Temporary work or temporary employment (also called gigs) refers to an employment situation where the working arrangement is limited to a certain period of time based on the needs of the employing organization. Temporary employees are sometimes called "contractual", "seasonal", "interim", "casual staff", "outsourcing", "freelance"; or the words may be shortened to "temps". In some instances, temporary, highly skilled professionals (particularly in the white-collar worker fields, such as human resources, research and development, engineering, and accounting) refer to themselves as consultants. Increasingly, executive-level positions (e.g. CEO, CIO, CFO, CMO, CSO) are also filled with interim executives or fractional executives.

Temporary work is different from secondment, which is the assignment of a member of one organization to another organization for a temporary period, and where the employee typically retains their salary and other employment rights from their primary organization but they work closely within the other organization to provide training and the sharing of experience.

Temporary workers may work full-time or part-time depending on the individual situation. In some instances, temporary workers receive benefits (such as health insurance), but usually benefits are only given to permanent employees as a cost-cutting measure by the employer to save money. Not all temporary employees find jobs through a temporary employment agency. With the rise of the Internet and gig economy (a labor market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs), many workers are now finding short-term jobs through freelance marketplaces: a situation that brings into being a global market for work.

A temporary work agency, temp agency or temporary staffing firm finds and retains workers. Other companies, in need of short-term workers, contract with the temporary work agency to send temporary workers, or temps, on assignments to work at the other companies. Temporary employees are also used in work that has a cyclical nature, requiring frequent adjustments to staffing levels.

History
[[File:Temp labor stats.png|thumbnail|Trends in temporary work (US): source: D. H. Author, Outsourcing at Will: The Contribution of Dismissal Doctrine to the Growth of Employment Outsourcing]] The staffing industry in the United States began after World War II with small agencies in urban areas employing housewives for part-time work as office workers. Over the years the advantages of having workers who could be hired and laid off on short notice and were exempt from paperwork and regulatory requirements resulted in a gradual but substantial increase in the use of temporary workers, with over 3.5 million temporary workers employed in the United States by 2000.

There has been a paradigm shift since the 1940s in the way firms utilize temporary workers. Throughout the Fordist era, temporary workers made up a rather marginal proportion of the total labor force in North America. Typically, temporary workers were white women in pink collar, clerical positions who provided companies with a stop-gap solution for permanent workers who needed a leave of absence, when on vacation or in illness. In contrast, in the Post-Fordist period, characterized by neoliberalism, deindustrialization and the dismantling of the welfare state, these understandings of temporary labor began to shift. In this paradigm, the idea of the temporary worker as a stopgap solution to permanent labor became an entirely normative employment alternative to permanent work.

Therefore, temporary workers no longer represented a substitute for permanent workers on leave but became semi-permanent, precarious positions routinely subject to the threat of elimination because of fluctuations in a company's products. In the context of today's temporary labor force, both people and positions have become temporary, and temporary agencies use the temporary worker in a systematic and planned, as opposed to impromptu, manner.

Temporary employment has become more prevalent in America due to the rise of the Internet and the gig economy. The "gig economy" is defined as a labor market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work instead of permanent jobs. It is a common misconception that participation in the gig economy is a relatively new method of employment. But in actuality, finding work in the gig economy is similar to the employment style prior to the Industrial Revolution. It is the "one-person, one-career model" that we are accustomed to, and that the gig economy is disrupting, which is the relatively recent phenomenon. Before the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, it was common for one person to take on multiple temporary jobs to piece together livable earnings.

Post-Fordism
As the market began to transform from Fordism to a post-Order regime of capital accumulation, the social regulation of labor markets and the very nature of work began to shift. This transformation has been characterized by an economic restructuring that emphasized flexibility within spaces of work, labor markets, employment relationships, wages and benefits. And indeed, global processes of neoliberalism and market rule contributed greatly to this increasing pressure put on local labor markets towards flexibility. This greater flexibility within labor markets is important at the global level, particularly within OECD countries and liberal market economies (see liberal market economy).

The temporary labor industry is worth over €157 billion per year, and the largest agencies are spread across over 60 nations. The biggest temporary work agencies are most profitable in emerging economies of the Global North and those that have undergone market liberalization, deregulation, and (re)regulation.

Temporary work opportunities and restrictions vary around the world. Chile, Columbia and Poland have the highest percentage of temporary dependent employment at 28.7%, 28.3%, and 27.5% respectively. Romania, Lithuania, and Estonia have the lowest percentage of temporary dependent employment that ranges from 1–4%. The United Kingdom has 6% temporary employment, Germany has 13% temporary employment, and France has 16% temporary employment. In many countries, there are no restrictions on the type of temporary work that is legal, including the United Kingdom, Canada, China, Sweden, and Denmark. The United Kingdom has in place the Temporary Agency Work Directive 2008, which ensures equal pay and treatment of temporary workers. Similarly, Brazil enforces full-time employment regulations to part-time employment and outsourcing. In some countries, including Brazil, there is a wage gap between temporary and permanent workers, but this is due to violations of legislation that specify equal wage determination. In other countries, prohibitions are placed on temporary employment in fields such as agriculture, construction, and non-core employment. In Mexico, a temporary employee is, "prohibited to perform the same work as regular employee", making temporary work illegal.

Gig economy-based temporary work is prevalent around the world. Uber, for example, operates in North, Central, and South America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, East, South, and Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Airbnb advertises listings in 191 countries around the world with the most in Europe.

The desire to market flexible, adaptable temporary workers has become a driving, monetary oriented objective of the temporary work industry. This has caused individual agencies to adopt practices that focus on competition with other firms, that promote "try before you buy" practices, and that maximize their ability to produce a product: the temporary worker. Through this process, the ideal temporary worker has today become largely imagined, produced, and marketed by temporary agencies.

Agencies
The role of a temp agency is as a third party between client employer and client employee. This third party handles remuneration, work scheduling, complaints, taxes, etc. created by the relationship between a client employer and a client employee. Client firms request the type of job that is to be done and the skills required to do it. Client firms can also terminate an assignment and can file a complaint about the temp. Work schedules are determined by assignment, which is determined by the agency and can last for an indeterminate period of time, extended to any point, and cut short. Because the assignments are temporary, there is little incentive to provide benefits, and the pay is low in situations where there is a lot of labor flexibility. (Nurses are an exception to this since there is currently a shortage). Workers can refuse assignment but risk going through an indeterminate period of downtime since work is based on availability of assignments, which the agency cannot "create", only fill.

Whether the work comes through an independent gig economy source or a temp agency, when a temporary employee agrees to an assignment, they receive instructions pertaining to the job. The agency also provides information on correct work attire, work hours, wages, and whom to report to. If a temporary employee arrives at a job assignment and is asked to perform duties not described when they accepted the job, they may call an agency representative for clarification. If they choose not to continue on the assignment based on these discrepancies, they will most likely lose pay and may undermine chances at other job opportunities. However, some agencies guarantee an employee a certain number of hours pay if, once the temporary employee arrives, there is no work or the work is not as described. Most agencies do not require an employee to continue work if the discrepancies are enough to make it difficult for the employee to actually do the work.

A temporary work agency may have a standard set of tests to judge the competence of the secretarial or clerical skills of an applicant. An applicant is hired based on their scores on these tests and is placed into a database. Companies or individuals looking to hire someone temporarily contact the agency and describe the skill set they are seeking. A temporary employee is then found in the database and is contacted to see if they would be interested in taking the assignment.

It is up to the temporary employee to keep in constant contact with the agency when not currently working on an assignment; by letting the agency know that they are available to work, they are given priority over those who may be in the agency database who have not made it clear that they are ready and willing to take an assignment. A temp agency employee is the exclusive employee of the agency, not of the company in which they are placed (although subject to legal dispute). The temporary employee is bound by the rules and regulations of the temp agency, even if they contrast with those of the company in which they are placed.

 Benefits for client firms
There are several reasons as to why a firm utilizes temp agencies. They provide employers a way to add more workers for a short-term increase in the workforce. Using temps allows firms to replace a missing regular employee. A temp worker's competency and value can be determined without the inflexibility of hiring a new person and seeing how they work out. Utilizing temp workers can also be a way of not having to pay benefits and the increased salaries of regular employees. A firm can also use temp workers to vary compensation in what would normally be an illegal or impossible manner. The role of temp workers in the work space can also have the effects of coercing regular employees into taking more work for less pay. Additionally, temp workers are less likely to sue over mistreatment, which allows firms to reduce the costs of employment in high-stress, regulated jobs.

 Growth of temporary staffing
Temp agencies are a growing part of industrial economies. From 1961 to 1971, the number of employees sent out by temporary staffing agencies increased by 16 percent. Temporary staffing industry payrolls increased by 166 percent from 1971 to 1981, and 206 percent from 1981 to 1991, and 278 percent from 1991 to 1999. The temporary staffing sector accounted for 1 out of 12 new jobs in the 90's. In 1996, there was $105 billion worldwide in staffing agency revenues. By 2008, $300 billion was generated, worldwide, in revenues for staffing agencies. The Temporary Staffing Industry accounts for 16% of job growth in the U.S. since the great recession ended, even though it only accounts for 2% of all-farm jobs.
This growth has occurred for a number of reasons. Demand in temporary employment can be primarily attributed to demand by employers and not employees. A large driver of demand was in European labor market. Previously, temporary employment agencies were considered quasi-legal entities. This reputation shied potential client employers away. However, in the latter half of the 20th century, there would be shift predominated by legal protections and closer relationships with primary employers. This combined with the tendency for growth of the TSI in countries where there are strict regulations on dismissal of hired employees but loose regulations on temporary work, growth is much faster compared to industrialized nations without these labor conditions.

 Abuse in the temporary staffing industry
Staffing agencies are prone to improper behavior just like any other employer. There have been cases of some temp agencies that have created and reinforced an ethnic hierarchy that determines who gets what jobs.

Temps have been told to be a "guest" and not a worker, which can lead to worker exploitation. One ramification is that temps have to deal with sexual harassment and are sometimes encouraged not to report it, and in some rare cases encouraged to make themselves "sexually available".

An additional ramification of temp workers "guest" status is being at the bottom of the workplace hierarchy which is visually identifiable on ID cards, in different colored uniforms, as well as the encouragement of more "provocative dress". Their "guest" status often means temp workers are unable to access on-site workplace accommodations and are not included in meetings despite the length of their time working at the client firm.

This is all compounded by a work system in which temps must file complaints about clients through the temp agencies, which, often enough, disqualifies them not only from another assignment at that firm but also from receiving an assignment from that temporary agency upon review. Since a client firm is harder to replace than a client employee, and there is no disincentive to not giving a complaining employee an assignment, there is an incentive for agencies to find employees who are willing to go along with the conditions of client firms, as opposed to severing ties with firms that routinely violate the law.

Occupational safety and health
Temporary workers are at a high risk of being injured or killed on the job. In the US, 829 fatal injuries (17% of all occupational fatalities) occurred among contract workers in 2015. Studies have also shown a higher burden of non-fatal occupational injuries and illnesses among temporary workers compared to those in standard employment arrangements. There are many possible contributing factors to the high rates of injuries and illnesses among temporary workers. They are often inexperienced and assigned to hazardous jobs and tasks, may be reluctant to object to unsafe working conditions or to advocate for safety measures due to fear of job loss or other repercussions, and they may lack basic knowledge and skills to protect themselves from workplace hazards due to insufficient safety training. According to a joint guidance document released by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), both staffing agencies and host employers (i.e., the clients of staffing agencies) are responsible for providing and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment for temporary workers. Collaborative and interdisciplinary (e.g., epidemiology, occupational psychology, organizational science, economics, law, management, sociology, labor health and safety) research and intervention efforts are needed to protect and promote the occupational safety and health of temporary workers. In 2022, NIOSH and partners released a set of occupational safety and health best practices for host employers of temporary workers. Checklists to foster adoption of the best practices and a slide deck staffing companies can use to educate their host employer clients about the best practices are also included.

Pros and cons

Pros
 Easy hire: Those meeting technical requirements for the type of work are often virtually guaranteed a job without a selection process. In this sense, it could be argued that it would be easier to find work as a temporary worker. Also, in some cases, agencies will hire temporary workers without submission of a résumé or an interview
 Potential for flexible hours which can lead to happier employees
 There is an opportunity to gain experience—companies are all unique, so the temporary worker will be exposed to a plethora of different situations and office procedures
 There are companies that do not hire internally and use these staffing services only. They are a good gateway to get employment with a certain company.
 Try before you buy: temporary staff allowing a business to try a worker as part of their team and to confirm that they are the perfect fit before taking them on board long-term, if needed.
 Temporary work can be extremely lucrative for those in less wealthy countries.
 Temporary work with internet of things-based companies offer a source of supplemental income.
 Temporary work may be a way in which someone who has retired can re-enter the workforce.

Cons
Workers, scholars, union organisers and activists have identified many cons associated with temporary work, and more recently the gig economy. These include:
 Lack of control over working hours and the potential for immediate termination for refusing an assigned schedule.
 Positions often are with high turnover rates. Research suggests that plants choose temporary workers over permanent ones when they expect output to fall, which allows them to avoid costs associated with laying off permanent employees
 Lack of reference, since many employers of experienced job positions do not consider work done for a temporary agency as sufficient on a résumé
 In the United States, the gradual replacement of workers by temporary workers resulted in millions of workers being employed in low-paid temporary jobs.
 In the US, the hourly wage paid to a temporary worker is 75% to 80% of what direct-hire employees are paid. Additionally, they often receive few or no employment benefits, such as health insurance, and seldom become full-time employees from their temporary positions.
 Unlike temporary workers hired through a staffing agency, many people in the gig economy do not report their income to the IRS, resulting in an estimated $214.6 billion in the United States alone of unreported income. This can result in fines or jail time.
 In South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, temporary workers often suffer from overworking.
 The temporary workforce can become oversaturated, leading to other issues such as wage deflation.
 When a company hires internationally, there is no legal precedent for using the laws of either the hiring company's country of origin or the temporary worker's country of origin.

Legal issues
Scholars have argued that neoliberal policies have been a prominent component in the erosion of the standard employment relationship. This precarious new model of employment has greatly reduced the worker's ability to negotiate and, in particular, with the introduction of advanced technology (that can easily replace the worker), reduced the temp's bargaining power. Internet of Things-based companies such as Uber and Handy have come into conflict with authorities and workers for circumventing labour and social security obligations. It has been suggested that labour regulations in North America do little in addressing labour market insecurities and the precarious nature of temporary labour. In many cases, legislation has done little to acknowledge or adapt to the growth of non-standard employment in Canada.

California Assembly Bill 5 in 2019 addressed the issue of contract workers including those in the gig economy, and set stricter requirements that must be satisfied for a worker to be classified as a contractor and not an employee, as employees receive more worker protection and benefits than contractors. In 2018, Kentucky (HB 220), Utah, Indiana (HB 1286), Iowa (SF 2257), Tennessee (SB 1967) passed laws specifying certain on-demand gig economy workers as "marketplace contractors" and classifying them as independent contractors.

In the European Union, temporary work is regulated by the Temporary Agency Work Directive and the Member States' laws implementing that directive.

Lawsuits have addressed some of the controversies about the status of temporary workers in the sharing economy. For example, two class-action lawsuits settled in 2016 resulted in changes to Uber's employment policies, including clarification of drivers' rights and the company's disciplinary procedures. Some of these policies include Uber agreeing to issue warnings to drivers before cutting them from the company's service, no longer deactivating drivers who commonly refuse rides, informing customers that tips for drivers are not included in the fare, and allowing drivers to create an association to contest terminations. However, the legal settlement did not establish whether these workers are employees or independent contractors.

Illinois
There have been further legal action taken to protect the temporary working class. On August 4, 2023, Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker signed into law HB 2862, which has an immediate effect. This legislative measure constitutes a substantial overhaul of the Day and Temporary Labor Services Act, specifically outlined in 820 ILCS 175 (referred to as "the Act"). The amendments introduced through HB 2862 significantly bolster the rights of eligible temporary and day workers, while simultaneously imposing more rigorous safety regulations on temporary labor service agencies and their third-party clients. Of particular note is the inclusion of an "equal-pay-for-equal-work" provision, which ensures that temporary workers who render their services to a client for a period exceeding 90 days are entitled to wages and benefits equivalent to those offered to comparable employees directly hired by the client.

See also

 Consulting
 Contingent work
 Contingent workforce
 Day labor
 Division of labour
 Denham v Midland Employers' Mutual Assurance Ltd''
 Employment agency
 Fractional executive
 Gig worker
 Interim executive
 Labour hire
 Labour market flexibility
 Outsourcing
 Permatemp
 Recruitment
 Up or out
 Zero-hour contract
 Platform economy

References

Further reading

Employment classifications
Precarious work

pt:Contrato de trabalho#Contrato a termo certo

Temporary work


Afroamphica, novi biljni čiji je jedini predstavnik A. africana, vrsta izdvojena iz roda Amphicarpaea; bazionim joj je Shuteria africana Hook. f..

A. africana je višegodišnja penjačica raširena od Sudana na jug do Zambije i Malavija na jugu, te u Nigeriji i Kamerunu uz Gvinejski zaljev.

Sinonimi
 Amphicarpaea africana (Hook.f.) Harms
 Shuteria africana Hook.f.

Izvori

Desmodieae
Flora Nigerije
Flora Kameruna
Flora DR Konga
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Afroamphica


Richard Paulli henviser til:

 Richard Paulli (1846–1911) – dansk læge
 Richard Paulli (1890–1975) – dansk bibliotekar og litteraturhistoriker

Richard Paulli


بقاع صفرين هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء الضنية في محافظة الشمال.

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أماكن مأهولة في قضاء الضنية
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Sheena Shirley Easton (; born 27 April 1959) is a Scottish singer and actress. She came into the public eye in an episode of the first British musical reality television series The Big Time: Pop Singer, which recorded her attempts to gain a record deal and her eventual signing with the EMI label. Easton's first two singles, "Modern Girl" and "9 to 5" (later released as "Morning Train (Nine to Five)" in the United States), both entered the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart simultaneously. She became one of the most successful British female recording artists of the 1980s.

A six-time Grammy Award nominee, Easton is a two-time winner, winning the award for Best New Artist in 1982 and Best Mexican-American Performance in 1985 for her duet with Mexican singer Luis Miguel on the 1984 single "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres". She has recorded 15 studio albums, released a total of 55 singles and had 20 consecutive US singles, including 15 Top 40 hits, seven Top 10's and one number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 between 1981 and 1991. She has received five RIAA-certified Gold albums and one Platinum album. In Canada, she scored three Gold albums and two Platinum albums. With 25 Top 40 international hit singles, Easton has sold over 40 million records worldwide.

Easton became the first and only recording artist in Billboard history to have a Top 5 hit on each of Billboards primary singles charts: "Morning Train (Nine to Five)" (Pop and Adult Contemporary), "We've Got Tonight" with Kenny Rogers (Country and Adult Contemporary) and "Sugar Walls" (R&B and Dance).

Easton's other hit singles include the James Bond-theme "For Your Eyes Only", "You Could Have Been with Me", "Telefone (Long Distance Love Affair)", "Almost Over You", "Strut", "U Got the Look" and "The Arms of Orion" with Prince, "The Lover in Me" and "What Comes Naturally". She has worked with prominent singers, writers and producers, such as Prince, Christopher Neil, Kenny Rogers, David Foster, Luis Miguel, L.A. Reid, Babyface, Patrice Rushen and Nile Rodgers.

Life and career

1959–1980: Early life and career beginnings
Sheena Shirley Orr was born on 27 April 1959, at Bellshill Maternity Hospital in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, the youngest of six children of Annie and steel mill labourer Alex Orr. She has two brothers, Robert and Alex, and three sisters, Marilyn, Anessa, and Morag. Her earliest-known public performance as a singer was in 1964 at the age of five, when she sang "Early One Morning" for her uncle and aunt and various relatives at the couple's 25th wedding anniversary celebration.

Easton's father died in 1969 and her mother had to support the family. According to Easton's website, despite her mother's heavy workload she was always available for her children: "Sheena always speaks very highly of her mum and the wonderful job she did in bringing up her and her siblings, including teaching them all to read at home before they were even enrolled in school."

Easton did not consider a singing career until she saw the movie The Way We Were, with Barbra Streisand. Streisand's singing over the opening credits "overtook" the young girl and convinced her that what she wanted most was to be a singer and to have the same effect on others.

Her top grades in school earned her a scholarship to attend the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow, where she trained from 1975 to 1979 as a speech and drama teacher by day, while singing with a band called "Something Else" by night at local clubs. She chose to study teaching rather than performing, because it was a course of study that would let her perfect her craft as a singer.

In 1979, she married Sandi Easton, the first of her four husbands. They divorced after eight months, and Sheena decided to keep the surname Easton. That year, one of her tutors coaxed her into auditioning for Esther Rantzen, producer of the BBC programme The Big Time. Rantzen was planning a documentary film to chronicle a relative unknown's rise to pop-music stardom. Easton was selected as the subject for the programme; EMI executives awarded her a contract, and Christopher Neil was assigned as her recording producer. Deke Arlon became her first manager, and Easton spent much of 1980 being followed by camera crews, who filmed her throughout the process of her audition through to making her first EMI single, "Modern Girl". In the course of the filming, she met and sang for Dorothy Squires, Dusty Springfield and Lulu, whose manager Marion Massey told her that she saw Easton as a potential TV star with her own series, but not as a pop singer for the 1980s as she lacked "rugged individuality".

The encounter with Massey (then Marion London), at which Lulu was present, was filmed and included in the broadcast, at which time Massey was not entirely incorrect, as "Modern Girl" had flopped on its release, peaking at number 56 in just three weeks on the UK Singles Chart in April 1980. However, once the programme aired in August 1980, "Modern Girl" was reissued and the track and its follow up "Nine to Five" both leapt into the top 10, disproving Massey's prediction. In a revised and extended version of this episode of The Big Time, broadcast in 1981; this special concluded with news of Easton's breaking into the American market.

1981–1982: "9 to 5", James Bond, Take My Time
Easton's first single, the disco-tinged soft-synth-pop tune, "Modern Girl", was released in the UK before The Big Time aired, reaching number 56. At the end of the show, Easton was still unsure of her future as a singer. The question was resolved soon after the show aired, when her second single, "9 to 5", reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart and was certified a Gold single in 1980. "Modern Girl" re-entered the chart subsequently and climbed into the top 10, being certified a Silver single, and Easton found herself with two songs in the UK top 10 simultaneously. During 1980, Easton was voted "Best British Female Singer" by the Daily Mirror Pop & Rock Awards, "Best Newcomer" by Capital Radio, and "Best Female Singer" by the TV Times Readers Awards.

"9 to 5" was Easton's first single release in the United States, although it was renamed "Morning Train (Nine To Five)" for its release in the US and Canada to avoid confusion with Dolly Parton's hit movie title song "9 to 5". "Morning Train (Nine to Five)" became Easton's first and only number 1 hit in the US and topped both the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts in Billboard magazine. "Modern Girl" was released as the follow-up and peaked at number 18, and before 1981 was over she had a Top 10 hit in both the US and UK with the Academy Award-nominated James Bond movie theme "For Your Eyes Only". The song was nominated for an Academy Award and Golden Globe award in 1982 in the category "Best Music (Original Song)". Easton's US success resulted in her winning the Grammy Award for "Best New Artist" for 1982. Easton actually appears in the opening credits of For Your Eyes Only, performing the song; as of 2022, she remains the only Bond theme singer to be featured in this way.

Easton's first three US albums, Sheena Easton (1981) (retitled edition of Take My Time), You Could Have Been with Me (1981), and Madness, Money & Music (1982), were all in the same soft rock/pop vein. The title track from You Could Have Been with Me made it in to the US top 15; however, by the end of 1982, she saw her sales slumping. Easton was one of the first artists to record "Wind Beneath My Wings" (included on Madness, Money & Music), which later was a hit for Bette Midler.

In 1982, Easton undertook her first US tour. Her performance in Los Angeles was videotaped and broadcast on HBO and later released on VHS and Laserdisc as Sheena Easton Live at the Palace, Hollywood.

On 8 November 1982 she appeared in the Royal Variety Performance in front of the Queen Mother singing Maybe This Time.

1983–1987: Best Kept Secret, Todo Me Recuerda a Ti, A Private Heaven and No Sound but a Heart

In January 1983, Easton duetted with Kenny Rogers and had a top 10 hit in the US with "We've Got Tonight", a cover of the Bob Seger song. The recording also earned her a number 1 single on the Country chart, and it reached the UK Top 30. Around the time of her hit record with Rogers, Easton headlined Act One, a one-hour variety special broadcast on NBC that featured Rogers and a cameo appearance by Johnny Carson.

October 1983 saw the release of the album Best Kept Secret and its first single, the synthesized dance-pop tune "Telefone (Long Distance Love Affair)", became her fourth Top 10 hit. The single was Grammy-nominated for "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance" of 1983. The follow-up single, "Almost Over You", reached the US Top 30 and was a number 4 AC chart hit. "Almost Over You" was very popular in Asia and was covered by Chinese singer Cass Pang. It also became a hit on the Country charts for Lila McCann in 1998.

In 1984, Easton recorded a Spanish-language single, "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" ("I Like You Just the Way You Are"), a duet with Mexican star Luis Miguel. The single earned her a second Grammy, this time for Best Mexican-American Performance. The track was taken from the album Todo Me Recuerda a Ti (1984), and reissued by Capitol/EMI-Latin in 1989, which featured Spanish-language covers of seven previous Easton recordings and three new tracks. In the same year, she also made a transformation into a sexy dance-pop siren, changing her performance style in the process. She was rewarded with the biggest-selling US album of her career, RIAA certified gold & platinum A Private Heaven (1984), and her sixth Top 10 US single, "Strut". In the UK, however, the move was not a commercial success, as Easton would find herself shut out of the UK top 75 for the next three years.

Her career on the rise in the US, Easton was again Grammy nominated, this time for "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance" in 1984. She was also one of the first artists to have a music video banned because of its lyrics rather than its imagery; some broadcasters refused to air the sexually risqué "Sugar Walls", which had been written for her by Prince (using the pseudonym Alexander Nevermind). "Sugar Walls" was named by Tipper Gore of the Parents Music Resource Center as one of the "Filthy Fifteen", a list of songs deemed indecent because of their lyrics, alongside Prince's own "Darling Nikki". The song eventually hit number 3 on the R&B singles chart, number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 1 on the Billboard Dance Chart in 1985.

Easton's follow-up to A Private Heaven, entitled Do You (1985), was produced by Nile Rodgers and achieved gold status, although it failed to generate any breakout singles of the chart calibre of "Strut" or "Sugar Walls". In late 1985, Easton contributed "It's Christmas (All Over the World)" to the holiday release Santa Claus: The Movie. In 1987, the release of a follow-up album, No Sound But a Heart (1987), was hampered in the United States after an initial single release, "Eternity" (another Prince composition), failed to reach the pop, R&B or adult contemporary charts. The album's release moved from February to June; then in August the release was further held up as Easton's attorneys asked that the album be delayed after EMI Records was absorbed into EMI/Manhattan. (This did not prevent the album from being released in Canada, Europe and other territories.)

Songs from the album were covered by other artists: Crystal Gayle and Gary Morris featured "Wanna Give My Love" and "What if We Fall in Love" on a 1987 duet album named for the latter song; Celine Dion recorded "The Last to Know" on 1990's Unison while Mexican singer Yuri featured the tune on her album Espejos De Alma (1995); Patti LaBelle covered "Still in Love" on 1989's Be Yourself; Pia Zadora recorded "Floating Hearts" on 1989's Pia Z. No Sound But a Heart eventually did get released in the United States in 1999, with four bonus tracks, including Easton's contributions to the soundtrack of the 1986 film About Last Night, "Natural Love" and the Top 50 single "So Far, So Good".

1987–1990: "U Got the Look" and The Lover in Me
In 1987, Easton appeared in Prince's concert film Sign o' the Times, during which she sang duet vocals for Prince's hit, "U Got the Look", which became a number 2 hit in the US. This led to Grammy nominations for "Best R&B Vocal, Duo or Group" and "Best R&B Song" of 1987. The track also returned Easton to the UK hit parade for the first time in nearly four years, although Easton is not credited on the label for the song's single release. During her time collaborating with Prince, Easton was encouraged to write her own material. The most successful effort from their co-writes was "The Arms of Orion", another duet with Prince and a single from 1989's Batman soundtrack. The song reached number 36 on the US Billboard Chart and number 27 in her native UK. She also co-wrote the song "Love '89" with Prince for Patti LaBelle's album Be Yourself and "La, La, La, He, He, Hee", which Prince recorded for the B-side of the single "Sign o' the Times". Tabloid press linked the two romantically, which she has always denied.

In November 1987, Easton made her first dramatic acting appearance on the television program Miami Vice. She played a singer named Caitlin Davies, whom Sonny Crockett was assigned to protect until her court appearance to render crucial testimony against certain corrupt music industry mavens. Sonny and Caitlin ended up married by the end of the episode, the first of five episodes for Easton.

By the spring of 1988, a volume of the Miami Vice soundtrack was released and featured "Follow My Rainbow", which Easton had finished singing on her last appearance just moments before her character was eliminated.

The song also appeared on her next album The Lover in Me (1988), RIAA gold-disc debut released the following autumn on her new label MCA Records, that put Easton back on the US and UK charts after the release of No Sound But a Heart was cancelled in the US. This album features Urban R&B and Dance-pop, and a sexier image. The title song from The Lover in Me reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK number 15 and became her biggest pop hit since "Morning Train". It also became a number 5 hit on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and Tracks chart. It was followed on the US R&B chart by "Days Like This" (number 35), which missed the Billboard Hot 100. The third single, the Prince-penned "101", made it to number 2 on the Billboard Dance chart. A final single was released "No Deposit, No Return" and failed to chart. The album received positive reviews and featured collaborations with L.A. Reid and Babyface, Prince, Angela Winbush and Jellybean Benitez.

In 1990, Easton revisited her home country of Scotland to perform at a festival (The Big Day) in Glasgow. After announcing that it was "good to be back home" in an American accent, she had bottles (some containing urine) thrown at her and, visibly shaken, she was forced to cut her set short. She vowed never to perform in Scotland again.

1991–1996: What Comes Naturally, Modern Girl (Live in San Diego), No Strings, and My Cherie
In 1991, What Comes Naturally became the last of Easton's albums to chart in the United States, peaking at number 90. The title song was also her last Top 40 single to date, reaching number 19. It also became her first hit in Australia since the mid-1980s, peaking at number 4. Two other singles, "You Can Swing It" and "To Anyone," followed but failed to chart. "What Comes Naturally" remained on the US pop chart for 10 weeks and 11 weeks on the ARIA Chart in Australia. Easton has songwriting credits on three tracks. She is also one of the few pop artists to adopt the new jack swing sound with chart success from the early 1990s.

In 1992 an unofficial recording of "Modern Girl" (Live in San Diego) was released by "That's Life" recordings in Germany and Japan. The music was from her early output with EMI and became a sort of bootleg version of her concert when she performed stateside on her first worldwide tour in 1982.

Easton followed this with the non-charting but critically acclaimed No Strings (1993), an album of jazz standards produced by Patrice Rushen. It included her version of "The Nearness of You," which was also featured on the soundtrack of the film, Indecent Proposal, in which Easton appeared in a cameo role.

My Cherie (1995) was her last pop album to date to see domestic release in the United States. The album saw Sheena reunite with producer Christopher Neil for the first time in over a decade.

1996–1999: Freedom, Home and Colors of Christmas Tour
Easton contributed vocals to the soundtrack of All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 and voiced the character Sasha La Fleur on "Count Me Out" and "I Will Always Be With You". Easton also contributed the theme song "Are There Angels" to the soundtrack for Shiloh in 1997; and provided the song "A Dream Worth Keeping" for the 1992 animated film FernGully: The Last Rainforest.

In 1997, she played 'Melissa McCammon', a recording star, who is visited by time travellers from the future in a second-season episode of the Canadian television series The Outer Limits entitled "Falling Star". The episode featured her singing two songs from My Cherie.

In the late 1990s, Easton retained an album contract with MCA Japan and released two discs of new material. However, neither album was originally released in the United States. Freedom, released in 1997 to coincide with the launch of her website and finally released in (Limited Edition) stateside in 2007, was a return to her trademark pop, including a remake of her debut single "Modern Girl".

In 1999 Universal/Victor released the self-produced acoustic set, Home. Also around this time, Sheena Easton Greatest Hits collection featuring 12 MCA singles recorded from 1988 to 1995 released and charted in Japan at number 98 (additional greatest hits collections surfaced in the US and UK, but did not chart).

Easton adopted a boy (Jake) and girl (Skylar) between 1995 and 1996. Motherhood led her to curtail her appearances and focus on casino gigs, corporate shows and theatrical work. "Because I adopted my children, I could plan my timing", she told The Arizona Republic. "I knew exactly when they were coming along, so I knew when I had to change my life so it would be a stable life."

Easton continued acting in America, starring in lead Broadway revivals of Man of La Mancha as (Aldonza) opposite Raul Julia in his last stage role (1992), and Grease as Rizzo (1996). Between 1994 and 1996, she played several characters in Gargoyles the animated series, including Lady Finella, the Banshee, Molly and Robyn Canmore. In 1999, she voice-acted a part-demon character, Annah-of-the-Shadows, in the computer game Planescape: Torment. She lives in Las Vegas with her two children and often performs in various casinos' entertainment venues. She voiced the character of Fiona Canmore for a scripted but unfinished episode of the cancelled animated feature, Team Atlantis.

In December 1998, Easton toured with the American production "The Colors of Christmas" with artists Roberta Flack, Melissa Manchester, Peabo Bryson and Jeffrey Osborne. Windham Hill Records produced "The Colors of Christmas" disc by Robbie Buchanan of holiday music. Easton contributed two tracks, "The Place Where We Belong" (a duet with Jeffrey Osborne) and "The Lord's Prayer".

1999–2013: Fabulous, Re-issues
In 1999 New York based One Way Records reserved the rights to release all of Easton's EMI-America catalogue. For the first time in the US, No Sound But a Heart was released, 12 years after the album was made available elsewhere. All of Easton's EMI back catalogue (with another exception of her Spanish-language album Todo Me Recuerda a Ti) was re-released and remastered with bonus tracks, incorporating B-sides and remixes.

Universal Japan released Best Ballads, a disc of ballads from her six previous albums from her MCA catalogue with the exception of "For Your Eyes Only" for the Japanese market that failed to chart.

She also signed an album contract with Universal International UK and attempted a comeback with Fabulous (2000), an album of classic disco covers. The first single, "Giving Up, Giving In", reached UK number 54, and the album charted at UK number 185. A second single, a cover of Donna Summer's hit "Love is in Control", with double A-side "Don't Leave Me This Way", was withdrawn. This was to be Easton's last album release to date. The album was released throughout Europe, Japan, Australia, and Argentina but not in the US. In Australia, "Fabulous" was released 24 February 2001 and Easton was asked to perform songs from the album to close out 2001 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras ceremonies.

In 2003, Easton contributed vocals to "If You're Happy", a cover for a Japanese disc called Cover Morning Musume-Hello Project. She also began to host Vegas Live, a talk show with Clint Holmes (later replaced by Brian McKnight). In 2004, she was inducted into the Casino Legends Hall of Fame at the Tropicana Resort & Casino.

2013–present: "The Spy Who Loved Me" and 42nd Street

In February 2013, Demon/Edsel Records (UK) reissued Easton's You Could Have Been with Me and Madness, Money & Music along with A Private Heaven and Do You in two compact disc packages remastered with bonus tracks, with the latter including the extended version of "Jimmy Mack" that has never been included on any of her reissues. In November 2014, a box set of Easton's first five albums in an original album series CD collection was released by Warner Music in the United Kingdom.

In 2015 Easton embarked on symphony concerts with guest vocalists entitled "The Spy Who Loved Me" with material from spy movies of the past and present and featuring Bond-style music with symphonies around the United States beginning in San Francisco from July 2015 and continuing into 2016. Easton also performed a small tour of dates during the latter part of 2015 in Australia featuring her Greatest Hits.

In November 2016, Easton accepted the role of Dorothy Brock in the revival production of 42nd Street, which premiered on 20 March 2017 in London's West End, Drury Lane. Lulu replaced Easton in March 2018.

Easton performed at the 2021 New York State Fair, and two of her albums, Fabulous and an expanded edition of What Comes Naturally were reissued digitally through Apple Music.

On Sept. 17, 2021, RT Industries (US) and Cherry Red Records (UK) launch a re-issue campaign of the EMI star's back catalog and issued the three-CD box set The Definitive Singles 1980–1987, which collected all of Easton's English-language singles recorded for EMI, along with format-edit versions and some previously unreleased vault material along with the additional releases throughout 2022. On Nov. 19, 2021, Apple Music made additional Easton material available digitally, with the collections Best Ballads and Greatest Hits, which feature material from Easton's post-1987 era with MCA/Universal. In 2022, Cherry Red released the soundtrack to her 1982 TV special Live at the Palace, Hollywood on CD for the first time, along with the first DVD release of the show.

Personal life
Easton has been married, and divorced, four times and has two adopted children. Her first marriage was in Britain to Sandi Easton at the age of 19. The marriage lasted eight months. Sandi Easton died in 1998, aged 48.

Her second marriage in 1984 to Rob Light, a talent agent, ended after 18 months. Easton became a US citizen in 1992, carrying dual citizenship with the United Kingdom, and adopted her first child, Jake Rion Cousins Easton, in 1994. Two years later, she adopted again, this time a baby girl she named Skylar. In the summer of 1997, she met producer Tim Delarm while filming an episode of ESPN Canon Photo Safari in Yellowstone National Park and they married in Las Vegas in July 1997; the marriage lasted one year. On 9 November 2002, she married John Minoli, a Beverly Hills plastic surgeon; they divorced in 2003.

Easton resides in Henderson, Nevada, US.

Discography

Take My Time (1981; titled simply Sheena Easton in North America)
You Could Have Been with Me (1981)
Madness, Money & Music (1982)
Best Kept Secret (1983)
A Private Heaven (1984)
Todo Me Recuerda a Ti (1984)
Do You (1985)
No Sound But a Heart (1987)
The Lover in Me (1988)
What Comes Naturally (1991)
No Strings (1993)
My Cherie (1995)
Freedom (1997)
Home (1999)
Fabulous (2000)
Live at the Palace, Hollywood (2022) - first soundtrack issue of her 1982 TV concert special

Filmography
 For Your Eyes Only (1981) – Herself in opening credit sequence
 ALF (1986–1990) – Cameo as Herself
 Sign o' the Times (1987) – Dream sequence vocalist as Herself
 The Grand Knockout Tournament - (1987) – as Herself
 Miami Vice (1987-1988) – Caitlin Davies (five episodes)
 It's Garry Shandling's Show (1988) - as Herself
 Just Say Julie (1989) – Cameo as Herself
 Indecent Proposal (1993) – Cameo as Herself
 Jack's Place (1993) – As Gwen
 Body Bags (1993) – Megan (in segment titled "Hair")
 Highlander: The Series (1993) – Annie Devlin (in episode titled "An Eye for an Eye" S02E05)
 The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (1993) – Crystal Hawks (one episode)
 Charles Dickens' David Copperfield (1993) – voice of Agnes
 TekWar (TV series) (1994) – War Bride
 Real Ghosts a.k.a. Haunted Lives: True Ghost Stories (1995) – Janet (nightclub owner)
 Gargoyles (1994–1997) voice – Robyn Canmore, Banshee, Molly, Finella
 The Outer Limits (1996) – Melissa McCammon in episode titled "Falling Star"
 Road Rovers (1996) voice – Groomer, Persia, Mrs. British Prime Minister
 All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 (1996), All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series (1996 – TV series), An All Dogs Christmas Carol (1998) – voice of Sasha La Fleur
 Duckman (1997) – Betty (one episode)
 Chicken Soup for the Soul (1999) – Vicky in episode titled "Sand Castles"
 Disney's The Legend of Tarzan (2001) – voice of Dr. Robin Doyle (two episodes)
 Vegas Live! With Clint Holmes and Sheena Easton – Host (2003)
 Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004) – voice of Professor Fiona Pembrooke
 Young Blades (2005) – Queen Anne
 Phineas and Ferb (2009) – Doofenshmirtz's Girlfriend (1 episode)

Broadway/London's West End
Man of La Mancha – Aldonza (1991–1992—reprise role in 1998) (Broadway show)
Grease (1996) – Betty Rizzo (Broadway show)
42nd Street (2017–2018) – Dorothy Brock in London's (West End's Revival Production)

Concert tours and Las Vegas residencies
 Sheena Easton "World Tour" 1982
 A Private Heaven Tour 1984
 No Sound But a Heart Tour 1987 – Cancelled in US
 Sheena Easton "World Tour" 1989
 Japan "Greatest Hits" Tour 1995
 The Colors of Christmas Tour 1997–1998 – 2001 & 2003
 "At The Copa" with David Cassidy, Rio Hotel – 2000–2001
 Sheena Easton "For Your Ears Only" Las Vegas Hilton – 2002–2003
 Sheena Easton "Greatest Hits" Australian Tour 2015
 Sheena Easton "Reimagined New York State Fair concert" – 2021

Video games
 Planescape Torment (1999) – voice of Annah-of-the-Shadows

Awards and nominations

American Music Awards

|-
! scope="row" |1982
|Sheena Easton
|Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist
|
|}

Billboard Music Award

|-
! scope="row" |1981
|Sheena Easton
|Top Pop New Artist
|
|-
! scope="row" |2004
|Sheena Easton
|Top Pop Artists of the Past 25 Years chart
|number 58
|}

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Easton has won two awards from six nominations.

|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2|1982
|Sheena Easton
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|"For Your Eyes Only"
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
! scope="row" |1984
|"Telefone (Long Distance Love Affair)"
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|1985
|"Strut"
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|Me Gustas Tal Como Eres (with Luis Miguel)
|Best Mexican-American Performance
|
|-
! scope="row" |1988
|"U Got the Look" (with Prince)
|Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
|
|}
Note: "U Got the Look" was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best R&B Song. This nomination is credited to the songwriter (Prince) and not to Easton.

Other awards
Best British Female Singer – 1980
Daily Mirror Pop & Rock Awards

Best Newcomer – 1980
Capital Radio

Best Female Singer – 1980
The TV Times Readers Awards

Sheena Easton
Casino Legends Hall of Fame – 2004

See also
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
People from Bellshill
Alumni of the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
British dance musicians
Grammy Award winners
British contemporary R&B singers
Scottish emigrants to the United States
20th-century Scottish women singers
Scottish film actresses
Scottish musical theatre actresses
Scottish pop singers
Scottish rock singers
Scottish women singer-songwriters
Scottish singer-songwriters
Scottish voice actresses
Spanish-language singers
EMI Records artists
MCA Records artists
Universal Music Group artists
Scottish expatriates in the United States
People with acquired American citizenship
People with multiple nationality

Sheena Easton


إبراهيم فاروق محمد الزيات  (26 فبراير 1968 - ) ألماني من أصل مصري أحد أعلام دعوة الإخوان المسلمين في أوروبا وأحد قيادات التنظيم العالمي للإخوان المسلمين، وهو يقيم الآن في ألمانيا. ومتزوج من ابنة شقيقة نجم الدين أربكان.

المحاكمة العسكرية بمصر
أحاله الرئيس المصري حسني مبارك الي المحاكمات العسكرية مع اربعين من قيادات الاخوان في مصر الي المحكمة العسكرية الاستثنائية في ديسمبر 2006 وحكم عليه غيابيا بالسجن لمدة عشر سنوات في أبريل 2008

 وفي 26 يوليو 2012 أصدر الرئيس المصري محمد مرسي عفوا عاما عنه نشر في الجريدة الرسمية العدد 30 تابع لسنه 2012

المؤهلات العلمية
 حصل على دبلوم الهندسة الاقتصادية 1990م.
 حصل على ماجستير في الاقتصاد (رؤية تقويمية حول الأنظمة الاقتصادية الإسلامية) 1992م.
 قام بدراسة الحقوق والاقتصاد (ماربورج وكولون ودام- شتات) 1993م.
 تخصَّص في المشاكل الاقتصادية بالدول- كولون 1994.
 يقوم بتحضير رسالة دكتوراه حول الزكاة كبديلٍ للتأمين الاجتماعي بالمجتمع الغربي 1996م.

نشاطاته
 يعمل مديرًا عامًّا لعددٍ من الشركات الألمانية والتركية، ورئيس منظمة التجمع الإسلامي في ألمانيا.
 رئيس اتحاد مساجد قورش التركية
 تدرَّج في عدة مناصب بالمؤسسات الطلابية؛ منها رئيس الاتحاد الإسلامي للطلاب بألمانيا.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة الزيات للتجارة.
 عضو بالبرلمان الطلابي بجامعة دارم- شتات وماربورج- عضو البرلمان الطلابي لألمانيا.
 ممثل الطلاب بجامعة دارم- شتات.
 مسئول قسم الشباب والطلاب باتحاد المنظمات الإسلامية بأوروبا.
 عضو القيادة العامة بأمانة الطلاب بالحزب الديمقراطي المسيحي بألمانيا.
 من مؤسسي المجلس الأعلى للمسلمين بألمانيا.
 عضو مجلس أمناء مؤسسة الإغاثة الإسلامية عبر العالمية.
 عضو المكتب التنفيذي باتحاد المنظمات الإسلامية بأوروبا.
 عضو مجلس أمناء الكلية الأوروبية للدراسات الإسلامية.
 الأمين العام للمجلس الإسلامي بألمانيا.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة (SLM) لتجارة العقارات والاستثمار.
 مسئول أوقاف مؤسسة الميللي جروش التركية.
 المواقع الوظيفية في الندوة العالمية للشباب المسلم :
 مسؤول مكتب أوروبا الغربية.
 مندوب الندوة العالمية للشباب في ألمانيا
 قدَّم عددًا من الأبحاث في الاقتصاد الإسلامي وفي شئون المسلمين في أوروبا

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ماربورغ
ألمان من أصل عربي
اقتصاديون مصريون
إخوان مسلمون ألمان
إخوان مسلمون مصريون
دعاة مصريون
سياسيون ألمان
قادة الإخوان المسلمين
مواليد 1968
مواليد في ماربورغ

إبراهيم الزيات


توني مورال  (مواليد 21 أغسطس 1981 في تاراسا - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى ريسينغ سانتاندر الإسباني منذ 2009 في مركز الجناح الأيسر كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الوسط المهاجم والمهاجم .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم من تاراسا
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من تاراسا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإماراتي
لاعبو ديبورتيفو ألافيس
لاعبو راسينغ سانتاندير
لاعبو ريال مدريد كاستيا
لاعبو سلتا فيغو
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم كتلونيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو نادي اتحاد كلباء
لاعبو نادي برشلونة ج
لاعبو نادي بلاتانياس
لاعبو نادي تنريفه
لاعبو نادي جيرونا
لاعبو نادي حتا
لاعبو نادي قرطاجنة
مواليد 1981
مواليد في تاراسا

توني مورال


Fahrenkrug, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı bir yerleşim yeri. 6,62 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2010 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1.631 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Rolf Studt tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-trave-land.de

Kaynakça

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Fahrenkrug


Viscount Lifford is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1781 for James Hewitt, 1st Baron Lifford, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He had already been created Baron Lifford, of Lifford in the County of Donegal, in 1768, also in the Peerage of Ireland. He was succeeded by his son, the second Viscount, who was Dean of Armagh from 1796 to 1830. His grandson, the fourth Viscount, sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1856 to 1887. His younger son, the sixth Viscount (who succeeded his elder brother), was a captain in the Royal Navy. His son, the seventh Viscount, fought in both the Second Boer War and the First World War. He was succeeded by his cousin, the eighth Viscount. He was the son of the Hon. George Wyldbore Hewitt, seventh son of the fourth Viscount.  the titles are held by his son, the ninth Viscount, who succeeded in 1987.

The family seat is Field House, near Hursley, Hampshire. The former was Meenglass House, near Stranorlar, County Donegal.

Viscounts Lifford (1781)
James Hewitt, 1st Viscount Lifford (1709–1789)
James Hewitt, 2nd Viscount Lifford (1751–1830)
James Hewitt, 3rd Viscount Lifford (1783–1855)
James Hewitt, 4th Viscount Lifford (1811–1887)
James Wilfred Hewitt, 5th Viscount Lifford (1837–1913)
Archibald Robert Hewitt, 6th Viscount Lifford (1844–1925)
Evelyn James Hewitt, 7th Viscount Lifford (1880–1954)
Alan William Wingfield Hewitt, 8th Viscount Lifford (1900–1987)
Edward James Wingfield Hewitt, 9th Viscount Lifford (born 1949)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. James Thomas Wingfield Hewitt (born 1979).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Harry Alexander Wyldbore Hewitt (born 2010).

References

Notes

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Viscount
Viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1781

Viscount Lifford


Keiichi Sigsawa (時雨沢 恵一 Shigusawa Keiichi), rođen 1972. godine u prefekturi Kanagawa, japanski je autor romana. U 2000. godini, njegov je rad Kino's Journey bio finalist natjecanja 6. Dengeki Novel Prize, a zatim serijaliziran u magazinu Dengeki hp u ožujku iste godine, što je označilo njegov debi. Roman je postao popularan i nastavio se izdavati od toga vremena.

Autorovo ime, pseudonim, dolazi od SIG Sauer, proizvođača vatrenog oružja, i "manga junaka" Keiichi Morisatoa iz anime serije Oh My Goddess!, prema epilogu druge knjige Gakuen Kino. On voli putovati, voziti motocikl i sam se prozvao "luđakom za oružja". Spominje Galaxy Express 999 i djela Hayaoa Miyazakija, kao neke od njegovih glavnih utjecaja.

Djela

 Kino's Journey
 Gakuen Kino
 Priča jednog kontinenta (Tale of a Single Continent) serija knjiga
 Allison
 Lillia i Treize
 Meg i Seron
 Priča jednog kontinenta
 Danshi Kōkōsei de Urekko Light Novel Sakka o Shiteiru Keredo, Toshishita no Classmate de Seiyū no Onnanoko ni Kubi o Shimerareteiru. (Siječanj 2014, )
 Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online

Izvori

Japanski književnici

Keiichi Sigsawa


La Vía verde del Tren de los 40 días es una vía verde de la Comunidad de Madrid (España) que parte de la vía verde del Tajuña a su paso por el término municipal de Carabaña y finaliza en Estremera. Tiene una longitud de 14 kilómetros. Sigue parte del trazado del antiguo tren de los cuarenta días, también conocida como vía Negrín, que fue construida en 1938 entre Torrejón de Ardoz y Tarancón en tan sólo cuarenta días para abastecer a un Madrid asediado por las tropas de franquistas durante la Guerra Civil española.

Historia

Durante la Guerra civil española, Madrid quedó aislado por el asedio de las tropas del bando sublevado. La necesidad de comunicar con la zona de la costa mediterránea, donde estaba el gobierno republicano, hizo necesaria la construcción de una vía de ferrocarril que comunicara ambas zonas y que no estuviera en manos del bando asediador.

El trazado se construyó utilizando material ferroviario procedente de estaciones no operativas, como la de Las Matas. Para su trazado hubo que construir una decena de túneles, que llegaron a medir, en algún caso, hasta 150 metros de longitud. Además se elevaron tres puentes, un número considerable de apeaderos y tres estaciones. Algunas de los edificios de este trazado se conservan  en estado aceptable.

El proyecto,  ideado desde el Ministerio de Comunicaciones de la República, del que era responsable el arquitecto Bernardo Giner de los Ríos, y recayó la jefatura de obras en manos de los ingenieros de caminos Emilio Kowalski y Andrés Arrillaga de la Vega.

En un primer momento se utilizó una pequeña línea ferroviaria de 60 centímetros de anchura, que era propiedad de una empresa azucarera de Torrejón de Ardoz, utilizándose la estación de este tren de vía estrecha como inicio del trazado de la línea Madrid-Tarancón, donde enlazaría con la línea ya existente.

La nueva vía la conectaba con: Mejorada del Campo, Loeches, Pozuelo del Rey, Nuevo Baztán, Villar del Olmo, Orusco, Estremera, Belinchón y Tarancón.

El ferrocarril fue conocido como Vía de Negrín, ya que fue el jefe del Gobierno republicano quien impulsó la construcción del trazado.  Los trabajadores que se dedicaron a esta construcción ferroviaria eran, desde voluntarios y efectivos del Batallón de Fortificaciones del Ejército Popular de la República, a presos, de los cuales un número considerable eran facciosos.

El trazado abarcaba 140 kilómetros de longitud, entre Torrejón de Ardoz y Villacañas, y aunque se supone que sólo se emplearon en ello 40 días, de donde viene su nombre (aunque también es conocida como Vía Negrín), al final fueron necesarios 100 para que la vía fuera efectiva.

El trazado se vio interrumpido tras la guerra, momento en el que travesaños y raíles, fueron desmontados y devueltos, a la compañía privada MZA, propietaria de las líneas, a la que se pago un canon. Tan solo quedó operativo el tramo inicial, Torrejón-Mejorada, como parte del acceso a una planta azucarera en La Poveda.

Trazado
Actualmente la vía verde tiene un trazado de unos 14 km, entre Carabaña y Estremera,  al sudeste de la Comunidad de Madrid.

El acceso a la vía verde se hace desde Carabaña, pero sin entrar en el pueblo, ya que hay que girar a la derecha por la M-221, dirección Estremera y Valdaracete, para, más tarde, seguir 200 metros hasta cruzar por un puente sobre el Tajuña, girando enseguida a la izquierda, lugar en el que se inicia la Vía Verde del Ferrocarril de los 40 días.

Esta vía verde está trazada en paralelo a otra vía verde, la Vía Verde del Tajuña, que discurre paralela al río. Aunque la vía verde del ferrocarril continuará hacia el sudeste paralela a la carretera, alejándose del trazado del río.

El trazado actual ha sido recuperado por la Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles, dentro de su programa Vías Verdes. Consiste en un trazado habilitado con cinta asfáltica, debidamente señalizado y con áreas de descanso a lo largo del recorrido.

Al inicio de la ruta, la misma plataforma sirve para ambas vías verdes, la del Tajuña, y la del tren; pero en unos 300 metros se produce el desdoblamiento del asfalto rojo (identificador  del firme de la Vía Verde). El carril izquierdo, es el que corresponde a Vía Verde del Tajuña, sigue su camino por la vega del Tajuña, hasta Ambite; el carril derecho, el de la Vía Verde del Tren, inicia una rampa que gira bruscamente (a la derecha)  antes de llegar a la cima y enlaza con el trazado original del ferrocarril de los 40 Días.

El trazado del tren es irregular, y trata de adaptarse al terreno por el que discurre, por lo que fue necesario excavar una serie de trincheras, seccionando los cerros de margas, calizas, arcillas o yesos, dejando al descubierto  el variado colorido de estas rocas.

La vía transcurre un buen rato paralela a la carretera M-221, aunque a unos 4 km y medio se aleja de ella, descendiendo por la Vega del Carrizales. A los siete km pasamos por debajo de la M-221, dando un giro de 180 grados. Al llegar al km 8'2, nos encontramos un área de descanso, en el punto en el que se produce la confluencia de la carretera a Valderacete, la Vía Verde y la Cañada Real Soriana Oriental, vía pecuaria trashumante.

A continuación avanzaremos hasta dejar la vega del Tajuña y entrar en la Vega del Tajo. Al llegar al km 12, la vía verde vuelve a encontrarse con la carretera  M-221, y entramos en un tramo de la traza original del ferrocarril que no está recuperado todavía, que cruza el asfalto y se convierte en un camino rural. Por su parte, el trazado de la Vía Verde continúa descendiendo junto a la carretera, hasta llegar al km 14, momento en que esta ruta concluye al llegar a Estremera, ya muy cerca de la Comunidad de Castilla-La Mancha.

Véase también
 Anexo:Vías verdes de España

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Vías verdes. Vía verde del tren de los 40 días .
Castillo Salazar, José María. "Patrimonio histórico español del juego y del deporte: Vía verde del tren de los 40 días", en Museo del juego. 2011.

Geografía de la Comunidad de Madrid
Naturaleza de la Comunidad de Madrid
Tren de los 40 días

Vía verde del Tren de los 40 días


Portugal deltog ved sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien, fra 5. til 21. august 2016. Portugal har deltaget ved alle sommerlege siden landets debut i 1912. Portugals Olympiske Komite er repræsenteret med en delegation af 92 sportspersoner, heraf 62 mænd og 30 kvinder, som deltog i 16 sportsgrene, hvilket er nationens næststørste delegation til OL nogensinde, kun overgået af de 107 sportsfolk, der deltog ved sommer-OL 1996 i Atlanta, USA.

Medaljer

Medaljevindere

Svømning

Resultater

Referencer

Lande ved sommer-OL 2016
2016

Portugal ved sommer-OL 2016


Hrvatski kup u kuglanju za žene u sezoni 2018./19. je osvojila "Podravka" iz Koprivnice.
Kup je igran na proljeće 2019. godine, a prethodili su mu kupovi po županijskim i regionalnim savezima.

Rezultati

Osmina završnice

Četvrtzavršnica

Završni turnir
Igrano 8. i 9. lipnja 2019. u Splitu u kuglani "Poljud".

Povezani članci
 Kup Hrvatske u kuglanju za žene
 Hrvatska kuglačka liga za žene 2018./19.

Vanjske poveznice
 kuglanje.hr, Hrvatski kuglački savez
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Kuglački savez Osječko-baranjske županije

Izvori
 kuglanje.hr, Bilten , pristupljeno 15. lipnja 2019.
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Rezultati, pristupljeno 15. lipnja 2019.
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Kup RH za 2019, pristupljeno 15. lipnja 2019.
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Propozicije završnice ekipnog KUP-a Republike Hrvatske, objavljeno 13. travnja 2019., preuzeto 15. lipnja 2019.
 kuglanje.he, EKIPNI KUP REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE za 2018./2019. godine – ŽENE, preuzeto 15. lipnja 2019.
 kuglacki-savez-os.hr, Kup Republike Hrvatske – 2019. – žene, preuzeto 15. lipnja 2019.

2018-19

Kup Hrvatske u kuglanju za žene 2018./19.


The pork mutiny ( ) was an incident in Northern Finland in 1922. On February 2 a group of roughly armed Red Guard members crossed the Finnish-Soviet border near Kuolajärvi and Savukoski after disarming a company of the Finnish border guards. They advanced to a logging yard owned by Kemijoki Oy. They arrested the heads of the yard and confiscated the cashbox.

The incident derives its name from the fact that the leader of the Red Guardists, Frans Myyryläinen, stood on a crate that had formerly contained pork when he delivered his speech called the 'Declaration of Battle of the Red Guerrilla Battalion of the North'. After the speech, 283 workers and members of their families joined the battalion and were armed and given money. The Battalion then made its way back to the border. On its way, it robbed a group of border guards and other workplaces. On February 7, the battalion, by that time about 240 men, crossed the border back to the Soviet Union. Information of the incident was received at Rovaniemi only on February 5, and the battalion managed to slip away before a group of the White Guard arrived.

See also
Aunus expedition
Finnish Civil War
Heimosodat

References

Citations

Russian Civil War
1922 in Finland
Finland–Russia relations
Finland–Soviet Union relations
Rebellions in Finland
Conflicts in 1922

Pork mutiny