FIAPF  este un acronim pentru Federația Internațională a Asociațiilor Producătorilor de Film, (; ), o organizație profesională a celor ce realizează filme. Sediul FIAPF este în Paris.

Creată în 1933, FIAPF este o organizație compusă din 36 de asociații membre din 30 de țări, care au o puternică prezență în realizarea de filme. O altă funcție a FIAPF este de a coordona festivalurile de film, incluzând pe cele mai importante.

Funcții

FIAPF ajută la formularea unor proceduri și a unor acțiuni legale în domeniile:

 Copyright-ului și al proprietății intelectuale,
 Aplicarea legislației proprietății intelectuale și a celei anti-piraterie,
 Studierea tehnologiilor digitale și ale impactului acestora asupra "lanțului audio-vizual",
 Tehnologia standardizării proceselor digitale,
 Mecanisme regulatorii în mass media,
 Mecanisme financiare de finanțare în sectoarele public și privat,
 Probleme legate de comerțul în industria filmului.

Legături externe
 FIAPF Official Website
 Directory of FIAPF-accredited film festivals (PDF)

Asociații Internaționale
Federații profesionale
Organizații de cinematografie
Producători de film

FIAPF


Ā (lille bogstav: ā) er et bogstav brugt i det latinske skriftsystem. Bogstavet består af et A med en macron. Ā bruges blandt andet på lettisk og polynesiske sprog. Endvidere bruges det også i forbindelse translitterationer af f.eks. japansk og kinesisk.

Lettisk
På lettisk forekommer Ā som det andet bogstav, hvor det optræder mellem A og B. På lettisk betegner Ā, at vokalen er lang. Udtales [a:].

Polynesiske sprog
På mange polynesiske sprog, f.eks. maori og hawaiiansk forbindes Ā med en lang vokal.

Translitteration
I mange translitterationer optræder Ā som en lang vokal. Det kan blandt andet ses i translitterationer af japansk og kinesisk, men også i arabiske og indiske sprog.

Ā


Alexander Walke (Oranienburg, Brandenburg, 6 de junio de 1983) es un exfutbolista alemán que jugaba como portero.

Trayectoria
Inició su carrera a los 14 años en el club Energie Cottbus de su país. En 1999 fue transferido al Werder Bremen, subiendo al primer equipo en 2003. Luego de 6 años en el Bremen, en 2005 dejó el Werder Bremen para unirse al Friburgo y luego en 2008 pasó al SV Wehen, dejando este último al culminar la temporada 2008-09.

El 28 de mayo de 2009 firmó un contrato de dos años con el también club alemán FC Hansa Rostock. Luego de jugar 36 partidos para el FC Hansa Rostock, dejó Alemania por el campeón de la Liga de Austria, el Red Bull Salzburgo. Actualmente es el tercer arquero alemán para la temporada 2010-11 de dicho equipo tras Niclas Heimann y Gerhard Tremmel.

Luego de estar a préstamo por un año en el Greuther Fürth de la Segunda División de Alemania regresó finalmente al Red Bull Salzburgo, donde permaneció hasta que puso fin a su carrera tras la temporada 2022-23.

Selección nacional
Comipitió con  en la Copa Mundial de Fútbol Juvenil de 2003, pero dio positivo en el control antidopaje por tetrahydrocannabinol.

Clubes

Palmarés

Títulos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en Kicker.de
 Ficha en DFB

Futbolistas de Alemania
Futbolistas del Werder Bremen II
Futbolistas del Werder Bremen en los años 2000
Futbolistas del SC Friburgo en los años 2000
Futbolistas del SV Wehen en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Hansa Rostock en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Hansa Rostock en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Red Bull Salzburg
Futbolistas del Spielvereinigung Greuther Fürth en los años 2010
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-20 de Alemania
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-21 de Alemania
Casos de dopaje en fútbol

Alexander Walke


සිමා ක්වියැං ඉතිහාසඥයාට (ක්‍රි.පු 145 – 90) හා බැම්බු ඇනැල්ස් හි වාර්තා වලට අනුව ක්සියා රාජවංශය ආරම්භ ව අත්තේ වසර 4200 කට ඉහතදීය. නමුත් මෙම දිනය තවම තහවුරු වී නැත. ක්සියාහි ආරම්භයත් සමගම ෂැන්ග් සහ ෂෝවු ජනතාව ක්සියා රාජ වංශය යටතේ පැවතී ඇත. ඔවුන් ක්සියා හි රාජකීය දාසයෝ වූහ. ක්සියා රාජවංශයේ සත්‍ය කාපරිච්ඡේදය ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට අපහසුය., නමුත් එය වසර 431 කි නැතහොත් වසර 471 කි.

බොහෝ පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයන් දැන් ක්සියා රාජවංශය සම්බන්ධ කැණීම් ඇර්ලිටෝවු හි (මධ්‍යම හෙනාන් පළාතේ) කරති. ඊට හේතුව ක්‍රි. පු. 2000 ට පමණ අයත් ලෝහ උණු කළ මෙවලම් එම දෙපසින් ගොඩනැගීමට හැකිවී තිබීමය. මැටි කර්මාන්තය හා කැබිලිති සම්බන්ධ සලකුණු (මෙම ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සොයාගත්) අනුව ඔවුන් නවීන චීන ජනතාවගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන් බවට සැක කෙරේ. ෂැන්ග්හි පේන කීමට භාවිතා කළ ඇට කටු හෝ ෂෝවු ලෝකඩ බදුන් වල කළ ලේඛන අනුව ක්සියා යුගය ගැන සුළු තොරතුරු අණාවරණය වී ඇත.

ෂැන්ග් රාජවංශය

කහ ගංඟා මිටියාවතෙන් සොයා ගන්නා ලද ෂැන්ග් යුගයට අයත් උසස් සමාජ වල නටඹුන්

චීනයේ ඉතිහාසය ගැන ලියවුණු මුල්ම වාර්තා ෂැන්ග් රාජ කාලයේදී එනම් ක්‍රි.පු 13 වන සියවසේදී ලියවී ඇත. ඒවා ලියවී තිබුණේ සත්ව කටු වල හෝ අස්ථි වල ශිලා ලේඛන ලෙසයි. ඒවා නිමිති කියන ඇට කටු ලෙස හැදින්වේ. ක්‍රි.පු. 1600 – 1046 ශත වර්ෂයේදී ෂැන්ග් රාජවංශයේ පැවැත්ම ගැන කියවෙන පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සොයා ගැනීම් කොටස් 2 කි. මුල් කොටස අයත් වන්නේ පුර්ව ෂැන්ග් යුගය (ක්‍රි.පු 1600 – 1300 ශ. ව) ට වන අතර එම ද්‍රව්‍ය සොයා ගන්නා ලද්දේ අර්ට්ලිගෑං, සෙන්ෂොවු සහ ෂැන්ග්චෙන් වලින්ය. දෙවන කොටස අයත් වන්නේ පශ්චාත් ෂැන්ග් හෙවත් යින් යුගයට වන අතර ඒවායේ නිමිති කියන ඇටකටු වල කළ ලේඛන විශාල ලෙස කර ඇත. ෂැන්ග් හි අග නගර නවය අතුරින් අන්තිම අගනගරය වුයේ අන්යන්ග් (වර්තමානයේ හෙනන්) වු අතර එම කාලය ක්‍රි.පු. 1300 – 1046 ශ. ව. දක්වාය. ෂැන්ග් රාජ වංශය යටතේ ෂැන්ග් ටැංග් ගෙන් පටන් ගෙන ෂැන්ග් ෂෝවු රජු දක්වා රජවරු 31 රජකම් කළහ; චීන ඉතිහාසයේ දිගම රාජ වංශය වුයේ මෙයය. මහා ඉතිහාසඥ වාර්තා ප්‍රකාශ කර සිටින්නේ ෂැන්ග් රාජ වංශය තම අග නගරය හයක් මාරු කරන ද බවය. ක්‍රි.පු. 1350 දී යින් වෙන සිදු වු , අවසානම සහ වඩාත්ම වැදගත් මාරුව, රාජවංශයේ ස්වර්ණමය යුගය ඇතිවීමට පෙරමුණ ගති. යින් රාජවංශයේ කාය ඉතිහාසයේ ෂැන්ග් රාජවංශය සමග තුල්‍යාථික වී ඇත. නමුත් එය විශේෂයෙන් සදහන් වුයේ ෂැන්ග් රාජ වංශයේ පසු කාලයේදීය.

පසු කාලීන චීන ඉතිහාසඥවරු කීමට පුරුදුව සිටියේ එක් රාජවංශයකට පසු තවත් රාජ වංශයක් වශයෙන් පැවත එන්නේ යැයි කියන මතය ය. නමුත් අතීත චීනය තුළ සත්‍ය දේශපාලනික තත්වය මීට වඩා බොහෝ සංකිර්ණ එකක් වු බව අසන්නට ලැබේ. මේ නිසා, සමහර චීන උගතුන් ප්‍රකාශ කරන පරිදි ක්සියා හා ෂැන්ග් රාජ වංශ සමකාලීනව පැවති දේශපාලනික වස්තූන් බීජයන් වීමට හැක. එය හරියට පුර්ව ෂෝවු රාජවංශය (ෂැන්ග් රාජ වංශයෙන් පසු පදවියට පැමිණි ආණුඩුව), ෂැන්ග් රාජවංශයේ පැවති කාලයේම පැවතියැයි කියන්නාක් වැනිය.

ඇන්යෑංග් වලින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද ලේඛන ගත වාර්තා, ෂැන්ග් රාජවංශයේ පැවැත්ම තහවුරු කරයි. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් සැන්ෂින්ඩුයි හි කරන ලද පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සොයා ගැනීම් වලින් අන්යාන්ග් වල නොපැවති තාක්ෂණයෙන් උසස් ශිෂ්ඨාචාරයක් ගැන පැහැදිලි වේ. ෂැන්ග් රාජවංශය අන්යාන්හි සිට කොපමණ දුරකට විහිදී තිබුණ ද යන්න සැපයීමට තරම් සාක්ෂි ප්‍රබල නැත. ප්‍රබලම තර්ක මාත්‍රය වන්නේ, නිල ඉතිහාසයේ ෂැන්ග් රාජ වංශය විසින්ම පාලනය කරන ලද අන්යාන්ග් නගරය, ප්‍රදේශයේ වෙනත් බොහෝ නානාප්‍රකාර සංස්කෘතික ජනාවාස සමග සමකාලීනව පැවතුණු අතර ඔවුනොවුන් අතර වෙළදාමද සිද්ධ වුණු බවය.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Xia_Dynasty

කිසයා රාජ වංශය


Drača (žestica, lat. Paliurus), manji biljni rod iz porodice pasjakovki. Sastoji se od pet vrsta listopadnih grmova i drveća od kojih je u Europi prisutna drača čarna (P. spina-christi), a ostale samo u području Azije: Kina, Vijetnam, Japan.

Ime roda dolazi možda od grčkog palin (opet) i ouron (mokraća), zbog upotrebe biljke u narodnoj medicini na poticanje mokrenja.

Vrste
 Paliurus hemsleyanus Rehd. ex Schirarend & Olabi, Kina (Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang)
 Paliurus hirsutus Hemsl., Kina (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu), Vijetnam
 Paliurus orientalis, Kina (Yunnan, sw Sichuan)
 Paliurus ramosissimus (Lour.) Poir.  Kina (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Tajvan, Južna Koreja (Cheju Isl.), Vijetnam, Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), otoci Ryukyu.
 Paliurus spina-christi Miller, države južne Europe i dijelovi Azije, a uvezena je u mnoge države: Alžir, Tunis, Libija, Nepal, Fidži, Kina, Teksas i Baleare.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Pasjakovke

Drača (biljni rod)


Betoniera este un film românesc din 2013 regizat de Liviu Săndulescu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Mimi Brănescu, Iulia Lumânare, Adrian Titieni.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2013 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2013

Betoniera


Alessandro Mahmoud, cunoscut ca Mahmood, () este un cântăreț și compozitor italian din Milano. Acesta s-a clasat pe primul loc după ce a concurat în sezonul șase din versiunea italiană a show-ului The X Factor.

Biografie
Născut pe 12 septembrie 1992 la Milano din părinți sardinieni și egipteni, Mahmood s-a clasat pe locul doi în finala Eurovision 2019, reprezentând Italia cu cântecul "Soldi" (Bani).

Acesta va reprezenta din nou Italia la Eurovision 2022, cu piesa "Brividi" (Fiori), în duet cu Blanco.

Note

Nașteri în 1992
Nașteri pe 12 septembrie
Cântăreți italieni
Compozitori italieni
Oameni din Milano
Oameni în viață
Eurovision 2019
Eurovision 2022

Mahmood


Listă de dramaturgi brazilieni:

A
 José de Alencar (1829-1877)
 Aluísio Azevedo (1857-1913)
 Artur de Azevedo (1855-1908)
 Alfredo Dias Gomes (1922-1999)

B
 Lúcia Benedetti
 Jô Bilac
 Pedro Bloch
 Augusto Boal

C
 Pedro de Calasans
 Gero Camilo
 Lúcio Cardoso
 Dan Baron Cohen

D
 Gonçalves Dias

F
 Ary Fernandes
 Millôr Fernandes
 Guilherme Figueiredo
 Adonias Filho
 Oduvaldo Vianna Filho (1936-1974)

J
 França Júnior

L
 Vange Leonel

M
 Maria Clara Machado (1921-2001)
 Plínio Marcos (1935-1999)
 Vinicius de Moraes (1913-1980)

N
 Coelho Neto

O
 José Oiticica
 Domingos Olímpio

P
 Martins Pena
 Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron de Santo Ângelo

Q
 Qorpo-Santo

R
 João do Rio
 Nelson Rodrigues

S
 Aguinaldo Silva
 Antônio Gonçalves Teixeira e Sousa
 Heloneida Studart
 Ariano Suassuna

T
 Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay
 Gerald Thomas
 João Silvério Trevisan

V
 Edla Van Steen

Vezi și

 Listă de piese de teatru braziliene
 Listă de dramaturgi
 Listă de dramaturgi portughezi

Literatură braziliană

Listă de dramaturgi brazilieni


Iwan Nikolajewitsch Kusmin (; * 25. April 1962) ist ein ehemaliger russischer Ski-Orientierungsläufer.

Kusmin wurde in eine sportliche Familie geboren. Seine Mutter lief Ski; sein Vater war Skiläufer und Bergsteiger. Als Jugendlicher begann er zunächst mit Biathlon, bevor er zum Ski-Orientierungslauf wechselte. Ab den späten 1980er Jahren lebte und trainierte er in Schweden, wo er auch seine spätere Frau Arja Hannus kennenlernte.

Kusmin wurde bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1992 im französischen Pontarlier auf der Kurz- und auf der Langdistanz jeweils hinter Vidar Benjaminsen aus Norwegen und Vesa Mäkipää aus Finnland Dritter. Mit der GUS-Staffel, der auch Wiktor Kortschagin, Nikolai Bondar und Wladislaw Kormtschikow angehörten, gewann er eine Silbermedaille. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1994 in Italien wurde er zusammen mit dem Italiener Nicolò Corradini aufgrund Zeitgleichheit Kurzdistanzweltmeister. Zudem gewann er Bronze mit der russischen Staffel.

Nach seiner Karriere als Aktiver betätigt sich Kusmin als Redakteur bei verschiedenen Skisportzeitschriften. 1996 wurde er als "Verdienter Meister des Sports" ausgezeichnet.

Platzierungen
Weltmeisterschaften:

 1988: 15. Platz Kurz, 6. Platz Lang, 4. Platz Staffel
 1990: 7. Platz Kurz, 6. Platz Lang, 4. Platz Staffel
 1992: 3. Platz Kurz, 3. Platz Lang, 2. Platz Staffel
 1994: 1. Platz Kurz, 12. Platz Lang, 3. Platz Staffel

Weblinks
 Ski-OL-WM-Ergebnisse International Orienteering Federation
 Дмитрий НИКИФОРОВ: Кузьмин Иван Николаевич (Porträt, 8. Oktober 2010, russisch, abgerufen 3. April 2012)

Weltmeister (Ski-Orientierungslauf)
Ski-Orientierungsläufer (Russland)
Ski-Orientierungsläufer (Sowjetunion)
Sowjetbürger
Russe
Geboren 1962
Mann

Iwan Nikolajewitsch Kusmin


Black studies, or Africana studies (with nationally specific terms, such as African American studies and Black Canadian studies), is an interdisciplinary academic field that primarily focuses on the study of the history, culture, and politics of the peoples of the African diaspora and Africa. The field includes scholars of African-American, Afro-Canadian, Afro-Caribbean, Afro-Latino, Afro-European, Afro-Asian, African Australian, and African literature, history, politics, and religion as well as those from disciplines, such as sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, education, and many other disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. The field also uses various types of research methods.

Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African-American history began in the late 19th century (W. E. B. Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America, 1896). Among the pioneers in the first half of the 20th century were Carter G. Woodson, Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, and Lorenzo Dow Turner.

Programs and departments of Black studies in the United States were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five-month strike for Black studies at San Francisco State University. In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first Black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five-month strike in the spring of 1969. The creation of programs and departments in Black studies was a common demand of protests and sit-ins by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by the traditional academic structures.

Black studies departments, programs, and courses were also created in the United Kingdom, the Caribbean, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

Names of the academic discipline

The academic discipline is known by various names. Mazama (2009) expounds:

In the appendix to their recently published Handbook of Black Studies, Asante and Karenga note that "the naming of the discipline" remains "unsettled" (Asante & Karenga, 2006, p. 421). This remark came as a result of an extensive survey of existing Black Studies programs, which led to the editors identifying a multiplicity of names for the discipline: Africana Studies, African and African Diaspora Studies, African/Black World Studies, Pan-African Studies, Africology, African and New World Studies, African Studies–Major, Black World Studies, Latin American Studies, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Black and Hispanic Studies, Africana and Latin American Studies, African and African-American Studies, Black and Hispanic Studies, African American Studies, Afro-American Studies, African American Education Program, Afro-Ethnic Studies, American Ethnic Studies, American Studies–African-American Emphasis, Black Studies, Comparative American Cultures, Ethnic Studies Programs, Race and Ethnic Studies.

Okafor (2014) clarifies:

What appears to drive these distinctive names is a combination of factors: the composite expertise of their faculty, their faculty's areas of specialization, and the worldviews of the faculty that make up each unit. By worldview, I am referring to the question of whether the constituent faculty in a given setting manifests any or a combination of the following visions of our project:
 a domestic vision of black studies that sees it as focusing exclusively on the affairs of only United States African Americans who descended from the generation of enslaved Africans
 a diasporic vision of black studies that is inclusive of the affairs of all of African descendants in the New World—that is, the Americas: North America, South America and the Caribbean
 a globalistic vision of the black studies—that is, a viewpoint that thinks in terms of an African world—a world encompassing African-origin communities that are scattered across the globe and the continent of Africa itself.

History

Americas

North America

Canada

In 1991, the national chair for Black Canadian Studies, which was named after James Robinson Johnston, was created at Dalhousie University for the purpose of advancing the development and presence of Black studies in Canada. Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin was studied by the Black Canadian Studies chairman, John Barnstead.

Mexico

Through development of the publication, The black population in Mexico (1946), Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán made way for the development of Afro-Mexican studies.

United States

A specific aim and objective of this interdisciplinary field of study is to help students broaden their knowledge of the worldwide human experience by presenting an aspect of that experience—the Black Experience—which has traditionally been neglected or distorted by educational institutions. Additionally, this course of study strives to introduce an Afro-centric perspective, including phenomena related to the culture.
According to Robert Harris Jr, an emeritus professor of history at the Africana Studies Research Center at Cornell, there have been four stages in the development of Africana studies: from the 1890s until the Second World War, numerous organizations developed to analyze the culture and history of African peoples. In the second stage, the focus turned to African Americans. In the third stage, a bevy of newly conceived academic programs were established as Black studies.

In the United States, the 1960s is rightfully known as the "Turbulent Sixties." During this time period, the nation experienced great social unrest, as residents challenged the social order in radical ways. Many movements took place in the United States during this time period, including women's rights movement, labor rights movement, and the civil rights movement.

The students at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) were witnesses to the Civil Rights Movement, and by 1964, they were thrust into activism. On October 1, 1964, Jack Weinberg, a former graduate student, was sitting at a table where the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was distributing literature encouraging students to protest against institutional racism. Police asked Weinberg to produce his ID to confirm that he was a student, but he refused to do so and was, therefore, arrested. In support of Weinberg, 3,000 students surrounded the police vehicle, and even used the car as a podium, from where they spoke about their right to engage in political protest on campus. This impromptu demonstration was the first of many protests, culminating in the institutionalization of Black studies.

Two months later, students at UC Berkeley organized a sit-in at the Sproul Hall Administration building to protest an unfair rule that prohibited all political clubs from fundraising, excluding the democrat and republican clubs. Police arrested 800 students. Students formed a "freedom of speech movement" and Mario Savio became its poetic leader, stating that "freedom of speech was something that represents the very dignity of what a human is." The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), a well-connected and organized club, hosted a conference entitled "Black Power and its Challenges." Black leaders, who were directly tied to then ongoing civil rights movements, spoke to a predominantly white audience about their respective goals and challenges. These leaders included Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and James Bevel of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

Educational conferences, like that of the SDS, forced the university to take some measures to correct the most obvious racial issue on campus—the sparse black student population. In 1966, the school held its first official racial and ethnic survey, in which it was discovered that the "American Negro" represented 1.02% of the university population. In 1968, the university instituted its Educational Opportunity Program (EOP), facilitated the increased minority student enrollment, and offered financial aid to minority students with high potential. By 1970, there were 1,400 EOP students. As the minority student population increased, tension between activists clubs and minorities rose because minorities wanted the reigns of the movement that affected them directly. One student asserted that it was "backward to educate white people about Black Power when many black people are still uneducated on the matter. "The members of the Afro-American Student Union (AASU) proposed an academic department called "Black Studies" in April 1968. "We demand a program of 'Black Studies', a program that will be of and for black people. We demand to be educated realistically and that no form of education which attempts to lie to us, or otherwise mis-educate us will be accepted."

AASU members asserted: "The young people of America are the inheritors of what is undoubtedly one of the most challenging, and threatening set of social circumstances that has ever fallen upon a generation of young people in history." Everyone learns differently and teaching only one way is a cause for students to not want to learn, which eventually leads to dropping out. All students have their specialties, but teachers don't use that to help them in their learning community. Instead, they use a broad way of teaching just to get the information out. AASU used these claims to gain ground on their proposal to create a Black studies department. Nathan Hare, a sociology professor at San Francisco State University, created what was known as the "A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies" and AASU used Hare's framework to create a set of criteria. A Black studies program was implemented by the UC Berkeley administration on January 13, 1969. In 1969, St. Clair Drake was named the first chair of the degree granting, Program in African and Afro-American Studies at Stanford University. Many Black studies programs and departments and programs around the nation were created in subsequent years.

At University of California, Santa Barbara, similarly, student activism led to the establishment of a Black studies department, amidst great targeting and discrimination of student leaders of color on the University of California campuses. In the Autumn season of 1968, black students from UCSB joined the national civil rights movement to end racial segregation and exclusion of Black history and studies from college campuses. Triggered by the insensitivity of the administration and general campus life, they occupied North Hall and presented the administration with a set of demands. Such efforts led to the eventual creation of the Black studies department and the Center for Black Studies.

Similar activism was happening outside of California. At Yale University, a committee, headed by political scientist, Robert Dahl, recommended establishing an undergraduate major in African-American culture, one of the first of such at an American university.

When Ernie Davis, who was from Syracuse University, became the first African American to win the Heisman Trophy in college football, it renewed debates about race on college campuses in the country. Inspired by the Davis win, civil rights movement, and nationwide student activism, in 1969, black and white students, led by the Student African American Society (SAS), at Syracuse University, marched in front of the building at Newhouse and demanded for Black studies to be taught at Syracuse. It existed as an independent, underfunded non-degree offering program from 1971 until 1979. In 1979, the program became the Department of African American Studies, offering degrees within the College of Arts and Sciences.

Unlike the other stages, Black studies grew out of mass rebellions of black college students and faculty in search of a scholarship of change. The fourth stage, the new name "Africana studies" involved a theoretical elaboration of the discipline of Black studies according to African cultural reclamation and disparate tenets in the historical and cultural issues of Africanity within a professorial interpretation of the interactions between these fields and college administrations.

Thus, Africana studies reflected the mellowing and institutionalization of the Black studies movement in the course of its integration into the mainstream academic curriculum. Black studies and Africana studies differ primarily in that Africana studies focuses on Africanity and the historical and cultural issues of Africa and its descendants, while Black studies was designed to deal with the uplift and development of the black (African-American) community in relationship to education and its "relevance" to the black community. The adaptation of the term, "Africana studies", appears to have derived from the encyclopedic work of W. E. B. Du Bois and Carter G. Woodson. James Turner, who was recruited from graduate school at Northwestern on the heels of the student rebellions of 1969, first used the term to describe a global approach to Black studies and name the "Africana Studies and Research Center" at Cornell, where he acted as the founding director.

Studia Africana, subtitled "An International Journal of Africana Studies", was published by the Department for African American Studies at the University of Cincinnati in a single issue in 1977 (an unrelated journal called Studia Africana is published by the Centro de Estudios Africanos, in Barcelona, since 1990).
The International Journal of Africana Studies (ISSN 1056-8689) has been appearing since 1992, published by the National Council for Black Studies.

Africana philosophy is a part of and developed within the field of Africana studies.

In 1988 and 1990, publications on African-American studies were funded by the Ford Foundation, and the African-American academics who produced the publications used traditional disciplinary orthodoxies, from outside of African-American studies, to analyze and evaluate the boundaries, structure, and legitimacy of African-American studies. To the detriment of the field, an abundance of research on African American studies has been developed by academics who are not within the discipline of African American studies. Rather, the academics, and the scholarship they have produced about African American studies, has been characterized as bearing an "Aryan hegemonic worldview." Due to a staffing shortage in the field of African American studies, academics in the field, who are trained in traditional fields, carry with them presumptions of the primacy of their field of training's viewpoints, which tends to result in the marginalization of the African phenomena that are the subjects of study and even the field of African American studies at-large. Consequently, matters of development of theory as well as the development of historical and African consciousness frequently go overlooked. As the focus of African American studies is the study of the African diaspora and Africa, including the problems of the African diaspora and Africa, this makes the theory of Afrocentricity increasingly relevant.

The National Council for Black Studies has also recognized the problem of academics, who have been trained in fields such as education, economics, history, philosophy, political science, psychology, and sociology – fields outside of African American studies – and are committed to their disciplinary training, yet are not able to recognize the shortcomings of their training, as it relates to the field of African American studies that they are entering into. Furthermore, such academics, who would also recognize themselves as experts in the discipline of African American studies, would also attempt to assess the legitimacy of Africology – done so, through analysis based on critical rhetoric rather than based on pensive research.

Following the Black studies movement and Africana studies movement, Molefi Kete Asante identifies the Africological movement as a subsequent academic movement. Asante authored the book Afrocentricity, in 1980. Within the book, Asante used the term "Afrology" as the name for the interdisciplinary field of Black studies, and defined it as "the Afrocentric study of African phenomena." Later, Winston Van Horne changed Asante's use of the term "Afrology" to "Africology." Asante then went on to use his earlier definition for "Afrology" as the definition for his newly adopted term, "Africology". Systematic Africology, which is a research method in the field of Black studies that was developed by Asante, utilizes the theory of Afrocentricity to analyze and evaluate African phenomena. In an effort to shift Black studies away from its interdisciplinary status toward disciplinary status, Asante recommended that Afrocentricity should be the meta-paradigm for Black studies and that the new name for Black studies should be Africology; this is intended to shift Black studies away from having a "topical definition" of studying African peoples, which is shared with other disciplines, toward having a "perspectival definition" that is unique in how African peoples are studied – that is, the study of African peoples, through a centered perspective, which is rooted in and derives from the cultures and experiences of African peoples. By doing so, as Ama Mazama indicates, this should increase how relevant Black studies is and strengthen its disciplinary presence.

Caribbean

Among English-speaking countries of the Caribbean, scholars educated in the United States and Britain added considerably to the development of Black studies. Scholars, such as Fitzroy Baptiste, Richard Goodridge, Elsa Goveia, Allister Hinds, Rupert Lewis, Bernard Marshall, James Millette, and Alvin Thompson, added to the development of Black studies at the University of the West Indies campuses in Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad.

Cuba

During the early 1900s, Fernando Ortiz pioneered the emerging field of Afro-Cuban studies. On January 16, 1937, the Society for Afro-Cuban Studies was established. Afro-Cuban Studies (Estudios Afrocubanos) is the academic journal for the Society for Afro-Cuban Studies (SEAC/Sociedad de Estudios Afrocubanos). In 1939, Rómulo Lachatañeré's academic work appeared in a volume of this journal.

Dominican Republic

In 1967, Carlos Larrazábal Blanco authored, Los Negros Y La Esclavitud En Santo Domingo, which is considered to be a foundational academic work in Afro-Dominican studies. Even in areas of the Dominican Republic with many Afro-Dominicans and where Afro-Dominican culture is predominant, there has been an ongoing challenge in Afro-Dominican studies to find linguistic evidence of a remnant Afro-Dominican language.

Haiti

Lorimer Denis, Francois Duvalier, and Jean Price-Mars, as founders of the Bureau of Ethnology and leading figures in the Noirisme movement in Haiti, were also influential in the publishing of the foundational Afro-Haitian studies journal, Les Griots. One of the most influential academics in Afro-Haitian studies is René Piquion.

Puerto Rico

As of 2019, Afro-Puerto Rican studies is not offered as a degree program by the University of Puerto Rico. Numerous academic publications, such as Arrancando Mitos De Raiz: Guia Para La Ensenanza Antirracista De La Herencia Africana En Puerto Rico, were scholarly works that established Isar Godreau as a leading academic in Afro-Puerto Rican Studies.

Central America

Costa Rica

The Executive branch created a law to establish a Committee for Afro-Costa Rican Studies, as one, among other laws, to increase the level of inclusion of Afro-Costa Ricans in Costa Rica.

Guatemala

Christopher H. Lutz authored, Santiago de Guatemala, 1541–1773, which is considered to be one of the foundational literatures of Afro-Guatemalan studies.

Honduras

Due to a history of scarce resources and anti-black racism, Afro-Hondurans have largely been excluded from academic publications about Honduras; consequently, Afro-Honduran studies has remained limited in its formal development.

Panama

In March 1980, along with the Panamanian government, the Afro-Panamanian Studies Center hosted the Second Congress on Black Culture in the Americas.

South America

Argentina

Since the 1980s, Afro-Argentine studies has undergone renewed growth.

Brazil

In 1980, Abdias Nascimento gave a presentation in Panama of his scholarship on Kilombismo at the 2nd Congress of Black Culture in the Americas. His scholarship on Kilombismo detailed how the economic and political affairs of Africans throughout the Americas contributed to how they socially organized themselves. Afterward, Nascimento went back to Brazil and began institutionalization of Africana studies in 1981. While at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, Nascimento developed the Afro-Brazilian Studies and Research Institute (IPEAFRO).  A course for professors was provided by IPEAFRO between 1985 and 1995.

Chile

From the 1920s to the 1950s, publications that included the presence of Afro-Chileans were not systematized, and, from the 1960s to the 1980s, publications continued to group Afro-Chileans with other groups. Since the 2000s, there has been increasing systematization and a more formal development of Afro-Chilean studies, along with a greater focus on Afro-Chileans and the recovery of Afro-Chilean cultural heritage.

Colombia

Scholars, such as Rogerio Velásquez, Aquiles Escalante, José Rafael Arboleda, and Thomas Price, were forerunners in the development of Afro-Colombian studies in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s, as social science programs became incorporated into university institutions, contributions from anthropologists and social scientists added to its emergence. Following the promulgation of the Colombian Constitution, particularly Article 55, in 1991, Law 70 in 1993, and Decree 804 by the Ministry of Education in 1995, the elements for Afro-Colombian studies began to come together, and historic discrimination of Afro-Colombians was able to begin being addressed, with the development of national educational content about Afro-Colombians and Africa. At the University City of Bogotá, of the National University of Colombia, the Afro-Colombian Studies Group developed and established a training program in Afro-Colombian studies for primary and secondary school teachers. In February 2002, a continuing education diploma program in Afro-Colombian studies was developed and began to be offered at the University of Cauca in Belalcázar, Caldas. At the Pontifical Xavierian University, there is a master's degree program in Afro-Colombian studies. There is also a study abroad program for Afro-Colombian students and African-American students existing between the Afro-Colombian studies program at the Pontifical Xavierian University in Colombia and African-American studies programs at historically black colleges and universities in the United States.

Ecuador

Afro-Ecuadorians initiated the development of the Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies in the late 1970s, which served as a means of organizing academic questions relating to Afro-Ecuadorian identity and history. Though it dissolved in the early 1980s, by the 1990s, organizations that followed in the example of the Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies ushered in the development of the Afro-Ecuadorian Etnoeducación program at the National High School, in Chota Valley, Ecuador, and a master's degree program in Afro-Andean Studies at the Simón Bolívar Andean University (UASB), in Quito, Ecuador. With the promulgation of Article 84 of the 1998 Constitution of Ecuador, gave formal recognition was given to Afro-Ecuadorian Etnoeducación. Juan Garcia, who was one of the founders of the Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies, is a leading scholar in Afro-Ecuadorian studies and has contributed considerably to the development of the programs in Chota Valley and Quito.

Paraguay

In 1971, Carvalho Neto authored, Afro-Paraguayan studies.

Peru

While the presence of Afro-Peruvian studies may not be strong in Peru, the body of scholarship is undergoing growth. There have been efforts to organize the elements of Afro-Peruvian studies in Peru, such as by LUNDU, which organized an international conference for Afro-Peruvian studies in Peru on November 13, 2009. During this LUNDU-organized conference, Luis Rocca, who co-founded the National Afro-Peruvian Museum, and is also a historian, presented on his research regarding Afro-Peruvians. A university student group focused on Afro-Peruvian studies was also created near San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima, Peru. Additionally, there has been some scholarship in Afro-Peruvian studies developed in the United States and a panel on Afro-Peruvian studies at a conference hosted on December 11, 2019, by the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research in the United States.

Uruguay

Since 1996, the amount of scholarship of Afro-Uruguayan studies has increased as a result of increased global focus on Afro-Latin American studies.

Venezuela

The curriculum for Afro-Venezuelan studies was developed at Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Barlovento Argelia Laya (UPTBAL), in Higuerote, Barlovento, by Alejandro Correa. In 2006, Afro-Epistemology and African Culture were formally developed as the initial courses for students in this curriculum.

Europe

United Kingdom

Following the rise and decline of Black British Cultural Studies between the early 1980s and late 1990s, Black studies in the United States reinvigorated Black Critical Thought in the United Kingdom. Kehinde Andrews, who initiated the development of the Black Studies Association in the United Kingdom as well as the development of a course in Black studies at Birmingham City University, continues to advocate for the advancement of the presence of Black studies in the United Kingdom.

Research methods

African Self-Consciousness

Kobi K. K. Kambon developed a research method and psychological framework, known as African Self-Consciousness, which analyzes the states and changes of the African mind.

Africana Womanism

Delores P. Aldridge developed a research method, which analyzes from the viewpoint of black women, known as Africana Womanism. Rather than the importance of the individual (e.g., needs, wants) being considered greater than the family unit, the importance of the family unit is regarded as greater than the individual.

Afrocentricity

Afrocentricity is an academic theory and approach to scholarship that seeks to center the experiences and peoples of Africa and the African diaspora within their own historical, cultural, and sociological contexts. First developed as a systematized methodology by Molefi Kete Asante in 1980, he drew inspiration from a number of African and African diaspora intellectuals including Cheikh Anta Diop, George James, Harold Cruse, Ida B. Wells, Langston Hughes, Malcolm X, Marcus Garvey, and W. E. B. Du Bois. The Temple Circle, also known as the Temple School of Thought, Temple Circle of Afrocentricity, or Temple School of Afrocentricity, was an early group of Africologists during the late 1980s and early 1990s that helped to further develop Afrocentricity, which is based on concepts of agency, centeredness, location, and orientation.

Black Male Studies

Black Male Studies primarily focuses on the study of Black men and boys. Its research focus includes the study of Black manhood and Black masculinity, and it draws from disciplines such as history, philosophy, and sociology. Black Male Studies uses a Black male-centered paradigm designed to critique past and present gender studies publications on Black males as well as centers and contends with the problem of anti-Black misandry ("disdain for Black men and boys"). Past and present gender studies publications tend to carry assumptions of Black men and boys being criminals and assailants of Black women and white women. Consequently, past and present gender studies publications tend to contain paradigms, theories, and narratives that are grounded in anti-Black misandry, along with a theoretically constructed language of hypermasculinity, and tend to be ill-equipped at understanding Black males as victims. The past and present vulnerability of Black males, ranging from rape, to sexual abuse, to death, which tends to be overlooked and downplayed by rhetoric about hypermasculinity, underscores the need to develop new language, narratives, and theories for understanding Black males.

Blues Culture

James B. Stewart developed the research method and methodological framework, known as Blues Culture, which examines the traits (e.g., versatility, vibration) of Africana culture utilizing various means from an assortment of disciplines (e.g., economics, history, sociology).

Double Consciousness

W. E. B. DuBois developed the research method and conceptual framework, known as Double Consciousness, to analyze how Africana people (and phenomena) exist in a dual racialized (black-white) world and subsequently develop a dual consciousness. Rather than succumb to various forms of external pressure (e.g., assimilation, harassment, prejudice, racism, sexism, surveillance), Africana people discover how to steer through them.

Four Basic Tasks of the Black Studies Scholar

James Turner developed the research method and social scientific framework, known as Four Basic Tasks of the Black Studies Scholar, which investigates the problems that affect the experiences of Africana peoples and addresses four related criteria (e.g., defend, disseminate, generate, preserve new knowledge) utilizing various means of examination from an assortment of disciplines (e.g., conceptual history, economics, political science, sociology).

Interpretative Analysis

Charles H. Wesley developed the research method of Interpretative Analysis, which utilizes a structural or cultural system to gather, analyze, and interpret data.

Kawaida Theory

Maulana Karenga drew from the concept of Nguzo Saba to develop his research method, known as Kawaida Theory. Seven factors (e.g., creative production, ethos, history, religion, economic organization, political organization, social organization) are utilized to examine the Africana experience, which is set within a Pan-Africanist context.

Miseducation of the Negro

Carter G. Woodson developed the research method of and conceptual framework for the Miseducation of the Negro, which analyzes and assesses the history and culture of Africana people, and notates their notable loss of such is due to Africana people being decentered from their own historic and cultural contexts.

Nigrescence

William E. Cross Jr. developed the research method, known as Nigrescence, as a psychological framework; with the framework, he analyzes Africana culture and the behavioral dimensions of its psycho-adaptive traits as well as analyzes a timeline of Black culture (which is composed of five steps).

Optimal Worldview of Psychology

Linda Meyers developed the research method, known as the Optimal Worldview of Psychology, which utilizes investigates the African mind through a cultural framework (e.g., surface-level structure of culture, deep structure of culture); its sub-optimal viewpoint highlights the demerits of an African mind that has an assimilated mentality and its optimal viewpoint corresponds with an African mind that has an Africana mentality.

Paradigm of Unity

Abdul Alkalimat developed the research method known as the Paradigm of Unity, which has a considerable focus on relationships between social classes, via Marxist analysis, and utilizes gender as a determining factor as well as utilizes an undefined notion of Afrocentricity.

Shared Authority

Michael Frisch developed the research method, known as Shared Authority, to investigate orature, which recognizes the personhood (e.g., subject, agency) and experiences of the Africana individual. Through this methodological recognition, information that may not have been captured in prior publications is able to be optimally acquired.

Social Legitimacy

Winston Van Horn developed a research method and methodological framework (composed of three steps), known as Social Legitimacy, which analyzes the experiences of Africana peoples and Africana phenomena in their political and sociological contexts.

Two Cradle Theory

Cheikh Anta Diop drew from anthropology, archaeology, history, and sociology to develop a research method and cultural metric, known as Two Cradle Theory, to assess the differences between African and European cultures – between what are characterized and viewed as the southern cradle and the northern cradle.

Ujimaa

James L. Conyers, Jr. drew from the concept of Nguzo Saba to develop the research method known as Ujimaa; the methodological framework draws from philosophy, sociology, and conceptual history, with the understanding that culture is utilized to analyze and assess Pan-Africanist phenomena from around the world, and is utilized to analyze social responsibility and the work of the collective.

Recent challenges and criticisms

One of the major setbacks with Black studies programs or departments is that there is a lack of financial resources available to students and faculty. Many universities and colleges around the United States provided Black studies programs with small budgets and, therefore, it is difficult for the department to purchase materials and hire staff. Due to the budget allocated to Black studies being limited, some faculty are jointly appointed, therefore, causing faculty to leave their home disciplines to teach a discipline with which they may not be familiar. Budgetary issues make it difficult for Black studies programs and departments to function and to promote themselves.

Racism, perpetrated by many administrators, is alleged to hinder the institutionalization of Black studies at major universities. As with the case of UC Berkeley, most of the Black studies programs across the country were instituted because of the urging and demanding of black students to create the program. In many instances, black students also called for the increased enrollment of black students and financial assistance to these students. Also seen in the case of UC Berkeley is the constant demand to have such a program, but place the power of control in the hands of black people. The idea was that Black studies could not be "realistic" if it were taught by someone who was not accustomed to the black experience. On many campuses, directors of Black studies have little to no autonomy—they do not have the power to hire or grant tenure to faculty. On many campuses, an overall lack of respect for the discipline has caused instability for the students and for the program.

In the past thirty years, there has been a steady decline of Black studies scholars.

Universities and colleges with Black studies departments, programs, and courses

Brazil
 Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo
Canada
 Brock University
 Concordia University
 Dalhousie University
 Queen's University
 York University
Caribbean
 University of the Virgin Islands
 University of the West Indies
Colombia
 National University of Colombia
 Pontifical Xavierian University
 University of Cauca
Ecuador
 Simón Bolívar Andean University
United Kingdom
 Birmingham City University
United States
 American University
 Amherst College
 Baruch College
 Brandeis University
 Brown University
 California State University, Dominguez Hills
 California State University, Fullerton
 California State University, Northridge
 Carleton College
 Cleveland State University
 College of William and Mary
 Columbia University
 Dartmouth College
 Davidson College
 Dominican University
 Duke University
 Eastern Kentucky University
 Eastern Michigan University
 Emory University
 Fordham University
 Georgetown University
 Georgia State University
 Guilford College
 Hunter College
 Indiana University
 Kent State University
 Oberlin College
 Ohio State University
 Loyola Marymount University
 Luther College
 Middle Tennessee State University
 Mount Holyoke College
 Nassau Community College
 Northwestern University
 Pennsylvania State University
 Portland State University
 Princeton University
 Purdue University
 Queens College
 San Jose State University
Southern Illinois University
 Syracuse University
 Temple University
 The City College of New York
 The College of New Jersey
Towson University
 Tufts University
 Tulane University
 University at Albany
 University of Arizona
 University of Arkansas
 University at Buffalo
 University of California, Berkeley
 University of California, Davis
 University of California, Irvine
 University of California, Los Angeles
 University of California, San Diego
 University of California, Santa Barbara
 University of Florida
 University of Houston
 University of Kansas
 University of Louisville
 University of Massachusetts, Amherst
 University of Michigan
 University of Montana
 University of Nebraska at Omaha
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 University of North Carolina at Charlotte
 University of North Carolina at Greensboro
 University of North Texas
 University of Oklahoma
 University of Oregon
 University of Pennsylvania
 University of Puget Sound
 University of Rochester
 University of South Carolina
 University of Texas at Arlington
 University of Texas at Austin
 University of Virginia
 University of Wisconsin
 Valdosta State University
 Vassar College
 Virginia Commonwealth University
 Washington University in St. Louis
 Western Illinois University
 Wesleyan University
 Wright State University
 Yale University
Venezuela
 Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Barlovento Argelia Laya

Universities with Ph.D. programs in Black studies

United Kingdom
 University of Nottingham
United States
 Brown University
 Columbia University
 Cornell University
 Harvard University
 Indiana University
 Michigan State University
 Northwestern University
 Ohio State University
 Pennsylvania State University
 Temple University
 University of California, Berkeley
 University of Louisville
 University of Massachusetts, Amherst
 University of Pennsylvania
 University of Texas at Austin
 University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
 Yale University

Prominent academics in Black studies

Africa
 Micere Mugo
Brazil
 Lélia Gonzalez
 Abdias Nascimento
 Beatriz Nascimento
Caribbean
 Carole Boyce Davies
 Horace Campbell
 Oliver Cromwell Cox
 Elsa Goveia
 C.L.R. James
 Walter Rodney
 Kwame Ture
 Sylvia Wynter
United Kingdom
 Kehinde Andrews
 Kwame Anthony Appiah
 Hazel Carby
 Paul Gilroy
United States
 Shawn Alexander
 Molefi Kete Asante
 M.K. Asante Jr.
 Houston A. Baker Jr.
 Bill Cole
 Patricia Hill Collins
 Edward W. Crosby
 Allison Davis
 Angela Y. Davis
 St. Clair Drake
 W. E. B. Du Bois
 Michael Eric Dyson
 Gerald Early
 John Hope Franklin
 E. Franklin Frazier
 Henry Louis Gates Jr.
 Farah Griffin
 Vincent Harding
 Nathan Hare
 Melissa Harris-Perry
 Saidiya Hartman
 Melville Herskovits
 bell hooks
 Charles S. Johnson
 Maulana Karenga
 Robin D.G. Kelley
 Glenn C. Loury
 Manning Marable
 Janis Mayes
 Fred Moten
 Mark Anthony Neal
 Adolph Reed
 Cedric Robinson
 Tricia Rose
 Milton Sernett
 Christina Sharpe
 Tracy Denean Sharpley-Whiting
 Renate Simson
 Geneva Smitherman
 Robert B. Stepto
Conrad Tillard
 Akinyele Umoja
 Cornel West
 William Julius Wilson
 Carter G. Woodson
 Cynthia A. Young

Scholarly and academic journals

 African American Review
 Africana  – Journal of Ideas on Africa and the Diaspora
 Africana Online: Journal of the Africana Center for Cultural Literacy and Research
 Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies  (since 1987)
 Afro-Americans in New York Life and History  (since 1976)
The Black Scholar (since 1969)
 Callaloo
 Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography  – coverage includes any aspect of Africa, its peoples, their homes, cities, towns, districts, states, countries, regions, including social, economic sustainable development, creative literature, the arts, and the Diaspora.
 The Griot: The Journal of African American Studies
 International Journal of Africana Studies  – designed to interrogate and analyze the lived experiences of Africana people.
 The Journal of African Civilizations (since 1979)
 Journal of African American History
 Journal of African American Males in Education (JAAME)
 Journal of Black Studies
 Journal of Negro Education
 Journal of Negro History
 Western Journal of Black Studies
 Negro Digest
 Negro Educational Review
 Negro History Bulletin
 Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art  – focuses on publishing critical work that examines the newly developing field of contemporary African and African Diaspora art within the modernist and postmodernist experience, thereby contributing to the intellectual dialogue on world art and the discourse on internationalism and multiculturalism in the arts.
 Phylon
 Race & Class
 Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society
 Transition Magazine

See also

 AP African American Studies
 Critical race theory

References

Further reading

 Biondi, Martha. The Black Revolution on Campus. University of California Press, 2014.
 Ferguson, Stephen. Philosophy of African American Studies: Nothing Left of Blackness. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
 Higgins, Andrew Stone. Higher Education for All: Racial Inequality, Cold War Liberalism, and the California Master Plan. University of North Carolina Press, 2023.
 Kendi, Ibram X. The Black Campus Movement: Black Students and the Racial Reconstitution of Higher Education, 1965–1972. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
 Rooks, Noliwe M. White Money/Black Power: The Surprising History of African American Studies and the Crisis of Race in Higher Education. Beacon Press, 2007.

African diaspora
African studies
Black studies
African-American society
African-American culture
Pan-Africanism
Postmodernism

Black studies


An Rhynchospora subtilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Otto Boeckeler. An Rhynchospora subtilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchospora, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora subtilis


An Trachyandra sanguinorhiza in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Boatwr. ngan John Charles Manning. An Trachyandra sanguinorhiza in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trachyandra, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trachyandra

Trachyandra sanguinorhiza


Braulio Antonio García Bautista (* 1946 in Santa María de Guía de Gran Canaria) ist ein spanischer Schlagersänger und Komponist.

Braulio begann das Singen 1973. Er wurde durch einen Vorausscheid ausgewählt, Spanien beim Eurovisie Songfestival 1976 in Den Haag zu vertreten. Mit dem Schlager Sobran las palabras erreichte er nur den drittletzten Platz. Darüber hinaus nahm er an vielen weiteren Liedwettbewerben teil: dreimal beim Songfestival Benidorm (1973, 1975, 1981), beim Songfestival Viña del Mar (1979/Sieger) und beim World Popular Song Festival Tokio (1982).

Neben seiner eigenen Musik komponierte er auch für eine Vielzahl weiterer spanischer Musiker.

Weblinks
 Website

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Spanien)
Schlagersänger
Komponist (Schlager)
Interpret eines spanischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Spanier
Geboren 1946
Mann

Braulio (Sänger)


EL arroyo del Sauce es un curso fluvial uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Cerro Largo.

Nace en la cuchilla Grande y desemboca en el río Negro tras recorrer alrededor de 29 km.

Cuenca del río Negro (Uruguay)
Sauce
Sauce

Arroyo del Sauce (Cerro Largo)


The St Vincent-class battleships were a group of three dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. The sister ships spent their entire careers assigned to the Home and Grand Fleets. Aside from participating in the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August several months later, their service during the First World War generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.  was destroyed in 1917 by a magazine explosion with the near total loss of her crew. The remaining pair were obsolete by the end of the war in 1918, and spent their remaining time either in reserve or as training ships before being sold for scrap in the early 1920s.

Vanguards wreck was extensively salvaged before it was declared a war grave. Since 2002, it has been designated as a controlled site under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 and diving on the wreck is generally forbidden.

Background and description
The Admiralty's 1905 draft building plan called for four capital ships in the 1907–1908 Naval Programme, but the new Liberal government cut one of these ships in mid-1906 and postponed another to the 1908–1909 Naval Programme, pending the conclusion of the ongoing Hague Peace Convention. The failure of the Germans to agree to any sort of naval arms control caused the government to reinstate the third ship. The Admiralty took until 12 June 1907 to decide not to build one of them as a battlecruiser, in favour of a squadron of four homogeneous battleships. Three of these would be part of the St Vincent class, while the single battleship planned for the 1908–1909 Naval Programme was later authorised as .

The design of the St Vincent class was derived from the preceding , with more powerful guns and a slight increase in size and armour. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a normal draught of . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. In comparison to the Bellerophon class, the displacement of the St Vincents was increased by , the length by  and the beam by ; their crews numbered about 755 officers and ratings upon completion and 835 during the war.

The St Vincent-class ships were powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each of which was housed in a separate engine room. The outer propeller shafts were coupled to the high-pressure turbines and these exhausted into low-pressure turbines which drove the inner shafts. Separate cruising turbines were provided for each shaft. The turbines used steam from eighteen water-tube boilers at a working pressure of . They were rated at  and were intended to give the ships a maximum speed of . During their sea trials, the St Vincents handily exceeded their designed speed and horsepower, reaching  from . They carried  of coal and an additional  of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. This gave them a range of  at a cruising speed of .

Armament

These ships were the first to carry the new 50-calibre breech-loading (BL)  Mark XI gun, which was 5 calibres longer and had a muzzle velocity about  higher than the 45-calibre Mark X gun used in the earlier dreadnoughts. They had a reputation for drooping at the muzzle, which was believed to have an adverse effect at long range, but testing at sea showed the muzzle droop to be within normal tolerances and the accuracy at long range to be satisfactory. The increased muzzle velocity of the Mark XI gun gave it a longer range over the Mark X gun as well as increasing the distance at which it could penetrate 12 inches of armour from  using the same shell. The higher velocity reduced its service life by increasing the wear in the barrel.

The St Vincent class were equipped with ten Mark XI guns in five hydraulically powered twin-gun turrets, three along the centreline and the remaining two as wing turrets. The centreline turrets were named 'A', 'X' and 'Y' from front to rear, and the port and starboard wing turrets were 'P' and 'Q' respectively. The guns had a maximum elevation of +20° which gave them a range of . They fired  projectiles at a muzzle velocity of  at a rate of two rounds per minute. The ships carried between 80 and 100 shells per gun.

The secondary armament of the St Vincents consisted of twenty 50-calibre BL four-inch (102 mm) Mark VII guns. Pairs of these guns were installed in unshielded mounts on the roofs of 'A', 'P', 'Q' and 'Y' turrets and the other dozen were positioned in single mounts at forecastle-deck level in the superstructure. The guns had a maximum elevation of +15° which gave them a range of  firing  projectiles at a muzzle velocity of . They were provided with 150 rounds per gun; the wartime allowance for each gun was 200 rounds. Four 3-pounder  saluting guns were also carried. The ships were equipped with three 18-inch (450 mm) submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and another in the stern, for which nine torpedoes were provided.

Fire control

The control positions for the main armament were located in the spotting tops at the head of the fore and mainmasts. Data from a  Barr and Stroud coincidence rangefinder located at each control position, together with the target's speed and course information, was input into a Dumaresq mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to Vickers range clocks located in the transmitting station located beneath each position on the main deck. Wind speed and direction was called down to the transmitting station by either voicepipe or sound-powered telephone. The range clock integrated all the data and converted it into elevation and deflection data for use by the guns. The target's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target. The turrets, transmitting stations and control positions could be connected in almost any combination. As a backup, two turrets in each ship ('A' and 'Y' in St Vincent) could take over if necessary.

In 1910–1911, the four-inch guns on the roof of the forward turret of Vanguard were replaced by a  rangefinder. This was removed about a year later, roughly at the same time when the rooftop guns were removed from the forward turrets of the other two ships. In late 1914, the remaining rooftop guns were replaced on the three sister ships by 9-foot rangefinders protected by armoured hoods.

Fire-control technology advanced quickly during the years between the St Vincents' commissioning and the start of World War I and the most important development was the director firing system. Mounted high in the ship, a fire-control director electrically provided data to the turrets via a pointer on a dial, which the turret crewmen only had to follow. The director layer fired the guns simultaneously, which aided in spotting the shell splashes and minimised the effects of the roll on the dispersion of the shells. While the exact dates of installation are unknown, St Vincent was equipped with a director by December 1915 and the others by May 1916. The ships were fitted with Mark I Dreyer Fire-control Tables in the transmission stations by early 1916, which combined the functions of the Dumaresq and the range clock.

Armour
The St Vincent-class ships had a waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour that was  thick between the fore and aftmost barbettes that reduced to  before it reached the ships' ends. It covered the side of the hull from the middle deck down to  below the waterline where it thinned to  amidships. Above this was a strake of 8-inch armour. Transverse bulkheads  thick terminated the thickest parts of the waterline and upper armour belts once they reached the outer portions of the endmost barbettes. The three centreline barbettes were protected by armour  thick above the main deck and thinned to  below it. The wing barbettes were similar except that they had 10 inches of armour on their outer faces. The gun turrets had  faces and sides with 3-inch roofs.

The three armoured decks ranged in thickness from  with the greatest thickness outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the forward conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the rear and roof were 8 inches and 3 inches thick respectively. The aft conning tower had 8-inch sides and a 3-inch roof. The St Vincents had two longitudinal anti-torpedo bulkheads  thick that extended from the forward end of 'A' barbette to the end of 'Y' magazine. In the vicinity of the boiler rooms, the compartments between them were used as coal bunkers.

Modifications

The guns on the forward turret roof were replaced in 1910–1911 by a rangefinder on Vanguard, and on her sisters in 1911–1912. About two years later, gun shields were fitted to most of the guns in the superstructure and the bridge structure was enlarged around the base of the forward tripod mast. During the first year of the war, the base of the forward superstructure was rebuilt to house eight 4-inch guns and the turret-top guns were removed, which reduced their secondary armament to a total of fourteen guns; a pair of 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) guns were added. Approximately  of additional deck armour were added after the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. By April 1917, the sisters mounted thirteen 4-inch anti-torpedo boat guns as well as single 4-inch and 3-inch AA guns. The stern torpedo tube was removed in 1917–1918 and St Vincent was equipped to operate kite balloons. In 1918, a high-angle rangefinder was fitted on the forward spotting top of the surviving ships and flying-off platforms were installed on the roofs of the fore and aft turrets of Collingwood.

Ships

Careers
Upon commissioning, all three ships were assigned to the 1st Division of the Home Fleet and St Vincent became the flagship of the division's second-in-command. In July, they were present when King George V visited the fleet in Torbay and participated in his Coronation Fleet Review at Spithead on 24 June 1911. Less than a year later, the 1st Division was renamed the 1st Battle Squadron (BS) on 1 May 1912. Collingwood became the squadron flagship on 22 June and reverted to a private ship again two years later. Each of the sisters underwent a lengthy refit before the First World War began in mid-1914.

Between 17 and 20 July 1914, the sisters took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review. Arriving in Portland afterwards, they were ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow two days later to safeguard the fleet from a possible surprise attack by the Imperial German Navy. After the British declaration of war on Germany on 4 August, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet and placed under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe. According to pre-war doctrine, the role of the Grand Fleet was to fight a decisive battle against the German High Seas Fleet, but German reluctance to commit their battleships against the superior British force led to indecisive operations. The Grand Fleet spent its time training in the North Sea, punctuated by the occasional mission to intercept a German raid or major fleet sortie. In April 1916, Vanguard was transferred to the 4th Battle Squadron while her sisters remained in the 1st Battle Squadron.

Battle of Jutland

In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the German High Seas Fleet departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May 1916 in support of Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's battlecruisers, which were to act as bait. The British code breakers of Room 40 at the Admiralty had decoded German radio traffic containing plans of the operation and the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet to sortie the night before the Germans, to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.

The Grand Fleet rendezvoused with the 2nd Battle Squadron, coming from Cromarty, Scotland, on the morning of 31 May and Jellicoe organised the main body of the Grand Fleet in parallel columns of four-ship divisions. The two divisions of the 2nd BS were on his left (east), the 4th BS was in the centre and the 1st BS on the right. Vanguard and St Vincent were the rear ships of their divisions while Collingwood was the second ship in its division. When Jellicoe ordered the Grand Fleet to deploy to the left and form line astern in anticipation of encountering the High Seas Fleet, this naturally placed the 4th and 1st Battle Squadrons in the centre and rear of the line of battle, respectively, which meant that the sisters were in the rear of the Grand Fleet once it was deployed. This limited their ability to engage the German ships in the poor visibility. All three ships fired at the crippled light cruiser , possibly scoring some hits, but only St Vincent and Collingwood were able to engage any of the German capital ships. The former hit the battlecruiser  twice, inflicting only minor damage, while Collingwood hit the battlecruiser  once, also with little effect. Vanguard and Collingwood also fired at German destroyers, but failed to achieve any hits. None of the sisters fired more than 98 rounds from their main guns during the battle.

Subsequent activity
After the battle, St Vincent and Collingwood joined Vanguard in the 4th BS. The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of communication failures and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide not to risk the major units of the fleet to German submarines and mines south of 55° 30' North. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions. The Admiralty order meant that the Grand Fleet spent far less time at sea. In late February 1917, the 4th BS conducted tactical exercises for a few days. In January 1918, Collingwood and some of the older dreadnoughts cruised off the coast of Norway for several days, possibly to provide distant cover for a convoy to Norway. Along with the rest of the Grand Fleet, she sortied on the afternoon of 23 April when radio transmissions revealed that the High Seas Fleet was at sea, after a failed attempt to intercept the regular British convoy to Norway. The Germans were too far ahead of the British to be caught and no shots were fired. St Vincent was under repair at Invergordon, Scotland, and could not sortie, but was present at Rosyth when the German fleet surrendered on 21 November; Collingwood was refitting in Invergordon.

Vanguard explosion

In the evening of 9 July 1917, Vanguards magazines exploded while she was anchored in the northern part of Scapa Flow; she sank almost instantly, with only three survivors, one of whom died soon afterwards; 842 men aboard were lost. Collingwoods crew recovered the bodies of three men killed in the explosion. The Board of Inquiry concluded that a fire of unknown origin began in a 4-inch magazine and spread to one or both of the nearby 12-inch magazines, which detonated and sank the ship.

Postwar years
In March 1919, St Vincent was reduced to reserve and became a gunnery training ship at Portsmouth. She then became flagship of the Reserve Fleet in June and was relieved as gunnery training ship in December, when she was transferred to Rosyth. There she remained until listed for disposal in March 1921; she was sold for scrap on 1 December 1921 and demolished.

In January 1919, Collingwood was transferred to Devonport and assigned to the Reserve Fleet. Upon the dissolution of the Grand Fleet on 18 March, the Reserve Fleet was renamed the Third Fleet and Collingwood became its flagship. She became a tender to HMS Vivid on 1 October and served as a gunnery and wireless telegraphy training ship until early August 1920, when the ship returned to the reserve. Collingwood served as a boys' training ship on 22 September 1921 until she was paid off on 31 March 1922. Collingwood was sold for scrap on 12 December and was broken up.

Much of Vanguards wreck was salvaged before it was declared a war grave in 1984. The amidships portion of the ship is almost completely gone and 'P' and 'Q' turrets are some  away, presumably blown there by the magazine explosions. The bow and stern areas are almost intact as has been revealed by a survey authorised by the Ministry of Defence in 2016 in preparation for the centenary commemoration planned for 2017. The wreck was named a controlled site in 2002 and cannot be dived upon, except with permission from the Ministry.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Dreadnought Project – Technical material on the weaponry and fire control for the ships
 World War 1 Naval Combat

Battleship classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy

St Vincent-class battleship


est une station de la Port Liner du métro automatique de Kobe New Transit. Elle est située 1 Kobe Kuko, dans l'arrondissement Chūō-ku de Kobe, dans la préfecture de Hyōgo au Japon.

Mise en service en 2006, elle est desservie par les rames des lignes Port Liner Aéroport. Elle dessert l'Aéroport de Kobe.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en aérien Aéroport de Kobe est la station terminus sud de la ligne Port Liner Aéroport de Kobe New Transit. Elle est située avant la station Keisan Kagaku Center, en direction du terminus nord Sannomiya.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.

Histoire
La station Aéroport de Kobe est mise en service le , lorsque la compagnie Kobe New Transit ouvre à l'exploitation les , avec trois stations, du prolongement jusqu'à l'Aéroport de Kobe de sa ligne Port Liner de son métro automatique.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Kobe New Transit
 Port Liner

Liens externes
 .
 .

Station de métro mise en service en 2006
Station du métro Kobe New Transit
Station de métro desservant un aéroport
Port Liner

Aéroport de Kobe (Kobe Port Liner)


Lynx FC er en fodboldklub fra Gibraltar. Klubben spiller deres hjemmekampe på Victoria Stadium hvor der er plads til 2.000 tilskuere.
Lynx FC blev grundlagt i 2007.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Noter

Etableret i 2007
Fodbold i Gibraltar
Fodboldklubber

Lynx F.C.


Montreuil-sur-Epte ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Westen des Département Val-d'Oise in der Region Île-de-France. Die Bewohner nennen sich Montreuillois bzw. Montreuilloises.

Geografie
Die Gemeinde Montreuil-sur-Epte befindet sich im Tal der Epte. Der Fluss bildet die Grenze zur Region Normandie. Das Gemeindegebiet gehört zum Regionalen Naturpark Vexin français.

Nachbargemeinden von Montreuil-sur-Epte sind
 Buhy im Norden,
 La Chapelle-en-Vexin im Nordosten,
 Ambleville im Osten und Südosten,
 Bray-et-Lû im Süden,
 Vexin-sur-Epte mit Dampsmesnil im Westen und Berthenonville im Nordwesten.

Zu Montreuil-sur-Epte gehören auch die Weiler Ansicourt und Copierres.

Geschichte
Funde aus der Vorgeschichte bezeugen eine frühe Besiedlung.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kirche Saint-Denis, erbaut ab dem 13. Jahrhundert (Monument historique)
 Pont d'Aveny (Brücke), erbaut 1744 (Monument historique)
 Allée couverte de Copierres oder  Vielle Cote (Monument historique)

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes du Val-d'Oise. Flohic Éditions, Band 2, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-84234-056-6, S. 573–577.

Weblinks

 Gemeindepräsentation (französisch)
 Montreuil-sur-Epte bei annuaire-mairie.fr (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Île-de-France

Montreuil-sur-Epte


Piketen sind Polizei-Spezialeinsatzkommandos in verschiedenen Teilen Schwedens. Die Piketen bestehen bereits seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, damals als Bereitschaftspolizeikommandos.

Geschichte
Als Nachwirkung des schweren Raubüberfalls mit Geiselnahme in Stockholm kam es zur Neuorganisation der Piketen 1973. Am 23. August 1973 stürmte der Strafgefangene Jan Erik Olsson während eines Freigangs das Geldinstitut "Kreditbanken" am belebten Norrmalmstorg in Stockholm und nahm vier Bankangestellte als Geiseln. Bei einem Feuergefecht mit Olsson wurde ein Polizist verletzt. Über fünf Tage wurde die Bank belagert. Olsson gelang es, durch die Geiselnahme den in Haft befindlichen Verbrecher Clark Olofsson freizupressen. Dieser kam zu Olsson in die Bank. Olsson forderte drei Millionen Kronen (heute rund 300.000 Euro) und zudem Waffen, Helme, schusshemmende Westen und einen Wagen.

Am 28. August 1973 gelang es der Polizei schließlich, die Täter durch eingepumptes Betäubungsgas kampfunfähig zu machen und die Bank zu stürmen. Vor dem Hintergrund dieses Ereignisses und des Terroranschlags der RAF auf die deutsche Botschaft in Stockholm wurden die Piketen neu organisiert.

Aufgaben
Die Piketen werden bei Sonderlagen und Einsätzen mit mittlerem oder hohem Gefährlichkeitsgrad von den örtlichen Polizeikräften angefordert. Auch werden sie zu riskanten Festnahmen, Razzien oder für Aufgaben des Personenschutzes gerufen. In Stockholm schützt die Gruppe seit 1996 sämtliche Botschaften.

Organisation
Insgesamt versehen 200 Beamte ihren Dienst in drei Spezialeinheiten in Stockholm, Västra Götaland/Göteborg und Skåne/Malmö. Sie operieren auch im Rest des Landes.

Die Piketen kooperieren mit den Kräften des Nationella insatsstyrkan (NI), den nationalen Spezialkräften mit Sitz in Stockholm.

Ausstattung
Neben einer Reihe von Transportmitteln (Fahrzeuge, Boote und Helikopter) steht den Piketen eine Reihe von Waffen zur Verfügung. Die Hauptwaffen sind die Heckler und Koch MP5, HK G36C und die Pistole SIG Sauer P226.

Einzelnachweise

Polizeiliche Spezialeinheit (Schweden)
Terrorismusbekämpfung in Schweden

Piketen


An Eleocharis acuta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Eleocharis acuta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis acuta


Slučajevi spolnog zlostavljanja od strane svećenstva i drugih redova Katoličke crkve u 20. i 21. stoljeću doveli su do mnogih istraga, sudskih procesa i osuda; više puta je bilo otkriveno da je hijerarhija Crkva desetljećima pokušavala prikriti takve incidente.

Incidenti zlostavljanja uključuju dječake i djevojčice od kojih je većina stara između 11 i 14 godina, a postoje i slučajevi sa žrtvama starim i 3 godine.  Incidenti su počeli primati povremenu medijsku pozornost u kasnim 1980.-im godinama. U mnogim slučajevima počinitelji su optuženi za desetljeća kontinuiranog zlostavljanja, a žrtve javno pričaju o incidentima tek godinama nakon samog zlostavljanja. Optuženi su i mnogi članovi hijerarhije Katoličke crkve, kao što su biskupi i kardinali, zbog prikrivanja slučajeva zlostavljanja i selidbe svećenika u druge župe gdje su nastavili sa zlostavljanjem. Prema istraživanjima, oko 20% zlostavljane djece razmišljalo je o samoubojstvu. Nadalje se navodi da je tema samoubojstva među zlostavljanom djecom još uvijek nedovoljno istražena.

Karen J. Terry i Jennifer Tallon daju pregled dostupne literature, i navode da je populacija katoličkih svećenika u SAD rijetka populacija na kojoj je izvršena procjena učestalosti upuštanja u spolne odnose s maloljetnicima - utvrđena je ondje 1990.-ih, kada je u SAD izgleda zlostavljanje maloljetnika prema dostupnim kriminalističkim statistikama bilo najrasprostranjenije, oko 4% katoličkih svećenika počinilo takva djela - makar je pojava spolnog zlostavljanja raširena i u populacijama poput djelatnika u sportu i obrazovanju, a dostupne znanstvene procjene daju razloga zaključiti da je čak oko 13 posto djece u SAD bilo izloženo seksualnom zlostavljanju odraslih osoba.

Rasprostranjenost

U 1990.-im godinama slučajevi su počeli primati značajnu medijsku pozornost u nekim državama (npr. SAD, Kanada, Australija i Irska). Kroz prošlo desetljeće otkriveno je rasprostranjeno zlostavljanje u Europi, Čileu i na drugim prostorima. Od 2001. do 2010. godine, Sveta Stolica je ispitivala slučajeve seksualnog zlostavljanja koji su uključivali oko 3000 svećenika kroz posljednjih 50 godina, razmatrajući obrasce dugoročnog zlostavljanja i prikrivanja prijavljenih slučajeva zlostavljanja.

Crkveni službenici tvrdili su da je medijska pozornost koja je bila posebno usmjerena na katolički kler bila suvišna i da se zlostavljanja događaju i u drugim religijama i institucijama. Taj su stav kritičari prozvali pokušajem izbjegavanja rješavanja problema.

Izvori povezani s Katoličkom crkvom tvrde da je oko 80% seksualnog zlostavljanja vezano uz svećenike s homoseksualnim sklonostima, koji u pravilu zlostavljaju dječake kod kojih je već počeo pubertet.  Njemački crkveni povjesničar i kardinal Walter Brandmüller u studenom 2018. god. tvrdi kako su danas "seksualno zlostavljanje i homoseksualnost među klerom i čak među hijerarhijom Crkve u Americi, Australiji i Europi prošireni u skoro epidemijskim razmjerima", pri čemu nalazi da je slična situacija sa svećenicima - homoseksualcima koji seksualno zlostavljaju dječake povijesno već zabilježena s katoličkim klerom u Italiji u XI. i XII. stoljeću. Njegovi stavovi da se smanjenje seksualnog zlostavljanja među svećenicima može i treba postići smanjivanjem broja homoseksualnih svećenika naišli su kako na podršku, tako i na osudu u crkvenoj i široj javnosti. S druge strane, crkveni povjesničar Christopher Bellitto navodi da su takve izjave opasne i neodgovorne, te da su svećenici-zlostavljači pripadnici raznih ideologija, da je to globalni, a ne "zapadnjački" problem i da homoseksualnost nije povezana s pedofilijom. Stavove slične Brandmüllerovim iznosi u veljači 2019. god. hrvatski teolog Tonči Matulić, koji nalazi glavne uzroke seksualnog zlostavljanja u Katoličkoj crkvi u sprezi homoseksualnosti i klerikalizma. Matulić dodaje: "To je stvar posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, da je to tako eskaliralo i da statistike pokazuju da je to tu. Međutim, sve do novijih vremena, crkvene strukture nisu se znale na adekvatan način s time nositi, nego je uglavnom pristup bio s jedne strane zataškavanje, pa se govori s jedne perspektive u Crkvi o tzv. klerikalnoj kulturi zataškavanja svećeničkog zlostavljanja. S druge strane svećenici koji su bili na lošem glasu ili su posrnuli na tom području i koji su se ogriješili tako strašno su bili premještani s jednog mjesta na drugo, tako da se samo perpetuirao njihov problem i da su oni onda samo umnažali nove žrtve. To je zastrašujući problem, da ni sami biskupi nisu znali kako će." Sam Papa Franjo I. nije javno povezao seksualno zlostavljanje i homoseksualnost, ali je javno poručio da ga homoseksualnost među svećenicima zabrinjava, te da homoseksualce ne treba primati u sjemeništa niti zaređivati za svećenike, jer "u redovničkom životu i svećeničkom životu, nema mjesta za takvu vrstu afektivnih sklonosti". U Katoličkoj Crkvi danas vrijede odredbe koje zahtijevaju da se kod prijama u pripravu za svećeništvo nastoji prepoznati osobe s homoseksualnim sklonostima i isključiti ih iz takvih priprava.

Američka sociologinja dr.sc. Katherine van Wormer iznosi ocjenu da veći udio žrtava jesu dječaci, ali da se donekle podcjenjuje broj zlostavljanih djevojčica, koje po nekim izvještajima sudjeluju s oko jednom trećinom u ukupnom broju zlostavljanih. Navodi da je razlog tome veće sudjelovanje dječaka u religijskim ceremonijama, kao i da je često više dječaka u interakciji sa svećenicima. Ona zaključuje da je odgovor institucionalne Crkve na zlostavljanje bio vrlo neadekvatan i da je stvarao daljnju štetu žrtvama.

Odgovor Crkve

Papa Ivan Pavao II., u svojoj isprici iz 2001. godine, nazvao je seksualno zlostavljanje u Crkvi "dubokom kontradikcijom učenju i svjedočenju Isusa Krista".

Benedikt XVI. ispričao se i sastao sa žrtvama, te pričao o "sramoti zla zlostavljanja". Pozvao je da se počinitelji privedu pravdi i osudio pogrešno vladanje situacijom unutar Crkve.

Papa Franjo 2018. godine je u siječnju 2018. god. optužio prijavitelje jednog slučaja zlostavljanja u Čileu da lažu u svojim optužbama, no u travnju se ispričao zbog svoje "velike greške u procjeni situacije u Čileu" i u kolovozu izrazio "sramotu i očaj" zbog tragičnih djela svećenika u prošlosti.

Na području Australije, u razdoblju od 1950. i 2010. godine protiv 7% katoličkih svećenika zaprimljene su pritužbe zbog seksualnog zlostavljanja; institucionalna reakcija je bila neadekvatna i često se svodila na puke premještaje zlostavljača na druga mjesta, gdje bi opet počinili zlostavljanja.

Izvori

Katoličanstvo
Kriminal

Slučajevi seksualnog zlostavljanja u Katoličkoj crkvi


الحديقة المائية هي حديقة صناعية، تتكون من حوض مائي ونباتات مائية وغالبا تحتوي على أسماك الزينة. وقد أنتشرت هذه الحدائق في الوقت الحاضر. ولغرض تجميل الحدائق المائية ودمجها مع البيئة المحيطة، يتم عادة تزينها بالصخور، النوافير، التماثيل والشلالات.

أنواع الحدائق المائية

الأنهار الجارية

الحياة النباتية

تتنوع الحياة النباتية بشكل كبير في الحدائق المائية. ويوجد العشرات منها حول العالم، ومن أهمها:
 زنبق الماء
 سيراتوفيل
 السوسن
 عشب الماء

الحياة الحيوانية

الأسماك
تتوع الأسماك في الحدائق المائية، ومنها على سبيل المثال لا الحصر:
 السمك الذهبي
 الكوي
 القرموط
 القاروس

الحلزونات
و تتنتشر كذلك الحلزونات في الحدائق المائية النباتية.

البرمائيات والزواحف
تجذب الحدائق المائية غالبا بعض البرمائيات كالضفادع وبعش الزواحف كالسلاحف، وأحيانا نادرة الثعابين.

الحيوانات المفترسة
من الممكن أن تجذب الحدائق المائية انتباه بعض الحيوانات المفترسة مثل الراكون، البلشون، الثعابين والقطط المنزلية. وهذه الحيوانات من الممكن أن تكون خطرة على الأسماك.

التدوير

معرض صور

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Dugout Pond Aeration Flash Animation
 North American Water Garden Society
 WikiHow: Build A Water Garden in 20 Steps
 Pond Conservation: Advice on garden ponds for wildlife
 California Waterscapes - Water Feature Gallery, Information, Tips

أنواع الحدائق
تصميم
تصميم المناظر الطبيعية
مسطحات مائية
ملحقات الحدائق
نباتات مائية

حديقة مائية


Riccardo Fabbriconi (Brescia, Lombardia, 10 de fevereiro de 2003), conhecido profissionalmente como Blanco (comumente estilizado como BLANCO), é um cantor e rapper italiano. Em 2022, ganhou o Festival de Sanremo ao lado de Mahmood com a música "Brividi", o que fez a dupla representar a Itália no Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2022 em Turim.

Discografia

Álbuns
 Blu celeste (2021)

Singles
 "Belladonna (Adieu)" (2020)
 "Notti in bianco" (2020)
 "Ladro di fiori" (2020)
 "La canzone nostra" (com Mace e Salmo) (2021)
 "Paraocchi" (2021)
 "Mi fai impazzire" (com Sfera Ebbasta) (2021)
 "Blu celeste" (2021)
 "Finché non mi seppelliscono" (2021)
 "Brividi" (com Mahmood) (2022)

Rappers da Itália
Participantes do Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2022

Blanco (cantor italiano)


Lascăr Catargiu a fost un monitor fluvial din înzestrarea marinei militare române, din perioada Primului Război Mondial.

Date tehnice
A făcut parte - alături de monitoarele Ion C. Brătianu, Ioan Lahovary și Mihail Kogălniceanu - dintr-o serie de patru nave similare, comandate de statul român la șantierele navale din Trieste și ansamblate la Arsenalul Marinei din Galați, în perioada 1907-1908.
Nava avea un deplasament de 680 tone, fiind înzestrată cu trei tunuri de 120 mm Skoda, patru tunuri de 47 mm Skoda, două mortiere de 120 mm Skoda, și două mitraliere Maxim de 6,5 mm.

Participarea la operații

Primul Război Mondial
La declararea mobilizării din 1916, monitorul Catargiu era comandat de comandorul, Alfons Sion, având ca secund pe căpitanul Ioan Isbășescu.
În perioada participării României la Primul Război Mondial, flotila de monitoare a executat misiuni de sprijin a forțelor pe timpul Bătăliei de la Turtucaia și a  a acțiunilor militare din Dobrogea.
În partea a doua a campaniei monitoarele au executat misiuni de apărare a Deltei Dunării.

Al Doilea Război Mondial

Note

Bibliografie
 Dabija, Gheorghe(general), Armata română în răsboiul mondial (1916-1918), vol.I-IV, Tipografia "Lupta" N. Stroilă, București, 1932-1936
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și
 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
 Marina română în Primul Război Mondial

Nave militare române din Primul Război Mondial
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Lascăr Catargiu (monitor)


An Houlletia sanderi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Houlletia sanderi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Houlletia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Houlletia

Houlletia sanderi


متحف بيترسون للسيارات هو متحف تأسس عام 1994 في مدينة لوس أنجلوس في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية على يد مارجي وروبرت بيترسون ويعرض فيه أندر وأغلى السيارات القديم منها والحديث على حد سواء.

معرض صور

روابط إضافية
 Petersen Automotive Museum - The museum's web page
 A brief history of the Petersen Automotive Museum - Article in the Los Angeles Business Journal

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1994 في كاليفورنيا
متاحف أسست سنة 1994
متاحف الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
متاحف في لوس أنجلوس

متحف بيترسن للسيارات


8534 Knutsson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8534 Knutsson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,88 ua, o excentricitate de 0,04 și o înclinație de 3,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1993
Centura de asteroizi

8534 Knutsson


ميادة الحناوي (8 أكتوبر 1959 -) مغنية سورية ولدت في مدينة حلب، لقبت بمطربة الجيل وصنفت في الصف الأول بين المطربات العرب حيث غنت في صغرها وأعاد اكتشافها الموسيقار محمد عبد الوهاب عندما استمع إلى صوتها في إحدى سهراته بمصيف بلودان بسوريا، الذي كان يحرص على زيارتهِ والاستجمام فيه كل صيف ويعرف مصيف بلودان بأنه «مصيف المشاهير»، حيث كان عبد الوهاب صديق شخصي لوزير الدفاع السوري آنذاك عدنان دباغ ، والذي كان زوجاً للفنانة ميادة الحناوي عام 1977 وخلال السهرة استمع موسيقار الأجيال لصوت ميادة وأبدى إعجابه الشديد بصوتها الجميل وتم الاتفاق أن تزور مصر لتنطلق منها فنيا، وهو ما رفضتهُ ميادة آنذاك معربة عن رفضِها لفكرة احتراف الفن.

للفنانة ميادة شقيقة اسمها فاتن حناوي اُشتهرت بأنها مطربة سورية مقبلة نحو الشهرة حيث تتمتع بصوت من أجمل الأصوات، وبعد وفاة زوج السيدة ميادة الحناوي حضرت إلى مصر بمرافقة أخوها السيد عثمان الحناوي وأقامت بشقة في القاهرة، وجهز لها الموسيقار محمد عبد الوهاب خصيصا ألحان خاصة لها، وبقيت ميادة على مدى حوالي العامين، وخلال هذه الفترة كانت ميادة تتجهز للانطلاق لعالم الشهرة.

الانطلاق والشهرة

اكتسبت ميادة الحناوي شهرة بعد أن صدرت أغانيها عن طريق الكاسيت وإذاعة أغاني مصورة بالفيديو عبر شاشة التلفاز، وكانت تقدم حفلاتها في الكثير من البلاد العربية برفقة فرقة الفجر بقيادة المايسترو أمين الخياط وتذاع وتعرض حفلاتها وأغانيها على كافة المحطات العربية، وكانت الألحان ترسل لها على شريط كاسيت من الملحن وكبار الملحنين العرب والمصريين وتتدرب عليها ميادة في دمشق وتسجلها. وعند إتمام الاستعدادات تسافر هي والملحن وفريق العازفين بأكمله للتسجيل باليونان حيث كان يرافقها المنتج الفنان محسن جابر وأصبحت ميادة أشهر المطربات في زمانها.

ميادة وعمالقة الملحنين

تعاملت ميادة خلال هذه الفترة مع كبار الملحنين بمصر على رأسهم الفنان الكبير محمد الموجي والذي أطلقت معه أولى أغانيها مما أغضب الموسيقار محمد عبد الوهاب وجعله يسحب منها أغنية «في يوم وليلة» لتذهب للفنانة وردة، وتعاملت ميادة أيضا مع العباقرة محمد سلطان وحلمي بكر، ولكن كانت انطلاقتها الكبرى مع الموسيقار بليغ حمدي. أما أغنية نعمة النسيان فهي من ألحان الفنان عازف الأكورديون فاروق سلامة الذي كان يعزف في فرقة أم كلثوم وعبد الحليم حافظ وهو شقيق الملحن جمال سلامة.

غنت ميادة مع بليغ حمدي أروع أغانيها الطربية مثل "أنا بعشقك" - "الحب إلى كان" - "أنا اعمل إيه" - "سيدي أنا" " مش عوايدك" فاتت سنة" وغيرها من أروع الأغاني التي حققت لها انتشارا كبيرا بالعالم العربي وأيضا بين الجاليات العربية بأميركا وأوروبا حيث كانت ترافقها عدسات كبرى المجلات العربية في حفلاتها وعلى رأسهم مجلة "الموعد" ممثلة بالكاتب الكبير محمد بديع سربية والذي غنت ميادة أيضا من أشعاره وقال عن نجاحها: "ميادة حققت في ثلاث سنوات ما حققته وردة الجزائرية في ثلاثين عاما".

مع بداية التسعينات
بعد رحيل الأب الروحي لميادة بليغ حمدي والذي وهبها آخر لحن له «عندي كلام» من كلمات الشاعر عبد الرحمن الحوتان بدأت ميادة في تغيير جلدها الفني بالتعاون مع الجيل الجديد من الشعراء والملحنين وبدأت بالتعاون مع الموسيقار سامي الحفناوي في ألبوم «غيرت حياتي» والذي شكل بداية غناء ميادة للأغاني الطربية القصيرة وقامت بتصوير كليب «غيرت حياتي» وهي الأغنية التي حققت انتشارا لميادة الحناوي بين جيل جديد من الشباب.

توالى بعد ذلك تعاونها مع الملحنين الشباب ومنهم صلاح الشرنوبي الذي أطلقت معه «أنا مخلصالك»، و«مهما يحاولو يطفو الشمس».

وحرصت ميادة على التعاون مع الملحنين الكبار الذين قدموا لها أجمل الألحان إلى جانب الشباب وأطلقت مع محمد سلطان ألبوم «هو مش أنا» ومع الموسيقار عمار الشريعي «متجربنيش» ومع الموسيقار الكبير خالد الأمير الذي عاد للساحة الفنية عام 1998 مع ميادة بألبوم «أنا مغرمة بيك»

في عام 1999 صدر ألبوم «توبة» لميادة الحناوي من ألحان الموسيقار صلاح الشرنوبى وغابت بعدها ميادة لأسباب شخصية.

أصدرت ألبوم «عرفوا إزاي» الذي تم تسجيله عام 2000 وظل يتأجل 4 سنوات كاملة ليصدر في نهاية عام 2004 والذي صورت منه كليب واحد وهي أغنية توبة.

خلال تلك الفترة أحيت ميادة العديد من الحفلات الناجحة في سوريا ومصر والعالم العربي آخرها كان حفل قرطاج عام 2005 والذي حضره 13 ألف متفرج وكانت ميادة نجمة الحفل الوحيدة.

في عام 2007
اصدرت ميادة اغنيتين وطنيتين الأولى لسوريا بعنوان «يا شام» وتبعتها أغنية مهداة منها للبنان بعنوان «بيروت يا عروس الشرق» وكلا القصيدتين من كلمات الشاعر نبيل طعمه وألحان الملحّن الشاب خالد حيدر.

تبعه في بداية عام 2008 أوبريت في دمشق «يسلم ترابك يا شام» ألحان هيثم زياد وشاركها فيه هاني شاكر ولطيفة وعاصي الحلاني وحسين الجسمي.

وشاركت أيضا الفنانة ميادة الحناوي في برنامج «امير الشعراء» لقناة أبوظبي وأحيت حفلا على هامش البرنامج مع الفنان مروان خوري

2014، 2015
عادت ميادة الحناوي إلى الغناء الطربي بعد غياب 9 سنوات تقريبا لم نشهد فيها إلا الأغاني الوطنية وكانت آخر حفله خاصه لها في حفلة قرطاج عام 2005، وتصدر ألبومها الجديد العام الحالي الذي ومنه أغنية (عيني) التي قامت بتسجيلها العام الماضي من ألحان الجزائري نبلي فاضل.
وتتبعها بأغنية (روح بس تعالى) في الأوقات القادمة، وغنت قصيدة كردستان موطن الأبطال للشاعر محمد مهدي الجواهيري وألحان هلكوت زاهير.

ميادة في سطور
 الموسيقار السنباطي قال عنها: «يسعدني كما بدأت حياتي مع أم كلثوم أن انهيها مع ميادة الحناوي» واعطاها لحن قصيدته «اشواق» ولحن لها رائعته «ساعة زمن».
 الاعلامي محمد بديع سربية أطلق على ميادة لقب «مطربة الجيل».
 الموسيقار الكبير بليغ حمدي كتب اغنيتين لها وهما «أنا بعشقك» و«الحب إلى كان» وكلاهما كتبا لميادة الحناوي.
 ميادة الحناوي أول مطربة عربية تسجّل أغانيها بنظام التراكات الذي يسمح بتسجيل اللحن على تراك والغناء على تراك آخر.
 ميادة الحناوي أول مطربة عربية تطلق أغانيها على اسطوانات ليزر
 الشاعر الفلسطيني رامي أبو صلاح، نظم لها قصيدةً في ذكرى ميلادها وكثيرون آخرون منحوها ألقاباً رائعة لروعة فنها وأصالته ورقيّه.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

موسيقيون من حلب
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من حلب
مغنون بالعربية الفصحى
مغنون باللهجة المصرية
مغنيات سوريات
مغنيات سوريات في القرن 20
مواليد 1379 هـ
مواليد 1959

ميادة الحناوي