Otto Mehlen (* 18. September 1807 in Neuendeich, Uetersen; † 27. Januar 1877 in Uetersen) war ein deutscher Kapitän und Grönlandfahrer.

Leben
Otto Mehlen war ein Uetersener "Original" und fuhr von 1836 bis 1854 als Grönlandkommandeur von Hamburg aus zur See. Er kommandierte von 1836 bis 1838 die Brigg Hoffnung. Die Hoffnung war 68 Kommerzlast groß und trug die Flaggennummer 136. Sie wurde 1780 in Sonderburg gebaut und 1800 rekonstruiert. Als Grönlandfahrer hatte sie 38 bis 45 Mann Besatzung an Bord. Von 1831 bis 1837 war ihr Reeder Peter Heinrich Mohrmann, dem sie "allein und eigenthümlich" gehörte. Von 1838 bis 1851 besaß Conrad E. Warnecke das Schiff. Von 1852 bis 1853 und von 1855 bis 1857 fuhr es für die "Grönlandsche A.G.".

Von 1839 bis 1854 befehligte Mehlen das Schiff De(r) junge Conrad, ein Vollschiff von 158 Kommerzlasten. Es trug die Flaggennummer 188 und hatte 53 bis 62 Mann Besatzung an Bord. Das Schiff wurde 1826 gebaut und war zuerst eine dänische Fregatte. Von 1839 bis 1854 sandte die Reederei Warnecke das Schiff auf Walfang. Otto Mehlen nahm seinen Sohn Nikolaus schon als Schuljunge ab 1854 auf diesem Schiff mit ins Eismeer.

Otto Mehlen hatte einen Bruder (nach anderen Quellen einen Sohn) gleichen Namens gehabt, denn in verschiedenen Logbüchern taucht mehrmals ein zweiter Otto Mehlen von Uetersen auf, der 1835 als Steuermann auf dem Walfänger Aeolus fuhr und 1838 als Speckschneider auf der Hoffnung tätig war. Dieser zweite Otto Mehlen wurde später Kommandeur, denn das Journal des Walfängers Flora aus Elmshorn berichtet 1854 mehrmals: "13. May … wir sahen die beiden Mehlen." — "22. May … Es waten die beiden O. Mehlens hier am Bord."

Siehe auch
 Grönlandfahrt

Literatur
 Die Grönlandfahrerfamilie Carl in "Schleswig-Holsteins Grönlandfahrt" Seite 226/227 und Bildtafel XXI
 An- und Abmusterungslisten, Passen-Protokoll. Handels-Marine der Nieder-Elbe 1846.
 Handels-Marine der Elbe und Weser 1847. Verzeichnis der Hamburger. See-, Dampf- und Segel-Schiffe. Journale 1847/48
 Wanda Oesau: Schleswig-Holsteins Grönlandfahrt auf Walfischfang und Robbenschlag vom 17.–19. Jahrhundert, Seite 232 (J.J. Augustin Glückstadt, Hamburg, New York 1937)
 Hans Ferdinand Bubbe: Versuch einer Chronik der Stadt und des Klosters Uetersen - Teil V–VI, Seite 85 (Heydorn, Uetersen 1939)
 Wanda Oesau: Hamburgs Grönlandfahrt auf Walfischfang und Robbenschlag vom 17.–19. Jahrhundert,  Seite 146, 157, 174 und 227 (J. J. Augustin  Glückstadt, Hamburg, New York 1955)
 Lothar Mosler: Blickpunkt Uetersen, Geschichte und Geschichten 1234 bis 1984, Seite 56/57 (C.D.C. Heydorn, Uetersen 1995)
 Marlen Sönnichsen: Die Pinnau – Von der Klappbrücke bis zur Drehbrücke in 21 Folgen Folge 4:  Walfang und Tranbrennerei in Uetersener Nachrichten vom 15. November 2003
 Joost C.A. Schokkenbroek Trying-out / An Anatomy of Dutch Whaling and Sealing in the Nineteenth Century, 1815–1885 Seite 133 (Aksant Academic Publishers, 2008) (en)

Kapitän
Person (Uetersen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1807
Gestorben 1877
Mann

Otto Mehlen


A penthouse is an apartment or unit on the highest floor of an apartment building, condominium, hotel, or tower. Penthouses are typically differentiated from other apartments by luxury features. The term 'penthouse' originally referred, and sometimes still does refer, to a separate smaller 'house' that was constructed on the roof of an apartment building. Architecturally it refers specifically to a structure on the roof of a building that is set back from its outer walls. These structures do not have to occupy the entire roof deck. Recently, luxury high rise apartment buildings have begun to designate multiple units on the entire top residential floor or multiple higher residential floors including the top floor as penthouse apartments, and outfit them to include ultra-luxury fixtures, finishes, and designs which are different from all other residential floors of the building. These penthouse apartments are not typically set back from the building's outer walls, but are instead flush with the rest of the building and simply differ in size, luxury, and consequently price. High-rise buildings can also have structures known as mechanical penthouses that enclose machinery or equipment such as the drum mechanisms for an elevator.

Etymology
The name penthouse is derived from , an Old French word meaning "attached building" or "appendage". The modern spelling is influenced by a 16th-century folk etymology that combines the Middle French word for "slope" () with the English noun house.

Development

European designers and architects long recognized the potential in creating living spaces that could make use of rooftops and such setbacks. Penthouses first appeared in US cities in the 1920s with the exploitation of roof spaces for upscale property. The first recognized development was atop the Plaza Hotel overlooking Central Park in New York City in 1923. Its success caused a rapid development of similar luxury penthouse apartments in most major cities in the United States in the following years.

The popularity of penthouses stemmed from the setbacks allowing for significantly larger private outdoor terrace spaces than traditional cantilevered balconies. Due to the desirability of having outdoor space, buildings began to be designed with setbacks that could accommodate the development of apartments and terraces on their uppermost levels.

Modern penthouses may or may not have terraces. Upper floor space may be divided among several apartments, or a single apartment may occupy an entire floor. Penthouses often have their own private access where access to any roof, terrace, and any adjacent setback is exclusively controlled.

Design

Penthouses also differentiate themselves by luxurious amenities such as high-end appliances, finest materials fitting, luxurious flooring system, and more.

Features not found in the majority of apartments in the building may include a private entrance or elevator, or higher/vaulted ceilings. In buildings consisting primarily of single level apartments, penthouse apartments may be distinguished by having two or more levels. They may also have such features as a terrace, fireplace, more floor area, oversized windows, multiple master suites, den/office space, hot-tubs, and more. They might be equipped with luxury kitchens featuring stainless steel appliances, granite counter-tops, breakfast bar/island, and more.

Penthouse residents often have fine views of the city skyline. Access to a penthouse apartment is usually provided by a separate elevator. Residents can also access a number of building services, such as pickup and delivery of everything from dry cleaning to dinner; reservations to restaurants and events made by building staffers; and other concierge services.

Cultural references
Penthouse apartments are considered to be at the top of their markets, and are generally the most expensive, with expansive views, large living spaces, and top-of-the-line amenities. Accordingly, they are often associated with a luxury lifestyle. Publisher Bob Guccione named his magazine Penthouse, with the trademark phrase "Life on top".

See also
 Basement apartment
 Luxury apartment
 Roof garden

Notes

References

External links

Apartment types
Houses

Penthouse apartment


O Club Deportivo Real Tomayapo é um clube de futebol boliviano fundado em 02 de fevereiro de 1999, na cidade de Tarija. Manda seus jogos no Estádio IV Centenario, com capacidade para 20 mil pessoas. A cidade e o estadio tem a altitude de 1.854 m acima do nivel do mar.ja ganhou a Copa Simon em 2020.O real tomayapo subiu recentemente em 2021,e desde de lá nunca caiu.E está na lista dos times nunca rebaixados

HISTORIA

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Fundaçao:

be Real Tomayapo foi fundado em 2 de fevereiro de 1999 em uma carpintaria do bairro 4 de Julio sob a liderança de Marino Valdez. Uma equipe foi formada com crianças do bairro, principalmente descendentes de moradores do cantão Tomayapo, na província de Eustaquio Méndez , que inclui uma comunidade de povoados próximos ao rio Tomayapo e o município de El Puente , povoado principalmente dedicado à agricultura frutífera, principalmente pêssegos . 1

Começando nas divisões amadoras (sindicais), o time logo conseguiria a promoção à Primera "B" da Tarijeña Football Association , categoria equivalente à quarta divisão do futebol boliviano em 2012, onde após uma temporada modesta terminou na quarta colocação. .  Sua promoção à categoria mais alta ocorreria duas temporadas depois, na temporada 2014-2015, ele obteria o quarto lugar na categoria Primeira "B", conquistando assim o direito de disputar uma partida de promoção indireta contra o clube Independiente de Tarija , que conseguiu derrotar por 4 a 3, conseguindo assim a promoção à categoria máxima do futebol de Tarijeño. 3

Na primeira divisão, o Tomayapo sempre foi um time intermediário, mesmo do meio para baixo na temporada 2018. Em janeiro de 2019, no aniversário de 20 anos, o clube organizou um evento comemorativo no início do ano, onde pessoas históricas da instituição foram premiados e toda a diretoria foi renovada e uma reengenharia completa foi realizada. Nesta temporada, no campeonato ATF Apertura, acabaria sagrando-se campeão do torneio ao derrotar o clube Avilés Industrial FC na última rodada do campeonato por 3 a 1, garantindo assim a vaga para o segundo campeonato nacional. divisão. 4

Em 2019 estreou na Copa Simón Bolívar 2019 , onde chegou às semifinais, sendo eliminado para o Real Santa Cruz nos pênaltis. 5

A Promoçao a Primeira divisao:

o campeonato Clausura da temporada 2019 da ATF, o Real Tomayapo terminaria como vice-campeão, garantindo assim uma vaga para a Copa Simón Bolívar 2020 , onde conquistaria o campeonato e a histórica promoção à Primera División , comandada por Horacio Pacheco , após derrotando o Independiente Petrolero na final.  7

Essa conquista foi muito comemorada em todo o Departamento de Tarija , que voltou a ter um time na Primeira Divisão, após 4 anos, após o rebaixamento do Petroleiro .

Estreia na primeira divisao
Para a temporada de 2021 a diretoria tomou a firme decisão de contratar jogadores do Tarija, desta forma o clube foi reforçado com jogadores locais, sendo os jogadores mais importantes para enfrentar este torneio os goleiros Diego Zamora e Luis Cárdenas, os zagueiros Juan Pablo Alemán e Alex Guevara , os meias Walter Veizaga , Rodrigo Ávila Solíz e Sergio Villamil , e o atacante Primo Esteban Romero , entre os mais destacados do Tarijeños. Enquanto as grandes contratações foram o uruguaio William Ferreira e o brasileiro Nilton Ferreira Júnior . 9

A tão esperada estreia de Tomayapo na primeira divisão aconteceu no dia 11 de março, quando derrotou o Always Ready por 1 a 0.

Apesar de estrear com o pé direito, Tomayapo manteve-se na lanterna do campeonato, lutando para evitar o rebaixamento indireto. No dia quatorze, Tomayapo perdeu por 1 a 2 em casa para Jorge Wilstermann , decretando o fim do ciclo de Horacio Pacheco como técnico do time albiverde. No dia 10 de agosto foi anunciado que Álvaro Peña seria o novo treinador, para enfrentar o resto do torneio. Na data 28, Tomayapo empatou em 0 a 0 contra o The Strongest , evitando definitivamente o rebaixamento.

O desempenho do clube em sua primeira temporada como time da Primeira Divisão foi ruim, tendo uma defesa sólida mas a falta de gols foi uma constante ao longo do torneio, das 29 partidas disputadas venceu nove, empatou quatro e perdeu as demais. O artilheiro da equipe foi o argentino Eber Vera com seis gols. O motivo da atuação do Tomayapo no campeonato foi a determinação de disputar o torneio com jogadores majoritariamente de Tarija, ao invés de se reforçar com os melhores jogadores de futebol que o clube pudesse contratar, motivo que a direção percebeu na reta final do torneio.  Além disso, Tomayapo teve sorte por causa da grande crise financeira que os clubes Blooming , Real Potosí e San José passaram., que lutou para salvar a categoria.

Transferencias:

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A compra mais cara foi de

Elenco atual

Títulos
 Copa Simón Bolívar,naciona b (1): 2020.
 Campeonato Tarijeño (1): 2019-A.

Clubes de futebol fundados em 1999

Club Deportivo Real Tomayapo


Buse Nur Gökdağ ''06 Kasım 2002'de Ankara'da dünyaya gözlerini açtı. Anne adı Zeynep, Baba adı Tayfun, kardeşinin ismi ise İkra olan bu küçük ve tatlı çekirdek ailede her ne kadar yetişse de türlü türlü zorlukarla karşılaştı. Ancak tek başına bu zorluklarla başa çıkarak kendini yetiştirmeyi öğrendi. Tabii her ne kadar kendi kendine desekte annesi Zeynep Bulut Gökdağ her zaman desteğini duvar gibi arkasında durarak esirgemiyordu. Oldukça güçlü olan Buse Nur Gökdağ hayattaki hedeflerini çoktan belirlemişti. Hedefleri arasında en başta kendine kardeşini bir anne gibi koruyup kollayıp en iyi yerlerde okutma sözü verdi ve hayatı tamda burada başladı. İlk adımı Başkent Anadolu Lisesi'den mezun olduktan 1 yıl sonra Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Fen Bilimleri Fakültesini İngilizce Matematik bölümünü kazanarak attı. Hemen ardından bununla yetinmeyip Ankara Ünivetsitesi Ağ ve İnternet Teknolojileri bölmünü okumaya karar verdi. Şuan ise yazar olmak için yeni yeni adımlar atmakta  Çok yönlü kişiliği sayesinde de şu an birçok proelerde ve topluluklta kendini yetiştirmeyi hedeflemekte.

Dipnot: Sevgilim, hayatım, yol arkadaşım, karım, sırdaşım, can bağım, dostum biliyorum bu uzun yolda ikimiz için de türlü türlü zorluklar olacak ama ben seninle bu yolda kül olup o küllerden yeniden doğmaya varım. En kötü gününden en kötü tercihine bile destek çıkmaya varım. Bunu unutma en kötü tercihini yapabilirsin ama o kötü tercihi kusursuzlaştırıp seni aydınlatmayı sağlayacak bir hayat arkadaşın her daim olacak.

Cemal Süreya


East Kalimantan (Indonesian: ) is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census (within the current boundary), 3.42 million at the 2015 census, and 3.766 million at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 3,859,783. (but see Note (b) below table under "Administrative divisions") Its capital is the city of Samarinda.

East Kalimantan has a total area of  and is the second least densely populated province in Kalimantan. The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with West Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi; its Cape Mangkalihat separates the Makassar Strait from the Celebes Sea. Its former northernmost region was split off in October 2012 and is now North Kalimantan; meanwhile it still shares land border to the west with West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan; to its south, East Kalimantan borders South Kalimantan. The province bordered Sabah before the split, but still borders Sarawak.

In December 2012, the existing West Kutai Regency was split in two, with the northwesternmost five districts forming a new Mahakam Ulu Regency. East Kalimantan is now divided into seven regencies and three cities. Isran Noor is the current governor of East Kalimantan and Hadi Mulyadi is its vice governor.

New national capital

The province will host the future capital city of Indonesia that will be built on the border of Kutai Kartanegara and Penajam North Paser regencies. The future capital is due to be named Nusantara, with construction originally projected to start in 2020, and intended to conclude in 2024. However, at a hearing before Committee V of Indonesia's House of Representatives on 9 June 2020, a government representative asserted that the government had not allocated the 2022 budget for the project (for 2022, the ministry proposed a budget worth over 100.46 trillion rupiah - over 7 billion US$ - a steep reduction from the figure of 149.81 trillion rupiah in 2021). Earlier, the National Planning Development Authority had said that the total sum needed to move the capital from its current location in Jakarta to East Kalimantan province amounted to 486 trillion rupiah, of which 265.2 trillion will be mobilised through the public-private partnership (PPP), 127.3 trillion from private special funds, and 93.5 trillion from the state budget. But the Ministry of Finance said that the government switched its priorities to mitigating the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. The ministry announced that it had not allocated budget for the new capital project.

History

East Kalimantan was once mostly covered by tropical rainforest. In prehistoric times, there was limestone cave called Lubang Jeriji Saléh located in the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst in the district of Bengalon, East Kutai, believed to contain one of the oldest figurative art in the world. The cave paintings were first spotted in 1994 by the French explorer Luc-Henri Fage and the French archaeologist Jean-Michel Chazine, from Kalimanthrope. In 2018, a team of scientists investigating the cave, led by Maxime Aubert from Griffith University and Pindi Setiawan from the Bandung Institute of Technology, published a report in the journal Nature identifying the paintings as the world's oldest known figurative art. The team had previously investigated cave paintings in the neighbouring island of Sulawesi. In order to date the paintings, the team used dating techniques on the calcium carbonate (limestone) deposits close to them.

East Kalimantan is home to several kingdoms, such as the first and oldest Hindu kingdom of Indonesia, the Kingdom of Kutai Martadipura founded in the 4th century CE, it was then succeeded by the Sultanate of Kutai ing Martadipura in the 14th century CE. Other kingdoms are also located in East Kalimantan such as the Sultanate of Pasir. East Kalimantan region include Pasir, Kutai, Berau and also Karasikan (Buranun / pre-Sultanate of Sulu) claimed as conquered territory Suryanata Maharaja, the governor of Majapahit in the State Dipa (which is located in the Great Temple in Amuntai) until 1620 in the Sultanate of Banjar. However, in the Chinese History Annals, Ming shi 明史, at 1417, Kalimantan was recorded as a kingdom under the rule of the Philippine kingdom of then Hindu Sulu as Kalimantan was ruled by a Sulu monarch named Mahalatu Gelamading (Maharaja Klainbantangan) where his title,  Klainbantangan, in Chinese rendering, was named after his territory Kalimantan. At this point in time, Sulu had rebelled against Majapahit rule and had invaded Northeast and East Borneo until the very territory of Kalimantan. Between the years 1620–1624, kingdoms in East Kalimantan turned into an area influence of the Sultanate of Sultan Alauddin Makassar, before the Bungaya agreement. According to the Hikayat Banjar, the Sultan of Makassar never borrowed land for trade covers an area east and southeast of Borneo to the Sultan Mustain Billah of Banjar when Kiai Martasura sent to Makassar and entered into an agreement with the Sultan Tallo I Mangngadaccinna Daeng I Ba'le 'Sultan Mahmud Karaeng Pattingalloang, which became Mangkubumi and principal advisor to the Sultan Muhammad Said, king of Gowa in 1638–1654 and also in-law of Sultan Hasanuddin, which will make the East Kalimantan region as a place to trade for the Sultanate of Makassar (Gowa-Tallo), since that began to arrive people from South Sulawesi. However, based on the agreement between the Sultanate of Banjar and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1635, VOC help Banjar restore lands in East Kalimantan into spheres of influence of the Sultanate of Banjar. It is embodied in the Bungaya agreement, that the Sultanate of Makassar are not allowed to trade up to the east and the north Borneo

In accordance with treaties, on January 1, 1817, Sultan Sulaiman of Banjar handed East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, part of West and South Kalimantan (including Banjarmasin) over to the Dutch East Indies. On May 4, 1826, Sultan Adam al-wathiq Billah of Banjar reaffirmed the handover of these territories to the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. In 1846, the Dutch began to put a Resident Assistant in East Borneo at Samarinda (now the province of East Kalimantan and the eastern part of South Kalimantan) named H. Von Dewall. East Kalimantan was then part of the Dutch East Indies. East Kalimantan with its then administrative area was established based on the Law No. 25 of 1956 with the first governor being APT Pranoto.

Geography
East Kalimantan Province comprises a land area of 125,336.81 square kilometers and a comprehensive ocean management area of 25,656 km2, located between 113°44'E and 119°00'E, and between 2°33'N and 2°25'S. The province is divided into seven regencies (kabupaten) and three cities (kota), together subdivided into 103 districts (kecamatan) and then into 1,026 villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan). The regencies (with their administrative capitals) and cities are enumerated below. East Kalimantan is one of the main gates to the eastern part of Indonesia. The area is also known as a storehouse of timber and mining, has hundreds of rivers (scattered across almost all regencies and cities) which area the main means of transportation in addition to land transport, with the longest river being the Mahakam.

East Kalimantan borders North Kalimantan in the north, South Kalimantan in the south, Central Kalimantan in the southwest, and West Kalimantan and Sarawak in the east. It touches the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait in the east, with its large Mangkalihat Peninsula separating the two. There are hills in almost all districts, and there are numerous lakes. Most lakes are located in the Kutai Regency, with the most extensive lakes, Semayang and Melintang, having an area of 13,000 ha and 11,000 ha respectively.

Climate
Such as the climate of Indonesia in general, East Kalimantan tropical climate and has two seasons, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season usually occurs in May to October, while the rainy season in November to April. This situation continued every year interspersed with transitional season in certain months. Moreover, because of its location on the equator, the climate in East Kalimantan are also affected by wind monsoon, monsoon wind is November–April west and east monsoon winds from May to October. In recent years, the situation in East Kalimantan season is sometimes erratic. In the months that it is supposed to rain, there is no rain at all, or vice versa in the months that should be dry it rains for a much longer time.

Temperature and humidity
Temperatures somewhere high and low are determined by the area of the ocean surface and the distance from the beach. In general, East Kalimantan hot climates with temperatures in 2013 ranged from 21.6 °C in Berau October to 35.6 °C in Berau in September. Aside from being a tropical area with extensive forests, in 2013 the average humidity between 83 and 87 percent of East Kalimantan. The lowest air humidity observed by the meteorological station Samarinda happens in a few months with 82 percent humidity. While the highest occurred in Berau in February with 91 percent humidity.

Rainfall and wind conditions
Rainfall in East Kalimantan region varies by month and location of monitoring stations. Average highest rainfall recorded at the Meteorological Station Berau amounted to 245.1 mm and the lowest for the year 2013 was recorded at the Meteorological Station Samarinda is 237.8 mm. At some monitoring stations monitor wind conditions in East Kalimantan in 2013. Observations show that wind speeds between 3 and 4 knots. The highest wind speed was 4 knots in Balikpapan and Berau, while the lowest was 3 knots in Samarinda.

Administrative divisions

When it was first created, East Kalimantan province was composed of four regencies (kabupaten) - Paser (spelt Pasir until 2007), Kutai (renamed as Kutai Kartanegara in 2002), Berau and Bulungan - and two cities (kota) - Balikpapan and Samarinda. On 8 October 1997, a third city - Tarakan - was created from part of Bulungan Regency. On 4 October 1999 a fourth city  - Bontang - was created from part of Kutai Regency, while four new regencies were created - Malinau and Nunukan from parts of Bulungan Regency, and East Kutai and West Kutai from the remaining parts of Kutai Regency (which ceased to exist). Two further regencies were set up - Penajam North Paser from part of Pasir Regency on 10 April 2002, and Tana Tidung from part of Bulungan Regency on 17 July 2007. By early 2012 therefore, East Kalimantan was divided into ten regencies and four cities.

On 22 October 2012, the Indonesian House of Representatives agreed to the creation of a new province out of the four most northerly of the Regencies in East Kalimantan, namely Bulungan, Malinau, Nunukan and Tana Tidung, together with one city, Tarakan. Accordingly, these were split off to form the new province of North Kalimantan on 25 October 2012, while the existing West Kutai Regency was split into two on 14 December 2012, with the northern districts split off to form the new Mahakam Ulu Regency, leaving the following seven regencies and three cities to comprise the reduced East Kalimantan. These are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.

Note (a) Totals adjusted to take account of the removal of Tarakan City and four regencies, as confirmed by Biro Pusat Statistik. (b) since this provincial estimate for mid-2022 was published, two regencies have had their mid-2022 estimates reduced - East Kutai from 468,820 to 425,613, and West Kutai from 176,000 to 172,288. The effect of this would be to reduce the provincial total for mid 2022 from 3,859,783 to 3,812,866. (c) As of July 2023, new capital Nusantara tentatively IKN Nusantara has not officially gazetted separate as a jurisdiction per Interior Ministry in practice, but reported to cover 2561 sq km. including 682 sq km of ocean, a central likely government heavy area named KIPP with IKN, would occupy 66.7 sq km and 200 thousand strong staffers and families from Jakarta. liputan reports.

Education

Schools
SMPN 3 Balikpapan

Ecology

Illegal logging has removed much of the original forests of the province. Less than half the original forest remains in places such as the Kayan Mentarang and the Kutai national parks.

The projects that supports tropical rainforest conservation includes a WWF project   and Samboja Lestari lodge, one of Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation's reforestation and orangutan rehabilitation projects.

Economy

East Kalimantan's economy heavily depends on earth resources such as oilfield exploration, natural gas, coal and gold. Balikpapan has an oil refinery plant that was built by Dutch governance before World War II, destroyed during World War II, and rebuilt after Indonesian independence.

Other developing economic sectors include agriculture and tourism.

Obstacles to economic development include a lack of transportation infrastructure. Transportation depends on traditional boats connecting coastal cities and areas along main river, Mahakam River.

In 2012, Russia's state railway firm Joint Stock Company (JSC) signed a memorandum of understanding with the East Kalimantan governor over railway lines to transport coal and other freight. The first stage will connect an area near Balikpapan port to West Kutai Regency in a 183-kilometer line and is estimated to cost about $1.8 billion. It will commence in 2013 and by 2017 it is hoped that it carry 20 million tons of coal annually. The second phase will connect a line to Murung Raya in Central Kalimantan with a 60 kilometer line, which will cost an estimated $600 million.

Several oil fields have been discovered in the Mahakam River Delta including Attaka, Badak (1971), Semberah, Nilam, Sanga Sanga, Bekapai (1972), Handil (1974), Samboja, Jakin and Sepinggan.  The Handil, Badak and Bekapai fields are anticline structural traps with oil reservoir sandstones between 450 and 2900 m.  The delta is in the Kutai basin, bounded by the Mankalihat and Paternoster carbonate arch, containing Eocene shales overlain by Oligocene fluvial deposits during marine regression, culminating in the formation of the delta in the late Miocene.

North Kalimantan Province
North Kalimantan was formally inaugurated as the 34th province of Indonesia on April 15, 2013. The new province was previously part of East Kalimantan Province.

Demographics

Ethnicity

The most populous ethnic group in East Kalimantan is the Javanese (29.55%) who are spread in almost all regions, especially the transmigration areas to urban areas. The second largest ethnic group is Bugis (18.26%), which occupy many coastal areas and urban areas. The third largest ethnicity is Banjar (13.94%) who are quite dominant in the city of Samarinda and Balikpapan. East Kalimantan is a major destination of migrants from Jawa, Sulawesi and South Kalimantan.

The fourth largest group is the Dayak (9.91%), which occupies the interior part of the province. Kutai (9.21%) which inhabit Kutai Kartanegara, East Kutai and West Kutai, was fifth. In the sixth to ten consecutively are Toraja (1.16%), Paser (1.89%), Sunda (1.59%), Madura (1.24%) and Auto Buton (1.25%), and the rest are other groups from various regions in Indonesia.

Language
People in East Kalimantan generally use Indonesian in official purposes and Banjarese for inter-ethnic communication. Due to the large number of Banjarese people in the province, their language became the main lingua franca especially in cities like Samarinda and Balikpapan. Besides Banjarese, there is a significant presence of Javanese and Buginese speakers as well, due to the large migration of Javanese and Buginese people into the region.

Other languages spoken in East Kalimantan is Kutai Malay (a distinct Malay variety closely related but distinct from Banjarese), Paser (related to Lawangan), Tidung, Berau Malay, Tunjung, Bahau, Modang Lundayeh and more others. However, Kutai, Paser, and Kenyah languages are considered under the threat of extinction.

Religion

 According to the 2021 estimates, 3,320,000 people are Muslim, 286,150 are Protestant, 168,140 are Roman Catholic, 15,630 are Buddhist, 8,500 are Hindu and 308 are Confucian or folk religion.

References

.
Provinces of Indonesia
Mahakam basin
Berau basin

East Kalimantan


Johann van Beethoven ()  a fost un muzician, profesor și cântăreț flamand-german, care a cântat în capela Arhiepiscopului de Köln , a cărui curte era la Bonn. Este cel mai cunoscut ca tată al celebrului compozitor Ludwig van Beethoven. Johann era un alcoolic și un tată abuziv care-l bătea deseori pe Ludwig. La 18 ani, Ludwig a trebuit să obțină un ordin de a-l obliga pe Johann să-și sprijine familia. Johann a murit la scurt timp după ce Ludwig s-a mutat la Viena pentru a studia cu Joseph Haydn.

Viața

Johann van Beethoven a fost fiul lui Maria Josepha Ball (căsătorită în 1733) și Lodewijk sau Ludwig van Beethoven  (1712-1773; nu trebuie confundat cu celebrul fiu al lui Johann cu același nume), care s-a născut probabil în sau în apropierea orașului Mechelen, în Olanda Habsburgică (acum în Flandra, Belgia) și a servit ca muzician în mai multe comunități din Mechelen și în împrejurimi, înainte de a se stabili la Bonn în 1733, unde a ocupat funcția de muzician (tenor) la curtea Principelui Arhiepiscop Elector din Köln Clemens August al Bavariei, ocupând postul de Capelmaistru în 1761.

Johann van Beethoven dovedind talent muzical, a primit de la tatăl său lecții de cântare, de pian și de vioară. După ce a absolvit școala elementară, a urmat cursurile Colegiului iezuit timp de unul sau doi ani. În anul 1752 Johann van Beethoven a fost ocupat postul de "sopran" fără salariu la capela curții princiare de la Bonn. În 1756 a devenit cântăreț la curte primind salariu, care în aprilie 1764 era de 100 de guldeni, fiind mărit cu 25, iar mai apoi cu 50 de guldeni anual. În același timp dădea lecții de pian și de cântare. Pe lângă cântare (gama sa, deși este descrisă de obicei ca cea a unui tenor, poate s-a extins și în registrele alto și chiar mai înalte), el cânta la vioară, țitera și clavicord.

Probabil a cunoscut-o pe viitoarea sa soție, Maria Magdalena Leym (născută Keverich) într-o călătorie la Ehrenbreitstein (Koblenz). Ea era fiica lui Johann Heinrich Keverich, bucătarul șef al lui Johann al IX-lea Philipp von Walderdorff, principele elector de Trier, a cărui curte se afla acolo, și avea legături de familie în orchestra curții de la Bonn. Ea fusese măritată la 16 ani cu Johann Leym, care era cu 13 ani mai în vârstă decât ea, iar la 19 ani era deja văduvă. Maria Magdalena Leym și Johann van Beethoven s-au căsătorit la 12 noiembrie 1767 în Biserica Catolică Sf. Remigius, Bonn. Au avut șapte copii, dintre care trei au ajuns la vârsta adultă:

 Ludwig Maria van Beethoven (2 aprilie 1769 - 6 aprilie 1769)
 Ludwig van Beethoven (16 decembrie 1770 la Bonn, Kurköln - 26 martie 1827)
 Kaspar Anton Karl van Beethoven (8 aprilie 1774 - 15 noiembrie 1815)
 Nikolaus Johann van Beethoven (2 octombrie 1776 - 12 ianuarie 1848)
 Anna Maria Franziska van Beethoven (23 februarie 1779 - 27 februarie 1779)
 Franz Georg van Beethoven (17 ianuarie 1781 - 16 august 1783)
 Maria Margarete Josepha van Beethoven (5 mai 1786 - 26 noiembrie 1787)

Puțin timp după nașterea lui Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann a încercat să ocupe un post la Catedrala Lambertus din Lütich, unde cântase tatăl său însă prințul elector Maximilian Franz de Austria s-a opus. În această perioadă s-a accentuat dependența sa de alcool, ceea ce i-a afectat vocea. În cele din urmă influența primului-ministru Caspar Anton von Belderbush l-a ajutat să treacă peste dificultățile profesionale. Apoi familia Beethoven s-a mutat în casa din Bonngasse nr. 515 (azi nr. 20), casa nașterii compozitorului. Familia a mai locuit apoi în Rheingasse, Neugasse și Wenzelgasse nr. 476 (azi nr. 25), casa în care a murit Maria Magdalena Beethoven.

Johann și-a dat seama de talentul lui Ludwig și a devenit primul său profesor. Cu toate acestea, el a fost un tată abuziv, după unii martori. "Au existat doar câteva zile în care [Ludwig] nu a fost bătut pentru a-l obliga să se așeze la pian", a relatat un prieten din copilărie al lui Ludwig. Un consilier al instanței a raportat că Johann l-a închis ocazional pe Ludwig într-o pivniță.  Deseori, întorcându-se noaptea târziu de la cârciumă, îl trezea din somn pe Ludwig, în vârstă de 4 ani, pentru a-i da lecții de pian. Ori de câte ori Ludwig cânta prost, Johann îi  spunea că era o jenă pentru familie. Johann era alcoolic, situație care s-a agravat când Maria Magdalena a murit în 1787. Ludwig a devenit susținătorul al fraților săi, primind din acest motiv jumătate din salariul acordat tatălui său conform unei decizii a prințului elector. În toamna anului 1789 Ludwig a reușit cu greu să împiedice mutarea disciplinară a tatălui său, prințul elector ascultându-i rugămințile.

Johann a murit pe 18 decembrie 1792, după ce Ludwig s-a mutat la Viena în noiembrie 1792 pentru a studia cu Joseph Haydn. Se povestește că angajatorul său, principele elector Maximilian Franz de Austria, i-ar fi spus laconic unui prieten: "Moartea lui Johann van Beethoven va duce la scăderea încasărilor din taxa pe vin".

Origine
Johann van Beethoven era doar pe jumătate flamand;  Tatăl său Lodewijk a fost ultimul Beethoven care a fost pe deplin flamand. Cea mai mare parte a familiei sale, vorbitoare de limbă germană, era venită recent din Renania și din alte Palatinate electorale ale Sfântului Imperiu Roman.

Descendenți

Celebrul fiu al lui Johann, Ludwig van Beethoven, nu a avut copii și nu a fost niciodată căsătorit, nici Nikolaus Johann nu a avut urmași, însă al doilea fiu al său, Kaspar Karl, a avut un fiu (Karl van Beethoven). Totuși, niciunul dintre urmașii în viață ai lui Kaspar Karl nu poartă acum numele Beethoven, ultimul fiind Karl Julius Maria van Beethoven, care a decedat in 1917 fără urmași.

Referințe

Note

Nașteri în 1740
Decese în 1792
Compozitori germani
Beethoven

Johann van Beethoven


Biyoyakıtlar kısa süre önce yaşamış organizmalar ya da onların metabolik çıktılarından elde edilir. Petrol, kömür gibi doğal yakıtlar ya da nükleer yakıtlardan farklı olarak, yenilenebilir enerji kaynağıdırlar.

Biyoyakıtların bir diğer tanımı ise, "içeriklerinin hacim olarak en az %80'ni son on yıl içerisinde toplanmış canlı organizmalardan elde edilmiş her türlü yakıt"tır.

Biyokütleler de, petrol ve kömür gibi, güneş enerjisinin depolanmış halidirler. Bitkiler güneş enerjisini fotosentez aracılığıyla tutarlar.

Biyoyakıtların içerisindeki karbon, bitkilerin havadaki karbondioksiti parçalaması sonucu elde edildiği için, biyoyakıtların yakılması, dünya atmosferinde net karbondioksit artışına neden olmaz. Bu nedenle, pek çok insan, atmosferdeki karbondioksit miktarının artışına engel olabilmek için, fosil yakıtlar yerine biyoyakıtların kullanılması gerektiği görüşünü savunmaktadırlar.

Biyoyakıt elde etmek üzere yaygın olarak yetiştirilen tarım ürünleri şunlardır
 Brezilya'da şeker kamışları
 ABD'de mısır ve soya fasulyesi
 Avrupa'da keten tohumu ve kolza
 Asya'da hurma yağı
 Hindistan'da jatrofa
 Türkiye'de aspir

Kaynakça

Anaerobik sindirim
Biyobozunur atık yönetimi
Gelişen teknolojiler

Biyoyakıt


, stylisé Gf*Bf, est un film taïwanais réalisé par Yang Ya-che, sorti en 2012.

Synopsis
Dans les années 1980, trois étudiants, Aaron, Mabel et Liam sont pris dans un triangle amoureux sur fond de révolution sociale.

Fiche technique
 Titre :
 Titre chinois : 女朋友·男朋友
 Réalisation : Yang Ya-che
 Scénario : Yang Ya-che
 Musique : Baby Chung
 Photographie : Jake Pollock
 Montage : Chen Chun-hung
 Production : Chiang Nai-yun (superviseur)
 Société de production : Atom Cinema
 Pays :
 Genre : Drame et romance
 Durée : 106 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Gwei Lun-mei : Mabel
 Chang Hsiao-chuan : Liam
 Rhydian Vaughan : Aaron
 Bryan Shu-hao Chang : Ron
 Kuan Yung : le père de Liam
 Lin Nai-hua : la mère de Liam
 Ding Ning : la mère de Mabel
 Serena Fang : le femme d'Aaron
 Chang Cheng-chien : le beau-père d'Aaron (1997)
 Sam Ho : le mari de Ron (1997)
 Tang Kuo-chung : John, le petit ami de Liam (1997)
 Yang Wen-wen  :la femme de John (1997)

Distinctions
Le film a reçu cinq nominations aux Asian Film Awards et a remporté trois prix : meilleur acteur pour Chang Hsiao-chuan, meilleure actrice pour Gwei Lun-mei et meilleur second rôle masculin pour Rhydian Vaughan.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film taïwanais sorti en 2012
Film dramatique taïwanais
Film romantique taïwanais
Film se déroulant dans les années 1980
Film se déroulant dans les années 1990
Film se déroulant dans les années 2010
Film taïwanais sur l'homosexualité masculine

Girlfriend, Boyfriend


Kaluža este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Michalovce din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 395 de locuitori.

Localitatea este înfrățită cu Cieszanów.

Istoric
Localitatea Kaluža este atestată documentar din 1336.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Kaluža


José Lafita Díaz (1887-1945) artista interesado principalmente por la escultura y el diseño. Hijo del pintor paisajista José Lafita y Blanco. Entre otras muchas obras fue de su creación, la fuente que adorna la Plaza de la Virgen de los Reyes junto a la Giralda de Sevilla.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Escultores de España del siglo XX
Escultores de Sevilla

José Lafita Díaz


Il filosofo di campagna (título original en italiano; en español, El filósofo del campo) es una ópera en tres actos con música de Baldassare Galuppi y libreto en italiano de Carlo Goldoni. Se estrenó en el Teatro di San Samuele de Venecia el 26 de octubre de 1754.

Esta ópera recorrió los teatros italianos más importantes y en el período comprendido entre el año 1755 y el 1759 tuvo gran difusión en Europa, con representaciones en Fráncfort, Dresde, Praga, Bratislava, Mannheim, Múnich, Bruselas y San Petersburgo. Su estreno en España tuvo lugar en Barcelona, en el Teatro de la Santa Cruz en 1758. En Madrid, se estrenó traducida por Ramón de la Cruz en 1766.

Esta ópera apenas se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo 10 representaciones en el período 2005-2010.En las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo una representación en el período 2005-2010.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Baldassare Galuppi
Óperas de 1754
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Venecia
Libretos de Carlo Goldoni

Il filosofo di campagna


WAMJ (107.5 FM, "Majic 107.5/97.5") is a commercial radio station licensed to Roswell, Georgia, and serving Metro Atlanta.  It airs an urban adult contemporary radio format, simulcasting with sister station 97.5 WUMJ in Fayetteville.  The station is currently owned by Radio One, via licensee Radio One Licenses, LLC.   The studios and offices are located inside the Centennial Tower building in downtown Atlanta.

WAMJ's transmitter is on Goshen Springs Road in the Gwinnett Village section of Norcross, near Interstate 85.  It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 18,000 watts horizontal and 33,000 watts vertical, broadcasting from a tower at 185 meters (607 feet) in height above average terrain (HAAT).  This gives WAMJ a good signal in Atlanta and its northern suburbs, but may not be received well south of Atlanta. To expand their coverage area, WAMJ simulcasts on WUMJ, with its tower located in Tyrone.

WAMJ broadcasts in HD Radio hybrid format.  Its HD2 subchannel carries urban oldies music, known as "Classix 102.9", and is rebroadcast on 125 watt FM translator W275BK at 102.9 MHz in Decatur.

Programming
Weekdays begin with the nationally syndicated "Steve Harvey Morning Show."  Maria Moore is heard middays, Ryan Cameron afternoons, Jerard J nights and Big Ray overnight.

History

WTHA/first incarnation of WAMJ
The station is the result of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Docket 80-90, which reduced the required spacing between FM stations.  That rule permitted a new FM station in the Atlanta area on 107.5 MHz. The original call sign was WTHA when the construction permit was issued at the beginning of October 1996.  The original plan was to create a simulcast partner for 97.5 WHTA, with the new 107.5 using similar call letters.

By the time it signed on the air on February 6, 1998, it became "Majic 107.5," broadcasting an R&B format with the WAMJ call sign.  This was the original incarnation of WAMJ and the "Majic" brand which, at first, lasted only three years.

Smooth Jazz WJZZ-FM
On June 27, 2001, that format and the WAMJ call sign were sent to also-new 102.5 FM as "Grown Folks Radio."  At the same time, 107.5 became WJZZ-FM "Smooth Jazz 107.5".  The WHTA call letters were moved to "Hot 107.9" a couple of months later, with all three stations owned by Radio One.

The on-air jingles heard on WJZZ-FM were similar to those heard on Clear Channel-owned smooth jazz stations, such as WSMJ Baltimore, WNUA Chicago, KKSF San Francisco, and WJJZ Philadelphia.  However, the WJZZ-FM jingles used an opposite order of frequency and call letters.  For WJZZ-FM, the frequency preceded the call sign.

The smooth jazz format enjoyed a surprisingly long era of success in the Atlanta radio market.  Before smooth jazz came to 107.5 in 2001 for nine years, it had a six-year run on WJZF (now WALR-FM) from 1994 to 2000.

Return of "Majic 107.5"
On January 28, 2009, WJZZ dropped smooth jazz, and returned to an Urban AC format, resurrecting the original branding "Majic 107.5."  On February 16, 2009, the "Praise 97.5" format and WPZE call sign was moved to 102.5 FM.  97.5 FM then began simulcasting WJZZ-FM as "Majic 107.5 | 97.5" (and would adopt the WUMJ call letters).

After seven and a half years at 102.5, the WAMJ call sign returned to 107.5 on February 27, 2009. In light of the move, the old WAMJ moniker from its 102.5 days, "Grown Folks Radio," was dropped.

Atlanta's Best Mix of R&B
The call letter switch to WAMJ also led to a change in slogans to "Atlanta's Best Mix of R&B."  This became the third incarnation of the urban AC format for WAMJ.

With the format shuffle, WAMJ incorporated more 1980s and 1990s R&B into its playlist.  This led competitor WALR-FM to adjust its Urban Oldies format to more recent adult music to maintain a competitive edge.  WAMJ became the Atlanta home for the nationally syndicated Steve Harvey Morning Show; this was in contrast to most of Radio One's Urban AC stations, which instead ran the Tom Joyner Morning Show.

WUMJ received a signal upgrade in 2013, going from 21,300 watts to 50,000 watts.  The simulcast with 97.5 ended on January 10, 2016, as WUMJ's signal now overlapped with WUMJ's coverage area.  However, WUMJ resumed its simulcast with WAMJ on July 29, 2016, when some listeners told management that they were not able to receive 107.5 MHz clearly.

References

External links

RecNet query

Urban One stations
Radio stations established in 1997
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Classic hip hop radio stations in the United States
Roswell, Georgia
AMJ

WAMJ


تويوتا إف 1  كان أحد فرق الفورميولا 1 والذي كانت تمتلكه شركة تويوتا ومقره الرئيسي بألمانيا. وفي 4 نوفمبر 2009 أعلنت شركة تويوتا انسحابها من بطولة الفورميولا 1 بسبب تأثرها بالأزمة المالية العالمية.

تاريخ
 بدأ دخول تويوتا لعالم الرياضة باشتراكها بسيارتها تويوتا كراون برالي أستراليا عام 1957م الذي شاركت فيه 102 سيارة لتحل كراون بالمركز السابع والأربعين.
 قامت تويوتا بإحراز إنجازات وبطولات في عالم الرالي إلى أن تم استبعادهم في موسم 1995 ثم عادوا ولكن لم يعُد مستواهم كالسابق.
 بدأت تويوتا تحضير فريقها لسباقات لي مانز عام 1997م مع النية لبدء فريق فورميولا 1، وكانت سيارتها تويوتا جي تي-وان (Toyota GT-One)، لكنها لم تحقق أي بطولات إلى أن أعلنت تويوتا عام 1999م عن عزمها خوض سباقات فورميولا 1.

الانطلاق

 قدمت أول نموذج اختباري عام 2001م، كانت المفاجأة حضور ماكس موسلي رئيس الFIA وبيرني إيكلستون في الإطلاق خاصةً أنهما لم يحضرا أياً من إطلاقات الفرق الأخرى. بدأت تويوتا بالاشتراك بسباقات فورميولا 1 بفريق تويوتا أوروبا (Toyota Motorsport Europe)، وكان مقره الرئيسي بألمانيا. وبعد جهود مكثفة واختبارات على سيارتها تي إف 101 (TF 101)، قرر الفريق البداية في موسم 2002.
 انطلق الفريق عام 2002م، وبالرغم من الاستثمارات الهائلة، كان أداء الفريق أقل من المتوقع إذ أنه حقق نقطتين في أول ثلاثة سباقات من ذاك الموسم ولم يحرز أي نقاط بعد ذلك ليحل بالمركز العاشر في نهاية الموسم بنقطتين.
 كان أداء الفريق في موسم 2003 أفضل من 2002 وعلى الرغم من البداية الضعيفة للفريق إلا أنه أظهر تقدماً في النصف الثاني من الموسم إذ تمكن من جمع 16 نقطة ليحتل المركز الثامن بفارق نقطتين فقط عن المركز السادس. نافس الفريق بقوة في بعض السباقات إلا أنه اختفى تماماً في بعضها الآخر.

 استعانت تويوتا عام 2004م بمايك جاسكوين (Mike Gascoyne) للمساعدة في النهوض بالفريق كما فعل مع رينو إف1 سابقاً. وقبل نهاية العام تم الإعلان عن استبدال مدير الفريق أوفي أندرسون بمديرٍ جديد هو تسوتومو توميتا وذلك لبلوغه سن 65 وانتهى الموسم بالمركز الثامن برصيد 9 نقاط. وتعاقد الفريق مع رالف شوماخر ليبدأ مع بداية موسم 2005.
 قام الفريق بالتطور قليلاً في موسم 2005 وذلك بالمنافسة على المركز الأول، حيث قام السائق يارنو تروللي (Jarno Trulli) بإحراز المركز الثاني مرتين والمركز الثالث مرة واحدة في أول خمسة سباقات من ذاك الموسم. الأمر الذي ساعد الفريق على الوصول للمركز الثاني في ترتيب المُصنّغين عدة مرات خلال الموسم وانتهى الموسم بالترتيب الرابع في قائمة المُصنّعين برصيد 88 نقطة.
 تم تسريح مايك جاسكوين (Mike Gascoyne) قبل انتهاء عقده خلال موسم 2006م وذلك نظراً لغياب النتائج واختلاف الرأي مع الإدارة حول سلوك الفريق الأمر الذي أثر على سلوك الفريق بعدما كان متوقعاً له مزيداً من النجاح بعد موسمه السابق لينتهي بالمركز السادس برصيد 35 نقطة.

 أمدّت تويوتا في عام 2007م فريق ويليامز بالمحركات. خاض الفريق هذا الموسم بأعلى ميزانية له إلا أن النتائج كانت غائبة نظراً لسيارة الفريق التي لم تعمل مع أي من السائقين. نافس الفريق بشدة إلا أن المنافسة في النصف الثاني من الموسم كانت أعلى من مستوى الفريق لينتهي بالمركز السادس برصيد 13 نقطة.
 سائقو عام 2008م هم يارنو تروللي (Jarno Trulli) وتيمو غلوك (Timo Glock) الذي خَللف رالف شوماخر (Ralf Schumacher) واعتُبر إضافة جيدة للفريق إذ ارتفع أداء الفريق في هذا الموسم لينتهي بالمركز الخامس برصيد 56 نقطة.
 في 4 نوفمبر 2009 أعلنت شركة تويوتا قرارها الانسحاب الفوري النفاذ من بطولة الفورمولا 1 بسبب تأثر الشركة الأم بالأزمة المالية العالمية.

انظر أيضا
 تويوتا
 قائمة سيارات تويوتا

مصادر

ف
شركة باناسونيك
فرق فورمولا 1
مصنعو محركات فورمولا 1
تويوتا في رياضة المحركات

تويوتا إف 1


Le Capitalocène est un concept controversé qui, désignant sensiblement la même réalité phénoménologique que le concept d'Anthropocène, sous-tend cependant que c'est le capitalisme en tant que système économique et organisation sociale du monde qui est principalement responsable des « dérèglements » environnementaux actuels, et non l'humanité dans son ensemble. Selon Andréas Malm, inventeur de ce concept, il faut donc parler de « Capitalocène » plutôt que d'Anthropocène pour décrire la crise écologique en cours. Plus particulièrement, c'est le capitalisme industriel défini par « la production de valeur d'échange et la maximisation des profits au moyen de l'énergie fossile » qui selon Malm est responsable de l'artificialisation du monde et de la surexploitation de ses ressources.

Histoire

Appuyant son raisonnement sur la dynamique interne, financière, expansionniste, extractiviste, consommatrice et de croissance infinie, du capitalisme davantage que sur celle d'un « mauvais » Anthropos, Andreas Malm, doctorant en écologie humaine à l'Université de Lund en Suède, propose le concept alternatif de capitalocène. Donna Haraway et Jason W. Moore ont ensuite contribué à diffuser le concept et le terme de capitalocène dans la sphère publique.

Origine et motivations
Selon Victor Court , on ne peut attribuer la crise environnementale actuelle à toute l'humanité considérée comme un seul bloc. Cela revient à naturaliser, « déshistoriciser » et dépolitiser un mode de production spécifique à un contexte sociohistorique :Malcom Ferdinand, dans L'Écologie décoloniale (2019), défend également le terme de « Capitalocène », qui selon lui, .

Critique ou nuancement
Pour nommer le quatrième étage de l'Holocène, qui succèderait aux  de l'actuel Méghalayen, Thierry Sallantin propose plutôt le mot et concept d' Exterminacien :

En 2022, Victor Court, estime que le terme Capitalocène décrit mal les 200 dernières années du capitalisme fossile, car, selon lui, . Victor Court ajoute que le  a aussi été marqué par des régimes dits .

Dans le même ordre d'idées, selon Serge Audier (philosophe) dans le journal Le Monde : .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Capitalisme
 Andreas Malm
 Quaternaire
 Collapsologie
 Socio-politique
 Écologie humaine
 Limites planétaires
 Changement climatique
 Développement durable
 Histoire environnementale
 Histoire de l'environnement

Bibliographie
 Anthropocene or Capitalocene ? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism. ed. Jason W. Moore, (PM Press/Kairos, 2016)
 Jason W. Moore (2017): The Capitalocene, Part I: on the nature and origins of our ecological crisis, The Journal of Peasant Studies, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1235036,  lire en ligne

 Fabien Colombo, «Vers un Capitalocène de plateforme ? Éléments pour une articulation théorique», Études digitales, 2020.
Capitalocène et plateformes. Hommage à Bernard Stiegler, Études digitales, 2020 – 1,

Helena Pedersen, Sally Windsor, Beniamin Knutsson, Dawn Sanders, Arjen Wals & Olof Franck (2022) « Education for sustainable development in the 'Capitalocene', », Educational Philosophy and Theory, 54:3, 224-227, DOI: 10.1080/00131857.2021.1987880

Corwin, J.E. and Gidwani, V. (2023), « Repair Work as Care: On Maintaining the Planet in the Capitalocene ». Antipode. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12791
Diana Stuart & Ryan Gunderson (2020) « Human-animal relations in the capitalocene: environmental impacts and alternatives », Environmental Sociology, 6:1, 68-81, DOI: 10.1080/23251042.2019.1666784

 Le capitalisme dans la toile de la vie, éditions L'Asymétrie, 2015
 Donna Haraway, Vivre avec le trouble, 2016
 Malcom Ferdinand, L'Écologie décoloniale, 2019, page 83

Notes et références

Néologisme
Quaternaire
Réchauffement climatique
Histoire de l'environnement
Développement durable
Écologie humaine
Collapsologie

Capitalocène


Pakize Suda (23 Nisan 1952, İzmir - 21 Aralık 2022, Muğla), Türk oyuncu, yazar.

Hayatı
Babası gazeteci troçkist kitaplar yayınlayan Orhan Suda'dır.
17 yaşında Ege güzeli seçilen Suda, Girit Türklerindendir. İzmir Kız Lisesi mezunudur. Kanal 1'de yaptığı çeşitli yörelerin yemek ve kültürlerini tanıttığı Lezzete Yolculuk programı, Kanal 1 kapatılacağından dolayı Habertürk'e alındı ve Habertürk kanalında Türkiye Konuşuyor isimli programı sundu. Ardından TVem'de Her Şeyi Konuşalım isimli magazin programında magazin gündemini yorumladı. Hürriyet Gazetesinde haftanın dört günü köşe yazısı yazdı ve 27 Aralık 2008 tarihinde 2008 finansal ekonomik krizi nedeniyle köşe yazarlığından ayrılmak zorunda kaldı.

Ölümü
Habertürk'te yazan Suda, hastalığı nedeni ile Muğla'nın Fethiye ilçesinde özel bir bakım evinde kaldı. Demans hastalığı ile mücadele eden Suda, hastalığının ilerlemesi neticesinde kimseyi tanımıyor ve hatırlamıyordu. 21 Aralık 2022 tarihinde tedavi gördüğü Fethiye Devlet Hastanesi'nde beyninde pıhtı atması sonucu 70 yaşında hayatını kaybetti. Cenazesi Muğla, Menteşe'deki Şehir Yeni Mezarlığı'nda toprağa verildi.

Filmografisi

Oynadığı filmler
 1971: Feride
 1972: Tarkan: Altın Madalyon
 1985: Ayrılık Acısı
 2007: Çılgın Dersane

Oynadığı diziler
 1998: Erguvan Yılları
 2002: Pembe Patikler
 2003: Hayat Bilgisi
 2005: Davetsiz Misafir
 2006: Sevda Çiçeği

Sunduğu programlar
 Dobra Dobra
 Her Şeyi Konuşalım
 Konuşa Konuşa
 Lezzet Yolculuğu
 Lezzete Yolculuk
 Miş Muş Lütfen Bu Konuya Girmeyelim
 Pakize Suda İle Gece Yarısı
 Pakizeli Günler
 Söylemezsem Olmaz
 Türkiye Konuşuyor

Kitapları
 Ağız Tadıyla Sevişemedik
 Yenmiş Yutulmuş Sözler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türk kadın gazeteciler
1952 doğumlular
2022 yılında ölenler
İzmir doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Girit Türkleri
Türk köşe yazarları
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
Türk kadın sinema oyuncuları
Muğla'da ölenler
Muğla'da defnedilenler

Pakize Suda


El saltarín coronigualdo (Neopelma chrysocephalum), también denominado saltarín corona de oro (en Venezuela), saltarín mosquitero (en Colombia), saltarín-tirano de cresta azafrán (en Perú) o bailarín de copete rojo, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Pipridae perteneciente al género Neopelma. Es nativa del norte del escudo guayanés y del norte de la cuenca del Amazonas en América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat

Se distribuye por el extremo este de Colombia (Vaupés), sur de Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Guayana francesa y  norte de Brasil (principalmente en la cuenca del río Negro y extremo norte de Amapá); una población aislada en el noreste de Perú (suroeste de Iquitos).

Esta especie es considerada poco común y local en su hábitat natural, el estrato medio y bajo de bosques sobre suelos arenosos, en varillales o campinas y matorrales por debajo de los 700 m de altitud.

Descripción
Mide 13 cm de  longitud. Presenta una cresta color amarillo oro con borde oscuro y el resto de la cabeza gris; dorso verde oliva; garganta y pecho grisáceo claro y vientre crema. El iris es amarillo claro.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie N. chrysocephalum fue descrita por primera vez por el ornitólogo austríaco August von Pelzeln en 1868 bajo el nombre científico Heteropelma chrysocephalum; su localidad tipo es: «San Carlos, Marabitanas y Río Iganna; holotipo de San Carlos, Río Negro, Venezuela».

Etimología
El nombre genérico neutro «Neopelma» se compone de las palabras del griego «neos» que significa 'nuevo', 'diferente', y «pelma, pelmatos» que significa 'suela del pie'; y el nombre de la especie «chrysocephalum», se compone de las palabras del griego «khrusos» que significa 'oro', y «kephalē» que significa 'cabeza'.

Taxonomía
Es monotípica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Neopelma chrysocephalum en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Neopelma chrysocephalum en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de fruxú-do-carrasco Neopelma chrysocephalum en Wikiaves.
 Artículo; Suriname Birds

chrysocephalum
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1868
Taxones descritos por August von Pelzeln

Neopelma chrysocephalum


تقاسمت الاتحادات القارية الستة المقاعد الواحد والثلاثين المتبقية في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2006، وقد ظهر التقسيم الأخير حسب الآتي:

 الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم: 13 مقعد + المستضيف (ألمانيا)
 الاتحاد الأفريقي لكرة القدم: 5 مقعد
 اتحاد أمريكا الجنوبية لكرة القدم 4,5 مقعد
 الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة القدم: 4,5 مقعد
 اتحاد أمريكا الشمالية لكرة القدم: 3,5 مقعد
 اتحاد أوقيانوسيا لكرة القدم: 0,5 مقعد

مجموعات التصفيات

أوروبا

المنتخبات ال14 تتاهل ثم بلعبوا اصحاب المراكز الثانية في كل مجموعة ملحق لتكملة العدد.

آسيا

أفريقيا

بدأ التصفيات التمهيدية في التصفيات في يومي 13 أكتوبر و 17 نوفمبر في عام 2003 ليتم تقليص الفرق إلى 48 فريق، وقد قسمت الفرق فيما بعد إلى 12 مجموعة من أربعة فرق، وسيتأهل أبطال المجموعات ال12 وأفضل 8 مراكز ثواني إلى الدور الثاني، وحيث سيقسمون إلى خمسة مجموعات من أربعة فرق، وأبطال هذه المجموعات سيتأهلون إلى البطولة.
Group standings of the Final Round:

أوقيانوسيا

وأفضل فريقين في أوقيانوسيا لعبت ضد بعضها البعض لكسب الحق في التنافس ضد الفريق صاحب المركز الخامس من أمريكا الجنوبية.

ترتيب المجموعة في الجولة النهائية:

فئة الانسحاب

لم يدخلوا التصفيات

فئة الاستبعاد

الملحقات القارية
  القارة الأوروبية
  vs  (النتيجة الإجمالية 0-2)
  vs  (النتيجة الإجمالية 2-6)
  vs  (النتيجة الإجمالية 4-4, فازت سويسرا بالأهداف خارج ارضه)
 أوقيانوسيا vs أمريكا الجنوبية  vs  (النتيجة الإجمالية 1-1, أستراليا فازت بركلات الترجيح 4-2)
 آسيا vs أمريكا الشمالية، أمريكا الوسطى والكاريبي ' vs  (النتيجة الإجمالية 1-2)''

وصلات خارجية
 أرشيف تصفيات كأس العالم 2006 - من موقع RSSF

تصفيات كأس العالم
كأس العالم 2006

تصفيات كأس العالم 2006


Wahconah Park is a city-owned baseball park located in Pittsfield, Massachusetts and nestled in a working-class neighborhood. One of the last remaining ballparks in the United States with a wooden grandstand, it was constructed in 1919 and seats 4,500. Through the park's history, 201 different Pittsfield players went on to the Major Leagues, and 100 different Pittsfield players already had some Major League experience.  The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

In the July 23, 1990, issue of Sports Illustrated, author Daniel Okrent raved about the park in his column entitled Just A Little Bit of Heaven – Pittsfield's Wahconah Park is Baseball as it Oughta Be.

In 2012, the stadium became the home field of the Pittsfield Suns, an expansion franchise of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League.

Field configuration
Former park dimensions were 334 feet to left field, 374 feet to center field, and 333 feet to right field. The current field dimensions are 310 feet down the left field line, 377 feet to left field, 374 feet to center field, 403 feet to right-center field, and 305 feet down the right field line.

Because the field was constructed before the advent of field lighting, no harm was seen in orienting the diamond due west. It is one of only two professional ballparks in the U.S. today that faces west (the other being Sam Lynn Ballpark in Bakersfield, California, built in 1941). Lights were not installed until 1946. In 1989 a mesh screen was placed in center field. Nevertheless, some umpires still briefly suspend games at sunset, so that the setting sun will not interfere with the batters' view of the pitch.

In 1927, a dike was installed on the Housatonic River to prevent recurrent flooding.

History
The Pittsfield Mets were a minor-league baseball team moved to Pittsfield, Massachusetts from Little Falls, New York, by an investment group organized by Michael T. Casey. The team played in the New York - Penn League, and were affiliated with the New York Mets from 1989 to 2000 and the Houston Astros in 2001.

In 2002, the independent Berkshire Black Bears moved to Wahconah Park after three years of dormancy as the Massachusetts Mad Dogs. After the 2003 season, they did not renew their lease but moved to New Haven, Connecticut.

Jim Bouton proposed to renovate the park without any public dollars and bring professional baseball back. On July 3, 2004, a record crowd of 5,000 attended a vintage baseball game he organized at Wahconah Park between Pittsfield and Hartford, a game telecast live for over four hours on ESPN Classic as America's Pastime: Vintage Baseball, Live. Commentators included Bouton, Bill Lee, actor Tim Robbins, and baseball historians John Thorn and David Pietrusza. Eventually, Pittsfield politics intervened and Bouton was forced out.

In 2005, former Boston Red Sox General Manager Dan Duquette brought the Pittsfield Dukes, a New England Collegiate Baseball League (NECBL) team, to Wahconah Park. During the 2007 season, the Dukes attracted a season attendance of 28,955 through 21 home games, averaging 1,378 fans per game. His agreement with the City of Pittsfield was jeopardized prior to the 2008 season over back maintenance fees, but Duquette and city officials reached a settlement. For the 2009 season, Duquette restyled the team the Pittsfield American Defenders, with a military theme. The park was called Nokona Stadium at Wahconah Park pursuant to a sponsorship deal with the manufacturer of baseball gloves that funded all-new bathrooms, stadium offices, and press box. On May 3, 2009, Williams College and Amherst College alumni played a game under 1859 rules to commemorate the 150th-anniversary of the first college baseball game, played between the two schools. Duquette, an alumnus of Amherst, was instrumental in organizing the event.

The Pittsfield American Defenders lasted only one season. In 2010, Duquette moved the NECBL franchise to his baseball camp in nearby Hinsdale, and moved his Can-Am League entry, the New Hampshire American Defenders, to Wahconah Park from Nashua, New Hampshire; they were known as the Pittsfield Colonials.

Current tenant
In 2012, the Pittsfield Suns, an expansion franchise of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League, began playing at Wahconah Park. Marvin Goldklang is the majority owner; the Goldklang Group also owns part of the club. Goldklang owned and operated the Pittsfield Mets.

In the summer, concerts are held in Wahconah Park. It is also home to varsity football games for Pittsfield-area high schools.

Professional teams at Wahconah Park

Future Major League Pittsfield players

Lew Wendell, Electrics (1913)
Pat Parker, Electrics (1914)
Otto Rettig, Electrics (1914)
Cliff Brady, Hillies (1919–20)
Paddy Smith, Hillies (1920)
Charlie Hargreaves, Hillies (1921–1922)
Bob Barrett, Hillies (1923)
Joe Batchelder, Hillies (1923, 1926)
Si Rosenthal, Hillies (1923)
Ed Taylor, Hillies (1923)
Clay Van Alstyne, Hillies (1923–1924)
Earl Webb, Hillies (1923–1924)
Chick Autry, Hillies (1924)
Hal Goldsmith, Hillies (1924)
Mule Haas, Hillies (1924)
Ike Kamp, Hillies (1924)
Hunter Lane, Hillies (1924)
Art Mills, Hillies (1924–1926)
Joe Benes, Hillies (1925)
Bill Cronin, Hillies (1926)
Paul Richards, Hillies (1926)
Charlie Bates, Hillies (1927)
Joe Cascarella, Hillies (1927–1928)
Augie Walsh, Hillies (1927)
Jack Burns, Hillies (1928)
Ed Connolly, Hillies (1928–1929)
George Loepp, Hillies (1928)
Joe Cicero, Hillies (1929)
Ed Durham, Hillies (1929)
Frank Mulroney, Hillies (1929)
Owen Kahn, Hillies (1930)
Jorge Comellas, Electrics (1941)
Walt Linden, Electrics (1941)
John O'Neil, Electrics (1942)
Al Rosen, Electrics (1946)
Hal Naragon, Electrics (1947)
Jim Lemon, Electrics (1948)
Don Minnick, Indians (1949)
Brooks Lawrence, Indians (1950)
Stan Pawloski, Indians (1950)
Dick Tomanek, Indians (1950)
Chris Coletta, Red Sox (1965–1969)
Pete Magrini, Red Sox (1965)
Al Montreuil, Red Sox (1965–1968)
Jerry Moses, Red Sox (1965–1967)
George Scott, Red Sox (1965)
Reggie Smith, Red Sox (1965)
Gary Waslewski, Red Sox (1965)
Fred Wenz, Red Sox (1965)
Billy Conigliaro, Red Sox (1966, 1968)
Carmen Fanzone, Red Sox (1966–1968)
Jerry Janeski, Red Sox (1966, 1968)
Sparky Lyle, Red Sox (1966)
Bobby Mitchell, Red Sox (1966–1967)
Bob Montgomery, Red Sox (1966)
Ken Wright, Red Sox (1966–1968)
Ken Brett, Red Sox (1967)
Russ Gibson, Red Sox (1967)
Ron Klimkowski, Red Sox (1967)
Ed Phillips, Red Sox (1967)
Ken Poulsen, Red Sox (1967)
Luis Alvarado, Red Sox (1968)
Dick Baney, Red Sox (1968)
Mark Schaeffer, Red Sox (1968)
Carlton Fisk, Red Sox (1969)
Buddy Hunter, Red Sox (1969)
Bill Lee, Red Sox (1969)
Rick Miller, Red Sox (1969)
Dick Mills, Red Sox (1969)
Larry Biittner, Senators (1970)
Don Castle, Senators (1970)
Dave Moates, Senators (1970–1972)
Rick Stelmaszek, Senators (1970)
John Wockenfuss, Senators & Rangers (1970–1972)
Steve Foucault, Senators (1970)
Bill Gogolewski, Senators (1970)
Rick Henninger, Senators & Rangers (1970–1971)
Jeff Terpko, Senators & Rangers (1970–1971, 1974)
Mike Thompson, Senators (1970)
Bill Fahey, Rangers (1971)
Jim Kremmel, Rangers (1971–1972)
Joe Lovitto, Rangers (1971)
Bill Madlock, Rangers (1971–1972)
Rick Waits, Rangers (1971–1972)
Jim Kremmel, Rangers (1971–1972)
Lew Beasley, Rangers (1972–1975)
Roy Howell, Rangers (1972–1973)
Pete Mackanin, Rangers (1972)
Greg Pryor, Rangers (1972, 1974)
Tom Robson, Rangers (1972–1973)
Dave Criscione, Rangers (1973)
Mike Cubbage, Rangers (1973)
Ken Pape, Rangers (1973–1974)
Jim Sundberg, Rangers (1973)
Stan Thomas, Rangers(1973)
Doug Ault, Rangers (1974–1975)
Brian Doyle, Rangers (1974)
Ron Pruitt, Rangers (1974)
Jim Umbarger, Rangers (1974)
Len Barker, Rangers (1975)
Tommy Boggs, Rangers (1975)
Dan Duran, Rangers (1975)
Greg Mahlberg, Rangers (1975)
John Poloni, Rangers (1975)
Keith Smith, Rangers (1975)
John Sutton, Rangers (1975)
Bump Wills, Rangers (1975)
Dick Davis, Brewers (1976)
Greg Erardi, Brewers (1976)
Gary Holle, Brewers (1976)
Dan Thomas, Brewers (1976)
Gary Beare, Brewers (1976)
Barry Cort, Brewers (1976)
Sam Hinds, Brewers (1976)
Johnny Abrego, Cubs (1985)
Mike Brumley, Cubs (1985)
Mike Capel, Cubs (1985–1986)
Steve Engel, Cubs (1985)
Darrin Jackson, Cubs (1985–1986)
Jamie Moyer, Cubs (1985)
Gary Varsho, Cubs (1985–1986)
Rich Amaral, Cubs (1986–1988)
Damon Berryhill, Cubs (1986)
Drew Hall, Cubs (1986)
Les Lancaster, Cubs (1986)
Greg Maddux, Cubs (1986)
Mike Martin, Cubs (1986)
Paul Noce, Cubs (1986)
Rafael Palmeiro, Cubs (1986)
Rolando Roomes, Cubs (1986–1987)
Phil Stephenson, Cubs (1986)
Doug Dascenzo, Cubs (1987)
Mark Grace, Cubs (1987)
Dave Pavlas, Cubs (1987)
Jeff Pico, Cubs (1987)
Laddie Renfroe, Cubs (1987–1988)
Rich Scheid, Cubs (1987–1988)
Dwight Smith, Cubs (1987)
Héctor Villanueva, Cubs (1987–1988)
Rick Wrona, Cubs (1987–1988)
Jim Bullinger, Cubs (1988)
Joe Girardi, Cubs (1988)
Mike Harkey, Cubs (1988)
Joe Kraemer, Cubs (1988)
Ced Landrum, Cubs (1988)
Kelly Mann, Cubs (1988)
Jeff Schwarz, Cubs (1988)
Jerome Walton, Cubs (1988)
Dean Wilkins, Cubs (1988)
Alberto Castillo, Mets (1989–1990)
Denny Harriger, Mets (1989)
Pat Howell, Mets (1989)
John Johnstone, Mets (1989)
Tito Navarro, Mets (1989)
Curtis Pride, Mets (1989)
Dave Telgheder, Mets (1989)
Joe Vitko, Mets (1989)
Alan Zinter, Mets (1989)
Jeromy Burnitz, Mets (1990)
Mike Thomas, Mets (1990)
Pete Walker, Mets (1990)
Juan Castillo, Mets (1990)
Micah Franklin, Mets (1991)
Guillermo Garcia, Mets (1991–1992)
Ricky Otero, Mets (1991)
Quilvio Veras, Mets (1991)
Héctor Carrasco, Mets (1991)
Edgardo Alfonzo, Mets (1992)
Brian Daubach, Mets (1992)
Bill Pulsipher, Mets (1992)
Benny Agbayani, Mets (1993)
Preston Wilson, Mets (1993)
Jason Isringhausen, Mets (1993)
Eric Ludwick, Mets (1993)
Allen McDill, Mets (1993)
Jeff Tam, Mets (1993)
Mike Welch, Mets (1993)
Jarrod Patterson, Mets (1994)
Jay Payton, Mets (1994)
Scott Sauerbeck, Mets (1994)
Vance Wilson, Mets (1994)
Terrence Long, Mets (1995)
Dan Murray, Mets (1995)
Ramón Tatís, Mets (1995)
Brandon Villafuerte, Mets (1996)
A. J. Burnett, Mets (1997)
Eric Cammack, Mets (1997)
Leo Estrella, Mets (1997)
Jason Phillips, Mets (1997)
Jason Roach, Mets (1997, 2000)
Earl Snyder, Mets (1998)
Ty Wigginton, Mets (1998)
Chris Başak, Mets (2000)
Jaime Cerda, Mets (2000)
Jeff Duncan, Mets (2000)
Philip Barzilla, Astros (2001)
Brooks Conrad, Astros (2001)
Charlton Jimerson, Astros (2001)
Todd Self, Astros (2001)

Pittsfield players with previous Major League experience

Art Nichols, Electrics (1913)
Jock Somerlott, Electrics (1913–1914)
Polly Wolfe, Electrics (1913–1914)
Bun Troy, Electrics (1914)
Frank Nicholson, Electrics (1914)
Joe Birmingham, Hillies (1919–1920)
Mickey Devine, Hillies (1919)
Gary Fortune, Hillies (1919)
Jack Hammond, Hillies (1919–1921)
Bobby Messenger, Hillies (1919–1920)
Ty Pickup, Hillies (1919–1920)
Johnny Tillman, Hillies (1919–1923)
Lew Wendell, Hillies (1919)
Frank Kelliher, Hillies (1920)
Colonel Snover, Hillies (1920–1925)
Bill McCorry, Hillies (1921–1923)
Al Pierotti, Hillies (1921–1922)
Ernie Neitzke, Hillies (1922)
Danny Silva, Hillies (1922)
Eddie Zimmerman, Hillies (1922)
Neal Ball, Hillies (1923)
Chick Gagnon, Hillies (1923)
Hal Leathers, Hillies (1923)
Bunny Roser, Hillies (1923)
Art Wilson, Hillies (1923)
Mike Wilson, Hillies (1923)
Jimmy Esmond, Hillies (1924)
Waddy Macphee, Hillies (1924–1925)
Horace Milan, Hillies (1924, 1926)
Mose Solomon, Hillies (1924)
Red Torphy, Hillies (1924–1925)
Shano Collins, Hillies (1925, 1928)
Lefty Jamerson, Hillies (1925–1926)
Tom Sullivan, Hillies (1925)
Augie Swentor, Hillies (1925)
Rowdy Elliott, Hillies (1926)
Ken Jones, Hillies (1926)
Sam Mayer, Hillies (1926, 1929)
John Perrin, Hillies (1926)
Red Sheridan, Hillies (1926–1928)
Ed Sperber, Hillies (1926)
Dan Woodman, Hillies (1926)
Ed Baecht, Hillies (1927)
Harry Baldwin, Hillies (1927–1928)
Ed Miller, Hillies (1927)
Frank Parkinson, Hillies (1927–1928)
John Shea, Hillies (1928–1929)
Joe Smith, Hillies (1927)
Red Smith, Hillies (1927)
Denny Sothern, Hillies (1927)
Lefty Taber, Hillies (1927)
Mule Watson, Hillies (1927)
Frank Bennett, Hillies (1928)
Herb Bradley, Hillies (1928–1929)
Ralph Head, Hillies (1928)
Red Shea, Hillies (1928)
Charlie Small, Hillies (1928–1930)
Harry Wilke, Hillies (1928–1930)
Casper Asbjornson, Hillies (1929)
Frank Bushey, Hillies (1928–1929)
Freddie Moncewicz, Hillies (1929)
José Rodríguez (infielder), Hillies (1929–1930)
Pat Simmons, Hillies (1929–1930)
Carl Sumner, Hillies (1929)
Hod Lisenbee, Hillies (1929)
Maurice Archdeacon, Hillies (1930)
Jim Bishop, Hillies (1930)
Ray Dobens, Hillies (1930)
Bob Emmerich, Hillies (1930)
Bill Holland, Electrics (1941)
Glenn Spencer, Electrics (1941)
Tony Rensa, Electrics (1946–1947)
Gene Hasson, Electrics & Indians (1948–1949)
Lloyd Brown, Indians (1950)
Dave Gray, Red Sox (1965)
Billy MacLeod, Red Sox (1965)
Pete Smith, Red Sox (1965)
Ed Connolly, Red Sox (1966)
Bobby Guindon, Red Sox (1966–1968)
Pete Charton, Red Sox (1967)
Galen Cisco, Red Sox (1967)
Billy Gardner, Red Sox (1967, 1969)
Bill Schlesinger, Red Sox (1967–1968)
Jose Tartabull, Red Sox (1967)
Dave Gray, Red Sox (1968–1969)
Russ Nixon, Red Sox (1968)
Fred Wenz, Red Sox (1969)
Tom Parsons, Red Sox (1969)
Toby Harrah, Senators (1970)
Gene Martin, Senators (1970)
Charley Walters, Senators & Rangers (1971–1972)
Dick Such, Rangers (1973)
Tommy Cruz, Rangers (1974)
Marty Martínez, Rangers (1975)
Lafayette Currence, Brewers (1976)
Lary Sorensen, Brewers (1976)
Jeff Cornell, Cubs (1985)
Steve Hammond, Cubs (1985)
Jeff Jones, Cubs (1985)
Dickie Noles, Cubs (1987)
Al Chambers, Cubs (1988)

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkshire County, Massachusetts

References

External links
Wahconah Park Views – Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues
Wahconah Park (from Baseball's Canadian–American League)
Wahconah Park photo gallery at digitalballparks.com
Photo of stadium
Photo of right field
Photo of sun setting into batter's eyes
Minor League News – The Sun Sets on Wahconah Park
BallparkReviews.com Photos and Review

Baseball venues in Massachusetts
Minor league baseball venues
National Register of Historic Places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Futures Collegiate Baseball League ballparks
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
1919 establishments in Massachusetts
Sports venues completed in 1919
Baseball in Pittsfield, Massachusetts

Wahconah Park


Paul Felix Nemenyi (Rijeka, 5. lipnja 1895. - Washington, 1. svibnja 1952.), hrvatsko-američki fizičar, ekspert mehanike kontinuuma. Bio je i borac za prava životinja, pa je tako odbijao nositi vunenu odjeću.

Životopis
Rodio se u Rijeci kao Neményi Bodog Pál u obitelji mađarskih Židova. U Rijeci je pohađao mađarske osnovne i srednje škole. Otac Dezso bio je direktor jedne od direkcija u riječkoj Rafineriji nafte, a u Rijeku je došao iz Budimpešte je kao djelatnik Opće kreditne banke. U školi je Nemenyi bio osrednji učenik. Tijekom srednje škole otišao je u Mađarsku. U Budimpešti je studirao na Politehničkoj školi do 1918. godine. Bio je prisiljen otići iz Mađarske u vrijeme antisemitskih zakona i otišao u Njemačku. Doktorirao je u Berlinu 1920-ih. U istom radu predavao je na Tehničkom sveučilištu. 1927. godine rodio mu se prvi sin. 1930-ih je napisao udžbenik iz mehanike koji je bio u uporabi na njemačkim fakultetima. Bio je član neke male stranke socijalističkog predznaka ITSK. Kao Židov je nakon promjene vlasti 1933. dobio otkaz i uhićen zbog navodnih "klevetničkih izjava" protiv Hitlerove vlasti, pritvoren na jedan dan pa oslobođen zbog nedostatka dokaza. Zaposlio se u Danskoj u Kopenhagenu, pa je otišao u Veliku Britaniju. Put ga je dalje odnio u SAD gdje je dospio tražeći posao. Bio je na razgovoru za posao na Sveučilištu Princetonu. Komisija ga je proglasila nestabilnom i nepoželjnom osobom, no Albert Einstein se založio za nje te je Nemenyi angažiran na istraživanju pri Državnom sveučilištu u Iowi, gdje je radio za Einsteinova sina Hansa Alberta. Radio je i po drugim raznim američkim sveučilištima. Ušao u svjetsku povijest kao znanstveni istraživač zaposlen na razvoju atomske bombe. Radio je na projektu izrade mehanizma za njeno aktiviranje. Zbog toga su njegovo kretanje pratila američka služba FBI. Kasnih 1930-ih došao je u kontakt s Reginom Wender Fischer, udanom za Hansa Gerhardta Fischera. Bračni par bio je simpatizer komunizma. 1945. godine su se rastali. Nemenyi je umro 1952. godine.

2002. godine izašao je novinski članak u kojem su autori iznijeli tezu da je fizičar Paul Nemenyi mogući biološki otac šahovskog velemajstora Bobbyja Fischera. Dr Nemenyi doista jest pokazivao brigu za Bobbyja i davao je njegovoj majci novac. Žalio se socijalnim službama da mu sin zbog psihičke nestabilnosti majke ne odrasta u poželjnim okolnostima. Polubrat Bobbyja znao je istinu, Bobby također ali je šutio. Poslije očeve smrti, Peter Nemenyi potvrdio je da je Paul Nemenyi bio i otac Bobbyja Fischera.

Izvori

Životopisi, Rijeka
Američki fizičari
Židovi u Hrvatskoj

Paul Nemenyi


Predrag Belić SJ (Đakovo, 4. svibnja 1919. – Zagreb, 6. rujna 2003.), hrvatski katolički svećenik, isusovac, teolog, povjesničar, književnik i prevoditelj.

Životopis
Rođen je u na blagdan sv. Florijana 4. svibnja, u vrijeme kad su đakovački vatrogasci svirajući išli u crkvu da zahvale zaštitniku što im je sačuvao grad od požara. Djetinjstvo je proveo u rodnom gradu, gdje je pohađao i osnovnu školu, a klasičnu gimnaziju u Travniku. U dobi od 19 godina (1939.) stupio je u novicijat Družbe Isusove u Zagrebu, gdje je u ratnim uvjetima pet godina kasnije završio trogodišnji studij filozofije (1940. – 1943.). Vratio se je u Travnik, gdje je radio dvije godine kao odgojitelj đaka u sjemeništu. Nekoliko mjeseci prije završetka Drugoga svjetskoga rata jugokomunističke vlasti su konfiscirali sjemenište, a sjemeništarce rastjerali. Zbog novonastale situacije o. Belić vratio se je iz Travnika u Zagreb kao prognanik te je u veljači 1945. započeo studij teologije na Katoličkom bogoslovnom fakultetu, nadopunjujući neke predmete na isusovačkom Teološkom studiju u Palmotićevoj ulici. Za svećenika je zaređen 1947. godine. Budući da su propale sve nade da ode na specijalizaciju u Rim, završava licencijat teologije i doktorandski kurs na Katoličkom bogoslovnom fakultetu u Zagrebu.

Od 1955. do 1961. studirao je i diplomirao opću povijest na Filozofskom fakultetu, Sveučilišta u Sarajevu. Godine 1965. odlazi napokon u Rim gdje na Papinskom orijentalnom institutu stječe licencijat na povijesnoj sekciji Orijentalnih Crkvenih znanosti. Prekida studij, vraća se u Zagreb, te uz predavanja 1969. godine priređuje za tisak prvi svezak djela Miroslava Vanina "Isusovci i hrvatski narod", napisavši veliki uvod i sredivši brojne izvore i literaturu. Ponovno se vraća u Rim gdje 7. srpnja 1971. na Papinskom Orijentalnom institutu brani doktorat s tezom "Katoličko jedinstvo južnih Slavena i Družba Isusova (I. dio: 1546-1597)".

Nakon široke izobrazbe o. Predrag razvija i bogatu djelatnost kao profesor i pisac većinom na znanstvenom polju.
Umire u Zagrebu u Isusovačkom kolegiju na Jordanovcu, 6. rujna, 2003. u 84 godini života, 56 godini svećeništva, i uoći 65. obljetnice redovništva.

Djelovanje
Predaje u sjemenišnim srednjim školama u Travniku i Dubrovniku: grčki, latinski, hrvatski, francuski, vjeronauk, povijest i glazbu; na Filozofsko-teološkom institutu Družbe Isusove (FTI) predaje istočno bogoslovlje, ekumensku propedeutiku, patrologiju, kršćansku arheologiju, liturgiku, povijest Crkve, opću i nacionalnu povijest, povijest redovništva, a u novicijatu predaju povijest Družbe Isusove; na Institutu Katoličkog Bogoslovnog fakulteta za kršćansku duhovnost u Remetama: duhovnost kršćanskog Istoka.

Već kao dvanaestogodišnjak uređuje domaći obiteljski, šaljivi list Bazenski pas; kao prefekt đaka u Travniku uređuje zavodski list Travnička pošta (1943. – 1945.) i izdaje prema njemačkom benediktincu Dominiku Johneru mali Priručnik za gregorijansko pjevanje (1944.). Kao student druge godine teologije u Zagrebu napisao je na poticaj profesora o. Ivana Jägera 1946. godine okružnicu O pobožnosti Presvetom Srcu Isusovu za svećenstvo zagrebačke nadbiskupije, koju je ondašnji nadbiskup Alojzije Stepinac dva mjeseca prije uhićenja u potpunosti usvojio, potpisao i svojim svećenicima poslao.
U isusovačkom časopisu Život prije rata objavljuje recenzije, prijevode papinskih dokumenata, prikaze ruske apologetike Julija Danzasa. Nastavlja kasnije od 1964. pa dalje u Glasniku Srca Isusova i Marijina, Obnovljenom životu, Bogoslovskoj smotri, Službi Božjoj, Kačiću, Vjesniku Križevačke eparhije, Malom vjesniku Družbe Isusove, Hrvatskom biografskom leksikonu, Zbornicima Marioloških kongresa, Slovenski zgodovinski časopis, Gesuiti, Seminaria Ecclesiae Catholicae, Marienlexikon, Općem religijskom leksikonu itd. Obrađuje većinom povijesne teme, istočno bogoslovlje, ekumenizam, mariološka pitanja, duhovnost kršćanskog Istoka itd.

Zbog solidnog poznavanja grčkog jezika prevodi dijelove istočnih otaca i bizantske crkvene himne, Opširna pravila Bazilija Velikog, Teodora Studitu, Andriju Kretskoga – sve s grčkog originala.

Kao potpredsjednik Hrvatskog mariološkog instituta godinama priređuje program za Hrvatsku sekciju, sudjeluje aktivno na međunarodnim Mariološko-marijanskim kongresima u Zagrebu, Zaragozi, Quelvi, Kevelaeru, na Malti te na Međufakultetskim ekumenskim simpozijima.

Kao isusovac nadao se da bi mogao jednom raditi oko obnove kršćanskog jedinstva, po mogućnosti u Rusiji, i patio je što mu se to nije ostvarilo. Sačuvao je u sebi ekumensku otvorenost duše, i boljeli su ga razdori među Crkvama i narodima.

Djela

Knjige
 Prva tri desetletja jezuitov in slovenci: 1546-1569, (Zbirka Zgodovinskega časopisa, 6) Ljubljana, Zveza zgodovinskih društev Slovenije, 1989.
 Sv. Teodor Studit, Pisma monahinjama, s grčkog izvornika preveo, uvod i napomene napisao Predrag Belić DI, Split, Symposion, Samostan Sv. Klare, 1991.
 Katoličko jedinstvo Južnih Slavena i Družba Isusova. Prinos etiologiji ekumenske problematike na slavenskom Balkanu. Prvo doba 1546-1597. Excerpta e dissertatione ad doctoratum, Zagreb – Rome, PIO, 1996.
 Sv. Andrija Kretski, Pjesnički kanon za rođendan Bogorodice Marije, Dvojezično izdanje (grčko-hrvatski), preveo s grčkog izvornika, pogovor i tumačenje napisao dr. o. Predrag Belić, D. I., Knjižnica zbornika "Kačić" – Monografije, dokumenti, građa, br. 42, Split 2004.
 Isusovci i Južni Slaveni u XVI. Stoljeću. Prinos etiologiji ekumenske problematike na slavenskom Balkanu, uredili Anto Mišić i Ivan Koprek (Biblioteka Religijski niz, 19) Zagreb, FTI, 2019.

Članci
 "Jedna nova ruska apologetika", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 25., No. 1., 1944., str. 49-64.
 "Kada je i kako zagrebački teološki studij postao fakultetom?", Bogoslovska smotra, Vol. 40, No. 2-3, 1970., str. 182-202.
 "Martin Kirigin, Dva stola", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 26., No. 1., 1971., str. ???-???
 "Družba Isusova u Riječkoj metropoliji", Vjesnik historijskih arhiva u Rijeci i Pazinu, Vol. 17, No. (1972), 1972., str. 429-434.
 "Iz bio-bibliografije o. Ivana Kozelja", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 31., No. 3., 1976., str. 283-293.
 "Grada o životu i znanstvenom djelu o. Albina Škrinjara", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 31., No. 5., 1976., str. 469-483.
 "Uz prvi liturgijski spomendan bl. Leopolda Mandića", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 31., No. 6., 1976., str. ???-???
 "Desiderata u jednom uspjelom rječniku; Dr. o. Jeronim Šetka: Hrvatska kršćanska terminologija", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 33., No. 1., 1978., str. ???-???
 "Dragocjen prilog našim teološkim izvorima", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 34., No. 3., 1979., str. ???-???
 "Kako je pred 420 godina Dom Hrisostom Calvini, opat sv. Jakova u Višnjici kod Dubrovnika, zamišljao reformu mljetske benediktinske kongregacije", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 35., No. 3. – 4., 1980., str. 273-280.
 "Popis hrvatskih Marijinih titula", Bogoslovska smotra, Vol. 53, No. 2-3, 1983., str. 260-279
 "Sedam upitnika uz hrvatske Marijine titule", Bogoslovska smotra, Vol. 53, No. 2-3, 1983., str. 280-300.
 "Pozdrav prvog potpredsjednika HMI dr. Predraga Belića DI u ime FTI", Bogoslovska smotra, Vol. 54, No. 4, 1984. str. 467-467.
 "Neki manje poznati podaci o prvim decenijima zavjetnoga hodočašća grada Zagreba u Mariju Bistricu (1723 - 1773)", Bogoslovska smotra, Vol. 54, No. 4, 1984. str. 636-643.
 "Kako je lijepo ono oko koje Boga gleda!", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 41., No. 6., 1986., str. ???-???
 "Anafora Sv. Bazilija Velikog", Služba Božja, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1991., str. 161-183.
 "Paraclitus - tješitelj i(li) branitelj?" Obnovljeni život, Vol. 53, No. 4, 1998., str. 489-494.
 "Majka Crkve od Justina Popovića", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 49, No. 3-4, 1994., str. 281-303.
 "Ignacije de Loyola na prijelazu vjekova", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 51, No. 4, 1996., str. 439-453
 "Formula tonorum - retorska vježbica drevnih isusovaca", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1999., str. 117-122.
 "Syllogistic disputation at Jesuit faculties and related graduate schools of philosophy and theology", Disputatio philosophica, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1999., str. 5-25.
 "Moj Bog me voli i kad mi šalje ružice sa trnjem", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 74., No. 4., 2019., str. 545-553

Bibliografija
 Biškup, Marijan, "Sveti Teodor Studit, Pisma monahinjama, s grčkog izvornika preveo, uvod i napomene napisao Predrag Belić Dl, Split, 1991.". Recenzija. Bogoslovska smotra, Vol. 63, No. 1-2, 1993. str. 257-257.
 Matić, Marko, "In memoriam Predrag Belić SJ (1919. - 2003.)", Obnovljeni život, Vol. 58, No. 4, 2003., str. 501-502

Vanjske poveznice
"Belić, Predrag", Hrvatska enciklopedija, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 1999–2009, retrieved May 19, 2014.

Izvori

Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Hrvatski isusovci
Hrvatski povjesničari
Hrvatski rimokatolički teolozi

Predrag Belić


Andrea Jacqueline Leadsom (født Salmon; født 13. maj 1963 i Aylesbury i Buckinghamshire i England) er en britisk politiker, der har bestredet en række ministerposter i konservative britiske regeringer. Hun var i perioden 11. juni 2017 - 22. maj 2019 Leder af Underhuset og Lord President of the Council.

I 2016 stillede hun op som kandidat til posten som leder af det britiske Konservative Parti. Hun blev ikke valgt, men kort tid efter blev hun udnævnt til minister for miljø, fødevarer og landdistrikter.

Valget af David Camerons efterfølger
Posten som det Konservative Partis leder blev ledig, da David Cameron den 24. juni varslede, at han ønskede at gå af som partileder og premierminister senere på året.

Fristen for at tilmelde sig som kandidat blev fastsat til den 30. juni 2016. Ved fristens udløb var der opstillet fem kandidater: Stephen Crabb, Liam Fox, Michael Gove, Andrea Leadsom og Theresa May.

Liam Fox blev stemt ud den 5. juli 2016, og den samme aften trak Stephen Crabb sig. Michael Gove blev stemt ud den 7. juli 2016. Som den næstsidste af de to tilbageværende kandidater trak Andrea Leadsom sig den 11. juli. Theresa May blev premierminister den 13. juli 2016.

Medlem af Underhuset
Siden 2010 har Andrea Leadsom været medlem af underhuset for South Northamptonshire i East Midlands, England.

Ministerposter
Andrea Leadsom har været viceminister for energi og klimaforandring siden 11. maj 2015. Hun var økonomiminister (Economic Secretary to the Treasury) i finansministeriet fra 9. april 2014 til 11. maj 2015.

Den 14. juli 2016 blev Andrea Leadsom udnævnt til minister for miljø, fødevarer og landdistrikter.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Debrett's People of Today

Miljøministre fra Storbritannien
Landbrugsministre fra Storbritannien
Britiske konservative politikere
Medlemmer af Underhuset

Andrea Leadsom


Berkshire (/ ˈbɑːrkʃɪər, -ʃər / (u 17. stoljeću ponekad se fonetski piše kao Barkeshire; skraćeno Berks) je grofovija u Jugoistočnoj Engleskoj. Jedna je od matičnih grofovija kojoj je kraljica Elizabeta II. 1957. godine dodijelila status Kraljevske grofovije Berkshire zbog dvorca Windsor koji se nalazi u njoj. Pisma patent (letters patent) su izdana 1974. godine. Berkshire je grofovija povijesnog podrijetla, te je ceremonijalna i nemetropolitanska grofovija kojom ne upravlja grofovijsko vijeće. Grofovijsko administrativno sjedište je grad Reading.

Rijeka Temza čini povijesnu sjevernu granicu, od Buscota na zapadu do Old Windsora
 na istoku. Povijesna grofovija, prema tome, uključuje teritorij kojim sada upravlja Vale White Horse
 i dijelove Južnog Oxfordshirea u Oxfordshiru, ali isključuje Caversham,
 Slough i pet manje naseljenih naselja na istoku kraljevskog okruga Windsor i Maidenhead. Sve spomenute promjene, osim promjene u Cavershamu, dogodile su se 1974. Gradovi Abingdon, Didcot, Faringdon, Wallingford i Wantage prebačeni su u Oxfordshire, a šest pridruženih mjesta došla su iz Buckinghamshirea. Vijeće okruga Berkshire bilo je glavna lokalna samouprava većine područja od 1889. do 1998. godine i administrativno sjedište mu je bilo u Readingu, grofovijskom gradu koji je imao vlastitu grofovijsku okružnu upravu od 1888. – 1974.
Od 1998. godine Berkshireom upravlja šest unitarnih uprava: Bracknell Forest, Reading, Slough, Zapadni Berkshire, Windsor i Maidenhead i Wokingham. Ceremonijalna grofovija graniči s Oxfordshireom (na sjeveru), Buckinghamshireom (na sjeveroistoku), Velikim Londonom (na istoku), Surreyom (na jugoistoku), Wiltshireom (na zapadu) i Hampshireom (na jugu). Nijedan dio grofovije nije udaljen više od 13,7 km od autoceste M4 koja povezuje London i jugozapadni Wales.

Etimologija toponima

Berkshire je ime drevnog anglosaksonskog podrijetla i potječe od obitelji koja je nekoć živjela u Berkshireu, Wiltshireu i Yorkshiru. Naziv je izvorno preveden u staroengleskom obliku Berrocsire, koji je izvorno izveden iz tako nazvanog grada, a kasnije je evoluirao u njegov moderniji oblik. Drevnog je keltskog podrijetla, a dolazi od elemenata berro, što znači brdovita i scir, što znači oblast.
Međutim, pozivajući se na životopis kralja Alfreda, koji je 893. godine napisao Asser, biskup od Salisburyja, njegovo staro ime Bearrocscir dobilo je ime po šumi šimšira, koja se zvala Bearroc (keltska riječ koja znači "brdovita"). Ova šuma, koja izvjesno više ne postoji, bila je zapadno od Frilshama, blizu Abingdona.

Povijest

Mnogo podataka vezanih za ranu povijest grofovije zabilježeno je u kronikama Abingdonske opatije, koja je u vrijeme pregleda imovine bila druga, odmah nakon krunskih posjeda, kako po opsegu tako i po broju svojih posjeda, među kojima je i opatija Sutton Courtenay. Biskup Asser također je vršio značajne sudske i upravne ovlasti, a njegov je sud bio obdaren privilegijama härad suda i bio je oslobođen odgovornosti prema šerifu kao i njegovom eventualnom miješanju u donošenje i izvršavanje sudskih i upravnih odluka. Berkshire i Oxfordshire imali su zajedničkog šerifa sve do dolaska kraljice Elizabete I., a shire sud je radio u Grauntpontu. Nakon toga zasjedanja porotnog suda su se održavala u Readingu, Abingdonu i Newburyju, ali su se od 1911. u cijelosti održavala u Readingu.

Bitke u Berkshiru

Berkshire je tijekom svoje povijesti bio poprište nekih značajnih bitaka. Nizom vojnih operacija Alfreda Velikog protiv sjevernogermanskog plemena Danaca, uključivale su bitke u Englefieldu, Ashdownu i Readingu.

Newbury je bio mjesto dva engleska građanska rata, a druge međunarodne skupine vodile su bitke: Prva bitka Newburya (kod Wash Commona) 1643. i Druga bitka Newburya (u Speenu) 1644. godine. Obližnji dvorac Donnington sveden je nakon druge bitke na ruševine. Još jedna bitka kod Readinga odigrala se 9. prosinca 1688. godine. Bila je to jedina značajna vojna akcija u Engleskoj tijekom Slavne revolucije i završila je odlučujućom pobjedom snaga lojalnih Vilimu Oranskom.

Moderno doba

Reading je postao novi grofovijski glavni grad 1867. godine, preuzimajući vlast od Abingdona, koji je i nadalje ostao u grofoviji. Prema Zakonu o lokalnoj samoupravi iz 1888. godine (Local Government Act 1888.), vijeće grofovije Berkshire preuzelo je funkcije kvartalnog zasjedanja (Court of quarter sessions) Berkshira, pokrivajući administrativnu grofoviju Berkshire, koje su isključile grofovijsku općinu Reading. Promjene granica u ranom periodu 20. stoljeća bile su manje, s tim da je Caversham iz Oxfordshirea postao dio općine Reading.
Dana 1. travnja 1974., granice Berkshirea promijenile su se prema Zakonu o lokalnoj upravi iz 1972. (Local Government Act 1972.) Berkshire je preuzeo upravu nad Sloughom i Etonom te dijelom bivšeg ruralnog okruga Eton u Buckinghamshiru. Sjeverni dio grofovije postao je dio Oxfordshira, s Faringdonom, Wantageom i Abingdonom a njihovo zaleđe postaje dijelom Vale of White Horse okruga, dok su Didcot i Wallingford dodani su okrugu Južni Oxfordshire. '''94. (Berkshire Yeomanry) Signalna regimenta još uvijek drži Bijelog konja iz Uffingtona u svojim oznakama, iako se Uffington, pa tako i Bijeli konj po kojemu je poznat nalaze u sadašnjem Oxfordshiru. Izvornom Bijelom knjigom o lokalnoj samoupravi predloženo je prebacivanje Henley na Temzi iz Oxfordshirea u Berkshire, no ovaj prijedlog nije ušao u nacrt prijedloga zakona predstavljenog parlamentu na raspravu.

Dana 1. travnja 1998. vijeće grofovije Berkshire ukinuto je na preporuku Banham komisije - Povjerenstva lokalne uprave za Englesku (1992.), (Local Government Commission for England (1992)) a okruzi su postali unitarne uprave. Za razliku od sličnih reformi na drugim mjestima u isto vrijeme, nemetropolitanska grofovija nije ukinuta.
Zastava povijesne grofovije Berkshire registrirana je u Institutu za zastave 2017. godine.

Geografija

Berkshire se dijeli na dva topološka i pridružena geološka dijela: istočno i zapadno od Readinga. Rijeka Temza u svome sjeveroistočnom toku Berkshira tvori niske vapnenačke zavojite pojase u obliku slova "m", južno od kojih se širi i postaje glinovita i šljunkovita, nekad vodenasta ravnica od Earleyja do Windsora, a dalje južno, su parcele i pojasevi ne-erodiranog kremena i slabo kiselog tla, dok su na sjeveru Bagshot, formacije pijeska i glina plitkovodnog podrijetla, sve sjeverno od Surreya i Hampshirea. Swinley šuma poznata i kao Bracknell Forest, Windsor Great Park te Crowthorne i Stratfield Saye Woods bogata je stabalima borova, srebrne breze i drugih stabala koja rastu na slabo kiselom tlu.

Obrazovne institucije

U Berkshireu se nalaze sljedeće obrazovne ustanove: Sveučilište Reading (koje uključuje i Henley Business School), Imperial College London (kampus Silwood Park) i Sveučilište zapadnog Londona (University of West London). Tu je i The Chartered Institute of Marketing, te prestižne neovisne škole Ludgrove School - škola za 200 dječaka dobi od 8-13 godina, Eton College, neovisni internat za dječake dobi od 13–18 godina u gradu Eton, u neposrednoj blizini grada Windsor, i Wellington College, te nekoliko gimnazija, uključujući Reading Grammar School- gimnaziju za dječake, Kendrick School- gimnaziju za djevojčice i mješovitu gimnaziju Herschel Grammar School.

Galerija

Izvori

Engleske grofovije

Berkshire (grofovija)


Die Elberfelder Kalksenke ist eine Naturräumliche Einheit mit der Ordnungsnummer 3371.35 auf dem Stadtgebiet der bergischen Großstadt Wuppertal (Stadtteil Elberfeld) innerhalb der Wuppertaler Senke. Die Senke besteht aus stark gefalteten, durch hohe Niederschläge abgetragenen und verkarsteten Massenkalken aus dem Mitteldevon.

Die fast geschlossene zentrale Kammer der Elberfelder Kalksenke umfasst die Talsohle der Wupper, die auf einer durchschnittlichen Höhe von 150 m liegt und nach Norden bis auf 200 m auf Kalkhochflächen ansteigt. Diese Kalkhochflächen sind steilwandig und werden von Seiten- und Trockentäler in einzelne Plateaus gegliedert. Im Tal befindet sich auf dem Schuttkegel des Mirker Bachs das historische Stadtzentrum Elberfelds mit der alten Burg Elberfeld und dem wichtigsten Geschäftsviertel der Stadt.

Weiter nach Norden und nach Süden steigen steile Hänge auf hochgelegene Höhenrücken und Hochflächen (bis 300 m) an, die aus Grauwacken und Schiefern bestehen. Im Osten grenzt der Hardtschieferrücken die Elberfelder von der Barmer Kalksenke ab. Noch deutlicher ist die Trennung zum Sonnborner Kalkgebiet im Westen durch den Nützenberger Querriegel.

Die Senke wird vollständig durch dichte Siedlungs- und Gewerbeflächen der Industriestadt Wuppertal eingenommen. Die Bundesstraße 7 und die Bahnstrecke Elberfeld–Dortmund folgen dem Flusslauf innerhalb der Senke.

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Wuppertal)
Naturraum im Süderbergland

Elberfelder Kalksenke