And Now for Something Completely Different is a 1971 British sketch comedy film based on the television comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus featuring sketches from the show's first two series. The title was taken from a catchphrase used in the television show.

The film, released on 28 September 1971 in the United Kingdom and 22 August 1972 in the United States, consists of 90 minutes of sketches and animation sequences seen in the first two series of the television show. All of the sketches were recreated for the film without an audience, and were intended for an American audience which had not yet seen the series. The announcer (John Cleese) appears briefly between some sketches to deliver the line "and now for something completely different", in situations such as being roasted on a spit and lying on top of a desk in a small pink bikini, as well as the Colonel (Graham Chapman) interrupting them and deeming them "too silly".

Background
And Now for Something Completely Different is the Pythons' first feature film, composed of some well-known sketches from the first two series of the Flying Circus, including the "Dead Parrot" sketch, "The Lumberjack Song", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Hell's Grannies", the "Nudge Nudge" sketch and others. The original sketches were recreated for the film with an extremely low budget, often slightly rewritten and edited. Financed by Playboys UK executive Victor Lownes, it was intended to help Monty Python break into the United States. Although the film was initially unsuccessful at achieving an American breakthrough, it did well financially in the United Kingdom, and later in the United States on the midnight movie circuit, after the Pythons achieved some success there following their first exposure on US television and the release of Monty Python and the Holy Grail. The group did not consider this film a success, but it enjoys a cult following among Python fans today.

Production with Lownes
The film was the idea of entrepreneur Victor Lownes, head of Playboy UK, who convinced the group that a feature film would be the ideal way to introduce them to the US market. Lownes acted as executive producer. Production of the film did not go entirely smoothly. Lownes tried to exert considerably more control over the group than they had been used to at the BBC. In particular, he objected so strongly to one character—'Ken Shabby'—that his appearance was removed, although stills from both this and a further cut sketch, "Flying Sheep", were published in Monty Python's Big Red Book. Terry Jones and Michael Palin later complained that the vast majority of the film was "nothing more than jokes behind desks."

Another argument with Lownes occurred when Terry Gilliam designed the opening credits for the film. Because the names of the Pythons were shown in blocks of stone, Lownes insisted that his own name be displayed in a similar manner. Initially, Gilliam refused but eventually he was forced to give in. Gilliam then created a different style of credit for the Pythons so that in the final version of the film, Lownes' credit is the only one that appears in that way.

Budget
The film's budget was £80,000, 40% of which came from Lownes. This is self-referentially acknowledged in the film's Killer Cars animation; the voiceover narration (done by Eric Idle) mentions "a scene of such spectacular proportions that it could never in your life be seen in a low-budget film like this... if you notice, my mouth isn't moving, either". The film was shot on location in England and inside an abandoned dairy (rather than on a more costly soundstage) beginning on October 26, ten days after recording was completed on the second series, and ending on December 9, 1970. The budget was so low that some effects seen on the television series could not be repeated in the film.

Origins of phrase
The origin of the phrase is credited to Christopher Trace, founding presenter of the children's television programme Blue Peter, who used it (in all seriousness) as a link between segments.

Many of the early episodes of Monty Python's Flying Circus feature a sensible-looking announcer (played by John Cleese) dressed in a black suit and sitting behind a wooden desk, which in turn is in some ridiculous location such as behind the bars of a zoo cage or in mid-air being held aloft by small attached propellers. The announcer would turn to the audience and announce "and now for something completely different", launching the show's opening credits starting with the second series of the show.

The phrase was also used as a transition within the show. Often it would be added to better explain the transition, for instance, "And now for something completely different: a man with a tape recorder up his brother's nose".

Cast
Each playing various characters
Graham Chapman
John Cleese – Announcer
Terry Gilliam – Animations
Eric Idle
Terry Jones
Michael Palin
Carol Cleveland
Connie Booth

Sketches
"How Not to Be Seen" (originally seen in Series 2, Episode 11 of Monty Python's Flying Circus): A parody of a government film which first displays the importance of not being seen, then devolves into various things being blown up, much to the amusement of the narrator (John Cleese). The narrator eventually composes himself, says "And now for something completely different", and finds himself being blown up.
"Animation – Main Titles:" Animated by Terry Gilliam.
"Man with a Tape Recorder up His Nose" (S1, E9): Immediately following the main title sequence, a screen appears announcing "The End". An emcee (Terry Jones) steps onto the stage, explains that the cinema overestimated the film length and announces an interval. In the meantime, two short films are shown – one starring a man (Michael Palin) with a tape recorder up his nose (which plays La Marseillaise) and another starring a man with a tape recorder up his brother's (Graham Chapman) nose (with a brief "stereo" segment at the end of the second film, in which both tape recorders are played slightly out of sync).
"Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook" (S2, E12): A Hungarian gentleman (Cleese) enters a tobacconist's shop and reads from his phrasebook the declaration: "I will not buy this record, it is scratched" (believing it to be a request for cigarettes). Through similar non-sequiturs, he and the proprietor (Jones) manage to arrange the purchase of a packet of cigarettes, until the Hungarian's phrasebook-guided English devolves into sexual innuendo ("Do you want to come back to my place, bouncy-bouncy?"). The incident takes a dramatic turn as the tobacconist uses the phrase book to translate the cost into Hungarian – "costs 6 and 6" ("Yandelavasa grldenwi stravenka") – and is rewarded with a right cross. The Hungarian gentleman is swiftly arrested for assault, but is released and the author (Palin) of the fraudulent phrasebook is arrested instead. At the author's trial, the prosecutor (Eric Idle) claims that in the book the Hungarian phrase meaning "Can you direct me to the station?" is translated by the English phrase, "Please fondle my buttocks", which leads to the film's first exclusive link, in which another Hungarian (Jones) uses the aforementioned inappropriate English phrase to a local gentleman (Chapman), who then gives him proper directions to the station.
"Animation – Land of Hands" (S2, E3): An animation depicting cut-out hands as plants and animals.
"Animation – A Shaver's Suicide" (S2, E1): An older man puts shaving cream all over his own head and cuts it clean off.
"Marriage Guidance Counsellor" (S1, E2): Arthur and Deidre Pewtey (Palin and Carol Cleveland) attend an appointment with a marriage guidance counselor (Idle), who ignores Arthur's rather tedious explanation of their situation and openly flirts with Deidre, eventually telling Arthur to leave the room so that he can make love to the man's wife. Initially depressed by this turn of events, Mr. Pewtey is berated by a heavenly voice (Cleese), who tells Arthur to "pull his finger out" and thus bolsters his self-confidence... but his attempt to take command of the situation fails miserably, ultimately leading to a 16-ton weight being dropped on top of him.
"Animation – The Carnivorous Pram" (S1, E2): A man pushes a baby carriage that devours two old ladies, until a third victim is saved by the intervention of an irate viewer (the hand of Gilliam and the voice of Connie Booth) – who reaches into the screen, turns the carriage around, and sets it to attack its owner instead. The old lady is carted away by truck, and replaced by a statue: Michelangelo's David.
"Animation – David's Leaf" (S1, E6): An animated arm tries to remove the fig leaf protecting the aforementioned statue's modesty, and after a brief struggle, succeeds, revealing – not the expected male genitals, but the head of an old woman who demands smut like this not be shown on screen.
"Nudge Nudge" (S1, E3): Sitting in a bar, a man (Idle) asks another man (Jones) about his wife, with a relentless stream of unsubtle sexual innuendos. It turns out that he simply wants to know, "What's it like?"
"Self-Defence Against Fresh Fruit" (S1, E4): In a self-defence course, a sergeant major (Cleese) teaches his students (Chapman, Jones, Palin, and Idle) how to defend themselves from an attacker armed with fresh fruit. This sketch begins with a nun (Gilliam, dubbed by Booth) saying "Well, I think it's overrated" in response to the previous sketch – another link that is exclusive to this film. (NOTE: This version is much shorter than the original TV version.)
"The Colonel's Warning" (S1, E8): An uptight Colonel (Chapman) warns the film not to get silly again after the above sketch, and orders the director to cut to a new scene.
"Hell's Grannies" (S1, E8): A documentary report about disaffected urban behavior, which includes "Hell's Grannies" (antisocial old ladies), "Baby Snatchers" (men dressed as babies, who seize random people off the street) and vicious gangs of "Keep Left" signs, at which point the Colonel stops the sketch for becoming "too silly".
"Camp Square-Bashing" (S2, E9): An army platoon performs precision drilling (also called "square-bashing") in a highly effeminate manner, which the Colonel again finds silly ("and a bit suspect, I think") and replaces with a cartoon.
"Animation – The Prince and the Black Spot" (S2, E6): An animation depicts a prince getting a spot on his face, foolishly ignoring it and dying of cancer. The spot then goes out to seek its fortune and marries another spot.
"Kilimanjaro Expedition" (S1, E9): Arthur Wilson (Idle) goes to Sir George Head (Cleese) to join an expedition to Mt. Kilimanjaro, but the interview rapidly descends into chaos due to Head's unusual case of double vision and another member of the expedition (Chapman) trashing the office. The scene ends when Head is startled to see the next scene coming, as it presumably looks to him like a young woman with four breasts.
"Girls in Bikinis" (S2, E9): Sexy young women are seen posing in bikinis to the sound of lecherous male slavering, which ends abruptly when the camera pans to Cleese reclining on a desk in a pink bikini and bow tie saying the phrase, "And now for something completely different."
"Wanna Come Back to My Place?" (S1, E13): A man (Palin) tells a police inspector (Cleese) of a theft, and after an awkward silence, decides to invite said policeman to come back to his place, presumably for sex. After a moment, the policeman agrees and follows the man off.
"The Flasher" (S1, E8): A man (Jones) in a grubby raincoat appears to be flashing his naked body to women on the streets. He then does the same to the camera, revealing he is fully clothed, and hanging round his neck is a sign saying "Boo!"
"Animation – American Defense/Ads" (S2, E11): A middle-aged secretary is consumed by hordes of yellow creatures resembling Chinese soldiers during the Cultural Revolution. The segment turns into a series of propagandist advertisements for American Defense, Crelm Toothpaste and Shrill Petrol. This segment abruptly ends when the advertiser for Shrill Petrol (voiced by Palin) is shot off-screen while overstating the effectiveness of his product.
"Animation – You'll Never Take Me Alive, Copper!" (S1, E6): The murderer of the Shrill Petrol advertiser hides himself in a trashcan, but is subdued when the police drop a 16-ton weight upon him, which leads to the 20th Century Frog and MGM-spoofing logos that introduce the next item. (NOTE: This animation was for "20th Century Vole" in the original TV version.)
"Animation – Conrad Poohs and His Dancing Teeth" (S2, E10): An animated photograph of Gilliam, in which his teeth dance to the music of Josef Wagner's "Under the Double Eagle".
"Musical Mice" (S1, E2): Ken Ewing (Jones) has "musical" mice, reputedly trained to squeak at specific pitches. He announces they will play "Three Blinded White Mice", but he simply starts hitting them with huge mallets while humming the tune himself. His audience is enraged and chases him out of the nightclub.
"It's the Arts" (S1, E1): The audience chases Ewing into a television studio, interrupting a talk show (presented by Idle) in which an interviewer (Cleese), attempting to create a rapport, calls his subject – film director Sir Edward Ross (Chapman) – increasingly inappropriate nicknames: "Ted", "Eddie Baby", "pussycat", "angel drawers", and "Frank"... claiming "President Nixon had a hedgehog named Frank." When he finally starts using less questionable names for his guest and the guest is finally convinced to discuss his latest film, he quickly tells him to shut up... at which point Ken Ewing reappears in the studio, still being chased by the angry mob, and escapes through an exit onto the streets.
"Seduced Milkmen" (S1, E3): A milkman (Palin) gets seduced at the door of a house by a lovely woman (Cleveland), and follows her inside, only to get locked in a room with other milkmen, "some of whom are very old."
"The Funniest Joke in the World" (S1, E1): Ernest Scribbler (Palin), who is shown writing the revelation to the previous sketch and discarding it, has a sudden inspiration and writes a lethal joke – anyone hearing or reading it will literally "die laughing". It is acquired by the British army who translate it into German, creating a devastating weapon that wins the Second World War. (NOTE: This sketch is considerably shorter than in its original TV version.)
"Animation – Old Lady Waiting for the Bus" (S2, E9): In another link exclusive to this film, an animated man (based on a portrait of Henry VII of England, voiced by Cleese) attempts to apologize for the poor taste of the previous item, but is distracted by an animated woman flashing her nude body to him, and departs (on his fingers) to chase after her. An old woman then arrives on the scene and attempts to catch a bus, but it drives past. A second bus comes along, but it, too, drives past. When a third bus comes, the woman trips it with her foot and flips it over so she can board it.
"Animation – The Killer Cars" (S2, E9): In an overzealous attempt to curb overpopulation, cars turn vicious and begin eating people. Eventually, a giant mutant cat is created to deal with this menace. This plan works perfectly – the city is saved – until the cat starts eating buildings. Another exclusive bit to this film alludes to a cataclysmic battle against the giant mutant cat occurs off-screen, narrated by an old man (Idle) who describes it as "a scene of such spectacular proportions that it could never in your life be seen in a low budget film like this... if you notice, my mouth isn't moving, either."
"Animation – Dancing Venus" (S1, E8): The mutant cat from the previous animation falls into a sausage grinder, with a number of other animals. The resulting "product" leads into the hair of Botticelli's Venus, who stands on her shell... until an arm comes out of the water and twists her nipple like a radio knob. Upbeat music plays, and Venus dances wildly until her exertions cause the shell to tip over, leading to (by way of Venus falling into a fish tank)...
"The Dead Parrot" (S1, E8): Eric Praline (Cleese) attempts to get a refund for his deceased parrot, but the shopkeeper (Palin) refuses to acknowledge the parrot's passing on. In another sketch that proves to be much shorter than its original TV counterpart, a twist ending has the shopkeeper revealing that he never wanted to be a pet shop owner, he always wanted to be... "A LUMBERJACK!"
"The Lumberjack Song" (S1, E9): The shop owner (Palin) sings about his desire to be a lumberjack, as well as his tendencies toward transvestism, the latter a revelation that both surprises and dismays his best girl (Booth) and the background singers (nine Canadian Mounties – five of whom are Chapman, Cleese, Idle, Jones and Gilliam), who ultimately storm off in disgust and pelt him with rotten fruit. As the owner leaves in defeat, in another link exclusive to this film, he passes by a group of old ladies roasting Cleese on a spit, who once again proclaims, "And now for something completely different."
"The Dirty Fork" (S1, E3): The employees of a restaurant (Jones, Palin, Idle, and Cleese) react with ever-increasing melodrama to a dirty fork given to a dining couple (Cleveland and Chapman), resulting in the horrible death of the head waiter (Idle) as well as an insane attack by the chef (Cleese). After a brief mêlée, a punchline is then shown, in which Chapman turns to the camera and says "Lucky that I didn't tell them about the dirty knife!"
"Animation – Musical Interlude" (S1, E2): A picture of Rodin's The Kiss appears, with the addition of several small holes along the woman's leg. The woman straightens her leg out, and the man plays her like an ocarina.
"Animation – How to Build Certain Interesting Things" (exclusive to this film): Garbage is dropped on a stage and banged repeatedly with a hammer. It takes on the shape of a wheeled arm holding a gun, which rolls into the next scene.
"Bank Robber" (S1, E10): A bank robber (Cleese) mistakes a lingerie shop for a bank, and attempts to rob it. After the shop owner (Idle) stymies his hopes of stealing large quantities of money, the robber is somewhat put out by his error, and makes do with a pair of panties.
"River Link" (exclusive to this film): Cleese walks through a river to reach his desk and state (for the last time in the film), "And now for something completely different."
"People Falling Out of High Buildings" (S1, E12): An office worker (Idle) sees people falling past the window, but his co-worker (Cleese) is uninterested, until they realize there is a board meeting occurring up stairs and wager whether Parkinson will be next. A man played by Chapman then writes a letter of complaint, but just as he writes "I have worked in tall buildings all my life, and have never once--", an unknown force propels him screaming out of a tall building.
"Animation – The Metamorphosis" (S2, E4): A grimy-looking caterpillar in a trenchcoat with human-like features goes to sleep and wakes up as an effeminate male butterfly.
"Animation – The Three People" (exclusive to this film): Three people walk in snow and then, one at a time, sing the title of the next sketch in harmony (sung by Jones, Palin, and Cleese).
"Vocational Guidance Counselor" (S1, E10): Herbert Anchovy (Palin) no longer wants to be a chartered accountant, and harbors dreams of being... "A LION TAMER!" The counselor (Cleese) suggests that Anchovy should instead work his way up to lion taming, via banking, an idea which Herbert initially rejects, until he is informed that the animal he thinks is a lion is in fact an anteater, and mere stock footage of a lion scares the life out of him. He desperately cries out that he just wants to see his name in lights, and his wish is granted by a magic fairy (Idle in drag with a mustache).
"Blackmail" (S2, E5): Herbert is initially mystified by his sudden role of hosting the television show "Blackmail", in which he threatens various citizens with revealing sensitive information dealing with their sex lives unless they pay him increasingly large sums of money. He gets into the idea very quickly, performing his new, albeit questionable, duty with enthusiasm and panache. (NOTE: Terry Jones makes his debut here as the nude organist, after Terry Gilliam had previously performed the role on the TV show.)
"The Battle of Pearl Harbor" (S1, E11): The silly-hating Colonel appears again (having called in to the previous sketch due to being one of its target victims), and introduces a group of women who are members of the Batley's Townswomen's Guild (the Pythons in drag) – led by one Rita Fairbanks (Idle) – who re-enact the attack on Pearl Harbor... or, rather, beat each other with their handbags while rolling in mud.
"Romantic Interlude" (S1, E5): Brian and Elspet (Jones and Cleveland) begin ravishing each other on a bed, and several suggestive images are shown (an industrial chimney collapse shown in reverse, a train entering a tunnel, a torpedo being fired, etc.), but the images are actually only films being played by Brian, on a projector propped on the bed. Elspet testily asks whether he is actually going to do something or just show films all night. Brian replies with "Just one more, dear", and proceeds to show the next and final sketch.
"Upper Class Twit of the Year" (S1, E12): Five mentally deficient members of the landed gentry go through a challenging obstacle course, with such events as: walking along a straight line; jumping over a wall made of two rows of matchboxes; and slamming a car door loudly. The winner will be the first competitor to shoot himself in the head. (In the process, one twit is so inept that while attempting to back up a car, he somehow manages to run himself over.)
"Animation – End Titles:" The end credits, rendered in Terry Gilliam's typically absurd style. The various "characters" seen in the credits are taken from various other animations that were seen in the series.

Reception

American audiences
Reviews for American audiences were mixed (principally because British humour was unfamiliar to American viewers at that time) but mostly positive. When it was released on 22 August 1972, the film had little success at the box office and did not do well until a late 1974 re-release, which was after PBS began showing the original television episodes in the US. It currently has a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.93/10.

DVD releases
The film originally was on DVD in Region 1 from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment; in 2005, it was repacked in a new collector's pack called And Now For Something Completely Hilarious! which also features the films Monty Python and the Holy Grail and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen.

References

External links

1971 films
1971 comedy films
British comedy films
Monty Python films
Compilation films
Playboy Productions films
Films directed by Terry Gilliam
Films scored by Douglas Gamley
Films with screenplays by Graham Chapman
Films with screenplays by John Cleese
Films with screenplays by Terry Gilliam
Films with screenplays by Eric Idle
Films with screenplays by Terry Jones
Films with screenplays by Michael Palin
Films set in 1971
Columbia Pictures films
Films directed by Ian MacNaughton
Films with live action and animation
Sketch comedy films
1970s English-language films
1970s British films


Martin Davídek (* 7. August 1986 in Opava, Tschechoslowakei) ist ein ehemaliger deutsch-tschechischer Eishockeyspieler, der über viele Jahre in Tschechien und Deutschland aktiv war.

Karriere
Der gebürtige Tscheche begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler bei seinem Heimatverein HC Slezan Opava, für den er 2000 erstmals im U18-Team auflief. Mit einer kurzen Unterbrechung in der Saison 2003/04, in der er für zwölf Begegnungen für die U20-Mannschaft von HC Sparta Prag auflief, blieb er bis 2005 dem Nachwuchsbereich seines Heimatclubs treu, bevor er jedoch während der Spielzeit zum U20-Aufgebot von VHK Vsetín wechselte.

In Vsetín feierte er in der darauf folgenden Spielzeit 2005/06 seine Premiere in der Profimannschaft, die in der Extraliga spielte. Im Laufe der Saison wurde er an den Zweitligisten KLH Vajgar Jindřichův Hradec ausgeliehen. Im folgenden Jahr kam er nur in Vsetín zum Einsatz, erreichte dort in 37 Spielen allerdings nur neun Punkte. Daraufhin wurde er für die Saisons 2007/08 bis 2009/10 beim Zweitliga-Club HC Olomouc eingesetzt, stand aber weiterhin bei Vsetín unter Vertrag. In Olomouc verbrachte der Flügelstürmer 2009/10 seine bisher erfolgreichste Spielzeit: In 42 Spielen glückten ihm 32 Punkte, davon 19 Tore. In dieser Zeit bestritt der Rechtsschütze außerdem jeweils ein Spiel für die Extraliga-Mannschaft Orli Znojmo und HC Kometa Brno.

In der darauf folgenden Spielzeit 2010/11 wurde Davídek von Pirati Chomutov aus der 1. Liga unter Vertrag genommen. Dort absolvierte er 24 Begegnungen, für neun Spiele lief er als "Leihgabe" für den Konkurrenten SK Kadaň auf. Im Jahr darauf schien es, als sollte sich dieses ligainterne Wechselspiel zwischen Chomutov und Kadaň für den Stürmer wiederholen, bis er im Dezember 2011 bei den Landshut Cannibals aus der 2. Eishockey-Bundesliga einen Vertrag über zwei Jahre unterzeichnete.

Im Sommer 2014 wechselte Davídek zum amtierenden Deutschen Meister ERC Ingolstadt. In den folgenden zwei Jahren kam er 70 Mal in der DEL für den ERC zum Einsatz und erzielte dabei 12 Scorerpunkte. Aufgrund mehrerer Verletzungen verpasste er jedoch viele Spiele und konnte nicht an die Leistungen aus Landshut anknüpfen. Nach der Saison 2015/16, in der der ERCI schon im Playoff-Viertelfinale ausgeschieden war, erhielt Davídek keinen neuen Vertrag und wechselte daher zurück in die DEL2 zu den Dresdner Eislöwen. Für die Eislöwen stand Davidek in drei Spielzeiten 138 Mal auf dem Eis, erzielte 50 Tore und lieferte 47 Vorlagen. Nach der Saison 2018/19 erhielt er keinen neuen Vertrag in Dresden und wechselte zu den Bayreuth Tigers. Nach der Saison 2020/21 wechselte er zu den Höchstadt Alligators. Im September 2021 beendete er seine Karriere, ohne für die Alligators gespielt zu haben.

Karrierestatistik

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeyspieler (HC Slezan Opava)
Eishockeyspieler (EV Landshut)
Eishockeyspieler (ERC Ingolstadt)
Eishockeyspieler (Dresdner Eislöwen)
Eishockeyspieler (VHK Vsetín)
Eishockeyspieler (KLH Vajgar Jindřichův Hradec)
Eishockeyspieler (HC Olomouc)
Eishockeyspieler (Orli Znojmo)
Eishockeyspieler (HC Kometa Brno)
Eishockeyspieler (Piráti Chomutov)
Tschechoslowake
Tscheche
Deutscher
Geboren 1986
Mann

Martin Davídek


El Colegio Nuestra Señora de Lourdes es una institución educativa católica, perteneciente a los Hermanos de las Escuelas Cristianas, congregación religiosa fundada en el  por San Juan Bautista de La Salle.

El centro está situado en Valladolid (Castilla y León, España) y fue fundado en 1884 por Paulina Harriet, filántropa de origen francés afincada en esta ciudad castellana.

Actualmente es un centro concertado en las etapas de Educación infantil, primaria y secundaria y privado en Bachillerato.

Historia

Fundación y primeros cursos
Paulina Harriet, de familia acomodada, había contraído matrimonio con Juan Dibildos, industrial establecido en el barrio vallisoletano de las Tenerías, junto al río Pisuerga. Era su deseo catequizar y propiciar la alfabetización de los niños de la zona y pidió a los Hermanos de La Salle, que en 1878 habían establecido un asilo de huérfanos en Madrid, dirigir un colegio para la educación de los hijos de las clases obreras de la parroquia de San Ildefonso de Valladolid. Tras diversos contratiempos, llegaron los primeros Hermanos a la ciudad, en la noche del 21 de enero de 1884. La nueva escuela se dedicó a la advocación de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, cuyas apariciones en el sur de Francia por Bernadette Soubirous tanto prestigio habían alcanzado en la Iglesia católica de la segunda mitad del . El primer director fue el H. Joldiniano, nacido en Puymaurin, Francia.

Crecimiento y consolidación
Las aulas fueron aumentando, al igual que los alumnos, todos varones, y profesores. Pronto empezará a convivir la Escuela Gratuita original con un colegio de pago, para el cual se necesitaron nuevas instalaciones e infraestructuras. También se extendían las enseñanzas, no reducidas únicamente a la primaria, sino al bachillerato y a las propias de comercio. Igualmente la educación religiosa, ejercida en un principio por religiosos de origen francés, fomentó el nacimiento de congregaciones de alumnos, entre las que se encontraban las de María Inmaculada o san Juan Bautista de La Salle y la llamada Cruzada Eucarística. Desde temprano se celebraron diversos festivales gimnásticos de gran repercusión en la ciudad. Tal expansión conllevó la construcción de un nuevo colegio, que ya disponía de laboratorios, teatro, cine y aulas de enseñanzas especiales.

En 1924 se coloca la primera piedra de la nueva capilla según el diseño del arquitecto José María de Basterra. Es de estilo neorrománico, mide 38 metros de largo, 13 de ancho y 15 de altura, de nave única con columnas que conforman una galería alrededor de la capilla. Las vidrieras están realizadas por la Casa Maumejean de Madrid. La imagen de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes preside desde entonces las funciones litúrgicas.

Época de dificultades
A raíz de la proclamación de la Segunda República Española, el 14 de abril de 1931, junto con el desarrollo posterior de la Guerra Civil, la continuidad de la obra educativa pasó por dificultades, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la educación religiosa, según la Ley de Confesiones y Congregaciones Religiosas (aprobada en mayo de 1933), que llevó a varios maestros a ejercer su magisterio en la clandestinidad.

Expansión y apertura
Tras la guerra, el Colegio vivió un período de expansión con aumento de los alumnos, creación de internado, numerosos éxitos académicos y gran repercusión en la vida social de Valladolid. En 1950 se concedió al Colegio la Medalla de Oro de la Ciudad y algunos de sus maestros, como el parvulista de nacionalidad francesa, H. Enrique Thelvold, fue reconocido por el gobierno a través de la Medalla al Mérito en el Trabajo. La escolanía colegial llegó a actuar en Televisión Española.

En la década de 1960, el Colegio sufrió una profunda renovación en lo académico, a través de la Ley General del ministro Villar Palasí y en lo religioso por las disposiciones emanadas del Concilio Vaticano II, además de la incorporación de numeroso profesorado seglar. Posteriormente, se optó por la coeducación de niños y niñas y por acogerse al concierto educativo en las etapas permitidas. En los siguientes años, la institución adoptó las sucesivas reformas educativas: LOGSE (1990), LOCE (2002) y LOE (2006).

Referencias

Bibliografía

Véase también
 Anexo:Instituciones educacionales lasalianas

Enlaces externos

 Página web oficial

Educación en Valladolid
Educación lasallista en España

Colegio Nuestra Señora de Lourdes


Jean Paul Gustave Ricœur (; ; 27 February 1913 – 20 May 2005) was a French philosopher best known for combining phenomenological description with hermeneutics. As such, his thought is within the same tradition as other major hermeneutic phenomenologists, Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Gabriel Marcel. In 2000, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for having "revolutionized the methods of hermeneutic phenomenology, expanding the study of textual interpretation to include the broad yet concrete domains of mythology, biblical exegesis, psychoanalysis, theory of metaphor, and narrative theory."

Life

1913–1945: Birth to war years
Paul Ricœur was born in 1913 in Valence, Drôme, France, to Léon "Jules" Ricœur (23 December 1881 – 26 September 1915) and Florentine Favre (17 September 1878 – 3 October 1913), who were married on 30 December 1910 in Lyon. He came from a family of devout Huguenots (French Reformed Protestants), a religious minority in France.

Paul's father Jules, who served as a sergeant in the 75th Infantry Regiment of the French army during World War I, went missing in Perthes-lès-Hurlus near the beginning of the Second Battle of Champagne (25 September – 6 November 1915). On 26 September 1915, French military authorities declared that Jules had probably been killed in the battle. His body was not found until 1932, when a field was being ploughed, and the body was identified by its tags. Some writers have stated that before World War I began, Paul's father (Léon "Jules" Ricœur) was a professor of English at the Lycée Emile Loubet in Valence. However, it was a different person (Jules Paul Ricœur (1887–1918)) who held that position. Paul's father's death occurred when Paul was only two years old. Subsequently, Paul was raised in Rennes, France by his paternal grandparents Louis Ricœur (1856–1932) and his wife Marie Sarradet (1856–1928), and by his father's sister Juliette "Adèle" Ricœur (20 December 1892 – 1968), with a small stipend afforded to Paul as a war orphan.

Paul, whose penchant for study was fueled by his family's Protestant emphasis on Bible study, was bookish and intellectually precocious. He discovered philosophy while attending the Lycée de Rennes (now ), where he studied under Roland Dalbiez (1893–1976), who was professor of philosophy at the lycée. Ricœur received his bachelor's degree in 1932 from the University of Rennes and began studying philosophy, and especially phenomenology, at the Sorbonne in 1933–34, where he was influenced by Gabriel Marcel. In 1934 he completed a DES thesis (, roughly equivalent to an M.A. thesis) titled Problème de Dieu chez Lachelier et Lagneau (The Problem of God in Lachelier and Lagneau), concerning some of the theological views of French philosophers Jules Lachelier (1832–1918) and Jules Lagneau (1851–1894). In 1935, Paul was awarded the second-highest agrégation mark in the nation for philosophy, presaging a bright future.

On 14 August 1935, in Rennes, Paul married Simone Lejas (23 October 1911 – 7 January 1998), with whom he had five children: Jean-Paul (born 15 January 1937), Marc (born 22 February 1938), Noëlle (born 30 November 1940), Olivier (10 July 1947 – 22 March 1986), and Etienne (born 1953). In 1936–37, he fulfilled his military service.

World War II interrupted Ricœur's career, and he was drafted to serve in the French army in 1939. His unit was captured during the German invasion of France in 1940 and he spent the next five years as a prisoner of war in Oflag II-D. His detention camp was filled with other intellectuals such as Mikel Dufrenne, who organized readings and classes sufficiently rigorous that the camp was accredited as a degree-granting institution by the Vichy government. During that time he read Karl Jaspers, who was to have a great influence on him. He also began a translation of Edmund Husserl's Ideas I.

1946–2005: Strasbourg University to death
Ricœur taught at the University of Strasbourg between 1948 and 1956, the only French university with a Protestant faculty of theology. In 1950, he received his State doctorate, submitting (as is customary in France) two theses: a "minor" thesis translating Husserl's Ideas I into French for the first time, with commentary, and a "major" thesis that he published the same year as Philosophie de la Volonté I: Le Volontaire et l'Involontaire (Philosophy of the Will I: The Voluntary and the Involuntary). Ricœur soon acquired a reputation as an expert on phenomenology, then the ascendent philosophy in France.

In 1956, Ricœur took up a position at the Sorbonne as the Chair of General Philosophy. This appointment signaled Ricœur's emergence as one of France's most prominent philosophers. While at the Sorbonne, he wrote three works that cemented his reputation: Fallible Man and The Symbolism of Evil published in 1960, and Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation published in 1965. Jacques Derrida was an assistant to Ricœur during that time (early 1960s).

From 1965 to 1970, Ricœur was an administrator at the newly founded University of Nanterre in suburban Paris. Nanterre was intended as an experiment in progressive education, and Ricœur hoped that he could create a university in accordance with his vision, free of the stifling atmosphere of the tradition-bound Sorbonne and its overcrowded classes. Nevertheless, Nanterre became a hotbed of protest during the student uprisings of May 1968 in France. Ricœur was derided as an "old clown" (vieux clown) and tool of the French government.

Disenchanted with French academic life, Ricœur taught briefly at the Université catholique de Louvain in Belgium, before taking a position at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, where he taught from 1970 to 1985. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971. His study culminated in The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language published in 1975 and the three-volume Time and Narrative published in 1983, 1984, 1985 Ricœur gave the Gifford Lectures in 1985/86, published in 1990 as Oneself as Another. This work built on his discussion of narrative identity and his continuing interest in the self.

Time and Narrative secured Ricœur's return to France in 1985 as a notable intellectual. His late work was characterised by a continuing cross-cutting of national intellectual traditions; for example, some of his latest writing engaged the thought of the American political philosopher John Rawls. In 1995 he received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.

In 1999, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Philosophy, the citation being "[f]or his capacity in bringing together all the most important themes and indications of 20th-century philosophy, and re-elaborating them into an original synthesis which turns language – in particular, that which is poetic and metaphoric – into a chosen place revealing a reality that we cannot manipulate, but interpret in diverse ways, and yet all coherent. Through the use of metaphor, language draws upon that truth which makes of us that what we are, deep in the profundity of our own essence". That same year, he and his co-author André LaCocque (professor emeritus of Hebrew Bible at Chicago Theological Seminary) were awarded the Gordon J. Laing Award by the University of Chicago's Board of University Publications for their book Thinking Biblically: Exegetical and Hermeneutical Studies.

On 29 November 2004, he was awarded with the second John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Human Sciences (shared with Jaroslav Pelikan).

Ricœur died on 20 May 2005, aged 92, at his home in Châtenay-Malabry, France, of natural causes. French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin declared that "the humanist European tradition is in mourning for one of its most talented exponents". Paul Ricœur was buried in the Châtenay-Malabry New Cemetery, Châtenay-Malabry, Department des Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France.

Thought

Hermeneutic phenomenology
One of Ricœur's major contributions to the field of hermeneutics was the entwining of hermeneutical processes with phenomenology. In this union, Ricœur applies the hermeneutical task to more than just textual analysis, but also to how each self relates to anything that is outside of the self. For Ricœur, hermeneutics is understanding the link between the self and the symbol—neither things in themselves, but the dialectical engagement between the two. Moreover, Ricœur, on the goal of hermeneutics, puts emphasis upon self-understanding as the outcome of the hermeneutical process: "In proposing to relate symbolic language to self-understanding, I think I fulfill the deepest wish of hermeneutics. The purpose of all interpretation is to conquer a remoteness, a distance between the past cultural epoch to which the text belongs and the interpreter himself. By overcoming this distance, by making himself contemporary with the text, the exegete can appropriate its meaning to himself: foreign, he makes it familiar, that is, he makes it his own. It is thus the growth of his own understanding of himself that he pursues through his understanding of others. Every hermeneutics is thus, explicitly or implicitly, self-understanding by means of understanding others."Ricoeur maintains that the hermeneutical task is a coming together of the self and an other, in a meaningful way. This explication of self-meaning and other-meaning is principally bound up and manifested in existence itself. Thus, Ricoeur depicts philosophy as a hermeneutical activity seeking to uncover the meaning of existence through the interpretation of phenomena (which can only emerge as) embedded in the world of culture: "This is why philosophy remains a hermeneutics, that is, a reading of the hidden meaning inside the text of the apparent meaning. It is the task of this hermeneutics to show that existence arrives at expression, at meaning, and at reflection only through the continual exegesis of all the significations that come to light in the world of culture. Existence becomes a self – human and adult – only by appropriating this meaning, which first resides "outside," in works, institutions, and cultural movements in which the life of the spirit is justified."Furthermore, the process of hermeneutics, and extracting meaning, is a reflective task. The emphasis is not on the external meaning, but the meaning or insight of the self which is gained through encountering the external text—or other. The self-knowledge gained through the hermeneutical process is, thus, indirectly attained. This is in opposition to the Cartesian cogito, "which grasps itself directly in the experience of doubt," and is "a truth as vain as it is invincible." In point of fact, the difference Ricœur aims to distinguish is the means by which the self is discovered, which for him is only by means of interpreting the signified.

According to Ricœur, the aim of hermeneutics is to recover and to restore the meaning. The French philosopher chooses the model of the phenomenology of religion, in relation to psychoanalysis, stressing that it is characterized by a concern on the object. This object is the sacred, which is seen in relation to the profane.

Ricœur's hermeneutical work Freud and Philosophy contains the famous assertion that Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud are masters of the school of suspicion<ref name="Ricœur65p32">Paul Ricœur (1965), Freud and philosophy: an essay on interpretation, Book I Problematic, section 2: The conflict of interpretations, title: Interpretation as exercise of suspicion, p. 32</ref> (maîtres du soupçon/école du soupçon). Marx is reductionist, because he reduces society to economy, particularly to means of production; Nietzsche is a reductionist, because he reduces man to the 'will-to-power' and an arbitrary concept of superman; Freud is a reductionist because he reduces human nature to sexual instinct. Ricœur's theory has been particularly influential to postcritique, a scholarly movement in literary criticism and cultural studies that seeks for new forms of reading and interpretation that go beyond the methods of critique, critical theory, and ideological criticism. The literary critic Rita Felski, for instance, argues that he is a crucial figure in the history of this tradition. She claims that his influential analysis of the "hermeneutics of suspicion" "invites us to think about how we read and to what end."

Philosophy of language
In The Rule of Metaphor and in Time and Narrative, vol. 1, Ricœur argues that there exists a linguistic productive imagination that generates/regenerates meaning through the power of metaphoricity by way of stating things in novel ways and, as a consequence, he sees language as containing within itself resources that allow it to be used creatively.

Works
 .
 .
 Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary, trans. Erazim Kohak. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966 (1950).
 Husserl: An Analysis of His Phenomenology. Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1967
 The Symbolism of Evil, trans. Emerson Buchanan. New York: Harper and Row, 1967 (1960).
 Entretiens sur l'Art et la Psychanalyse (sous la direction de Andre Berge, Anne Clancier, Paul Ricoeur et Lothair Rubinstein, Paris, La Haye: Mouton, 1968 (1964).
 Le Conflit des interprétations. Essais d'herméneutique I, Le Seuil, 1969.
 Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation, trans. Denis Savage. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970 (1965).
 The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics, ed. Don Ihde, trans. Willis Domingo et al. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974 (1969).
 Political and Social Essays, ed. David Stewart and Joseph Bien, trans. Donald Stewart et al. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1974.
 The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies of the Creation of Meaning in Language, trans. Robert Czerny with Kathleen McLaughlin and John Costello, S. J., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1978 (1975).
 Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning. Fort Worth: Texas Christian Press, 1976.
 The Philosophy of Paul Ricœur: An Anthology of his Work, ed. Charles E. Reagan and David Stewart. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978.
 Essays on Biblical Interpretation (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980)
 Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action and Interpretation, ed., trans. John B. Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
 Time and Narrative (Temps et Récit), 3 vols. trans. Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, 1985, 1988 (1983, 1984, 1985).
 Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, ed., trans. George H. Taylor. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
 Du texte à l'action. Essais d'herméneutique II, Le Seuil, 1986.
 From Text to Action: Essays in Hermeneutics II, trans. Kathleen Blamey and John B. Thompson. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1991 (1986).
 À l'école de la phenomenologie. Paris: J. Vrin, 1986.
 Le mal: Un défi à la philosophie et à la théologie. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1986.
 Fallible Man, trans. Charles A. Kelbley, with an introduction by Walter J. Lowe, New York: Fordham University Press, 1986 (1960).
 A Ricœur Reader: Reflection and Imagination, ed. Mario J. Valdes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991.
 Lectures I: Autour du politique. Paris: Seuil, 1991.
 Lectures II: La Contrée des philosophes. Paris: Seuil, 1992.
 Oneself as Another (Soi-même comme un autre), trans. Kathleen Blamey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992 (1990).
 Lectures III: Aux frontières de la philosophie. Paris: Seuil, 1994.
 Réflexion faite. Autobiographie intellectuelle. Esprit, 1995.
 The Philosophy of Paul Ricœur, ed. Lewis E. Hahn (The Library of Living Philosophers 22) (Chicago; La Salle: Open Court, 1995).
 The Just, trans. David Pellauer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 (1995).
 Critique and Conviction, trans. Kathleen Blamey. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998 (1995).
 Thinking Biblically, (with André LaCocque). University of Chicago Press, 1998.
 La mémoire, l'histoire, l'oubli. Paris: Seuil, 2000.
 Le Juste II. Paris: Esprit, 2001.
 Memory, History, Forgetting, trans. by Kathleen Blamey and David Pellauer. University of Chicago Press, 2004.
 The Course of Recognition, trans. David Pellauer. Harvard University Press, 2005.
 Reflections on the Just, trans. David Pellauer. University of Chicago Press, 2007.
 Living Up to Death, trans. David Pellauer. University of Chicago Press, 2009.

See also

 Metaphor in philosophy
 Postmodern theology
 Theopoetics
 EspritNotes

References

Sources
 François Dosse (1997). Paul Ricœur. Les Sens d'une Vie. Paris: La Découverte.
 .
 David M. Kaplan (2003). Ricœur's Critical Theory. Albany, SUNY Press.
 .
 Charles E. Reagan (1996). Paul Ricœur: His Life and Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 John Cesar "Sasing" Caalem-Nguyen'Her Life in Encantadia'. Tagum: University of Blood Washed Band

Further reading
Books
 Don Ihde, 1971. Hermeneutic Phenomenology: The Philosophy of Paul Ricœur. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
 David E. Klemm, 1983. The Hermeneutical Theory of Paul Ricoeur: A Constructive Analysis. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.
 Pamela Sue Anderson, 1993. Ricœur and Kant: philosophy of the will. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
 Bernard P. Dauenhauer, 1998. Paul Ricœur: The Promise and Risk of Politics. Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield.
 Richard Kearney, ed., 1996. Paul Ricoeur: The Hermeneutics of Action. SAGE.
 Kuruvilla Pandikattu, 2000. Idols to Die, Symbols to Live: Dynamic Interaction between Language, Reality, and the Divine. New Delhi: Intercultural Publications.
 Henry Isaac Venema, 2000. Identifying Selfhood: Imagination, Narrative, and Hermeneutics in the Thought of Paul Ricoeur (Mcgill Studies in the History of Religions), SUNY Press.
 Dan Stiver, 2001. Theology after Ricœur, Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press.
 Karl Simms, 2002. Paul Ricœur, Routledge Critical Thinkers. New York: Routledge.
 Gregory J. Laughery, 2002. Living Hermeneutics in Motion: An Analysis and Evaluation of Paul Ricoeur's Contribution to Biblical Hermeneutics. Lanham: University Press of America.
 Richard Kearney, 2004. On Paul Ricœur: The Owl of Minerva. Hants, England: Ashgate.
 John Wall, 2005 "Moral Creativity: Paul Ricoeur and the Poetics of Possibility". New York: Oxford University Press.
 Salvioli, Marco, 2006, "Il Tempo e le Parole. Ricoeur e Derrida a "margine" della fenomenologia", ESD, Bologna.
 W. David Hall, 2007. Paul Ricoeur and the Poetic Imperative. Albany: SUNY Press.
 Gaëlle Fiasse, 2008. Paul Ricœur. De l'homme faillible à l'homme capable. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France.
 Alison Scott-Baumann, 2009. Ricoeur and the Hermeneutics of Suspicion. Continuum.
 Fredric Jameson, 2009.  "The Valences of History."  In Valences of the Dialectic. London and New York: Verso. 475–612.
 Larisa Cercel (ed.), "Übersetzung und Hermeneutik / Traduction et herméneutique" (Zeta Series in Translation Studies 1), Bucharest, Zeta Books 2009,  (paperback), 978-973-1997-07-0 (ebook).
 Boyd Blundell, 2010. Paul Ricoeur between Theology and Philosophy: Detour and Return. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
 Haggag Ali, 2011. Paul Ricoeur and the Challenge of Semiology. Saarbrücken:VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.
 William C. Dowling, 2011. Ricoeur on Time and Narrative: an Introduction to Temps et Recit. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press (online excerpt).
 Francis J. Mootz III and George H. Taylor (eds.), 2011. Gadamer and Ricoeur: Critical Horizons for Contemporary Hermeneutic. Continuum.
 Kuruvilla Pandikattu, 2013. Between Before and Beyond: An Exploration of the Human Condition Inspired by Paul Ricoeur. Pune: CreatiVentures.
Fr Phillip J. Linden Jr., SSJ, 2019. Slavery, Religion and Regime: The Political Theory of Paul Ricoeur as a Conceptual Framework for a Critical Theological Interpretation of the Modern State. United States: Xlibris.

Articles
 Ruthellen Josselson, "The hermeneutics of faith and the hermeneutics of suspicion", Narrative Inquiry, 14(1), 1–28.
 Gaëlle Fiasse, Paul Ricoeur, lecteur d'Aristote, in Éthique à Nicomaque VIII-IX, ed. Guy Samama, Paris: Ellipses, 185–189, 2001.
 George H. Taylor, "Ricoeur's Philosophy of Imagination", Journal of French Philosophy, vol. 16, p. 93, 2006.
 Gaëlle Fiasse, Paul Ricœur et le pardon comme au-delà de l'action, Laval théologique et philosophique 63/2  363–376, 2007.
 Gaëlle Fiasse, The Golden Rule and Forgiveness.  In A Passion for the Possible. Thinking with Paul Ricœur, ed. Brian Treanor and Henry Venema, Series: Perspectives in Continental Philosophy, New York: Fordham University Press, 77–89,  2010.
 Gaëlle Fiasse, Ricœur's Medical Ethics: the Encounter between the Physician and the Patient, in Reconceiving Medical Ethics, ed. by C. Cowley, New York: Continuum Press, 30–42, 2012.
 Rita Felski, "Critique and the Hermeneutics of Suspicion", M/C Journal, vol. 15, No. 1, 2012.
 Gaëlle Fiasse, Ricœur's Hermeneutics of the Self. On the In-Between of the Involuntary and the Voluntary, and Narrative Identity, Philosophy Today, 58, 39–51, 2014.

External links

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Paul Ricoeur" by Bernard Dauenhauer
 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Paul Ricoeur" by Kim Atkins
 Ricoeur's Hermeneutics (introductory lecture by Henk de Berg, 2015)
 List of principal works by Ricœur
 Études Ricoeuriennes / Ricoeur Studies
 The Society for Ricoeur Studies
 Irish Theological Association
 Subhasis Chattopadhyay, Review of Evil: A Challenge to Philosophy and Theology by Paul Ricœur, Prabuddha Bharata, 121(6) (June 2016): 529–30
 "Ricœur et Lévinas" by Henri Duthu
 Paul Ricoeur: A Hermeneutical Theologian in The Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology''

1913 births
2005 deaths
People from Valence, Drôme
University of Rennes alumni
University of Paris alumni
University of Chicago Divinity School faculty
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
20th-century French philosophers
21st-century French philosophers
20th-century French writers
21st-century French writers
French literary theorists
French literary critics
French evangelicals
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of religion
Philosophers of literature
Protestant philosophers
Phenomenologists
Metaphor theorists
French Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Calvinist and Reformed philosophers
Calvinist pacifists
Christian humanists
Hermeneutists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Kyoto laureates in Arts and Philosophy
French male writers
Critical theorists
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
French Army personnel of World War II
French Army soldiers
French prisoners of war in World War II
Christian existentialists

Paul Ricœur


El marquesado de Albis es un título nobiliario español, originario del en el reino de Cerdeña, creado el 12 de agosto de 1651 por el rey Felipe IV en favor de Antonio Manca y Guiso de Nuoro, nieto de don Gabriel Manca y Pirella, barón de Ussana. Fue rehabilitado en 1929 por Alfonso XIII y concedido a María del Alcázar y Mitjans.

Marqueses de Albis

Historia de los marqueses de Albis
La lista de titulares es la que sigue:

Antonio Manca y Guiso, I marqués de Albis.
Casó con María Santus en Cagliari, el 17 de junio de 1629. Tuvieron por hija a:
Elena Manca y Santos, que casó con Félix Masones y Sanna y tuvieron a:
José Masones y Manca, I marqués de Isla Roja, que casó con la gallega Juana Sotomayor de Lima y Noroña. Tuvieron amplia descendencia, la cual ostentó diferentes títulos como el ducado de Sotomayor, el marquesado de Casa Fuerte, el condado del Castillo de Vera, etc. Sin embargo, no reclamaron el marquesado de Albis hasta 1929.

En 1929 fue rehabilitado y recayó en:

María del Alcázar y Mitjans, II marquesa de Albis. Sin descendencia. Le sucedió su sobrino, quien era el hijo de su hermana María Sonsoles del Alcázar y Mitjans, condesa del Castillo de Vera, y de Felipe Silvela y Aboin:

Juan Manuel Silvela y del Alcázar, III marqués de Albis, conde de Crecente.

Referencias

Albis
Albis

Marquesado de Albis


Foata est un nom propre d'origine corse, présent dans quelques toponymes de l'île (sous la forme Foata ou La Foata). C'est également un nom de famille.

Patronyme
 Dominique Foata (né en 1934), mathématicien français.
 Paul-Matthieu de La Foata (1817-1899), prélat catholique français et écrivain en langue corse.

Foata


A campanha da Moldávia ou a Guerra Polaco-Otomana de 1497–1499  foi uma guerra malsucedida contra os moldavos, apoiada pelos turcos, liderada por João Alberto da Polônia, que partiu com um exército de 80.000 homens. com os objetivos de depor Estêvão, o Grande, da Moldávia e substituí-lo por Sigismundo Jagello, reconquistar as fortalezas na costa norte do mar Negro e assumir o controle da Crimeia e do delta do Danúbio.

Contexto
John I Albert foi eleito por defender uma política ofensiva contra os otomanos, e fez uma aliança com Veneza e a Hungria para um esforço conjunto para contra eles.  Estêvão, o Grande da Moldávia, recusou-se a aderir à aliança, temendo que a Moldávia fosse o cenário principal de qualquer guerra polaco-otomana.  Os esforços de Alberto para deslocá-lo levaram a uma briga com Ladislau da Hungria, que considerava Estêvão quase como seu vassalo. Isso acabou com sua aliança recente e, como resultado, Albert planejou alcançar seus objetivos sem qualquer ajuda estrangeira. Após alguns anos de preparação, Alberto enviou um enviado a Istambul pedindo paz, mas Bayazid II rejeitou e ambos os lados estavam prontos para a guerra em 1497.

Batalha
Albert conseguiu levantar um exército de cerca de 80.000 homens e aproximadamente 200 canhões, no verão de 1497 ele planejou reconquistar as fortalezas na costa norte do Mar Negro e assumir o controle da Crimeia e do delta do Danúbio, enquanto Estêvão, o Grande da Moldávia era capaz de garantir o apoio aos otomano. A ofensiva polonesa começou no mês de junho de 1497, mas os moldávios, apoiados pelos otomanos, cruzaram para a Bucovina e derrotaram decisivamente os poloneses em Valea Cosminului (Batalha da Floresta Cosmin) e então começaram a invadir o território polonês até Lwów. A campanha de Albert foi desastrosa e seus objetivos falharam, então ele fez as pazes com os moldavos e otomanos em 1499 e reconheceu o controle otomano do Mar Negro.

Consequências
Como resultado desta campanha, os tártaros da Criméia ficaram com um grande império, incluindo toda a estepe ao norte da Crimeia, do Dniester ao Volga, sob a suserania do sultão otomano.

Referências

Batalhas envolvendo o Império Otomano
Guerras envolvendo o Império Otomano
Batalhas envolvendo a Polônia
Guerras envolvendo a Polônia
Guerras envolvendo a Moldávia

Campanha da Moldávia (1497-1499)


Um dispositivo de eutanásia é uma máquina projetada para permitir que um indivíduo morra rapidamente com o mínimo de dor. Os dispositivos mais comuns são aqueles projetados para ajudar pessoas com doenças terminais a morrer por eutanásia voluntária ou suicídio assistido sem dor prolongada. Eles podem ser operados por uma segunda pessoa, como um médico, ou pela pessoa que deseja morrer. Há um debate em andamento sobre a ética da eutanásia e o uso de dispositivos de eutanásia.

Dispositivos notáveis

Thanatron
Inventado por Jack Kevorkian, que usou este dispositivo e o chamou de "Thanatron" ou máquina da morte em homenagem ao daemon grego, Tânato. Funcionou apertando um botão para entregar as drogas de eutanásia mecanicamente através de uma IV. Ele tinha três latas montadas em uma armação de metal. Cada frasco tinha uma seringa conectada a uma única linha intravenosa no braço da pessoa. Um continha solução salina, um continha um barbitúrico indutor do sono chamado tiopental sódico e o último uma mistura letal de cloreto de potássio, que imediatamente parava o coração, e brometo de pancurônio, um medicamento paralítico para prevenir espasmos durante o processo de morte. Duas mortes foram assistidas com este método.

Deliverance Machine

A Deliverance Machine foi inventada por Philip Nitschke. Consistia em um software intitulado Deliverance, que vinha em um laptop especial que podia ser conectado a uma intravenosa no braço de uma pessoa. O programa de computador fazia uma série de perguntas para confirmar a intenção da pessoa de morrer. Após responder afirmativamente a todas as questões, era acionada uma injeção letal de barbitúricos.

Em entrevista, Nitschke disse que, mesmo que fosse legal um médico aplicar uma injeção letal, ele preferia que o paciente tivesse o controle da administração dos medicamentos. Reduzir o papel de um médico também permitiu que um paciente ficasse sozinho com sua família durante o processo de eutanásia.

A máquina foi usada, legalmente, enquanto a Lei dos Direitos dos Doentes Terminais do Território do Norte Australiano de 1995 estava em vigor; o ato acabou sendo anulado pela legislação do Parlamento australiano. A máquina foi exposta no Museu Britânico de Ciência.

Eutanásia

Dispositivo de eutanásia


Svijet

Zgrade i druge građevine

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Christopher Gunning, né le  à Cheltenham et mort le  dans le Hertfordshire, est un compositeur britannique d'œuvres pour concert, et de musiques pour le cinéma et la télévision.

Biographie
Christopher Gunning naît à Cheltenham (Gloucestershire). Il étudie à la Guildhall School of Music and Drama où ses tuteurs comprennent Edmund Rubbra et Richard Rodney Bennett.

Les compositions cinématographiques et télévisuelles de Christopher Gunning reçoivent de nombreux prix, dont le prix BAFTA 2007 de la meilleure musique de film pour La Môme, ainsi que trois prix supplémentaires pour Poirot, Middlemarch et Porterhouse Blue (Hercule Poirot - série télévisée). Il remporte également trois prix Ivor Novello : un pour la mini-série télévisée Rebecca, et deux pour les musiques de films de Under Suspicion (1991) et Firelight (1997). Ses autres musiques de film incluent Goodbye Gemini (1970), La Fille de Jack l'Éventreur (1971), Ooh, Tu es horrible (1972), la version cinématographique de Man About the House (1974), In Celebration (1975), Rogue Male (1976), Charlie Muffin (1979), Rise and Fall of Idi Amin (1981), Les Épées de feu (1987), L'Île aux baleines (1989), Lighthouse Hill (2004) et Grace de Monaco (2014).

Dans les années 1970 et 1980, Christopher Gunning collabore avec le musicien rock Colin Blunstone et est responsable de l'arrangement de cordes distinctif sur le hit de Blunstone en 1972 Say You Don't Mind. Il fournit également les arrangements de cordes obsédants sur , la chanson primée Ivor Novello écrite et interprétée par Lynsey De Paul.

Les partitions de Christopher Gunning pour The Big Battalions, Wild Africa, Cold Lazarus et When the Whales Came reçoivent également des nominations aux BAFTA et aux Ivor Novello Awards, et sa musique pour la campagne publicitaire Martini, entendue dans le monde entier pendant trente ans, remporte trois Clio Awards.

Christopher Gunning compose la musique de presque tous les téléfilms de Poirot avec David Suchet et travaille sur les trois séries de Rosemary and Thyme avec Felicity Kendal et Pam Ferris.

En plus des performances de ses scores de télévision et de films, Concerto pour saxophone et orchestre de Christopher Gunning et Le homard sont réalisés à divers endroits, y compris Londres du Southbank Centre. Le Concerto pour saxophone, joué par John Harle avec l'Academy of St. Martin in the Fields, est publié par Sanctuary Classics, The Lobster est disponible sur le label Meridian, et le Concerto pour piano, Symphony No. 1 et Storm sont publiés par Registres d'Albany. Ses œuvres récentes incluent des concertos pour hautbois et clarinette et le disque Skylines. Le Royal Philharmonic Orchestra interprète la première des Symphonies , couplées au Concerto pour hautbois et orchestre à cordes, publié par Chandos Records. Gunning termine douze symphonies, dont plusieurs sont enregistrées par le Royal Philharmonic Orchestra dirigé par le compositeur et publiées sur Signum Classics.

Famille
Christopher Gunning a quatre filles et vivait dans le Hertfordshire. Une de ses filles est hautboïste professionnelle. Une autre gère le blog de voyage wanderlustchloe.com.

Mort
Le 25 mars 2023, sa maison de disques, le label Caldera Records, annonce son décèsdans le Hertfordshire.

Distinctions
En reconnaissance de la contribution de Christopher Gunning à la musique, il reçoit un BASCA Gold Badge Award le 19 octobre 2011.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

 Chandos Records

Naissance en août 1944
Naissance à Cheltenham
Compositeur britannique de musique classique
Décès à 78 ans
Décès dans le Hertfordshire
Décès en mars 2023

Christopher Gunning


O time de basquete masculino do Butler Bulldogs de 2014-15 representou a Universidade Butler (de Indianapolis, Indiana) na temporada 2014-15 da NCAA Division I de basquete masculino.

Seu treinador principal foi Chris Holtmann, que assumiu como treinador interino depois que Brandon Miller pediu e recebeu uma licença médica da universidade. Holtmann foi nomeado Head Coach em 2 de janeiro de 2015, tornando-se o 23º treinador da equipe de basquete masculino de Butler.

Os Bulldogs jogaram seus jogos em casa no estádio Hinkle Fieldhouse, que tem capacidade para aproximadamente 9 100 pessoas. Esta foi a segunda temporada de Butler na Conferência do Big East. Eles terminaram a temporada 23-11, 12-6 no Big East Play e acabaram empatados em segundo lugar. Os Bulldogs perderam nas quartas de final do Torneio do Big East para os Xavier Musketeers. Pelo desempenho, eles receberam uma grande oferta para o Torneio NCAA como uma semente #6 e derrotaram o Texas na Segunda Rodada antes de perder na Terceira Rodada para o Notre Dame Fighting Irish.

Temporada anterior
Os Bulldogs terminaram a temporada 2013-14 com um recorde de 14-17, 4-14 no Big East e terminaram em nono lugar. Eles perderam na primeira rodada do Torneio do Big East para o Seton Hall.

Período entre temporadas

Contratações em 2014
A busca de contratações na primavera pela Universidade Butler em 2014 foi atrapalhada por problemas pós-temporada de 2013-14, com toda a classe de calouros exceto Andrew Chrabascz e o walk-on Steven Bennett optando por se transferir do programa junto com Devontae Morgan da classe do segundo ano. Os Bulldogs ganharam um tamanho considerável na quadra da frente nesta temporada, trazendo três atacantes calouros que variam de 1,98 m a 2,03 m e o pequeno atacante Austin Etherington, uma transferência júnior de camisa vermelha de Indiana que era imediatamente autorizado para jogar. Outro destaque da busca de contratações na primavera de Butler foi a adição do armador all-american Tyler Lewis, do McDonald's, que optou por se transferir da NC State, ficaria fora por um ano e começaria a jogar na temporada 2015-16 pelos regulamentos da NCAA.

Transferências
Após o término da temporada anterior, quatro jogadores anunciaram a transferência. O guarda do segundo ano Devontae Morgan, o calouro atacante Nolan Berry, o calouro Elijah Brown e o calouro Michael Volovic anunciaram suas transferências em vários momentos da pós-temporada.

Quadro final de jogadores
...

Temporada regular

Calendário

Classificação
...

Premiação
...

Pós-temporada 2014-15
Como parte do final de semana final quatro, em 2 de abril Alex Barlow representou Butler na State Farm 2015 College Slam Dunk e na competição de três pontos. Depois de avançar nas duas primeiras rodadas, Barlow encontrou Kevin Pangos na rodada final, ficando com uma vantagem pequena, 22-21. O estádio Hinkle Fieldhouse lotado explodiu em aplausos para o sênior graduado, um favorito dos fãs. Outro sênior de Butler, Kameron Woods, participou do Reese's College All-Star Game no East Team, juntando-se a outros cinco jogadores do Big East na lista. Embora o Leste tenha perdido para o Oeste por 109-87, Woods dominou o jogo, pegando 14 rebotes - seis a mais que qualquer outro jogador.

Times de Basquete da National Collegiate Athletic Association

Time de basquete masculino do Butler Bulldogs na temporada 2014–15


Les mots undulatus, undulata et undulatum sont originellement trois déclinaisons (notamment le nominatif singulier masculin, féminin et neutre) du participe passé d'un verbe latin signifiant « onduler », et signifient donc « ondulé » ou « ondulée ».

 En météorologie :
 un undulatus est un nuage (en bancs, en nappes ou en couches) dont la forme présente un ou deux systèmes d'ondulations ;
 dans la classification des types de nuages, l'adjectif undulatus qualifie certains sous-types de nuages : altocumulus undulatus, altostratus undulatus, asperatus undulatus, stratocumulus undulatus.
 En taxonomie, les mots undulatus, undulata et undulatum (en italique) servent d'épithète spécifique ou de nom subspécifique pour nommer de nombreuses espèces et sous-espèces animales ou végétales présentant des ondulations. Pour les articles consacrés à de telles espèces et sous-espèces, consulter les listes générées automatiquement : undulatus, undulata, undulatum.

Épithète spécifique

Undulatus (homonymie)


Houston (UFA: /ˈhjuːstən/), Teksas'ın ve Güney Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin en kalabalık şehirdir. New York City, Los Angeles ve Chicago'dan sonra Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin en kalabalık dördüncü şehri ve Kuzey Amerika'nın en kalabalık altıncı şehridir. 2022 yılında 2.302.878 nüfusa sahip olan Houston, Güneydoğu Teksas'ta Galveston Körfezi ve Meksika Körfezi yakınlarında yer almaktadır. Harris County'nin merkezi ve en büyük şehri ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin en kalabalık beşinci metropolitan istatistiksel alanı ve Dallas-Fort Worth'tan sonra Teksas'ın en kalabalık ikinci şehri olan Greater Houston metropolitan alanının ana şehridir. Houston, Teksas Üçgeni olarak bilinen büyük mega bölgenin güneydoğu çapasıdır.

Yüzölçümü  olan Houston, birleştirilmiş şehir ilçeleri dahil olmak üzere Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin en geniş dokuzuncu şehridir. Hükümeti bir ilçe, bucak veya ilçe ile birleştirilmemiş, toplam alana göre Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin en büyük şehridir. Esas olarak Harris County'de olmasına rağmen, şehrin küçük bölümleri Fort Bend ve Montgomery ilçelerine kadar uzanır ve Sugar Land ve The Woodlands gibi Greater Houston'ın diğer ana topluluklarıyla sınır komşusudur.

Houston, 30 Ağustos 1836 tarihinde arazi yatırımcıları tarafından Buffalo Bayou ve White Oak Bayou'nun (günümüzde Allen's Landing olarak bilinen nokta) birleştiği yerde kuruldu ve 5 Haziran 1837 tarihinde şehir olarak birleştirildi. Şehir adını, Teksas Cumhuriyeti'nin başkanı olan ve Allen's Landing'in 25 mil (40 km) doğusundaki San Jacinto Savaşı'nda Teksas'ın Meksika'dan bağımsızlığını kazanan eski General Sam Houston'dan aldı. 1830'ların sonlarında kısa bir süre Teksas Cumhuriyeti'nin başkenti olarak hizmet verdikten sonra Houston, 19. yüzyılın geri kalanında istikrarlı bir şekilde büyüyerek bölgesel bir ticaret merkezi haline geldi.

20. yüzyıla girildiğinde Houston'da hızlı büyümeyi tetikleyen ekonomik faktörler bir araya gelmiştir. Bunlar arasında gelişen liman ve demiryolu endüstrisi, Galveston'un 1900 yılındaki yıkıcı kasırganın ardından Teksas'ın birincil limanı olmaktan çıkması, Houston Gemi Kanalı'nın inşası ve Teksas petrol patlaması yer almaktadır. 20. yüzyılın ortalarında Houston'ın ekonomisi, dünyanın en büyük sağlık ve araştırma kurumu olan Teksas Tıp Merkezi'ne ve Görev Kontrol Merkezi'ne ev sahipliği yapan NASA'nın Johnson Uzay Merkezi'ne ev sahipliği yaparak çeşitlendi.

19. yüzyılın sonlarından bu yana Houston ekonomisi, enerji, imalat, havacılık ve ulaşım alanlarında geniş bir sanayi tabanına sahip olmuştur. Sağlık sektörlerinde ve petrol sahası ekipmanı yapımında lider olan Houston, ABD'deki belediyeler arasında (New York'tan sonra) en fazla Fortune 500 genel merkezine sahip ikinci şehirdir. Houston Limanı, elleçlenen uluslararası su tonajında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde birinci sırada, toplam kargo tonajında ise ikinci sırada yer almaktadır.

Kardeş şehirler

Houston'un 18 tane kardeş şehri vardır:

Ayrıca bakınız
 Houston'daki en yüksek binalar listesi
 Teksas

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Şehrin resmi sitesi
 Houston'ın kardeş şehirleri
 Aiesec Houston
 Houston - Istanbul Sister City Association

Houston


Nematolepis squamea  es una especie de arbusto o pequeño árbol perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es un endemismo de Australia.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o pequeño árbol que alcanza un tamaño  de hasta 12 m de altura, los tallos son angulados y suaves. Las hojas estrechas, amplia-elípticas, de 5-10 cm de largo, 10-22 mm de ancho, el ápice agudo a obtuso, la superficie superior verde lisa, glabra y brillante, el envés plateado escamoso, con nervio central prominente. Las inflorescencias con 3-20 flores; con pedúnculo y pedicelos en ángulo, con escamas plateadas. Sépalos triangulares, glandulares, glabros. Pétalos 4-5 mm de largo, blancos, punteados con glándulas.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra principalmente en los distritos costeros en el bosque esclerófilo húmedo y la selva tropical en los barrancos húmedos de Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland.

Taxonomía
La especie fue descrita por primera vez en 1805 y llamada Eriostemon squamea., posteriormente fue transferida al género  Phebalium en 1896 y posteriormente a Nematolepis por Paul Graham Wilson en 1998. Fue publicado en Nuytsia 12(2): 279, en el año 1998.
Subespecies aceptadas
 N. squamea subsp. coriacea (Paul G.Wilson) Paul G.Wilson
 N. squamea subsp. retusa (Hook.) Paul G.Wilson
 N. squamea  (Labill.) Paul G. Wilson subsp. squamea
Sinonimia
 Eriostemon squameus Labill. basónimo
 Phebalium squameum  (Labill) Engl.
 Phebalium argenteum Sm.
 Phebalium billardierei A.Juss.
 Eriostemon squamea orth. var. Labill.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

squamea

Nematolepis squamea


Doroschnoje (, ) ist ein Ort in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad. Er gehört zur kommunalen Selbstverwaltungseinheit Stadtkreis Gurjewsk im Rajon Gurjewsk.

Geographische Lage
Doroschnoje liegt am südlichen Stadtrand von Kaliningrad (Königsberg) an der Kommunalstraße 27K-089, welche die Oblasthauptstadt mit Swetloje (Kobbelbude) verbindet (ehemalige deutsche Reichsstraße 126). Die nächste Bahnstation ist Dserschinskaja-Nowaja an der Bahnstrecke Kaliningrad–Bagrationowsk, Teilstück der ehemaligen Ostpreußischen Südbahn.

Geschichte
Das einst Altenberg genannte Dorf (mit Gut) wurde 1874 in den damals neu errichteten Amtsbezirk Aweiden (heute russisch: Juschny, im Stadtgebiet Kaliningrads) eingegliedert. Er gehörte zum Landkreis Königsberg (Preußen) (ab 1939 Landkreis Samland) im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen. Im Jahre 1910 lebten hier 214 Menschen.

Als der Amtsbezirk Aweiden aufgelöst wurde, kam Altenberg am 14. Mai 1930 zum Amtsbezirk Gollau (heute russisch: Poddubnoje), verblieb jedoch im gleichen Landkreis. Die Einwohnerzahl belief sich 1939 auf 253.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg kam Altenberg mit dem nördlichen Ostpreußen zur Sowjetunion. Im Jahr 1950 erhielt der Ort die russische Bezeichnung Doroschnoje und wurde gleichzeitig dem Dorfsowjet Zwetkowski selski Sowet im Rajon Kaliningrad zugeordnet. Später gelangte der Ort in den Nowomoskowski selski Sowet im Rajon Gurjewsk. Von 2008 bis 2013 gehörte Doroschnoje zur Landgemeinde Nowomoskowskoje selskoje posselenije und seither zum Stadtkreis Gurjewsk.

Kirche
Die überwiegend evangelische Bevölkerung Altenbergs gehörte bis 1945 zum Kirchspiel Ludwigswalde (heute russisch: Lesnoje). Es war Teil des Kirchenkreises Königsberg-Land I in der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen  Union.

Heute liegt Doroschnoje im Einzugsbereich der Auferstehungskirche in Kaliningrad (Königsberg) innerhalb der Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland (ELKER).

Weblinks
 Doroschnoje bei bankgorodov.ru

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Rajon Gurjewsk (Kaliningrad)

Doroschnoje (Kaliningrad, Gurjewsk)


Yalındal, Karaman ilinin Ermenek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1522 yılı kayıtlarında Arnava olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karaman il merkezine 180 km, Ermenek ilçe merkezine 23 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ermenek belde ve köyleri

Yalındal, Ermenek


Olaylar
 7 Kasım - Cemel Savaşı gerçekleşti.
 Ali bin Ebu Talib halife oldu.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 17 Haziran - Osman bin Affan, Dört Büyük Halife'den üçüncüsü (d. 574/576)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Huzeyfe bin Yeman, sahabe
 Selman-ı Farisî, İslamiyet'i kabul eden İran asıllı ilk sahabe (d. 568)
 Talha bin Ubeydullah, sahabe (d. 598)
 Zübeyr bin Avvâm, sahabe (d. 594)

656


محمود شوكت باشا (1856 - 5 يونيو 1913) رئيس وزراء (الصدر الأعظم) الدولة العثمانية (25/1/1913 -11/6/1913)، لعائلة بغدادية من أصل شيشاني وهو رابع أنجال سليمان فائق بك ابن الحاج طالب الكهية، ولقد اصطحبه والده إلى إسطنبول عام 1875م، فانتمى إلى المدرسة العسكرية وتخرج فيها عام 1880، ثم دخل مدرسة الأركان وتخرج فيها بعد سنتين برتبة رئيس (نقيب) ركن. وأرسل في الحملة العسكرية التي جردت لإطفاء ثورة أحمد عرابي باشا في مصر (1882)، فبقي في جزيرة كريت ثم عاد إلى تركيا، وعين مدرساً في مدرسة الأركان (آذار/مارس 1883)، ورافق القائد الألماني فان در كولتز الذي استعان بهِ لترجمة الكتب العسكرية إلى اللغة التركية. فوضع في تلك الفترة كتاب فن الأسلحة، والتشكيلات والقيافة العسكرية في الجيش العثماني (في مجلدين مصورين).

أصبح والياً على كوسوفو عام 1905م، ثم قائداً لقوات الدولة في سلانيك فمفتشاً في الروملي. وعند إعلان الدستور (المشروطية) في السلطنة العثمانية عام 1908م، زحف من سلانيك إلى إستانبول تأييداً للدستور الجديد واحتل القصر وأجبر السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني على التنازل عن العرش. وأصبح وزيراً للحربية في عام 1910م، في وزارة حقي باشا، وعندما سقط الاتحاديون في تركيا تمّ تعيينهُ بدعم من زعماء حزب الاتحاد والترقّي صدراً أعظم للدولة العثمانية(أي رئيساً للوزراء) في 14 صفر 1331 هـ/ 23 يناير 1913م. وكان لهُ دور قيادي بارز ومهم في تأسيس جمعية الاتحاد والتعاون الشركسية في إسطنبول عام 1908م وهي أول مؤسّسة شركسية في المنفى خارج الوطن الأم بعد التهجير المأساوي للشراكسة عن وطنهم الأم في شمال القوقاز عام 1864 م.

من مؤلفاته
 ألّف كتاباً عن مذكراته اليومية بعنوان «مذكرات محمود شوكت باشا اليومية».
 اللوغارتمات وأصول الهندسة.
 الهندسة المجسمة.
 محاضرات في النفير العام والبنادق.
 ألأزياء العسكرية والتشكيلات العثمانية.
 لم يقتصر همه على التصانيف العلمية والعسكرية، بل ترجم روايات أدبية كرواية (في ظلال الزيزفون) للكاتب الفرنسي الفونس كار (1808 - 1890).

وفاته
تعرّض محمود شوكت باشا للاغتيال في مدينة إسطنبول بخمس رصاصات في 13 حزيران 1913م.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
 خالد بك سليمان الذي كان وزيراً لوزارة المعارف ووزارة الزراعة.
 حكمت سليمان الذي كان رجلاً من رجال الدولة في العراق والذي أبلى بلاءً حسناً من أجل القضايا الوطنية والسياسية، فترأس الحكومة العراقية في وقت شدتها.

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أتراك من أصل شيشاني
أشخاص من بغداد
أعلام أتراك من أصل شيشاني
أعلام الشراكسة
باشاوات
خريجو أكاديمية الجيش العثماني
خريجو كلية الجيش العثماني
شراكسة أتراك
شيشانيون
صدور عظام في القرن 20 م
عثمانيون شركس
عثمانيون في حروب البلقان
عثمانيون كرجيون
عثمانيون مغتالون
عراقيون من أصل جورجي
عراقيون من أصل شركسي
عراقيون من أصل شيشاني
عسكريون عثمانيون برتبة مشير
مواليد 1856
مواليد 1857
مواليد في بغداد
وفيات 1913
وفيات في إسطنبول

محمود شوكت باشا


1 (bir), aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir.

Yıllar
 1, milattan sonra 1 yıl
 MÖ 1, milattan önce 1 yıl

Sayılar
 1 (sayı)

Medya
 TRT 1
 Kanal 1
 Radyo 1

Diğer
 Bir (Pentagram albümü) - Türkiye'de Pentagram olarak bilinen Mezarkabul grubunun altıncı albümü.
 Hidrojen elementinin atom numarası
 Formula 1
 "1" The Beatles albümü
 "01" Adana'nın plaka kodu
 "01" (Sıfır Bir) Türk polisiye dizisi
 Bir - Hepsi grubunun albümü
 1 (film, 2009),  2009 yapımı film
 1 (film, 2013), 2013 yapımı film

1 (anlam ayrımı)


{| class="infobox geography" style="width: 23em;"
|-bgcolor="SkyBlue"
| class="mergedtoprow" align="center" colspan="2" style="font-size:1.2em;" |  Külkedisi
|- class="mergedrow"
|class="maptable" align="center" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.4em 0.8em 0.4em 0.8em;"|

Külkedisi (Fransızca: Cendrillon, İngilizce: Cinderella, Almanca: Aschenbrödel ya da Aschenputtel, Rusça: Золушка -Zoluşka), ünlü bir Avrupa halk masalının baş kahramanı genç kızın adıdır. Masalda kıskanç üvey annesi ve üvey kız kardeşleri tarafından kötü davranılan bir genç kız (Külkedisi), ona yardım eden bir iyilik perisi ve onunla evlenip Külkedisi'nin tüm hayatını değiştiren yakışıklı bir prens anlatılır. Dünyada sayısız kez işlenen bu öykünün sadece Avrupa'da 550'yi aşkın değişik biçimi anlatılır.

Bilinen en eski Külkedisi öyküsü, 9. yüzyıldan kalma bir Çin masalıdır. Avrupa Edebiyatı'nda ise Külkedisi'ni işleyen en tanınmış yapıtlardan biri Charles Perrault'un Contes de ma mère l'oye adlı kitabında yer alan Cendrillon'dur. Perrault'nun yapıtında yer alan bazı olay ve kişilere diğer masallarda rastlanmaz (Örneğin Külkedisi'nin vaftiz anne-babası) Külkedisi'ne yardım için gelen doğaüstü varlık çoğu zaman bir peri, kızın ölen annesi ya da Külkedisi'nin iyi davrandığı ve sevdiği hayvanlardan biridir. Yakışıklı prensin Külkedisi'ni cam ayakkabısından bulması da Perrault'nun masalından gelir. Diğer masallarda bunun yerine altın ayakkabı, gümüş ayakkabı ya da yüzük tasvir edilir.

Binbir Gece Masalları'nda da (11. yüzyıl) öykü ayakkabı yerine halhal kullanılarak anlatılmıştır. Ufak ayak yerine ince ayak bileği kullanılmıştır.

Grimm Masalları
Popüler kültürde periler ve ruhlar
Edebiyat karakterleri
Masal karakterleri
Grimm Masal karakterleri

Külkedisi


Cook Adaları (Cook Adaları Maorice: Kūki 'Āirani), Polinezya ada öbeği içerisinde, Büyük Okyanus'un güneyinde yer alan, kendi kendine yöneten, bağımsız bir ülke olan ancak Yeni Zelanda ile ilişkili devlet statüsünde olan Okyanusya ada ülkesi. Cook Adaları'nın başkenti Avarua'dır.

Ülke ismi
1770 yılında adaları keşfeden Britanyalı kaptan James Cook'un onuruna adalara Cook ismi verilmiştir.

Ülke 1994 yılında isim değişikliği yapılıp yapılmaması adına referandum düzenlemiş ve isim değişikliği yapılması fikri kabul edilmemişti. 2019 yılının başlarında ada ülkesinde isim değişikliği yeniden gündeme gelmiş, ülke isminin, Polinezya mirasını ve geleneğini yansıtacak ve Britanyalı kaşif ile bağlantısını silecek bir isim olması yönünde düşünceler dile getirilmiştir. 1994 yılında yapılan referandumda Avaiki Nui ismi gündeme gelmişti.

Coğrafya

Cook Adaları, Polinezya ada öbeği içerisinde, Büyük Okyanus'un güneyinde, serbest işbirliği içerisinde oldukları Yeni Zelanda'nın kuzeydoğusunda, Fransız Polinezyası ile Amerikan Samoası arasında yer almaktadır.

Adanın en yüksek noktasını 652 m ile Rarotonga adasının kuzeydoğu üzerinde bulunan Te Manga dağı oluşturmaktadır. Ada ülkesi olması sebebiyle kara sınırı bulunmayan ülkenin, toplamda 120 km sahil şeridi bulunmaktadır.

Cook Adaları volkanik hareketler sonucu oluşmuştur. Ada ülkesi toplam 15 ada ve 2 resiften oluşmakta olup, Büyük Okyanus'ta 2,200,000 km² bir alana dağılmış durumdadır. Adalar iki ana ada grubuna bölünmüş olup, bunlar Kuzey Cook Adaları ve Güney Cook Adaları'dır.

Ülkenin kuzey kesiminde bulunan adaları genellikle mercan adalarıdır. Bu adaların deniz seviyesine yakın bir rakımı bulunmakta olup, mercan resifleri nedeniyle ulaşımları zordur. Ülkenin volkanik adalar olan kalan adaları ise genellikle 600 m'ye kadar çıkan rakımları bulunmaktadır ve yeşil bitki örtüsü ile kaplıdır. Bu adalarda hindistan cevizi, ekmek ağacı ve pisang bulunmaktadır.

Nüfus
Cook Adaları genelinde son olarak 2016 yılında gerçekleştirilen resmî sayım sonuçlarına göre 17,434 nüfus tespit edilmiştir. Bu güncel olarak son resmî sayım olup, adada resmî nüfus sayımları beş yılda bir yapılmaktadır. 2022tahmini sayım sonuçlarına göre adada 8,128 kişi yaşamaktadır. Ülke nüfusunun büyük çoğunluğu, ada ülkesinin en büyük adası da olan Rarotonga'da yaşamaktadır.

Nüfusun büyük çoğunluğu Yeni Zelanda'da yaşamaktadır. Yeni Zelanda'nın 2013 yılında yaptığı nüfus sayımında, 61.839 kişi Cook Adaları kökenli olduklarını beyan etmiştir.

Cook Adaları genel olarak orta yaş bir nüfusa sahip olup, 2022 tahmini verilerine göre nüfusun sadece %32,59'u 0-24 yaş aralığındadır. Ülkenin %14,74'ü 65 yaş ve üzerindedir.

0-14 yaş: %18.69 (erkek 797/kadın 722)
15-24 yaş: %13.90 (erkek 606/kadın 524)
25-54 yaş: %37.66 (erkek 1,595/kadın 1,634)
55-64 yaş: %15.69 (erkek 711/kadın 564)
65 yaş ve üzeri: %14.74 (erkek 584/kadın 614)

Şehirde yaşayanların oranı 2022 verilerine göre %75,9 olan ülkede nüfusun yıllık artış oranı 2022 tahmini verilerine göre -%2,39 düzeyindedir. Bu veri ile Cook Adaları dünya üzerinden yıllık düzeyde en çok nüfus kaybeden ülke konumundadır.

Etnik gruplar
Ülke nüfusunun büyük çoğunluğunu Cook Adaları Maorileri oluşturmaktadır. Polinezya topluluklarından olan Cook Adaları Maorileri'nin nüfus içerisinde oranı %88 düzeyindedir. Bu oran içerisinde saf Cook Adaları Maorisi olanların oranı %81,1 iken, %6,7 kısmen Maori soyundan geldiklerini ifade etmektedir. Ada ülkesinde geri kalan %12'lik grup ise diğer etnik grupları temsil etmektedir.

Din

Ada ülkesinde hakim olan din Hristiyan dinidir. Hristiyan inancına göre yaşayanların oranı %79,8 düzeyinde olup, bu oran içerisinde protestan mezhebine mensup Hristiyanların oranı %62,8, katolik mezheplerine mensupların ise %17 seviyesindedir. Protestan mensupları da farklı görüşlere göre dağılım göstermektedir. Bu verilen %62,8 oranının %49,1'i Cook Adaları Hristiyan Kilisesi, %7,9'u Yedinci Gün Adventist Kilisesi, %3,7'si Tanrı'nın Meclisi, %2,1'i ise Apostolik Kilisesi mensubudur. Geriye kalan %4,4 Mormonluk, %8 diğer dine mensuptur.

Dil
Ada ülkesinin iki resmî dili İngilizce ve Cook Adaları Maorice'dir. 2011 verilerine göre nüfusun %86,4'ü İngilizce konuştuğunu beyan ederken, %76,2'si Cook Adaları Maorice konuştuğunu belirtmektedir.

Sosyal durum

Sağlık
Ada ülkesi genelinde temiz su ve tıbbi malzemeye ulaşım oranları yüksek düzeydedir. Ülkede nüfusun %99,9 gibi yüksek bir oranla neredeyse tamamı temiz su kaynaklarından yararlanabilmektedir. Nüfusun %97,5'i tam teçhizatlı sağlık hizmetlerinden yararlanabilmektedir. Okyanusya bölgesinde bulunan ülkelerde gözlemlenen obezite sorunu, Cook Adaları'nda da gözlemlenebilmektedir. Yetişkin nüfusun %55,9'u 2016 verilerine göre obezite sorunu yaşamaktadır. Cook Adaları bu oran ile bir diğer Okyanusya ülkesi Nauru'nun ardından ikinci sırada yer almaktadır.

Ülke genelinde bakteriyel ishal ve sıtma en yaygın gözüken hastalıklardır.

Eğitim
Ülke genelinde devlete bağlı ilk ve orta öğretim okullarında ücretsiz eğitim görülmektedir. Cook Adaları eğitim, Yeni Zelanda eğitim sistemi ile yakın bağları vardır ve beş ile on beş yaş arasındaki çocuklar için eğitim öğretime katılım zorunludur.

Tarihçe
Adanın yerleşim ile tanışmasının 9. yüzyıl olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. O yüzyılda günümüzde Fransız Polinezyası'na bağlı olan Sosyete Adaları'ndan ve Samoa'da bulunan Polinezyalı yerliler tarafından keşfedilerek yerleştikleri düşünülmektedir.

Avrupalıların ada ile ilk teması 1595 yılında İspanyol Alvaro de Mendaña de Neyra'nın adaların kuzeyindeki Pukapuka adasına çıkmasıyla olmuştur. Bu teması yine İspanyolların, 1606 yılında Portekizli kaptan Pedro Fernández de Quirós yönetiminde Rakahanga adasına çıkması izlemiştir. İlk olarak 1764 yılında Pukahaka adasını gözlemleyen Britanyalılar, adaya yerlilerin izin vermemesinden dolayı çıkamadıkları için Danger Island (Türkçe: Tehlikeli Ada) ismini vermişlerdir.

Britanyalı kaptan James Cook, 1770'li yıllarından başından 1770'li yılların sonuna kadar adaları birçok kez gözlemlemiş ve diğer adaları da keşfetmiştir. Ancak Cook bu süreçte ana ada olan Rarotonga'yı hiç görmemiştir. HMS Bounty'nin kaptanı Teğmen William Bligh 1789 yılında Aitutaki adasına çıkmıştır. Bligh aynı zamanda adalara Ekmek ağacını getiren kişi olmuştur. Tüm takımadalara Cook Adaları ismini Alman-Baltık amiral Johann von Krusenstern, Cook onuruna yaptığı dünya keşif gezisinin ardından vermiştir. Adalar bu ismi ile ilk defa 19. yüzyılın başında bir Rus deniz haritasında ortaya çıkmıştır.

19. yüzyılın başlarında adalara gelen ilk Avrupalı, Avustralyalı ve Yeni Zelandalı tüccarlar, sandal ağacı bulmak ve almak için yerli halk ile takas faaliyetlerinde bulunmuştur.

1888 yılında Büyük Britanya, yakın süreçte Tahiti'yi ilhak eden Fransa tehdidi nedeniyle adaları koruma altına aldı. Cook Adaları, dünya üzerinden kadınların seçimlere katıldığı ilk yer olmuştur. Her ne kadar kadınların seçme hakkı Yeni Zelanda yasalarından üç gün sonra kararlaştırılsa da, Rarotonga'da düzenlenen ve kadınların katıldığı seçimler 14 Ekim 1893 tarihi ile Yeni Zelanda'dan önce olması nedeniyle, bu hakkı kullandıran ilk yer olmuştur.

Cook Adaları, Cook Adaları Federasyonu adı ile 1891 yılından bu yana varlığını sürdüse de 1900 yılında Birleşik Krallık tarafından ilhak edilerek, 1901 yılından itibaren de yönetimsel olarak Yeni Zelanda Kolonisi'ne bağlandı. Bu süreçte 6 Eylül 1900 tarihinde ada liderleri tarafından yetkililere sunulan bir dilekçede, Niue dahil adaların Britanya topraklarına bağlanması talep edilmiş ve bu yönde bir dilekçe sunulmuştur. Ada yönetimi, Yeni Zelanda'nın atadığı ve adada yerleşik olarak bulunan komiser tarafından yürütülmekteydi. 1946 yılında adada ilk başlarda sadece danışma işlevi gören yerel konsey oluşturulmuştur. 1957 yılından itibaren seçimle üyelerini belirleyen yasama meclisi kurulmuş ve bu meclis zaman içerisinde anlam ve önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. 4 Ağustos 1965 tarihinde tam bağımsızlığını elde eden Cook Adaları, bağımsız bir meclis ve başbakan seçme haklarını elde etmiştir. Bu adıma rağmen tüm ada halkı elde edilen Yeni Zelanda vatandaşı olma hakkını korumuş, ada ise ilişkili devlet statüsü ile Yeni Zelanda ile işbirliği içerisinde olan bir ülke olmuştur.

İdari yapılanma
Adanın idari yapılanmasında ada konseyleri, ilçe konseyleri ve köy komiteleri bulunmaktadır.

Siyaset

Cook Adaları'nın uluslararası statüsü özel bir niteliktedir. Cook Adaları bağımsız bir devlet konumunda olmasına rağmen Yeni Zelanda ile ilişkili devlet statüsündedir. Bu durum Cook Adaları tarafından kendi kaderini tayin etme hakkı olarak kabul edilmiş ve Birleşmiş Milletler genel meclisi tarafından da onaylanmıştır.

Cook Adaları kendi kendine yöneten, hukuken Yeni Zelanda'dan ayrı ve bağımsız bir ülkedir. Ada ülkesinin yasama ve yürütme organları Yeni Zelanda tarafından herhangi bir kısıtlamaya tabi değildir. Bunlarla birlikte Cook Adaları sakinlerinin tabii oldukları Cook Adaları vatandaşlığı bulunmamakta olup, tüm ada sakinleri Yeni Zelanda vatandaşı olarak sayılmaktadır. Ülkenin para birimi Yeni Zelanda doları ile bağlantılı olan Cook Adaları dolarıdır.

1973 yılında imzalanan bir anlaşma gereğince, Yeni Zelanda istişare mekanizması çerçevesinde adaların dış temsil ve güvenlik politikası görevlerini üstlenmiştir. Cook Adaları'nın, Yeni Zelanda ile yürüttüğü ilişki devlet statüsü, adanın yapacağı uluslararası antlaşmalara engel teşkil etmemektedir.

Cook Adaları, 1971 yılından bu yana Pasifik Adaları Forumu ile 1990 yılında kurulan Küçük Ada Ülkeleri İttifakı üyesidir. Cook Adaları, İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu'nun ortak üyelerinden olup, Birleşmiş Milletler'de bir üyeliği bulunmamaktadır.

Cook Adaları'nı bağımsız bir devlet olarak kabul ederek diplomatik ilişki kuran ülkeler ve bu ilişkiye başladıkları yıllar şu şekildedir:

Okyanusya
  (1993)
  (1994)
  (1994)
  (1995)
  (1998)
  (2013)
  (2013)
  (2013)
  (2013)
  (2013)
  (2013)
  (2013)
  (2013)
  (2014)
  (2014)

Avrupa
  (1995)
  (1996)
  (1998)
  (1998)
  (1999)
  (2000)
  (2001)
  (2002)
  (2005)
  (2005)
  (2008)
  (2008)
  (2011)
  (2015)
  (2017)
  (2017)
  (2018)
  (2018)

Asya
  (1992)
  (1996)
  (1997)
  (1998)
  (2002)
  (2005)
  (2008)
  (2011)
  (2011)
  (2012)
  (2013)
  Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri (2018)

Amerika
  (2002)
  (2003)
  (2015)
  (2016)
  (2017)
  (2017)

Afrika
  (1996)

Ulaşım

Ada ülkesinin uluslararası tek havalimanı Rarotonga adasında bulunan Rarotonga Uluslararası Havaalanı'dır. Başkent Avarua'nın üç kilometre dışında yer alan havaalanı ile Fransız Polinezyası adası Tahiti, Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne uçuşlar düzenlenmektedir. Adadan uçuş imkânı imkânı sağlayan havayolları ve uçtukları varış noktaları şu şekildedir:

 Air New Zealand (Auckland, Sydney, Christchurch (dönemsel), Los Angeles (haftada x1))
 Air Rarotonga (Aitutaki, Atiu, Mangaia, Manihiki, Mauke, Mitiaro, Penryhn, Pukapuka)
 Air Tahiti (Papeete)
 Jetstar Airways (Auckland)
 Virgin Australia (Auckland, Christchurch (dönemsel))

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Cook Adaları


Çimlenme, tohumda bulunan embriyonun uygun şartlar bulunca gelişerek ana bitkiye benzer bitkiyi vermek üzere tohumdan çıkarak serbest hale geçmesine denir.

Çimlenme olayı, tohumda büyümenin başlaması ve yedek besin maddelerinin embriyo büyümesinde kullanılmak üzere hareketli hale geçmesi olaylarını içine alan birçok karışık biyokimyasal ve fizyolojik değişiklikler serisinden ibarettir.

Çimlenme sırasında meydana gelen bu olaylar serisinin başında, suyun tohum tarafından emilmesi gelir. Tohum kabuğu yumuşadıkça ve protoplazma sulandıkça, çoklukla tohum şişer ve bazen kabuğu çatlatır. Suyun alınmasını, enzim faaliyetinin ve oksijen alımıyla ölçülen solunumun artışı izler. Bu faaliyetlerden sonra hücreler büyür ve kökçük tohum kabuğundan çıkar. Bu olaylar çimlenmenin başlaması ile birlikte giden olaylardır.

Çimlenmenin devamı için, suda erimez haldeki kompleks maddelerin enzim faaliyetiyle basit, eriyebilir maddeler haline geçmesi ve büyüme noktalarına taşınması gerekir; buralarda bu maddeler büyümede gerekli olan enerjiyi sağlamak için kullanılırlar veya yeni hücre yapı maddesi haline dönüştürülürler. Çöğür (tohumdan çıkan fidan), büyüme konilerinde hücrelerin bilinen bölünme, genişleyip büyüme ve farklılaşma olaylarıyla büyümeğe başlar. Çöğür, yapraktan yeterli olarak fotosentez yapıncaya kadar, gelişmesi için tohumdaki yedek maddelere muhtaçtır.

Özet olarak, çimlenme, aşağıdaki sıraya göre meydana gelir:

 Suyun emilmesi,
 Enzim ve solunum faaliyeti,
 Yedek besin maddelerinin basit ve eriyebilir hale geçmesi,
 Bunların nakli,
 Özümlenmesi,
 Büyüme.

Çimlenme ilerledikçe çöğürün yapısı kısa zamanda belli olur. Embriyo, üzerinde bir veya daha fazla çanak yaprağı (kotiledon) taşıyan bir hipokotil kök ekseninden ibarettir. Kökün (radide) büyüme noktası, hipokotil kök ekseninin alt ucundan çıkar. Sürgünün (plumule) büyüme noktası, hipokotil kök ekseninin öteki ucunda, çenek yaprakların üstündedir. Çöğürün gövdesi, çanak yaprakların altı (hipokotil) ve üstü (epikotil) olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılır. Pratikte epikotil ve plümül terimleri çoklukla biribirleri yerine kullanılır.

Çöğürün başlangıçtaki büyümesi iki şekilde olur. Birinci tipte (epigeous çimlenme), hipokotil uzar ve toprak üstüne çenek yaprakları çıkarır, ikinci tipte (hipogeous çimlenme), hipokotilin uzaması çenek yaprakları toprak üstüne çıkarmaz, yalnız epikotil dışarı çıkar.

Tohumlar
Bitki morfolojisi

Çimlenme


Andrija Pavlović (Aндрија Павловић; født 16. november 1993) er en serbisk fodboldspiller, der spiller for FK Partizan. Han har tidligere spillet for de danske superligaklubber F.C. København og Brøndby IF.

Karriere

Rad
Pavlović er født i Beograd, og begyndte at spille i klubben Policajac. Senere skiftede han til FK Rad, hvor han blev trænet af Marko Nikolić. Han debuterede i sæsonen 2010-11 i den Serbiske SuperLiga. Senere blev han udlånt til FK Palić og FK BASK hvor han opnåede erfaring som seniorspiller, førend han blev optaget i førsteholdstruppen. Efter 10 år hos FK Rad skiftede han i vinterpausen i 13-14 sæsonen til Čukarički.

Čukarički
Pavlović kom til Čukarički i begyndelsen af 2014. Efter en knæoperation, og efterfølgende genoptræning opnåede Pavlović fire kampe i 2013-14 sæsonen. I 14-15 sæsonen spillede han 21 ligakampe og fire pokalkampe. Efter Nikola Stojiljković forlod klubben, blev Pavlović førstevalg som angriber i 2015-16 sæsonen, og fik en ny kontrakt til udløb i sommeren 2019. Pavlović blev nomineret til månedens spiller, da han i april 2016 scorede 10 mål i fem kampe.

F.C. København
Den 9. juni 2016 skrev Pavlović en fem-årig kontrakt med F.C. København. Pavlović indtrådte i FCK's startopstilling fra begyndelsen, og fik sin debut for holdet i åbningskampen mod Lyngby BK den 16. juli 2016. Pavolić spillede som fast mand i FCK's angreb i efteråret 2016 og bidrog bl.a. med en scoring i kvalifikationskampen til Champions League 2016-17 mod Apoel FC.

På trods af megen spilletid i efteråret 2016 fik Pavlović dog ikke omsat de mange minutter på banen til mål, en tendens der fortsatte i foråret 2017, hvor han dog scorede hattrick på 13 minutter i en kamp mod Lyngby BK. Han blev med FCK dansk mester og pokalvinder i 2016-17.

I 2017-18 sæsonen leverede Pavlovic et nyt hattrick, denne gang mod MŠK Žilina kvalifikationskampen til Champions League, men i forårssæsonen fik Pavlovic begrænset spilletid og kom bagerst i angrebshierakiet, og i april 2018 blev han solgt til Rapid Wien.

Pavlovic opnåede i alt 83 kampe i alle turneringer for FCK, hvori han scorede 22 mål.

Landsholdskarriere
I 2013 blev Pavlović udtaget til det serbiske U/21 landshold for at spille nogle venskabskampe. Han havde forinden spillet for U/20 landsholdet. I 2015 udtog træneren Milan Rastavac ham til U/23-holdet til en venskabskamp mod Qatar. Efter sin succes i sæsonen 2015–16 i den serbiske superliga med FK Čukarički blev han udtaget til venskabskampe for A-landsholdet i 2016. Han debuterede for A-landsholdet i maj 2016 i en sejr over Cypern.

Titler
Čukarički
 Serbiske pokalturnering: 2014–15
 FC. KØBENHAVN

 Superligaen: 2016-17
 DBU Pokalen: 2017-17
Superligaen 2020-21 med Brøndby IF.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Serbien
Fodboldspillere fra FC København
Angribere (fodbold)
Personer fra Beograd

Andrija Pavlović


Arktički krug ili Sjeverni polarni krug najsjeverniji je od 5 najvažnijih apstraktnih krugova, odnosno paralela na Zemlji.

Arktički krug označava južnu granicu područja u kojem najmanje jedan dan tijekom godine sunce uopće na zalazi, tijekom ljetnog solsticija. Ta pojava naziva se polarni dan i izraženija je (po broju takvih dana) što je mjesto sjevernije, tj. bliže Sjevernom polu. Analogno tome, tijekom godine dogodi se bar jedan dan kada sunce uopće ne izlazi, što se dogodi tijekom zimskog solsticija, kada se javlja polarna noć. I u ovom slučaju, dužina kontinuirane noći povećava se kako se približavamo sjeveru i to tako da na početku Arktičkog kruga polarna noć traje jedan dan, a na Sjevernom polu šest mjeseci.

Ekvivalent Arktičkom krugu je Antarktički krug, gdje vlada isto pravilo, s tim kada je unutar Arktičkog kruga polarna noć unutar Antarktičkog kruga je polarni dan i obrnuto.

Položaj Arktičkoga kruga nije fiksan. Od 6. lipnja 2017. godine, nalazi se na 66°33'42,2" sjeverno od ekvatora. Njegova geografska širina ovisi o stupnju Zemljinoga nagiba, koji varira unutar granica od 2°, tijekom razdoblja od 40.000 godina, zbog plimne sile zbog orbite Mjeseca. Shodno tome, Arktički krug pomiče se prema sjeveru brzinom od oko 15 metara godišnje.

Izvori

Arktik
Fizička geografija

Arktički krug