{{Infobox film
| name           = Evil Angels
| image          = EVILANGELS.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = Fred Schepisi
| producer       = Verity Lambert
| screenplay     = Robert CaswellFred Schepisi
| based_on       =
| starring       =
| music          = Bruce Smeaton
| cinematography = Ian Baker
| editing        = Jill Bilcock
| distributor    = Warner Bros. (United States)Roadshow Entertainment (Australia)Cannon Films (International)
| released       =
| runtime        = 121 minutes
| country        = Australia United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $15 million
| gross          = $6.9 million (United States)<ref>"Box Office Information for: 'A Cry in the Dark'. " Box Office Mojo. Retrieved: 14 April 2012.</ref>
}}Evil Angels (released as A Cry in the Dark outside Australia and New Zealand) is a 1988 Australian drama film directed by Fred Schepisi. The screenplay by Schepisi and Robert Caswell is based on John Bryson's 1985 book of the same name. It chronicles the case of Azaria Chamberlain, a nine-week-old baby girl who disappeared from a campground near Uluru in August 1980, and the struggle of her parents, Michael Chamberlain and Lindy Chamberlain, to prove their innocence to a public convinced that they were complicit in her death. Meryl Streep and Sam Neill star as the Chamberlains.

The film was released less than two months after the Chamberlains were exonerated by the Northern Territory Court of Appeals of all charges filed against them. The film received generally favourable reviews, with Streep's performance receiving high praise and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress, but was a box office disappointment, grossing only $6.9 million against its $15 million budget.

Plot
Seventh-day Adventist Church pastor Michael Chamberlain, his wife Lindy Chamberlain, their two sons, and their nine-week-old daughter Azaria are on a camping holiday in the Australian Outback. With the baby sleeping in their tent, the family enjoys a barbecue with their fellow campers when a cry is heard. Lindy returns to the tent to check and is certain she sees a dingo with something in its mouth running off as she approaches. When she discovers the infant is missing, everyone joins forces to search for her, without success. It is assumed what Lindy saw was the animal carrying Azaria, and a subsequent inquest rules her account of events as true.

However, the tide of public opinion soon turns against the Chamberlains. For many, Lindy seems too stoic, too cold-hearted, and too accepting of the disaster that has befallen the family. Gossip about her begins to swell and soon is accepted as statements of fact. The couple's religious beliefs are not widely practised in the country, and when the media report a rumour that the name Azaria means "sacrifice in the wilderness", the public is quick to believe they decapitated their baby with a pair of scissors as part of a bizarre religious rite.

Law-enforcement officials find new witnesses, forensics experts, and circumstantial evidence and reopen the investigation, eventually charging Lindy with murder. Seven months pregnant, she ignores her attorneys' advice to play to the jury's sympathy and appears stoic on the stand, convincing some onlookers of her guilt. As the trial progresses, Michael's faith in his religion and his belief in his wife falter, and he stumbles through his testimony, suggesting he is concealing the truth. In October 1982, Lindy is found guilty and immediately sentenced to life imprisonment with hard labour, while Michael is found guilty as an accessory and given an 18-month suspended sentence.

More than three years later, while searching for the body of an English tourist who fell from Uluru, police discover clothing that is identified as the jacket Lindy had insisted Azaria was wearing over her jumpsuit, which had been recovered early in the investigation. Lindy is immediately released from prison, the case is reopened and all convictions against the Chamberlains are overturned. The film ends with Michael commenting on the ongoing battle to clear the family's name.

Cast
 Meryl Streep as Lindy Chamberlain
 Sam Neill as Michael Chamberlain
 Bruce Myles as Ian Barker, Q.C.
 Neil Fitzpatrick as John Phillips, Q.C.
 Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Justice James Muirhead
 Maurie Fields as Justice Denis Barritt
 Nick Tate as Det. Graeme Charlwood
 Lewis Fitz-Gerald as Stuart Tipple
 Dorothy Alison as Avis Murchison, Lindy's mother
 Ruby Hunter as Judy Roberts
 Vincent Gil as Roff
 Maureen Edwards as Kate Woodman
 Mark Mitchell as School Teacher
 Ian Gilmour
 Peter Hosking

Production
John Bryson's book Evil Angels was published in 1985 and film rights were bought by Verity Lambert, who got the interest of Meryl Streep. Robert Caswell wrote a script and Fred Schepisi agreed to direct. The movie was one of the most expensive and elaborate ever shot in Australia, with 350 speaking cast and 4,000 extras.

Reception
In his review in The New York Times, Vincent Canby said the film "has much of the manner of a television docudrama, ultimately being a rather comforting celebration of personal triumph over travails so dread and so particular that they have no truly disturbing, larger application. Yet A Cry in the Dark is better than that, mostly because of another stunning performance by Meryl Streep, who plays Lindy Chamberlain with the kind of virtuosity that seems to redefine the possibilities of screen acting ... Though Sam Neill is very good as Lindy Chamberlain's tormented husband, Miss Streep supplies the guts of the melodrama that are missing from the screenplay."

"Mr. Schepisi has chosen to present the terrible events in the outback in such a way that there's never any doubt in the audience's mind about what happened. The audience doesn't worry about the fate of the Chamberlains as much as it worries about the unconvincing ease with which justice is miscarried. Mr. Schepisi may have followed the facts of the case, but he has not made them comprehensible in terms of the film. The manner by which justice miscarries is the real subject of the movie. In this screenplay, however, it serves only as a pretext for a personal drama that remains chilly and distant ... As a result, the courtroom confrontations are so weakened that A Cry in the Dark becomes virtually a one-character movie. It's Mr. Schepisi's great good fortune that that one character is portrayed by the incomparable Meryl Streep."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed, "Schepisi is successful in indicting the court of public opinion, and his methodical (but absorbing) examination of the evidence helps us understand the state's circumstantial case. In the lead role, Streep is given a thankless assignment: to show us a woman who deliberately refused to allow insights into herself. She succeeds, and so, of course, there are times when we feel frustrated because we do not know what Lindy is thinking or feeling. We begin to dislike the character, and then we know how the Australian public felt. Streep's performance is risky, and masterful."

In The Washington Post, Rita Kempley said, "Streep – yes, with another perfect accent – brings her customary skillfulness to the part. It's not a showy performance, but the heroine's internal struggle seems to come from the actress' pores. Neill, who costarred with Streep in Plenty, is quite good as a humble, bewildered sort who finally breaks under cross-examination." Variety made note of the "intimate, incredible detail in the classy, disturbing drama."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 94% from 31 reviews.

Box officeEvil Angels grossed A$3,006,964 at the box office in Australia. This was considered a disappointment considering the publicity and subject matter.

Accolades

In popular culture
In 2005, the phrase "The dingo took my baby!", was nominated by the American Film Institute in its list of AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes. The quote, often incorrectly quoted as "a dingo ate my baby", became part of pop culture after the release of the movie, appearing on such shows as Seinfeld, The Simpsons, Frasier, Supernatural, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Baby Daddy, as well as The Rugrats Movie.

In June 2008, the AFI revealed its "Ten Top Ten"—the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Evil Angels was acknowledged as ninth best in the courtroom drama genre.

See also
 Cinema of Australia
 Trial movies

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Bryson, John. Evil Angels. Ringwood, Australia: Penguin Books, 1985 (first edition). .
 Chamberlain, Lindy. Through My Eyes: Lindy Chamberlain, An Autobiography. Melbourne, Australia: William Heinemann, 1990. .
 Stratton, David. The Avocado Plantation: Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry''. London: Pan MacMillan, 1990. .

External links

 Evil Angels at Oz Movies

1988 films
1988 drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s historical drama films
1980s historical romance films
1980s legal drama films
1980s mystery films
1988 romantic drama films
American legal drama films
Australian films based on actual events
Australian historical drama films
Australian historical romance films
Australian romantic drama films
Courtroom films
Cultural depictions of Australian women
Drama films based on actual events
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films about missing people
Films based on works by Australian writers
Films directed by Fred Schepisi
Films scored by Bruce Smeaton
Films set in the Northern Territory
Films shot in the Northern Territory
Golan-Globus films
Warner Bros. films
Uluru

Evil Angels (film)


Mehmet Nevid Kodallı (12 Ocak 1925, Mersin - 1 Eylül 2009, Mersin), Türk besteci, eğitimcidir.

Devlet Sanatçısı unvanına sahip besteci, özellikle ses ve sahne müzikleri ile tanınır. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün naaşı Etnografya Müzesi'nden Anıtkabir'e taşınırken seslendirilen Atatürk Oratoryosu'nun bestecisidir. Gılgamış Operası, Van Gogh Operası, Hürrem Sultan Balesi tanınmış eserlerinden bazılarıdır.

Yaşamı
12 Ocak 1925'te Mersin'de dünyaya geldi. Beş çocuklu bir ailenin en küçüğü idi. Annesi Giritli bir ailenin kızı olan Melek Hanım, babası Ziraat Bankası müdürü Rıfat Bey'dir.  İlk müzik derslerini keman ve viyolonsel çalan ağabeyi Hayri Kodallı'dan aldı.  Ortaokuldaki müzik öğretmeni İrfan Sarmer müzik yeteneğinin gelişmesine katkıda bulundu.

Konservatuvar Yılları
Ortaokulu Mersin'de bitiren Nevit Kodallı, 1939 yılında Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı Kompozisyon bölümüne girdi. Necil Kazım Akses ile kompozisyon, Ferhunde Erkin'le piyano, Ernst Praetorius ve Hasan Ferit Alnar'la teori ve müzik tarihi çalıştı. Beste yapmaya konservatuvardaki öğrencilik yıllarında başlayan Kodallı'nın bir konserde seslendirilen ilk eseri 1942 yılında konservatuvarın son sınıfında iken piyano için yazdığı ve aynı yıl Bülent Arel tarafından seslendirilen "Ballad"'dır. Öğrencilik yıllarında piyanonun yanı sıra viyola, alto saksafon ve bağlama çalmayı öğrendi. Ancak asıl çalgısı piyano idi ve ilk bestelerini de piyano için besteledi. 1945 yılında sınıf atlama sınavı için bestelediği "Yaylı Çalgılar İçin Altılı", ertesi yıl Ankara Radyosu'nda seslendirildi. Öğrenciliği sırasında bestelediği eserler arasında büyük senfoni için "Do Majör Senfoni" (1946), yedi şiir üzerine yazdığı "7 poem" (1947) adlı eserler yer alır.

Paris'teki eğitimi
Konservatuvarın ileri devresini 1947'de bitiren besteci, 1948'de Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı'nın açmış olduğu Avrupa Konkuru'nu birincilikle kazandı ve devlet bursuyla Fransa'ya gönderildi. Paris'te Ecole Normale de Musique'de Arthur Honegger'in kompozisyon, Jean Fournet'nin orkestra şefliği öğrencisi olarak çalışan Kodallı, ayrıca Nadia Boulanger'den özel dersler aldı.

Paris'te çok verimli bir dönem geçiren Kodallı'nın 1946'da bestelediği orkestra suiti, 1948'de Prag Senfoni Orkestrası tarafından seslendirildi. Paris'te tamamladığı "1. Senfoni", 1950'de Ankara'da Cumhur Filarmoni Orkestrası tarafından, 1949'da yine Paris'te şan ve piyano için bestelediği "Pastiches" (Benzetmeler) adlı eseri Aydın Gün tarafından Paris Radyosu'nda, "Yaylı Çalgılar için Sinfonietta" adlı eseri 1950'de Darmstad Opera Orkestrası tarafından seslendirildi. Hocası Ferhunde Erkin'e ithaf ettiği piyano eserini 1950 yılında tamamlayan besteci, Atatürk için bir oratoryo besteleme düşüncesi ile konservatuvarda edebiyat öğretmeni olan Cahit Külebi'den bir oratoryo metni istedi. Paris'teki öğrencilik döneminin sonunda kendisine ulaşan metni bestelemeyi 1951 sonlarında tamamladı.

Türkiye'ye Dönüşü
Kodallı, 1953 yılında Türkiye'ye döndü ve Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda kompozisyon öğretmenliğine getirildi. O yıl, Atatürk'ün naaşının Etnografya Müzesi'nden Anıtkabir'e nakli törenlerinde Cahit Külebi'nin bir şiiri üzerine bestelediği Atatürk Oratoryosu ilk kez seslendirildi. 1994 yılında kadar görev yaptığı konservatuvarda öğretmen olarak çağdaş Türk kompozitörlerden Doç.Turgay Erdener başta olmak üzere birçok ünlü bestecinin yetişmesini sağladı.  1989 – 1993 arasında okulun müzik ve müzikoloji bölümü başkanlığı yaptı.

1954 yılında Yapı Kredi Bankası'nın açtığı yarışmayı şan ve piyano için bestelediği "2 Lied" adlı eseri ile kazandı.  Aynı yıl Orhan Asena'nın Gılgamış Destanı'ndan esinlenerek yazdığı, Cüneyt Gökçer'in sahneye koyduğu "Tanrılar ve İnsanlar" adlı tiyatro eserine sahne müziği yazdı.  O yıl ayrıca Ankara Devlet Opera ve Balesi'nde orkestra şefi olarak görev yaptı.

1955 yılında Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı'ndaki görevinden geçici olarak izin aldı ve Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu'nda çalışmaya başladı. Bu kurumdaki görevi sırasında 250 sahne müziği yazarak bunların seslendirilmesini üstlendi. Bu çalışmalar ona opera bestelemek için gerekli deneyimi kazandırdı.

1955 – 1991 yılları arasında Ankara Devlet Opera ve Balesi'nde orkestra şefliği yaptı.  Operada idari görevler de aldı. 1971 – 1981 yılları arasında Devlet Balesi'nde yönetmenlik yaptı.

Bestecilik Çalışmaları
Besteci, ilk özgün operası Van Gogh'u 1956'da tamamladı. Eser, 1957'de sahnelendi.  1958'de Antigone adlı tiyatro eseri için bale-pandomim müziği yazdı; ancak eser sahnelenmedi.

1960 yılında Olcay Şıhman ile evlendi.  Bu evlilikten Nihat (1962) ve Murat (1967) adlı iki oğlu dünyaya geldi. Nihat Kodallı tıp doktoru olurken, Murat Kodallı babası gibi meslek olarak müziği seçti.

Gılgamış Operası'nı  1960 yılında bestelemeye başlayan Kodallı, 1963 yılında eseri tamamladı; 1964 yılında ilk sahnelenişi gerçekleşti.

1967'de tekrar çalgı müziğine yöneldi.  "İkinci Yaylı Sazlar Kuarteti"'ni ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası'nın siparişi üzerine "Telli Turna Suiti"'ni besteledi.

"Ebru" adlı piyano kanteti (1971),  "Anıtkabir"  ve "Sultanahmet" adlı ses ve ışık gösterileri için müzikler (1972), "Güzelleme Suiti" (1973), "Cumhuriyet Kantatı" (1973), "Hürrem Sultan Balesi" (1976) , "Viyolonsel Konçertosu" (1983) çalgı müziği alanındaki başlıca yaratılarıdır.

2001 yılında A. Kadir Paksoy'un Hacı Bektaş Destanı üzerinde çalışmaya başladı ise de, bu oratoryo çalışması yarım kalmıştır.

Son Yılları
1981 yılında Devlet Sanatçısı unvanı verilen  Nevit Kodallı, 1985 yılında profesörlüğe yükseldi. 1980 yılından itibaren Çukurova Üniversitesi bünyesinde Kompozisyon Bölümü Kurulması için çabaladı ve  1989'da bölümün açılmasını sağladı. Aynı yıl Ankara'da Polifonik Korolar Derneği'ni kurdu.

Emekli olduktan sonra Mersin'e yerleşerek Çukurova Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda dersler verdi ve Mersin Filarmoni Derneği'nin danışmanlığını yaptı. Sanatçı, 1997'de Sevda-Cenap And Vakfı tarafından "Onur Ödülü Altın Madalyası" ile ödüllendirildi. Erdoğan Okyay tarafından hakkında "Nevit Kodallı: Türkülerden Oratoryoya" (1998) , Evin İlyasoğlu tarafından Mersin'den Yükselen Çağdaş Bir Ses: Nevit Kodallı adlı kitap yazılmıştır.

1 Eylül 2009'da kalp krizi nedeniyle hayatını kaybetti. Cenazesi, Mersin Şehir Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Mersin Güzel Sanatlar Lisesi'ne bestecinin adı verilmiştir. Mersin Polifonik Korolar Derneği tarafından 1998'den bu yana düzenlenen Çoksesli Korolar Festivali, Nevit Kodallı'nın adını taşır.

Ödüller
 Fransa'nın edebiyat ve güzel sanatlar alanında sunulan "Officier" nişanı
 1981: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Sanatçısı unvanı
 1997'de Sevda - Cenap And Müzik Vakfı'nın "Onur Ödülü Altın Madalyası"
 Anadolu Üniversitesi Fahri doktora
 Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fahri doktora

Başlıca Yapıtları

Oratoryo ve Kantat

 1950 - 1952 "Op. 13 Atatürk Oratoryosu", soprano, tenor, bariton, koro ve büyük orkestra için, Cahit Külebi'nin şiiri üzerine, İlk seslendirme: Ankara Devlet Operası Solistleri ve Hans Herner yönetimindeki Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası.
 1973 "Op. 25 Cumhuriyet Kantatı", solo tenor, koro ve orkestra için, ilk seslendirme: Hikmet Şimşek yönetimindeki Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası. Solist: Cemil Sökmen

Opera ve Bale Müziği

 1954 - 1956 "Op. 16 Van Gogh", beş perde; solistler, koro ve orkestra için, ilk temsil: Ankara Devlet Operası, şef: Kodallı.
 1962 - 1964 "Op. 19 Gılgamış", dört perde; solistler, koro ve orkestra için, Orhan Asena'nın librettosu üzerine; ilk temsil: Ankara Devlet Opera ve Balesi, şef: Kodallı.
 1958 "Op. 17 Antigone", büyük orkestra için,
 1976 "Op. 27 Hürrem Sultan", büyük orkestra için, ilk seslendirme: Ankara Devlet Opera ve Balesi Orkestrası, şef: Nevit Kodallı

Orkestra Eserleri ve Konçertolar

 1946 "Op. 5 Suit", ilk seslendirme: Hans Rosbau yönetimindeki Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası
 1948 "Op. 9 Sinfonia (do majör), ilk seslendirme: Hans Rosbau yönetimindeki Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası
 1969 "Op. 22 Telli Turna", küçük orkestra için "suit", ilk seslendirme: Hikmet Şimşek yönetimindeki Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası
 1980 "Op. 24 Ebru", "kentet"in orkestra düzenlemesi, ilk seslendirilme: Hikmet Şimşek yönetimindeki C.S.O. solist: Gülay Uğurata
 1974 "Op. 26 Güzelleme", küçük suit, ilk seslendirme: Ankara Halkevi Orkestrası
 1983 "Op. 28 Viyolonsel Konçertosu", ilk seslendirme: Hikmet Şimşek yönetimindeki C.S.O. solist: Ali Doğan

Oda Müziği ve Koro Eserleri

 1945 "Op. 3 Passacaglia ve fugue", yaylılar orkestrası için
 1945 "Op. 4 Sextet", yaylı çalgılar için, ilk seslendirme: Ankara Radyosu, Orhan Borar, Fethi Kopuz, Behzat Şarıl, Naci Bolgi, Nusret Kayar, Enver Kakıcı
 1947 "Op. 8 Kuartet No:1", yaylılar için, ilk seslendirme: Tibor Varga Kuarteti, Darmstadt
 1949 "Op. 10 Sinfoniette", yaylılar orkestrası için, ilk seslendirme: Darmstadt Tiyatro Orkestrası, Şef: Herman Scherchen
 1954 "Op. 15 Poema", solo keman için, ilk seslendirme: Lico Amar, İsviçre Radyosu
 1966 "Op. 21 Kuartet No:2", yaylılar için, ilk seslendirme: Suna Kan, Ulvi Yüvelen, Ruşen Güneş, Doğan Cangal
 1971 "Op. 23 Ebru", piyanolu beşli, ilk seslendirme: Viyana Solistleri
 1962 "Op. 20 Beş Halk Türküsü", ilk seslendirme: Ankara Devlet Opera Korosu

Şan ve Piyano Eserleri

 1946 "Op. 7 Yedi Şarkı" ilk seslendirme: Evin Örge, Bülent Arel
 1949 "Op. 11 Pastiches" ilk seslendirme: Radyo Paris, Solist: Aydın Gün
 1954 "Op. 14 iki şarkı" ilk seslendirme: Cemil Sökmen
 1958 "Op. 18 Garip Şarkılar Albümü" ilk seslendirme: Selim Ünokur ve Nevit Kodallı
 1942 "Op. 1 Ballad", ilk seslendirme: Bülent Arel
 1945 "Op. 2 Piyano için Parçalar" ilk seslendirme: Nevit Kodallı
 1950 "Op. 12 Sonat" ilk seslendirme: Nevit Kodallı
 1946 "Op. 6 Ostinato", çocuklar için ilk seslendirme: Nevit Kodallı

(Nevit Kodallı'nın ayrıca 250 dolayında tiyatro müziği, çok sayıda marş ve çocuk şarkısı vardır.)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Aslı Karaca, Nevit Kodallı'nın Tüm Müziklerinin Ayrıntılı İncelenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi, Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kompozisyon ve Orkestra Şefliği Anasanat Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mersin, 2008
 Metin And, 50 years of Turkish ballet, Turkish culture.org sitesi
 Facebook.com Prof. Nevit Kodallı Sayfası
 Atatürk Oratoryosu, Ankara Devlet Opera ve Balesi (mp3)

1924 doğumlular
Mersin doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk bestecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk bestecileri
Türk opera bestecileri
Devlet Sanatçıları
2009 yılında ölenler
Mersin'de ölenler
Yükseköğretim Kurulu Üniversitelerarası Kurul Başkanlığı kontenjanı üyeleri
Mersin Şehir Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
UNESCO Türkiye Millî Komisyonu Başkanvekilleri
École Normale de Musique de Paris'te öğrenim görenler
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarında öğrenim görenler

Nevit Kodallı


{{معلومات منافسة رياضية

بدأت بطولة أمم أوروبا لكرة القدم للسيدات في عام 1984.

ملخص النهائيات

البطولات الغير رسمية

البطولات بالمسمى القديم

البطولات بالمسمى الجديد

سجل الأبطال

انظر أيضا
 دوري أبطال أوروبا للسيدات
 بطولة أوروبا لكرة القدم للسيدات تحت 19 سنة

روابط إضافية
 UEFA Women's Championship
 BBC Sport - "How Women's Euros have evolved"

مراجع

أحداث رياضية دورية أسست في 1984
بطولات أوروبا
كرة القدم للسيدات في 2023
2023–24 في كرة قدم أوروبية
بطولات أوروبا في كرة القدم

بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات


Der Martinique-Hurrikan von 1891, auch bekannt als Hurrikan San Magín, war ein intensiver schwerer Hurrikan, der die Insel Martinique traf. Er verursachte auf der Insel schwere Schäden und hinterließ mehr als 700 Tote und mindestens 1000 Verletzte. Dabei handelte es sich um den dritten Hurrikan und einzigen schweren Hurrikan der atlantischen Hurrikansaison 1891. Der tropische Wirbelsturm wurde das erste Mal am 18. August östlich der Kleinen Antillen gesichtet. Dann überquerte der Sturm den Osten der Dominikanischen Republik, als er am 19. und 20. August einen nordwestlichen Kurs verfolgte. Er durchquerte am 20. August die Mona Passage und vom 22. bis 23. August überquerte der Sturm die Bahamas. Schließlich überquerte der Sturm den US-Bundesstaat Florida, bevor er sich nach dem 25. August im Golf von Mexiko auflöste. Die gesamten Sachschäden wurden mit 10 Millionen US-Dollar (in Preisen von 1891) beziffert.

Sturmverlauf

Äquivalent zur Kategorie 2 der viel später geschaffenen Saffir-Simpson-Hurrikan-Windskala mit Windgeschwindigkeiten von 170 km/h wurde der Hurrikan am 18. August 1891 um 12 Uhr UTC etwa 160 km östlich von Barbados zum ersten Mal gesichtet. Der Sturm zog mit einer Vorwärtsgeschwindigkeit von etwa 30 km/h nach Nordwesten und erreichte sechs Stunden später Windgeschwindigkeiten, die heute der Kategorie drei entsprechen und somit als schwerer Hurrikan verstanden werden. In dieser Nacht zog der Hurrikan über Martinique hinweg, wofür der Wirbelsturm vier Stunden benötigte. Es wurde berichtet, dass zahlreiche Bewohner der Insel während des Durchzugs des Sturmes an Taubheit litten, wovon man annimmt, dass dies das Ergebnis eines drastischen Abfall des barometrischen Luftdruckes war. Nachdem der Hurrikan mit Windgeschwindigkeiten von 200 km/h und einem minimalen zentralen Luftdruck von 961 mb seine größte Intensität erreichte, setzte die Abschwächung ein. Früh am 20. August handelte es sich noch um einen nach heutigen Maßstäben Kategorie-2-Hurrikan, der gegen 18 Uhr direkt südlich an Puerto Rico vorbeizog und dann, als er nach Norden drehte, am äußersten östlichen Rand der Dominikanischen Republik mit Windgeschwindigkeiten von 160 km/h über Land zog. Gegen Mitternacht am 21. August passierte der Wirbelsturm Grand Turk Island der Turks- und Caicosinseln knapp. Dort verzeichnete man am späten Nachmittag und in den Abendstunden häufige Regengüsse und um 22:15 Uhr wurde eine starke Windbö gemessen. Nach dieser Bö ging der Wind zurück; danach nahmen die Winde gegen Mitternacht wieder zu, allerdings aus westlicher Richtung. Gegen acht Uhr am Morgen wurde stetiger Regen auf der Insel beobachtet, und der Wind kam nun aus südlicher Richtung.

Zurück auf einem nordwestlichen Kurs schwächte sich der Hurrikan weiter ab, während er am 22. August durch die Bahamas wanderte. Es wurde gemeldet, dass das Sturmzentrum direkt über Crooked Island hinwegzog. Beginnend am 23. August lag ein Hochdruckrücken vor der südlichen Ostküste der Vereinigten Staaten. Der Hurrikan, nun in der Kategorie eins, wurde von diesem Hochdruckrücken daran gehindert, nach Norden oder Nordosten abzudrehen. Stattdessen wurde er nach Westen gelenkt, überquerte nach dem Landfall bei Homestead am 24. August die Halbinsel Florida als tropischer Sturm und gelangte in den Golf von Mexiko, wo er sich nach amtlichen Aufzeichnungen am 25. August auflöste. Allerdings gibt es Meldungen, die von einer zyklonischen Störung im östlichen Golf von Mexiko bis zum 29. August 1891 sprechen.

Auswirkungen
Auf Martinique traf der Hurrikan vor allem die östliche Seite der Insel. Während des Durchzugs wurden häufige Blitzschläge beobachtet. Häuser, die Ernte und Bäume auf der ganzen Insel wurden beschädigt. Speziell der Verlust der Ernte von Kaffee, Zucker und Baumwolle hatte große Auswirkungen auf die Wirtschaft der Insel. In Ducos, so wurde berichtet, hatten nur vier Häuser den Sturm überstanden, und in St. Pierre verloren mindestens 34 Personen ihr Leben durch die Auswirkungen des Hurrikans. in Fort de France stürzte der Haupttrakt des Krankenhauses ein und erschlug zwei Artilleriesoldaten. In Balata wurde ein Militärlager zerstört, bei den Häusern dort kam es zu schweren Dachschäden. Eine Reihe von Soldaten erlitten Verletzungen durch herumfliegende Bretter und Balken aus Holz. Alle Schiffe im Hafen wurden während des Hurrikans zerstört oder gingen unter.

Die Gesamtzahl der Opfer wurde zunächst mit 60 beziffert, und später hieß es, dass nur in den Küstenorten 118 Tote gezählt wurden, doch kurz nach dem Sturm war es schwierig, Informationen aus dem Landesinnern zu erhalten, weil viele Straßen durch die Auswirkungen des Sturms – zumeist umgestürzte Bäume, weggespültes Erdreich und Felssturz – unpassierbar geworden waren. Die Monthly Weather Review vom August 1891 gab schließlich an, dass 700 Menschen im Sturm umgekommen waren. Manche Zeitungen gaben jedoch an, dass die Passage des Hurrikans in Martinique mindestens 1000 Menschenleben gekostet habe. Außerdem wurden mindestens 1000 weitere Personen in direkter Folge des Wirbelsturms in der einen oder anderen Form verletzt. Der Sachschaden wurde auf 10 Millionen US-Dollar geschätzt (in Preisen von 1891; in heutigen Preisen rund  Millionen US-Dollar).

Als der Sturm nördlich an Grand Turk Island vorbeizog, ertranken drei Bewohner der Insel; außerdem kam es zu Schäden an kleineren Häusern und Schiffen. Den US-Bundesstaat Florida traf der Sturm in der Nähe von Homestead als minimaler Hurrikan; das Fehlen von Beobachtungen aus diesem Gebiet führt jedoch dazu, dass seine Auswirkungen auf den Bundesstaat nicht bekannt sind.

Belege

Literatur

Naturkatastrophe (19. Jahrhundert)
1891
Geschichte (Martinique)
Katastrophe 1891
Geschichte Puerto Ricos
Geschichte der Bahamas
Wetterereignis (Nordamerika)
Wetterereignis (Mittelamerika)
Wetterereignis (19. Jahrhundert)

Martinique-Hurrikan von 1891


ජොසොන්හි හොන්ජොං (1827 සැප්තැම්බර් 8 – 1849 ජූලි 25) යනු කොරියාවේ ජොසොන් රාජවංශයේ 24වන පාලකයායි. ඔහු සුන්ජෝ රජුගේ මුණුපුරා විය. ඔහුගේ පියා රජ වීමට පෙර 20 වන වියේදී මියගිය කිරුළහිමි හ්යෝම්යොං කුමරු (මරණාපර නාමය ඉක්ජොං විය) වූ අතර මව පුංග්යෑං ජෝ වංශයේ සින්ජොං අගබිසව වූවා ය. හොන්ජොං උපත ලැබූයේ හ්යෝම්යොංගේ මරණයට වර්ෂ තුනකට පෙර ය.

චරිතාපදානය
හොන්ජොං සිහසුනට පත් වූයේ 1834දී ඔහුගේ මුත්තණුවන් වූ සුන්ජෝ රජු මියයාමත් සමගයි. එවිට ඔහු 8වන වියේ පසු විය. සුන්ජෝ රජු මෙන් හොන්ජොං ද ළමා වියේ දී රජකමට පත් වූ බැවින්, ඔහුගේ මිත්තණිය වූ සුන්වොන් අගබිසව රාජ්‍යාධිකාරිනිය ලෙස ක්‍රියාකළා ය. හොන්ජොං රජු සිහසුනට පත්වුවද, ඔහුට ජොසොන් රාජ්‍යය පාලනය කිරීමට දේශපාලන බලයක් හිමිවූයේ නැත. හොන්ජොං වැඩිහිටි වියට පාතබන විට සුන්වොන් අගබිසව රාජ්‍ය පාලනය අත්හැරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළා ය. 1839 කතෝලික-විරෝධී ගිහේ හිංසාවෙන් පසු 1840දී, රාජධානියේ පාලනය ඔහුගේ මිත්තණිය වූ සුන්වොන් අගබිසවගේ පවුල වූ අන්දොං කිම්වරුන්ට නතු විය.

1849දී වර්ෂ 15ක් රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කළ හොන්ජොං රජු මියයන විට ඔහුගේ වයස අවුරුදු 21කි. ඔහුගේ දේහය ජොසොන්හි ඇතැම් රජවරුන් සහ රැජිනියන්ගේ දේහ මිහිදන් කළ සෝල්හි දොංගුර්යුං සොහොන් සමූහයේ, ග්යොංන්‍යොං සොහොන්ගැබෙහි භූමදාන කරන ලදී. හොන්ජොං රජු සිහසුනට උරුමකරුවකු නොමැතිව මියගිය හෙයින්, රාජ්‍යයේ කිරුළ යොංජෝ රජුගෙන් පැවත එන දූරස්ථ ඥාතියකු වූ චොල්ජොං රජුට හිමි විය.

ජොසොන් රාජවංශයේ අනුවාර්ෂික වාර්තා අනුව සම්ප්‍රදායයක් ලෙස, හොන්ජොංගේ සමයේ ඉතිහාස කථාව ඔහුගේ මරණින් පසු 1851දී සම්පාදනය කෙරිණි. මෙය වෙළුම් 16කින් යුතු වූ අතර එය ජෝ ඉන්-යොං විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලදී.

පවුල
 පියා: මුන්ජෝ කුමරු, පසුව කිරුළහිමි හ්යෝම්යොං කුමරු (효명 세자, 1809–1830) නම් වූ. මරණාපර නාමය: "ඉක්ජොං" (익종).
 මව: පුංග්යෑං ජෝ වංශයේ සින්ජොං අගබිසව (신정왕후 조씨, 1808–1890), ජෝ මන්-යොං (조만영, 1776–1846) සහ සොං ආර්යාවගේ දියණියයි.
 බිසෝවරු සහ ඔවුන්ගේ දරුවන්:
 අන්දොං කිම් වංශයේ හ්යොහ්යොන් අගබිසව (효현왕후 김씨), කිම් ජෝ-ග්‍යුන්ගේ (김조근) දියණියයි, මරණාපර නාමය "හ්යෝ‍හ්යෙොන්, සොං අධිරාජිනිය" (효현성황후)
 දරුවන් නැත
 හොං වංශයේ ම්යොංහොන් අගබිසව (명헌왕후 홍씨)
 දරුඋපතේදී මියගිය දියණියක්
 කිම් වංශයේ රාජකීය වංශවත් ග්යොං බිසව (경빈 김씨)
දරුවන් නැත
 කිම් සුක්-උයි (숙의 김씨)
 දරුඋපතේදී මියගිය දියණියක්

ඔහුගේ සම්පූර්ණ මරණාපර නාමය
 කොරියාවේ මහා හොන්ජොං ජංසුක් චේගොන් ග්යේග්‍යුක් ජුංජොං ග්වංදේ ජිසොං ග්වංදොක් හොංගුන් ජංහ්වා ග්යුංමුන් විමු ම්යොංගින් චොල්හ්යෝ රජ
 헌종장숙체건계극중정광대지성광덕홍운장화경문위무명인철효대왕
 獻宗莊肅體健繼極中正光大至聖廣德弘運章化經文緯武明仁哲孝大王

පෙළපත

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මේවාත් බලන්න
කොරියාවේ රජවරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
ජොසොන් රාජවංශයේ දේශපාලනය
ජොසොන් රාජවංශය
කොරියාවේ ඉතිහාසය

මූලාශ්‍ර

Joseon rulers
යි ගෘහය
1827 උපත්
1849 මරණ
19වන සිය‍වසේ කොරියානු පාලකයින්

ජෝසුන්හි හොන්ජොං රජ


Oktobristerne (, ) var medlemmer af partiet 17. oktober forbundet (, ) i Rusland.

Partiet var vokset ud af den russiske revolution i 1905 og eksisterede frem til udgangen af 1917. Organisationen stiftet med Oktobermanifestet, udsendt den 17. oktober 1905 af Nikolaj II, som grundlag. Oktobristerne støttede idéen om et konstitutionelt monarki med fulde lovgivningsmæssige rettigheder til Dumaen, som proklameret af zaren i manifestet.

I den tredje duma (1907-1912) udgjorde de den næststørste gruppe efter De Sorte Hundreder (), som de samarbejdede med. De blev støttet af adelen og iværksættere på grund af deres konservative politik. I 1915 tilhørte de den progressive blok af oppositionspartier i Dumaen, og var repræsenteret efter Februarrevolutionen i 1917 i den provisoriske regering. Partiledelsen bestod af industrimagnaten Aleksandr Gutjkov, godsejeren Mikhail Rodzjanko og lægen Ivan Godnev. Gutjkov var Krigsminister i den første provisoriske regering.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Den Store Danske Encyklopædi: Oktobrister hentet 3. august 2017.
 Lenin i Pravda Nr.14/15 (7. marts 1917): Die erste Etappe der ersten Revolution, hentet 3. august 2017

Politiske partier i Rusland
Etableret i 1905
Ophørt i 1917

Oktobristerne


Die Franklin Strait ist eine Meerenge im Kanadisch-arktischen Archipel im kanadischen Territorium Nunavut.

Sie befindet sich zwischen der Südostküste von Prince of Wales Island und der Boothia Peninsula und verbindet Peel Sound im Norden mit dem Larsen Sound im Südwesten.
Die Bellot Strait führt von der Franklin Strait nach Osten zum Gulf of Boothia.

Benannt wurde die Meeresstraße nach dem englischen Forscher Sir John Franklin (1786–1847).
Dieser kam in den arktischen Gewässern dieser Region ums Leben.

Meerenge (Arktischer Ozean)
Meerenge in Kanada
Geographie (Nunavut)
John Franklin als Namensgeber
Meerenge in Nordamerika

Franklin Strait


Bananarama  este un duo vocal feminin britanic, format inițial ca un trio în Londra, în 1981, de către trei prietene, Sara Dallin, Siobhan Fahey și Keren Woodward. Succesul lor atât pe clasamentele pop, cât si pe cele de dans le-a făcut să fie prezente în Guinness World Records ca fiind grupul feminin cu cele mai multe intrări din lume în clasamentele respective.  .

Între 1982 și 2009, grupul a avut 28 de melodii single, care s-au clasat în Top 50 ale UK Singles Chart.

Top 10 hit-uri ale grupului din Grup Top 10 din Marea Britanie includ It Ain't What You Do ... (1982), Really Saying Something (1982), Shy Boy (1982), Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye (1983), Cruel Summer (1983), Robert De Niro's Waiting ..." (1984) și Love in the First Degree (1987).

În total, au avut 11 single-uri care au ajuns în SUA (Billboard Hot 100) (1983-1988), inclusiv două în Top 10, cu Cruel Summer (1984) - Am auzit un zvon (1987). Toate aceste melodii sunt asociate cu invazia MTV, condusă de canalul de muzică american.

Carieră

1981-1982  — Anii timpurii
Bananarama s-a format în septembrie 1981, când adolescentele și prietene din copilărie Sara Dallin și Keren Woodward au cunoscut-o pe Siobhan Fahey. Ulterior, Dallin și Fahey studiau jurnalismul la London College of Fashion (Universitatea de Arte și Modă) și Woodward lucra la BBC din Portland Place. Dallin și Woodward trăiau la YWCA și urmau să piardă locuința. Atunci Paul Cook, bateristul formației Sex Pistols, cu care au devenit rapid prieteni după întâlnirea la un club, le-a oferit un loc unde să trăiască, deasupra fostului club unde formația sa (Sex Pistols) concerta adesea, pe strada Danemarca (Denmark Street), in Charing Cross.

Trio-ul a fost un asiduu urmăritor al scenelor de muzică punk rock și post-punk de la sfârșitul anilor 1970 și începutul anilor 1980. De cele mai multe ori, cântând în deschiderea concertelor, au realizat seturi improvizate vocale la concerte pentru diverse trupe precum The Monochrome Set, Iggy Pop, Department S, The Nipple Erectors și The Jam.

1982-1985 — "Deep Sea Skiving" și "Bananarama"
Bananarama a înregistrat cel mai mare succes în perioada 1982-1989, primele trei albume fiind în primul rând produse și co-scrise cu Jolley & Swain. Albumul lor de debut, "Deep Sea Skiving" (Marea Britanie # 7, SUA # 63) (1983) a cuprins mai multe hit-uri - "Really Saying Something" ] "(UK # 4) - și a inclus o versiune cover a melodiei " Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Me Goodbye "(UK # 5). Trupa a înregistrat la sfârșitul anului 1982 o versiune a piesei "No Senses" (a trupei Sex Pistols) pentru coloana sonoră a filmului britanic de comedie adolescentină "Party Party".

În perioada anilor 1982 și 1983, Bananarama a realizat mai multe turnee promoționale americane și apariții în spectacolele de televiziune cunoscute, așa cum erau American Bandstand și Solid Gold . Succesul în Statele Unite a venit în anul 1984 cu un Top Ten hit, "Cruel Summer".

Cel de-al doilea album al formației, omonimul Bananarama (UK #16, US #30) (1984) a implicat un efort colectiv și social mult mai conștient. Grupul a dorit să fie luat în serios, așadar a scris piese cu subiecte mult mai serioase. Astfel, "Hotline To Heaven" (UK#58) este o luare de poziție împotriva sub-culturii care afirma clar drogurile sunt faine (the "drugs-are-cool" culture), iar "Rough Justice" (UK#23) condamnează apatia socială.

1986–1987 — True Confessions și succesul internațional
În 1986, a fost lansat cel de-al treilea album, "True Confessions" - Confesiuni adevărate - (UK # 46, US # 15), în care unele obligații de producere au fost preluate de Mike Stock, Matt Aitken și Pete Waterman, triou cunoscut ca Stock Aitken Waterman (ori SAW). Cooperarea a avut ca rezultat hitul internațional numărul unu, "Venus", o reluare a melodiei din 1969 a trupei Shocking Blue, care devenise hit în anul următor, 1970. Bătăile ritmice din cântec, orientate spre stilul dans, au reprezentat abordarea SAW pentru producția pop a melodiei. Bananarama a urmărit producătorii și a dorit colaborarea cu acești, după ce auziseră You Spin Me Round, hitul de succes al trupei Dead or Alive. De asemenea, în 1986, Dallin și Woodward au fost nominalizați ca soliști vocali pe două melodii de pe albumul "Family Album", produs de John Lydon.

Videoclipul pentru hitul "Venus" a fost difuzat în Statele Unite prin intermediul companiei de televiziune MTV. Grupul a apărut în diverse costume, incluzând un diavol, o seducătoare franceză, un vampir și o zeiță greacă. Videoclipul a marcat o schimbare esențială spre o imagine mai plină de farmec, mai feminină și mai sexy a grupului, care contrastează stilului "băiețesc" al tuturor aparițiilor anterioare ale grupului feminin.

Membri
 Sara Dallin (1981–prezent)
Keren Woodward (1981–prezent)

Foste membre
 Siobhan Fahey (1981–1988, 2017–2018)
Fahey s-a reîntors pentru scurt timp pentru performanele Eurotrash din 1998 și G-A-Y din 2002.
 Jacquie O'Sullivan (1988–1991)

Discografie

Albume de studio
Deep Sea Skiving (1983)
Bananarama (1984)
True Confessions (1986)
Wow! (1987)
Pop Life (1991)
Please Yourself (1993)
Ultra Violet (1995)
Exotica (2001)
Drama (2005)
Viva (2009)
In Stereo (2019)

Concerte și turnee
 Lovekids Tour (1988)
 Bananarama World Tour (1989)
 Ultra Violet/Dance Mix 95 Tour (1995–1996)
 Bananarama Australian Tour (1997)
 Bananarama & Culture Club UK Tour (1999)
 Drama Tour (2005–2006)
 Here and Now Tour (2007–2009)
 Viva Tour (2009–2010)
 The Bananarama USA Tour (2012)
 Europe Tour (2014–2015)
 The 2016 Australian Tour (2016)
 The Original Line Up UK Tour (2017)
 The Original Line Up North America and European Tour (2018)
 The 2019 Australian Tour (2019)

Note

Legături externe

Bananarama official website
Bananarama Community

Fondări în 1981
Grupuri muzicale fondate în 1981
Duete muzicale
Grupuri de fete new wave britanice
Grupuri de fete pop britanice
Grupuri feminine engleze
Grupuri muzicale dance engleze
Grupuri muzicale din Londra
Muzicieni ai Deram Records
Muzicieni ai London Records
Muzicieni ai Polydor Records
Muzicieni ai ZYX Records
Triouri muzicale

Bananarama


An Cortaderia sericantha in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Cortaderia sericantha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cortaderia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cortaderia

Cortaderia sericantha


The Tibetan Plateau  (,  also known as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau or the Qing–Zang Plateau () or as the Himalayan Plateau in India, is a vast elevated plateau located at the intersection of Central, South and East Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region, most of Qinghai, western half of Sichuan, Southern Gansu provinces in Western China, southern Xinjiang, Bhutan, the Indian regions of Ladakh and Lahaul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) as well as Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, northwestern Nepal, eastern Tajikistan and southern Kyrgyzstan. It stretches approximately  north to south and  east to west. It is the world's highest and largest plateau above sea level, with an area of  (about five times the size of Metropolitan France). With an average elevation exceeding  and being surrounded by imposing mountain ranges that harbor the world's two highest summits, Mount Everest and K2, the Tibetan Plateau is often referred to as "the Roof of the World".

The Tibetan Plateau contains the headwaters of the drainage basins of most of the streams and rivers in surrounding regions. This includes the three longest rivers in Asia (the Yellow, Yangtze, and Mekong). Its tens of thousands of glaciers and other geographical and ecological features serve as a "water tower" storing water and maintaining flow. It is sometimes termed the Third Pole because its ice fields contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the polar regions. The impact of climate change on the Tibetan Plateau is of ongoing scientific interest.

Description
The Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by the massive mountain ranges of high-mountain Asia. The plateau is bordered to the south by the inner Himalayan range, to the north by the Kunlun Mountains, which separate it from the Tarim Basin, and to the northeast by the Qilian Mountains, which separate the plateau from the Hexi Corridor and Gobi Desert. To the east and southeast the plateau gives way to the forested gorge and ridge geography of the mountainous headwaters of the Salween, Mekong, and Yangtze rivers in northwest Yunnan and western Sichuan (the Hengduan Mountains). In the west, the curve of the rugged Karakoram range of northern Kashmir embraces the plateau. The Indus River originates in the western Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar.

The Tibetan Plateau is bounded in the north by a broad escarpment where the altitude drops from around  to  over a horizontal distance of less than . Along the escarpment is a range of mountains. In the west, the Kunlun Mountains separate the plateau from the Tarim Basin. About halfway across the Tarim the bounding range becomes the Altyn-Tagh and the Kunluns, by convention, continue somewhat to the south. In the 'V' formed by this split is the western part of the Qaidam Basin. The Altyn-Tagh ends near the Dangjin pass on the Dunhuang–Golmud road. To the west are short ranges called the Danghe, Yema, Shule, and Tulai Nanshans. The easternmost range is the Qilian Mountains. The line of mountains continues east of the plateau as the Qinling, which separates the Ordos Plateau from Sichuan. North of the mountains runs the Gansu or Hexi Corridor which was the main silk-road route from China proper to the West.

The plateau is a high-altitude arid steppe interspersed with mountain ranges and large brackish lakes. Annual precipitation ranges from  and falls mainly as hail. The southern and eastern edges of the steppe have grasslands that can sustainably support populations of nomadic herdsmen, although frost occurs for six months of the year. Permafrost occurs over extensive parts of the plateau. Proceeding to the north and northwest, the plateau becomes progressively higher, colder, and drier, until reaching the remote Changtang region in the northwestern part of the plateau. Here the average altitude exceeds  and winter temperatures can drop to . As a result of this extremely inhospitable environment, the Changtang region (together with the adjoining Kekexili region) is the least populous region in Asia and the third least populous area in the world after Antarctica and northern Greenland.

Geology and geological history

The geological history of the Tibetan Plateau is closely related to that of the Himalayas. The Himalayas belong to the Alpine Orogeny and are therefore among the younger mountain ranges on the planet, consisting mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Their formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

The collision began in the Upper Cretaceous period about 70 million years ago, when the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate, moving at about  per year, collided with the Eurasian Plate. About 50 million years ago, this fast-moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sinking to the floor. During this early stage of its formation in the Late Palaeogene, Tibet consisted of a deep palaeovalley bounded by multiple mountain ranges rather than the more topographically uniform elevated flatland that it is today. The Tibetan Plateau's mean elevation continued to vary since its initial uplift in the Eocene; isotopic records show the plateau's altitude was around 3,000 metres above sea level around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary and that it fell by 900 metres between 25.5 and 21.6 million years ago, attributable to tectonic unroofing from east-west extension or to erosion from climatic weathering. The plateau subsequently rose by 500 to 1,000 metres between 21.6 to 20.4 million years ago.

Palaeobotanical evidence indicates that the Nujiang Suture Zone and the Yarlung-Zangpo Suture Zone remained tropical or subtropical lowlands until the latest Oligocene or Early Miocene, enabling biotic interchange across Tibet. The age of east-west grabens in the Lhasa and Himalaya terranes suggests that the plateau's elevation was close to its modern altitude by around 14 to 8 million years ago. Erosion rates in Tibet decreased significantly around 10 million years ago. The Indo-Australian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards; the plateau is still rising at a rate of approximately  per year (although erosion reduces the actual increase in height).

Much of the Tibetan Plateau is of relatively low relief. The cause of this is debated among geologists. Some argue that the Tibetan Plateau is an uplifted peneplain formed at low altitude, while others argue that the low relief stems from erosion and infill of topographic depressions that occurred at already high elevations. The current tectonics of the plateau are also debated. The best-regarded explanations are provided by the block model and the alternative continuum model. According to the former, the crust of the plateau is formed of several blocks with little internal deformation separated by major strike-slip faults. In the latter, the plateau is affected by distributed deformation resulting from flow within the crust.

Environment

The Tibetan Plateau supports a variety of ecosystems, most of them classified as montane grasslands. While parts of the plateau feature an alpine tundra-like environment, other areas feature monsoon-influenced shrublands and forests. Species diversity is generally reduced on the plateau due to the elevation and low precipitation. The Tibetan Plateau hosts the Tibetan wolf, and species of snow leopard, wild yak, wild donkey, cranes, vultures, hawks, geese, snakes, and water buffalo. One notable animal is the high-altitude jumping spider, that can live at elevations of over .

Ecoregions found on the Tibetan Plateau, as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, are as follows:
 The Pamir alpine desert and tundra covers the western end of the Tibetan Plateau where it transitions to the Pamir Mountains
 The North Tibetan Plateau–Kunlun Mountains alpine desert covers the northwestern limits of the Tibetan Plateau along the Kunlun Mountains
 The Karakoram–West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe covers the westernmost parts of the Tibetan Plateau and Ladakh
 The Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows on the edges mountains bordering the extreme west of the Tibetan Plateau
 The Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe covers most of the central portions of the Tibetan Plateau and the eastern Changtang
 The Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows covers the southwestern plateau in the Garuda Valley region
 The Qaidam Basin semi-desert located in the Qaidam Basin on the northern Tibetan Plateau
 The Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows covering the Qilian Mountains in the northernmost portions of the plateau
 The Qilian Mountains conifer forests covering parts of the mountain ranges in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
 The Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows covering a swath of the central and northeastern Tibetan Plateau
 The Yarlung Tsangpo arid steppe in the Yarlung Tsangpo river Valley, where most of the permanent human population on the Tibetan Plateau lives
 The Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows cover the southern Tibetan Plateau on the north side of the Himalayas

 The Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows cover the southeastern and eastern parts of the plateau and are generally rainier than the other high-altitude Tibetan Plateau regions
 The Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests reach up mountain valleys in the southern plateau and contain some of the highest altitude forests in the world
 The Nujiang Lancang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests cover the mountain valleys that reach  into the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
 The Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests cover the southeasternmost mountain valleys on the plateau
 The Qionglai–Minshan conifer forests cover the eastern edges of the plateau and are the densest forests to be found anywhere on the Tibetan Plateau

Human history

Nomads on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himalayas are the remainders of nomadic practices historically once widespread in Asia and Africa. Pastoral nomads constitute about 40% of the ethnic Tibetan population. The presence of nomadic peoples on the plateau is predicated on their adaptation to survival on the world's grassland by raising livestock rather than crops, which are unsuitable to the terrain. Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest human occupation of the plateau occurred between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. Since colonization of the Tibetan Plateau, Tibetan culture has adapted and flourished in the western, southern, and eastern regions of the plateau. The northern portion, the Changtang, is generally too high and cold to support permanent population. One of the most notable civilizations to have developed on the Tibetan Plateau is the Tibetan Empire from the 7th century to the 9th century AD.

Impact on other regions

Role in monsoons

Monsoons are caused by the different amplitudes of surface temperature seasonal cycles between land and oceans. This differential warming occurs because heating rates differ between land and water. Ocean heating is distributed vertically through a "mixed layer" that may be 50 meters deep through the action of wind and buoyancy-generated turbulence, whereas the land surface conducts heat slowly, with the seasonal signal penetrating only a meter or so. Additionally, the specific heat capacity of liquid water is significantly greater than that of most materials that make up land. Together, these factors mean that the heat capacity of the layer participating in the seasonal cycle is much larger over the oceans than over land, with the consequence that the land warms and cools faster than the ocean. In turn, air over the land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than does air over the ocean. The warmer air over land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. The pressure anomaly then causes a steady wind to blow toward the land, which brings the moist air over the ocean surface with it. Rainfall is then increased by the presence of the moist ocean air. The rainfall is stimulated by a variety of mechanisms, such as low-level air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows near the surface. When such lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces condensation and precipitation.

In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean maintains the heat longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling. Monsoons are similar to sea and land breezes, a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal. The seasonal monsoon wind shift and weather associated with the heating and cooling of the Tibetan plateau is the strongest such monsoon on Earth.

Glaciology: the Ice Age and at present

Today, Tibet is an important heating surface of the atmosphere. However, during the Last Glacial Maximum, an approximately  ice sheet covered the plateau. Due to its great extent, this glaciation in the subtropics was an important element of radiative forcing. With a much lower latitude, the ice in Tibet reflected at least four times more radiation energy per unit area into space than ice at higher latitudes. Thus, while the modern plateau heats the overlying atmosphere, during the Last Ice Age it helped to cool it.

This cooling had multiple effects on regional climate. Without the thermal low pressure caused by the heating, there was no monsoon over the Indian subcontinent. This lack of monsoon caused extensive rainfall over the Sahara, expansion of the Thar Desert, more dust deposited into the Arabian Sea, and a lowering of the biotic life zones on the Indian subcontinent. Animals responded to this shift in climate, with the Javan rusa migrating into India.

In addition, the glaciers in Tibet created meltwater lakes in the Qaidam Basin, the Tarim Basin, and the Gobi Desert, despite the strong evaporation caused by the low latitude. Silt and clay from the glaciers accumulated in these lakes; when the lakes dried at the end of the ice age, the silt and clay were blown by the downslope wind off the Plateau. These airborne fine grains produced the enormous amount of loess in the Chinese lowlands.

Frozen biological samples

Ice of the plateau provides a valuable window to the past. In 2015, researchers studying the Plateau reached the top of the  Guliya glacier, with ice thickness of , and drilled to a depth of  in order to recover ice core samples. Due to the extremely low biomass in those 15,000-year-old samples, it had taken around 5 years of research to extract 33 viruses, of which 28 were new to science. None had survived the extraction process. Phylogenetic analysis suggests those viruses infected plants or other microorganisms.

Climate change

The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the China Meteorological Administration, issued the following assessment in 2009, though this opinion is now over a decade old:
The Tibetan Plateau contains the largest area of low-latitude glaciers and is particularly vulnerable to global warming. Over the past five decades, 80% of the glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau have retreated, losing 4.5% of their combined areal coverage.

This region is also liable to suffer damages from permafrost thaw caused by climate change.

See also

 Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
 Bayan Har block
 Central Tibetan Administration
 Geography of Tibet
 Geology of the Himalaya
 Tibet (1912–1951)
 Tibetan culture
 Tibetan sovereignty debate
 Tibetan diaspora

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 ON THINNER ICE 如履薄冰 (by GRIP, Asia Society and MediaStorm)
 The Third Pole: Understanding Asia's Water Crisis
 The End of Earth's Summer
 Long Rivers and Distant Sources
 "Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped
 Plateau Perspectives (international NGO)
 Leaf morphology and the timing of the rise of the Tibetan Plateau

 Protected areas of the Tibetan Plateau region

 Photos of Tibetan nomads
 "Roof of the Earth" Offers Clues About How Our Planet Was Shaped
 Contemporary lifestyle and language learning center from Tibet lhasa, the official language of Tibetan. podcast.
 Tibetan History-The true history of any region cannot be fully understood without knowing the basic characteristics of a region and of its inhabitants

Plateaus of Asia
Plateaus of China
Plateaus of India
Plateaus of Pakistan
Landforms of Tibet
Landforms of Jammu and Kashmir
Landforms of Ladakh
Landforms of Central Asia
Landforms of East Asia
Landforms of South Asia
Regions of Asia
Montane ecology
Physiographic provinces
Geology of the Himalaya

Tibetan Plateau


Medway je konurbacija i unitarna uprava u grofoviji Kent u regiji jugoistočne Engleske. Broj stanovnika u 2019. godini iznosio je 278 016. Unitarna uprava osnovana je 1. travnja 1998. godine kada se grad Rochester-upon-Medway spojio s vijećem općine Gillingham i jednim dijelom vijeća grofovije Kent, formirajući vijeće Medway, jedinstveno tijelo neovisno od grofovije Kent.
Više od polovice područja ove unitarne uprave je u naravi ruralna. Zbog svog strateškog smještaja uz glavni prijelaz preko rijeke Medway, imao je značajan doprinos u Kentu i Engleskoj tisućama godina unatrag, što je vidljivo po položaju ceste Watling Street kojoj su put utrli Sasi, a onda ga izgradili Rimljani. Nakon toga dolaze Normani koji grade dvorac Rochester
, i otprilike istovremeno katedralu Rochester koja će ustvari biti druga najstarija katedrala u zemlji nakon one u Canterburyju. Normani se nisu zaustavili samo na toj vrsti građevina, već su u Chathamu izgradili i brodogradilište s pripadajućom obranom.

Etimologija toponima

Medway je kroz povijest bio poznat i kao Medwege. Drevni Briti su rijeci Medway dali ime Vaga. Kasnije su Sasi dodali slog mad, što je značilo "sredina", jer je rijeka tekla sredinom kraljevstva Kent,  Mad+Vaga=Madvaga, iz čega je vremenom nastala složenica Medway, koje ime je preuzela i konurbacija Medway.

Matični gradovi

Matični gradovi u konurbaciji su (od zapada prema istoku): Strood, Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham i Rainham, i tradicionalno su poznati kao gradovi Medwaya. Mnogi manji gradovi i sela kao što su Frindsbury, Brompton, Walderslade, Luton, Wigmore
 itd., nalaze se unutar konurbacije. Sela koja su izvan urbanog područja zadržala su svoja župna vijeća.

Povijest

Područje Medwaya ima dugu i promjenjivu povijest kojom je dominirao grad Rochester, a kasnije pomorske i vojne ustanove uglavnom u Chathamu i Gillinghamu.
Rochester su, na mjestu čija povijest seže u željezno doba, 43. godine osnovali Rimljani predvođeni carem Klaudijem i nazvali su ga Durobrivae (što znači "uporište kod mosta"), kako bi kontrolirali točku na kojoj je Watling Street prelazio rijeku Medway.

Perioda Sasa

Rochester je vremenom postao obzidan i dobro utvrđen grad, a pod kasnijim utjecajem Saksonaca ovdje je osnovana kovnica novca. Prvu katedralu sagradio je biskup Justus, 4. nadbiskup Canterburyja 604. godine, a za vrijeme Normana ju je obnovio biskup Gundulf, koji je također sagradio i dvorac Rochester nasuprot katedrale.

Period Normana i Tudora

U Rochesteru su ostatci rimskih gradskih zidina još uvijek uočljivi u dobro očuvani. Rochester je također bio važna točka za vjernike koji su hodočastili Putom hodočasnika, a koji se protezao od Winchestera do svetišta Thomasa Becketta u Canterburyju.
Pored toga, u gradu se nalazi veliki broj lijepih i značajnih objekata, poput zgrade Guildhall (danas muzej), koja je sagrađena 1687. godine i jedna je od najljepših aritektonskih ostvarenja u Kentu iz 17. stoljeća. Zatim tu je i burza kukuruza (danas vjenčani salon), sagrađena 1698. godine, koja je izvorno bila tržnica mesa. Tu se nalazi i kuća osrednje veličine pod nazivom Tudor of Watts Charity u kojoj je Sir Richard Watts(1529. – 1579.) dao izgraditi 6 soba, te je darivao da bi se u njoj moglo smjestiti "šest siromašnih putnika" na po jednu noć. Povijesnim kućama pripada velika kuća izgrađena u elizabetanskom stilu gradnje Restoration House iz 17. stoljeća koja je inspirirala Charles Dickensa u njegovom romanu Velika očekivanja nazvavši je (Satis House), a koja je služila kao dom Estelle i gospođice Havisham. Posljednji vlasnik kuće bio je Rodney Stephen Hull (13. kolovoza 1935. – 17. ožujka 1999.), TV zabavljač, koji je uložio stotine tisuća funti u obnovu kuće. Ništa manje važna kuća nije ni Old Hall, koja je sagrađena 1573. godine. Veći značaj im daje činjenica da je Restoration House i  Old Hall posjetila kraljica Elizabeta I.
U Medwayu postoje 82 (scheduled monuments) nacionalno važna arheološka nalazišta ili povijesne građevine, koja imaju zaštitu od neovlaštenih promjena; 832 (Listed building) objekta koji su stavljeni na jedan od četiri zakonska popisa koji održavaju Povijesnu Englesku u Engleskoj, Povijesno okruženje Škotske u Škotskoj, Cadw u Walesu i Agencije za okoliš u Sjevernoj Irskoj, te 22 rezervata.

Pomorska i vojna povijest

Kraljevska mornarica otvorila je sidrište u Gillinghamu za vrijeme vladavine Henrika VIII., a 1567. godine u Medwayu je osnovano kraljevsko brodogradilište. Iako se zvalo brodogradilište Chatham, dvije trećine brodogradilišta se nalazilo u Gillinghamu. Brodogradilište je zatvoreno 1984. godine što je rezultiralo gubitkom osam tisuća radnih mjesta u samom brodogradilištu i još mnogo više u lokalnim industrijama koje su opskrbljivale brodogradnju, što je doprinijelo visokoj, 16 procentnoj stopi nezaposlenosti Medwaya.
Cijeli kompleks brodogradilišta bio je zaštićen nizom utvrda, uključujući Fort Amherst i Lines, Fort Pitt i Fort Borstal. Većina preživjelih građevina u povijesnom brodogradilištu pripada arhitektonskom stilu džordžijanskog perioda. Ovdje je 1765. sagrađen i porinut HMS Victory, vodeći brod admirala Lorda Nelsona u bitci kod Trafalgara.
Još jedan ratni brod koji je izgrađen u Chathamu a isti još uvijek postoji je HMS Unicorn (fregata klase "Leda" s 46 topova) čija je kobilica postavljena u veljači 1822., a porinut je 30. ožujka 1824. Nikada nije bio u aktivnoj službi, a restauriran je i od 2005. čuva se kao brod muzej u vodama škotskog grada Dundee.
Kraljevski marinci također su dugo bili povezani s Chathamom. Chathamska divizija je imala sjedište u Chathamu sve do zatvaranja brodogradilišta Chatham. Muzej posvećen kraljevskim marincima nalazi se u blizini brodogradilišta u Kraljevskom muzeju inženjera
 u Bromptonu. Muzej je osnovan 1812. godine, a preselio se na svoje sadašnje mjesto 1987. godine. Klasificiran je 5. prosinca 1996. kao objekt od posebnog interesa Kategorija II, opravdavajući svaki napor da ga se sačuva.

Razvoj u 21. stoljeću

Prema projekcijama iz 2013. godine predviđa se da će se do 2028. godine broj stanovnika Medwaya povećati na oko 300 000. Vijeće Medwaya predviđa da će ukupna ulaganja u razvoj biti veća od milijardu funti tijekom 20-godišnjeg razdoblja počevđi od 2006. godine.

U 2019. godini gradovi su po broju stanovnika bili (približni podatci):
Gillingham (85 000 - ne uključujući Rainham),
Chatham (78 000),
Strood (40 000),
Rochester (30 000 - ne uključujući Strood) i
Rainham (25 000).
Očekuje se da će gradovi u cjelini dramatično porasti među stanovnicima, jer su povećani razvoj i cijene stanova znatno niži od većine mjesta u Kentu i Londonu.

2004. godine vijeće Medwaya najavilo je svoju strategiju razvoja područja Medway na vodi (Medway Waterfront).  Izvještajem je iznesen dvadesetogodišnji okvirni plan za obnovu do 11 km rive i okolnih područja uz rijeku Medway. Projektom se želi stvoriti između 6000 i 8000 novih domova te 8500 radnih mjesta, protivno ciljevima središnje vlade od 16 000 novih domova i 23 000 novih radnih mjesta za područje Medwaya u cjelini.

Galerija

Izvori

Gradovi u Engleskoj

Medway (Kent)


Napat Chokejindachai (surnommé Top Napat ou Toptap Napat) est un acteur et animateur de télévision thaïlandais.

Biographie
Il est copropriétaire d'une marque de vêtements appelée Vermillion avec son ami .

Il a pour sœur l'actrice et mannequin Nattamon Chokejindachai.

Filmographie sélective

Cinéma
 2011 :  de Chayanop Boonprakob
 2012 :  de , Adisorn Trisirikasem et Paween Purikitpanya

Télévision
 2013 :
 2014 :
 2019 :  de

Galerie

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1994
Naissance dans la province de Phichit
Acteur thaïlandais de cinéma
Acteur thaïlandais de télévision

Napat Chokejindachai


Clément Jacquey, né le , est un archer français.

Carrière
Clément Jacquey remporte la médaille d'or individuelle ainsi que la médaille d'or par équipe, avec Thomas Chirault et Jean-Charles Valladont, aux Championnats d'Europe de tir à l'arc en salle 2022 à , en Slovénie.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Archer français
Champion d'Europe de tir à l'arc
Naissance en janvier 2000

Clément Jacquey


Rapatea paludosa est une espèce herbacée sud-américaine appartenant à la famille des Rapateaceae. Il s'agit de l'espèce type du genre Rapatea.

Elle est connue sous le nom de ka'i kuluwa (Wayãpi) en Guyane, et de Yellow lily (Créole), Katuburi (Arawak) au Guyana.

Description
Rapatea paludosa est une plante herbacée pouvant atteindre 0,8–1,5 m de haut. Ses feuilles lisses, sont larges de  et ont leur base progressivement rétrécie jusqu'à la gaine foliaire longue de . L'inflorescence est portée sur un pédoncule plat, strié, ailé, portant une courte pubescence brune, est long de , large de  à sa base, est de  au sommet. L'inflorescence globuleuse, large de , se forme entre deux bractées involucrales presque égales, largement ovales à cordés, larges de , longues de , et atténuées à l'apex. À l'aisselle des deux bractées lancéolées et acuminées, se forment de nombreux pédicelles longs de , portant les épillets de floraux. Les 8-12 bractéoles, sont densément imbriquées, de couleur paille, rigides, ovales, mucronées, augmentant progressivement de longueur : les supérieures de  de long, forment ensemble un involucre étroit, ellipsoïde, aigu. Les sépales connés à la base en un tube membraneux long de , forment une coque, lancéolées, aiguës, très rigides, longue d'environ , à 7 nervures, jaunâtres et charnus au sommet. Les pétales sont jaunes, membraneux, connés à leur base, obtus, légèrement plus longs que les sépales. Les étamines portent des filets longs de  et des anthères de longues , et se terminent par un appendice brun, long de , semblable à une cuillère à manche géniculé, le creux de la cuillère étant le pore de l'anthère. L'ovaire est obovoïde, trigone, rétréci jusqu'à sa base. Le style est filiforme à son extrémité. Le capsule obovale, trigone, de longue de , est dans sa partie inférieure hyaline, membraneuse, à 3 loges, et dans sa moitié supérieure loculicide, déhiscente par 3 valves coriaces, jaunâtres, avec des septa ligneux, se dissolvant à partir de l'axe central et attachés aux valves. On trouve dans chaque alvéole une graine oblongue, longue de , mesurant  de diamètre, ridées transversalement.

Répartition
On rencontre Rapatea paludosa du Panama, au Brésil (bassin amazonien, Bahia), en passant par la Colombie (Valle et sud-est), Trinidad, le Venezuela, le Guyana, le Suriname, la Guyane et le Pérou.
C'est l'espèce du genre Rapatea la plus commune et la plus répandue.

Écologie
Cette grande herbe pousse à  d'altitude, sur les sols marécageux des bas-fonds humides et des ruisseaux de sous-bois de la forêt ancienne.

Utilisations
Les jeunes feuilles de Rapatea paludosa servent à confectionner un remède Wayãpi contre l'essoufflement lié aux affections pulmonaires.

Au nord-ouest du Guyana, les Amérindiens en font une préparation destinée à prévenir la calvitie.

Histoire naturelle
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Rapateaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Rapatea paludosa


Le concours international de jeunes chefs d'orchestre de Besançon est un concours fondé en 1951 organisé dans le cadre du Festival international de musique de Besançon Franche-Comté. Il est reconnu comme un des plus prestigieux pour les jeunes chefs d'orchestre et a lieu intégralement sur auditions.

Fondation et fonctionnement
Le concours international de jeunes chefs d'orchestre de Besançon a été fondé en 1951 à l'initiative du compositeur, musicographe et critique musical Émile Vuillermoz. Annuel jusqu'en 1992, il est depuis organisé tous les deux ans. C'est devenu un des concours majeurs de la discipline, le concours de direction « le plus complet au monde avec des épreuves de musique symphonique ».

Le Concours de Besançon est ouvert à tous les artistes de moins de 35 ans qui souhaitent devenir chef d'orchestre professionnel, quel que soit leur parcours, leur formation ou leur expérience, aucun diplôme préalable n'étant exigé. Après des sélections continentales sur auditions, vingt candidats s'affrontent pour obtenir le Grand prix de direction pendant une semaine de compétition. De grands noms tels que Jean Périsson (1952), Gerd Albrecht (1957), Seiji Ozawa (1959), Michel Fusté-Lambezat (1960), Michel Plasson (1962), Zdeněk Mácal (1965), Jesús López Cobos et Philippe Bender (1968), Sylvain Cambreling (1974), Yoel Levi (1978), Osmo Vänskä (1982), Wolfgang Doerner (1984), Yutaka Sado (1989) ou Lionel Bringuier (2005) y ont lancé leur carrière internationale.

Le Grand Prix de direction
De 1951 à 1953, les lauréats obtiennent un  prix. De 1954 à 1973, deux prix sont attribués chaque année : un prix pour les professionnels, diplômés, et un pour les amateurs/ non professionnels, non diplômés. Le prix pour les amateurs / non professionnels s'appelle à partir de 1961 prix Émile Vuillermoz. À partir de 1964, le prix pour les non professionnels s'appelle la Lyre d'Or, auquel peut être ajouté le prix Vuillermoz. La Lyre d'Or avec attribution du prix « Émile Vuillermoz » redevient un unique prix à partir de 1974. Le nom Grand prix de direction n'est adopté qu'à partir de 1992.

Le prix est doté d'une récompense de  et d'un accompagnement destiné à aider le lauréat ou la lauréate à lancer sa carrière. Le jury peut ne pas attribuer le prix.

Lauréats et lauréates
Les lauréats sont :

 1951 : Reinhard Peters (Allemagne)
 1952 : Jean Périsson (France)
 1953 : Peter Traunfellner (Autriche)
 1954 : Pierre Chaillé (France) et Igor Gjadrov (Yougoslavie)
 1955 : Jerzy Katlewicz (Pologne) et Louis Bertholon (France)
 1956 : Zdenek Kosler (Tchécoslovaquie) et Gérard Devos (France)
 1957 : Jean Lapierre (France) et Gerd Albrecht (Allemagne)
 1958 : Martin Turnovský (Tchécoslovaquie) et Robert Martignoni (France)
 1959 : Seiji Ozawa (Japon) et Philip Spurgeon (USA)
 1960 : Poul Jorgensen (Danemark) et Michel Fusté (France)
 1961 : Pierre Hétu (Canada) et Jacques Houtmann (France)
 1962 : Vladimir Kojoukharov (Bulgarie) et Michel Plasson (France)
 1963 : Aloïs Springer (Allemagne) et André Schenck (USA)
 1964 : Emil Simon (Roumanie) et Ladislas Rybach (Hongrie)
 1965 : Zdeněk Mácal (Tchécoslovaquie) et non attribué
 1966 : non attribué et Catherine Comet (France)
 1967 : Yuval Zaliouk (Israël) et non attribué
 1968 : non attribué et Alain Pâris (France)
 1969 : non attribué et Guy Condette (France)
 1970 : Stéphane Cardon (France) et Karl Kaspar-Trikolodis (Hongrie)
 1971 : non attribué et Alain Sabouret (France)
 1972 : Jacques Mercier (France) et Étienne Bardon (France)
 1973 : non attribué et non attribué
 1974 : Alex Veelo (Pays-Bas)
 1975 : Marc Soustrot (France)
 1976 : Patrick Juzeau (France)
 1977 : Tomas Koutnik (Tchécoslovaquie) et Ali Rahbari (Iran)
 1978 : Yoel Levi (Israël)
 1979 : Doron Salomon (Israël)
 1980 : Jonathan Seers (Angleterre)
 1981 : Philippe Cambreling (France)
 1982 : Yôko Matsuo (Japon) et Osmo Vänskä (Finlande)
 1983 : Michael Zilm (Allemagne)
 1984 : Wolfgang Doerner (Autriche)
 1985 : Wing-Sie Yip (Chine)
 1986 : Gilles Auger (Canada)
 1987 : Nicolás Pasquet (Uruguay)
 1988 : Shao-chia Lü (Taïwan)
 1989 : Christopher Gayford (Angleterre) et Yutaka Sado (Japon)
 1990 : Ryusuke Numajiri (Japon)
 1991 : George Pehlivanian (USA)
 1992 : Tommaso Placidi (Italie)
 1993 : Silvia Massarelli (Italie) et Daisuke Soga (Japon)
 1995 : Tetsuro Ban (Japon)
 1997 : Marco Parisotto (Canada)
 1999 : Alvaro Albiach-Fernandez (Espagne)
 2001 : Tatsuya Shimono (Japon)
 2003 : non attribué
 2005 : Lionel Bringuier (France)
 2007 : Darrell Ang (Singapour)
 2009 : Kazuki Yamada (Japon)
 2011 : Yuki Kakiuchi (Japon)
 2013 : Yao-Yu Wu (Taïwan)
 2015 : Jonathon Heyward (USA)
 2017 : Ben Glassberg (Royaume-Uni)
 2019 : Nodoka Okisawa (Japon)
 2021 : non attribué
 2023 : Swann Van Rechem (France)

Autres prix
Le public assistant à la Finale est appelé à voter pour attribuer le « Coup de cœur du public ». Les musiciens de l'orchestre de la Finale sont également appelés à voter à bulletin secret pour désigner le « Coup de cœur de l'orchestre ». Le jury a également la possibilité d'attribuer une Mention spéciale dotée de .

Références

Concours de musique classique
Récompense en musique classique
Musique classique en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

Concours international de jeunes chefs d’orchestre de Besançon


BENlabs, formerly BEN Group Inc, is a Los Angeles-based product placement, influencer marketing and licensing company. The company offers AI-driven product placement, influencer marketing services, music partnerships, rights clearance, and personality rights management services for the entertainment industry.

The company was founded in Seattle by Bill Gates in 1989 as Interactive Home Systems, and later renamed Corbis. The company's original goal was to license and digitize artwork and other historic images for the prospective concept of digital frames. In 1997, Corbis changed its business model to focus on licensing the imagery and footage in its collection.

The Corbis collection included contemporary creative, editorial, entertainment, and historical photography as well as art and illustrations. Among its acquisitions were the 11 million piece Bettmann Archive, acquired in 1995; the Sygma collection in France (1999); and the German stock image company ZEFA (2005). Corbis also had the rights to digital reproduction for art from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the National Gallery in London.

Corbis later expanded into providing services for the entertainment industry, including brand integration and rights clearance services. In January 2016, Corbis announced that it had sold its image licensing businesses to Unity Glory International, an affiliate of Visual China Group. VCG licensed the images to Corbis's historic rival, Getty Images, outside China. Corbis retained its entertainment businesses under the name Branded Entertainment Network, which has since evolved to BENlabs.

Lines of business

BEN Group's Inc's businesses include product placement services, the celebrity photo agency Splash News, as well as Greenlight, a business that provides clearances for images, music, video, and licenses personality rights for commercial use. BEN directly represents the personality rights of various figures, including Albert Einstein, Buzz Aldrin, Sophia Loren, Charlie Chaplin, Maria Callas, Andy Warhol, Martin Luther King Jr., Marvin Gaye, Muhammad Ali, Steve McQueen, and Thomas Edison among others. In 2015, BEN Group Inc acquired Plaid Social Labs, a leader in digital influencer marketing and integrations. In 2016, BEN Group Inc sold Splash.

History

Founding

Bill Gates founded the company in 1989 under the name Interactive Home Systems; he envisioned a system for allowing customers to decorate their homes with revolving displays of artwork, including works by notable painters, using digital frames and technology that had yet to have been developed. The company's name was changed to Continuum Productions in 1992 and later, to Corbis Corporation. Interactive television was suggested as a way to deliver the content, but as the development of the planned product was under way, Corbis focused on digitizing content and acquiring rights to images. Corbis signed agreements with the National Gallery of London, the Library of Congress, the Sakamoto Archive, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.

In October 1995, the company purchased the Bettmann Archive collection, which included the pre-1983 photo library of United Press International and its predecessor photo agencies, Acme and INP, the photo arm of the International News Service. Prior to acquiring the Bettmann Archive, Corbis represented roughly 500,000 images, a total that increased substantially when the Bettmann drawings, artworks, news photographs, and other illustrations were added to the company's portfolio. In all the Bettmann Archive contained 19 million images. The archive was stored 220 feet underground in a refrigerated cave in the Iron Mountain storage facility,

In 1995, the company won a contract with its first major photographer, Roger Ressmeyer, followed by several more, including Galen Rowell; this signalled growing interest in the world of professional photography, which up to that point had not taken the company seriously. In 1996 the company acquired the exclusive rights to approximately 40,000 images photographed by wilderness photographer Ansel Adams.

In 1997, Corbis named company veterans, Steve Davis and Tony Rojas, co-CEOs. Corbis also hired David Rheins to run Corbis' Productions, and Leslie Hughes to lead the company's B2B image licensing division, Corbis Images. These hires marked the company's shift to a more market focused entity.  Corbis Productions published several award-winning CD-ROM titles such as A Passion for Art: Renoir, Cézanne, Matisse, and Dr. Barnes, compiled from the Barnes Foundation collection, and Leonardo da Vinci, which showcased the Codex Leicester.

In 1998, Leslie Hughes was named President of Corbis Images. The company expanded internationally and through product development and further acquisitions.  The company acquired Digital Stock Corp., a supplier of royalty-free images to further expand its offering. In 1998, another division was added to Corbis Images when the company acquired Outline Press Syndicate, Inc., a supplier of celebrity portrait photography. Renamed Corbis Outline, the company syndicated studio portraits and candid photographs of actors, musicians, athletes, politicians, business leaders, scientists, and other celebrities and provided the images for sale to a broad range of national magazines. The same year, Corbis also acquired Westlight, adding over 3 million images to their archives while scanning best selling images.

In June 1999, the company acquired the French news photo agency Sygma, adding 40 million additional images to the company's collection, and expanding Corbis's portfolio beyond 65 million images.  The archive is today stored in a preservation and access facility outside Paris.

In 2000, Microsoft (a fellow venture of Gates) purchased the rights through Corbis to the image Bucolic Green Hills, which it renamed to Bliss for the default wallpaper of Windows XP. The image was taken in the Los Carneros American Viticultural Area of Sonoma County, California, United States by photographer Charles O'Rear in 1996, who previously sent it to Westlight which Corbis had acquired in 1998.

2000–2010

Corbis's business-to-business image licensing business expanded with the growth of the internet in the early part of the decade. The company also expanded geographically, making multiple acquisitions such as the Stock Market and expanding into the footage licensing market with the acquisition of Sekani.

In 2000, after the company's dramatic growth in the professional licensing business, Corbis named Leslie Hughes President of the newly consolidated Markets and Products Group (CMPG).  The new group represented the consolidation of formerly separate business units, professional licensing and business communicator (small office).
In 2001 Corbis built a state-of-the-art preservation facility in western Pennsylvania to house the Bettmann Archive.  Corbis committed to preserving the collection for generations to come, and  to allow continued access to this extraordinary collection.
In late 2002, Leslie Hughes stepped down as President of Corbis' Markets and Products Group.  Steve Davis was named as sole CEO, and Tony Rojas was appointed the company's president.
In 2005, the company expanded further into Europe with the acquisition of zefa, and into Australia in 2006, with the acquisition of Australian Picture Library.
In April 2007, the company announced it was naming new leadership.  Steve Davis stepped down as CEO, and Gary Shenk was named as the new CEO as of July 1. Shenk oversaw aggressive cost-cutting efforts to improve the company's financial performance and address the rise of low-cost competitors. The company experienced several waves of layoffs for the next several years, shed non-profitable lines of business and reduced its number of offices globally.
In November 2007, Corbis announced that it would be purchasing Veer and would continue to operate it as a separate brand.
In early June 2007, Corbis announced that it was creating a microstock website, SnapVillage. The company said it intended to use its microstock site as a farm club to find photographers who could also sell their photographs on the main Corbis Web site. In late June, the company launched SnapVillage, with about 10,000 images initially viewable. SnapVillage was closed due to low sales in early 2009 and rolled into Veer.
Corbis rebranded its Rights Services Division, previously a Division of Corbis Images, as "GreenLight" in 2008.
In July 2008 Corbis sold eMotion LLC, its media management division, to Open Text Corporation.
In May 2009, Corbis opened the Sygma Preservation and Access Facility outside Paris, France, housing tens of millions of photographic elements from the past half century in Europe. The company in 2009 also re-launched its Corbis Motion website with hundreds of thousands of new video clips, after signing a new partnership with Thought Equity Motion.
In 2010, Corbis increased its focus on serving web and mobile customers, with the introduction of low-resolution file sizes images that were more affordable for Web and Mobile use. Corbis also relaunched its Veer.com website with a greater focus on affordable images and fonts to compete more effectively against low cost competitors.
 In 2010, Corbis was found to have committed fraud against Infoflows Corporation.
 In this decade, Corbis has discussed its financial direction in moving towards profitability multiple times without success.

2011–2013
 In January 2011, Shirley Jones sued Corbis alleging the company violated her publicity rights, and seeking class-action status for other celebrities. The case was thrown out in June 2011, with the court forcing Jones to pay Corbis's legal fees and other costs.
 July 2011—Five Photographers take Corbis to court for misuse of corporate assets in closing Corbis Sygma.
 July 2011—Corbis acquires Splash News, a Los Angeles-based firm that deals in celebrity photography.
 August 2011—Corbis and the Associated Press announce a distribution deal to try to reach each other's customers for current and archival photographs. Corbis' collection includes the library of onetime AP-rival UPI, acquired in the purchase of Bettmann.
 January 2012—Corbis acquires the product placement agency Norm Marshall Group.
 May 2012—Washington State Appellate Court upholds jury verdict that Corbis committed fraud.
 Nov 2012—Corbis expands global media footprint and acquires breaking news photojournalism newswire, Demotix, following successful investment and global distribution partnership.

2016–present: Sale of image licensing business
On January 22, 2016, Corbis announced that it had sold its general image licensing business, including the Corbis Images, Corbis Motion and Veer libraries and their associated assets, to Unity Glory, an affiliate of Visual China Group. The sale did not include the Corbis Entertainment business, which would remain owned by the company under a new name. Concurrently, it was announced that VCG would exclusively license distribution of the Corbis images library outside China to its rival, Getty Images. VCG has historically served as the exclusive distributor of Getty content in China. Distribution of Corbis content was transitioned to Getty's outlets, and the company manages Corbis's physical archives on behalf of VCG. Of the deal, Getty CEO Jonathan Klein remarked that after 21 years in business, it was "lovely to get the milk, the cream, cheese, yogurt and the meat without buying the cow."

In May 2016, following the handover of the Corbis images business to Unity Glory and Getty, Corbis Entertainment was renamed Branded Entertainment Network, and re-located its operations to Los Angeles. CEO Gary Shenk stated that the company had organized over 5,000 brand placements in 2015, with clients including Cadillac, Jose Cuervo, Microsoft, and others.  In 2018, Ricky Ray Butler, was named CEO. In 2020 BEN won the Agency of the Year award at the 10th Streamy Awards.

In February 2023, BEN Group was rebranded as BENlabs.

See also
Image hosting service
List of online image archives
List of photo sharing websites
Social media influencer

References

Further reading
 Corbis history

Bill Gates
Companies established in 1989
Companies based in Seattle
Companies based in Los Angeles

BENlabs


Termera, Günümüzde Muğla'nın Bodrum ilçesinde bulunan, Leleg dönemine ait antik yerleşimdir.

8 Leleg yerleşiminden en zengini. Bölgede bilimsel kazılar 2012 yılında Muğla Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölüm Başkan'ı Prof. Dr. Adnan Diler tarafından başlatılmıştır. Bölgeye daha önce gelen gezginlerin araştırmaları ve 2012 yılında yapılan kazılar sonucunda Termera Antik Kentinin lokalizasyonu büyük ölçüde yapılmıştır.

Termera Antik Kenti'ne, Turgutreis üzerinden toprak bir yolla ulaşılır. Ya da Mandıra köyüne kadar asfalt yolla gidilip oradan yarım saatlik yürüyüşle ulaşılabilir.Şehrin akropolisi Madran köyüne araçla 10 dk uzaklıktadır. Kent Ana giriş kapısı ve surun bir kısmı dışında yıkılmıştır. . Akropolisteki kale kalıntılarının üzerine daha sonraki dönemde sarnıç inşa edilmiştir. Kent Atina Vergi Listeleri'nde yer almaktadır ve 2,5 talent gibi büyük bir miktar ödendiği bilinmektedir. Diğer Leleg kentleri içinde en fazla vergi ödeyen kenttir. Bu da kentin büyüklüğünü anlamamıza yardım etmektedir. Mausolos Bodrum'daki kentleri birleştirip hayalindeki devasa kenti kurmak için Termera halkını da Halikarnassos'a zorla getirtmiştir. Kent daha sonra hapishane olarak kullanılmasının dışında çiftlik evleri şeklinde yerleşim görmüştür. Bizans Döneminde kentin limanına Strabilos kenti kurulmuştur.

Araştırma ve Kazı
19. yüzyılın sonunda Newton, Paton ve Myres kentte çeşitli incelemelerde bulunmuş; 1950'lerde Bean ve Cook, 1960'lı yıllarda ise Radt yüzey araştırması yapmıştır. 2009 yılında Adnan Diler ve ekibi tarafından yapılan yüzey araştırmasında yeniden ziyaret edilmiştir. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı tarafından hazırlanmış tescilli arkeolojik sit alanları listesinde yer almaktadır.

Kaynakça

Muğla ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Türkiye'deki antik kentler

Termera


82896 Vaubaillon este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
82896 Vaubaillon este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  au Pic du Midi la Observatoire du Pic du Midi. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,76 ua, o excentricitate de 0,02 și o înclinație de 1,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 82001-83000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

82896 Vaubaillon


A Praia da Pedra Redonda é uma praia situada na cidade de Porto Alegre, capital do estado brasileiro Rio Grande do Sul. Localiza-se dentro da Pedra Redonda, um bairro de classe média alta da zona sul do município.

História

A praia leva esse nome em razão de um conjunto de rochas em formato oval que existe no trecho próximo à rua Augusta Linck, ao lado da sede social da Sociedade de Engenharia do Rio Grande do Sul (SERGS), fundada em 1930. A partir da praia, é possível avistar o município de Guaíba e também o Morro do Sabiá, o qual divide a Pedra Redonda da praia de Ipanema.

Historicamente, a praia teve papel importante no crescimento da zona sul no início do século XX, uma vez que a sua balneabilidade começou a atrair as pessoas da área central da cidade, interessadas em passeios durante o verão e até casas de veraneio e fim de semana. Elas se locomoviam através da extinta Ferrovia do Riacho, cuja locomotiva a vapor fazia o retorno próximo da praia em uma plataforma giratória. O movimento de pessoas impulsionou, durante três décadas, a construção de restaurantes, tendas e até hotéis na região.

Hoje, a praia da Pedra Redonda se caracteriza como um espaço público não muito qualificado, sem infraestrutura mínima para receber visitantes (iluminação, estacionamentos, sanitários, lixeiras, etc). Além disso, os níveis de poluição de suas águas tornam a praia um local inadequado para banho.

Em fevereiro de 2021, como parte da "Operação Verão – Todos por uma Navegação Segura", militares da Capitania Fluvial de Porto Alegre realizaram a limpeza da praia, de onde foram removidos 220 kg de resíduos.

Galeria

Pedra Redonda
Praia

Praia da Pedra Redonda


{{Taxobox
| name = Gaukasmæra
| image = Flowers of Oxalis articulata 20181102.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = Jurtaríki (Plantae)
| divisio = Dulfrævingar (Magnoliophyta)
| classis = Tvíkímblöðungar (Magnoliopsida)
| ordo = Oxalidales
| familia = Súrsmæruætt (Oxalidaceae)
| genus = Oxalis
| species = O. articulata
| binomial = Oxalis articulata
| binomial_authority = Savign. (1798)
| synonyms =
Acetosella articulata <small>(Savigny) Kuntze (1891)
Oxalis rubra' A. St.-Hil. (1825)
}}Gaukasmæra''' (fræðiheiti: Oxalis articulata) er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er ættuð frá S-Brasilíu til N-Argentínu, en hefur breiðst út með ræktun víða um heim.

Til hennar teljast tvær undirtegundir
 Oxalis articulata Savign. forma crassipes (Urb.) Lourteig, 1982
 Oxalis articulata Savign. subspecies rubra'' (A.St.-Hil.) Lourteig, 1982

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Gaukasmæra


Yosuke Ideguchi (født 23. august 1996) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Han var en del af den japanske trup ved Sommer-OL 2016.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yosuke Ideguchi


HMS Glowworm was a G-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1930s. During the Spanish Civil War the ship spent part of 1936 and 1937 in Spanish waters, enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict. Glowworm was transferred from the Mediterranean Fleet shortly after the beginning of World War II to the British Isles, to escort shipping in local waters. In March 1940, she was transferred to the Home Fleet, just in time to participate in the opening stages of the Norwegian Campaign. On 8 April 1940 Glowworm encountered German destroyers transporting troops to invade Norway in Operation Weserübung. The German destroyers attempted to disengage while calling for help from the heavy cruiser . In the chaos of battle, the heavily damaged Glowworm rammed Admiral Hipper. The collision broke off the destroyer's bow, and she sank shortly afterwards.
The commander of Glowworm was awarded the VC at the recommendation of the commander of Hipper. There were only two other occasions when a VC was awarded at the recommendation of the enemy in the Second World War.

Description
Glowworm displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers. Glowworm carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at . The ship's complement was 137 officers and men in peacetime.

The ship mounted four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts. For anti-aircraft defence Glowworm had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. She was the test ship for the new quintuple torpedo tube mounts for  torpedoes. One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began.

Operational history

Early career

Glowworm was ordered from the yards of John I. Thornycroft and Company, at Woolston, Hampshire on 5 March 1934 under the 1933 Construction Programme. She was laid down on 15 August 1934 and launched on 22 July 1935. She was completed on 22 January 1936 at a total cost of £248,785, excluding government-furnished equipment like the armament. Upon commissioning she was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet. Between 10 August and 9 September 1936, together with , she escorted the yacht Nahlin as King Edward VIII cruised the eastern Mediterranean. Afterwards, Glowworm patrolled Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War enforcing the edicts of the Non-Intervention Committee until she had a refit at Portsmouth between 27 May and 8 June 1937. The ship returned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean after her brief refit. Glowworm returned to Portsmouth for a longer overhaul between 7 June and 25 July 1938 and escorted the ocean liner SS Strathnaver between Malta and Alexandria during the Munich Crisis in September 1938. She then escorted the light cruiser  on her voyage to Aden later that month. During night exercises on 16 May 1939, Glowworm collided with her sister, , and was forced to put into Alexandria for temporary repairs. She received permanent repairs in Malta between 23 May and 24 June.

Glowworm was in Alexandria when World War II began in September 1939. In October the flotilla was transferred to the Western Approaches Command and Glowworm sailed for the UK on 19 October with her sisters , Grafton, and . They arrived at Plymouth on 22 October and were deployed in the South Western Approaches. Glowworm carried out convoy escort duties and anti-submarine patrols until 12 November when she was transferred to the 22nd Destroyer Flotilla, based at Harwich, for North Sea patrol and escort duties. On 22 February 1940 she was hit by the Swedish ship Rex in fog whilst at anchor off Outer Dowsing. Glowworm suffered significant structural damage and was under repair at a commercial dockyard in Hull until late March. On completion of the repairs, she was transferred back to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet, rejoining the flotilla at its base at Scapa Flow on 20 March.

On 5 April Glowworm was part of the escort of the battlecruiser , along with her sisters Greyhound, , and . The ships covered the minelaying operation in Norwegian waters, Operation Wilfred.  On 7 April, Glowworm was detached from the task force to search for a man lost overboard.

Final battle

On the morning of 8 April 1940 Glowworm was on her way to rejoin Renown when she encountered the German destroyers  and  in the heavy fog before 8:00 a.m. The destroyers were part of a German naval detachment, led by the heavy cruiser , on its way to land troops at Trondheim as part of the German invasion of Norway (Operation Weserübung). Glowworm opened fire and the German destroyers attempted to disengage, signalling for help. The request was soon answered by Admiral Hipper who spotted Glowworm at 09:50. Hipper initially had difficulty in distinguishing Glowworm from von Arnim, but opened fire eight minutes later at a range of  with her  main guns. Glowworm was hit by Hippers fourth salvo and she started making smoke. She turned into her smoke in an attempt to break visual contact with Hipper, but the cruiser's radar-directed guns were not affected by the smoke. When the destroyer emerged from her smoke the range was now short enough that the cruiser's  guns could fire. Glowworms radio room, bridge, and forward 4.7-inch gun were all destroyed, and she received additional hits in the engine room, the captain's day cabin, and finally the mast. As this crashed down, it caused a short circuit of the wiring, causing the ship's siren to start a banshee wail.

At 10:10, Lieutenant Commander Gerard Broadmead Roope fired five torpedoes from one mounting at a range of . Still, all missed because Captain Hellmuth Heye had kept Hippers bow pointed at Glowworm throughout the battle to minimize his risk from torpedoes. The destroyer fell back through her smokescreen to buy time to get her second torpedo mount working, but Heye followed Glowworm through the smoke to finish her off before she could fire the rest of her torpedoes. The two ships were very close when Hipper emerged from the smoke and Roope ordered a hard turn to starboard to ram the cruiser. Hipper was slow to answer her helm and Glowworm struck the cruiser just abaft the anchor. The collision broke off Glowworms bow and the rest of the ship scraped along Hippers side, gouging open several holes in the latter's hull and destroying her forward starboard torpedo mounting. One German sailor was knocked overboard by the collision. Hipper took on some  of water before the leaks could be isolated, but was not seriously damaged. Glowworm was on fire when she drifted clear and her boilers exploded at 10:24, taking 109 of her crew with her.

Admiral Hipper hove to in order to rescue her man overboard and Glowworms survivors. The German sailor was not found, but 40 British sailors were recovered, although at least six later died of their wounds. The senior surviving officer, Lieutenant Ramsay told his rescuers that neither the helm nor the emergency steering was manned when the ships collided. German accounts only mention four torpedoes fired by Glowworm, but British accounts say all ten were fired. This was confirmed by photographic evidence taken after the collision showing all of her torpedo tubes empty.

Roope, who drowned when he could no longer hang on to a rope whilst being pulled up the side of the cruiser, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, thus becoming the first VC recipient of the Second World War. The award was justified, in part, by the recommendation of Heye, who wrote to the British authorities via the Red Cross, stating the dauntless courage Roope had shown when engaging a much superior ship in a close quarters battle. Ramsay was also awarded the DSO. Both awards were made after the end of the war.

Footnotes

References

External links
 Royal Navy History - HMS Glowworm
 IWM Interview with survivor Albert Harris
 IWM Interview with survivor Fred Smith
 on naval-history.net
Lt Cdr Roope's VC citation from the

G and H-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Southampton
1935 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
Maritime incidents in April 1940
Ships sunk in collisions
Ships built by John I. Thornycroft & Company

HMS Glowworm (H92)


Karl Richter, født 15. oktober 1926, død 15. februar 1981, var en tysk dirigent, korleder, organist og cembalist.

Udvalgte indspilninger
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Matthäuspassionen, Münchener Bach-Chor und Bach-Orchester, 1958, Archiv Produktion.
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Matthäuspassionen, Münchener Bach-Chor und Bach-Orchester (med Mathis, Baker, Schreier og Fischer-Dieskau), 1980, Deutsche Grammophon.
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Johannespassionen, Münchener Bach-Chor und Bach-Orchester, 1964, Deutsche Grammophon.
 Johann Sebastian Bach: De seks orgelkoncerter, Silbermann-Orgel Arlesheim, 1974, Polydor und Archiv Produktion.
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Dorisk toccata og fuga og Passacaglia, Silbermann-orglet i Freiberg, 1978, Archiv Produktion.
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Toccata og fuga, Famous Organ Works, Victoriahallen i Geneve, 1960 og 1967, Decca.
 Johann Sebastian Bach: Goldbergvariationerne, Cembalo, 1970, Deutsche Grammophon.
 Johannes Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem, med Evelyn Lear og Thomas Stewart, 1964, EMI.

Musikere fra Tyskland
Dirigenter fra Tyskland

Karl Richter


Jacques Calonne (født i Mons, 1930, død 7. februar 2022) var en belgisk kunstner, komponist, sanger, skuespiller, logogrammør og forfatter.

Kompositioner i udvalg
Quadrangles, for piano (1959)
Un autre monde, filmmusik (Vandercam & Dotremont 1959)
Album, for strengkvartet (6 vols., 1960s)
Tome, for 2 pianoer og 3 perkussionister (1962)
Scolies, for kammerensemble (ca. 1964)
Orbes for orkester (1965)
Le Pavillon des passions humaines, filmmusik (Claude François, 1988)
Emergence des avant-gardes en Belgique francophone, filmmusik (1990)

Skrifter
1968. "Aspects d'un resume (Apropos d' Orbes pour orchestre)". Revue d'Esthetique 21, nos. 2–4 ("Musiques nouvelles"): 59-103.
1991. Facéties et compagnie de Christian Dotremont. Préface de Pierre Alechinsky, mise en page de Michel Olyff. Brussels: Quadri Gallery.

Diskografi
Calonne, Jacques. 1988. Tenor Mondain. Indspillet i 1983. Noter af Jean-Pierre Van Tieghem. Igloo IGL 071 (LP)

Eksterne henvisninger

Komponister fra Belgien
Kunstnere fra Belgien
Sangere fra Belgien
Skuespillere fra Belgien
Forfattere fra Belgien

Jacques Calonne