Shawinigan () is a city located on the Saint-Maurice River in the Mauricie area in Quebec, Canada. It had a population of 49,620 as of the 2021 Canadian census.

Shawinigan is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Shawinigan. Its geographical code is 36. Shawinigan is the seat of the judicial district of Saint-Maurice.

The name Shawinigan has had numerous spellings over time: Chaouinigane, Oshaouinigane, Assaouinigane, Achawénégan, Chawinigame, Shawenigane, Chaouénigane. It may mean "south portage", "portage of beeches", "angular portage", or "summit" or "crest". Before 1958, the city was known as Shawinigan Falls.

Shawinigan is the birthplace of former Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien.

History

In 1651, the Jesuit priest Buteaux was the first European known to have travelled up the Saint-Maurice River to this river's first set of great falls. Afterwards, missionaries going to the Upper Saint-Maurice would rest here. Before Shawinigan Falls was established, the local economy had been largely based on lumber and agriculture.

Boomtown

In the late 1890s, Shawinigan Falls drew the interest of foreign entrepreneurs such as John Joyce and John Edward Aldred of the Shawinigan Water & Power Company (SW&P), and of Hubert Biermans of the Belgo Canadian Pulp & Paper Company because of its particular geographic situation. Its falls had the potential to become a favorable location for the production of hydroelectricity.

In 1899, the SW&P commissioned Montreal engineering firm Pringle and Son to design a grid plan for a new industrial town on the banks of the Saint-Maurice River, providing the ground work for what would become Downtown Shawinigan.

In 1901, the place was incorporated as the Village Municipality of Shawinigan Falls and gained town (ville) status a year later in 1902. The hydro-electric generating station contributed to rapid economic growth and the town achieved several firsts in Canadian history: first production of aluminum (1901), carborundum (1908), cellophane pellets (1932). Shawinigan Falls also became one of the first Canadian cities with electric street lighting.

Urban Growth
For decades, the local pulp and paper, chemical and textile industries created thousands of jobs and stimulated city growth (see Sketch Map of Urban  in Shawinigan, 1899-1951).

Urban development steadily increased in Downtown Shawinigan Falls. By 1921, this sector was densely filled with commercial buildings on Fourth and Fifth street, as well as Station Avenue, one-family residences along the Riverside corridor (current-day St-Maurice Drive) and multi-story tenements elsewhere.

The Olmsted Brothers design firm was hired by the city to implement a beautification program.  By the late 1920s, Downtown Shawinigan Falls was home to a public market, a fire station, a technical school, several church buildings and two landscaped public parks, including the Saint-Maurice Park.

Many of the opulent uphill homes located in the somewhat secluded areas of Maple Street and Hemlock Avenue were occupied by more affluent people, many of whom happened to belong to the once vibrant English-speaking community, which at times comprised more than 30% of the local population.

As industrial plants began operation eastward and northward, neighbourhoods were established in Uptown Shawinigan Falls. The emergence of these new districts was defined by and intertwined with the parish structure of the Roman Catholic Church. The Saint-Marc neighbourhood, originally known as Village St-Onge, was annexed in 1902, extending the city limits to Dufresne Street. The uptown presence of the Canadian Carborundum and Alcan no. Two plants favoured the foundation the Christ-Roi neighbourhood, which was annexed in 1925 extending the city limits to St Sacrement Boulevard. The land now occupied by the section of town currently known as Shawinigan-Est was annexed in 1932.

Uptown Shawinigan Falls had its own fire station by 1922 and its own landscaped public park and swimming pool by 1940.

Westside near the Shawinigan River, the existence of the pulp and paper Belgo plant attracted enough residents to form a small, yet stable independent urban community called Baie-de-Shawinigan.

Across the Saint-Maurice River, Shawinigan-Sud (then Almaville) maintained home-rule and developed as a residential hub.

Great Depression

Local prosperity was interrupted by the Great Depression in the 1930s. Many plants were forced to temporarily reduce or stop their production, which left many residents jobless. Many families needed public assistance to survive. The City Council enacted a public works program to help families.

The promenade along the Saint-Maurice River was a project to create work during the depression.

World War II

World War II put Shawinigan Falls, and many others cities in Canada, back on the path of economic recovery.

During hostilities, the windows of local power plants were painted black to prevent any possible German aerial attack.

The Shawinigan-based 81st Artillery Battery was called to active duty during World War II. Its members were trained in Ontario and the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1944 and contributed to the Allies' effort in the Normandy Landings in 1944-45, which led to the Liberation of France.

In 1948, a cenotaph, known as Monument des Braves, was erected in downtown Shawinigan Falls at the intersection of Fourth Street and Promenade du Saint-Maurice (then Riverside Street) near the Saint-Maurice River, in honour of soldiers who died during that conflict as well as World War I.

Rise of the working class

By the early 1950s, the industrial growth in Shawinigan Falls was such that the city offered the steadiest employment and the highest wages in Quebec. Due to this advantageous position, Shawinigan Falls became a hot bed for organized labor and bargaining power. The rise of its working class also favoured the presence of numerous independently owned taverns.

Labour unions

As its working class gained economic ground and political leverage, Shawinigan Falls became fertile ground for labour unions. The workers of the Belgo pulp and paper plant went on strike in 1955. In the 1952 provincial election, Shawinigan sent a Liberal member to the legislature. The gesture was largely considered an affront to Premier Maurice Duplessis, who responded by refusing to approve the construction of a new bridge between Shawinigan Falls and Shawinigan-Sud. The new bridge was not built until after the Liberal Party won the 1960 election.  It was completed on September 2, 1962.

Taverns

In the 1950s, a number of taverns provided a male-only social environment for industrial workers. They were mostly concentrated in Downtown Shawinigan Falls (Saint-Bernard and Saint-Pierre), as well as in the Saint-Marc neighbourhood, as Shawinigan-Sud remained a dry town until 1961, and included the following venues:

In 1951, the local tavern keepers formed a business association.

In 1981, the provincial government enacted a law that gave women access to most taverns. By 1986, women had already been admitted in most taverns.

While a handful of local taverns evolved into bistros or restaurants, most of them did not survive the industrial decline that characterized the last third of the 20th Century.

Decline

In the 1950s, Shawinigan Falls entered a period of decline that would last for several decades. Technological improvements made industries less dependent on Shawinigan Falls' geographic location. Therefore, many employers would relocate to nearby larger cities or close down.

In 1958, it received city (cité) status, and its name was abbreviated to just Shawinigan.

As a reaction to declining opportunities, many residents, many of whom were English-speakers, left the area. Shawinigan High School is the only remaining English-language school in the city following the closure of St. Patrick's (closed circa 1983). Shawinigan's last English-language newspaper, the Shawinigan Standard, ceased publication at the end of 1970.

In 1963, the provincial government of Jean Lesage nationalized eleven privately owned electricity companies, including SW&P. While benefiting the population in general, the decision may have been damaging to local interests.

Emerging hospitality industry

Traditionally, Shawinigan has been home to a number of hotels and inns, including the following:

In order to offset the decline of the heavy industry, leaders have promoted the expansion of the local hospitality industry.  The most notable example of that initiative is the establishment of La Cité de l'Énergie, a theme park based on local industrial history, with a  observation tower.  Since it opened in 1997, it has attracted thousands of visitors to the area.  It currently hosts bus tours and cruises, as well as entertainment shows and interactive exhibits.  Since 2012, it is also home to the Museum of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, a venue similar to those operated by the U.S. presidential library system and which focuses on the gifts received by the former Prime Minister of Canada (1993-2003) during his official duties.

Mergers

 In 1998, Shawinigan merged with the Village Municipality of Baie-de-Shawinigan.

On January 1, 2002, Shawinigan amalgamated with much of the Regional County Municipality of Le Centre-de-la-Mauricie. The following municipalities were part of the merger:

Geography

Climate
Shawinigan has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) featuring cold and snowy winters coupled with warm and humid summers. Precipitation is moderate to high year round, resulting in heavy winter snowfall, typical of Eastern Canada.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Shawinigan had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Economy
 an Alcan aluminum plant: built in 1941 and located at 1100 Boulevard Saint-Sacrement, it took over the production of a 1901 structure which is located near the Saint-Maurice River and is currently managed by La Cité de l'Énergie.  It has since shut down in 2015;
 the Belgo pulp and paper plant: AbitibiBowater Inc. ceased its production on February 29, 2008;
 The Laurentide Paper Company: AbitibiBowater Inc. the last major paper mill still active in Shawinigan, located in the Grand-Mère district.
 large hydroelectric complex at Shawinigan Falls: the Shawinigan 2 (1911) and Shawinigan 3 (1948) power plants, established by the Shawinigan Water & Power Company, they have been the property of Hydro-Québec since 1963 and are also located near the Saint-Maurice River.

Arts and culture
 The Classique internationale de canots de la Mauricie: a prestigious marathon canoe race, held annually since 1934.
 Grand-Mère's Fête nationale du Québec celebration: consisting of a bonfire and a live performance from local musicians, its audience arguably ranks among the largest crowds in the Mauricie area.  It takes place at the Parc de la rivière Grand-Mère. The tradition goes back decades ago.

Attractions
 The Trou du Diable (Devil's Hole): this mysterious location consists of a swirl in the Saint-Maurice River nearby the falls.  Legend has it, the Trou du Diable has no bottom, making it impossible to rescue anyone who falls into it
 Parc Saint-Maurice: located in downtown Shawinigan, it was part of the city's original plan.
 the 62nd (Shawinigan) Field Artillery Regiment: a Reserve unit of the Canadian Army which was called to active duty during World War II
 La Cité de l'Énergie
 the Shawinigan Cataractes: the only QMJHL franchise to have stayed in the same city since the league's inception in 1969. They play at the Centre Gervais-Auto
 the Shawinigan-Sud Tax Centre

Sports
The Shawinigan Cataractes of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League play out of the Centre Gervais Auto in Shawinigan. It played host to the 2012 Memorial Cup hockey tournament and won the Championship, defeating the London Knights in the final.

Infrastructure

Transportation
Many of the oldest streets of Shawinigan were numbered, like the streets of Manhattan, New York.  Similarly, Avenue Broadway was named after the famous Manhattan thoroughfare.

Several other streets and avenues were named to honour famous people, including:

 George-Étienne Cartier
 Samuel de Champlain
 Dollard des Ormeaux
 Peter Julian Eymard
 Comte de Frontenac
 King George V
 Lomer Gouin
 Victor Hugo
 Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
 Marshal Joseph Joffre
 Pope John XXIII
 Curé Labelle

 Monsignor Louis-François Laflèche
 Sieur de La Salle
 Wilfrid Laurier
 Calixa Lavallée
 Honoré Mercier
 Marquis de Montcalm
 Pierre Laporte
 Cardinal Richelieu
 Basile Routhier
 Jean Talon
 Major General Georges Vanier

Religion
In recent years, the church attendance of Catholics in Shawinigan has been on the decline.  As a result, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trois-Rivières has had difficulties maintaining its churches and merged a number of its parishes.  The Catholic churches are:

The current church building for Saint-Pierre was constructed between 1908 and 1937.  The structure's stained glass was designed by Italian Canadian artist Guido Nincheri between 1930 and 1961.

Education
There are eight public schools. Seven of them are under the supervision of the Commission scolaire de l'Énergie school board.

Children who meet Charter of the French Language requirements for instruction in English can attend Shawinigan High School.  Its campus is located at 1125, rue des Cèdres and is operated by the Central Québec School Board.

Shawinigan is also home of the Séminaire Sainte-Marie, a private institution that provides the secondary curriculum and of the Collège Shawinigan: a CEGEP whose main campus is located at 2263 Avenue du Collège;

Sister cities
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Monterrey, Mexico

Notable people
 Peter Blaikie, lawyer
 Michaël Bournival, National Hockey League player
 Aline Chrétien, wife of Jean Chrétien
 Jean Chrétien, former Prime Minister of Canada
 Sylvain Cossette, singer
 Antoine Dufour, acoustic guitarist
 Paul Dumont, founding father of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
 Louise Forestier, singer and actress
 Martin Gélinas, National Hockey League player
 Jacques Lacoursière, historian
 Carole Laure, actress
 Bryan Perro, author, known for the Amos Daragon series
 Jacques Plante, National Hockey League player
 André Pronovost, National Hockey League player
 Camil Samson, leader of the Ralliement créditiste du Québec

See also
 List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec
 Mayors of Shawinigan
 Saint-Maurice River
 La Mauricie National Park
 Wapizagonke Lake
 Lac-à-la-Tortue, sector of Shawinigan
 Grand-Mère, sector of Shawinigan
 Île Anselme-Fay

Footnotes

External links

  Shawinigan official site

Cities and towns in Quebec
Territories equivalent to a regional county municipality

Shawinigan


The All-Star Squadron is a DC Comics superhero team that debuted in Justice League of America #193 (August 1981) and was created by Roy Thomas, Rich Buckler and Jerry Ordway. Although the team was introduced in the 1980s, its self-titled series took place in the 1940s, retroactively inserting their narratives into the fictional history of the DC Comics superheroes. The team included many of DC's Golden Age era characters, new characters, and other World War II superheroes that DC did not own during the 1940s but later acquired. The name "All-Star Squadron" was creator Roy Thomas' reference to All Star Comics, the series that introduced the Justice Society of America, the first comic book superhero team.

According to the series All-Star Squadron, US President Franklin Roosevelt creates a "superhero draft" called Article X during World War II. Article X asks all active American masked crime-fighters and superhuman adventurers to join forces as a single war-time organization, just as many American labor organizations did during World War II. In the canon of DC Comics, the Axis Powers used the mystical Spear of Destiny to create a "sphere of influence" over their occupied territories and surrounding areas during most of World War II. This sphere of influence caused superhumans, magically empowered people, and magic-users to fall under Hitler's control and take on some of his personality traits. For this reason, the All-Star Squadron focused its activities on protecting the US from invasion, super-villains, spies, and sabotage rather than risk their minds being controlled by the Axis Powers if they operated overseas in Europe or Asia.

After their introduction in Justice League of America, the team starred in the series All-Star Squadron which ran from 1981 to 1987. At different times, the organization's chairperson was Liberty Belle or Hawkman. A spin-off series entitled Young All-Stars began in 1987 and published 32 issues.

Publication history
During the Golden Age of Comics (roughly 1935–1951), several comic books featured crime-fighters, "mystery-men", adventurers, and superheroes. DC Comics began publishing the anthology series All Star Comics (sometimes referred to as All-Star Comics) in 1940. In issue #3, DC had many of their superheroes join together for dinner and share stories, declaring the gathering to be the first meeting of the Justice Society of America. The JSA was the first comic book superhero team and became the main feature of All Star Comics until it was canceled with issue #57 in 1951.

Writer Gerry Conway revived the All Star Comics series in 1976, continuing the original numbering by starting with issue #58. By this time, DC had established that its modern day adventures took place in the universe of Earth-One, whereas DC's Golden Age stories during the 1930s and 40s occurred in a parallel reality called Earth-Two. While the Golden Age Superman, introduced in 1938, had lived through World War II, the Earth-One Superman had not even been born until long after the war was over. While the modern-day Earth-One Wonder Woman was a superhero in her prime, new stories revealed that the Golden Age Wonder Woman of Earth-Two had fought Nazis during World War II, then later semi-retired, married her dear friend Steve Trevor, and had a daughter named Hyppolyta Trevor (who became a hero called Fury and joined a team of heroes known as Infinity, Inc.).

The 1970s revival of All Star Comics involved some flashback stories, but most of the issues took place in the modern day, showing the Justice Society members as older heroes decades after World War II. Conway also included younger heroes in the group, such as Power Girl (an Earth-Two version of Supergirl). His hope was to later have the younger members star in a spin-off series of their own, forming a team that could be called the All-Star Squadron. Management at DC worried that the team's name would be abbreviated as A.S.S., and so the group's name was changed to the Super Squad.

A team known as the All-Star Squadron debuted years later in a special insert in Justice League of America #193 (August 1981). The team's official series All-Star Squadron then began the following month with the creative team of writer Roy Thomas, with artists Rich Buckler and Jerry Ordway. The comic book series lasted 67 issues from September 1981 to March 1987, with three annuals published as well.

In All-Star Squadron #1, series writer Roy Thomas published "An Open Letter to the Readers" wherein he described the impetus for the series. Namely, DC wanted a comic book telling tales of the Justice Society of America (JSA). The last series to do so was the second volume of All Star Comics, which lasted only seventeen issues from 1976 to 1979. As Roy Thomas put it, DC management gave him "a chance to write a return of the JSA". Instead of writing stories in the modern era of Earth-Two, Roy Thomas chose to set the series during World War II. Roy Thomas decided to include other Golden Age era characters that weren't published by DC Comics during the 1930s and 40s but were acquired by the company in later years, such as the Quality Comics characters. All-Star Squadron established that most of these characters co-existed with the Golden Age DC heroes on Earth-Two.

In a nod to the original JSA adventures in All Star Comics, writer Roy Thomas tried to include at least a cameo appearance by the Golden Age Hawkman in every issue, since he was the one hero to appear in every Golden Age issue of the original All Star Comics series, including the two issues that predated the formation of the Justice Society of America. Although Hawkman did not appear in every issues of the second All Star Comic series, Roy Thomas wanted to create a new streak for the character in All-Star Squadron. The artwork for issue #49 was printed without Hawkman's cameo included, making it the only issue of the series where he does not appear.

The All-Star Squadron team is an example of "retroactive continuity" or "retcon", since the team itself was retroactively inserted into the history of DC superheroes and the series rewrote portions of already-established DC canon published during the 1940s. The first known use of the term "retcon" was by Roy Thomas in the letter column of All-Star Squadron #20 (April 1983). Several story lines ironed out continuity errors, fleshed out characters' origins, explained inconsistencies in character development, and resolved lingering questions and plot threads. Roy Thomas had used the Marvel Comics series Invaders in a similar way to address and revise official Marvel fictional history. Several issues of the series offered detailed origin stories of various characters, sometimes with revised details. Characters who had origin issues dedicated to them included Amazing-Man, Starman, Doctor Fate, Liberty Belle, Robotman, Johnny Quick, and the Tarantula. The story arc in issues #32-33 detailed how the Freedom Fighters traveled from Earth-Two to Earth-X, an event indicated in an earlier Justice League story.

With so many characters to choose from, the creative team decided to concentrate on "quite promising characters who have been ignored or underplayed for years", instead of only those Earth-Two characters who had popular counterparts on Earth-One. For examples, All-Star Squadron did not focus much on the Earth-Two versions of Superman and Wonder Woman, nor on the Golden Age version of the Flash, Jay Garrick, whose counterpart Barry Allen was very popular as the Flash of Earth-One. Roy Thomas wrote: "If we lost the original GL, we gained the Earth-Two Robotman; if we dropped Jay (Flash) Garrick, we picked up on Johnny Quick; Liberty Belle could stand in for Wonder Woman till more super-powered ladies came along. We even tossed in an Earth-Two version of the venerable Plastic Man, whose series in [Adventure Comics] was just folding..."

When Rich Buckler left the series after the fifth issue, editor Len Wein hired artist Adrian Gonzales as a replacement and notified Roy Thomas with a note stating "You're going to like Adrian Gonzales". He drew the series for 13 issues, during which the team had a crossover with the Justice League of America. Jerry Ordway, who had inked the series since its start, became the series regular penciler starting with issue #19 (March 1983). He and Thomas then co-created the Infinity, Inc. team, introducing it in All-Star Squadron #25 (Sept. 1983).

All-Star Squadron #31 (1984) featured the group's first "full roster" general meeting, taking place at their headquarters. The All-Star Squadron HQ was depicted as the Trylon and Perisphere, actual structures in Flushing Meadows, Queens, New York, constructed for the 1939 New York World's Fair. The Perisphere contained the Squadron meeting hall, while the Trylon was retrofitted as an aircraft hangar/vertical launch platform. The All-Star Squadron had a robotic butler named Gernsback, based on the Elektro robots from the fair and named after science fiction publisher Hugo Gernsback.

During the 1985-86 series Crisis on Infinite Earths, Earth-Two and Earth-One, along with some other realities, merged into a new, unified reality with a revised history. The heroes of World War II now existed in the same timeline as modern heroes, simply operating at an earlier time. While it was not a major problem to establish that certain characters such as the Golden Age Flash (a man named Jay Garrick) and the later Flash (a man named Barry Allen) could co-exist and both operate during different time periods, this explanation didn't work for heroes with direct counterparts. Golden Age heroes such as Superman, Wonder Woman, Batman, Robin, and Green Arrow all of whom had the same secret identities, same basic origin stories, and largely similar supporting casts as their modern day counterparts. For this reason, these particular Golden Age heroes, and some others, had to be removed from the history of the new, unified timeline. This also meant the canon of several recent All-Star Squadron stories was now questionable, since the Golden Age versions of those same heroes made multiple appearances in the series.

To clear the slate after Crisis on Infinite Earths and re-launch the franchise, All Star Squadron ended with issue #67 and the series was succeeded by Young All-Stars. Since then, the All-Star Squadron has appeared in sporadic stories published by DC Comics. Article X was used again during the crossover Final Crisis when Earth's superheroes needed to unite against the forces of Darkseid and the evil New Gods.

Fictional history

On the day of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt gathered available superheroes—including members of the Justice Society of America, Freedom Fighters,  and solo heroes—at the White House. He asked them to band together for the war as the All-Star Squadron to battle sabotage and keep the peace on the home front during World War II. The rationale for not using the Squadron in combat situations in the European or Pacific Theaters of War was that Adolf Hitler had possession of the Spear of Destiny, a mystical object that gave him control of any superheroes with magic-based powers or a vulnerability to magic (including Superman, Green Lantern, Doctor Fate and others) who crossed into territory held by the Axis Powers.

At the time, many of the Justice Society members had been captured by the time-travelling villain Per Degaton with the help of JSA foes he had pulled back in time, but the available heroes were asked to first guard against a potential attack on the West Coast of the United States. Degaton himself used some stolen Japanese planes with hypnotized troopers to launch such an attack on San Francisco, hoping to change history by making the United States fight to a stalemate against Japan, enabling him to take over the world, so the new Squadron's first major mission was to stop the attack and rescue the captured heroes, who also became part of the new group. Due to Per Degaton going back in time after the JSA were freed they forgot his involvement, though the events were not wiped. America's entry into the war caused several of the members of the JSA to enlist, or be drafted in their civilian identities. These included Alan Scott, Starman, Hawkman, The Atom and Johnny Thunder.

Creators

Writers
 Roy Thomas – #1–67 (Sept. 1981–March 1987); Annual #1–3 (1982–84)
 Gerry Conway – #8–9 (April–May 1982) (Steel section only)
 Paul Kupperberg – #41, 44 (Jan. 1985, April 1985)
 Mike Baron – #43 (March 1985)
 Dann Thomas – #46, 51, 53–55 (June 1985, Nov. 1985, Jan. 1986–March 1986)

Artists
 Rich Buckler – #1–5, 36 (Sept. 1981–Jan. 1982, Aug. 1984); Annual #3 (1984)
 Adrian Gonzales – #6–18 (Feb. 1982–Feb. 1983); Annual #1 (1982)
 Don Heck – #8–9, 65 (April–May 1982, Jan. 1987) (Steel section only for #8–9)
 Jerry Ordway – #19–26, 29 (March 1983–Oct. 1983, Jan. 1984); Annual #2–3 (1983–1984)
 Richard Howell – #27–28, 30, 40 (Nov. 1983–Dec. 1983, Feb. 1984, Dec. 1984); Annual #3 (1984)
 Rick Hoberg – #31–35, 38–39 (March 1984–July 1984, Oct. 1984–Nov. 1984); Annual #3 (1984)
 Arvell Jones – #37, 41–46, 50–55, 58–60, 67 (Sept. 1984, Jan. 1985–June 1985, Oct. 1985–March 1986, June 1986–Aug. 1986, March 1987)
 Keith Giffen – Annual #3 (1984)
 Carmine Infantino – Annual #3 (1984)
 Don Newton – Annual #3 (1984)
 Martin Nodell – Annual #3 (1984)
 George Pérez – Annual #3 (1984)
 Todd McFarlane – #47 (July 1985)
 Mike Harris – #48–49, 61 (Aug. 1985–Sept. 1985, Sept. 1986)
 Mike Clark – #51, 56–57, 60 (Nov. 1985, April 1986–May 1986, Aug. 1986)
 Tony DeZuniga – #62 (Oct. 1986)
 Michael Bair – #63 (Nov. 1986)
 Wayne Boring – #64 (Dec. 1986); Annual #3 (1984)
 Alan Kupperberg – #66 (Feb. 1987)

Cover artists
 Rich Buckler – #1, 3–6, 36 (Sept. 1981, Nov. 1981–Feb. 1982, Aug. 1984)
 Joe Kubert – #2, 7–18 (Oct. 1981, March 1982–Feb. 1983)
 Jerry Ordway – #19–33, 50, 60 (March 1983–May 1984, Oct. 1985, Aug. 1986); Annual #1–2 (1982–83)
 Rick Hoberg – #34–35, 37–39 (June 1984–July 1984, Sept. 1984–Nov. 1984); Annual #3 (1984)
 Arvell Jones – #40–44, 46, 52, 55, 58–59, 64–66 (Dec. 1984–April 1985, June 1985, Dec. 1985, March 1986, June 1986–July 1986, Dec. 1986–Feb. 1987)
 Tim Burgard – #45 (May 1985)
 Todd McFarlane – #47 (July 1985)
 Mike Harris – #48–49, 61–62 (Aug. 1985–Sept. 1985, Sept. 1986–Oct. 1986)
 Mike Clark – #51, 53–54, 56–57 (Nov. 1985, Jan. 1986–Feb. 1986, April 1986–May 1986)
 Michael Bair – #63 (Nov. 1986)
 Tom Grindberg – #67 (March 1987)

Editors
 Len Wein – #1–20, Annual #1 (Sept. 1981–April 1983)
 Roy Thomas – #21–67, Annual #2–3 (May 1983–March 1987)

Associate/assistant editors
 Mike W. Barr #1–9 (Sept. 1981–May 1982)
 Carl Gafford #10–16, Annual #1 (June–Dec. 1982)
 Nick Cuti #17–29, Annual #2 (Jan. 1983–Jan. 1984)
 Janice Race #32–58, Annual #3 (April 1984–June 1986)
 Barbara Randall #59–61 (July–Sept. 1986)
 Greg Weisman #62–67 (Oct. 1986–March 1987)

Collected editions

See also
 The Crusaders
 Freedom Fighters
 Justice Society of America
 Seven Soldiers of Victory
 Young All-Stars

References

External links

 All-Star Squadron biography at DCUGuide.com

1981 comics debuts
1987 comics endings
Comics characters introduced in 1981
Characters created by Roy Thomas
Comics by Gerry Conway
Comics by Paul Kupperberg
Comics by Roy Thomas
DC Comics titles
Defunct American comics
Earth-Two
Fictional World War II veterans
Justice Society of America
United States-themed superheroes
DC Comics set during World War II

All-Star Squadron


Nibe Boldklub eller Nibe B er en dansk idrætsforening, hjemhørende i Nibe. Foreningen blev grundlagt den 19. juli 1919, under navnet Nibe Fodboldklub, og først i 1935 fik klubben sit nuværende navn.

Klubbens bedste fodboldhold spillede i efteråret 2017 i  Serie 1.

Referencer

Fodboldklubber under DBU Jylland
Boldklub
Etableret i 1919

Nibe Boldklub


Tullio Levi-Civita,  (, ; 29 March 1873 – 29 December 1941) was an Italian mathematician, most famous for his work on absolute differential calculus (tensor calculus) and its applications to the theory of relativity, but who also made significant contributions in other areas. He was a pupil of Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, the inventor of tensor calculus. His work included foundational papers in both pure and applied mathematics, celestial mechanics (notably on the three-body problem), analytic mechanics (the Levi-Civita separability conditions in the Hamilton–Jacobi equation) and hydrodynamics.

Biography

Born into an Italian Jewish family in Padua, Levi-Civita was the son of Giacomo Levi-Civita, a lawyer and former senator. He graduated in 1892 from the University of Padua Faculty of Mathematics. In 1894 he earned a teaching diploma after which he was appointed to the Faculty of Science teacher's college in Pavia. In 1898 he was appointed to the Padua Chair of Rational Mechanics (left uncovered by death of Ernesto Padova) where he met and, in 1914, married Libera Trevisani, one of his pupils. He remained in his position at Padua until 1918, when he was appointed to the Chair of Higher Analysis at the University of Rome; in another two years he was appointed to the Chair of Mechanics there.

In 1900 he and Ricci-Curbastro published the theory of tensors in Méthodes de calcul différentiel absolu et leurs applications, which Albert Einstein used as a resource to master the tensor calculus, a critical tool in the development of the theory of general relativity. In 1917 he introduced the notion of parallel transport in Riemannian geometry, motivated by the will to simplify the computation of the curvature of a Riemannian manifold. Levi-Civita's series of papers on the problem of a static gravitational field were also discussed in his 1915–1917 correspondence with Einstein. The correspondence was initiated by Levi-Civita, as he found mathematical errors in Einstein's use of tensor calculus to explain the theory of relativity. Levi-Civita methodically kept all of Einstein's replies to him; and even though Einstein had not kept Levi-Civita's, the entire correspondence could be re-constructed from Levi-Civita's archive. It is evident from this that, after numerous letters, the two men had grown to respect each other. In one of the letters, regarding Levi-Civita's new work, Einstein wrote "I admire the elegance of your method of computation; it must be nice to ride through these fields upon the horse of true mathematics while the like of us have to make our way laboriously on foot". In 1933 Levi-Civita contributed to Paul Dirac's equations in quantum mechanics as well.

His textbook on tensor calculus, The Absolute Differential Calculus (originally a set of lecture notes in Italian co-authored with Ricci-Curbastro), remains one of the standard texts almost a century after its first publication, with several translations available.

In 1936, receiving an invitation from Einstein, Levi-Civita traveled to Princeton, United States and lived there with him for a year. But when the risk of war in Europe again rose, he returned to Italy. The 1938 race laws enacted by the Italian Fascist government deprived Levi-Civita of his professorship and of his membership of all scientific societies.  Isolated from the scientific world, he died in his apartment in Rome in 1941.

Among his PhD students were Octav Onicescu, Attilio Palatini, Giovanni Lampariello and Gheorghe Vrânceanu.

Later on, when asked what he liked best about Italy, Einstein said "spaghetti and Levi-Civita".

Other studies and honors
Analytical dynamics was another aspect of Levi-Civita's studies: many of his articles examine the three-body problem. He wrote articles on hydrodynamics and on systems of differential equations. He is credited with improvements to the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem, on which he wrote a book in 1931. In 1933, he contributed to work on the Dirac equation. He developed the Levi-Civita field, a system of numbers that includes infinitesimal quantities.

Levi-Civita was elected an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1917. The Royal Society awarded him the Sylvester Medal in 1922 and elected him as a foreign member in 1930. He became an honorary member of the London Mathematical Society, of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, following his participation in their colloquium in 1930 at the University of St Andrews. He was also a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.

Works
All his mathematical works, except for the monographs, treatises and textbooks, were posthumously gathered in the six volumes of his "Collected works", in a revised typographical form amending both typographical errors and author's oversights.

Articles
 .
 .
 .

Books
 Tullio Levi-Civita and Ugo Amaldi Lezioni di meccanica razionale (Bologna: N. Zanichelli, 1923)
 Tullio Levi-Civita Questioni di meccanica classica e relativistica (Bologna, N. Zanichelli, 1924)
 Tullio Levi-Civita Lezioni di calcolo differenziale assoluto (Roma: Alberto Stock Editore 1925)
 The Absolute Differential Calculus (London & Glasgow, Blackie & Son 1927) (edited by Enrico Persico, trans. by Marjorie Long)
 Tullio Levi-Civita and Enrico Persico Fondamenti di meccanica relativistica (Bologna : N. Zanichelli, 1928)
 Tullio Levi-Civita Caratteristiche dei sistemi differenziali e propagazione ondosa (Bologna, N. Zanichelli 1931)
 Tullio Levi-Civita and Ugo Amaldi Nozioni di balistica esterna (Bologna: N. Zanichelli, 1935)
 Tullio Levi Problème des  Corps en relativité générale (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1950, Mémorial des sciences mathématiques )
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 . A collection of some of his published papers (in their original typographical form), probably an unordered uncorrected collection of offprints.

See also
 Levi-Civita connection
 Levi-Civita crater
 Levi-Civita field
 Levi-Civita parallelogramoid
 Levi-Civita symbol

Notes

References

Biographical references
 "Professor T. Levi-Civita, Member of Vatican Academy," The Jewish Chronicle (UK), February 6, 1942.

General references
 . The "Inaugural address" (English translation of the contribution title) of Beniamino Segre, a commemoration describing briefly many aspects of the life and the work of Levi-Civita.

Scientific references
 .
 . "Electromagnetism in the work of Levi-Civita" (English translation of the contribution title) is a survey of some of the works of Levi-Civita on the theory of electromagnetism.
 .

Publications dedicated to his memory
 .

External links

 Scienceworld biography
 Another short biography
 An Italian short biography of Tullio Levi-Civita  in Edizione Nazionale Mathematica Italiana online.

1873 births
1941 deaths
Scientists from Padua
Differential geometers
Italian relativity theorists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Lincean Academy
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
University of Padua alumni
Academic staff of the University of Padua
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
19th-century Italian mathematicians
20th-century Italian mathematicians
20th-century Italian Jews
Fluid dynamicists
Jewish physicists
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Tullio Levi-Civita


Wenceslao Segura González (21 de septiembre de 1955 en Alcalá de los Gazules, España), físico, historiador e investigador español contemporáneo, radicado en Tarifa (Cádiz).

Biografía
Ha desarrollado su investigación histórica sobre la Edad Media del municipio de Tarifa, destacando sus trabajos sobre Guzmán el Bueno, la batalla del Salado que se desarrolló en Tarifa en el año 1340 o el inicio de la invasión islámica de España.

También ha publicado libros y artículos sobre las Edades Moderna y Contemporánea, donde destacan sus revelaciones sobre la II República.

En cuanto a sus trabajos científicos citar las investigaciones en el área de la Hemerología o ciencia de los calendarios, destacando sus estudios sobre la relación entre astronomía y calendarios. También es de reseñar su aportación al estudio de la inducción gravitatoria o gravitoelectromagnetismo y a la teoría de campo unificado relativista.

Ha fundado y dirigido varias publicaciones periódicas como las revistas de información general Baelo y Tarifa, la Voz de un Pueblo, el diario digital Tarifaaldía y las publicaciones de investigación Aljaranda y Al Qantir.

Destacar en la actividad de Wenceslao Segura su implicación en la vida cultural de Tarifa durante los últimos treinta años. Fruto de este trabajo ha sido la creación de varias entidades culturales, como las asociaciones Tingentera, Tarifa, la Voz de un Pueblo,  Mellaria y Proyecto TARIFA2010.

Entre sus últimas responsabilidades se encuentra la organización de los actos conmemorativos del XIII centenario del desembarco de Tarif ibn Mallik (Tarifa, julio de 710) y las Jornadas de Historia de Tarifa.

Ha sido Cronista Oficial de Tarifa, es Premio de Investigación de Temas Tarifeños y miembro del Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños. En el año 2012 el Ayuntamiento de Tarifa le otorgó el título de Hijo Adoptivo de la ciudad "por su labor altruista y continua dedicación al ámbito cultural de Tarifa, especialmente en el campo de la investigación histórica".

En el año 2016 le fue concedido el Premio Isidro de Peralta a la defensa del Patrimonio Cultural del municipio de Tarifa.

Obra

Libros

 Crónicas de Tarifa. 1950-1954. Tomos I y II, ISSN 2171-5858

 La conexión afín. Aplicación a la teoría clásica de campo, ISBN 978-84-606-7167-1

 Teoría de campo relativista, ISBN 978-84-617-1463-6

 Gravitoelectromagnetismo y principio de Mach, ISBN 978-84-616-3522-1

 Libro de Honor de Tarifa,  ISSN 2171-5858

 La reforma del calendario, ISBN 978-84-616-1729-6

 Guzmán el Bueno en la poesía española

 El castillo de Guzmán el Bueno, ISBN 978-84-605-6455-3

 El Castillo de Tarifa. Guía de visita

 The castle of Guzman the Good, ISBN 978-84-923890-1-8

 Guzmán el Bueno y la defensa de Tarifa

 Hemerología: la ciencia de los calendarios, ISBN 978-84-934263-1-6

 Los privilegios de Tarifa. Una población en la encrucijada de la Edad Media, ISBN 978-84-923890-7-0

 Nuestro calendario: una explicación científica, simple y completa del calendario lunisolar cristiano, ISBN 978-84-614-7306-9

 Tarifa en la II República, ISBN 978-84-923890-5-6

 Inicio de la invasión árabe de España. Colección documental, ISSN 2171-5858

 Tarifa monumental. Guía para visitar y comprender los monumentos de Tarifa
 Callejeros históricos de Tarifa,  ISSN 2171-5858

Monografías

 "Las lápidas conmemorativas de Guzmán el Bueno"

 "Tarifa y el sitio de Algeciras de 1309"

 "La batalla del Salado (año 1340)"

 "La batalla naval de Guadalmesí (año 1342)"

 "La construcción del Liceo Tarifeño (1870-1875)"

 "Guzmán el Bueno, ¿leonés o sevillano?"

 "Guzmán el Bueno en las crónicas de los reyes"

 "Guzmán el Bueno: colección documental"

 "El desarrollo de la batalla del Salado"

 "La muerte de Guzmán el Bueno"

Obras colectivas

 "Tarifa en la Edad Media", ISBN 978-84-930205-9-0

 " XIII centenario del desembarco de Tarif ibn Mallik (Tarifa, julio de 710)", ISSN 2171-5858
 "Tarifa medieval. Episodios", ISSN 2171-5858

Obras como editor

 "Tarifa, monografía de Domingo Sánchez del Arco", ISSN 2171-5858
  "La defensa de Tarifa durante la Guerra de la Independencia", ISSN 2171-5858

Referencias

Historiadores de España del siglo XX
Personas de Tarifa
Nacidos en Alcalá de los Gazules
Medievalistas de España del siglo XX

Wenceslao Segura González


Kumarbaz (Rusça: Игрокъ, Igrokŭ; modern Rusça'da Игрок, Igrok), Dostoyevski'nin gençlik yıllarını, dramatik aşk ve kumar tutkusunu en yalın hali ile kaleme aldığı yapıtlarından biridir. İlk büyük romanı olan ve büyük bir kitleye ulaşan Suç ve Cezadan sonra yayınevi ile yaptığı anlaşmaya bağlı kalmak mecburiyeti üzerine, (Kumarbaz romanının 25 gün içerisinde yazılmaması halinde Dostoyevski ileride yazacağı romanlardan herhangi bir hak talep edemeyecekti) romanın yetişememe telaşı ve en önemlisi iyi bir roman yazmak düşüncesiyle tuttuğu stenograf Anna Grigoryevna'nın yardımı ile yazmış ve kendinden genç olan bu kadınla daha sonra evlenmiştir. Roman 25 günde tamamlanmıştır.

İlham Kaynağı
"Kumarbaz", adından da anlaşılacağı üzere Fyodor Dostoyevski'nin aşina olduğu bir konuyu işliyordu: kumar. Dostoyevski kumarla ilk kez 1863 yılında Wiesbaden'da tanıştı. Tatil için Wiesbaden'a gelen Dostoyevski birkaç gün içinde hem kendi parasını hem de kız arkadaşı Polina Suslova'nın parasını kaybetti.

O zamandan kumar tutkusunun yatıştığı 1871 yılına kadar sık sık Baden-Baden, Bad Homburg ve Saxon-les-Bains'de oynadı, genellikle küçük bir miktar para kazanarak başlayıp sonunda çok daha fazlasını kaybetti.

Kumara olan tutkusundan ilk defa 1 Eylül 1863'te ilk karısının kız kardeşine gönderdiği ve ilk başarısını anlatan bir mektupta bahseder.

Kumara olan ilgisinden ilk olarak 1 Eylül 1863'te ilk karısının kız kardeşine gönderdiği ve ilk başarısını anlatan bir mektupta bahseder:Lütfen kaybetmemiş olmanın sevinciyle, kaybetmenin değil, kazanmanın sırrına sahip olduğumu söyleyerek gösteriş yaptığımı sanmayın. Sırrı gerçekten biliyorum - bu çok aptalca ve basit, sadece kendini sürekli kontrol altında tutma ve oyun nasıl değişirse değişsin asla heyecanlanmama meselesi. Hepsi bu kadar - bu şekilde kaybedemezsiniz ve kazanacağınızdan emin olabilirsiniz.

Bu mektuptan sonra bir hafta içinde kazandığı tüm parayı kaybeder ve ailesinden para istemek zorunda kalır. Kardeşi Mikhail'e 8 Eylül 1863'te bir mektup yazar:Ve kendi sistemime inandım... 15 dakikada 600 frank kazandım. Bu iştahımı kabarttı. Birden kaybetmeye başladım ve sonunda her şeyimi kaybettim. Ondan sonra ben... Son paramı aldım ve oynamaya gittim... Bu alışılmadık talihe kapıldım ve 35 napolyonun hepsini riske attım ve hepsini kaybettim. Ev sahibine ve yol ücretini ödemek için 6 napoleon d'or'um kalmıştı. Cenevre'de saatimi rehinci dükkanına verdim.Fyodor Dostoyevski daha sonra F. T. Stellovski ile, 1 Kasım 1866'ya kadar 12 veya daha fazla imzalı bir roman teslim etmezse, Stellovski'nin Dostoyevski'nin eserlerini 1 Kasım 1875'e kadar dokuz yıl boyunca yazara herhangi bir ücret ödemeden yayınlama hakkını elde edeceği tehlikeli bir sözleşmeyi kabul etti. Hikâyesinin bazı kısımlarını not etti, ardından bunları Rusya'daki ilk stenograflardan birine ve daha sonradan eşi olacak olan genç Anna Grigorevna'ya yazdırdı, o da bunları yazıya döktü ve onun için düzgün bir şekilde kopyaladı. Onun yardımıyla kitabı zamanında bitirmeyi başardı.

Karakterler

Aleksey İvanoviç: Romanın baş kahramanıdır, roman bu karakter üzerinde şekillenir; anlatılan hikâye bir kumar bağımlısı olan Aleksey'in hikâyesidir. Geçimini generalin maiyetinde generalin küçük çocukları Mişa ve Nadya'ya öğretmenlik yaparak sağlar, bir soyludur.

Polina'ya deliler gibi âşıktır, onun için her türlü şeyi yapmaya hazırdır. "Bu arada kutsal olan her şey üzerine yemin ederim ki, Schlangenberg'de o mesirede 'Atlayın aşağıya,' deseydi kendimi büyük bir zevkle boşluğa bırakırdım. Buna eminim."

Polina Aleksandrovna Praskovya: Generalin üvey kızıdır, Aleksey'in ona karşı olan aşkını kullanarak onunla acımasızca alay eder. Kumar oynamayı sevmez.

General: Orta yaşlarda emekli bir generaldir. Duldur ve Matmazel Blanche'a âşıktır.

Des Grieux: Kendini beğenmiş Fransız bir markidir, generalin ahbabıdır. Çok zengindir. Aleksey İvanoviç, Des Grieux'den nefret eder. "Beni açıkça küçümsediğini saklamamakla kalmıyor, özellikle saklamamaya çalışıyordu; benim de ona saygı duymamak için sebeplerim vardı elbette. Kısacası ondan nefret ediyordum."

Bay Astley: Utangaç ve çok zengin bir İngilizdir, Aleksey İvanoviç'in dostudur ve onun üzerinde önemli bir etkisi vardır. "Hayatımda onun kadar utangaç birini görmedim; aptallığa varacak kadar utangaçtır, elbette bunu kendisi de çok iyi bilir, çünkü aptal falan değildir. Bununla beraber çok sakin, sessiz biridir."

Matmazel Blanche: Bir sosyete fahişesidir, generalin yavuklusudur. Generale Büyükanne'den kalacak mirasın peşinde olduğu için General'e yaranmaya çalışır. "Herhalde yirmi beş yaşlarında. Uzun boylu, biçimli, geniş omuzları var, boynu ve göğüsleri muhteşem; teni sarı kara; gür, hem de iki kuaföre yetecek kadar gür saçları çini mürekkebi gibi kapkara."

Marya Filippovna: Generalin kız kardeşidir.

Barones Wurmerhelm: "Kısa boylu, epey şişmandı, çenesi ve gerdanı öyle dolgun ve sarkıktı ki boynu neredeyse görünmüyordu. Yüzü kıpkırmızıydı. Düğme kadar gözlerinde kötücül, küstah bir ifade vardı. Varlığıyla etrafına şeref verirmiş gibi yürüyordu,"

Baron Wurmerhelm: "Baronsa sıska, uzun boyluydu. Bütün Almanlarınki gibi çarpık yüzünde binlerce kırışıklık vardı; gözlük de takıyordu, kırk beş yaşlarındaydı. Bacakları handiyse göğsünden başlıyordu; ırk özelliği işte. Bir tavus kuşu kadar kibirliydi."

Antonida Vasilyevna Taraseviçeva: Generalin teyzesi, la baboulinka (büyükanne) da denir. Bir anda ruleti sevmeye başlar ama sonuçlarından habersizdir.

Potapıç: Büyükanne'nin uşağıdır.

Marfa: Büyükanne'nin hizmetçisidir.

Madame de Cominges: Matmazel Blanche'ın annesi olduğu düşünülür, hizmetçiler tarafından Madame la Comtesse olarak anılır.

Fedosya: Generalin dadısıdır.

Küçük Prens

Prens Nilski

Albert: Paris'te ordu subayıdır. Matmazel Blanche ile sevgilidirler.

Romanda Bölüm Bölüm Başlıca Ele Alınan Konular
I. BölümAleksey İvanoviç iki haftalık ayrılıktan sonra sonunda generalin yanına, Roulettenbourg'a gelmiştir. Davranışlarından birinden borç para aldığı anlaşılan general; Bay Astley, Des Grieux, Matmazel Blanche ile bir yemek düzenler. Aleksey yemeğe çağrılmamasına rağmen gider ve yemekte Aleksey - Des Grieux arasında gergin anlar yaşanır.

Aynı günün akşamı Aleksey ile Polina Nadya ve Mişa'yla birlikte gezintiye çıkar. Polina, Aleksey'le yalnız kalınca paraya ihtiyacı olup kumar oynaması gerektiğini ancak kumar oynamayı bilmediğini için ona ihtiyacı olduğunu alayla karışık öfkeyle anlatır.

"Size bu kadar yüz verdiğim için sizden nefret ediyorum; size bu kadar ihtiyacım olduğu için daha da çok nefret ediyorum. Fakat şimdilik size ihtiyacım var... Sizi kollamam lazım."

Polina, Aleksey'e 700 florin verip rulet oynamasını ister. Polina gidince tek başına kalan Aleksey, duygularını analiz etmeye başlar.

"Onu seviyor muyum? Ve bir kez daha bu soruya cevap vermeye cesaret edemedim; daha doğrusu belki de yüzüncü kez ondan nefret ettiğimi tekrarladım kendi kendime. Evet ondan nefret ediyordum. Sırf onu boğabilmek için ömrümün yarısını vereceğim anlar (tam olarak sohbetlerimizin sonunda) oluyordu! Yemin ederim ki, sivri bir bıçağı yavaş yavaş göğsüne sokacak fırsatı bulsam, herhalde büyük bir zevkle yapışırdım yakasına."II. BölümBaşkası adına kumar oynamak istemeyen Aleksey, utana sıkıla da olsa kumarhaneye gider. Kumarhaneye ilk girdiğinde yaptığı betimlemeler dikkat çeker. Sonunda rulet oynamaya karar veren Aleksey, 160 frederik kazanır ve Polina'nın yanına döner. Parayı ona verdikten sonra neden paraya ihtiyacı olduğunu sorar ancak Polina sadece tek umudunun rulet olduğunu söylemekle yetinir.III. BölümGeneral ile Fransız'ın ilişkisi hakkında bildiklerini okuyucuya anlatan Aleksey, Matmazel Blanche hakkında da bilgi verir.IV. BölümPolina adına kumar oynamayı belli şartlar altında kabul eden Aleksey, bu sefer kaybeder. Kaybetmesi üzerine kendisine karşı küçümser ve alaycı davranan Des Grieux ile ateşli bir tartışma yaşarlar.V. BölümPolina'yla sohbet eden Aleksey ona yine neden paraya ihtiyacı olduğunu sorar ve bu sefer Polina birine borcu olup ödemesi gerektiğini Aleksey'e anlatır. Onun karşısında köle durumuna düştüğünü ve ne derse yapacağını söyleyen Aleksey, şaşırtıcı bir soru alır.

"-Tutup size falanca adamı öldürün desem, öldürür müydünüz? -Kimi? -Kimi istersem. -Fransız'ı mı? -Soru soracağınıza cevap verin. Kimi istersem. Demin ciddi olup olmadığınızı öğrenmek istiyorum. ... -Tabii ki kimi isterseniz öldürürüm,"

Bunu duyup Aleksey'in onun için her şeyi yapabileceğini anlayan Polina, bu durumla alay etmek için Aleksey'den Baron ve Barones Wurmerhelm'in yanına gidip dalga geçmek amacıyla onlara Fransızca bir şey söylemesini ister.

Kaynakça

Dostoyevski romanları
19. yüzyıl Rus romanları
Klasik romanlar
Rusça romanlar
Konusu Rusya'da geçen romanlar
1867 romanları
Varoluşçu romanlar
Sinemaya uyarlanmış Rus romanları
Rus felsefi romanları
1860'larda geçen romanlar

Kumarbaz (roman)


Trofej Fair play – SN, godišnja je nagrada koju dodjeljuje hrvatski športski dnevni list Sportske novosti. Nagrada je ustanovljena u spomen na preminuloga glavnoga urednika Sportskih novosti iz razdoblja od 1962. do 1972. godine, Vladimira Oreškovića, a prvotno zvala se je Trofej fair play Vladimir Orešković. Dodjeljuje se od 1972. godine, prigodom dodjele nagrade Sportaši godine Sportskih novosti. Tijekom godina nagrada je u nazivu kadšto sadržavala i ime pokrovitelja.

Dosadašnji dobitnici nagrade
 1972.: Miljenko Rak, atletičar.
 1973.: Radmila Parezanović, rukometašica.
 1974.: Eugen Pleško, biciklist.
 1975.: Pero Budija, atletičar.
 1976.: Mirko Janškovec, stolnotenisač.
 1977.: Dubravko Mataković, kajakaš i kanuist na divljim vodama.
 1978.: Milan Spasojević, atletičar.
 1979.: Marjan Manfreda, alpinist.
 1980.: Drago Frelih, biciklist.
 1981.: Nenad Ileković, tenisač.
 1982.: Matija Ljubek, kajakaš
 1983.: Ljiljana Zumbulović, gimnastičarka.
 1984.: Dragan Nenezić, odbojkaš.
 1985.: Zlatko Kavur, jahač.
 1986.: Jure Pavlić, biciklist.
 1987.: Ragbi klub Nada Split, ragbijski klub.
 1988.: Željko Kukec, kajakaš.
 1989.: Ljubomir Ljubojević, šahist.
 1990.: FK Pelister Bitolj, nogometni klub.
 1991.: Željko Franulović, tenisač.
 1992.: HNK Hajduk Split, nogometni klub.
 1993.: Branko Ikić, podvodni ribolovac.
 1994.: Tadija Opačak, invalid, ultramaratonac, humanitarac koji je postao simbol ustrajnosti i borbe za dobro pomažući drugima.
 1995.: Stojko Vranković, košarkaš.
 1996.: Branimir Glavaš, športski dužnosnik.
 1997.: Josip Grdović, košarkaški trener.
 1998.: Ante Bućo, stolnoteniski dužnosnik.
 1999.: Valter Ivančić, boćar.
 2000.: Nenad Bjelica, nogometaš, zato što je "snosio troškove prijevoza za tri navijačka autobusa koji su se uputili u Prag, gdje je Osijek igrao susret Kupa UEFA protiv Slavije, te loptama darovao istarskog nogometnog trećeligaša Višnjan i školu nogometa porečkog Jadrana".
 2001.: Davor Šuker, nogometaš.
 2002.: Zvonimir Boban, nogometaš.
 2003.: Dubravko Šimenc, vaterpolist.
 2004.: Zvonimir Martinčević i suvozač-navigator Marin Frčko, zato što su za vrijeme Rallyja Dakar 2004. godine čekajući popravak vozila pomogli nizozemskoj mehaničarskoj posadi "koja je doživjela prometnu nezgodu. Zvonimir i Miro odmah su priskočili u pomoć, pozvali su liječnike, zakasnivši na sljedeću etapu".
 2005.: Dado Pršo, nogometaš, zbog žrtvovanja zdravlja za rezultat reprezentacije.
 2006.: Miroslav Pavić, nogometni trener, zato što je "u posljednjom kolu Županijske nogometne lige Vukovarsko - srijemske županije odbio naredbu uprave Sladorane da dopusti momčadi iz susjednih Cerne da pobjedom ostane u ligi. Momčad županijskog prvaka je ranije osigurala naslov, a igrači su poslušali trenera i pobijedili u posljednjoj utakmici. Gospodin Pavić je dan kasnije otpušten iz kluba."
 2007.: Stipe Šporčić, nogometaš, ("U 14. minuti prvenstvene utakmice 13. kola IV. Hrvatske nogometne lige između NK Stupnik i NK Strmec, sudac je zbog igranja rukom jednog igrača u gostujućem šesnaestercu dosudio kazneni udarac za domaćine. Nakon prosvjeda gostujućih igrača, sudac Krnić upitao je što se zapravo dogodilo, igrača Stupnika Stipu Šporčića, koji je odmah priznao da je on, a ne gostujući igrač, dirao loptu rukom. Sudac je nakon toga promijenio svoju odluku i dosudio slobodan udarac za gostujuću momčad.")
 2008.: Petar Cupać i Pavle Kostov, jedriličari, zato što "su na Olimpijskim igrama svoj brod posudili danskoj posadi te tim neuobičajnim potezom zaslužili pohvale i čestitke iz cijeloga svijeta."
 2009.: Dr. Lana Đonlagić, liječnica, članica Hrvatske ženske ekspedicije "Mt. Everest 2009.", zato što je "tijekom pothvata naših alpinistica na Mount Everestu žrtvovala sportski cilj - uspon na vrh - kako bi na više od 6000 metara pružila pomoć ozlijeđenim članovima nepalske ekspedicije."
 2010.: HAOK Mladost Zagreb.
 2011.: Mario Hezonja, košarkaš, zato što je "na SP-u za igrače do 19 godina, u odlučujućim trenucima odlučujuće utakmice protiv SAD-a za plasman u četvrtfinale priznao kako je on posljednji igrao loptom, a ne suparnički igrač, kao što je to pokazao sudac utakmice. Hrvatska je tu utakmicu dobila 87:85."
 2012.: Antea Šimleša, jahačica zato što je "na Prvenstvu Hrvatske posudila konja jednoj od najveći konkurentica, čiji konj nije bio spreman za natjecanje. Antea je imala dva konja i jednog je velikodušno prepustila svojoj suparnici, ali i prijateljici."
 2013.: Hana Dragojević, jedriličarka, zato što je "na regati Opatija Spring Cup iz burnog mora izvukla kolegu Marka Smolića".
 2014.: Krešimir Kranjčina, pikadist, zato što je "odbio iskoristiti pogrešku elektronskog pikada i dao novu priliku svom kolegi i suparniku Antunoviću, koji je nakon toga osvojio naslov, a sam je bio tek četvrti."
 2015.: Drago Vuković, rukometaš, ("Dok je napadao na gol protivnika, igrač Kiela Mamelund ga je faulirao u prolazu, a sudac je pokazao ekspresno dvije minute za norveškog igrača. Drago Vuković je objasnio sucu da se nije dogodio prekršaj za isključenje. Sudac je otišao do zapisničkog stola i poništio svoju odluku što je bio i svojevrsni presedan u rukometnom svijetu.'").
 2016.: Branko Radičević, nogometaš "kluba Budainka Kolonija koji je namjerno promašio jedanaesterac prosvjedujući na taj način protiv lošeg suđenja u 4. kolu 2. ŽNL. Zbog tog svog poteza izbačen je iz kluba."
 2017.: Dario Lujić, trener i športski direktor nižerazrednoga nogometnoga kluba Ivanje Reke, zato što je "2017. godine, u ogledu 1. zagrebačke nogometne lige, Lujić je svojim nogometašima naredio da postignu autogol i time isprave nepravdu koja se ranije dogodila na ogledu Ivanje Reke i Sloge Gredelj (2:3). Naime, sudac je Ivanji Reki priznao nepostojeći pogodak (lopta je pogodila vanjski dio mreže), a Lujić je potom naredivši svojim igračima da daju autogol ispravio sudački previd i direktno oštetio vlastitu momčad."
 2018.: Marin Ranteš, biciklist slobodnim načinom i osvajač svjetskoga kupa u BMX biciklizmu, "jer je u utrci Svjetskog kupa svom najvećem konkurentu Loganu Martinu dao kotač sa svog bicikla nakon što je Australcu pukla guma. Na kraju je Martin zahvaljujući tome osvojio prvo, a Ranteš drugo mjesto."
 2019.: Daniel Šaškin i Saša Bitterman, hrvatska posada na Rallyju Dakar 2019. godine, "koji su unatoč velikih problema s vlastitim vozilom u bespućima Perua pružili pomoć izravnim konkurentima francuskoj posadi, ustupajući joj svoje rezervne dijelove čime su im omogućili nastavak natjecanja."

Izvori

 Zlatna lista SN-a, hzsn.hr (Sadrži i popis Fair play dobitnika, 1972. – 2007.)

Hrvatske športske nagrade

Trofej Fair play – SN


Matija Ljubek (; 22 November 1953 – 11 October 2000) was a Croatian sprint canoeist who competed in the 1970s and 1980s and later became a sports official.

Born in Belišće, Osijek-Baranja, Ljubek competed in four Summer Olympics where he won four medals. This included two golds (C-1 1000 m: 1976, C-2 500 m: 1984 with Mirko Nišović), one silver (C-2 1000 m: 1984 with Mirko Nišović), and one bronze (C-1 500 m: 1976). His trainer was Laszlo Hingl. He also won ten medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with four golds (C-1 1000 m: 1978, C-2 500 m: 1982, 1983; C-2 10000 m: 1985), three silvers (C-1 10000 m: 1981, C-2 1000 m: 1982, 1985), and three bronzes (C-1 10000 m: 1975, 1978; C-2 1000 m: 1983).

In 1976 he was awarded a Golden Badge award for best athlete of Yugoslavia.

Ljubek later became vice-president of the Croatian Olympic Committee and served as chef de mission for the Croatian Olympic team.

Ljubek died in 2000 when he was shot by an estranged brother-in-law while trying to defend his mother in Valpovo, Osijek-Baranja, six days after returning from the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Olympic results

References

 </ref>

 Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Canadian Singles 1000 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 480.

Footnotes

External links

1953 births
2000 deaths
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Canoeists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Competitors at the 1979 Mediterranean Games
Croatian male canoeists
Croatian murder victims
Croatian sports executives and administrators
Deaths by firearm in Croatia
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Male murder victims
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia
Mediterranean Games medalists in canoeing
Olympic bronze medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic canoeists for Yugoslavia
Olympic gold medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Olympic silver medalists for Yugoslavia
People murdered in Croatia
Yugoslav male canoeists

Matija Ljubek


was a Japanese film director, animator, screenwriter and manga artist from Sapporo, Hokkaido, and a member of the Japanese Animation Creators Association (JAniCA). He was a graduate of the Graphic Design department of the Musashino Art University. He is best known for his acclaimed anime films Perfect Blue (1997), Millennium Actress (2001), Tokyo Godfathers (2003), and Paprika (2006), and the TV series Paranoia Agent (2004).
He died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 46 on August 24, 2010.

Biography

Early life
Satoshi Kon was born on October 12, 1963. Due to his father's job transfer, Kon's education from the fourth elementary grade up to the second middle-school grade was based in Sapporo. Kon was a classmate and close friend of manga artist Seihō Takizawa. While attending Hokkaido Kushiro Koryo High School, Kon aspired to become an animator. Kon entered the Graphic Design course of the Musashino Art University in 1982.

Early career
While in college, Kon made his debut as a manga artist with the short manga Toriko (1984) and earned a runner-up spot in the 10th Annual Tetsuya Chiba Awards held by Young Magazine (Kodansha). Afterward, he found work as Katsuhiro Otomo's assistant. After graduating from college in 1987, Kon authored the single-volume manga Kaikisen (1990) and wrote the script for Otomo's live-action film World Apartment Horror.

In 1991, Kon worked in anime for the first time as an animator and on background design for the film Roujin Z, which was written by Otomo.

He began working around 1992 as a scriptwriter, layout artist and background designer for Magnetic Rose (directed by Koji Morimoto), one of three short films in Katsuhiro Otomo's omnibus Memories (released in 1995). This was the first time he adopted the theme of "the fusion of fantasy and reality" as the theme of his work.

Kon worked as one of five layout artists on Mamoru Oshii's Patlabor 2: The Movie in 1993, along with other animated films. He worked as a key animator on episode 2 of the 1993–1994 OVA JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, and he worked as the writer and storyboard artist for episode 5.

Kon then worked with Mamoru Oshii on the manga Seraphim: Wings of 266,613,336, which was written by Oshii and drawn by Kon. The manga was serialized in the monthly anime magazine Animage starting in 1994. However, as the series progressed, the opinions of Kon and Oshii became divided, and the series went on hiatus and ended unfinished. After this work, Kon ended his career as a manga artist and devoted himself to making anime.

Directing
In 1997, Kon began work on his directorial debut Perfect Blue (based on Yoshikazu Takeuchi's novel of the same name). It was the first film by Kon to be produced by Madhouse, and producer Masao Maruyama invited him because he was impressed in Kon's work on JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. A suspense story centered on a pop idol, Kon was initially unsatisfied with the first script based on the original and requested to make changes to it. With the permission of the original author, Yoshikazu Takeuchi, Kon was allowed to make any changes he wanted, except for keeping the three elements of the novel ("idol," "horror" and "stalker"). The screenplay was written by Sadayuki Murai, who worked in the idea of a blurred border between the real world and imagination.

Following Perfect Blue, Kon considered adapting the 1993 Yasutaka Tsutsui novel Paprika into his next film. However, these plans were stalled when the distribution company for Perfect Blue (Rex Entertainment) went bankrupt. Coincidentally, Kon's next work would also feature a film studio going bankrupt.

In 2002, Kon's second film, Millennium Actress, was released to the public. The distribution company for the North American release was DreamWorks-affiliated Go Fish Pictures. The film centers on a retired actress who mysteriously withdraws from the public eye at the peak of her career. Having the same estimated budget as Perfect Blue (approximately 120 million yen), Millennium Actress garnered higher critical and financial success than its predecessor and earned numerous awards. The screenplay was written by Sadayuki Murai, who utilized a seamless connection between illusion and reality to create a "Trompe-l'œil kind of film". Millennium Actress was the first Satoshi Kon film to feature Susumu Hirasawa, of whom Kon was a long-time fan, as composer.

In 2003, Kon's third work, Tokyo Godfathers, was announced. The distribution company for the North American release was Sony Pictures-affiliated Destination Films. The film centers on a trio of homeless persons in Tokyo who discover a baby on Christmas Eve and set out to search for her parents. Tokyo Godfathers cost more to make than Kon's previous two films (with a budget of approximately 300 million yen), and centered on the themes of homelessness and abandonment, with a comedic touch worked in. The screenplay was written by Keiko Nobumoto. This work also marked the transition from celluloid animation to digital animation.

In 2004, Kon released the 13-episode television series Paranoia Agent, in which Kon revisits the theme of the blending of imagination and reality, as well as working in additional social themes. The series was created from an abundance of unused ideas for stories and arrangements that Kon felt were good but did not fit into any of his projects.

In 2006, Paprika was announced, after having been planned out and materializing for several years. The story centers on a new form of psychotherapy that utilizes dream analysis to treat mental patients. The film was highly successful and earned a number of film awards. Kon summed up the film with —roughly, "Everything but the fundamental story was changed." Much like Kon's previous works, the film focuses on the synergy of dreams and reality.

He participated in the TV program Ani*Kuri15 broadcast by NHK in 2007. His one-minute short film Ohayō was aired along with works by Mamoru Oshii, Makoto Shinkai and others. That same year, Kon helped establish and served as a member of the Japanese Animation Creators Association (JAniCA).

Health deterioration and death
Following Ohayō, Kon began work on his next film, Dreaming Machine. In May 2010, Kon was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. Given half a year to live, Kon chose to spend the remainder of his life in his home. Shortly before his death Kon composed a final message, which was uploaded to his blog by his family upon his death. As Kon explained in the message, he chose not to make news of his rapidly advancing illness public, in part out of embarrassment at how drastically emaciated and ravaged his body had become. The result was that the announcement of his death was met with widespread shock and surprise, particularly given that Kon had shown no signs of illness at relatively recent public events, as the cancer progressed to a terminal state in a matter of months after being diagnosed. Kon died on August 24, 2010, at the age of 46. After his death, Kon was mentioned among the Fond Farewells in Times people of the year 2010. Darren Aronofsky wrote a eulogy to him, which was printed in , a Japanese retrospective book of his animation career.

Dreaming Machine
In November 2010, Madhouse, the animation studio that had previously produced Kon's works, officially announced that they would continue to produce the unfinished "Yumemiru Kikai", and that the animation director Yoshimi Itazu would be acting as the director. However, the project was halted in 2011 due to financial reasons. As of 2013, the completion of Dreaming Machine remains uncertain due to funding difficulties, with only 600 of the 1,500 shots being animated.

At Otakon 2012, Madhouse founder Masao Maruyama, who was involved in all of Kon's films from Perfect Blue to Paprika and was also his friend and collaborator, stated: "Unfortunately, we still don't have enough money. My personal goal is to get it within five years after his passing. I'm still working hard towards that goal."

In July 2015, Madhouse reported that Dreaming Machine remains in production but they are looking for a director to match Kon's abilities and similar vision.

In August 2016, Mappa Producer Masao Maruyama said in an interview: "For 4~5 years, I kept searching for a suitable director to complete Kon's work. Before his death, the storyboard and script, even part of the keyframe film was already completed. Then I thought, even if someone can mimic Kon's work, it would still be clear that it's only an imitation. For example, if Mamoru Hosoda took the director's position, the completed Dreaming Machine would still be a good piece of work. However, that would make it Hosoda's movie, not Kon's. Dreaming Machine should be Kon's movie, him and only him, not someone else's. That means we cannot and should not "compromise" only to finish it. I spent years to finally reach this hard conclusion. Instead, we should take only Kon's "original concept", and let somebody turn it into a feature film. By doing so, the completed piece could 100% be that person's work, and I'm OK with that. I also considered about doing a documentary of Kon."

However, Maruyama has not completely given up on the production. He says, "If a talented director from overseas is willing to take on the project, it is not entirely without possibility," suggesting that the project is not entirely without a chance of restarting.

Themes
The theme of "mixture of fiction and reality" is a keyword that symbolizes Kon Satoshi's works, and he repeatedly depicts the relationship between "fiction and reality" with various approaches in each of his works. In Perfect Blue, Millennium Actress, Paranoia Agent, and Paprika, the boundary between fiction and reality gradually became blurred, and the characters were portrayed as going back and forth between fiction and reality. At first glance, Tokyo Godfathers does not seem to deal with the motif of "fiction and reality," but it does have a device in which the "fiction" of "miracles and coincidences" is successively introduced into the realistic life of homeless people in Tokyo. Because of the character designs and the way they are expressed, Kon's works seem to be aiming for realism. However, Kon's goal is not to "depict landscapes and people that look as if they are real" but to "depict the moment when landscapes and people that look as if they are real suddenly reveal themselves to be 'fiction' or 'pictures'. His ability to depict a realistic world, which he has demonstrated in order in the films he has participated in as a staff member, such as Otomo's and Oshii's works, is utilized in his own works to most effectively show the drop of "transition from reality to fiction". The world that appears to be real in Kon's works does not remain real, but is suddenly transformed into an unfamiliar world in order to disorient the audience. This is the reason why he insisted on animated films instead of live action.

When asked about his interest in female characters, Kon stated that female characters were easier to write because he is not able to know the character in the same way as a male character, and "can project my obsession onto the characters and expand the aspects I want to describe." With a frame of reference up to Tokyo Godfathers, Susan J. Napier notes that while the theme of performance is the one obvious commonality in his works, she finds that the concept of the male gaze is the more important topic for discussion. Napier shows the evolution of Kon's use of the gaze from its restrictive and negative aspects in Magnetic Rose and Perfect Blue, to a collaborative gaze in Millennium Actress before arriving at a new type of gaze in Tokyo Godfathers which revels in uncertainty and illusion.

Dean DeBlois said, "Satoshi Kon used the hand-drawn medium to explore social stigmas and the human psyche, casting a light on our complexities in ways that might have failed in live action. Much of it was gritty, intense and, at times, even nightmarish. Kon didn't shy away from mature subject matter or live-action sensibilities in his work, and his films will always occupy a fascinating middle ground between 'cartoons' and the world as we know it."

Influences
Kon stated in 2007 that the music of Susumu Hirasawa had been the greatest influence on his expressive style.
Kon said that he has learned a lot from Hirasawa's attitude towards music and production, and that he owes a lot of the stories and concepts he creates to his influence. Kon's idea of fractal control of film comes from Susumu Hirasawa, who has applied fractal-generating programs to music production. Hirasawa's lyrics sparked Kon's interest in Jungian psychology and the writings of Hayao Kawai, Japan's foremost expert on Jungian psychology, who has psychologically deciphered ancient myths and folktales, which greatly influenced his storytelling and direction. All of Kon's works, from Perfect Blue to the suspended Dreaming Machine, have been inspired by Hirasawa's lyrics and songs. Susumu Hirasawa's "Rotation (LOTUS-2)", which is the theme song of Millennium Actress, was played at Kon's funeral.

Kon says that he is influenced by everything he has been exposed to in his life, including writing, painting, music, film, manga, anime, television and theater. He has learned a lot from Osamu Tezuka and Katsuhiro Otomo in manga, Hayao Miyazaki in animation, Akira Kurosawa and many other great Japanese and international directors in film.

He was familiarized with Tezuka's manga and animation works such as Astro Boy, The Jungle Emperor and Princess Knight in his childhood.

He was an avid watcher of anime titles, such as Space Battleship Yamato (1974), Heidi, Girl of the Alps (1974), Future Boy Conan (1978), Galaxy Express 999 (1978) and Mobile Suit Gundam (1979) during his junior and senior high school years, which Japanese anime fans of the time were crazy about.

Otomo had a strong influence on him, and his favorite works were Domu: A Child's Dream and AKIRA, especially Domu, which he liked so much that he said if he could make a movie out of only one manga he had ever read, it would be that one.
He was also influenced by the  movement in manga started by Otomo and others, and decided to not only read but also draw manga himself in his high school days. He was enlightened by the New Wave's way of overwhelmingly depicting a story in which nothing in particular happens, focusing on a character who could never be the protagonist of the story. Kon has also said that his drawing style has been influenced by Otomo, as he used to work as Otomo's assistant when he was a manga artist. After entering the animation industry, he was greatly influenced by animators Hiroyuki Okiura, Toshiyuki Inoue, Takeshi Honda, Masashi Ando and art setter Takashi Watabe.

He had been watching only live-action films since he started college. He watched most of the movies on video and made it a routine to draw manga based on the setting, format and direction of the scenes. Ninety percent of the films he watched were made in the U.S., and he said that he learned a lot about his own style of visual expression from Hollywood films. However, he was not influenced by any particular film or director, but by everything he had ever seen. For example, Millennium Actress has scenes that borrow images from Kurosawa's Throne of Blood, Yasujiro Ozu's films, the hero of the chambara film Kurama Tengu, or the great Japanese star Godzilla. The film that directly influenced Millennium Actress is George Roy Hill's Slaughterhouse-Five (1972). When he was in college, it was not one film that influenced him the most, but the entire body of work of Terry Gilliam, including Time Bandits (1981), Brazil (1985) and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1989). However, the filmmaker whose works and books he had read the most is Akira Kurosawa.

As for novels, the works of Ryotaro Shiba, the Japanese historical novelist, had a great impact on Kon in terms of his own relationship with Japan. He was also very much inspired by Haruki Murakami, whose works have been translated into many foreign languages. He had seen the film Blade Runner (1982) before reading the novel and had not read all of his works, but Philip K. Dick was one of the authors he wanted to read and he became very interested in images of nightmares under his influence. He has been a long-time fan of Yasutaka Tsutsui since before he directed Paprika, and was especially influenced by reading Tsutsui's works intensively when he was around 20 years old. It was such a fundamental influence that even he did not know how or where Tsutsui's work influenced him. According to Kon, the appeal of Yasutaka Tsutsui's work is "deviation from common sense." What he learned from Tsutsui was "doubt the framework of common sense."

Legacy
Kon has had a great influence on directors around the world even after his death, and artists and works have been influenced by his realistic visual expression and vivid editing. Kon's influence on foreign filmmakers was more pronounced than in Japan, with directors such as Darren Aronofsky and Guillermo del Toro expressing their support.

American filmmaker Aronofsky is one of the directors greatly influenced by Kon, especially Perfect Blue. In an interview with Kon in 2001, he said that any scene in Requiem for a Dream that seems to be influenced by Perfect Blue is a homage to it, and that he still wants to make a live-action version of Perfect Blue. His 2010 film Black Swan was also pointed out by several critics for its similarity to Perfect Blue, but Aronofsky denied any direct influence.

Christopher Nolan's 2010 film Inception was also noted by several critics and scholars to have many striking similarities with Kon's Paprika (2006), including plot similarities, and similar scenes and characters.

Filmography

Film

Television

Bibliography

Manga

Other literary works

Accolades

References

Further reading
 Andrew Osmond. Satoshi Kon: The Illusionist, Stone Bridge Press, 2009,

External links
 Personal website

 Entry in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
 English translation of Satoshi Kon's last words
 Satoshi Kon - Editing Space & Time on Every Frame A Painting

Anime directors
Japanese film directors
Japanese animators
Japanese cartoonists
Anime screenwriters
Japanese storyboard artists
Madhouse (company) people
1963 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Japan
Manga artists from Hokkaido
People from Sapporo
People from Kushiro, Hokkaido
Akira (franchise)
Musashino Art University alumni

Satoshi Kon


Ubu Rege sau Regele Ubu (franceză Ubu roi) este o piesă de teatru -o farsă în cinci acte- scrisă de Alfred Jarry. A fost publicată la 25 aprilie 1896 în Le Livre d'art de Paul Fort. A avut prima premiera la 10 decembrie 1896 la Théâtre de l'Œuvre din Paris. Piesa de teatru a provocat o revoltă din partea publicului și data premierei a fost și data închiderii sesiunii. Ubu Rege este prima parte a ciclului Ubu, fiind urmată de Ubu Cocu și Ubu Enchaîné. Titlul ar putea fi inspirat de tragedia lui Sofocle, Oedip rege.  Ubu Rege este opera reprezentativă a lui Jarry, satiră la adresa autorității obtuze și barbare și al burgheziei birocratice. Este o parodie a pieselor lui William Shakespeare, mai ales a piesei Macbeth, dar face referiri la Hamlet și Regele Lear.

Piesa de teatru a fost tradusă în limba română de Romulus Vulpescu.

Prezentare
Acțiunea piesei are loc într-o țară Departe-Undeva pe care o autorul o consideră ca fiind Polonia, deoarece credea că este extrem de îndepărtată, un fel de ținut de nicăieri.

Papa Ubu îl asasinează pe regele Wenceslas al Poloniei și preia puterea; a ucis toți nobilii ca să le ia proprietatea  dar și pe cei care l-au ajutat să dea lovitura de stat. Cu toate acestea, noul rege Ubu trebuie să acorde o atenție deosebită fiului regelui detronat Wenceslas, prințul Bougrelas. Ubu este urmărit de soția sa, care îi va fura banii, forțându-l la sfârșitul piesei să fugă din țară cu generalii săi.

Personaje
 Papa Ubu
 Mama Ubu
 Căpitanul Bordure
 Regele Venceslas, Regina Rosemonde
 Boleslas, Bougrelas, Ladislas - fii acestora
 Generalul Lascy
 Stanislas Leczinski
 Jean Sobieski
 Nicolas Rensky
 Împăratul Alexis
 Giron, Pile, Cotice - palotini
 Mașina de dezmembrare
 Căpitanul navei
 Michel Fédérovitch
 Nobili
 Magistrați
 Financiarii
 Consilieri
 Toată armata rusă
 Toată armata poloneză
 Gărzile Mamei Ubu
 Un căpitan
 Un urs
 Calul Financiarilor
 Echipajul
 Conspiratori & Soldați
 Mulțimi
 Lacheii Financiarilor
 Țărani

Adaptări
Piesa de teatru i-a servit lui Jan Lenica ca inspirație pentru realizarea filmului de animație Ubu et la Grande Gidouille din 1976.

În Cehia a fost ecranizată în 1996 sub denumirea Král Ubu, regia F. A. Brabec.

În Polonia a fost adaptată într-un film denumit Ubu Król 2003 de Piotr Szulkin.

Teatru radiofonic
 1990 - Adaptarea și regia artistică Titel Constantinescu, cu actorii Valentin Uritescu, Dorina Lazăr, Răzvan Vasilescu, Ana Ciontea, Răzvan Ionescu, Paul Chiribuță, Mircea Constantinescu, Ion Anghel, Boris Petrof, regia tehnică Vasile Manta

Referințe și note

Legături externe
Ubu Rege de Alfred Jarry teatrultineretului.ro, Traducere Romulus Vulpescu

Vezi și
Listă de piese de teatru franceze

Piese de teatru franceze
Teatru absurd
Parodii

Ubu Rege


Anaílson Brito Noleto (født 8. marts 1978) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Anaílson Brito Noleto


Yaakov Neeman (; født 16. september 1939 i Tel Aviv, død 1. januar 2017 i Jerusalem) var en israelsk jurist, advokat og politiker.

Neeman blev født i en religiøs zionistisk familie i Tel Aviv under mandatperioden. Han blev uddannet ved Midrashiat Noam yeshiva, en konservativ religiøs skole, i Kfar Saba, og afsluttede sin værnepligt i Golani Brigaden. Han fortsatte med at studere jura ved det hebraiske universitet i Jerusalem, hvor han afsluttede med en bachelor i 1964. I 1965 blev han Master of Laws fra New York University, og i 1968, en LL.D. Efter hjemkomsten til Israel i 1972 grundlagde han advokatfirmaet Herzog, Fox & Ne'eman, sammen med israels kommende præsident Chaim Herzog.

Neeman blev udnævnt som direktør for finansministeriet i 1979, og bestred posten indtil 1981. I juni 1996 blev han udnævnt til justitsminister i den israelske regering af premierminister Benjamin Netanyahu fra Likud, på trods af ikke at være medlem af Knesset. To måneder senere fratrådte han, efter at statsanklageren Michael Ben-Yair indledte en undersøgelse af påstande om, at Neeman havde forsøgt at påvirke vidner i retssagen mod MK Aryeh Deri. Neeman blev til sidst renset, og vendte tilbage til regeringen i juli 1997 som finansminister indtil afgangen af Netanyahus regering ved valget i 1999.

I marts 2009, efter Netanyahus tilbagevenden til magten som Israels premierminister, blev Neeman atter udnævnt som justitsminister.

Politiske synspunkter

Den 8. december 2009, mens han var justitsminister, udtalte Neeman, at han mente, at de religiøse jødiske love Halakha (~ Sharia) gradvist skal gøres til bindende lov i Israel, med det ultimative mål om at gøre Israel til en "Halakhic stat". Neeman nægtede senere udtalelserne og understregede, at "Knesset er den lovgivende forsamling i Israel, og fortolkningen af lovene forretages af de civiledomstole." Han sagde, at han kun gik ind for brugen af religiøse domstole kun, for at "løse finansielle tvister i overensstemmelse med principperne i jødisk lov. Det retssystemet i Israel er overbebyrdede, derfor bør sager overføres til de alternative ordning."

Han døde på nytårsdag 2017 i en alder af 77 år. Han blev dagen efter begravet på den Jødiske kirkegård på Oliebjerget.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Herzog, Fox & Neeman

Politikere fra Israel
Personer fra Tel Aviv
Zionisme

Yaakov Neeman


Paulo Hernán Hinostroza Vásquez (Lima, 21 de diciembre de 1993), mejor conocido por su apodo Churrito, es un futbolista peruano. Juega como mediocentro y su equipo actual es el Santos F. C. de la Liga 2 de Perú. Es hijo del exfutbolista Paulo "El Churre" Hinostroza y sobrino del también exfutbolista John Hinostroza.

Trayectoria
Hernán Hinostroza es hijo del exfutbolista Paulo "El Churre" Hinostroza. Comenzó su carrera futbolística en el 2011 a los 17 años. A mediados del 2011 se rumoreó su pase al SV Werder Bremen de Alemania.

Con tan sólo un partido en primera división jugando por Alianza Lima, emigró a Bélgica, para unirse al Zulte-Waregem, donde estuvo tres temporadas, siendo considerado como pieza de recambio. En agosto de 2013 es cedido a préstamo a la Universidad San Martín de Porres de la Primera División del Perú.

A inicio del 2015 se probó en el DC United de la Major League Soccer de Estados Unidos.

Tras finalizar su vínculo con ambas instituciones, fichó por el F. B. C. Melgar de Arequipa para jugar el Torneo Clausura 2015, después de estar sin equipo la primera parte de dicho año. Con Melgar consiguió el título del Campeonato Descentralizado 2015, el subtítulo del Campeonato Descentralizado 2016 y el Torneo de Verano 2017.
Ese mismo año se va cedido al Juan Aurich, descendiendo con ellos a segunda división. Para la temporada 2018, emigra al fútbol de la primera división del país de Kuwait.
Retorna a Melgar en 2019, completando esa temporada y continuando en el equipo 'rojinegro' hasta el 20 de octubre de 2020, cuando, de mutuo acuerdo, deja el equipo. A los dos días, es confirmado como refuerzo del Sport Chavelines, para afrontar la Liga 2 a la semana siguiente.</small>

Por la selección peruano jugó 4 amistosos e hizo dos asistencias. Todo esto en 2014.

El 2022 fichó por Santos FC de Nazca para afrontar la Liga 2. En el 2023 jugó un total de 22 partidos y logró anotar un gol, perdiendo el torneo en cuartos de final del Play Off de la Liga 2,

Clubes y estadísticas
 Datos actualizados hasta el 15 de octubre de 2021.

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en la Página ffosa

Nacidos en Lima
Futbolistas del Club Alianza Lima
Futbolistas del SV Zulte Waregem
Futbolistas del Club Universidad de San Martín
Futbolistas del Foot Ball Club Melgar en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Foot Ball Club Melgar en los años 2020
Futbolistas del Club Juan Aurich
Futbolistas del Kazma SC
Futbolistas del Sport Chavelines Juniors
Futbolistas del Santos Fútbol Club
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Perú en los años 2010

Hernán Hinostroza


L'avenue Henri-Barbusse est un axe majeur de Vitry-sur-Seine dans le Val-de-Marne. Elle suit le parcours de la route départementale 148.

Situation et accès

L'avenue Henri-Barbusse se termine à l'est, dans l'axe de l'avenue Jean-Jaurès, autrefois rue de Seine.

Elle est accessible par la ligne 9 du tramway d'Île-de-France.

Origine du nom

Cette avenue est nommée en hommage à Adrien Gustave Henri Barbusse, écrivain français né à Asnières-sur-Seine en 1873 et mort à Moscou en 1935.

Historique
Cette voie qui n'existait pas encore en 1890, est le fruit du prolongement du chemin de grande communication 30 jusqu'à la voie de Seine. Elle prit ensuite le nom d'avenue Paul-Doumer.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 Exploradôme, musée associatif spécialisé dans la vulgarisation de la culture scientifique et numérique.
 Musée d'Art contemporain du Val-de-Marne.
 Maison de la Vie Associative.
 Plusieurs œuvres de sculpteurs contemporains, parmi lesquels Le Crayon (Claude Viseux, 2012), Sculpture en acier corten (Costa Coulentianos, 1971), Sculpture en acier inoxydable, (Claude Viseux, 1971.
 Square Henri-Barbusse.
 Marché du Centre, sur la place du Marché.

Notes et références

Transport routier en Île-de-France
Henri Barbusse

Avenue Henri-Barbusse (Vitry-sur-Seine)


1946 Türkiye genel seçimleri, 21 Temmuz 1946 tarihinde 8. dönem milletvekillerini belirlemek için yapılan genel seçimlerdir. 5 Haziran'da Milletvekili Seçim Yasası değiştirilmiş ve Cumhuriyet tarihinde ilk defa tek dereceli seçim esasında gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi 397, Demokrat Parti 61 ve Bağımsızlar 7 Milletvekilliği kazandı.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk çok partili genel seçimi olan bu seçim adli denetim dışında, açık oy, gizli sayım ve liste usulü çoğunluk sistemi esasına göre yapıldı. (açık oy - gizli tasnif) Bu usulsüzlüklerinden dolayı "şaibeli seçim" şeklinde de anılmıştır. Bu genel seçim ile TBMM 8. dönem milletvekilleri seçilmiştir.

Seçimlerde ilk kez aday esaslı blok oy sistemi uygulanmıştır. Bu sistemle beraber her vilayetin bir de seçim çevresi olmaktadır. Her 40 bin yurttaş için bir milletvekili seçilirken, herhangi bir ilin nüfusunun 40 binin altında olması halinde o ile bir milletvekilliği tahsis edilmekteydi. Nüfusu 40 binin üzerindeki iller için milletvekili sayıları ise şöyle belirtilmişti:
 Nüfusu 55.000'e kadar olan iller: 1 milletvekili
 Nüfusu 55.001-95.000 arası: 2 milletvekili
 Nüfusu 95.001-135.000 arası: 3 milletvekili
 Nüfusu 135.001-175.000 arası: 4 milletvekili

Sonuçlar

Kaynakça

Türkiye'de genel seçimler

1946 Türkiye genel seçimleri


Isla Don Pedro (en inglés: Don Pedro Island) es una isla en el suroeste de Florida, en el condado de Charlotte. Esta justo al norte de la isla de Little Gasparilla, separada de esta por una delgada franja de playa y manglar. Se encuentra al oeste del lugar señalado en el censo como la Rotonda Oeste, separada de esta por un estrecho canal. Limita con el Golfo de México hacia el oeste.

No hay acceso por carretera a la isla, sólo en barco. Hay muchas residencias privadas en la isla. Sólo hay un restaurante en Don Pedro, que está situado en el extremo norte de la isla.

Sus playas son bien conocidas por su abundancia de dientes de tiburón y conchas de mar.

El Parque estadal Isla Don Pedro (Don Pedro Island State Park) está situado en el lado norte de la isla.

Véase también
 Geografía de América
 Geografía de Estados Unidos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Florida

Isla Don Pedro (Florida)


Los wukongoptéridos (Wukongopteridae) son una familia extinta de pterosaurios basales, hallados en el Reino Unido y en China. Esta contiene a ocho especies en cinco géneros, cuyos primeros descubrimientos fueron recolectados en la formación Tiaojishan y en los Lechos Daohugou, los cuales datan de mediados del período Jurásico.

Los Wukongopteridae fueron nombrados originalmente por Wang et alii en 2009, aunque sin darle una definición exacta. El clado Wukongopteridae fue definido por Wang et al. en 2010 como "el más reciente ancestro común de Wukongopterus lii y Kunpengopterus sinensis, y todos sus descendientes". De acuerdo a Wang et.al. Wukongopterus lii, Darwinopterus modularis, Darwinopterus linglongtaensis, Kunpengopterus sinensis y Changchengopterus pani son wukongoptéridos.

Descripción

Los wukongoptéridos se caracterizan por una combinación única de características "primitivas" y avanzadas pterosaurianas. Aunque tenían largas colas y otros rasgos propios de los "ranforrincoides", ellos también poseían características distintivas de los pterodactiloides, como largas vértebras en el cuello y una sola abertura en el cráneo enfrente de los ojos, la fenestra nasoanteorbital (en muchos "ranforrincoides", la fenestra anteorbital y la abertura nasal están separadas). Esta característica llevó a que Darwinopterus modularis fuera situado por Lü et.al. en un nuevo clado de pterosaurios, los Monofenestrata, que significa "con una abertura única", formando este grupo con los verdaderos Pterodactyloidea, y excluyendo a los Rhamphorhynchidae y otros pterosaurios más primitivos que tenían separadas las aberturas nasal y anteorbital. Sin embargo, de acuerdo a Wang et.al. es igualmente posible que los Wukongopteridae formen un grupo más basal, situado entre los Rhamphorhynchidae.

Referencias

Pterosaurios del Jurásico
Pterosaurios de Asia
Pterosauria
Pterosaurios de Europa

Wukongopteridae


Gulnæbbet toko () er en næsehornsfugl, der lever i det østlige Afrika.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Afrikas Horn
Næsehornsfugle

Gulnæbbet toko


Alaquàs (în valenciană: Alakwas; în spaniolă: Alacuás) este un oraș și municipiu spaniol situat în partea centrală a regiunii Huerta Oeste, în provincia Valencia. Face parte din aria metropolitană a Valenciei. Numărul locuitorilor era de 29 964 în anul 2014.

Etimologie
Denumirea "Alaquàs" provine din arăbescul الأقواس (al-aqūās), care înseamnă "arcele" sau "arcadele". Nu se știe cu certitudine la care arce face referire numele, dar s-a speculat îndelung asupra faptului că ar putea fi vorba despre arcele canalului care conduce apa dinspre Manises sau despre niște arce construite deasupra râpei din Torrente. O a treia posiblitate, mai puțin probabilă, face referire la arcadele castelului musulman antic. De la recucerirea creștină până în perioada modernă, denumirea apare citată foarte des ca și Alaquaz.

Geografie fizică
Situat la 42 m altitudine și cu o arie de 3,9 km², se află în Huerta de Valencia, la 7 km de estul capitalei provinciei și face parte din regiunea Huerta Oeste. Municipiul are o formă alungită dinspre est spre vest, care cuprinde o zonă de livadă în extrema orientală, irigată de apele canalului Benàger, până la o zonă seacă în extrema occidentală. Rețeaua sa urbană și cea a Aldayei sunt conectate în totalitate.

Istorie
Cu toate că s-au găsit niște vestigii, cum ar fi monede din epoca imperială și câte o placă comemorativă, nucleul orașului Alaquàs este un cătun de origine musulmană. Jaime I l-a predat în 1238 și l-a oferit lui Bernat de Castellnou în data de 4 iulie a anului respectiv. Acesta a dat cătunul în schimbul altor bunuri, lui Ponç Soler, căruia i-a fost confiscat mai apoi, revenind Coroanei. În orice caz, în 1319, Joan Escrivà a cumpărat stăpânirea asupra cătunului, care apoi a ajuns la Vilaragut și în secolul al XV-lea, la Agular. În 1520, datorită faptului că Alaquàs nu s-a unit cu revolta Germanias, a primit titlul de oraș.

În 1557, Felipe II a creat comuna Alaquàs, a cărui domn era Luis Pardo de la Casta. Aceasta este persoana care a inițiat construirea castelului din Alaquàs deasupra fortificației musulmane anterioare. Mai târziu, comuna a aparținut marchizilor lui Manfredi și apoi, baronului de Bolbaite.

Politică

Demografie

Economie
În 2008, Alaquàs era o localitate care se ocupa în principal cu industrie (45% din locuitori) și cu servicii (53%). Agricultura, cu mai puțin de 2% din cetățeni, era un sector rezidual. În 2008, erau 134 ha de teren irigat, dedicat în special citricelor (99%) și culturilor de ierboase.

Specializarea în cărămizi și ulcioare a deschis calea industriei lemnului (mobilă), la fabricarea produselor din metal și la industria alimentară. Pământul industrial ocupa 160 ha, împărțite între El Bovalar (32 ha, în est), Els Mollons și alte enclave izolate. Distribuția sectoarelor companiilor în anul 2008 era în felul următor: 59% în sectorul industrial, 24% în serviciile companiilor, 9% în serviciile pentru consumatori, 3% în produsele alimentare și 4% în alte servicii.

Patrimoniu
 Castelul-palat din Alaquàs (Castillo-palacio de Alacuás în spaniolă sau Castell-palau d- Alaquàs în valenciană): de asemenea denumit Castelul celor patru tauri sau Palatul Aguilar (Castillo de las Cuatro Torres; Palacio de los Aguilar). Construirea acestuia a fost inițiată (probabil deasupra unei construcții care făcea parte din centura de apărare a capitalului) de către Luis Pardo de la Casta, primul conte din Alaquàs, în 1582. Este o clădire dreptunghiulară, de aproximativ 40 m lungime, cu 4 turnuri în cele 4 colțuri, fiecare de câte 25 de metri înălțime (unul reconstruit) și cu o curte interioară, accesibilă printr-o poartă masivă. A fost declarat monument istorico-național în 1918, după o tentativă de distrugere, iar mai apoi a fost restaurat de mai multe ori, începând cu anul 1940.

 Biserica de la Asunción (Iglesia de la Asunción): este unită de castel, iar construcția acesteia, în forma sa actuală, datează din 1649, deși prezintă anumite detalii gotice. Este o clădire cu o singură navă, absidă poligonală și capele laterale deschise la contraforturi. Decorul cu țigle din secolele XVII sau XVIII și altarul principal (1597) sunt cele mai interesante, împreună cu niște lucrări de la școala Juanilor din Valencia (Juanes de Valencia).

 Biserica Fecioarei del Olivar (Iglesia de la Virgen del Olivar în spaniolă și Església de la Mare de Déu de l'Olivar în valenciană): este, într-adevăr, templul unei vechi mănăstiri, care până în 1537 a fost a dominicanilor și care, în 1887, se spune că ar fi fost ocupată de către călugărițele oblatas. Este o clădire cu o singură navă, cu capele laterale și adăpostește imaginea patroanei orașului, Fecioara del Olivar. Centrului istoric îi este adăugată suburbia del Convento înspre vest.

Urbanism
Centrul istoric al Alaquàs este situat la capătul estic al municipiului. Cea mai veche parte este structurată în jurul piețelor Constituției, del Santisimo, de Olleros și de San Roque și de asemenea în jurul străzilor Mazor, San Miguel, Valencia și Los Benlliure. Dintre clădirile cele mai notabile, castelul-palat din Alaquàs și biserica de la Asunción sunt în frunte.

În jumătatea sudică și în extrema estică a orașului, porțiunea adoptă o formă mai ordonată și geometrică. Principalele rute pe care sunt structurate actualele cartiere ale Alaquàs sunt vechile străzi Valencia (avenida de Blasco Ibañez), strada nouă din Torrente (avenida de Pablo Iglesias-Ausiàs March) și cea veche (Camino Viejo), drumul vechi din Turis (calle de Cuenca) și drumul vechi din Aldaya (spre nord).

Cultură

Festivaluri
Se sărbătoresc de la finalul lunii august până la începutul lui septembrie. Printre evenimentele principale, se află Correfuegos, Maurii și Creștinii, Supraînălțarea de la Carxofa și la Corda. Alaquàs are 11 comisii de falleras și premii proprii.

Fiesta del Porrat: recuperată recent, se sărbătorește în perioada primăverii, în onoarea lui San Francisco de Paula. Se gătesc calderetas care se împart cu vecinii și se organizează un târg gastronomic.

Evenimente
Festivalul de rock din Alaquàs: festival de rock cu răspândire internațională, cunoscut sub denumirea de FRA.

Orașe înfrățite
Cremona (Lombardía)
Lanjarón (Granada)

Referințe

Legături externe

 Web del Ayuntamiento de Alacuás

Municipii din Spania

Alaquàs