugadas y cadenas y en las esquinas, utilizando también el ladrillo para la ejecución de los contrafuertes y una línea de imposta resaltada bajo el nivel de las ventanas, que recorre el perímetro de la Iglesia. El ladrillo se ha empleado también para componer el alzado del zócalo (hoy cubierto por una gruesa capa de mortero de centeno) y formar la línea de cornisa bajo el tejado, explotando al máximo su potencial ornamental en la construcción de los vanos y la espadaña. El pavimento también estuvo ejecutado en ladrillo. Todavía se conservan restos del solado original en la sacristía y el coro.

El retablo de la ermita
El 5 de agosto de 1699 se firmó la escritura para la realización del retablo. Fue encargado a Juan de Ferreras, que era maestro mayor del Alcázar de Segovia y casas reales del entorno. Entre sus trabajos más destacados está su colaboración en el retablo mayor de la Capilla del sagrario de la catedral de Segovia, sus trazas en los retablos de San Antón y San Gregorio de esa misma catedral, y el retablo mayor de la Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Miguel Ibáñez. Como maestro de arquitectura realiza obras en el Alcázar de Segovia y en los palacios de San Ildefonso y Valsaín.

El retablo fue encargado por el sacerdote D. Frutos Bartolomé  Olalla y de Aragón que fue maestro de ceremonias de la Real Capilla de su Majestad Felipe V. El precio que pagó fue de ocho mil reales de vellón.

El retablo es un claro ejemplo del barroco de finales del . Consta de un alto banco, un cuerpo principal y un corpulento ático semicircular con lo que se sigue la apariencia de un retablo de tres cuerpos. El camarín de la Virgen está situado en el espacio central. Las calles laterales están ocupadas por dos lienzos que representan a San Nicolás de Bari y a San Frutos, patrón de Segovia.

Bibliografía
 Eustaquio del Barrio: "La Santísima Virgen en Segovia". Segovia, 1954
 Cuesta Jorge, Luis, Martín Rodríguez, María Teresa y Agüero Bartolomé, Pedro. " Nuestra Señora del  Pinarejo, su Cofradía y su Ermita". Imprenta Comercial. Segovia, 2003.

Virgen del Pinarejo
Arquitectura en Castilla y León en el siglo XVI

Ermita de la Virgen del Pinarejo (Aldeanueva del Codonal)


වෙළඳ ලකුණු පිලිබඳ නීතිය

වෙළඳ ලකුණක් යනු කිසියම් පුද්ගලයකු ව්‍යාපාර සංවිධානයක් හෝ නෛතික ආස්ථීත්‍යයක් විසින් සිය නිෂ්පාදනයන් සහ/ හෝ සේවාවන් පාරිභෝගිකයන්ට හඳුන්වාදීම සඳහා භාවිතා කරනු ලබන සලකුණකි. වෙළඳ ලකුණක නාමය, වචන, යෙදුම්, ලාංඡනය. සංකේත, සැලසුම, රූපය හෝ මෙම අංගයන්ගේ සංයෝගය බුද්ධිමය දේපලක් ලෙසින් සැලකේ. මෙම ප්ව‍රමිතිගත වර්ගීකරණයන්ට නොවැටෙන සලකුණු අන්තර්ගත වන්නාවූ සාම්ප්න‍රදායික නොවන වෙළඳ ලකුණුද පවතී.

ලියාපදිංචි වෙළඳ ලකුණක හිමිකරුවකුට අවසරයක් නොමැතිව එකී වෙළඳ ලකුණු භාවිතා කිරීමට එරෙහිව නෛතික පියවර ගතහැක. කෙසේවෙතත් ලියාපදිංචිය අනිවාර්යයක් නොවේ. පොදු නීතිය යටතේ වෙළඳ ලකුණකට හිමිකම් කියන්නකුටද වෙළඳ ලකුණු පිලිබඳ නඩුවක් පැවරීමේ හැකියාව ඇත. කෙසේවෙතත් ලියාපදිංචි නොකල වෙළඳ ලකුණකට ආරක්‍ෂාව හිමිවන්නේ එය භාවිතා කරනු ලැබ ඇති හෝ සාධාරණ ලෙස එය භාවිතා කිරීම ව්‍යාප්ත කරනු ලැබිය හැකියැයි සිතිය හැකි භූගෝලීය ප්ි‍රදේශය තුල පමණකි.

ප්රිසිද්ධ තැනැත්තන්ගේ නම් වැනි කිසියම් තැනැත්තකුව පැහැදිලිව වෙන්කොට හඳුනාගනු ලබන ගුණාංගයන්ටද අවිධිමත් ලෙස වෙළඳ ලකුණු ලෙසින් හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. නිෂ්පාදනයකට නොව සේවාවක් සඳහා වෙළඳ ලකුණුක් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබූ විට එය සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී, විශේෂයෙන්ම එක්සත් ජනපදය තුල සේවා ලකුණක් ලෙසින් හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ.

ෙවළඳ ලකුණු පිලිබඳ නීතිය


Michio Morishima (Osaka, 18 de junio de 1923-13 de junio de 2004) fue un economista y matemático japonés.

Biografía

Michio Morishima hizo aportes a la teoría del crecimiento, que él analiza en forma dinámica. Su síntesis original y su enfoque, establece vínculos entre el pensamiento de Karl Marx y el de Léon Walras, juzgados hasta ese momento como antagonistas. Este investigador japonés también se interesó en otras varias disciplinas, como por ejemplo la sociología, la historia, la filosofía, la  historia de la cultura, y la historia de las religiones.

Asimismo, fundó el Instituto de Investigación Económica y Social de la Universidad de Osaka, junto con su antiguo profesor y economista Yasuma Takada, y en 1965 fue nombrado como primer presidente japonés de la Sociedad de Econometría. En esa época también enseñaba en Oxford y en Yale, y luego, a partir de 1970, fue nombrado como profesor emérito en la London School of Economics (LSE).

En el origen del proyecto de la Fundación Suntory-Toyota, se convierte en uno de los fundadores del STICERD ("Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economic and Related Disciplines") en la London School of Economics, del cual fue el primer presidente. Dicho centro acoge regularmente a alrededor de 75 investigadores para cinco programas de investigación en econometría y en teoría económica, y también publica una prestigiosa revista sobre economía.

Inspirándose en el sociólogo alemán Max Weber, Morishima propuso una original teoría del capitalismo japonés, una forma de sincretismo original e inteligente entre las tecnologías occidentales y el confucianismo militarista, nacionalista y paternalista, en un contexto de una estructura social muy jerarquizada.

Sus trabajos, centrados en la sociología y en la política, analizan el rol del METI (Ministerio de Economía, Comercio e Industria de Japón) en el crecimiento económico de los años ochenta, aunque debe destacarse que la mayoría de esos escritos fueron concebidos y redactados antes o bien al comienzo de la gran depresión de los años noventa en el Japón, trastornos esos que siguieron al crack bursátil de 1990 y a la sobrevaloración del yen.

Educación
 Graduado en 1946 en la Facultad de Economía, Universidad de Kioto.

Experiencia profesional
 1948 - Asistente en la Universidad de Kioto
 1950 - Conferencista en la Universidad de Kioto
 1950 - Profesor-Asistente en la Universidad de Kioto
 1951 - Profesor-Asociado en la Universidad de Osaka
 1963 - Profesor de economía en la Universidad de Osaka
 1966 - Profesor en el ISER (Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales y Económicas) en la Universidad de Osaka
 1968 - Profesor Visitante en la Universidad de Essex
 1970 - Profesor en el London School of Economics

Publicaciones

 "On the Laws of Change of the Price System in an Economy which Contains Complementary Goods", 1952, Osaka EP.
 "Consumer Behavior and Liquidity Preference", 1952, Econometrica.
 "An Analysis of the Capitalist Process of Reproduction", 1956, Metroeconomica.
 "Notes on the Theory of Stability of Multiple Exchange", 1957, RES.
 "A Contribution to the Non-Linear Theory of the Trade Cycle", 1958, ZfN.
 "A Dynamic Analysis of Structural Change in a Leontief Model", 1958, Economica.
 "Prices Interest and Profits in a Dynamic Leontief System", 1958, Econometrica.
 "Some Properties of a Dynamic Leontief System with a Spectrum of Techniques", 1959, Econometrica.
 "Existence of Solution to the Walrasian System of Capital Formation and Credit", 1960, ZfN.
 "On the Three Hicksian Laws of Comparative Statics", 1960, RES.
 "A Reconsideration of the Walras-Cassel-Leontief Model of General Equilibrium", 1960, in Arrow, Karlin and Suppes, editors, Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences.
 "Economic Expansion and the Interest Rate in Generalized von Neumann Models", 1960, Econometrica.
 "Proof of a Turnpike Theorem: The `No Joint Production' Case", 1961, RES.
 "Aggregation in Leontief Matrices and the Labor Theory of Value", with F. Seton, 1961, Econometrica.
 "Generalizations of the Frobenius-Wielandt Theorems for Non- Negative Square Matrices", 1961, J of London Mathematical Society.
 "The Stability of Exchange Equilibrium: An alternative approach", 1962, IER.
 Equilibrium, Stability and Growth: A multi-sectoral analysis, 1964.
 "A Refutation of the Non-Switching Theorem", 1966, QJE.
 "A Few Suggestions on the Theory of Elasticity", 1967, Keizai Hyoron
 Theory of Economic Growth, 1969.
 "A Generalization of the Gross Substitute System", 1970, RES.
 "Consumption-Investment Frontier, Wage-Profit Frontier and the von Neumann Growth Equilibrium", 1971, ZfN.
 The Working of Econometric Models, (in collaboration with Y. Murata, T. Nosse and M. Saito), 1972.
 Marx's Economics: A dual theory of value and growth, 1973.
 Theory of Demand: Real and monetary, with co-authors, 1973.
 The Economic Theory of Modern Society, 1973.
 "The Frobenius Theorem, Its Solow-Samuelson Extension and the Kuhn-Tucker Theorem", with T. Fujimoto, 1974, JMathE.
 Walras's Economics: A pure theory of capital and money, 1977.
 Value, Exploitation and Growth, with G. Catephores, 1978.
 "The Cournot-Walras Arbitrage Resource Consuming Exchange and Competitive Equilibrium", with M. Majumdar, 1978, in Hommage a Francois Perroux. *Why Has Japan Succeeded? Western technology and the Japanese ethos, 1982.
 "The Good and Bad Uses of Mathematics", 1984, in Wiles and Routh, editors, Economics in Disarray.
 The Economics of Industrial Society, 1984.
 Ricardo's Economics, 1989.
 "General Equilibrium Theory in the 21st Century", 1991, EJ.
 Capital and Credit: A new formulation of general equilibrium theory, 1992.
 "Capital and Growth", 1994, in Homouda, The Legacy of Hicks.
 Dynamic Economic Theory, 1996.
 Why Will Japan Collapse?, 1999.

Referencias

Véase también
 Historia cultural

Enlaces externos

 Crítica a Michio Morishima
 Professor Michio Morishima (en inglés)
 Japón advierte de que el yen está sobrevalorado
 Kyoto University (en inglés)
 Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University (en inglés)
 London School Economics (LSE) (en inglés)
 The Suntory-Toyota Foundation and the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economic and Related Disciplines (STICERD) at LSE (en inglés)
 Michio Morishima, Confucius, Marx et la croissance (en francés)
 Michio Morishima (en francés)
 Monografía: Reingeniería Humana
 Y complementado con el contenido de Michio Morishima (en inglés).

Economistas de Japón
Japoneses del siglo XX
Historiadores del pensamiento económico
Nacidos en Osaka

Michio Morishima


Vera Gottliebe Anna Gräfin von Lehndorff (n. 14 mai 1939 în Königsberg), numită Veruschka, este o actriță, pictoriță și fotografă germană totodată un fost fotomodel.

Biografie

Vera von Lehndorff s-a născut în familia de nobili Lehndorff din Prusia Răsăriteană. Tatăl ei,  Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort, a fost executat în 1944 prntru prticiparea la atentatul din 20. Juli 1944 împotriva lui Adolf Hitler, mama ei fiind internată într-un lagăr de muncă. Vera împreună cu cele două surori Nona și Gabriele au fost trimise într-un cămin de copii din Borntal în Bad Sachsa.

Filmografie
 Blowup (1966) - propriul rol
 Veruschka: Poetry of a Woman (1971)
 Salomé (1972) - Myrrhina
 Colivia de aur (1976)Cattivi pensieri - iubita lui Mario Manani
 Flesh Color (1978) - Anna
 Milo-Milo (1979) - Barbara
 Bizarre Styles (1981) - Prophet
 Dorian Gray im Spiegel der Boulevardpresse (1984) - Dorian Gray
 Vom Zusehen beim Sterben (1985) - propriul rol
 Mireasa (film 1985) The Bride (1985) - Contesa
 L'Orchestre rouge (1989) - Anna Maximovitch
 Veruschka – Die Inszenierung (m)eines Körpers (2005) - propriul rol
 Casino Royale (2006) - Contesa de Wallenstein

Note

Nașteri în 1939
Nașteri pe 14 mai
Pictori germani
Actrițe germane

Veruschka von Lehndorff


Le muscle longitudinal supérieur de la langue  (ou muscle lingual supérieur ou muscle superficiel de la langue) est une fine couche de fibres obliques et longitudinales sous-jacentes immédiatement à la membrane muqueuse du dos de la langue.

Structure

Origine
Le muscle longitudinal supérieur de la langue nait des petites cornes de l'os hyoïde et du cartilage épiglottique.

Trajet
Les fibres musculaires se dirigent vers l'avant en recouvrant toutes la face dorsale de la langue.

Terminaison
Le muscle se termine dans la zone profonde de la muqueuse.

Innervation
Le muscle longitudinal supérieur de la langue est innervé par un rameau du nerf hypoglosse (XII).

Action
Le muscle longitudinal supérieur provoque l'abaissement et le raccourcissement de la langue.

Notes et références

longitudinal supérieur de la langue

Muscle longitudinal supérieur de la langue


Mount Murchison ist der Name folgender Berge:

in Kanada:
 Mount Murchison (Alberta)

in den USA:
 Mount Murchison (Alaska)

in Australien:
 Mount Murchison (Tasmanien), höchster Berg der West Coast Range
 Mount Murchison (New South Wales)

in Neuseeland:
 Mount Murchison (Canterbury)
 Mount Murchison (Tasman), höchster Berg der Braeburn Range in der Region Tasman

in Antarktis:
 Mount Murchison (Georg-V.-Land)
 Mount Murchison (Viktorialand) in der Mountaineer Range

Mount Murchison


La ligne de Iisalmi à Kontiomäki ()  est une ligne de chemin de fer, à voie unique, du réseau de chemin de fer finlandais qui relie la ville de Iisalmi et l'agglomération de Kontiomäki.

Histoire
La ligne Iisalmi–Kontiomäki est la section du réseau ferroviaire finlandais allant d'Iisalmi à Kontiomäki via Kajaani.
La section d'Iisalmi à Kajaani a été achevée en 1904 et le reste jusqu'à Kontiomäki en 1923.

L'électrification de la ligne a été achevée le 1er octobre 2006.

Infrastructure

Ligne
La ligne a une longueur de 108,4 kilomètres.

Gare, haltes et arrêts

Ouvrages d'art

Exploitation

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Transport ferroviaire en Finlande
 Réseau ferroviaire finlandais

Lien externe

Ligne de chemin de fer en Finlande
Transport à Iisalmi
Transport à Kontiomäki
Transport à Kajaani
Transport à Paltamo
Transport à Sonkajärvi

Ligne de Iisalmi à Kontiomäki


Feistiellaceae, porodica fosilnih parožina u redu Charales. Postoji 38 priznatih vrsta u tri roda

Rodovi
 Amblyochara L.Grambast  6 vrsta
 Feistiella Schudack  8 vrsta
 Nitellopsis 24 vrste

Izvori

Charophyceae

Feistiellaceae


49 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري امتدت مقابلةً في التقويم الميلادي بين سنتي 669 و670.

مواليد
 قتيبة بن مسلم الباهلي

وفيات
 عقيل بن أبي طالب

انظر أيضًا
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الأولى من سنة 49 هـ
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الثانية من سنة 49 هـ

مراجع

تقويم هجري

49 هـ


Slímhimnubólga (fræðiheiti: conjunctivitis) er augnsjúkdómur sem einkennist af bólgu í slímhimnunni sem liggur innan á augnlokinu og yfir augnhvítunni. Orsakir slímhimnubólgu eru margar en algengustu orsakirnar eru bakteríusýking, veirusýking og ofnæmi.

Tilvísanir

Augnsjúkdómar

Slímhimnubólga


ويستمينستير  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة أورانج، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 27 مارس، 1957.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لويستمينستير في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان ويستمينستير 88,207 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 26,406 أسرة وعدد العائلات 20,403 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 26,940 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 45.79% من البيض و0.99% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.61% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و38.13% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.46% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و10.19% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.84% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و21.70% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 26,406 أسرة كانت نسبة 43.2% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 58.4% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 12.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 6.5% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 22.7% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 16.9% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 7.4% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 3.32، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.71.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 34.1 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 25.9% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 8.8% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 32.4% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 21.4% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 10.9% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 100.1 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 98.1 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 47,674 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 52,306 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 35,554 دولارًا مقابل 27,166 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 17,346 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 11.6% من العائلات ونسبة 14.1% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 19% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 9.8% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان ويستمينستير 89,701 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 26,164 أسرة وعدد العائلات 20,477 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 27,650 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 35.72% من البيض و0.95% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.44% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و47.49% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.40% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و11.40% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.60% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و23.61% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 26,164 أسرة كانت نسبة 41.1% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 57.3% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 14.1% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 6.9% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 21.7% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 16.2% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 8.3% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 3.40، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.74.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 38.7 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 23.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.6% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 26.8% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 26% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 14.3% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 49.4% ذكور و50.6% إناث.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لويستمينستير:

أعلام

 بوبي غاريت
 بول كاليجوري
 ديفيد سوتون
 مايك موني
 بيل جيساب
 أدونيس أمايا
 غلين باركر
 إيريك لوبيز
 لوني شيلتون
 مارغريت إرفينغ

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1957
تأسيسات سنة 1957 في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة أورانج (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا

ويستمينستير (كاليفورنيا)


Filme românești din 2016 — Filme românești din 2017 — Filme românești din 2018
Aceasta este o listă de filme românești din 2017:

Lista

Note

Legături externe
Filme românești din 2017 la IMDb.com
Filme românești din 2017 la Cinemagia.ro

Filme din 2017Filme românești
România
Liste de filme românești

Listă de filme românești din 2017


سانتو نينيو د اتوشا أو طفل اتوشا المقدس هو تمثيل روماني كاثوليكي للطفل يسوع منتشر في الحضارات الأسبانية إسبانيا والمكسيك والولايات المتحدة الجنوبية الغربية خاصة نيو مكسيكو.

مراجع

انظر أيضاً

 الطفل يسوع

التصوير الثقافي للمسيح
الطفل يسوع
الكاثوليكية في المكسيك
تماثيل يسوع

سانتو نينيو دي اتوشا


An Carex rhynchoperigynium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stanley D. Jones ngan Anton Albert Reznicek. An Carex rhynchoperigynium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex rhynchoperigynium


بولشايا سوسنوفا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة بيرم كراي في روسيا.

مراجع

مدن بيرم كراي

بولشايا سوسنوفا (بيرم)


Hersende est un prénom féminin d'origine germanique porté principalement à l'époque médiévale.

 Hersende de Champagne (morte en 1114), religieuse française ;
 Hersende (fl. 1249-1259), femme médecin française ;
 Hersende (XI s.), épouse de Hamon de Laval ;
 Hersende de la Suze (XI s.), épouse de Robert II de Sablé ;
 Hersende de Mez (XII s.), mère d'Albéric Clément ;
 Hersende d'Anthenaise (XII s.), mère de Robert IV de Sablé.

Notes et références

Prénom féminin
Prénom français

Hersende


In statistics, Cochran's theorem, devised by William G. Cochran, is a theorem used to justify results relating to the probability distributions of statistics that are used in the analysis of variance.

Statement
Let U1, ..., UN be i.i.d. standard normally distributed random variables, and . Let be symmetric matrices. Define ri to be the rank of .  Define , so that the Qi are quadratic forms. Further assume .

Cochran's theorem states that the following are equivalent:

 ,
 the Qi are independent
 each Qi has a chi-squared distribution with ri degrees of freedom.

Often it's stated as , where  is idempotent, and  is replaced by . But after an orthogonal transform, , and so we reduce to the above theorem.

Proof
Claim: Let  be a standard Gaussian in , then for any symmetric matrices , if  and  have the same distribution, then  have the same eigenvalues (up to multiplicity).

Claim: .

Lemma: If , all  symmetric, and have eigenvalues 0, 1, then they are simultaneously diagonalizable.

Now we prove the original theorem. We prove that the three cases are equivalent by proving that each case implies the next one in a cycle ().

Examples

Sample mean and sample variance
If X1, ..., Xn are independent normally distributed random variables with mean μ and standard deviation σ then

is standard normal for each i. Note that the total Q is equal to sum of squared Us as shown here:

which stems from the original assumption that .
So instead we will calculate this quantity and later separate it into Qi's. It is possible to write

(here  is the sample mean). To see this identity, multiply throughout by  and note that

and expand to give

The third term is zero because it is equal to a constant times

and the second term has just n identical terms added together. Thus

and hence

Now  with  the matrix of ones which has rank 1. In turn      given that . This expression can be also obtained by expanding  in matrix notation. It can be shown that the rank of  is  as the addition of all its rows is equal to zero. Thus the conditions for Cochran's theorem are met.

Cochran's theorem then states that Q1 and Q2 are independent, with chi-squared distributions with n − 1 and 1 degree of freedom respectively. This shows that the sample mean and sample variance are independent.  This can also be shown by Basu's theorem, and in fact this property characterizes the normal distribution – for no other distribution are the sample mean and sample variance independent.

Distributions

The result for the distributions is written symbolically as

Both these random variables are proportional to the true but unknown variance σ2. Thus their ratio does not depend on σ2 and, because they are statistically independent. The distribution of their ratio is given by

where F1,n − 1 is the F-distribution with 1 and n − 1 degrees of freedom (see also Student's t-distribution). The final step here is effectively the definition of a random variable having the F-distribution.

Estimation of variance
To estimate the variance σ2, one estimator that is sometimes used is the maximum likelihood estimator of the variance of a normal distribution

Cochran's theorem shows that

and the properties of the chi-squared distribution show that

Alternative formulation
The following version is often seen when considering linear regression. Suppose that  is a standard multivariate normal random vector (here  denotes the n-by-n identity matrix), and if  are all n-by-n symmetric matrices with .  Then, on defining , any one of the following conditions implies the other two:

   (thus the  are positive semidefinite)
  is independent of  for

See also
 Cramér's theorem, on decomposing normal distribution
 Infinite divisibility (probability)

References

Theorems in statistics
Characterization of probability distributions

Cochran's theorem


'ශ්‍රී ලංකා'ජාතික කොඩිය යනු රටක අනන්‍යතාව ලොවට පෙන්වන ප්‍රධාන සංකේතයයි.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික කොඩිය ,පැරණි රාජකීය කොඩිය ඇසුරෙන් නිර්මාණය වී ඇත.ජාතියේ හා මාතෘ භූමියේ ඵෙතිහාසික  පසුබිම, පෞඩත්වය, සෛවරිභාවය හා ස්වාධීනත්වය ද ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය ජනතාවගේ එක්සත්භාවය හා සමානාත්මතාව ද අපේ ජාතික කොඩියෙන් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ.ජාතික කොඩිය හා ජාතික ගීය ශ්‍රී  ලංකා ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී සමාජවාදී ජනරජ ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ ද ප්‍රධාන කොටසකි.
ජාතික කොඩියේ හැඩය ඍජුකෝනාඝ්‍රයකි.''

එහි '.දිග පළ‍ලෙහි අනුපාතය 1:2 වේ. එනම් උස ඒකක 1ක් වන විට දිග ඒකක 2ක් වන පරිදි ය.

ජාතික කොඩියෙ

01.කහ පාට සිංහයා-
සිංහල ජාතීයත්, සිංහල ජනතාවගේ විනය ගරුකබව , නිර්භීතකම, අභිමානය නායකත්වය, සාධාරණත්වයත්, විදහා දක්වයි.

02.කහ පැහැ අසිපත-
ධාර්මිකච ද නීත්‍යනුකූලව ද යුක්තිගරුකව ද රට පාලනය කරමින් මච් බිමේ ආරක්‍ෂාච උදෙසා නැගී සිටීම.

03.බෝපත් හතර-
මෙත්තා,
කරුණා,
මුදිතා,
උපේක්ඛා යන සතර බ්‍රහ්ම චිහරණ ඇතුලු සියලු ආගම්චලට ගරු කිරීමේ උතුම් ගුණය.

04.තද රතු කොටස-ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සියලු ජනතාචගේ ජිච රුධිරය සහ පුරාණ සිංහල රාජකීය ධජයේ නියෝජනය.

05.කොළ/හරිත හා තැඹිලී/රඹ  පැහැ සිරස් පටි දෙක-දෙමළ,මුස්ලිම්,බර්ගර්,මැලේ,ජා,චතු දෙමළ යනාදි සියලු සුළු ජාතීන් නියෝජනය.

06.එක සමාන පළලකින් චු කහ පටිය-ජාතික කොඩියේ සියලු කොටස්  එකට බැදී ති‍බේ.සියලු ජාතීන් අතර  එකමුතුච. සාමය,ප්‍රඥාච හා       අන්‍යෝන්‍ය අචබෝධය පැහැදිලි කරයි.

07.සිංහයාගේ  හිසේ කේශර හා චලිගයේ නැවුණු ඉහල කොටස- මෙම කොටස් දෙක එක සමාන මට්ටමේ පැචතීමෙන්  පාලකයා හා  රටවැසියන්       අතර සමානත්මතාච  පැචතීම සහ මැදි පිලිචෙතට ගරු කිරිම.

1948 නිදහස ලැබෙන චිට අප භාචිත කළේ පැරණි රාජකීය  සිංහ ධජයයි.1948 පෙබරචාරි 4 චැනිදා  නිදහස ලැබු දිනයේ ඔසචනු ලැබුචේ ද මේ පැරණි ජාතික කොඩියයි.මෙම පැරණි ජාතික කොඩිය චෙනුචට සංශෝධිත කොඩියක අචශ්‍යතාච ප්‍රබලච මතු චිය.

මේ අනුච 1948 මාර්තු 06 චැනිදා අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ඩී.එස්. සේනානායක මැතිතුමා චිසින් නිල චශයෙන් ජාතික කොඩියක්  සකස් කිරීම සදහා චිශේෂ කමිටුචක්  පත් කළ අතර එම කමිටුච මෙසේය,

 එස්.ඩබ්.ආර්.ඩී.බණ්ඩාරනායක මහතා  (සභාපති)
 ශ්‍රීමත් ජෝන්.එල්. කොතලාචල මහතා
 ජේ.ආර්. ජයචර්ධන මහතා
 ආචාර්ය ලලිත් අභය රාජපක්‍ෂ මහතා
 ටී.බී. ජයා ම
 සෙනට් සභික එස්. නඩේසන් මහතා
 ආචාර්ය සෙනරත් පරණචිතාන මහතා  (ලේකම්)

ජාතික කොඩිය පිළිබඳ කමිටුවේ අචසාන නිර්දේශ 1950 පෙබරවාරි 13 චෙනිදා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට යෝජනා කොට .1951 පෙබරවාරි27 චෙනිදා  පාර්ලිමේන්තු‍වේ දී සභාගත කොට 1951 මාර්තු 02 වෙනිදා   පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ සභා සම්මත චී 1951 මාර්තු 31 චෙනිදා පැරණි පාර්ලිමේන්තුච ඉදිරිපිට ප්‍රධාන කොඩි ගසේ නිදහස්  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නච ජාතික කොඩිය ගරු අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ඩී.එස්. සේනානායක මහතා චිසින් ඔසචන ලදි.නව ජාතික කොඩිය සම්මත වීෙමන් අනතුරුව ප්‍රථම වරට නිදහස් උත්සවයකදී ඔසවනු ලැබුවේ 1952 පෙබරවාරී  4 වැනිදා ය.1972 දී කොඩියේ රතු කොටුවේ මුළු හතරේ වූ පුටු කකුල් හතර ඉවත් කර බෝපත් හැඩ 4 ක් එකතු විය.ඉන් පසු නව ජාතික  කොඩිය ප්‍රමිති කාර්යාංශය මගින් පළ කළ පොතක් මගින් නියම ප්‍රමාණ සහිතච සම්මතයන් ඉදිරිපත් කෙරිණි.

නව ජාතික ධජයේ චිත්‍ර නිර්මාණ භාරව කටයුතු කළේ එවකට රජයේ කලායතනයේ විදුහල්පතිවරයා වූ ජේ.ඩී.ඒ. පෙරේරා මහතා ය. කලාශූරී එස්. පී.චාල්ස් මහතා එම නිර්මාණ කටයුතුවල සහායක ලෙස කටයුතු කළේ ය. නිදහසෙන් පසු  නිර්මාණය වූ ප්‍රථම ජාතික කොඩියේ  ප්‍රධාන ලක්‍ෂණය වූයේ පැරණි සිංහල ධජයට වම් පසින් කොළ යා රඹ පැහැ සිරස් පටි දෙකක් යා කොට එක් කිරීම ය.තවද ඒ පටි දෙක හා රතු ඍජුකෝනාඝ්‍රය අතර කහ පටියක්  ද සමස්ත කොඩිය වටේම කහ පැහැ පටි සිරස්ව හා තිරස්ව යෙදීමද සිදු විය.මෙම කොඩියේ කොළ හා තැඹිලි (රඹ) පැහැති සිරස් පටි සමාන පළලකින් යුක්ත ය.සමස්ත කොඩියේ තිරස් පළලට,මෙම එක් සිරස් පටියක පළල දරන අනුපාතය 1.7 වේ.එනම් මුළු කොඩියේ තිරස් පළල කොටස් 7ට බෙදු විට (කොළ පැහැති පටියට බාහිරව ඇති කහ පාට තිරස් පටියේ පළල කොටස අතහැර) 1/7 පළල ප්‍රමාණයක් තිරස් කොළ හා තැඹිලි පටිවල වෙන වෙනම තිබිය යුතු ය.ප්‍රදර්ශනයට යොදා ගනු ලබන ජාතික කොඩිය, එහි සැලැස්ම,දිග පළල, වර්ණය ආදිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් S.L.S 693-1985 අංක දරණ ශ්‍රි ලංකා ජාතික කොඩිය සදහා වූ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රමිති පිරිවිතරයට අනුකූල විය යුතු වේ.

ජාතික කොඩිය නිවැරදි ව භාවිතා කරන ආකාරය

1. ජාතික කොඩිය කිසිදු විටක පොළවට සමතලාව සිටින සේ හෝ තිරස් ලෙස රැ‍ගෙන නොයා යුතු අතර සෑම විටම යෂ්ටිය  ඍජුව සිටින සේ ගෙන යා යුතුය.

2. ජාතික කොඩිය ,වෙනස් කොඩි සමග පෙරහැරක ගෙන යන විට එය තිබිය යුත්තේ පෙළපාළියේ දකුණු පසින් වන අතර වෙනත් කොඩි පෙළක් ඇත්නම් එම කොඩි පෙ‍ළේ මැදට ජාතික කොඩිය ගෙන ආ යුතුය.

3. කිසිවක් හෝ කිසිවෙකු වෙනුවෙන් ජාතික කොඩිය මද වශයෙන් හෝ පහත් නොකළ යුතු ය.

4.කිසිදු අවස්ථාවක ජාතික  කොඩිය බිම නොතැබිය යුතුය.

5. ජාතික කොඩිය ඔසවන අවස්ථාවක දී සීරුවෙන් සිට එස විය යුතු අතර සියලු දෙනාම නැගී සිටිය යුතුය.

6. ජාතික කොඩිය එස වූ විගස ජාතික ගීය වාදනය හෝ ගායනය සිදු කළ යුතු අතර වෙනත් කිසිදු සංගීත භාණ්ඩයක් වාදනය නොකළ යුතුය.

7.හානියට පත් වූ හෝ අවල‍ක්‍ෂණ වූ ජාතික කොඩියක් ප්‍රදර්ශණය නොකළ යුතු අතර ජාතික කොඩියට ඉහළින් වෙනත් කිසිදු ධජ ,පතාක හෝ සැරසිලි නොතිබිය යුතුය.

8.ජාතික   කොඩිය කිසිදු අවස්ථාවක අඳින ඇදුමක් ,ඇතිරිල්ලක් ලෙස භාවිත කළ නොහැකි අතර රාජ්‍යය / හමුදා අවමංගල්‍යයවලදී ආස්තරණයක් ලෙස භාවිත කළ හැකිය.

9.ජනපති ආඥාව යටතේ යුද හමුදා රෙජිමේන්තුවලට සිදු කරන ජනපති වර්ණ ප්‍රදානයක දී හැර කිසිම  සලකුණක් ,ලාංජනයක්,වචනයක්,රූපයක් ජාතික කොඩිය මත නොතැබිය යුතුය.

10.ජාතික කොඩියේ කුමන හෝ නිරූපනයක් අවසර රහිතව භාවිත කිරීම ද තහනම් වේ.

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ධජය අවසන් වරට වෙනස් කිරිම
ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ධජය අවසන් වරට වෙනස් කිරිමකට ලක් කලේ 1972 දිය. එවකට සංස්කෘතික කටයුතු අමාත්‍යාංශයේ ස්ථිර ලේකම් හා රාජ්‍ය ලාංඡනය  හා ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ධජය නිර්මාණ කමිටුවේ සභාපති වශයෙන් කටයුතු කල නිශ්ශංක විජයරත්න ගේ මග පෙන්විම හා උපදේස් මතය.  මුලු හතරේ බංකු කකුල් වෙනුවට බෝපත් හදූන්වා දූන්නේ විජයරත්න විසින් වන අතර  මෙත්තා, කරුණා, උපේක්ෂා  හා  මුදිතා ඵයින් නිරූපනය කරයි.

මේ අඩවිත් බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ ජාතිකත්වය

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
 සිංහ කොඩියේ කතාව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික වස්තූන්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික කොඩිය


Ivan Bach bio je hrvatski povjesničar umjetnosti. Rođen je u Zagrebu 1910. godine, a u Zagrebu je i umro 1983.godine. Na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu diplomirao je povijest umjetnosti i klasičnu arheologiju. Doktorirao je 1939. godine s temom »Antikni figuralni bronsani predmeti Arheološko-historijskog muzeja u Zagrebu«.

Prvi je od naših povjesničara umjetnosti koji se potpuno posvetio proučavanju i vrednovanju djela primijenjene umjetnosti, prije svega zlatarstva i metalnih predmeta (kasnije se za ovo područje opredijelio i Ivo Lentić). Zanimao se i za konzerviranje restauriranje metala. Praktično je cijeli radni vijek, uz svega nekoliko prekida, proveo u Muzeju za umjetnost i obrt u Zagrebu, gdje je radio od 1937. do 1973. godine.

Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata bio je član poslijeratnih restitucijskih komisija za povrat umjetnina i spomenika kulture iz Mađarske i Austrije, a bio je i predsjednik Komiteta Istok—Zapad jugoslavenske komisije Internacionalnog muzejskog vijeća u
razdoblju od 1958. do 1966. godine.

Dodatna literatura
Tonković, M. Ivanu Bachu u spomen - Nezaobilazno djelovanje, Radovi IPU 7/1983(5-11)

Izbor iz bibliografije Ivana Bacha
Artur Schneider : (1879-1946), Radovi Odsjeka za povijest umjetnosti, Sv.7 (1981-), str. 73-77

Iz Muzeja za umjetnost i umjetnički obrt,Narodna starina, Knj.14 (1935), 35(1/2), str. 93-99

Povlastice i pravila varaždinskog zlatarskog ceha 1613. godine ,Starine, Knj. 49 (1959.), str. 235-246

Prilog povijesti zlatarstva u Zagrebu ,Iz starog i novog Zagreba / [urednici Franjo Buntak... et al.], 2, / [prijevodi Marija Plohl ... et al. ; fotografije Vladimir Bradač ... et al.] Sv. 2; str. 171-182

Radovi augsburških zlatara Gottlieba Menzela i Johanna Heinricha Menzela iz 1736-1737. godine u Biskupskom dvoru u Đakovu ,Peristil, 1960, 3, str. 59-62

Restauriranje kositrenog cehovskog vrča iz 1691. godine u Muzeju za umjetnost i obrt u Zagrebu ,Zbornik zaštite spomenika, Knj.15 (1964), str. 105-108

Satovi s oznakama zagrebačkih urara u Muzeju grada Zagreba,Iz starog i novog Zagreba / [urednici Franjo Buntak... et al.], 4, Sv. 4; str. 143-154; tab. XXXVI-XXXIX

Tablica zagrebačkog kaptolskog velikog ceha iz kraja XVII. stoljeća ,Bulletin Instituta za likovne umjetnosti VII odjela, God.4 (1956), 8, str. 19-22

Varaždinski zlatari Juraj Kunić (oko 1777 - 1831) i njegov sin Vinko (1801 - poslije 1841),Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti Sveučilišta u, [God.]7 (1983), Ivanu Bachu u spomen str. 14-79

Zlatarski radovi u Riznici Zagrebačke katedrale sa žigovima mariborskih i zagrebačkih majstora VIII. stoljeća ,Tkalčićev zbornik : zbornik radova posvećenih sedamdesetogodišnjici Vladimira / <glavni urednik Ivan Bach>, Sv. 2, (sv. 2) str. 257-280 ( [7] tab. s ilustr.)

Zlatarski žigovi na nekim predmetima u Zadru i Ninu ,Prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u Dalmaciji, [God.]21 (1980), Fiskovićev zbornik I str. 515-524

Vanjske poveznice
Bibliografija Ivana Bacha

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski povjesničari umjetnosti

Ivan Bach


سلاطة مشوية هو طبق من أطباق  الرئيسية يتم تناوله خصوصا في فصل الصيف، وهو عبارة عن خضراوات مشوية، من طماطم وفلفل وبصل وثوم وهناك من يضيف الباذنجان. يتم شويها في الفرن أو على الموقد ومن ثم يتم طحنها مع بعضها، بعد ذلك يتم وضع البهارات كما يتم وضع التونة وحبات الزيتون وزيت الزيتون وأحياناً وضع البيض المسلوق للزينة.

معلومات غذائية
تعتبر هذه السلطة خفيفة وصحية لأن كل وجبة منها تحتوي على 140 وحدة حرارية و13غ من الدهون معظمها دهون غير مشبّعة وقد أثبتت الدراسات أن الدهون غير المشبعة تساعد على الحماية من أمراض القلب.

وصفة سلطة مشوية

المقادير
 4 فلفل أخضر
 1 فلفل حار
 4 طماطم
 رأس ثوم صغير
 50 غ تونا
 6 زيتون
 زيت زيتون
 بيضة مسلوقة

طريقة التحضير
 شوي كل من الفلفل والطماطم والثوم في الفرن لمدة 30 دقيقة
 تقشير وتنظيف الخضر
 رحي المقادير معا أو القطع بالسكاكين جيدا
 إضافة القليل من زيت زيتون ثم أضف حبات الزيتون والتونة
 تقطيع البيض المسلوق بشكل طولي إلى 4 أو 6 قطع صغيرة ووضعه على السلطة

الخصائص
 طعام رخيص الثمن في الصيف، سهل التحضير، لا يأخذ أكثر من ساعة للتحضير والطهو.

المصادر

سلطات
مطبخ تونسي
مطبخ عربي

سلاطة مشوية


10670 Seminozhenko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10670 Seminozhenko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Nikolai Cernîh. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,75 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 5,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1977
Centura de asteroizi

10670 Seminozhenko


A Formação Nemegt (também conhecida como Nemegtskaya Svita) é uma formação geológica no deserto de Gobi, na Mongólia, datada do Cretáceo Superior. A formação consiste em sedimentos do canal do rio e contém fósseis de peixes, tartarugas, crocodilianos e uma fauna diversificada de dinossauros, incluindo pássaros.

Descrição
A Formação Nemegt é composta por lamitos e arenitos que foram depositados por antigos lagos, riachos e planícies de inundação. A localidade de Altan Uul foi descrita por Michael Novacek como "um cânion esculpido em uma série muito rica de rochas sedimentares" com "falésias íngremes e lavagens estreitas". O clima associado a ele era mais úmido do que quando as formações anteriores foram depositadas; parece ter existido pelo menos algum grau de cobertura florestal. Troncos fossilizados também foram encontrados. Essas madeiras petrificadas e os restos de coníferas Araucariaceae indicam que as florestas do Nemegt eram densamente arborizadas, com um dossel alto formado por altas coníferas. Quando examinadas, as fácies rochosas dessa formação sugerem a presença de canais de córregos e rios, lodaçais e lagos rasos. Os sedimentos também indicam que existia um habitat rico, oferecendo alimentos diversos em quantidades abundantes que poderiam sustentar dinossauros maciços do Cretáceo.

Estratigrafia

A estratigrafia mais recente divide a Formação Nemegt em três membros informais. O membro inferior é dominado por depósitos fluviais, enquanto os membros médio e superior consistem em planície aluvial, paludal, lacustre e depósitos fluviais. A cor dos sedimentos é geralmente cinza claro a castanho em comparação com a cor tipicamente vermelha da Formação Barun Goyot subjacente. Ele se sobrepõe e às vezes interfere com a Formação Barun Goyot. Interdigitação foi observado no estratotipo (Red Walls) e Hermiin Tsav. Não houve datação absoluta da Formação Nemegt. Historicamente, o Nemegt foi considerado do Campaniano tardio ao Maastrichtiano, com base em comparações de fósseis presentes, mas nenhuma datação exata foi realizada. A idade para a Formação Baruungoyot subjacente (também chamada de Svita) foi sugerida como Santoniano para Campaniano, e Shuvalov (2000) descobriu que a datação K-Ar de basaltos que eles se referiam ao Baruungoyot médio e superior tem 75 a 80 milhões de anos.

Formações geológicas da Ásia

Formação Nemegt


ජුලි 31, 1912 දින නිව්යෝක් නගරයේ බෲක්ලීන්හි උපත ලැබූ මිල්‍ටන් ෆීඩ්මන් ආර්ථික විද්‍යා විෂය ක්‍ෂේත්‍රයට මහඟු මෙහෙයක් කළ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයෙකි.කේනීසියානු ගුරුකුලයේ "ඉල්ලුම් කළමනාකරණය" ප්‍රතික්‍ෂ්ප කරමින් මූල්‍යවාදී මත‍ය ගෙන ආවේ මොහුය.මුදල් සැපයුම පාලනය කිරීම හරහා ආර්ථිකයේ පොළී අනුපාතයට හා මිලට බලපෑම් කළ හැකි බවට ඔහු තර්ක කළේය. ඔහුගේ දායකත්‍වය සූක්‍ෂම ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවට,සාර්ව ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවට ආර්ථික ඉතිහාසයට මෙන්ම සංඛ්‍යානය කෙරෙහිද යොමු විය. ඔහු විසින් රචිත ඇමරිකාවේ මූල්‍යවාදයේ ඉතිහාසය (1963) ග්‍රන්ථය වෙනුවෙන් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවේ නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය (1976) ලැබුනි. එසේම ඔහු ලබා ගත් සම්මාන අතර 1988 නිදහස පිළිබඳ රාජ්‍ය සම්මානය ද එම වසරේදිම විද්‍යාවේ ජාතික සම්මානයද දිනා ගෙන ඇත.

ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවඥයන්ට අනුව 20වන සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේ වඩාත් බලසම්පන්නම ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයා මොහුය. මොහු විසින් 1962 දී ලියන ලද ප්‍රාග්ධනීකරණය හා නිදහස යන කෘතියෙන් දේශපාලන හා සමාජ නිදහස නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ අරමුණෙන් නිදහස් වෙළඳපොළ තුළ රජයේ කාර්ය භා‍රය අවම කිරීම පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා කර ඇත. එසේම 1980 රූපවාහිනියෙන් විකාශනය වූ 'තේරීමේ නිදහස' නම් වැඩසටහන් මාලාව තුළින් ෆීඩ්මන් විසින් නිදහස් වෙළඳපොළක ක්‍රියාකාරීත්‍වය පැහැදිළි කළ අතර ඒ තුළින්  සමාජ හා දේශපාලන ප්‍රශ්න විසදීම උදෙසා තිබෙන ප්‍රතිපත්ති පෙන්වා දුන්නේ වෙනත් ක්‍රම එලෙස එයට විසඳුම් නොසපයන බවද පෙන්වා දෙමිනි.

1946 කොලොම්බියා සරසවියෙන් ආර්ථික විද්‍යා පශ්චාත් උපාධිය ලබා ගත්තේය.මොහු ඉහළ බදු පැනවීම අතින් කේනීසියානුවාදීන්ට සහයෝගය දක්වන්නකු ලෙස පෙනේ. 1970 පෙර නිදහස් වෙළඳාම නම් සංකල්පය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයන් අතර ඉතා අවම වශයෙන් පැවති සංකල්පයකි. රාජ්‍ය නිර්බාදකරණය ලෙසින් ඔහු විසින්ම හඳුන්වා ගනු ලබන ඔහුගේ දේශපාලන මතය තුළින් අවධාරණය කරන්නේ නිදහස් වෙළඳපොළේ වාසි හා රජය මැදිහත් වීමේ අවාසි පිළිබඳවය. ඔහු 'රාජ‍්‍ය නිර්බාදකරළණය' මුළු ක්‍ෂේත්‍රය පුරාම ව්‍යාප්ත වීම දැක ගනු පිණිස ජීවත් විය. 1980 දශකයේදී ඔහුගේ අදහස පිළිගනු ලැබිනි. මූල්‍ය ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පිළිබඳ , බදුකරණය පිළිබඳ , පෞද්ගලීකරණය හා ප්‍රතිපත්ති ලිහිල්කරණය පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ මත තුළින් විශ්වය පුරා රජයේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය අදහස් කරයි. විශේෂයෙන්ම ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රොනල්ඩ් රේගන් හා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ මාග්‍රට් ටැචර්ට උපදේශන සේවා සැපයීම විශේෂය.

ෆීඩ්මන්ගේ දේශපාලන පිළිබඳ ස්ථාවරය ආර්ථික ඉතිහාසය හා ආර්ථික මාතෘකා ආවරණය කළ ඔහුගේ ලිපි රාශියක් මඟින් අනාවරණය වේ.

ඔහුගේ අධ්‍යාපනය හා කුඩා කාලය

සාරා ඊස්ටන් හා ජෙනෝ සෝල් ෆීඩ්මන්ගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයා මිල්‍ටන් ෆීඩ්මන්ය.මොහු ත්‍යාගලාබී ශිෂ්‍යයකු වශයෙන් උපාධිය ලැබුවේ 1928 රේවේ උසස් පාසලෙනි. ඒ ඔහුගේ 16 වන උපන්දිනට පෙරදීය. කලා උපාධිධාරියකු ලෙසින් 1932 නිව් ජර්සිහි පිහිටි රට්ගර්ස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන් උපාධිය ලැබීය. මොහුට මෙම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල අධ්‍යාපන‍ය ලැබුනේ තරඟකාරී ශිෂ්‍යත්වයක ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙනි. මෙහි අරතර් එ‍ෆ්.බර්ග්ස් හා හෝමර් ජෝන්ස් යටතේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ඇත. එසේම ඔහු සතුව ගණිතය පිළිබඳ අසහාය දැනුමක් විය.
රට්ගර්හි උපාධිය ලැබීමෙන් පසුව සංඛ්‍යාන ගණිතය පිළිබඳ හැදෑරීම‍ට බ්‍රව්නි සරසවියට ගොස් ඇත. එසේම 1933 දී ශාස්ත්‍රවේදී උපාධිය චිකාගෝ සරසවියෙන් ලබා ඇත. ජනවාරි 29 2007 දින මිල්ටන් ෆීඩ්මන් දිනය වේ.

ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවට දායකත්වය
මොහු මූල්‍යවාදී ගුරුකුලයේ පියා ලෙස සැලකේ. ඔහුට අනුව මුදල් සැපයුම හා උද්ධමනය අතර සමීප හා ස්ථායි සබඳතාවක් ති‍බේ. එනම් ජාතික ආර්ථිකයේ මුදල් සැපයුම පාලනය කිරීම තුළින් උද්ධමනයට බලපෑම් කළ හැක. ඔහු කේනීසියානුවාදී 'ඉල්ලුම් කළමනාකරණ' මත‍ය ප්‍රතික්‍ෂේප කරයි. ඔහු රජයේ දායකත්වය සීමා කළ යුතු බව පවසන නමුත් උපදෙස් සපයන්නෙකු ලෙස පැවතීමක් අපේක්‍ෂා කරයි. එසේම ඔහු ස්ථිර ආදායම් කල්පිතය (1957) මත පදනම් වූ පරිභෝජන ශ්‍රි‍තයක් ගැන සාකච්ඡා කර ඇත.එසේම ෆිලිප්ස් වක්‍රය හා ස්වභාවික සේවා වියුක්ති අනුපාතය පිළිබඳසොයා බැලීම් වලට දායක වී ඇත.

එසේම ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව,අරමුණු ඉටු කර ගැනීමේදී විද්‍යාවක් ලෙසින් වටිනාකම් විනිශ්චයන්ට නිදහස්ව තිබිය යුතු බව දැක්වීය.එසේම සාධාරණත්වය ඉෂ්ට කිරීම සඳහා ඔහු විසින් හඳුන්වා දුන් වව්චර් ක්‍රමයද වැදගත් වේ.

විද්‍යාඥයෝ

මිල්‍ටන් ෆීඩ්මන්


The Shire of South Gippsland is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the south-eastern part of the state. It covers an area of  and, in June 2018, had a population of 29,576.

It includes the towns of Leongatha, Korumburra, Foster, Poowong, Mirboo North and Meeniyan. It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the former Shire of South Gippsland with the Shire of Mirboo, and parts of the Shire of Korumburra and Shire of Woorayl.

The Shire is governed and administered by the South Gippsland Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Leongatha, it also has a service centre located in Mirboo North. The Shire is named after the Gippsland region, in which the LGA occupies the southernmost portion, including Wilsons Promontory at the southern tip of the Australian continent.

Council

Current composition
The council is composed of three wards and nine councillors, with three councillors per ward elected to represent each ward. The entire council were sacked by the state government on 19 June 2019 due to bullying allegations and general dysfunctionality. The council was run by administrators until 2021 when a new council was elected.

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Leongatha Municipal Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at both its administrative centre in Leongatha, and its service centre in Mirboo North.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the shire had a population of 30,577 up from 28,703 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA
* - Not noted in 2016 Census
# - Not noted in 2021 Census

See also
List of localities (Victoria)

References

External links
South Gippsland Shire Council official website
Metlink local public transport map
Link to Land Victoria interactive maps

Local government areas of Victoria (state)
Gippsland (region)

South Gippsland Shire


Zhang Yimou (; d. 14 Kasım 1951, Şensi), Çinli film yönetmenidir.

Kültür Devrimi sırasında çiftçi, çoban ve dokuma işçisi olarak çalıştı. Ödüller kazandığı fotografçılık uğraşısının ardından 1978 yılında yeniden açılan Pekin Film Akademisine başladı. 1978 - 1982 yılları arasında sinema eğitimi gördükten sonra Zhang Junzhau tarafından yönetilen The One and The Eight, Chen Kaige tarafından yönetilen Yellow Earth ve The Pig Parade, Wu Tianming tarafından yönetilen The Old Well filmlerinin görüntü yönetmeni olarak çalıştı.

İlk yönetmenlik çalışması 1988 yapımı Red Sorghum / Kızıl Mısır Tarlalarıdır. Bütün Filmleriyle uluslararası film festivallerinde ödüller kazanmıştır. Zaman zaman Çin resmi kaynaklarında yer almayan ticari ve düşük kaliteli filmler de çevirmiş olduğu bilinmektedir.

Beşinci Kuşak olarak adlandırılan bir grubun temsilcisi olan yönetmen, ayrıca Pekin 2008 Olimpiyatları'nın açılış ve kapanış törenlerinin de tasarımcısıdır.

Ödülleri
 Yellow Earth - Montreal Film Festivali / En İyi Görüntü Ödülü
 Yellow Earth - Hawai Film Festivali / En İyi Görüntü Ödülü
 The Old Well - 2. Tokyo Festivali / En İyi Aktör Ödülü
 Qui Ju Da Guansi - 1992 Venedik Film Festivali / Altın Aslan Ödülü
 Vivre - 1994 Cannes Film Festivali / Jüri Özel Ödülü

Filmografi
 Kızıl Darı Tarlaları (Red Sorghum) (1987) Hong gao liang (紅高梁)
 Puma Action (1989) Daihao meizhoubao (代號"美洲豹")
 Ju Dou (1990) (菊豆)
 Kırmızı Fenerler (Raise the Red Lantern) (1991) Da hong deng long gao gao gua (大紅燈籠高高掛)
 Qiu Ju'nun Öyküsü (The Story of Qiu Ju) (1992) Qiu Ju da guan si (秋菊打官司)
 Yaşamak (Huozhe - 活着) (1994)
 Şangay Üçlüsü (Shanghai Triad) (1995) Yao a yao yao dao waipo qiao (搖呀搖﹐搖到外婆橋)
 Lumiere ve Ortakları (Lumière and Company) (1996) Lumière et compagnie Sakin Ol (Keep Cool) (1997) You hua hao hao shuo (有話好好說)
 Eve Dönüş Yolu (The Road Home) (1999) Wo de fu qin mu qin (我的父亲母亲)
 Bir Daha Asla (Not One Less) (1999) Yi ge dou bu neng shao (一个都不能少)
 Mutlu Zamanlar (Happy Time) (2001) Xingfu shiguang (幸福时光)
 Kahraman (Hero) (2002) Ying xiong (英雄)
 Parlayan Hançerler (House of Flying Daggers) (2004) Shi mian mai fu'' (十面埋伏)
 Çin Seddi (2017) Yönetmen

Dış bağlantılar
 IMDb Sayfası
 kameraarkasi.org

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel

1951 doğumlular
Xi'an doğumlular
Çinli film yönetmenleri
Çinli görüntü yönetmenleri
BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri
Ordre des Arts et des Lettres şövalyeleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kişiler
Boston Film Eleştirmenleri Derneği En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Boston Film Eleştirmenleri Derneği Ödülü sahipleri

Zhang Yimou


"Mind War" is the sixth episode of the first season of the science fiction television series, Babylon 5.

Plot
Jason Ironheart, Talia Winters' old instructor at Psi-Corps, arrives at Babylon 5, having recently evaded capture. Psi-Corps agents Alfred Bester and his assistant Kelsey arrive shortly thereafter, and meet with Sinclair, Ivanova, and Winters, warning them that Ironheart is aboard and they need to perform a manhunt for them. To verify that Winters has not yet met him, Bester and Kelsey put Winters under an intense mind probe, but find no contact. Sinclair asks Bester if there is any danger to the station from Ironheart, but Bester assures them he is safe.

Ironheart contacts Winters and asks her to visit. In his guest quarters, he explains that he is an advanced test subject from Psi-Corps, an attempt to raise the telepathic abilities of humans well beyond any known levels. The tests they performed on him gave him advanced telekinesis, for which he believes that Psi-Corps wants to use him as a secret assassin. However, his abilities are growing beyond his control, and as he speaks to Winters, he suffers a "mind quake", shaking the nearby area violently. He begs Winters to leave, after which he creates a psychic barrier around his quarters and several sections around it. Alerted to the situation, Sinclair accosts Bester in lying to him as one of his security men was injured trying to pass the barrier. Some time later, Winters convinces Ironheart to let her in. Ironheart warns Talia that he cannot control his powers and must leave the station. Winters discreetly relays this to Sinclair, who agrees to meet with Ironheart; after hearing his story, Sinclair agrees to help him escape. He has security clear a path to the docking bay, but Bester learns of this and attempts to stop them. As both Bester and Kelsey places Ironheart under a psychic assault, but Ironheart resists and uses his powers to psychically destroy Kelsey. Sinclair knocks Bester out, giving Winters time to escort Ironheart to his ship. Once launched, Ironheart's powers fully transform him into an ethereal being. He thanks Sinclair for his help and gives Winters a "gift" before his form departs. Later, Sinclair convinces Bester to lie in his report, that Ironheart was killed in his ship, otherwise he will threaten to show how Bester lied to him. That evening, in her quarters, Winters finds she now has primitive telekinesis.

Meanwhile, Catherine Sakai is told of a planet named Sigma 957 which an excavation company would like a survey of, willing to pay her a handsome sum for it. As she prepares, Narn ambassador G'Kar warns her not to go, as the planet is inhospitable and not worth the effort, but she goes anyway. When she arrives, a ship of alien origin passes hers in orbit before disappearing, and her ship loses power, causing her orbit to decay. However, she is rescued in time by two Narn fighters summoned to help her by G'Kar. Back on Babylon 5 she asks G'Kar why he helped, and he vaguely passes on a sound reason. She also asks about the ship, but G'Kar deflects this question as well, saying that there are beings that have been in the galaxy much longer than they have, and compares her encounter to that of an ant being picked up by a human - they might not even know she was there.

Production, visual and sound effects
Actor Walter Koenig, who played the recurring role of Psi Cop Alfred Bester, is best known for he portrayal of Pavel Chekov in the original Star Trek series and films. Koenig was originally offered the role of Knight Two in the episode 'And the Sky full of Stars', but was unable to do so because of health issues. Koenig was shifted to the role of Bester in this episode.

Catherine Sakai was played by Julia Nickson, who had previously played the female lead in Rambo: First Blood Part II.

Jason Ironheart was played by William Allen Young, an actor and director who has starred in over 100 television, stage, and film projects, including two Academy Award-nominated films, A Soldier's Story and District 9.

Bester's aide Kelsey was played by English actress Felicity Waterman, who played Vanessa Hunt in the series Knot's Landing; and played Lt. Abigail Hawling on the series Pensacola: Wings of Gold.

The Babylon 5 makeup department involved in this episode – consisting of Everett Burrell, Greg Funk, Mary Kay Morse, Ron Pipes and John Vulich – won the 1994 Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series for the previous episode of the season, "The Parliament of Dreams"

For its visual effects scenes, Babylon 5 pioneered the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) scenes – instead of using more expensive physical models – in a television series.<ref name="Britt">{{cite web |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/5-things-babylon-5-did-that-changed-science-fiction-forever |title=5 Things that Babylon 5 did that changed science fiction forever. |last=Britt |first=Ryan |date=11 July 2019 |website=www.syfy.com |publisher=SYFY Media LLC. |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009164702/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/5-things-babylon-5-did-that-changed-science-fiction-forever |archive-date= 2021-10-09 |quote=And though this may seem shocking now, in the early and mid-'90s, CGI was not the default for sci-fi special effects. Most big sci-fi shows and movies (like Star Trek) all still used physical models, which are notoriously more expensive. But all of Babylon 5'''s spaceships and space stations were made in a computer.}}</ref> This also enabled motion effects which are difficult to create using models, such as the rotation of fighter craft along multiple axes, or the rotation and banking of a virtual camera. The visual effects were created by Foundation Imaging using 24 Commodore Amiga 2000 computers with LightWave 3D software and Video Toaster cards, 16 of which were dedicated to rending each individual frame of CGI, with each frame taking on average 45 minutes to render. In-house resource management software managed the workload of the Amiga computers to ensure that no machine was left idle during the image rendering process.

The scenes of the rail car travelling through the interior of the station were created by effects designer Eric Chauvin. The production team built a set of the rail car, which was filmed in front of blue screen, and the core background was rendered and composited by Chauvin.

The Starfury fighter design seen in the episode was designed by Steve Burg as a function-driven design for a plausible zero-gravity fighter. The positioning of the four engine pods at the extremities of the craft was inspired by Ron Cobb's design for the Gunstar fighter from The Last Starfighter. The basic shape of the Starfury's wings was inspired by an earlier unused design by Burg for a military robot fighting machine, which he had originally designed for Terminator 2. This was merged with the multi-engined configuration to form the Starfury design. Burg points out that the wings/struts were not aerodynamic: they were there to lever the engines away from the center of mass.

Music for the title sequence and the episode was provided by the series' composer, Christopher Franke.  Franke developed themes for each of the main characters, the station, for space in general, and for the alien races, endeavoring to carry a sense of the character of each race.

Reviews
Rowan Kaiser, writing in The A.V. Club, identifies transcendence as a key theme of the episode. He singles out an exchange between Ironheart and Talia: "'I am becoming.' 'Becoming what?' 'Everything.' And he does. The episode ends with him becoming an awkward CGI energy being, essentially a god." Kaiser also identifies that how G 'Kar describes the beings at Sigma 957 is going to apply equally to Ironheart.

Elias Rosner, writing in Multiversity Comics, highlights the performance of Walter Koenig as Bester. Rosner writes, "He does a great job of making telepathy and, well, everything look menacing and shady. He's transparently evil but not in a way that's cliché or over-the-top. You never know if he's hiding around a corner, listening in, and he makes sure you know that. He's the right amount of cold evil and gives just the best deliveries of the episode. He is Bester."<ref name="Rosner">{{cite web |url=http://www.multiversitycomics.com/tv/babylon-5-mind-war  |title=Five Thoughts on Babylon 5's 'Mind War.' |last=Rosner |first=Elias |date=27 June 2018 |website=Multiversity Comics |publisher=Matthew Meylikhov |access-date= |quote= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= }}</ref>

Jules-Pierre Malartre, writing in the science fiction review site, Den of Geek'', notes that the episode is episode is "heavy on sci-fi and social issues", and deals with concepts such as "equality and the potential of human evolution." Malartre also highlights Walter Koenig's performance as Bester: "Babylon 5 would produce a number of villains over the course of its five seasons, but Bester comes out as the best of the lot, thanks in great part to Koenig's unique performance, at once charismatic and chilling."

References

External links

Babylon 5 episodes
1994 American television episodes
Television episodes about psychic powers

Mind War