Estevan is the eleventh-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is approximately  north of the Canada–United States border. The Souris River runs by the city. This city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Estevan No. 5.

History
The first settlers in what was to become Estevan arrived in 1892, along with the expansion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was incorporated as a village in 1899, and later became a town in 1906. On March 1, 1957, Estevan acquired the status of a city, which, in Saskatchewan terms, is any community of 5,000 or more.

The name origin is attributed to George Stephen's registered telegraphic address, Estevan. George Stephen was the first President of the Canadian Pacific Railway from 1881 to 1888.

World War I military unit

On December 22, 1915, the 152nd (Weyburn-Estevan) Battalion, CEF was authorised and recruited men from the area before departing to Great Britain on October 3, 1916.

1931 riot
Estevan was the site of the notorious Estevan riot in 1931. Although most of the strikers were from nearby Bienfait, the strike is associated with Estevan because it was in this city the demonstrators were met by members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. After the subsequent riot, which lasted 45 minutes, three strikers lay dead. It was later proven the three miners had been killed by the RCMP. The miners had been organised by the Workers' Unity League.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Estevan had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Ethnicity

Economy

The major industries in Estevan are coal mining, power generation at nearby Boundary Dam Power Station and Shand Power Station, oil and gas, and agriculture.

Arts and culture

Museums and galleries
The city of Estevan has two museums, one of which is primarily a gallery.

The Estevan Art Gallery and Museum, formerly the Estevan National Exhibition Centre, was founded in 1978. The Estevan Art Gallery is a free public gallery that showcases contemporary art. The Gallery's permanent collection includes woodblock-print works by Andrew King. The Estevan Art Gallery and Museum, EAGM, also features the North-West Mounted Police Wood End Post Historical Site, NWMP Museum. This museum is in a house which is the oldest-known North-West Mounted Police Detachment Post in Saskatchewan and holds a collection related to the North-West Mounted Police and the 1874 March West from Roche Percee to Estevan.

The Souris Valley Museum, SVM, is a local and regional history museum focused on human development and daily life within south-east Saskatchewan. It was founded in 2001, primarily from the collection of Stan Durr. The museum provides an engaging depiction of the social and cultural influences and economic development of south-east Saskatchewan. The collection includes the Schneller Schoolhouse, a Threshing Cook Car, a Homesteader Shack, two of Estevan's original Firetrucks, and a Heritage Mining Display.

Arts council
The Estevan Arts Council, founded in 1967, is a non-profit organisation that offers art classes and workshops, adjudicates art shows, hosts concerts, and provides a youth art scholarships through the work of volunteers and community donations and grants.

Sports

Affinity Place is a 2,650 seat Multi-Purpose Entertainment and Sports Facility that was built to supplement the two other ageing ice surfaces in Estevan, the Civic Auditorium and Lignite Miners Centre. It opened on 15 April 2011. Affinity Place is home to the Estevan Bruins, a junior ice hockey team playing in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL), and the Midget AAA Estevan Bears. Affinity Place also has a Racquetball court, swimming pool, and a gym. Right next to Affinity Place is the Estevan Curling Club.

The nine-team Saskota Baseball League has two teams in Estevan, the Southeast Diamondbacks and the Estevan Tap House Wolves.

A former Estevan team, the Estevan Bears, played in the Big 6 Hockey League. They won the Lincoln Trophy three straight years from 1985 to 1987. CJSL AM 1150 broadcasts many Big 6 hockey games.

The Estevan Motor Speedway hosts regular stock car races in the summer. It's the only racetrack in Canada certified by the  International Motor Contest Association (IMCA).

Climate
Estevan has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) It falls into the NRC Plant Hardiness Zone 4a.

Estevan's climate is characterized by cold, long, and dry winters with warm, short and, relatively humid summers. The mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is . The precipitation in winter is chiefly snow, averaging . The spring is a short transitional season, with a mean temperature of  and  of precipitation, with significant snowfall in April. The summer is usually warm (the mean average high temperature is  (average high in July, the warmest month, is  and humid ( of total precipitation). Autumn, as spring, is transitional, being warm in September and cooler in October and November. At this time of the year, the average temperature is  and the total precipitation is . Estevan is the sunniest city year-round in Canada, and it is also the city with the clearest skies year round in Canada.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Estevan was  on 5 July 1936, and 5 July 1937. The coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 11 January 1916, and 16 February 1936.

Gallery

Local media

Newspapers
 The Estevan Mercury, the newspaper in Estevan since 1903, provides weekly distribution to every household in the City free of charge. The newspaper also provides up-to-date news via online editorial copy and local videos. It also has as free TMC newspaper circulated throughout southeast Saskatchewan to over 9,000 homes; the Southeast Trader Express.
 Pipeline News, Saskatchewan Petroleum Monthly newspaper is also based out of Estevan. Southeast Saskatchewan has a significant amount of oil production, and the Pipeline News' main office is situated locally to report on these matters.
 Estevan Lifestyles is a free circulation weekly publication that shares the stories of the people in the Estevan area and the southeast corner of Saskatchewan. The publication also publishes NewsBreak, a daily coffee paper geared towards lighter reading.

Radio
CJSL AM 1150, CHSN-FM 102.3, and CKSE-FM 106.1 all broadcast from studios on 5th Street in Estevan.
The news website DiscoverEstevan.com is also run by the radio station offering local news, weather, and sports. All are owned by Golden West Broadcasting.

Notable residents

 Blair Atcheynum, National Hockey League (NHL) player
 Dave Batters, politician
 Dennis Cooley, poet
 Kimbi Daniels, hockey player
 Ana Egge, folk singer/songwriter
 Mina Forsyth, artist
 Eric Grimson, computer scientist, educator
 Chris Henderson, musician
 Howard Hilstrom, politician
 Andrew David Irvine, playwright
 Todd Kerns, musician
 Ross King, author
 Bill Knight, politician
 Ed Komarnicki, politician
 Eli Mandel, poet
 Fred Mandel, session musician
 Punch McLean, hockey coach
 Gerald McLellan, Saskatchewan ombudsman
 Al Nicholson, hockey player
 Derrick Pouliot, NHL player
 Arnold Richardson, curler
 Andy Shauf, musician
 Kim Thorson, lawyer and politician
 Blaine Thurier, musician and film producer

See also
List of communities in Saskatchewan
List of cities in Saskatchewan
Coal mining in Saskatchewan

References

Notes

External links

1892 establishments in Canada
Cities in Saskatchewan
Mining communities in Saskatchewan
Populated places established in 1892

Estevan


Upstall, auch Uppstall, Up-Stall, in anderen Regionen Nachtweide, ist ein eingegrenztes Feldstück, das in Sommernächten dem Zugvieh als Weide diente.

Nachtweide ist insbesondere ein veralteter Rechtsbegriff für eine Weide, auf der die Tiere nur nachts weiden durften. Sie war insbesondere jenen Zugtieren vorbehalten, die tagsüber zur Ackerbestellung und im Fuhrbetrieb benötigt wurden und daher abends und nachts weiden konnten, wenn eine Stallfütterung nicht erfolgte.

Im Siedlungsgebiet des Flämings und seiner weiteren Umgebung ist Upstall dafür gebräuchlich. Eine bildliche Darstellung findet sich auf einem Gemälde von 1780 aus der Gegend nahe Berlins. Das Wort "Upstall" ist flämisch-brabantischen Ursprungs und wird als eingezäuntes Flurstück übersetzt, das die Dorfgemeinschaft als gemeinsames Weidegebiet nutzt. Teilweise ist jedoch der deutsche Name Nachweide oder Nachhutung gebräuchlich und ist in dieser Form als Flurname nachweisbar.

Heutzutage ist der Begriff oft als Bezeichnung für erschlossene Stadt- oder Ortsgebiete zu finden, die auf einer ehemaligen Nachtweide errichtet wurden. Die so entstandenen Namen der Flurstücke sind noch häufig als Straßenname erhalten oder werden bei der Benennung von neu angelegten Straßen übernommen. Im märkischen Umland von Berlin ist es eine häufige alte Flurbezeichnung. Insbesondere ist der Name im Fläming südlich von Berlin verbreitet. Hier siedelten mit dem Landesausbau im vormaligen Grenzgebiet zu den Slawen Flamen schon seit dem 13. Jahrhundert. Den Begriff findet man auch in Sachsen-Anhalt, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg bis nach Pommern. In anderen Gebieten ist eher Nachtweide in Gebrauch.

Literatur
 . Band IX, 1998, ISBN 3-7400-0005-8.

Einzelnachweise

Weide (Tierhaltung)
Agrarrechtsgeschichte

Upstall


Arnaud Le Lan (født 22. marts 1978 i Pontivy, Frankrig) er en fransk tidligere fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

Le Lan tilbragte hele sin 17 år lange karriere i bretonske klubber, og repræsenterede henholdsvis FC Lorient, Rennes og Guingamp. Hos Lorient var han i 2002 med til at vinde pokalturneringen Coupe de France efter finalesejr over Bastia.

Titler
Coupe de France
 2002 med Lorient

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Frankrig
Fodboldspillere fra En Avant Guingamp
Fodboldspillere fra Stade Rennais FC
Fodboldspillere fra FC Lorient

Arnaud Le Lan


LINS Sindhurashtra (pennant number : S65) est un sous-marin diesel-électrique de classe Sindhughosh de la marine indienne.

Conception
Le Sindhurashtra a une longueur totale de 72,6 m, une largeur de 9,9 m et un tirant d'eau de 6,5 m. Son déplacement est de 2300 tonnes en surface, 3100 tonnes en immersion. Il a une profondeur de plongée maximale de 300 m. Son équipage est d'environ 68 hommes, dont 7 officiers et 61 marins.

Le sous-marin a un arbre d'hélice unique, avec une hélice à sept pales. Il est alimenté par deux générateurs diesel, chacun produisant 1300 ch (1000 kW). Il dispose également d'un moteur électrique d'une puissance de 5500 à 6800 ch (4100 à 5100 kW). Il peut atteindre une vitesse maximale de 10 à 12 nœuds (19 à 22 km/h) en surface et de 17 à 25 nœuds (31 à 46 km/h) lorsqu'il est immergé.

Engagements
L'INS Sindhurashtra est le dernier navire de la classe Sindhughosh, mis en service le 19 juillet 2000, alors que le premier navire, l', a été mis en service le 30 avril 1986. De ce fait, il fut le premier à être équipé du missile 3M-54 « Club » (SS-N-27) d'une portée de 220 km

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes
 .
 .
  : insigne de l'INS Sindhurashtra.

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Liste des sous-marins de l'Inde

Sous-marin d'attaque conventionnel
Sous-marin de la Marine indienne
Navire construit en Union soviétique
Bateau lancé en 1999
Sindhurashtra

INS Sindhurashtra


Alois Brummer (né le  à Mainburg, mort le  à Munich) est un producteur de cinéma, réalisateur et scénariste allemand.

Biographie
Fils d'agriculteur, Alois Brummer participe à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il fonde une entreprise de transport à Ingolstadt après la fin de la guerre. En 1957, par l'intermédiaire d'un débiteur, il devient propriétaire de deux cinémas, après quoi il se tourne de plus en plus vers le monde du cinéma pendant la période du miracle de sa renaissance. À partir de 1961, il commence à être distributeur. En plus des documentaires et des films policiers, des films érotiques font également partie de son offre.

Il produit ses propres films érotiques à partir de 1968. Il s'affranchit complètement du style pédagogique ou de reportage de l'époque et place davantage la comédie au premier plan. Il imagine lui-même l'intrigue et, à partir de 1970, il prend aussi en charge la mise en scène.

Son premier film Le Comte Porno et ses filles est un succès. Rinaldo Talamonti, qui deviendra l'un des acteurs les plus présents du genre érotique, obtient son premier rôle ici. , déclare Brummer en 1969.

En 1969, le cinéaste Hans-Jürgen Syberberg tourne un documentaire sur le travail cinématographique de Brummer, commandé par la ZDF, intitulé Sex-Business – Made in Pasing. Brummer se sent exposé par le film et se retire de toute présence publique ou médiatique. Il renonce au Goldene Leinwand auquel il avait droit pour le premier film de la série Comte Porno.

Au moment du Nouveau cinéma allemand, Brummer se fait peu d'amis dans le milieu, car il privilégie les intérêts financiers. Son intention de réaliser un documentaire sur sa ville natale de Mainburg en 1970 est contrecarrée par les autorités qui lui refusent l'autorisation de filmer, de peur que cela soit un film érotique.

Après l'autorisation de la pornographie en Allemagne en 1975, il distribue de nombreux films pornos américains puis sous forme de vidéos sous son propre label. L'un de ses films les plus connus est le film d'exploitation Snuff dont on prétend qu'il y a une véritable scène de meurtre. Le film scandaleux est confisqué et Brummer est d'abord accusé de sévices corporels puis relaxé. À la fin des années 1970, il distribue des films d'arts martiaux.

Brummer fut au moins deux fois, la deuxième fois de 1970 à 1973. Il meurt le  dans sa villa de la Berrschestraße 5 à Pasing, après être tombé d'une échelle.

Filmographie
 1967 :
 1967 : Les Fausses Vierges
 1969 :
 1969 :
 1969 :
 1970 :
 1970 :
 1971 :
 1971 : Le Petit oiseau est de service
 1971 : Les Filles sèment l'amour
 1971 : Pornografie illegal?
 1972 : Le Feu au dortoir
 1972 : Sexe et volupté
 1973 :
 1973 :
 1974 :
 1974 :
 1975 : Jagdrevier der scharfen Gemsen
 1975 : Furie érotique
 1975 : Hôtel spécial
 1976 : Zwei geile Hirsche auf der Flucht
 1977 : Rêves de jeunes filles volages
 1977 : L'Homme-étalon
 1977 : Hotel 'Zur scharfen Muschi'''
 1978 : Ballets roses au Tyrol 1981 : Aus dem Tagebuch der Josefine Mutzenbacher 1981 : Kursaison im Dirndlhöschen 1983 : La Tsarine nue 1984 : ''

Notes et références

Liens externes

Réalisateur allemand
Scénariste allemand de cinéma
Producteur allemand de cinéma
Naissance en mai 1926
Naissance à Mainburg
Décès en mai 1984
Décès à 57 ans
Décès à Munich
Mort causée par une chute accidentelle

Alois Brummer


Suud bin Abdülaziz (, d. 12 Ocak 1902, Riyad - ö. 23 Şubat 1969, Atina), Suudi Arabistan Kralı, 9 Kasım 1953'ten 2 Kasım 1964'e kadar tahtta kalmıştır.

Abdülaziz el-Suud'un büyük oğluydu; annesiyse Vazha bint Muhammed idi. Uzun yıllar boyunca kardeşi Faysal bin Abdül Aziz ile babasının ülkesini dolaştı ve çeşitli mücadelelerde bulundu. 11 Mayıs 1933 tarihinde babasının Kral oluşundan faydalanarak ülkenin veliaht-prensi oldu. 1953 yılında babasının ölümünün ardından ikinci Suudi Arabistan Kralı oldu.

Tahta geçtikten sonra ilk iş olarak Kral Suud Üniversitesi'nin kurulmasını sağladı. Bu üniversite günümüzde de Riyad Üniversitesi olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir. Tahta geçmesiyle birlikte, aile içi çatışmalarda baş göstermeye başladı. Kral'ın babasının ondan başka 45 oğlu ve 50 tane de kızı vardı. Suud, iç karışıklıkları önlemek için güçlü bir hükûmet kurarak bir baskı politikası izledi. Ama bu sefer de kendi çocukları arasındaki rekabetin ortasında kaldı.

Kral Suud'un tahtta kaldığı süre zarfında Mısır ile kendi ülkesi arasında derin bir nefret bağı oluşmuştu. Irak ve Ürdün gibi Haşimi krallıkları ise ona sürekli karşı oldular. Arap dünyasının liderliğini elde etmek isteyen kendi ülkesi ile Mısırlılar arasındaki rekabet, Cemal Abdünnasır'ın pan-Arabist politikaları nedeniyle kontrolden çıktı.

Tüm bu olaylar neticesinde, Kral Suud 4 Mart 1964 tarihinde kendi ailesinin hazırladığı bir darbeyle tahttan indirildi. Yerine üvey kardeşi Faysal bin Abdülaziz tahta geçirildi. Suud yurt dışına sürgüne yollanarak İsviçre'nin Cenevre kentine yerleşti. Yaşamının sonuna kadar sürgünde kalan Suud, 23 Şubat 1969'da Yunanistan'ın Atina kentinde hayatını kaybetti.

Kaynakça

1902 doğumlular
1969 yılında ölenler
Suudi Arabistan kralları
Suud Hanedanı
Atina'da ölenler
Kuveyt doğumlular
Suudi Arabistan başbakanları
İbn Suud'un oğulları
Suudi antikomünistler
Suudi Arabistan veliaht prensleri

Suud bin Abdülaziz el-Suud


La Luna es un cortometraje estadounidense de animación por computadora dirigido, escrito y animado por Enrico Casarosa. El corto se estrenó el 30 de mayo de 2011 en el Annecy International Animated Film Festival en Francia, y tuvo su estreno en cines el 15 de junio de 2012, junto al film de Pixar Brave.

La Luna fue uno de los 5 cortos nominados a un Óscar en la categoría de «mejor cortometraje animado» en los  premios de la Academia.

Argumento
En la lucha por imponer sus conocimientos, Papá y Nonno empiezan una absurda discusión que se ve interrumpida por la caída de una estrella gigante.

Ignorando al niño, ambos hombres intentan encontrar la forma de moverla, pero no tienen éxito. Mientras tanto, silenciosamente, el niño se aleja de sus parientes, explora la situación y liberado la presión que ejercían Papá y Nonno, encuentra la solución al problema: golpeando la punta de la estrella y rompiéndola en estrellas más pequeñas.

Luego, Bambino, Papá y Nonno barren las estrellas y así hacer menguar la Luna.

Protagonistas
 Krista Sheffler es Bambino (Niño).
 Tony Fucile es Papá.
 Phil Sheridan es Nonno (Abuelo).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

cortometraje
Películas de animación por computadora
luna
luna

La luna (cortometraje)


Vietnam bayrağı, Vietnam Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti'nin resmî devlet bayrağı.

Sarı yıldızlı kırmızı bayrak olarak da bilinir. 30 Nisan 1955 tarihinde Kuzey Vietnam'ın bayrağı olarak kabul edilmiştir. 2 Temmuz 1976'da Güney Vietnam ile birleşilmesinin ardından bu bayrak yeni ülkenin resmî bayrağı olmuştur.

Ortasında beş kollu bir yıldız bulunan bayrağın oranı 2:3'tür. Ortadaki yıldız, Vietnam insanının soyunu temsil eder. Bayrak, Cochinchina ayaklanması'nda (Vietnamca: Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa) Fransız Sömürgesi olunmasına karşı çıkan komünist bir devrimci olan Nguyen Huu Tien tarafından (Vietnamca: Nguyễn Hữu Tiến) tasarlanmıştır.

Tasarım
Ulusal bayrağın renk kodları ve ölçüleri aşağıdaki gibidir.

Tarihi bayraklar

Ayrıca bakınız
Vietnam arması

Kaynakça
https://www.fotw.info/flags/vn.html

Bayrak
Ulusal bayraklar
Asya bayrakları

Vietnam bayrağı


NK Polet Martijanec, nogometni je klub iz Martijanca koji se nalazi u Varaždinskoj županiji. U sezoni  se natječu u 2. ŽNL Varaždinskoj.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Općina Martijanec  NK Polet Martijanec
NK Polet Martijanec
NK Polet Martijanec na Facebooku

Polet

NK Polet Martijanec


Andrius Šedžius (* 23. Februar 1976 in Šiauliai) ist ein litauischer Unternehmer und Politiker, Mitglied des Seimas und früher auch des Rates der Stadtgemeinde Šiauliai.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur 1993 an der 11. Mittelschule Šiauliai absolvierte Šedžius 1998 die Technikschule Šiauliai und 2004 das Bachelorstudium und 2006 das Masterstudium an der Šiaulių universitetas.
1999 war er Kommerzdirektor von UAB "Manukas" und von 2004 Direktor des Medienunternehmens UAB "Šiaulių apskrities televizija", von 2008 bis 2012 Mitglied des Seimas.

Familie
Sein Vater Alvydas Šedžius ist Staatsbeamter, die Mutter Natalija Šedžiuvienė Pädagogin, seine jüngere Schwester Rūta Šedžiūtė-Bružienė Direktorin von UAB "Šiaulių RMB diagnostika".

Andrius Šedžius hat die Töchter Andrėja und Aleksandra.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Blog von Andrius Šedžius (blogas. lt)

Mitglied des Europaausschusses (Litauen)
Politiker (Šiauliai)
Unternehmer (Šiauliai)
LSDP-Mitglied
Litauer
Geboren 1976
Mann
Absolvent der Universität Šiauliai
Stellvertretender Parteivorsitzender der Lietuvos regionų partija
Parteivorsitzender der LLP
Mitglied des Ausschusses für auswärtige Angelegenheiten (Litauen)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)

Andrius Šedžius


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Vysoká pri Morave enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Vysoká pri Morave im Okres Malacky.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Vysoka pri Morave
!


පං ලියැං (උපත නොවැම්බර් 20, 1962) යනු,  කීර්තිමත් චීන සමකාලීන  ජන ගී ගායිකාවක් සහ  අභිවාහ්‍ය කලාකරියකි. වර්තමාන චීන නායක ෂී ජිංපිංගේ බිරිය වන අතර, ඇමරිකානු සහ චීන මාධ්‍ය මගින් ඇය හැඳින්වෙන්නේ "චීන ප්‍රථම කාන්තාව" ලෙසිනි.  2014 වන විට, ෆොර්බ්ස් සඟරාව විසින්, ලොව මහත් බලවත් කාන්තාවන් අතර 57වැන්නා බවට ඇය නම් කර තිබුණි.

පං මහත්මිය,   මහජන විමුක්ති හමුදා කලා විද්‍යාපීඨයේ පීඨාධිපති වන්නීය. චීන නව වසර කාලසීමාව තුලදී විකාශය කෙරෙන සහ පුළුල් ලෙසින් ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් විසින් නරඹනු ලබන ප්‍රධාන භූමිප්‍රදේශ චීන රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහනක් වන, වාර්ෂික සීසීටීවී නිව් ඉයර්ස් ගාලා තුල,  ඇය නිතර පෙනීසිටීම නිසා,   සුප්‍රානෝ ගායිකාවක ලෙස ජනප්‍රියතාවයක් ඇය විසින් හිමි කර ගන්නා ලදි. දේශව්‍යාප්තව පැවැති ගී ගැයීමේ තරග වලදී ඇය බොහෝමයක් සම්මාන දිනා ඇත.  ඉමහත් ජනප්‍රසාදය දිනූ ඇයගේ ඒකල ගායනා අතර පීපල් ෆ්‍රොම් අවර් විලේජ් (), ෂුමුලංග්මා () සහ ඉන් ද ෆීල්ඩ් ඔෆ් හෝප් () වෙයි.  පං මහත්මිය, චීනයේ මහජන විමුක්ති හමුදාවේ සිවිල් සාමාජිකයෙක් වන අතර,  මේජර් ජනරාල් තනතුරට සමතුල්‍ය සිවිල් පදවියක් දරයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

පං ලියැං


Der Japanische Storaxbaum (Styrax japonicus) ist ein kleiner Baum mit weißen Blüten aus der Familie der Storaxbaumgewächse (Styracaceae). Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt in Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam und auf den Philippinen. Sie wird häufig wegen ihrer dekorativen Blüten kultiviert.

Beschreibung

Der Japanische Storaxbaum ist ein 4 bis 8, selten bis 10 Meter hoher Baum mit einer breiten, reich verzweigten Krone und weit abstehenden Ästen. Die Zweige sind purpurn gefärbt, dünn und ausgebreitet. Junge Triebe sind mit Sternhaaren bedeckt und etwas abgeflacht, sie werden später stielrund. Die Blätter stehen wechselständig. Sie haben einen 5 bis 10 Millimeter langen Stiel. Die Blattspreite ist papierartig bis beinahe ledrig, 4 bis 10 Zentimeter lang und 2 bis 5, selten auch bis 6 Zentimeter breit, oval, länglich-oval bis eiförmig-oval, spitz oder kurz zugespitzt, mit keilförmiger bis breit keilförmiger Basis, ganzrandig oder an der Spitze entfernt gesägt. Es werden fünf bis sieben sekundäre Nervenpaare gebildet, die Blattadern dritter Ordnung sind netzartig angeordnet. Sie treten auf beiden Blattseiten deutlich hervor und sind zusammen mit den Blattachseln spärlich mit Sternhaaren bedeckt. Sonst sind beide Seiten kahl.

Die Blütenstände sind 5 bis 8 Zentimeter lange, endständige Trauben aus fünf bis acht Blüten. Der Blütenstiel ist dünn, 2,5 bis 3,5 Zentimeter lang, kahl oder spärlich sternhaarig. Die Blüten haben Durchmesser von 2 bis 2,8 Zentimetern und sind leicht hängend. Der Blütenkelch ist häutig, kahl oder spärlich sternhaarig, 4 bis 5 Millimeter lang, 3 bis 5 Millimeter breit und unregelmäßig gezähnt. Die Kronröhre ist 3 bis 5 Millimeter lang, die Kronzipfel sind eiförmig, verkehrt eiförmig oder oval, 1,6 bis 2,5 Millimeter lang und 5 bis 7, selten bis 9 Millimeter breit. Die Staubblätter sind kürzer als die Blütenkrone, die Staubfäden sind etwas verbreitert, und an den freien oberen Teilen weiß zottig behaart. Die Früchte sind eiförmig, kurz zugespitzt, 8 bis 14 Millimeter lang, mit Durchmesser von 8 bis 10 Millimetern, unregelmäßig runzelig und dicht graufilzig mit Sternhaaren bedeckt. Die Samen sind braun und deutlich runzelig. Der Japanische Storaxbaum blüht von April bis Juli, die Früchte reifen von September bis Dezember.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 40.

Vorkommen und Standortansprüche
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Japan auf den Inseln Honshū, Shikoku, Kyushu und den Ryūkyū-Inseln, auf der Koreanischen Halbinsel, in den chinesischen Provinzen Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang und im Autonomen Gebiet Tibet, auf Taiwan, in Laos, Vietnam und auf den philippinischen Inseln Batan und Camiguin. Der Japanische Storaxbaum wächst in kühlfeuchten Wäldern in 400 bis 1800 Metern Höhe auf sauren bis schwach alkalischen, sandig-lehmigen bis lehmigen, humosen und nährstoffreichen Böden an lichtschattigen und wintermilden Standorten. Die Art ist mäßig frosthart.

Systematik
Der Japanische Storaxbaum (Styrax japonicus) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Storaxbäume (Styrax) in der Familie der Storaxbaumgewächse (Styracaceae). Die Art wurde im Jahr 1837 von Philipp Franz von Siebold und Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini erstmals wissenschaftlich gültig beschrieben. Der Gattungsname Styrax stammt aus dem Lateinischen und bezeichnete schon bei den Römern den Storaxbaum. Das Artepitheton japonicus verweist auf das Verbreitungsgebiet in Japan.

Es werden zwei Varietäten unterschieden:
 Styrax japonicus var. calycothrix : Blütenkelch und Blütenstiel sind spärlich mit Sternhaaren bedeckt
 Styrax japonicus var. japonicus mit kahlem Blütenkelch und Blütenstiel

Verwendung
Der Japanische Storaxbaum wird häufig wegen der dekorativen Blüten als Zierstrauch verwendet.

Nachweise

Literatur

 Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 634.

 Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (Nachdruck von 1996).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Storaxbaumgewächse
Baum

Japanischer Storaxbaum


Secord may refer to:

People
 Al Secord (born 1958), Canadian National Hockey League player
 Campbell Secord, Canadian mountaineer on the 1952 British Cho Oyu expedition to the Himalayas
 David Secord (1759–1844), businessman and politician in Upper Canada
 George Secord (1802–1881), Canadian politician
 James A. Secord (born 1953), American-born historian of science
 John Secord (1850–1898), Canadian politician and lawyer
 Laura Secord (1775–1868), Canadian heroine of the War of 1812
 Richard Secord (born 1932), US Air Force officer convicted for his involvement with the Iran-Contra scandal
 Richard Secord (politician) (1860–1935), Canadian politician
 Walt Secord (born 1964), Canadian-born Australian politician

Places
 Secord, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, a neighborhood in west Edmonton
 Secord Township, Michigan, US

Other uses
 Laura Secord Chocolates, Canadian chocolatier and ice cream company

Secord


L'église Sainte-Madeleine est une église située à Beurlay, dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

L'église est inscrite au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Architecture

Intérieur

Extérieur

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Charente-Maritime
 Églises de la Charente-Maritime

Liens externes

Beurlay
Monument historique inscrit en 1977
Beurlay
Beurlay
Beurlay

Église Sainte-Madeleine de Beurlay


Campylomormyrus es un género de pez elefante en la familia Mormyridae. Es endémico de África, y aunque actualmente se aceptan al menos catorce especies —en virtud de la revisión taxonómica realizada por Poll—, su número todavía está sujeto a debate dado que la cantidad exacta que la literatura acepta varía desde tres a dieciséis —en virtud de los análisis morfológicos realizados por sus autores.

Está distribuido por diversas cuencas hidrográficas africanas como el Congo, Volta, Níger y Tchad/Shari, entre otros. Puede alcanzar un tamaño aproximado de 455 mm.

Respecto al estado de conservación, se puede indicar que de acuerdo a la IUCN, la mayoría de las especies de este género pueden catalogarse en la categoría de «menos preocupante (LC o LR/lc)», salvo en el caso del Campylomormyrus bredoi, que se encuentra en la categoría «vulnerable (VU)», debido a la sobrepesca con redes de arrastre en el lago Mweru.

Especies
 Campylomormyrus alces (Boulenger, 1920)
 Campylomormyrus bredoi (Poll, 1945)
 Campylomormyrus cassaicus (Poll, 1967)
 Campylomormyrus christyi (Boulenger, 1920)
 Campylomormyrus curvirostris (Boulenger, 1898)
 Campylomormyrus elephas (Boulenger, 1898)
 Campylomormyrus luapulaensis (L. R. David & Poll, 1937)
 Campylomormyrus mirus (Boulenger, 1898)
 Campylomormyrus numenius (Boulenger, 1898)
 Campylomormyrus orycteropus Poll, J. P. Gosse & Orts, 1982
 Campylomormyrus phantasticus (Pellegrin, 1927)
 Campylomormyrus rhynchophorus (Boulenger, 1898)
 Campylomormyrus tamandua (Günther, 1864)
 Campylomormyrus tshokwe (Poll, 1967)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Osteoglossiformes
Mormyridae

Campylomormyrus


كارلوس إدواردو ماركيز (باللغة البرتغالية:Carlos Eduardo Marques) مواليد 18 يوليو 1987 في أخوريكابا Ajuricaba في البرازيل. وزنه 68 كجم، وطوله 171 سم. يلعب بالقدم اليسرى، لاعب مهاجم أكثر منه وسط، بدأ مع نادي غريميو في البرازيل عام 2007، يمتاز بالسرعة وحسن التمريرات والمراوغة والتسديدات القوية لعب مع نادي غريميو كمهاجم في الجبهة اليسرى، سجل 18 هدف في 29 مباراة مع غريميو ثم انتقل إلى نادي هوفينهايم الألماني عام 2007 ولعب في خط الوسط من الجهة اليسرى، ساعد فريقه بالصعود إلى الدرجة الأولى بشكل كبير وجعل فريقه يقدم نكهة خاصة في دوري الدرجة الأولى ولعب مع فريق هوفينهايم 87 مباراة سجل 13 هدف، وجدد النادي عقده لمدة موسمين، ويعتبر إيه سي ميلان أبرز المطاردين لهذا اللاعب بناء على رغبة ألكسندر باتو باللعب بجانبه.

مسيرته الرياضية

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بوليفيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برازيليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة القدم البرازيليون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في بوليفيا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي لكرة القدم الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي لكرة القدم الدرجة الرابعة
لاعبو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو أتليتيكو مينيرو
لاعبو بارانا
لاعبو روبين كازان
لاعبو غريميو بورتو أليغرينزي
لاعبو فلامينغو
لاعبو فيتوريا
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بوليفيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل تحت 20 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي برازيليا
لاعبو نادي خورخي ويلسترمان
لاعبو نادي فيتوريا
لاعبو نادي كوريتيبا
لاعبو نادي يوفنتود
لاعبو هوفينهايم
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مقالات مع مصادر باللغة الألمانية (de)
مواليد 1987
لاعبو كرة قدم من ريو غراندي دو سول

كارلوس إدواردو ماركيز


"Layla" is a song written by Eric Clapton and Jim Gordon, originally recorded with their band Derek and the Dominos, as the thirteenth track from their only studio album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970). Its contrasting movements were composed separately by Clapton and Gordon. The piano part has also been controversially credited to Rita Coolidge, Gordon's girlfriend at the time.

The song was inspired by a love story that originated in 7th-century Persia and later formed the basis of The Story of Layla and Majnun by the 12th-century Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi, a copy of which Ian Dallas had given to Clapton. The book moved Clapton profoundly, because it was the tale of a young man who fell hopelessly in love with a beautiful young girl, went crazy and so could not marry her. The song was further inspired by Clapton's secret love for Pattie Boyd, the wife of his friend and fellow musician George Harrison. After Harrison and Boyd divorced, Clapton and Boyd eventually married.

"Layla" has since its release experienced great critical and popular acclaim, and is often hailed as being among the greatest rock songs of all time. Two versions have achieved chart success, the first in 1972 and the second 20 years later as an acoustic Unplugged performance by Clapton. In 2004, "Layla" was ranked number 27 on Rolling Stones list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", and the acoustic version won the 1993 Grammy Award for Best Rock Song. In 1998, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Background
In 1966, Beatles guitarist George Harrison married Pattie Boyd, a model he met two years before during the filming of A Hard Day's Night. During the late 1960s, Clapton and Harrison became close friends. Clapton contributed uncredited (although openly acknowledged) guitar work on Harrison's song "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" on the Beatles' self-titled double album (also known as the White Album), and Harrison co-wrote and played guitar on Cream's "Badge" from Goodbye. However, between his tenures in Cream and Blind Faith, Clapton fell in love with Boyd.

The title of "Layla" was inspired by the story of Layla and Majnun, which Clapton had been told by his friend Ian Dallas, who was in the process of converting to Islam. Nizami's tale, about a moon princess who was married off by her father to a man she did not love, resulting in Majnun's madness, struck a deep chord with Clapton.

Boyd divorced Harrison in 1977 and married Clapton in 1979 during a concert stop in Tucson, Arizona. Harrison was not bitter about the divorce and attended Clapton's wedding party with his former bandmates Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney. During their relationship, Clapton wrote another love ballad for Boyd, "Wonderful Tonight" (1977). Clapton and Boyd divorced in 1989.

Writing and recording
After the break-up of Cream, Clapton tried his hand with several groups, including Blind Faith and the husband-and-wife duo Delaney & Bonnie. In the spring of 1970, he was told that some members of Delaney & Bonnie's back-up band, including bassist Carl Radle, drummer Jim Gordon and keyboardist Bobby Whitlock, were leaving the group. Seizing the opportunity, Clapton formed a new group with Whitlock, Radle and Gordon. Naming themselves Derek and the Dominos, the band "made our bones", according to Clapton, while backing Harrison on his first post-Beatles solo album, All Things Must Pass.

During the recording of the Layla album, Duane Allman joined Clapton's fledgling band as a guest. Clapton and Allman, already mutual fans, were introduced by Tom Dowd at an Allman Brothers concert on 26 August 1970. The two hit it off well and soon became good friends. Dowd said of their guitar-playing chemistry: "There had to be some sort of telepathy going on because I've never seen spontaneous inspiration happen at that rate and level. One of them would play something, and the other reacted instantaneously. Never once did either of them have to say, 'Could you play that again, please?' It was like two hands in a glove. And they got tremendously off on playing with each other." Dowd was already famous for a variety of work and had worked with Clapton in his Cream days (Clapton once called him "the ideal recording man"); his work on the album would be another achievement. For the making of his biographical film Tom Dowd & the Language of Music, he remixed the original master tapes of "Layla", saying, "There are my principles, in one form or another."

Clapton originally wrote "Layla" as a ballad, with lyrics describing his unrequited love for Boyd, but the song became a "rocker" when, according to Clapton, Allman composed the song's signature riff. With the band assembled and Dowd producing, "Layla" was recorded in its rock form. The recording of the first section consisted of sixteen tracks of which six were guitar tracks: a rhythm part by Clapton, three tracks of harmonies played by Clapton (the main power chord riff on both channels and two harmonies against that main riff, one on the left channel and one on the right channel), a track of solos by Allman (fretted solos with bent notes during the verses and a slide solo during the outro), and one track with both Allman and Clapton playing duplicate solos (the 7-note "signature" riff doubled in two octaves and the 12-note "signature" riff doubled in unison). According to Clapton, Allman played the first seven notes of the 12-note "signature" riff fretted and the last five notes on slide in standard tuning. Each player used one input of the same two-input Fender Champ amplifier.

Shortly afterwards, Clapton returned to the studio, where he heard Jim Gordon playing a piano piece he had composed separately. Impressed by the piece, Clapton convinced Gordon to allow it to be used as part of the song. Though only Gordon has been credited with this part, according to Whitlock, "Jim took that piano melody from his ex-girlfriend Rita Coolidge. I know because in the D&B days I lived in John Garfield's old house in the Hollywood Hills and there was a guest house with an upright piano in it. Rita and Jim were up there in the guest house and invited me to join in on writing this song with them called 'Time' ... Her sister Priscilla wound up recording it with Booker T. Jones ... Jim took the melody from Rita's song and didn't give her credit for writing it. Her boyfriend ripped her off." "Time" ended up on the 1973 album Chronicles by Booker T. and Priscilla Jones. Whitlock's story was echoed by Coolidge herself in her 2016 autobiography. The claim is also repeated in Graham Nash's 2014 autobiography Wild Tales.

"Layla"'s second movement (the "Piano Exit") was recorded roughly a week after the first, with Gordon playing his piano part, Clapton playing acoustic guitar and slide guitar, and Allman playing electric and bottleneck slide guitar. After Dowd spliced the two movements together, "Layla" was complete.

The opening five bars to the guitar part of "Layla"

Due to the circumstances of its composition, "Layla" is defined by two movements, each marked by a riff. The first movement, which was recorded in the key of D minor for choruses and C-sharp minor for verses, is centred around the "signature riff", a guitar piece using hammer-ons, pull-offs and power chords. The first section contains the overdub-heavy slide guitar solo, played by Allman. By placing his slide at points beyond the end of the fretboard, Allman was able to play notes at a higher pitch than could be played with standard technique. Dowd referred to this as "notes that aren't on the instrument."

The second movement is commonly referred to as the "Piano Exit". Originally played in C major, the tape speed of the coda was increased slightly during mixing. The resulting pitch is somewhere between C and C sharp. The piano interlude at the end of the song is augmented by an acoustic guitar, and is also the accompaniment to the outro-solo. The same melody is also played on Allman's slide guitar an octave higher. Gordon does not improvise or deviate from the piano part; Clapton and Allman are the ones who improvise the melody. The song ends with Allman playing his signature high-pitched "bird call" on his slide guitar. This portion is featured prominently in the film Goodfellas.

Clapton commented on the song:

Pattie Boyd later reflected: "I think that he was amazingly raw at the time ... He's such an incredible musician that he's able to put his emotions into music in such a way that the audience can feel it instinctively. It goes right through you."

Personnel
 Eric Clapton – lead vocals, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar
 Duane Allman – lead guitar, slide guitar
 Bobby Whitlock – Hammond organ, piano, background vocals
 Carl Radle – bass guitar
 Jim Gordon – drums, percussion, piano
 Tom Dowd – producer
 Howard Albert, Ron Albert, Mack Emerman, Chuck Kirkpatrick, Karl Richardson – recording engineers

Beyond the original album
Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs opened to lacklustre sales as the Derek and the Dominos album never actually reached the music charts in the United Kingdom, possibly in part because Clapton's name was found only on the back cover. In addition, the song's length proved prohibitive for radio airplay. As a result, a shortened version of the song, consisting of the first 2:43 of Part I, was released as a single in March 1971 by Atco Records in the United States. The version peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. When "Layla" was re-released on the 1972 compilations The History of Eric Clapton and Duane Allman's An Anthology and then released the full 7:10 version (including the "Piano Exit" that formed Part II) as a single, it charted at number seven in the United Kingdom and reached number 10 in the United States. With good sales figures, the Billboard magazine was able to rank the Rock single as the 60th best-selling song in 1972.

In 1982, "Layla" was re-released as a single in the United Kingdom, and peaked at number four. This time the whole seven-minute single charted, containing the trailing two-thirds which is instrumental only. Critical opinion since has been overwhelmingly positive. Dave Marsh, in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll, wrote that "there are few moments in the repertoire of recorded rock where a singer or writer has reached so deeply into himself that the effect of hearing them is akin to witnessing a murder or a suicide... to me 'Layla' is the greatest of them." Marsh listed "Layla" at number 156 in his The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made.

In May 1980, "Layla" was covered by the London Symphony Orchestra, but without the lyrics, being recorded at EMI Studio One, Abbey Road, London. A similar version has been performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. On 20 September 1983, a benefit show called the ARMS Charity Concert for Multiple Sclerosis at the Royal Albert Hall in London featured a jam with Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page performing "Layla". Clapton, Beck, and Page were the Yardbirds' successive lead guitarists from 1963 to 1968.

In 2003, the Allman Brothers Band began playing the song in concert. Warren Haynes sang the vocal, Gregg Allman played the piano part, and Derek Trucks played Duane Allman's guitar parts during the coda. The performances were seen as a tribute not only to Allman, but also to producer Tom Dowd, who had died the previous year. Eric Clapton recorded yet a third version. "Layla" appears as track seven on Play the Blues: Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center. Personnel on this version include Wynton Marsalis (vocals, trumpet), Eric Clapton (vocals, guitar), Victor Goines (clarinet), Marcus Printup (trumpet), Chris Crenshaw (trombone, vocals), Don Vappie (banjo), Chris Stainton (keyboards), Dan Nimmer (piano), Carlos Henriquez (bass), and Ali Jackson (drums).

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Unplugged version

Recording
In 1992, Clapton was invited to play for the MTV Unplugged series. On 16 January 1992, he recorded an acoustic album, accompanied by a concert film, at the Bray Studios in Bray, Berkshire. Although the production team and Clapton's staff liked the recordings, Clapton did not want to release either the album or the concert film. Finally, Clapton agreed to release the album in a limited edition. When Unplugged sold out, Clapton gave Warner Bros. and Reprise Records the permission to delete the limited album production. For the album, Clapton decided to record both new material like "Lonely Stranger" and old songs he grew up with such as "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" or enjoyed listening to or had written as an adult, like "San Francisco Bay Blues" and "Layla". Clapton, who plays acoustic guitar and sings on the live track, was backed by Andy Fairweather Low who played acoustic rhythm guitar, Nathan East on acoustic bass guitar and background vocals, Ray Cooper on percussion, Steve Ferrone on drums, Katie Kissoon and Tessa Niles on background vocals as well as Chuck Leavell on piano. Pianist Chuck Leavell recalled that recording the acoustic version of "Layla" felt natural to him and liked that the band was given some space to play during the body of the song and not just during the reprise like it is on the original recording. "It gave us a chance to interpret the song in our way and it did work out well and it gave it a rebirth I think.", Leavell said. The acoustic version of "Layla" was produced by Russ Titelman.

Clapton recorded the acoustic version of "Layla" on a C.F. Martin & Co. steel-string acoustic guitar in OOO-42 style from 1939 which was hand built in Nazareth, Pennsylvania (No. OOO-42/73234). Clapton called this guitar one of the finest instruments he has ever used and called its sound "incredible". The auction house Christie's noted, "the guitar became one of the most enduring images of recent music history" being a part of the Unplugged album cover. Christie's expert for the musical department Kerry Keane called the instrument "in the hands of Eric Clapton singly responsible for the repolarization of playing acoustic guitar today". When Keane played the guitar, he also remarked an "amazing" sound as the acoustic guitar seems to have a "wonderfully balanced tone [which is] loud and sweet at the same time with an incredible bass note." The vintage instrument was estimated to sell for between $60,000 and $80,000 but was in the end sold for $791,500.

Arrangement
Rhythm acoustic guitar player Andy Fairweather Low was invited by Clapton to his flat in Chelsea, London to work out the songs to be recorded for the Unplugged album in January 1992. During the process, Clapton suggested that it would be a good idea to do another version of "Layla". Fairweather Low agreed because he had wanted to release one himself as a big Derek and the Dominos fan. Clapton thought that the perfect arrangement for the rock anthem would be a shuffle because he always liked changing the tempo of a song and looking at something from a different angle.

When Clapton was asked about the acoustic version of the song by the MTV Network, he replied: "'Layla' sort of mystified me. I have done it the same all these years and never ever considered trying to revamp it. And a lot of artists do that, you know? Bob Dylan for instance changes everything everytime he plays it and I thought this was another great opportunity to just take it off on a different path, to put it to a shuffle and for a start, making it acoustic denied all the riffs, really. They would have sounded a bit weak, I think, on the acoustic guitar, so it just seemed to become Jazzier somehow. And of course, I'm singing it a whole octave down. So it gives it a nice kind of atmosphere."

The song was written in the key of D minor which Clapton recalled pushed him to the top of his singing range. When Clapton slowed it down, Fairweather Low suggested Clapton should sing the track a whole octave down. Clapton was pleased with the result as it sounded "nice" and "sort of Jazzy" to him. The new arrangement slowed down and reworked the original riff and dispensed with the piano coda. Because Clapton changed the arrangement so much, he decided to introduce this version to the unsuspecting live audience by stating: "See if you can spot this one."

Reception
AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that "Layla" seemed to be the Unplugged album's hit; he describes it as a "slow crawl through Derek & the Dominos' version, turning that anguished howl of pain into a cozy shuffle and the whole album proceeds at a similar amiable gait, taking its time and enjoying detours into old blues standards." Journalist Steve Hochman called the acoustic version a "low-key but seductive recasting". Music broadcaster VH1 thinks the Unplugged version revealed Clapton's guitar skills in the acoustic setting, which was particularly obvious on the reworking of "Layla" that "stressed Clapton's tender side without forfeitting intensity". Entertainment Weekly journalists picked the tune as the mega hit off the Unplugged album. The critics especially liked Leavell's piano work on the song, saying that it "adds a smoky-jazz-joint torch-song ambience that's both expectation shattering and emotionally compelling to the tune".

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Critical reception and legacy
In 1970, Jamrock Entertainment listed "Layla" as the best song of the year. In 1972, "Layla" was one of the most performed songs of the year, and was already considered a "rock standard". With its re-release in 1982, the song was again praised. It is featured on a number of "greatest ever" lists. The song was chosen by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of its "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll", and Rolling Stone ranked the song at number 27 on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". The Recording Industry Association of America ranked "Layla" at number 118 on their Songs of the Century on 7 March 2001. Music critic Dave Marsh placed the tune at number two in his "Best Singles of the Year 1972" compilation. Based on such rankings, Acclaimed Music lists the original version as the 61st most acclaimed song of all time, the most acclaimed song of 1970 and the 12th most acclaimed song of the 1970s.

With its reworking in 1992 for the Unplugged album, "Layla" became an all-time hit song, as it won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 1993, and was broadcast nonstop in 1992 and 1993 on the radio, in stores, and on television around the globe. In 1992, "Layla" was the most performed song of the year, and won a BMI Broadcasting Award for radio and television appearances of the 1992 "Layla" for more than two million times in summer of 1994. As of 2011, "Layla" had attained more than six million broadcasts on television and the radio or performances on other records and during live concerts.

"Layla" was used in Goodfellas during the scene portraying the aftermath of the 1978 Lufthansa heist. Director Martin Scorsese planned out the sequence with the song specifically in mind, playing it on set to synchronise with the staging and camera movement. The song also plays during the film's ending credits, after a cover of "My Way" by Sid Vicious.

American record producer DJ Khaled sampled the Derek and the Dominos' arrangement of "Layla" in his 2021 song "I Did It" featuring American rappers Post Malone, Megan Thee Stallion, Lil Baby. and DaBaby.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1970 songs
1971 singles
1972 singles
1982 singles
1992 singles
Derek and the Dominos songs
Eric Clapton songs
Grammy Award for Best Rock Song
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Live singles
Number-one singles in France
Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Russ Titelman
Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd
Songs written by Eric Clapton
Atco Records singles
RSO Records singles
Polydor Records singles
Reprise Records singles

Layla


Lizica Codreanu-Fontenoy (sau Lyzica, născută Lizica Codreanu, după căsătorie Codreanu-Fontenoy; ) a fost o dansatoare și terapeută română, fondatoarea primei școli de  din Europa.

A studiat la Institutul de Arte Plastice din București. În paralel urmează cursuri de balet și dans modern.

În 1938 deschide la Paris un centru în care predă, pentru prima dată în Europa, Hatha yoga (un melanj de elemente preluate din învățăturile yoga, acupunctură chinezească, gimnastică suedeză și unele practici populare românești, la care adaugă cunoștințele sale despre dansul modern). Printr-o colaborare cu medici specialiști, în perioada 1945-1971, transformă această activitate într-o terapie care consta în masarea fiecărei vertebre cu talpa piciorului, în vederea înlăturării durerilor cauzate de oboseala fizică sau de poziții incorecte ale corpului, pe fond muzical. A interpretat rolul unei dansatoare în filmul  (1926, regia ).

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe
 Lizica Codreanu: o avangardistă de descoperit

Nașteri în 1901
Decese în 1993
Dansatori români

Lizica Codreanu-Fontenoy


التوت البري (فيلم) : فيلم أُصدر سنة 1957، من إخراج انغمار برغمان

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

التوت البري (توضيح)


Waitomokia (auch Gabriel Hill oder Mount Gabriel) ist einer der Vulkane des  in Neuseeland. Der 600 Meter breite Tuffkrater beherbergte drei kleine, 20 m hohe Schlackenkegel, von denen einer einen Krater besaß. Sie wurden komplett zur Steingewinnung abgebaut.

Siehe auch

Literatur
 Ernest J. Searle, überarb. von R.D. Mayhill, Paul Longman: City of Volcanoes: A geology of Auckland  1981. Erstausgabe 1964, ISBN 0-582-71784-1.

Weblinks
 Foto von 1899 mit den drei Kratern
 Ansicht von 1930

Berg unter 1000 Meter
Auckland Volcanic Field
Vulkan in Neuseeland
Berg in Auckland
Berg in Australien und Ozeanien

Waitomokia


سيمون فان دير مير (بالهولندية:Simon van der Meer) هو عالم فيزياء هولندي، حاز على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1984 بالمشاركة مع العالم الإيطالي كارلو روبيا. وكان دور فان دير مير ابتكار طريقة لتبريد معجل البروتونات ومشاركته في اكتشاف بوزون W وZ في معجل مركز البحوث الأوروبي CERN. وكنت قدرة تسريع CERN آنذاك 500 جيجا إلكترون فولت (500.000 مليون إلكترون فولت.

ولد في 24 نوفمبر عام 1925 في مدينة لاهاي بهولندا. وتوفي في 4 مارس 2011 في جنيف بسويسرا.

عمل بعد إتمامه دراسته الجامعية لهندسة الكهرباء لدى شركة فيليبس حتى عام 1956 ثم انتقل إلى مركز البحوث الأوروبي وعمل فيه حيث نال جائزة نوبل للفيزياء وتقاعد عن العمل 1990.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص مرتبطون بسيرن
أشخاص من لاهاي
أعضاء الأكاديمية الملكية الهولندية للفنون والعلوم
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة أمستردام
خريجو جامعة دلفت للتكنولوجيا
علماء الفيزياء التجريبية
علماء فيزياء الجسيمات
علماء مسرعات الجسيميات
علماء من لاهاي
فيزيائيون هولنديون
فيزيائيون هولنديون في القرن 20
مخترعون هولنديون
مخترعون هولنديون في القرن 20
مواليد 1925
مواليد في لاهاي
هولنديون حازوا جائزة نوبل
وفيات 2011
وفيات في جنيف

سيمون فان دير مير


Mevlânâ Müzesi, Konya'da bulunan, eskiden Mevlâna'nın dergâhı olan yapı kompleksinde 1926 yılından beri faaliyet gösteren müzedir. "Mevlana Türbesi" olarak da anılır.

Yeşil Kubbe yani Mevlana'nın türbesi dört kalın sütun (fil ayağı) üzerine yapılmıştır. O günden sonra farklı tarihlerde çeşitli eklemeler yapılmasıyla yapı genişlemiştir. Osmanlı sultanlarının bir kısmının Mevlevi tarikatından olması Türbe'ye özel bir önem verilmesini ve iyi korunmasını sağlamıştır.

Müze alanı bahçesi ile birlikte 6.500 m² iken, yeri istimlak edilerek Gül Bahçesi olarak düzenlenen bölümlerle birlikte 18.000 m²ye ulaşmıştır. Müzenin bahçesinde yer alan I. Selim tarafından yaptırılan şadırvanın göbeğinin Germiyanoğulları Beyliği tarafından hediye edildiği söylenir.

Ücretsiz olmadan önce, bağlı bulunduğu Kültür Bakanlığı'na en çok gelir getiren ikinci müzeydi.

Mevlana hakkında menkıbelerin anlatıldığı Ahmed Eflaki'nin kitabı "Arifler'in Menkıbeleri"nde Mevlana'nın babası için türbe yaptırmak isteyen devrin sultanına "gök kubbeden daha görkemlisini yapamayacağınıza göre zahmet etmeyin" dediği rivayeti yer alır. Türbe, Mevlana'nın ölümünden sonra inşa edilmiştir.

Müzede bulunan kıymetli eserler arasında Mevlâna'nın sandukası, pûşîde (Mevlâna'nın mezar örtüsü), Mesnevi, Nisan tası yer almaktadır. Mevlana'nın doğumundan ölümüne kadar geçirdiği hayatın anlatıldığı müzede Mevlâna ve aile fertlerinin mezarları da bulunmaktadır.

Mevlana yılı
21 Ocak 2023 tarihli Cumhurbaşkanlığı Genelgesi ile Mevlana'yı vuslatının 750. yıl dönümünde anmak amacıyla 2023 yılı "Mevlana Yılı" olarak kabul edilmiştir.

Fotoğraflar

Kaynakça

Mevlana türbesının ıc kısmında,müze vb lerde bulunuyor

Dış bağlantılar

 Kültür Bakanlığı - Mevlana Müzesi
 Mevlana Müzesi'nin uydudan görünüşü  Google Maps

Müze
Müze
Türk lirası üstünde görünen yapılar
Konya'daki müzeler
Türkiye'deki biyografi müzeleri
Türkiye'deki din müzeleri
1927'de Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar
1926'da kurulan müzeler

Mevlânâ Müzesi


الاسم الفنّي هو اسم مستعار يُلقِب به المشاهير كالممثلين والمغنين أنفسهم، أو يطلق عليهم مع الوقت من قبل مشجعيهم أو من قبل الصحافة المتخصصة.

هناك عدة أسباب تدفع الفنانين لتغيير أسمائهم الحقيقية، منها:
 أن يكون الاسم الحقيقي للفنان شعبياً أو أجنبياً أو ثقيلاً على السماع.
 أن يكون الفنان جاء من بيئة محافظة، لذلك قد يؤدي امتهانه الفن نوعاً من الإحراج لأهله، لذلك قد يكون من الأفضل تغيير اسمه.
 أن يختصر الفنان جزءاً من اسمه الحقيقي لطوله، أو لأي سبب آخر، كأن يحذف اسم أبيه، ويُبقي على اسم جدّه.

فنانون أسماؤهم الفنية تختلف كثيراً عن أسمائهم الحقيقية

فنانون أسماؤهم الفنية هي اختصار لأسمائهم الحقيقية

مصادر

 محمد قابيل، "موسوعة الغناء المصري في القرن العشرين"، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، 1999.
 مجلة أخبار النجوم، عدد 20 مارس 1993، رقم 24.
 مجلة فن.

وصلة خارجية
أسرار الأسماء المستعارة لمشاهير الفن والرياضة و الدين والجاسوسية

أسماء مستعارة
تمثيل
فنون ترفيهية
كوميديا ستاند أب

اسم فني


Willy, der Privatdetektiv ist eine deutsche Kriminalkomödie von Rudolf Schündler aus dem Jahr 1960.

Handlung
Kneipenbesitzer Willy Nölles ist ein begeisterter Leser von Krimiheftchen. Seit Jahren ist er großer Edgar-Wallace-Anhänger, kann zahlreiche Kriminalgeschichten auswendig, trägt sie seinen Gästen vor und hat zum Leidwesen seiner Frau sogar seine Kölner Bierstube in Zum Piraten-Willy umbenannt. Als er eines Tages mit seinem Freund Juppi Wenders zum Kegelabend gehen will, wird er von der jungen Helga Dobbelmann angesprochen, die ihn bittet, ihr bei der Reparatur der Lichtleitung im Haus zu helfen. Juppi drückt sich, während Willy sofort eine Falle wittert und Helga daher kriminalistisch ins Haus folgt. Es stellt sich jedoch heraus, dass Helga mit ihren Freunden ein Spiel gespielt hat, bei dem sie einen fremden Mann ins Haus holen musste. Willy wird zu der Feier eingeladen. Weit nach Mitternacht alarmiert der besorgte Juppi Willys Frau Mariechen und beide sehen, wie sich der erheiterte Willy an der Villa von der jungen Helga verabschiedet. Mariechen reagiert säuerlich und verbrennt nach der Heimkehr sämtliche Kriminalhefte von Willy. Tochter Elli hat unterdessen den Abend mit ihrem Freund Dr. Werner Meyer verbracht. Willy weiß davon nichts, weil er den Umgang verboten hat. Werner ist Syndikus eines Versicherungskonzerns, der das Haus kaufen will, in dem sich Willys Kneipe befindet. Willy hat ein Vorkaufsrecht auf das Haus, doch fehlen ihm einige Tausend Mark für den Kauf. Da er weiß, dass der Konzern das Haus abreißen lassen würde, verachtet er Werner, doch haben sich beide noch nie gesehen.

Willy erfährt eines Tages, dass er eine Detektei geerbt hat. Als er sich dort umsieht, macht er die Bekanntschaft mit Goldstück, Baron, Pfeife und Baby, die er für Angestellte der Detektei hält. In Wirklichkeit sind sie eine Diebesbande, die gerade den Tresor des Versicherungskonzerns ausgeraubt hat, bei dem Werner arbeitet. Werner wendet sich hilfesuchend an die Detektei, und Willy, der ihn nicht kennt, nimmt den Fall an. Werner übergibt ihm eine Nummernliste der gestohlenen Geldscheine und vermutet, dass Direktor Schieske der Dieb ist. Er war auch auf einer Party Dobbelmanns anwesend, auf der verschiedene Schmuckstücke verschwanden.

Willy gibt vor seiner Frau vor, mit Juppi auf eine Konferenz fahren zu müssen, weil er in Ruhe den Fall bearbeiten will. Er hat im Schreibtisch der Detektei ein Bündel Geldscheine gefunden, die er auf die Bank bringen will. In Wirklichkeit handelt es sich dabei um Goldstücks Anteile an dem Raub. Willy bezahlt in einer Bar mit dem Geld, in der er auch den vermeintlichen Schieske, in Wirklichkeit Bankdirektor Dobbelmann, beschattet. Über verschiedene Käufe landet der markierte Geldschein bei Direktor Dobbelmann, der damit bezahlt. Willy glaubt nun, den Täter erwischt zu haben, doch erklärt ihm Werner seinen Fehler. Dobbelmann will jedoch eine erneute Party geben, auf der er vor allem Familie Nölles zum Verzicht auf das Haus überreden will. Willy wiederum nimmt als verdeckter Ermittler an der Party teil, will er doch weitere Schmuckdiebstähle verhindern. Er ist überrascht zu erkennen, dass Helga die Tochter von Direktor Dobbelmann ist. Wenig später sieht er seine Frau und Tochter auf der Party und versucht, ihnen möglichst aus dem Weg zu gehen.

Goldstück, Baron, Pfeife und Baby sind als seine Mitarbeiter auf der Party zugegen und stehlen sämtlichen Schmuck, den sie kriegen können. Zufällig sieht Willy, dass der Hausrabe der Familie einen Ring im Schnabel hat und findet in einem Astloch im Garten des Hauses zahlreiche Schmuckstücke, die er an sich nimmt. Der Ring gehört Helgas Freundin Vera, die kurze Zeit später wie andere Gäste das Fehlen des Schmucks bemerkt. Es kommt zum Chaos. Der anwesende Polizeipräsident hat bereits Goldstück, Baron, Pfeife und Baby im Visier gehabt und verhaftet die Männer nun, während Goldstück die erbeuteten Schmuckstücke in einer Vase verschwinden lässt. Am Ende wird jedoch Willy als Dieb verhaftet, da sich bei ihm nicht nur der Schmuck aus dem Astloch wiederfindet – es handelt sich um den gestohlenen Schmuck der letzten Party –, sondern auch ein Teil des gestohlenen Geldes. Elli und Mariechen gehen aufgelöst nach Hause.

Willy jedoch bittet die Polizei um Mitarbeit. Gemeinsam warten sie in der dunklen Villa und tatsächlich steigen wenig später die vermummten Goldstück, Baron, Pfeife und Baby in das Haus ein, um den Schmuck aus der Vase zu holen. Sie werden verhaftet. Willy löst den Fall auf, so habe der Familienrabe bei der ersten Feier den Schmuck gestohlen und im Astloch versteckt. Schieske wiederum sei in Goldstück verliebt gewesen, der es so leichtgefallen sei, ihm den Tresorschlüssel zu entwenden und das Geld zu stehlen. Am Ende ist Willy der eigentliche Glückspilz: Durch die Belohnung, die ihm die Falllösung einbringt, kann er sich endlich das Haus kaufen, in dem sich seine Kneipe befindet. Nun hat er auch nichts mehr gegen die Beziehung seiner Tochter Elli zu Werner. Und auch Mariechen ist froh, weil Willy nun die Nase voll vom Detektivspiel hat.

Produktion
Willy, der Privatdetektiv wurde vom 18. August bis September 1960 gedreht. Der Film erlebte am 15. Dezember 1960 seine Premiere.

Die Bauten wurden von Hanns H. Kuhnert und Wilhelm Vorwerg entworfen, die Kostüme schufen Otto Kieling und Anny Loretto.

Kritik
"Bieder-fantasielose Komödie ohne Sinn für kriminalistische Pointen und optische Vergnüglichkeit. Amüsant allenfalls für Millowitsch-Anhänger", schrieb der film-dienst.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1960
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Kriminalfilm
Filmkomödie

Willy, der Privatdetektiv


Valøy Station (Valøy stasjon) var en jernbanestation på Nordlandsbanen, der lå i Steinkjer kommune i Norge. Den lå på sydsiden af indsøen Snåsavatnet, knap 30 km nordøst for byområdet Steinkjer.

Stationen blev oprettet som holdeplads 30. oktober 1926, da banen blev forlænget fra Sunnan til Snåsa. Halvandet år efter, 15. maj 1928, blev den opgraderet til station. Den blev nedgraderet til trinbræt 1. juni 1984. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 29. maj 1988, og 28. maj 1989 blev stationen nedlagt.

Tegningerne til stationsbygningen blev udført af Eivind Gleditsch ved NSB Arkitektkontor i 1919. Bygningen blev opført i 1923 i træ i laftekonstruktion. Den er i to etager, der oprindeligt var indrettet med ekspedition og ventesal i stueetagen og tjenestebolig for stationsforstanderen på første sal. I en enetages tilbygning var der pakhus. Bygningen er nu solgt fra.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Nordlandsbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Jernbanestationer i Trøndelag
Etableret i 1926
Ophørt i 1989

Valøy Station


Friedrich Hubert Josef "Fritz" Ruland (* 11. Januar 1914 in Köln; † 7. Januar 1999 ebenda) war ein deutscher Radrennfahrer.

1936 gewann Fritz Ruland, Mitglied des RSV Kölner Fernfahrer 1909, als Amateur Rund um Berlin, Rund um die Hainleite und wurde Dritter der deutschen Straßenmeisterschaft. In der Folge wurde er für den Start im Straßenrennen bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen in Berlin nominiert. Bei diesem Rennen hatte er anderthalb Kilometer vor dem Ziel einen Reifenschaden: Bis er ihn repariert hatte, waren Zuschauer und Kampfrichter bereits nach Hause gegangen. Bei den zwei Wochen später stattfinden Straßenweltmeisterschaften in Bern belegte er Platz 23.

Anschließend wurde Ruland Profi, zunächst für das Radsportteam Diamant, später für Adler und Bauer. 1938 startete Ruland bei der Tour de France, gab aber schon während der zweiten Etappe auf. 1937, 1938, 1939 und 1947 nahm er an der Deutschland-Rundfahrt teil, konnte sich aber nicht vorne platzieren. 1948 beendete er seine Radsportlaufbahn, nachdem er sich bei einem Sturz eine Oberschenkelhalsbruch zugezogen hatte.

Bis 1970 war Ruland, der bei der Stadt Köln angestellt war, als Funktionär im Bund Deutscher Radfahrer engagiert. Er starb 1999 wenige Tage vor seinem 85. Geburtstag. Seine Grabstätte befindet sich im alten Ehrenfelder Teil des Kölner Melaten-Friedhofs (Feld E5).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Radsportler (Deutschland)
Olympiateilnehmer (Deutschland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1936
Sportler (Köln)
Deutscher
Geboren 1914
Gestorben 1999
Mann

Fritz Ruland


La decoración de huevos es el arte o la manualidad de decorar huevos. Es un tipo de arte bastante popular a causa de la forma atractiva, suave y ovalada del huevo. En el mundo eslavo su decoración alcanzó un auge especial, en la tradición de la písanka.

Si bien es posible decorar todo tipo de huevo de ave mediante este proceso, a menudo los decoradores prefieren los huevos más grandes y resistentes. A menudo los huevos de ganso, pato y gallina son vaciados mediante la técnica de "soplado" - para ello se les realiza un orificio en cada extremo y mientras se sopla por uno de ellos el contenido sale por el otro. Luego la cáscara del huevo puede ser o bien tallada, teñida, pintada, tratada con apliques o decorada de otra forma mediante una serie de técnicas. La decoración de huevos es especialmente popular en los países del este europeos.

Algunos huevos como los de emú o avestruz, son tan grandes y resistentes que es posible tallar sus cáscaras sin que se quiebren. La decoración de los huevos de emú aprovecha el contraste de colores naturales del huevo entre el verde moteado exterior de la cáscara y el color de la zona interna. Se han encontrado cáscaras de huevos de avestruz tallada con diseños regulares que poseen 60,000 años de antigüedad en Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Sudáfrica.

El renombrado artista y joyero ruso Peter Carl Fabergé fabricó para la corte de Rusia exquisitos huevos decorados con metales preciosos y gemas. Estos huevos de Fabergé se asemejaban a huevos decorados comunes, excepto que estaban fabricados en oro y piedras preciosas.

En la cultura persa también existía la tradición de decorar huevos, las cual se realizaba durante el equinoccio de primavera.  Esta época marcaba el año Nuevo Persa, y se la denominaba Norouz.  Las familias decoraban huevos y los colocaban en cuencos. Se cree que es a partir de dicha tradición que se desarrolló la costumbre cristiana.

Véase también
Cascarones, cáscaras de huevo rellenas con dulces de México
Pisanka polaca
Pisanica croata
Pysanka ucraniana
 Czech  Kraslice
Huevo de pascua
Huevo Fabergé
Juegos tradicionales con huevos decorados
Carrera de rodado del huevo
egg hunt
egg tapping

Referencias

Enlaces externos
International Egg Art Guild
Huevos Faberge

Artesanía
Huevos en la cultura

Decoración de huevos


සිද්ධාර්ථ කුමාරයා හිස මුඩු කර ශ්‍රමන ජීවිතයට ඇතුලත් වෙයි. - අටවැනි සියවස - බොරෝ බුදූර් - ඉන්දුනීසියාව

ගිහිගෙය හැරයාම

වයස අවුරුදු 29 දී සිද්ධාර්ථ කුමරු තම රට වැසියන් හමුවීම සඳහා මාළිගයෙන් බැහැර ගියේය. ඔහු‍ෙග් පිය රජු මහල්ලන් සහ ලෙඩුන් දර්ශනය වීම වැලැක්වීමට පියවර ගෙන තිබුනු නමුදු සිද්ධාර්ථ කුමරු එම ගමනේදි මහල්ලෙකු දුටු බව කියනු ලැබේ. ඔහුගේ රථාචාර්යයා වූ චන්න විසින් "සියලු මනුෂ්‍යයන් කල් යාමේදි මහලු වන බව සිද්ධාර්ථට පහදා දුන් විට ඔහුගේ සිත කැළඹුනේය. මෙයින් පසු ඔහු මාළිගයෙන් බැහැරට ගිය තවත් අවස්ථා කීපයකදි රෝගියෙකු, මළමිනියක් සහ පැවිද්දෙකු දුටුවේය. මේවා දැකිමෙන් කළකිරුණු ඔහු වයස්ගත වීම, ලෙඩ රෝග සහ මරණය ජය ගැනීමට නැතහොත් එයින් වැළකීමේ මාර්ගයක් සොයා ගැනිම සඳහා පැවිදි දිවියට ඇතුලත් වීමට අපේක්ෂා කළේය.
මහාභිනිෂ්ක්‍රමණය, ගාන්ධාර - දෙවැනි සියවස.

සිද්ධාර්ථ තමන්ගේ රාජකීය ජීවිතය හැර දමා චන්න සහ කන්ථක නම් අසුද සමග පැවිදි දිවියට ඇතුළත් වීම සඳහා මාළිගාවෙන් පලා ගියේය. මෙම අවස්ථාවේදි රැකවලෙහි සිටි මුර භටයින්ට අශ්ව කුර හඬ නෑසෙනු පිනිස දෙවියන් විසින් කුර වැසෙන සේ ආවරණයක් යොදන ලදැයි කියති. මෙම සිද්ධිය "මහාභිනිෂ්ක්‍රමනය" යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වේ.

බුදුන් වහන්සේ ශ්‍රමණයෙකු ලෙසින් - ගාන්ධාර - 2-3 සියවස බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කෞතුකාගාරය

සිද්ධාර්ථ පළමුවෙන්ම රජගහනුවරට වැඩම කර එහි වීදි වල පිඬු සිඟා වඩිමින් තම ශ්‍රමණ දිවිය ආරම්භ කළේය. බිම්බිසාර රජු තම සේවකයින්ගේ මාර්ගයෙන් සිද්ධාර්ථ පිළිබඳව දැනගත්තේය. බුද්ධත්වයට පත් වීමට අපේක්ෂා කරන බව අසා තම සිහසුන භර ගන්නා ලෙස  රජතුමා සිද්ධාර්ථගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. සිද්ධාර්ථ එම ඉල්ලීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළා වුවද බුද්ධත්වය ලබා ගත් පසු ප්‍රථම චාරිකාව වශයෙන් රජුගේ දේශය වූ මගධ දේශයට වඩින බවට ප්‍රතිඥා දුන්හ.

සිද්ධාර්ථයන් රජගහ නුවරින් නික්මී තවුසන් දෙදෙනෙකු යටතේ ධර්මය ප්‍රගුණ කළේය. ආලාරකාලාම නම් තවුසාගේ ධර්මය ප්‍රගුණ කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව අලාරකාලාමගේ ස්ථානය භාර ගන්නා ලෙස කාලාම ඉල්ලා සිටි නමුත් ඔහුගේ ඉගැන්වීම් ගැන සෑහිමකට පත් නොවූ සිද්ධාර්ථ එතැනින් නික්මුනේය. ඉන්පසු උද්දකරාම පුත්ත තවුසා වෙත ගොස් ඔහුගේ ශිෂ්‍යයෙකු ලෙස භාවනා ක්‍රම ගැන මැනවින් හැදෑරුවේය. උද්දකරාමපුත්තගෙන් පසු ඔහුගේ ස්ථානය ලබා ගන්නා ලෙස උද්දකරාම පුත්ත ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. එහෙත් ඔහුගේ ඉගැන්වීම් ගැනද සෑහිමකට පත් නොවූ සිද්ධාර්ථ එතැනින්ද නික්මුනේය.

සිද්ධාර්ථ කොන්ඩඤ්ඤ තවුසා ප්‍රමුඛ පස්වග මහනුන් සමග තව දුරටත් උග්‍ර තපස් රැකීම සඳහා පිටත් විය. සියලු ලෞකික දේවල්, එනම්;  ආහාර වලින් පවා වැළකෙමින් මෝක්ෂ සැපත ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා උග්‍ර තපස් දම් පිරූහ. දිනකට කොලයක් හෝ ගෙඩියක් වැනි දෙයක් පමණක් ආහාරයට ගනිමින් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම වාගේ නිරාහාරව ගත කළ ඔහු දිනක් ග‍ඟෙහි දිය නාමින් සිටියදි ක්ලාන්තව ඇද වැටී දියෙහි ගිලී මරණයට පත් වීමට ආසන්න තත්වයකට පත් විය. තමා යන මාර්ගය නිවැරදිදැයි නැවත කල්පනා කර බැලීමට සිද්ධාර්ථ සිතුවේය. සිද්ධාර්ථයන් එසේ ක්ලාන්ව සිටි අවස්ථාවේ අසලින් ගිය ඔරුවක සිටි සංගීත ශිල්පීන් දෙදෙනෙකුගේ දෙබසක් ඔහුට ශ්‍රවණය විය. එයින් එකෙකු කීවේ "මේ වර පට තදින් ඇද්දොත් එය කැඩි යාවී. එමෙන්ම බුරුල්ව තිබුනොත් සංගීතමය හඬක් මතු නොවේවි" යනුවෙනි. මෙය ඇසු සිද්ධාර්ථයන් අනන්තයට නොගොස් බුද්ධත්වය ලැබීමට නම් මධ්‍යම ප්‍රතිපදාව අනුගමනය කළ යුතු යයි සිතුවේය. මෙම අවස්ථාවේදි තමන් කුඩා කල පියා කුඹුරක (වප් මගුල් උත්සවයකදි) සී සාමින් සිටි අවස්ථාවේ ඔහු තම සිත එකඟ කර ධාන්‍ය ගතව සිටි අයුරුත් එයින් ලැබුණු අධ්‍යාත්මික සුවයත් ඔහුට මෙනෙහි විය. එම ධාන්‍යයෙන් මිදුනු විට සුජාතා නම් ගැමි තරුණියක් ආහාර බඳුනක්ද අතැතිව එතුමා ඉදිරියේ පෙනී සිටියාය.

අභිනිෂ්ක්‍රමණය


Guarapiche je rijeka na sjeveroistoku Venezuele. Pritoka je rijeke San Juan i pripada slijevu zaljeva Paria.

Riječni tijek
Rijeka izvire u kanjonu Puertas de Miraflores u planinskom lancu Turimiquire. Rijeka utiče u rukavac Caño Francés koji se kratko nakon toga spaja s rijekom San Juan, u blizini njenog ušća u zaljev Paria.

Zagađenje
U veljači 2012., u šumama mangrova na ušću rijeke je došlo do izlijevanja nafte.

Vanjske poveznice

Map of river basin

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Venezueli

Guarapiche


بونتياك هي علامة تجارية لتصنيع السيارات ظهرت عام 1899 تحت اسم أوكلاند موتور كامبني، ثم أعيد تسميتها إلى بونتياك موتور كامبني عام 1926، تباع بونتياك من قبل جنرال موتورز في كل من الولايات المتحدة، كندا والمكسيك. في 27 أبريل 2009، وسط المشاكل المالية المستمرة وجهود إعادة الهيكلة، أعلنت جنرال موتورز رسميًا في 1 من نوفمبر 2010 إيقاف ماركة بونتياك، وتركز على العلامات التجارية الأربع الرئيسية في أمريكا الشمالية : شيفروليه، كاديلاك، بويك، وجي إم سي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
موقع بونتياك على الانترنت

المركبات القديمة
انحلالات سنة 2010 في ميشيغان
بونتياك (ميشيغان)
تأسيسات سنة 1899 في الولايات المتحدة
تأسيسات سنة 1926
تأسيسات سنة 1926 في ميشيغان
تصنيع السيارات مقرها في ميشيغان
جنرال موتورز ماركيز
سيارات عقد 1920
سيارات عقد 1930
سيارات عقد 1940
سيارات عقد 1950
سيارات عقد 1960
سيارات عقد 1970
سيارات عقد 1980
سيارات عقد 1990
سيارات عقد 2000
شركات تصنيع سابقة مقرها في ميشيغان
شركات تصنيع مركبات انحلت في 2010
شركات تصنيع مركبات أسست في 1926
شركات سابقة مقرها في ميشيغان
شركات صناعة سيارات بمحركات
علامات تجارية أمريكية
علامات تجارية بائدة
فروع جنرال موتورز
مصانع سيارات منحلة في الولايات المتحدة
مصنعو سيارات

بونتياك


Biserica Franciscană din Făgăraș, cunoscută de localnici sub denumirea de Biserica Paterilor, este situată pe strada Vasile Alecsandri nr. 1, în municipiul Făgăraș, din județul Brașov. Complexul format din mănăstire, biserică și claustru (cloașter) constituie un ansamblu de monumente istorice, care au codurile următoare: Mănăstirea franciscană are codul BV-II-a-B-11676, Biserica franciscană are codul BV-II-m-B-11676.01, iar claustrul are codul BV-II-m-B-11676.02.

Biserica are hramul Sfânta Treime.

Istoric
La Făgăraș, prin secolul al XV-lea funcționa o mănăstire cu biserică romano-catolică, fiind situată pe actuala stradă Doamna Stanca. Mănăstirea și biserica au fost distruse în contextul Reformei Protestante din secolul al XVI-lea.

Mai târziu, în 1736, romano-catolicii din Făgăraș au primit terenul și aprobarea construirii unui nou sanctuar. Construirea noii bisericii și a mănăstirii a început la 22 aprilie 1737. Construcția bisericii a fost terminată în anul 1742, iar parterul mănăstirii în anul 1752. Curând după încheierea construcției bisericii, mai precis la 31 mai 1760, în Făgăraș a izbucnit un incendiu foarte puternic care a mistuit aproape întregul oraș, iar în acest incendiu a ars și acoperișul bisericii franciscane. Biserica a fost refăcută în stil rococo, în anul următor.

Mănăstirea este edificată în același stil cu biserica. Are parter și etaj.

La 26 septembrie 1782 Biserica Franciscană din Făgăraș a fost sfințită și a primit hramul "Sfinta Treime".

În biserică este montată o orgă cu marca Angster (1895), având două manuale și 16 registre. Aceasta a fost realizată la Pécs de Angster Jozsef.

Două ceasuri solare care arată orele de la 8 la 15 se află în curtea interioară.

Începând din 1747 a funcționat și o școală pe lângă mănăstire.

În toamna anului 2019 a fost rezugrăvit interiorul bisericii.

Imagini

Note

Bibliografie
Ioan Ciupea, Făgăraș, Editura Sport-Turism, București, 1983

Legături externe
 Mănăstirea Franciscană din Făgăraș
 Biserica Catolică din Făgăraș

Istoria României
Fondări în 1737
Biserici romano-catolice din România
Monumente istorice din județul Brașov
Clădiri și structuri din Făgăraș
Edificii religioase din județul Brașov
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Treime

Biserica Franciscană din Făgăraș


El Adelanto hace referencia a varios artículos:

Lugares
 El Adelanto (Jutiapa), municipio de Jutiapa (Guatemala).

Publicaciones
El Adelanto (periódico),  editado en la ciudad de Salamanca, España.

El Adelanto


لوكاس فينترا  ، من مواليد 2 مايو 1981 في ألبريتشيتيس في التشيك ، لاعب كرة قدم يوناني.

يلعب مع نادي باناثينايكوس منذ عام 2004.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم في عام 2005.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسرائيل
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مقاطعة برونتال
تشيكيون من أصل يوناني
رياضيون يونانيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون يونانيون مغتربون في إسرائيل
رياضيون يونانيون مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسرائيلي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو باناثينايكوس
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس العالم 2014
لاعبو كأس القارات 2005
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2004
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسرائيل
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون يونانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم يونانيون
لاعبو منتخب اليونان تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أومونيا
لاعبو نادي لاميا
لاعبو نادي ليفانتي
لاعبو هابويل تل أبيب
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1981
يونانيون من أصل تشيكي

لوكاس فينترا


Drawpoker er en dansk animationsfilm fra 2009, der er instrueret af Stephan Suessmann, Emil Sellström, Svend A. Rothmann Bonde og Lise Vestergaard Jensen.

Handling
I en storby i 1930'erne har tre luskede kriminelle samlet sig for at tage et slag poker; de har alt at tabe og endnu mere at vinde. Efterhånden som aften bliver til nat bliver atmosfæren mere intens. Der er ingen grænser for hvor meget der snydes, skydes og dræbes i vejen mod at vinde præmien; en stor bunke dollarsedler.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

Drawpoker


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Podhorany enthält die sechs nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Podhorany im Okres Nitra.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Podhorany (Nitra)

Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Podhorany (Nitra)


الوجه القصي الضلعي للقلب أو الوجه الأمامي للقلب  يتجه نحو الأمام والأعلى والأيسر. يكون محدبا في الجزء السفلي منه ويتألف بشكل أساسي من البطين الأيمن ويعترضه قرب الحافة اليسرى الثلم بين البطينات الأمامي ومن خلال تأمور يتصل مع الحواف الأمامية للرئتان وعظمة القص.

تشريح القلب

وجه قصي ضلعي


Udviklings- og Forenklingsstyrelsen (UFST) er en dansk styrelse, der er en del af Skatteforvaltningen under Skatteministeriet. Udviklings- og Forenklingsstyrelsens kerneopgave er at vedligeholde eksisterende it-systemer og samtidig udvikle tidssvarende og fremtidsparate it-løsninger til den danske skatteforvaltning.

Direktøren for Udviklings- og Forenklingsstyrelsen er Niels Gotfredsen.
Jørgen Bo Madsen er  kontorchef i Udviklings- og Forenklingsstyrelsen.

Referencer

Skatteforvaltningens styrelser

Udviklings- og Forenklingsstyrelsen


Running Start is a dual credit enrollment program in Washington, Hawaii, New Hampshire, Montana and Illinois which allows high school juniors and seniors to attend college courses numbered 100 or above, while completing high school. It is similar to other dual enrollment programs common at public and private colleges and universities in other states like Concurrent Enrollment or Dual Enrollment. Running Start credits are held in equally high regard as Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate.

History
Washington State implemented their Running Start program in 1993. Following Washington State was New Hampshire in 1999, Montana in 2001, Hawaii in 2007, and Illinois in 2012. Running Start and Dual Enrollment Programs across the United States have seen a huge increase in enrollment. Washington State has seen a 56 percent increase in enrollment in the past ten years and had over 26,000 students enrolled in the 2016–2017 school year. Across the United States there are an estimated 2 million high school students enrolled in a dual enrollment program.

Washington State
The Running Start program in Washington state was piloted in the early 1990s and officially approved to begin in the fall of 1993.

Running Start provides up to two years of paid tuition at any of Washington's community and technical colleges, and at Central Washington University, Eastern Washington University, Washington State University, and Northwest Indian College. High school juniors who can pass the entrance exam for a local community college may take part or all of their coursework at the community college. Successfully passing a course earns a student both high school and college credit.

Running Start students can complete a substantial number of their first two years of college credits early. After high school, they pay for fewer community college credits before moving on to four-year institutions; It is possible for a motivated student to earn both a high school diploma and certain two-year college associate's degrees simultaneously.

New state regulations took effect on July 26, 2011, limiting Running Start students to a 1.0 FTE (full-time equivalent) limit for high school or higher education courses each, and a 1.2 FTE limit for both institutions combined. (1.0 FTE is equivalent to 15 college credits, or 1,500 high school weekly minutes of instruction). Students who wish to take more than 15 college credits may pay the regular tuition rate and still receive dual credit. Fee waiver for additional credits might be available if the student belongs to low-income family (e.g., enrolled in free or reduced lunch program in high school).

While tuition is paid for by the student's current school district, students have to pay fees, purchase textbooks, and provide transportation for themselves.

University of Hawaii
Open to most high school juniors and seniors, Running Start allows students to receive credit with their public high school as well as receive college credit from the University of Hawaii. Unlike Washington, tuition is sometimes charged, with costs varying from school to school. GEAR UP Hawaii currently offers a limited number of scholarships who currently receive free or reduced lunch. In order to participate in Running Start, students must first receive parental consent, complete an online application, have up-to-date vaccinations, take a placement test, and complete a TB test.

Criticism
Statistics from 2016–2017 have showed that Running Start is not as effective as Advanced Placement in reaching low-income families. Fewer than 5 percent of Running Start students were from low-income families, compared with 13 percent of Advanced Placement classes. Demographically speaking, the Running Start program has been credited as having made a notable impact, as a study done in Texas revealed that 5 percent of African-American students credit stemmed from concurrent enrollment and white students credit was double that as of 2016. Since the popularity of dual enrollment programs such as Running Start, college professors are noting a decrease of middle-class American students in their classrooms. Concurrent enrollment is similar to dual enrollment in that the student will receive college and high school credit but concurrent enrollment involves staying at a high school campus and is significantly cheaper. Both programs are capable of reducing a mass amount of money that would otherwise go into years spent at university, although concurrent enrollment eliminates certain fees that a student would have to pay in Running Start.

See also

 Dual enrollment

References

Education in Washington (state)
United States educational programs

Running Start


The year 1972 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
 March 16 – Demolition of the Pruitt–Igoe public housing project designed by Minoru Yamasaki in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, begins; the event represents the end of modern architecture, according to critic Charles Jencks.
 date unknown
 India passes the Architects Act, governing the professional practice of architecture in India.
 Yale University designates the Yale School of Architecture as a separate professional school.

Buildings and structures

Buildings opened

 January – The South Tower (2WTC) of the World Trade Center in New York City, the second tallest building in the world at this time, designed by Minoru Yamasaki, opens to its first tenants. The North Tower (1WTC) is also  completed in this year.
 April 17 – The Wells Fargo Center (opened as First National Bank Tower) in Portland, Oregon, United States, designed by Charles Luckman and Associates.
 May 26 – Olympiastadion (Munich) for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Germany, designed by Gunter Behnisch with roof structure by Frei Otto.
 September — The Knight Campus of Community College of Rhode Island, designed in the Brutalist style by Perkins and Will
 October 4 – Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, designed by Louis Kahn.

Buildings completed

 May 10 – The Catedral de Maringá in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil is completed and is one of the tallest churches/cathedrals in the world.
 June 8 – KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg, Denmark, by Alvar and Elissa Aalto and Jean-Jacques Baruël.
 55 Water Street, designed by Emery Roth and Sons and Lee Jablin, Lower Manhattan, New York City, USA.
 W. R. Grace Building in New York, USA.
 Chase Tower in Phoenix, designed by Welton Becket and Associates is completed, becoming the tallest building in the southwest United States.
 Brunswick Centre in London, UK, designed by Patrick Hodgkinson.
 Robin Hood Gardens council housing complex in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, UK, designed by Alison and Peter Smithson (demolished 2017– ).
 Trellick Tower in North Kensington, London, UK, by Ernő Goldfinger.
 Hill House (private residence and art gallery for Tim Sainsbury) near Headley, East Hampshire, England, designed by Denys Lasdun.
 Brion-Vega Cemetery, San Vito d'Alvitole, Italy, by Carlo Scarpa.
 The Burroughs Wellcome Building (now renamed the Elion-Hitchings Building) in Durham, North Carolina, United States by Paul Rudolph (partially demolished 2014).
 Centraal Beheer, Apeldoorn, Netherlands, by Herman Hertzberger.
 Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Exeter, New Hampshire, USA, designed by Louis Kahn.
 Library of Downside Abbey, Somerset, UK, designed by Francis Pollen.
 City Theater of Tehran, Iran, designed by  Ali Sardar Afkhami.
 Commerce Court West in Toronto, Ontario, Canada is completed and becomes the tallest building in the British Commonwealth (1972–1975).
 Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, California, United States.
 One Penn Plaza in New York City, New York, United States.
 High Point, Bradford, England (office block), by John Brunton Partnership.
 The Fernmeldeturm Frauenkopf (Stuttgarter Fernmeldeturm) in Stuttgart, Germany.
 The Camlica TV Tower in Istanbul, Turkey.
 The Dorint Hotel Tower in Augsburg, Germany is completed and opened.
 Olivetti UK regional offices in Carlisle, Derby, Dundee and Belfast, designed by Edward Cullinan.
 Daniel Burke Library at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, by Hugh Stubbins

Awards
 AIA Gold Medal – Pietro Belluschi
 Architecture Firm Award – Caudill Rowlett Scott
 RAIA Gold Medal – Ted Farmer
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Louis Kahn
 AIA Twenty-five Year Award – Baldwin Hills Village

Publications
 John Betjeman – A Pictorial History of English Architecture.
 Robert Venturi, Steven Izenour and Denise Scott Brown – Learning from Las Vegas.

Births
 April 9 – Siiri Vallner, Estonian architect

Deaths

 January 9 – Liang Sicheng, Chinese architect  (born 1901)
 February 11 – Jan Wils, Dutch architect  (born 1891)
 February 24 – Sven Markelius, Swedith modernist architect (born 1889)
 June 19 – Elisabeth Scott, English architect, designer of the  Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon, the first important public building in Britain to be designed by a female architect (born 1898)
 November 25 – Hans Scharoun, German organic and expressionist architect (born 1893)
 December 14 – Yoshikazu Uchida, Japanese architect and structural engineer (born 1885)

References

20th-century architecture

1972 in architecture


Hajná Nová Ves este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Topoľčany din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 335 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Hajná Nová Ves este atestată documentar din 1358.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Hajná Nová Ves


ජැකොබියානු සාහිත්‍යය

ශේක්ස්පියර්ගේ මරණයෙන් පසුව කවියකු හා නාට්‍ය කරැකු වන බෙන් ජොන්ස්න් ජැකොබියන් සමයේ ප්‍රධානම කතුවරයා විය. ජොන්ස් හට උරැම වු කලාවක් විය.

ජොන්සන්ගේ කලාව අනුගමනය කලවුන් ලෙස බර්මන්ට් හා ෆ්ලෙමර් දැක්විය හැකිය. ඔහුවු හාසෝකාව්දායක කථාවක් වන The knight of the burning pestle රචනා කළහ.මෙය මධ්‍යම බව්කිට හාස්‍යයට ලක්කරනනක් විය.

මේසමයේ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාවක් වුයේ පලිගැනිම් දක්වන නාට්‍යය. මේවා ජෝන් වෙබස්ටර් හා තෝමස් කිඩ් මගින් ප්‍රචලිත විය. ජෝර්ජ් චැජ්මන්ද මේ සදහා සිය දායකත්වය දැරිය. ඔහුගේ රචනා ජෝන් කිඩ්ස් ටද ආදර්ශයන් විය.

ජේම්ස් රජුගේ බයිබලය මෙසමයේ සිදුකළ විශාලතම පරියර්තනයක් විය. මෙය ක්‍රි.ව. දි අරඹන ක්‍රි.ව. 1611 දි අවසන් විය. මෙය ඉංග්‍රිසි දෙවස්ථානවල පහසුව භාවිතා විය. මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය පළවන ජේම්ස් රජු විසින්ම මෙහෙයවන ලදී. මේ සදහා කතුවරැ හතලිස් හතක් දායක වුහ.

ශේක්සිප්යර් අමරතව ක්‍රි.ව 1600 දී නැගී සිටි කිව්වරැන් අතරට ජෝන් ඩොන්ද අයත් වේ.

මෙම කෘති සදහා බැරකන් රටාවන්ද ඉවහල් විය. එය ආගමානුකූල වු කලාවන් විය. මෙම කෘති ප්‍රොතෙස්තන්ත්‍රි ආගමිකයන් නැවත කතෝලික බැතිමතුන් පත්කිරිම සදහා ඉවහල් විය.

ජැකොබියානු සාහිත්‍යය


السُّكَّر مادة تنتمي إلى فئة من الأطعمة، تعرف باسم المواد الكربوهيدراتية، وأشهرها سكر الطعام، وهي نتاج للتركيب الضوئي الذي هو عملية صنع الغذاء في النباتات، وكثير منها يتم استخدامها في الغذاء. وهي الكربوهيدرات، ويتألف من الكربون والهيدروجين والأكسجين، ويستخرج السكروز من شمندر السكر، وقصب السكر، ويستخدم على نطاق واسع كمادة محلِّية.

توجد السكريات في أنسجة معظم النباتات، ولكن موجودة في تركيز كافي لاستخراجها بكفاءة عالية فقط في قصب السكر وبنجر السكر وقصب السكر الذي يتم زراعته في المناطق الحارة في جنوب آسيا وجنوب شرق آسيا منذ العصور القديمة. حدث توسع كبير في إنتاجه في القرن الثامن عشر مع إنشاء مزارع قصب السكر في جزر الهند الغربية والأمريكتين. وكانت هذه هي المرة الأولى التي أصبح السكر متاحا للعامة والذي كان قد سبق إلى الاعتماد على العسل لتحلية الأطعمة.

إنتاج السكر غير مجرى التاريخ البشري في نواح كثيرة، وأثر على تشكيل المستعمرات واستمرار العبودية والانتقال إلى العمل بالسخرة وهجرة الشعوب والحروب بين الدول للسيطرة على نسبة السكر في التجارة في القرن التاسع عشر وأثر على التركيبة السكانية والهيكل السياسي للعالم الجديد.

أنتج العالم حوالي 168 مليون طن من السكر في عام 2011. والشخص العادي يستهلك حوالي 24 كجم من السكر سنويّاً (33.1 كيلوغرام في البلدان الصناعية)، أي ما يعادل أكثر من 260 سعرة حرارية غذائية للشخص الواحد في اليوم.

صناعة السكر تاريخيًا

السكر في العصور القديمة
عرف نبات قصب السكر منذ الألف الثامن قبل الميلاد على ضفاف خليج البنغال ومن ثم انتشر للمناطق المحيطة به (اندونيسيا - ماليزيا - الهند الصينية - جنوب الصين). ومنذ عام 327 ق.م. أشرف جنود الإسكندر المقدوني على مزارع قصب السكر في الهند واستفادوا من خبرة السكان المحليين في عصر نبات القصب وتكثيف العصير وبلورته ولكن كان يستعمل على أنه من أنواع العلاج وليس طعاماً.

السكر في العصور الوسطى والثورة الزراعية في الدولة الإسلامية
و من ثم عرف العرب السكر بصورته في ذلك الوقت كمعجون لزج شبه بلوّري ذو فوائد طبية، وتمكنوا من توسيع زراعته على امتداد الدولة الإسلامية، بنظم ري ثورية فتغلبوا على عائق الشروط المناخية لزراعة القصب.
و تم بناء أول مصانع تكرير السكر والتي ارتقت بجودة المنتج. وقد عرفت أوروبا السكر بمفهومه الحديث من الاحتكاك بالحضارة الإسلامية في صقلية وقبرص والأندلس في القرن الثامن والتاسع الميلادي.
و كان أول تسجيل معروف للسكر باللغة الإنجليزية في أواخر القرن الثالث عشر عندما كان الفرسان الصليبيون يعودون لبلادهم ومعهم ما أطلقوا عليه «الملح الحلو» واصفين إياه بأنه «أكثر البضائع قيمة وأهمية لاستخدام الإنسان وصحته».

مرحلة الانتشار في أوروبا
و منذ القرون الوسطى كان السكر يشكل حجر أساس في اقتصاديات أوروبا كسلعة غالية لا تصنع محليا تدور حولها صراعات الاحتكار والتجارة. فلاحقا، استطاعت البندقية التي كانت تستورد السكر كمنتج نهائي من الإسكندرية بتصنيع السكر من مواد خام مستوردة وأسست لاحتكار تجارة السكر في أوروبا، ولكن هذا الاحتكار لم يدم طويلاً؛ حيث تمكن مستكشفين من البرتغال في بداية القرن السادس عشر بالعودة من الهند حاملين الذهب حلو المذاق لتصبح عاصمة صناعة السكر في أوروبا في ذلك القرن. ثم وصل السكر لأسواق فرنسا، وفي عهد لويس الرابع عشر كان يمكن شراء السكر بالرطل. وبحلول القرن الثامن عشر، كان السكر أصبح في متناول الطبقة العليا والوسطى في أوروبا.
و ارتبطت صناعة السكر في أوروبا بتجارة العبيد كونهم عمالة رخيصة تتحمل مشقة هذه الصناعة التي تتطلب مجهودا كبيرا، لارتباط زراعتها بالمناخ الحار وصعوبة نقل المواد الخام لثقلها وطرق العصر والتكثيف، فكانت أفريقيا بمثابة الحل السحري لأرستقراطيي أوروبا كمصدر العبيد الأول لصناعة السكر في مشهد مشابه لحالة العبيد الذين جُلبوا لأمريكا لاستغلالهم في زراعة القطن بعد عدة قرون.

مرحلة الإنتاج الكثيف ونقل الصناعة للأمريكتين
في عام /1493 م/ قام كريستوف كولومبوس خلال رحلته الثانية بنقل نبات قصب السكر إلى القارة الجديدة. لكن صناعياً بدأ إنتاج السكر من القصب لأول مرة عام /1747 م/ في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
صناعة السكر بقيت في القرن السابع عشر أكثر ازدهاراً في القارة الجديدة حيث أنتج سكر خام فيها ومن ثم شحن بحراً إلى أوروبا لتكريره ومن ثم استهلاكه.
- وبنفس الفترة استطاع عالم ألماني الحصول على السكروز (السكر الأبيض) من نبات الشوندر السكري التي انتقلت زراعته إلى أوروبا خلال الحروب الصليبية من بلاد الشام - موطنه الأصلي - التي كان يزرع فيها لتحضير أنواع السلطة.

سكر الطعام
سكر الطعام لفظ متداول للإشارة إلى المادة التي اسمها العلمي سكروز، وهي المادة المفضلة للإنسان للتحلية. يستخرج السكر بشكل أساسي من قصب السكر في المناطق الحارة من العالم كما يستخرج من شمندر السكر في المناطق الشمالية الباردة بالأضافة إلى وجود أنواع من سكر الفواكه التي تسخدم كذلك للتحلية وصنع الحلويات المختلفة.
ينبغي التعامل مع السكر بحذر حيث أن السكر من الممنوعات بالنسبة لمرضى السكري بشكل خاص.

الاستهلاك
في معظم أنحاء العالم ، يعد السكر جزءًا مهمًا من النظام الغذائي للإنسان ، مما يجعل الطعام أكثر قبولًا ويوفر الطاقة الغذائية. بعد الحبوب والزيوت النباتية ، وفر السكر المشتق من قصب السكر والبنجر سعرات حرارية أكثر للفرد في اليوم في المتوسط من المجموعات الغذائية الأخرى.
في عام 1750 ، حصل البريطاني العادي على 72 سعرًا حراريًا يوميًا من السكر. في عام 1913 ارتفع هذا إلى 395 سعرً حراريًا. في عام 2015 لا يزال يوفر حوالي 14 ٪ من السعرات الحرارية في الأنظمة الغذائية البريطانية.
وفقًا لأحد المصادر ، كان استهلاك الفرد من السكر في عام 2016 هو الأعلى في الولايات المتحدة ، تليها ألمانيا وهولندا.

عملية التصنيع الحديثة ومراحلها
مع أن بداية عملية التصنيع الحديث للسكر كانت في القرن الثامن عشر، لكن شهدت هذه الصناعة طفرة قوية في العقود السابقة مع تطور تكنولوجيا التحكم الإلكتروني الحديث التي سمحت بإنشاء خطوط إنتاج ذات عمالة متوسطة والتي تعمل بكفاءة عالية لتسمح بإنتاج كثيف رخيص التكلفة بنسبة فقد بسيطة، كما أنها عملية نظيفة غير ملوثة للبيئة أو باعثة لغاز ثنائي أكسيد الكربون والتي توفر أيضاً كمية كبيرة من المنتجات الفرعية الناتجة عن عملية التكرير والمستخدمة في تطبيقات أخرى كثيرة مثل صناعة العلف ودبس السكر والكحل والخل الأبيض ومواد التخمير والسماد...إلخ.

و فيما يلي مراحل التصنيع:
 بعد أن يتم وزن كمية القصب أو البنجر وأخذ عينة لتحليل جودة المحصول، يمر المحصول في خط الإنتاج على مرحلة الغسيل فالتقطيع والتشريح حتى يتحول النبات لمادة ليفية ويظهر قلبه المليء بالسكروز.
 تغذي أزواج من البكرات القصب المقطع على سيور إلى سلسلة من المطاحن، يتكون كل مطحن من ثلاث بكرات كبيرة مرتبة في شكل مثلثي، فيتم طحن القصب في كل مطحن مرتين. ومؤخراً تم تطبيق طريقة الانتشار لاستخلاص العصارة حيث ينتشر العصير في الماء ليضخ في المطاحن ولتتبقى مادة ليفية شبه جافة تستخدم كعلف للحيوانات أو كوقود للغلايات أو في صناعة الورق.
 وتتم معالجة العصارة الخام بإضافة الحرارة والكلس لإزالة الشوائب والطين، وتصب العصارة الصافية خارجا.
 تتم تنقية العصارة الموحلة تحت ضغط منخفض، فتتم إعادة العصارة في التدوير واستخدام الوحل كسماد للأرض الزراعية.
 يتم تكثيف العصارة بتبخير معظم المياه تحت ضغط منخفض في سلسلة من الأوعية المتصلة تسمى «المبخرات». ملحوظة: الماء يغلي عند درجة حرارة أقل تحت الضغط المنخفض فيتم توفير الحرارة وجودة المنتج
 يتم غلي العصارة (70% منها مادة صلبة الآن) تحت ضغط منخفض، ولكن في حاويات ضخمة حتى يتم تركيز العصارة للدرجة المرغوبة، ويتم إطلاق البلورات ذات الحجم المحدد مع المتبقى من الماء.
 تتم إدارة خليط البلورات والماء في أجهزة طرد مركزي لعزل البلورات. ويؤخذ السائل الأسود المحيط بالبلورات ليتم غليه وتكرار هذه العملية مرتين للحصول على أفضل نتيجة. ويستخدم هذا السائل المتبقي في صناعة الكحول.
 يتم تجفيف السكر الخام بتمريره في تيار هواء دافئ، ثم يتم تبريده بالهواء الجاف حتى تتم تعبئته.

أنواع السكر
 سكر بني: سكر أبيض مع المولاس:(محلول بني مائل إلى اللون الأسود وينتج من تكرير قصب السكر وسكر الشمندر).
 سكر القصب: المأخوذ من القصب.
 سكر الفاكهة: السكر الذي يتواجد بشكل طبيعي في الفاكهة.
 سكر الشعير: يتم الحصول عليه من الشعير.
 سكر الشمندر: السكر الذي يتم الحصول عليه من البنجر.
 سكر الخروع: عبارة عن كريستالات من السكر الأبيض.
 سكر البلح: هو السكر الذي ينتج من البلح.

الفركتوز
يسمى أيضاً الفيولوز، وهو من السكريات الصناعية وأكثرها حلاوة بين جميع أنواع السكريات الطبيعية (ومنها المالتوز والسكروز والذرة).

الجلوكوز
من السكريات الطبيعية التي تتواجد في الفواكه والعسل وبعض النباتات.

الدول المنتجة
أكبر خمسة منتجين للسكر في العالم عام 2011 هم البرازيل، الهند، الاتحاد الأوروبي، الصين، وتايلاند. وأكبر الدول المصدرة للسكر في نفس العام هي البرازيل، وتأتي بعدها بكثير تايلاند، إستراليا، والهند.
وأكبر مستوردين للسكر هم الاتحاد الأوروبي، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وإندونيسيا.

معرض صور

انظر أيضًا

 سكروز
 فركتوز
 جلوكوز
 بديل السكر

المراجع

المصادر
 Lapedes, Daniel, ed. McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Food, Agriculture and Nutrition. McGraw Hill, 1977.
 Marc Aronson,Marina Budhos, Sugar Changed the World: A Story of Magic, Spice, Slavery, Freedom, and Science November 2010
 Abbott, Elizabeth (2009) [2008]. Sugar: A Bittersweet History. London and New York: Duckworth Overlook
 Hugot, E. Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering. 3rd ed. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 1986.
 Clarke, M. A., ed. Chemistry & Processing of Sugarbeet & Sugarcane. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 1988.
 Pennington, Neil L. and Charles Baker, eds. Sugar: A Users' Guide to Sucrose. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.
 "Squeezing All the Sweetness Out of Sugarcane—and More," Chemical & Engineering News. May 12, 1986, pp. 38–9.
 Main Stages Of Production http://www.fsc.com.fj/main_stages_of_production.htm

روابط خارجية
 Cook's Thesaurus: Sugar

اختراعات هندية
إدمان
حلويات
سكريات
سواغات
عملية الخبز

سكر


Les Lithophyllaceae sont une famille d'algues rouges de l'ordre des Corallinales.

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Lithophyllum, composé du préfixe lith-, pierre, et du suffixe -phyll, feuille.

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Amphiroa J. V. Lamour.
 Crodelia Heydrich
 Goniolithon Foslie
 Lithophyllum R. A. Philippi
 Lithothrix J. E. Gray
 Paulsilvella Woelkerling, Sartoni & Boddi †
 Pseudolithophyllum M. Lemoine
 Tenarea Bory
 Titanoderma Nägeli

Selon  :
 Amphiroa
 Lithophyllum Philippi, 1837
 Lithothrix
 Paulsilvella
 Pseudolithophyllum
 Titanoderma Ngeli in Ngeli & Cramer, 1858

Notes et références

Liens externes

Corallinales
Famille d'algues rouges (nom scientifique)

Lithophyllaceae


Asamblaj  terimi ilk defa Jean Dubuffet tarafından 1953'te doğal veya hazır malzemelerin parçalarından oluşturulan sanat eserlerini tanımlamak için kullanılmıştır. Bazı eleştirmenler bu terimin, iki boyutlu olan kolajdan ayrı olarak sadece üç boyutlu nesneler için kullanılması gerektiğini ifade etseler de konuda ulaşılmış bir fikir birliği yoktur. Genel anlamıyla asamblajın, fotomontajlardan mekân düzenlemelerine kadar geniş bir yelpazede yer alan sanat eserlerini kapsadığı söylenebilir

Kaynakça

 Chilvers, Ian (1996): The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art & Artists: Oxford University Press

Sanat terimleri

Asamblaj


Kastilya Leon (İspanyolca: Castilla y León), 94.223 km² yüzölçümüyle İspanya'nın en büyük bölgesidir. 2.511.000 nüfusa sahiptir. Başkenti Valladolid şehridir. Tarihi Leon Krallığı ve Eski Kastilya topraklarının üzerinde kuruludur.

Bölgesel Yönetim ve Hükûmet
Kastilya Leon Özerk Bölgesi idarî olarak 9 ile ayrılmıştır; Ávila, Burgos, León, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Salamanca, Valladolid ve Zamora. Bu illerin tümü isimlerini merkez olan şehirden almışlardır. Kastilya ve Leon Özerklik anayasasında hiçbir şehre başkentlik hakkı verilmemesine rağmen Valladolid şehri bölgenin idarî merkezidir. Özerk Bölge Başbakanı Halk Partisinden Juan Vicente Herrera Campo 'dur.

Siyasi partiler
 Kastilya Leon Halk Partisi 48 Özerk Parlamento temsilcisi, 19 Kongre temsilcisi.
 Kastilya Leon Sosyalist Partisi 31 Özerk Parlamento temsilcisi, 14 Kongre temsilcisi.
 Unión del Pueblo Leonés 3 Özerk Parlamento temsilcisi.

Eğitim

Üniversiteler
 Ávila Katolik Üniversitesi
 Miguel de Cervantes Avrupa Üniversitesi (Valladolid)
 Salamanca İlahiyat Üniversitesi
 SEK Üniversitesi (Segovia)
 Burgos Üniversitesi
 León Üniversitesi
 Salamanca Üniversitesi
 Valladolid Üniversitesi

Dış bağlantılar
 Kastilya Leon Meclisi (Bölgesel Meclis) (İspanyolca)
 Kastilya Leon Hükûmeti (Bölgesel Hükûmet) (İspanyolca)
 Consejo Consultivo de Castilla y León (İspanyolca)
 The Cortes of Castile-León, Joseph F. O'Callaghan (tarihi)
 Turizm Danışma
 Özerklik Yasası (İspanyolca)

Kastilya ve Leon