Luís Pedro Nunes (Lisboa, ) é um jornalista e escritor português.

Carreira
Luís Pedro Nunes viveu toda a sua infância e juventude em Ferreira do Alentejo e viajou para Lisboa para estudar Comunicação Social na Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Em 1989 pertenceu ao grupo de estagiários e jornalistas que fundaram o jornal diário Público, onde trabalhou como repórter e editor até 1997.

Em 1998 mudou-se para o semanário O Independente onde passou de repórter a Chefe de Redação. Saiu em 2000 para várias experiências nas dot.com e no mundo empresarial em consultoria em comunicação crise. Em 2003 foi convidado pelas Produções Fictícias para dirigir o jornal satírico Inimigo Público suplemento que saiu com o Público até 2021, tendo mudado para o semanário Expresso em 2022 sempre com a sua direção.

Pedro Nunes é comentador regular no programa Eixo do Mal, da SIC Notícias. E no programa Irritações, da SIC Radical

Mantém, desde 2007, uma crónica semanal no semanário Expresso .

É cronista fixo da GQ Portugal desde 2017 e contribui regularmente com reportagens de viagens.

Em 1991, ganhou o "Prémio "Gazeta Revelação em Jornalismo" com um artigo sobre o sofrimento das crianças com SIDA em orfanatos na Romênia. Na sua primeira década como jornalista cobriu eventos por todo o globo e também em Portugal escrevendo sobre conflitos armados em África como enviado especial ou viagem à volta do mundo no Concorde para o Guiness Book of Records.

Publicou o livro "Toda a Esperança do Mundo"(2015) para celebrar os 30 anos da AMI, uma ONG com que colabora regularmente. Fez parceria com Alfredo Cunha, fotojornalista com que trabalhou regularmente ao longo de três décadas, e visitou alguns dos locais mais perigosos do globo. É cronista na revista da Amnistia Internacional. Faz regularmente palestras.

Editou uma seleção de artigos no Expresso no livro "Suficientemente bom, Desprezivelmente mau" (2017).

2019 foi o ano de lançamento de mais um livro, "Em Busca da Praia Perfeita" retrata uma viagem em duas rodas de Moledo a Vila Real de Santo António, em parceria com Tiago Froufe.

Em dezembro de 2022 lançou o livro, "A Fronteira Viva" uma obra sobre os parques naturais de Portugal, fotografia de Joel Santos, em parceria com o Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas.

Jornalistas de Portugal
Comentadores de Portugal
Jornalistas premiados
Naturais de Lisboa

Luís Pedro Nunes


An Aristida liebmannii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier. An Aristida liebmannii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aristida, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aristida

Aristida liebmannii


Professional diving is underwater diving where the divers are paid for their work. The procedures are often regulated by legislation and codes of practice as it is an inherently hazardous occupation and the diver works as a member of a team. Due to the dangerous nature of some professional diving operations, specialized equipment such as an on-site hyperbaric chamber and diver-to-surface communication system is often required by law, and the mode of diving for some applications may be regulated.

There are several branches of professional diving, the best known of which is probably commercial diving and its specialised applications, offshore diving, inshore civil engineering diving, marine salvage diving, hazmat diving, and ships husbandry diving. There are also applications in scientific research, marine archaeology, fishing and aquaculture, public service, law enforcement, military service and diver training.

Any person wishing to become a professional diver normally requires specific training that satisfies any regulatory agencies which have regional or national authority, such as US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive or South African Department of Employment and Labour. International recognition of professional diver qualifications and registration exists between some countries.

Procedural aspects
The primary procedural distinction between professional and recreational diving is that the recreational diver is responsible primarily for his/her own actions and safety but may voluntarily accept limited responsibility for dive buddies, whereas the professional diver is part of a team of people with extensive responsibilities and obligations to each other and usually to an employer or client, and these responsibilities and obligations are formally defined in contracts, legislation, regulations, operations manuals, standing orders and compulsory or voluntary codes of practice. In many cases a statutory national occupational health and safety legislation constrains their activities. The purpose of recreational diving is basically for personal entertainment, while the professional diver has a job to do, and diving is necessary to get that job done. Recreational diving instruction and dive leadership are legally considered professional diving in some jurisdictions, particularly when the diver is employed for that purpose.

Diving operations
A diving operation is a professional dive and the activity in preparation for, and in support of, the specific dive. The diving operation is controlled by the diving supervisor, is expected to follow the dive plan, is conducted by the diving team, and is recorded in the diving operations record (though the terms may have regional variations). A diving operation is over when the last diver has completed decompression and is out of the water. A diving project is a coordinated set of diving operations for a particular purpose, often the responsibility of a diving contractor.

Diving contractor
A diving contractor is the legal entity responsible for the execution of diving operations for a client. The diving contractor is responsible for ensuring that the diving operations are safe, that a competent diving team is appointed, and the contracted work is done to specifications.

Diving team

A diving team is a group of people who conduct a diving operation. A characteristic of professional diving is the specification for minimum personnel for the diving support team. This typically specifies the minimum number of team members and their appointed responsibilities in the team based on the circumstances and mode of diving, and the minimum qualifications for specified members of the diving team. The minimum team requirements may be specified by regulation or code of practice. Specific appointments within a dive team for which competences are specified and registration may be required are listed below.

Core diving team:

  – On telephonic standby.
Additional member for surface-supplied air diving using a low pressure compressor:

Additional member for bell diving:

 Launch and recovery system winch operator
Additional member for dives with a chamber on site:

Additional member for surface-supplied mixed gas diving:

Additional members for offshore diving:

Additional personnel for saturation diving:
  - One per shift.

Additional members for remotely operated underwater vehicle support:

Regulation of activities

Professional diving activities are generally regulated by health and safety legislation, but in some cases may be exempted from the national or state diving regulations for specific diving applications, such as scientific diving or public safety diving, when they operate under a recognised code of practice for that application.

Codes of practice

A code of practice for professional diving is a document that complements occupational health and safety laws and regulations to provide detailed practical guidance on how to comply with legal obligations, and should be followed unless another solution with the same or better health and safety standard is in place, or may be a document for the same purpose published by a self-regulating body to be followed by member organisations.

Codes of practice published by governments do not replace the occupational health and safety laws and regulations, and are generally issued in terms of those laws and regulations. They are intended to help understand how to comply with the requirements of regulations. A workplace inspector can refer to a code of practice when issuing an improvement or prohibition notice, and they may be admissible in court proceedings. A court may use a code of practice to establish what is reasonably practicable action to manage a specific risk. Equivalent or better ways of achieving the required work health and safety may be possible, so compliance with codes of practice is not usually mandatory, providing that any alternative systems used provide a standard of health and safety equal to or better than those recommended by the code of practice.

Operations manual
The operations manual is the diving contractor's in-house documentation specifying the procedures authorised for diving operations conducted by the company. It will refer to relevant legislation and codes of practice and will specify the organisation of the company and the chain of responsibility. Standard operating procedures for the activities normally conducted by the company may be described in sufficient detail that all affected parties can understand how the organisation operates, or may refer to other documents such as the manufacturer's maintenance instructions for details.

Records
Professional diving operations are generally required to be documented for legal reasons related to contractual obligations and health and safety. Divers are required to keep their personal diving logbooks up to date, supervisors are required to record the specifics of a diving operation on the diving operations record. The dive plan is generally documented, and includes a description of the planned work, specification of the equipment to be used, the expected dive profile, and the outcome of the relevant risk assessment.

Branches of professional diving

Commercial diving

Commercial diving may be considered an application of professional diving where the diver engages in underwater work for industrial, construction, engineering, maintenance or other commercial purposes which are similar to work done out of the water, and where the diving is usually secondary to the work.

In some legislation, commercial diving is defined as any diving done by an employee as part of their job, and for legal purposes this may include scientific, public safety, media, and military diving. That is similar to the definition for professional diving, but in those cases the difference is in the status of the diver within the organisation of the diving contractor. This distinction may not exist in other jurisdictions. In South Africa, any person who dives under the control and instructions of another person within the scope of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993, is within the scope of the Diving Regulations, 2009. In the UK, the Diving at Work Regulations, 1997, apply.

Major applications of commercial diving include:

 – Diving in support of civil engineering projects.

Inspection, nondestructive testing, and repair

Scientific diving

Scientific diving is the use of diving techniques by scientists to study underwater what would normally be studied by scientists.  Scientific divers are normally qualified scientists first and divers second, who use diving equipment and techniques as their way to get to the location of their fieldwork. The direct observation and manipulation of marine habitats afforded to scuba-equipped scientists have transformed the marine sciences generally, and marine biology and marine chemistry in particular. Underwater archeology and geology are other examples of sciences pursued underwater. Some scientific diving is carried out by universities in support of undergraduate or postgraduate research programs.

Government bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the UK Environment Agency carry out scientific diving to recover samples of water, marine organisms and sea, lake or riverbed material to examine for signs of pollution.

Equipment used varies widely in this field, but surface supplied equipment though quite uncommon in the UK is growing in popularity in the U.S.  Most scientific dives are relatively short duration and shallow, and surface supplied equipment is cumbersome and relatively expensive. The safety record of scuba for scientific diving has been good, and it is considered acceptable for most scientific diving by several national and international codes of practice.

Not all scientific divers are professionals; some are amateurs who assist with research or contribute observations on citizen science projects out of personal interest.

Scientific diving organizations include:
 The American Academy of Underwater Sciences
 The European Scientific Diving Panel.
 The German Academy of Underwater Sciences.

Standard references for scientific diving operations include:
 Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the Safe Practice of Scientific Diving in Different Environments.
 Joiner James T. (ed), NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 2001, U.S.Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, ()
 Haddock, Steven H. D.  & John N. Heine, 2005. Scientific Blue-water Diving California Sea Grant College Program

Media diving

Media diving is the practice of underwater photography and underwater cinematography outside of normal recreational interests. Media diving is often carried out in support of television documentaries, such as the BBC series Planet Earth or movies, with feature films such as Titanic and The Perfect Storm featuring underwater photography or footage. Media divers are normally highly skilled camera operators who use diving as a method to reach their workplace, although some underwater photographers start as recreational divers and move on to make a living from their hobby.

Equipment in this field is varied with scuba and surface supplied equipment used, depending on requirements, but rebreathers are often used for wildlife related work as they are normally quiet, release few or no bubbles and allow the diver a lengthy bottom time with a reduced risk of frightening off the subject.

Military and naval diving

Military diving is diving carried out by military personnel in the course of their duties. There are a number of different specialisations in military diving; some depend on the branch of the military. Offensive activities include underwater demolition, infiltration and sabotage, this being the type of work done by units such as the UK Special Boat Service or the United States Navy SEALs. Defensive activities are centered around countering the threat of enemy special forces and enemy anti-shipping measures, and typically involve defusing mines, searching for explosive devices attached to the hulls of ships, and locating enemy frogmen in the water.

Military divers may need equipment which does not reveal their position and avoids setting off explosives, and to this end, they may use rebreathers which produce less noise due to bubbles emitted from the equipment, and few or no bubbles on the surface, and which contain no magnetic components, and the face-mask may be fitted with anti-reflective glass.

Naval diving is the military term for what civilians would call commercial diving. Naval divers work to support maintenance and repair operations on ships and military installations. Their equipment is derived from commercially available equipment, with the US Navy using versions of the Kirby Morgan helmets and full-face masks amongst other equipment.   Typical tasks include:
 inspection, cleaning and maintenance of boats, ships, and underwater structures
 demolition of shipwrecks, obstructing navigation and unexploded ordnance
 ship, submarine, downed aircraft, and other military hardware salvage or recovery
 underwater mine clearance
 investigating unidentified submerged divers

Some armies have their own diving personnel for inland water operations.

Experimental diving may be conducted by special units like the US Navy's Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) which involves meeting military needs through the research and development of diving practices and diving equipment, testing new types of equipment and finding more effective and safer ways to perform dives and related activities. The US NEDU was responsible for much of the experimental diving work to calculate and validate decompression tables and algorithms, and has since worked on such developments as heated diving suits powered by radioactive isotopes and mixed gas diving equipment, while the British equivalent (The Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit) developed the Mark 10 submarine escape suits used by both the Royal Navy and the US Navy.

Police diving

Police divers are normally police officers who have been trained in the use of diving techniques to recover evidence and occasionally bodies from underwater. They may also be employed in searching shipping for contraband attached to the outside of hulls to avoid detection by internal searches. The equipment they use depends on operational requirements, but a requirement for communications with the surface team would necessitate the use of full-face masks with voice communication equipment, either with scuba or surface-supplied equipment.

Public safety diving

Public safety diving is the underwater work conducted by law enforcement, fire rescue, and search & rescue/recovery dive teams. Public safety divers differ from recreational, scientific and commercial divers who can generally plan the date, time, and location of a dive, and dive only if the conditions are conducive to the task. Public safety divers respond to emergencies at whatever time and place they occur, and may be required to dive at times and in circumstances where conditions and regulations may exempt them from some of the health and safety requirements of other professional divers at times when it appears possible that a living person may be rescued. In the US, many public safety divers are volunteers, but career law enforcement or fire rescue personnel also often take on these additional responsibilities as part of their occupation.

Aquarium diving
Aquarium divers normally hold some form of professional qualification, either as a commercial diver or a recognised recreational certification indicating sufficient competence. The work is varied but is centred around the maintenance of the tank, livestock and public entertainment. This includes:
Feeding the animals
Tank cleaning and maintenance
Shows
Taking members of the public into the tank

Diving instructors

Instructors for the professional classes of diving are generally qualified and experienced as divers, diving supervisors, and adult educators operating under the auspices of a governmental agency. Standards for instruction are authorized by those agencies to ensure safety during training and competence in the workplace. Commercial diving instructors are normally required to have commercial diving qualifications. They typically teach trainee commercial divers how to operate the types of diving equipment and typical underwater tools they will use in the course of their work as well as the skills required for diving safely with the relevant equipment.

Recreational diving instructors differ from other types of professional divers as they normally don't require registration as commercial divers, but a relevant recreational qualification from a recognised certification agency and in-date membership or registration with that agency which permits them to teach and assess the competence of recreational divers to agency standards. Recreational dive instructors teach a wide variety of skills from entry-level diver training for beginners, to diver rescue for intermediate level divers and technical diving for  divers who wish to dive in higher risk environments. They may operate from dedicated dive centres at coastal sites, or through hotels in popular holiday resorts or simply from local swimming pools. Initial training is carried out mainly on conventional open circuit scuba equipment but with the increasing availability of recreational rebreathers, their use is also taught. Not all recreational diving instructors are professionals; many are amateurs with careers outside the diving industry, but they work to the same training standards as the professionals, and will have the same duty of care for their trainees.

Recreational dive leaders

Professional underwater dive leaders (also referred to as divemasters) are quite commonly employed by dive centres, live-aboard dive boats and day charter boats to lead certified recreational divers and groups of divers on underwater excursions. These divemasters are generally expected to ensure that the customers are briefed on the conditions to be expected, the known hazards other than those inherent in the activity, and what the customer can reasonably expect to see during a dive. They are underwater tour guides, and as such are expected to know the level of certification and fitness needed for the planned dive, but are not generally considered responsible for ensuring that the customers are competent to the level of certification they hold, or for the personal safety of the customers during the dive. If the dive leader allocates dive buddies, they may thereby make themselves legally responsible for ensuring that the buddy pairs they allocate are appropriate. Any instruction given by the dive leader may make them liable for the reasonably foreseeable consequences of carrying out that instruction, though the customer is usually obliged to sign a waiver exonerating the dive guide for ordinary negligence. Not all recreational dive leaders are professionals; many are amateurs with careers outside the diving industry, and lead groups of friends or club members without financial reward. The internationally recognised minimum standard for a person professionally leading a group of certified recreational divers is ISO 24801-3 and the equivalent European Standard EN 14153–3. Most recreational diver training agencies have a certification meeting these standards.

Equipment

Diving equipment is equipment used by underwater divers to make diving activities possible, easier, safer and/or more comfortable. This may be equipment primarily intended for this purpose, or equipment intended for other purposes which is found to be suitable for diving use.

Diving suit

Depending on the water temperature, depth and duration of the planned dive, the diver will either use a wetsuit, dry suit or hot water suit. A wetsuit provides thermal insulation by layers of foam neoprene but the diver gets wet.  Hot water diving suits are similar to a wetsuit but are flooded with warm water from a surface water heater that is then pumped to the diver via an umbilical.  A dry suit is another method of insulation, operating by keeping the diver dry under the suit, and relies on either the suit material or the gas trapped in thermal undergarments to insulate the diver, and also provides better isolation from environmental contamination. Certain applications require a specific type of dive suit; long dives into deep, cold water normally require a hot water suit or dry suit, whilst diving into potentially contaminated environments requires a dry suit, dry hood, and dry gloves at a minimum, thereby keeping the diver completely isolated from the diving environment.

Breathing apparatus
A number of factors dictate the type of breathing apparatus used by the diver. Typical considerations include the length of the dive, water contamination, space constraints and vehicle access for support vehicles. Some disciplines will very rarely use surface supplied diving, such as scientific divers or military clearance divers, whilst commercial divers will rarely use scuba equipment.

Scuba diving

Scuba equipment is not commonly used in civilian commercial diving, but is often employed by scientific, media and military divers, sometimes as specialized equipment such as rebreathers, which are closed circuit scuba equipment that recycles exhaled breathing gas instead of releasing it into the water. The recycling of gas makes rebreathers advantageous for long duration dives, more efficient decompression is possible when the gas mix is adjustable, and observation of animals in the wild is facilitated due to the lack of noisy exhaust bubbles. These characteristics also make rebreathers ideal for military use, such as when military divers are engaged in covert action where bubbles would alert the opposition to their presence, or when performing mine clearance where bubble noise could potentially trigger an explosion.

Open circuit scuba equipment is occasionally used by commercial divers working on sites where surface supplied equipment is unsuitable, such as around raised structures like a water tower, or in remote locations where it is necessary to carry equipment to the dive site. Normally, for comfort and for practicality, a full face mask such as those manufactured by Kirby Morgan will be used to allow dive lights and video cameras to be mounted on the mask. The benefit of full-face masks is that they can normally also be used with surface supplied equipment, removing the need for the diver or the company to have two sets of expensive equipment.

Surface-supplied diving

This is, perhaps, the most common type of equipment used in professional diving, and the one most recognised by the public. Surface-supplied equipment can be used with full face masks or diving helmets. Helmets are normally fitted with diver to surface communication equipment, and often with light sources and video equipment. The decision between wearing a full-face mask or a full diving helmet comes down to job requirements and personal preference; however, the impact protection and warmth offered by a full diving helmet makes it popular for underwater construction sites and cold water work.

Breathing gas for the diver is piped down from the surface, through a long, flexible hose, bundled with other services and called an diver's umbilical. In addition to breathing gas, the umbilical will have additional hoses and cables for such things as communications equipment, a pneumofathometer for measuring depth, or hot water should the diver be using a hot water suit. The umbilical must be strong enough to support the diver's weight, with a significant safety margin, because it may be used by surface personnel to pull the diver out of the water. The diver's breathing gas is pumped down from either high pressure tanks or through a gas compressor.

Saturation diving

If the diver is to work at fairly constant depths for periods which would require long periods for decompression, the diver may live in a special underwater habitat or a pressurised surface habitat called a saturation system. This type of diving is known as saturation diving. The same technique for supplying breathing gas as regular surface supplied diving is used, with the diving bell receiving breathing gas and other essential services from a diving support vessel on the surface. If diving at extreme depths, helium-based breathing gas mixtures are used to prevent nitrogen narcosis and oxygen toxicity which would otherwise occur due to the high ambient pressure. The diver is decompressed only once, at the end of the job, which saves time and reduces risk of decompression injury.

Training and registration

Diver training is the set of processes through which a person learns the necessary and desirable skills to safely dive underwater within the scope of the diver training standard relevant to the specific training programme. Most diver training follows procedures and schedules laid down in the associated training standard, in a formal training programme, and includes relevant foundational knowledge of the underlying theory, including some basic physics, physiology and environmental information, practical skills training in the selection and safe use of the associated equipment in the specified underwater environment, and assessment of the required skills and knowledge deemed necessary by the certification agency to allow the newly certified diver to dive within the specified range of conditions at an acceptable level of risk. Recognition of prior learning is allowed in some training standards.

Professional diver certification is generally in terms of a diver training standard published by a national government organisation or department, or an international organisation of which such national bodies are members. Training standards specify the mode of diving, equipment and scope of operations for divers registered in terms of that standard. International recognition of professional diver certification may require registration through a national government agency or an agency appointed by a national government for this purpose.

Diver training is closely associated with diver certification or registration, the process of application for and issue of formal recognition of competence by a certification agency or registration authority.

Work skills specific to the underwater environment may be included in diver trailing programmes, but are also often provided independently, either as job training for a specific operation, or as generic training by specialists in the fields.

Regional requirements

Australia
The Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) is an international commercial and occupational diver certification scheme administered on a cost-recovery basis by the ADAS Board under the direction of the Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism. It has mutual recognition arrangements with other equivalent national schemes. The original Australian and New Zealand (NZ) national occupational diver certification scheme was developed by the Australian government as a not-for-profit accreditation and certification scheme. Training is provided by Accredited Training Establishments (ATEs) which are required to operate at the level of international best practice as defined by ADAS. The scheme provides certification of divers and accreditation of training establishments, develops training courses to meet industry needs, and promotes the mobility of ADAS licence holders around the world. Australian commercial divers are trained in accordance with Australian Standard AS 2815.

Canada
The Diver Certification Board of Canada certifies occupational divers, accredits schools which train occupational divers. The DCBC is a federally incorporated not-for-profit body which was originally set up to replace the offshore diver certification regime of the National Energy Board and the offshore petroleum boards.  DCBC is the only national body which certifies offshore and inshore commercial divers in Canada.

The DCBC offers certification to commercial divers and supervisors who can demonstrate that they have sufficient training and experience to enable them to meet the competency requirements of the appropriate section of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Competency Standard for Diving Operations (CSA Standard Z275.4). Certificates issued by the DCBC are recognized by Australia (ADAS), France, Norway, South Africa (DoL), the United Kingdom (HSE) and the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA). The Diver Certification Board of Canada accredits commercial diver training organizations which train to the competency levels described in CSA Standard Z275.4.  Accredited commercial diver training organizations can also assess the competency of experienced commercial divers who were not trained at an accredited school, a form of recognition of prior learning.

Denmark
All professional diving activities carried out on Danish national territory (included its continental shelf and from Danish offshore vessels and platforms) must comply with the provisions of the Consolidated act on diving operations and diving equipment, etc. and Order no. 1395 on the safe performance of diving operations. Diving operations in Greenland are subject to different regulations.

The Danish Maritime Authority oversees all diving operations. In order to perform diving works professional must have completed and passed training programs in the approved diving schools. Training contents must comply with national and IDSA training standards.

Poland
In Poland "commercial diver" is a state-regulated profession and qualifications are awarded by the Maritime Office in Gdynia, according the Polish law of 17 October 2003.

There are four levels of diving qualifications for divers and supervisors. The diver's cards and logbooks are legally protected documents.

South Africa
In South Africa the Department of Employment and Labour regulates the activities of people who dive as part of their employment, except for those involved in diving connected to minerals and energy, who are nominally controlled by the Department of Minerals and Energy. Military diving is also officially within the jurisdiction of the Department of Employment and Labour, but provided the diving is conducted within the requirements of SA Naval Operations Publication 96 it is deemed to comply with the Diving Regulations of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 1993.

All commercial diver training is within the scope of the Diving Regulations, but recreational diver training and dive leading (divemasters) are specifically excluded from the regulations, though still subject to general provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act.

Commercial divers are registered with the Department of Employment and Labour after completing their training and assessment at registered commercial diving schools. The standard of training is officially specified in the Commercial Diver Training Standards for each class of diver, but the precise definitions for many of the specified items is unclear. However this is not unlike the standards for training in several other countries, as the SA standards are similar to the standards published by the International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) of which the SA Department of Employment and Labour is a member.

United Kingdom
In the UK, any person diving at work is required to hold a relevant qualification approved by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Diving schools in the UK work towards a standard HSE approved qualification, whilst divers who have trained in other countries may find their existing qualifications meet the HSE standards, if not, additional training may be required. HSE approved qualifications are well known around the world and several diving qualifications from around the world are aligned with HSE standards, allowing any diver certified to a standard recognised by the HSE to work in the UK, an important location due to the North Sea oil industry. HSE commercial diver qualifications are recognized by Australia (ADAS), Canada (DCBC), France, Norway, South Africa (DoEL) and in part by the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA).

There are several HSE qualifications, each focusing on a different type of equipment or type of diving activity, for instance the HSE Scuba qualification only recognises the holder's competence to dive using scuba equipment. Training usually takes place at a residential school, with courses taking anything between 9 and 13 weeks although divers with existing qualifications, such as former military divers can take courses which build on their existing knowledge and experience. During training, divers will be taught how to use common types of diving equipment (nearly every school trains divers to use the Kirby Morgan equipment) and how to carry out underwater construction techniques such as welding and cutting.

In addition to practical skills training, there is classroom work, with divers learning subjects such as basic physics and physiology of diving and the use of decompression tables. First Aid courses are normally also a requirement for trainee divers, with the emphasis placed on dealing with decompression and other diving related injuries.

United States

Others
Other countries known to have nationally regulated training and registration systems:
France
Norway

Engineer diver
A Master's degree titled Engineer Diver, for a professional who has the capacities, skills and knowledge needed to plan, manage and successfully execute an underwater operation concerning engineering practice, was proposed in 2007. The proposal does not appear to have been taken up.
Examples of businesses that might benefit from the proposed qualification are civil infrastructures contractors (above and below water) where inspections, and maintenance projects are carried out periodically. That is the case of underwater inspections of ports, offshore platforms, vessels, bridges and dams.

References

External links
 USA Government Regulations for Commercial Diving (federal code)
 UK Health and Safety Executive Website (UK Government)
 Australia Diver Accreditation Scheme Website (Australian Government)

 Diving Diseases Research Centre
 Sea Research Society
 History of Commercial Diving
 Diving Heritage Life of a nuclear diver
 History of Diving Museum  Home of the Association of Diving Contractors, International (ADCI) Commercial Diving Hall of Fame Monument

Nuclear diving articles
"Swimming on the Hot Side", Popular Science, March 27, 2012

Scientific diving articles
Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba, over 50 archived webcasts of symposium, 24–25 May 2010, Smithsonian Institution, National Research Council of the National Academies, National Science Foundation.

Professional diving


Klein Bünzow er en by og kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Züssow i den nordlige del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Klein Bünzow er en arealmæssigt stor kommune i landkreisen. Den ligger i en skovfattig region uden større bakker eller vandløb og søer. Mod nord grænser den op til Naturschutzgebiet Karlsburger und Oldenburger Holz.

Kommunen er beliggende omkring seks kilometer nordvest for Anklam og omkring 18 kilometer øst for Gützkow.

I kommunen ligger ud over Klein Bünzow, landsbyerne:
 Groß Bünzow
 Groß Jasedow
 Klitschendorf
 Pamitz
 Ramitzow
 Salchow

Nabokommuner
Nabokommuner er Karlsburg mod nord, Rubkow mod øst, Ziethen mod syd, Groß Polzin mod sydvest, Schmatzin mod vest og Züssow mod nordvest.

Trafik
Bundesstraße B 109 krydser kommunen. Jernbanen Stralsund–Berlin går gennem Klein Bünzow, og her ligger en tidligere station, og et moderne stoppested.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Züssow
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Klein Bünzow


Der Calvarienberg in Gundelsheim im Landkreis Heilbronn im Baden-Württemberg ist eine aus einer Kapelle, einer Kreuzigungsgruppe und Bildstöcken bestehende Kreuzwegstation aus dem 17. Jahrhundert.

Geschichte

Die Kreuzkapelle wurde 1627 am nordwestlichen Stadtende vor dem Neckartor an der Straße nach Mosbach errichtet und 1858 an ihren heutigen Standort nordöstlich der Stadt an der Straße nach Tiefenbach transloziert.

Über dem Eingang der Kirche befinden sich drei Wappen. Das linke Wappen ist das des Augustin Oswald von Lichtenstein, Hauskomtur des Deutschen Ordens auf Schloss Horneck von 1625 bis 1641. Das mittlere Wappen ist das des Deutschmeisters Johann Eustach von Westernach. Das rechte Wappen ist das des Wilhelm Michael Schliederer von Lachen, Hauskomtur auf Horneck von 1618 bis 1625. Im Inneren ist nochmals das Lichtensteinsche Wappen mit der Jahreszahl 1657 zu sehen, außerdem das Wappen des damaligen Hauskomturs Philipp Jakob von Kaltenthal. Eine Bauinschrift außen vermerkt, dass Johann Fischer die Kapelle 1858 an ihren heutigen Standort versetzt hat.

Literatur
 Beschreibung des Oberamts Neckarsulm, Stuttgart 1881, S. 370/371 ( Digitalisat bei https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de)

Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Heilbronn
Calvarienberg
Kalvarienberg
Barocke Kirche
Bauensemble des Barock
Versetztes Bauwerk in Baden-Württemberg
Bauensemble in Baden-Württemberg
Bauensemble in Europa
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Erbaut in den 1620er Jahren

Calvarienberg (Gundelsheim)


Juniperus comitana er tegund af barrtré í einisætt. Uppruninn frá Gvatemala og Mexíkó.

Tilvísanir

Einisætt

Juniperus comitana


برودوكالماك  هي مدينة في مقاطعة تشيليابينسك أوبلاست في روسيا.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة تشيليابنسك

برودوكالماك


Olaylar
 Nisan - Potidea Ayaklanması gerçekleşti.
 Temmuz - Sparta'da toplanan Peloponez Birliği konferansında, Atina'nın genişleyen ve baskıya dayanan tutumuna bir tepki olarak Otuz Yıl Barışı'nın ihlal edildiğine karar verildi ve Atina'ya savaş ilan edildi.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

MÖ 432


Edmund Cartwright  (24 April 174330 October 1823) was an English inventor. He graduated from Oxford University and went on to invent the power loom. Married to local Elizabeth McMac at 19, he was the brother of Major John Cartwright, a political reformer and radical, and George Cartwright, explorer of Labrador.

Life
He was the fourth son of William Cartwright and his wife Anne née Cartwright, born at Marnham, Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield. He matriculated in 1760 at University College, Oxford, where he had studied under-age from 1757. He graduated B.A. in 1764, M.A. in 1766, elected a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford in 1764. He was awarded the degree of DD in 1806.

Ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1765, and priest in 1767, Cartwright was appointed rector of Kilvington in 1767. With other livings, in 1779 he became also rector of Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire, and in 1783, he was elected a prebendary at Lincoln Cathedral.

For a time Cartwright served as chaplain to the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey and acted as tutor to the Duke's son, the future Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Following the award of the parliamentary grant, Cartwright purchased a small farm in Kent, where he spent the rest of his life.

Edmund Cartwright died in  Sussex after a lingering illness and was buried at Battle.

Power loom
Cartwright designed his first power loom in 1784 and patented it in 1785, after some contact with textile men from Manchester; its value was only in proof of concept, but the type of design continued into the 20th century. Subsequent research and development work by others is now given much of the credit for a practical powered loom. In 1809 Cartwright obtained a grant of £10,000 from parliament for his invention.

In 1789, Cartwright patented another loom which served as the model for later inventors to work upon. For a mechanically driven loom to become a commercial success, either one person would have to be able to attend to more than one machine, or each machine must have a greater productive capacity than one manually controlled. He added improvements, including a positive let-off motion, warp and weft stop motions, and sizing the warp while the loom was in action. He commenced to manufacture fabrics in Doncaster using these looms, and discovered many of their shortcomings. He attempted to remedy these in a number of ways: by introducing a crank and eccentric wheels to actuate its batten differentially, by improving the picking mechanism, by means of a device for stopping the loom when a shuttle failed to enter a shuttle box, by preventing a shuttle from rebounding when in a box, and by stretching the cloth with temples that acted automatically. His mill was repossessed by creditors in 1793.

In 1792, Cartwright obtained his final patent for weaving machinery; this provided his loom with multiple shuttle boxes for weaving checks and cross stripes. All his efforts were unavailing, however; it became apparent that no mechanism, however perfect, could succeed so long as warps continued to be sized while a loom was stationary. His plans for sizing them while a loom was in operation, and before being placed in a loom, failed. These problems were resolved in 1803, by William Radcliffe and his assistant Thomas Johnson, by their inventions of the beam warper, and the dressing sizing machine.

In 1790 Robert Grimshaw of Gorton, Manchester erected a weaving factory at Knott Mill which he intended to fill with 500 of Cartwright's power looms, but with only 30 in place the factory was burnt down, probably as an act of arson inspired by the fears of hand loom weavers. The prospect of success was not sufficiently promising to induce its re-erection.

In May 1821, Cartwright was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Other inventions

Cartwright patented a wool combing machine in 1789 and a cordelier (machine for making rope) in 1792. He also designed a steam engine that used alcohol instead of water.

Works
Cartwright had John Langhorne as a tutor, and developed as a minor poet. He published the poem Armine and Elvira in 1770, which was followed by The Prince of Peace in 1779, directed against the American Revolutionary War. His Sonnets to Eminent Men (1783) included an ode to Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham, a conspicuous supporter of American independence.

Family
Cartwright married in 1772, Alice Whitaker, daughter of Alderman Richard Whitaker of Doncaster, who died in 1785. Their second daughter Elizabeth (1780–1837) married the Reverend John Penrose and wrote books under the pseudonym "Mrs Markham". Their daughter Mary married Henry Eustatius Strickland, a younger son of Sir George Strickland, 5th Baronet, and was mother of Hugh Edwin Strickland. She was her father's biographer, publishing A Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Inventions, of Edmund Cartwright, D.D. FRS (1843) which incorporated a memoir by Cartwright.

Their son the Rev. Edmund Cartwright (1773–1833) was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries of London. The youngest child of the marriage was Frances Dorothy Cartwright, poet and biographer of her uncle the radical Major John Cartwright.

Cartwright married secondly, in 1790, Susannah Kearney, daughter of John Kearney. He was survived by her and the four children above from his first marriage.

See also
 Timeline of clothing and textiles technology

References

External links

"Edmund Cartwright and the power loom" – at Cotton Times
"Richard Arkwright and Edmund Cartwright: Inventors of Important Textile Manufacturing Machines" – at Grimshaw Origins

1743 births
1823 deaths
People from Bassetlaw District
People educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
English inventors
Textile engineers
People of the Industrial Revolution
English Anglicans
English male poets
Fellows of the Royal Society
Industrialists
British industrialists

Edmund Cartwright


الطَّيالسي، أبو داود (133 هـ - 204 هـ، 750 - 819م). سليمان بن داود الطيالسي. مُحدِّث، من الحفاظ المتقنين، فارسي الأصل. سكن البصرة، ورحل إلى بلدان كثيرة. روى عن جرير بن حازم، وحماد بن زيد، وحماد بن سلمة، وشعبة، وسفيان الثوري، وغيرهم. روي عنه أنه قال: كتبت عن ألف شيخ. روى عنه أحمد بن حنبل، وعلي بن المديني، وعمرو بن علي الفلاس، ومحمود بن غيلان وغيرهم. أكثر من الرواية عن شعبة وكان من المقدَّمين الراوية عنه. كان قوي الحفظ، ويعتز بذلك. ذكر في ترجمته أنه كان يحدِّث من حفْظه فوقع في أخطاء يسيرة تبعًا لذلك. جمعت أحاديثه في مسند عُرف باسم مسند الطيالسي. توفي بالبصرة.

ترجمته في كتب الرجال
 قال المزي في تهذيب الكمال: سليمان بن داود بن الجارود، أبو داود الطيالسى البصري الحافظ، فارسي الأصل، وهو مولى لقريش. وقال يحيى بن معين: مولى لآل الزبير بن العوام، وأمه فارسية كانت مولاة لبنى نصر بن معاوية.
 وقال المزي: قال عبد الكريم بن أحمد بن الرواس: سمعت عمرو بن على الفلاس يقول: ما رأيت في المحدثين أحفظ من أبى داود الطيالسى، سمعته يقول: أسرد ثلاثين ألف حديث ولا فخر وفي صدرى اثنا عشر ألف حديث لعثمان البرى ما سألنى عنها أحد من أهل البصرة فخرجت إلى أصبهان فبثثتها فيهم. وقال جعفر الفريابى، عن عمرو بن على: أبو داود ثقة. وقال على ابن المديني: ما رأيت أحدا أحفظ من أبى داود الطيالسى.
 وقال عمر بن شبة: كتبوا عن أبى داود بأصبهان أربعين ألف حديث وليس معه كتاب.
 وقال عبد الله بن محمد بن جعفر القزوينى، عن إبراهيم الأصبهانى: سمعت بندارا يقول: ما بكيت على أحد من المحدثين ما بكيت على أبى داود الطيالسى. قال: فقلت له: وكيف؟ فقال: لما كان من حفظه ومعرفته، وحسن مذاكرته. وقال عمرو بن على: سمعت عبد الرحمن بن مهدي يقول: أبو داود الطيالسى أصدق الناس.
 وقال الحجاج بن يوسف بن قتيبة الأصبهاني: سئل النعمان بن عبد السلام وأنا حاضر عن أبى داود الطيالسى، فقال: هو ثقة مأمون. وقال أبو مسعود أحمد بن الفرات الرازي: ما رأيت أحدا أكبر في شعبة من أبي داود.
 وقال أيضا: سألت أحمد بن حنبل عن أبى داود، فقال: ثقة صدوق. فقلت: إنه يخطئ؟ فقال: يحتمل له. وقال عثمان بن سعيد الدارمى: سألت يحيى بن معين ـ يعنى عن أصحاب شعبة ـ قلت: فأبو داود أحب إليك أو حرمى؟ فقال: أبو داود صدوق، أبو داود أحب إلى. قلت: فأبو داود أحب إليك أو عبد الرحمن بن مهدي؟فقال: أبو داود أعلم به.
 وقال عثمان: عبد الرحمن أحب إلينا في كل شيء، وأبو داود أكثر رواية عن شعبة.
 وقال حفص بن عمر المهرقانى: كان وكيع يقول: أبو داود جبل العلم.
 وقال أحمد بن عبد الله العجلي: بصرى ثقة، وكان كثير الحفظ، رحلت إليه فأصبته، مات قبل قدومى بيوم، وكان قد شرب البلاذر هو وعبد الرحمن بن مهدي، فجزم هو، وبرص عبد الرحمن، فحفظ أبو داود أربعين ألف حديث، وحفظ عبد الرحمن عشرة آلاف حديث. * وقال إبراهيم بن سعيد الجوهري: أخطأ أبو داود الطيالسى في ألف حديث.
 وقال النسائي: ثقة من أصدق الناس لهجة.
 وقال أبو أحمد بن عدى: حدثنا أبو يعلى الموصلي، قال: سمعت محمد بن المنهال الضرير يقول: قلت لأبى داود صاحب الطيالسة يوما: سمعت من ابن عون شيئا؟ قال: لا. قال: فتركته سنة، وكنت أتهمه بشئ قبل ذلك حتى نسى. قال: فلما كان سنة قلت له: يا أبا داود سمعت من ابن عون شيئا؟ قال: نعم. قلت: كم؟ قال: عشرون حديثا ونيف. قلت: عدها علي. فعدها كلها، فإذا هي أحاديث يزيد بن زريع ما خلا واحدا له ما أعرفه.
 قال ابن عدي: وأبو داود الطيالسى كان في أيامه أحفظ من بالبصرة مقدما على أقرانه لحفظه ومعرفته، وما أدرى لأى معنى قال فيه ابن المنهال ما قاله، وهو كما قال عمرو بن على: ثقة، وإذا جاوزت في أصحاب شعبة من معاذ بن معاذ، وخالد بن الحارث، ويحيى القطان، وغندر، فأبو داود خامسهم. وله أحاديث يرفعها، وليس بعجب من يحدث بأربعين ألف حديث من حفظه أن يخطئ في أحاديث منها، يرفع أحاديث، يوقفها غيره، ويوصل أحاديث، يرسلها غيره، وإنما أتى ذلك من حفظه، وما أبو داود عندى وعند غيرى إلا متيقظ ثبت.
 وقال محمد بن سعد: كان ثقة كثير الحديث، وربما غلط. توفى بالبصرة سنة ثلاث ومئتين وهو يومئذ ابن اثنتين وسبعين سنة لم يستكملها وصلى عليه يحيى بن عبد الله ابن عم الحسن بن سهل، وهو يومئذ وإلى البصرة.
 وقال أبو موسى محمد بن المثنى: مات سنة ثلاث أو أربع ومئتين.
 وقال عمرو بن على: مات سنة أربع ومئتين وهو ابن إحدى وسبعين.
 وقال خليفة بن خياط: مات في ربيع الأول سنة أربع ومئتين. استشهد به البخاري في «الجامع»، وروى له في «القراءة خلف الإمام» وغيره وروى له الباقون.
 قال ابن حجر: حكى أبو نعيم عن عامر بن إبراهيم الأصبهانى قال: سمعت أبا داود قال: كتبت عن ألف شيخ. وقال سليمان بن حرب: كان شعبة إذا قام أملى عليهم أبو داود ما مر لشعبة. وقال أحمد بن سعيد الدارمى: سألت أحمد بن حنبل عن من اكتب حديث شعبة؟ قال: كنا نقول ـ وأبو داود حى ـ: يكتب عن أبى داود، ثم عن وهب، أما أبو داود فللسماع وأما وهب فللإتقان. وذكره ابن حبان في «الثقات».
 وقال ابن أبي حاتم: قيل إن أبا داود كان محله أن يذاكر شعبة.
 قال عبد الرحمن: وسمعت أبى يقول: أبو داود محدث صدوق كان كثير الخطأ، وهو أحفظ من أبى أحمد.
 وقال وكيع: ما بقى أحد أحفظ لحديث طويل من أبى داود. وذكر يونس بن حبيب الزبيرى أن أبا داود ذاكرهم بحضرة شعبة، فقال له شعبة: يا أبا داود لا نجئ بأحسن مما جئت به.

مراجع

المصدر
 الموسوعة العربية العالمية

أشخاص من بغداد
علماء حديث
مجددون
محدثو تبع التابعين
مدونو الحديث
مسلمون باحثون في الإسلام في القرن 10
مواليد 133 هـ
مواليد 750
مواليد 751
مواليد 918
وفيات 204 هـ
وفيات 819
وفيات 995

أبو داود الطيالسي


Niue is subdivided into 14 villages (that is, municipalities). Each village has a village council that elects its chairman. The villages are at the same time electoral districts. Each village sends an assemblyman to the Parliament of Niue.

List
The table lists the villages with population and area. These are the administrative subdivisions of Niue. Some of them include smaller settlements and hamlets.

The villages Alofi North and Alofi South together serve as the capital of Niue, Alofi (pop. 614). In the following table, the villages are listed in clockwise sequence.

References

External links

Niue
Niue
Villages

List of villages in Niue


Komikan signifie petite mandarine en japonais:  petit précède  mandarine. Parmi toutes les petites mandarines cultivées en Asie de l'est ce sont le plus souvent des cultivars de kishu (C. kinokuni). Une d'elles est renommée au Japon comme spécialement sucrée et aromatique: la Sakurajima komikan.

Le mot désigne les arbres et les fruits.

Les Komikan et les petites mandarines asiatiques
Komikan n'est pas une mandarine spécifiquement japonaise, ni même une variété de mandarines, elle appartient à la vaste population de Kishu (C. kinokuni).

La culture des komikan au Japon remonterait à l'époque d'Edo (1603‒1867). Tokurou Shimizu et al. (2016) donnent divers agrumes japonais sous le nom de komikan parmi les mandarines Kishu qu'ils ont séquencées : d'une part la mandarine Koji (C. leiocarpa hort. ex Tanaka), d'autre part les mandarines kishu : Hisago komikan, mikan Ihara Ichijoji, Komikan Fukuyama (Kinkou pearl), Komikan Kawachi, Komikan Tensui, Ozaki komikan. Ils écrivent «à l'exception d'un mésappariement observé dans la souche Hisago komikan, les génotypes de 16 souches de Kishu concordent exactement et ils sont confirmés comme mutants somatiques. Fait intéressant, ces souches de Kishu ont été collectées au Japon, mais une souche chinoise nanfengmiju (C. reticulata) correspondait exactement à Kishu».

Nanfengmiju, est cultivée en Chine depuis plus longtemps, une variété à graine était offerte en hommage à l'empereur sous les Tang, et les Song. Dérivée du Ruju est une des mandarines asperme les plus cultivées dans le Jianxi d'où elle est originaire, à Taïwan, à Okinawa sous le nom de Shimamikan. Ces petites mandarines ont pour nom ,  mandarine gong, ou  mandarine d'argent, les fruits sont comparables (poids .). Kishu est classée dans les mandarines communes originaire de Chine, elle est avec Kunenbo (Citrus nobilis Lour. Var. Kunip Tanaka) les parents probables des mandarines satsuma modernes. Elle est une mandarine typiquement continentale.

Sakurajima komikan
Sakurajima komikan est la komikan par excellence, celle dont la notoriété est la plus forte au Japon.

Le volcan de Sakurajima forme une ile au milieu de la baie de Kagoshima. Sur les sols de cendres drainants (à Sakurajima, à Fukuyama) on cultive une variété de komikan réputée - au dire de ses promoteurs - la plus petite mandarine du monde. Les  sont classés selon le niveau de sucre, la récolte et la vente ont lieu en décembre, comme cadeau de nouvel an. Tokurou Shimizu et al. (2016) en donnent 3 cultivars Sakurajima komikan Matsuura, Sakurajima komikan Senbatsu et Sakurajima komikan Shirahama. Comme les autres, elles sont toutes classées mandarine Kishu (C. kinokuni).

Le poids moyen est de , le diamètre d'environ  les arbres sont très productifs, La peau est épaisse finement hachées est utilisée comme condiment pour les udon et les soba. Sakurajima komikan est une Indication Géographique enregistrée  en 2017, la marque a été déposée en 2009 par la coopérative agricole Kagoshima Mirai.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Citrus
 Mikan, Kishu Mikan, Kunenbo
 Agrume
 Agrumes japonais, Agrumes chinois

Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
!Kishu Mikan
Fruit de la cuisine japonaise
Flore originaire du Japon
Flore originaire de Chine

Komikan


Le terme « hygiène du sommeil » désigne les bonnes habitudes de sommeil. En 2010 auprès de  et , plus de la moitié des répondants (56 %) déclarent être fatigués. Alors que 36 % disent ne pas avoir suffisamment de temps pour dormir, 32 % avouent se réveiller la nuit et être incapable de se rendormir.Les avantages d'écouter de la musique avant de se coucher sont nombreux.

Une quantité considérable de recherche a été dédiée à l'élaboration de lignes directrices et de conseils pour accroître la qualité du sommeil et un nombre important de données prouvent que ces stratégies peuvent offrir des solutions à long terme pour des troubles du sommeil.

Le manque de sommeil a des conséquences individuelles et collectives. C'est un problème de santé publique qui représente un coût social. Gérer le sommeil permet de conserver ou de rétablir son rythme biologique

Principales habitudes d'une hygiène de sommeil saine

 Sommeil :
 se coucher aux heures régulières et ne pas dormir la journée (sauf pour de très courtes siestes),
 se coucher aux premiers signes de somnolence,
 ne pas prendre de somnifère hors avis médical,
 restreindre le temps passé au lit à ne pas dormir en évitant : de lire au lit, de regarder la télévision, d'écouter de la musique, de travailler ou de jouer aux jeux vidéos ;

 Environnement :
 choisir des oreillers et un matelas adaptés et confortables,
 régler la température de la chambre à  ;

 Éviter:
 de prendre un repas trop lourd en fin de soirée (prolonge la digestion),
 de se coucher en ayant trop faim,
 de pratiquer un exercice physique intense ou intellectuel près de l'heure du coucher, ce qui pourrait avoir un effet stimulant et pourrait donc retarder l'endormissement. Cela dit, l'activité physique pratiquée régulièrement (surtout en fin de journée) peut approfondir le sommeil.

Les stimulants comme la caféine ou la nicotine doivent être consommés au maximum 4-6 heures avant l'heure du coucher.

L'exposition à la lumière (téléviseur, ordinateur), est néfaste car elle supprime la sécrétion de mélatonine (hormone du sommeil).

Effets d'une hygiène de sommeil déstabilisée
 Trouble de santé psychique
 Fatigue chronique
 Risque digestif
 Troubles des défenses immunitaires
 Risque cardiovasculaire
 Obésité / Troubles endocriniens

Articles connexes
 Chronobiologie
 Nuisance sonore
 Pollution lumineuse
 Procrastination de l'heure de coucher
 Sommeil

Notes et références

Sommeil
Auto-assistance

Hygiène du sommeil


Magnit (rus. Магнит = "magnet") je najveći ruski trgovački lanac i jedan od najvećih u svijetu. Osnovao ga je Sergej Galickij u Krasnodaru 1994. godine.

U prosincu 2016. godine, tvrtka je imala 14 059 trgovina u 2385 mjesta. Radi se o 10 521 trgovina, 237 hipermarketa, 3 107 drogerija i 194 obiteljskih trgovina uz stalni rast. Tvrtka zapošljava više od 260 000 ljudi, te otvara nekoliko desetaka trgovina svaki mjesec. Ima trgovine po cijeloj Rusiji uključujući i Sibir, od velegrada do malih mjesta.

Od 2006. godine, tvrtka je razvila lanac "Magnit" hipermarketa u mnogim ruskim gradovima. Tvrtka je preuzela suparnički trgovački lanac X5 Retail kao najveći ruski trgovački lanac u smislu prodaje u travnju 2013. godine. Od srpnja 2014. godine, Magnit je četvrti najveći trgovački lanac u svijetu po tržišnoj kapitalizaciji.

Izvori

Trgovački lanci
Ruske tvrtke

Magnit


කාබන් හිලවු කිරීමක් යනු, වෙනත් තැනෙක සිදු කෙරෙන විමෝචනයක් වෙනුවෙන් හිලවු කිරීම සඳහා, කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් හෝ හරිතාගාර වායු හෝ විමෝචනයෙහි සිදු කෙරෙන අවපාතයකි.

කාබන්  හිලවු කිරීම් මනිනු ලබන්නේ  කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ්-සමක (CO2e) මෙට්‍රික් ටොන් වලින් වන අතර එය වෙතින් ප්‍රාථමික හරිතාගාර වායුන් ප්‍රවර්ග හයක් නිරූපණය විය හැකිය: කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් (CO2), මෙතේන් (CH4), නයිට්‍රස් ඔක්සයිඩ් (N2O), පර්ෆ්ලූරෝකාබන (PFCs), හයිඩ්‍රෝෆ්ලූරෝකාබන (HFCs), සහ සල්ෆර් හෙක්සාෆ්ලෝරයිඩ් (SF6).  එක් කාබන් හිලවු කිරීමක් වෙතින් නිරූපණය කෙරෙන්නේ කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් හෝ එයට සමක අනෙකුත් හරිතාගාර වායුන්ගේ හෝ මෙට්‍රික් ටොන් එකක අවපාතයකි.

කාබන් හිලවු කිරීම් සඳහා වෙළෙඳපොල වර්ග දෙකක් ඇත. වඩාත් විශාල අනුකූලතා වෙළෙඳපොලෙහිදී, සමාගම්, රජයයන් හෝ අනෙකුත් ස්ථිතියන් විසින් කාබන් හිලවුකිරීම් මිලදී ගනු ලබන අතර, එසේ කරනුයේ  ඔවුන් විසින් විමෝචනය කල හැකි සම්පූර්ණ කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් ප්‍රමාණය ලෙසින් අනුමැතිය ලබා දී ඇති ප්‍රමාණයෙහි වහන්තරාව හා සමගින් අනුකූලතාවය ලබා ගැනීම සඳහාය.

කාබන් හිලවු කිරීම


العدد النجمي هو عدد شكلي ممركز يمثل شكل نجمة سداسية. و هو نفس العدد مضلعي الثننائي عشر.

تعطى صيغة العدد النجمي للعدد n بالعلاقة: 6n( 1 -n ) + 1

تعطى الأعداد الأولى من سلسلة الأعداد النجمية كالتالي:
1 - 13 - 37 - 73 - 121 - 181 - 253 - 337 - 433 - 541 - 661 - 793 - 937 - ...

في مجموعة 10,000,000 الأعداد الصحيحة الطبيعية الموجبة الأولي يوجد فقط 1292 عدد نجميا فقط.

انظر أيضاً
 عدد ممركز مسدسي

مراجع

أعداد شكلية

عدد نجمي


ETB4 (ETB lau, en euskera y estilizado como ETB IIII) es el cuarto canal de televisión de la empresa de producción y difusión de contenidos audiovisuales  EITB Media S.A.U. que junto con el Ente Público Euskal Irrati Telebista-Radio Televisión Vasca conforma el grupo de comunicación público vasco,  legislativamente dependiente del Parlamento Vasco y del gobierno vasco encuadrada en la conserjería de cultura, en el País Vasco en  España.

ETB4 tiene una programación bilingüe, con espacios tanto en euskera como en castellano. Su programación es de entretenimiento, e incluye ficción, deportes y reposiciones de programas de otras cadenas de ETB.

El canal tenía previsto iniciar sus transmisiones en 2009, sustituyendo en su señal asignada en la TDT al canal internacional ETB Sat, que ocupaba el espacio provisionalmente. Sin embargo, debido a las restricciones presupuestarias que impuso la crisis económica producida en la eurozona, se decidió postergar su lanzamiento hasta fines de 2011 sin que se llegara a concretar fecha exacta. En su lugar, se lanzó al aire ETBK Sat en septiembre de 2011; un canal provisional que, tomando por base la programación del sustituido ETB Sat, incorporaba a la misma programas deportivos específicos cuando estaban disponibles. El 29 de octubre de 2014, pocos días después del Dividendo Digital, ETBK Sat fue sustituido por ETB4 sin previo aviso.

Historia
En diciembre de 2007, el Gobierno Vasco, presidido por Juan José Ibarretxe, aprobó el presupuesto con el que contaría la Euskal Irrati Telebista por los próximos cuatro años, en el cual se destinarían 589 millones de euros para la digitalización de los dos canales ya existentes (ETB1 y ETB2) y la creación de dos canales más: ETB3, que estaría destinado a un público joven (finalmente lanzado en 2008), y ETB4, que inicialmente se enfocaría hacia una programación cultural y a la emisión de informativos en castellano y euskera.

Sin embargo, en febrero de 2010 se decide cambiar la línea programática del canal, en que la convierte como una señal encargada de trasmitir solamente programación deportiva, lo que comienza sus respectivos estudios de factibilidad. Debido a los cambios anunciados, se realizó una reestructuración de los canales que ya poseía el ente, como es el caso de ETB1, encargado de transmitir actualmente gran parte de esta programación. Se esperaba que el nuevo canal fuese lanzado al aire en 2011.

El 16 de junio de 2011 la consejera de Cultura, Blanca Urgell, anunció que el Gobierno Vasco «renunciaba a poner en marcha» ETB4, dada la actual situación de crisis económica, no estaba «dispuesto» a afrontar el coste de 7,2 millones de euros que supondría el lanzamiento del nuevo canal. Urgell compareció, junto al entonces director general de EITB, Alberto Surio, ante la Comisión de Control de la radiotelevisión pública vasca del Parlamento autonómico, en la que dieron a conocer su evaluación del contrato-programa del ente.

Durante este tiempo, y para aprovechar y optimizar los derechos de retransmisión deportiva ya adquiridos por ETB de cara a un canal adicional, fue lanzado ETBK Sat el 5 de septiembre de 2011. Su programación consistía en contenidos deportivos y producciones importadas de ETB Sat, que llenaban la emisión.

Finalmente, el 29 de octubre de 2014, ETBK Sat fue relanzado como ETB4 sin previo aviso y mantuvo inicialmente la programación que poseía antes del cambio de imagen.

Imagen corporativa

Audiencias

A pesar de que este canal de televisión comenzó sus emisiones el 29 de octubre de 2014, sus audiencias comenzaron a ser medidas en 2016:

Referencias

Véase también
 EITB; el Ente público que se encarga de la gestión del grupo de comunicación y es propietario de 100% del capital societario de la empresa EITB Media S.A.U..
 EITB Media S.A.U.; empresa encargada de la producción y difusión de contenidos audiovisuales, de radio y TV así como en internet.
 ETB; es el departamento de EITB Media S.A.U. encargado de la producción y emisión de programas de televisión.
 Eusko Irratia; es el departamento de  EITB Media S.A.U. encargado de la producción y emisión de programas de radio.
 ETB1
 ETB2
 ETB3
 ETB Basque

Enlaces externos
Página web de ETB
Programación de ETB

Euskal Telebista
Cadenas de televisión autonómica del País Vasco

ETB4


Korgan, Türkiye'de Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde bulunan Ordu ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Tarihçe
Bölgenin ilk egemen halkı Halip (Kalip), Kolk ve Kokurlardır. Kalipler en kuvvetli çağlarında demir madenleri ile ilgiliydiler. Korgan'da Tatarcık Köyü sınırları içerisinde bulunan ve günümüzde yine maden ormanı adı ile anılan mıntıkada, yine Korgan'ın bazı yaylalarında özellikle Yalman civarında demir cüruflarına, işletilmiş maden yataklarının izlerinin bulunması, Kaliplerin bu yerlerde MÖ 12. yüzyılda yaşadıklarını göstermektedir. MÖ 584–555 yılında Perslerin Korgan, bölgesinde yaşadıkları da bilinmektedir. Persler devrinde I. Darius'un (MÖ 522–485) bu toprakları idare edebilmek için satraplıklara ayırdığı ve dört adet birinci derecedeki satraplıktan biri olan "Pontus Kapadokyası" Korgan topraklarını içine almış oluyordu.

MÖ 331 tarihinde Pers Devleti tarih sahnesinden Büyük İskender'in orduları tarafından silindi. Pontus Krallığı ve Roma, hakimiyetleri döneminden sonra Danışmend Gazi'nin orduları Korgan topraklarına girmişler ve 1083 tarihinde buraları ele geçirmişlerdir. Anadolu'ya gelen Oğuz Boyları'ndan birçok topluluk, Korgan bölgesine yerleşmişlerdi. Ordu İli'nin yayla toprakları ile Korgan ve Kumru İlçe merkezlerini çevreleyen sahalar, tamamen Türkmenler tarafından yerleştirme sahaları yapılmış ve buralarda oturanlar da kısa zaman içinde Oğuz Boyları Oymakları arasında erimişlerdi. Esasında azınlıkta bulundukları için de, hiçbir güçleri kalmayarak ağırlıklarını kaybetmişlerdir. II. Kılıçarslan, zamanında Korgan ve çevresi Anadolu Selçukluları hakimiyetine girdi. (1178) Kösedağ Savaşı'ndan sonra (1243) Korgan topraklarının büyük bir bölümü Kadı Burhaneddin'in idaresine geçmiştir.

1380'lerde ise Hacı Emir Oğulları Beyliği bu çevreye hükmetmiştir. Yıldırım Beyazıt 1398'e Ordu ve Samsun'u Osmanlı Devleti topraklarına dahil etmiştir. Osmanlı idaresine geçen yöre, resmi kayıtlarda "Keşdere" olarak anılmaktadır. Keşdere, Bolaman Irmağı'nın bir koluna verilen isimdir. 1642'ye kadar Satılmış kazasına (Fatsa) bağlı olan Keşdere, bu tarihte kaza olmuştur. 1856'da Liva–i Canik'e (Canik Sancağı) bağlıdır. Bu tarihte yönetimi Akçay, Terme ve Cevizderesi İle birdir. 1860–65'te Canik Sancağı'na, 1866–71'de ise Ünye Sancağı'na bağlı bir kazadır. 1882'de ise Fatsa kazasına bağlı bir nahiye merkezi, 1928'de Köy olmuştur. Korgan, Fatsa'nın bir bucağı olarak yıllarca varlığını devam ettirdikten sonra 1 Haziran 1958 tarihinde Belediye -  1 Nisan 1960 tarihinde ilçe merkezi haline getirilmiştir.

Demografi
Korgan, kelime anlamı bakımından herhangi bir mana ifade etmemektedir. İlçeye bu adın verilişi hakkında çeşitli söylentiler ve ihtimaller vardır. Türklerin Müslüman olmaya başladığı dönemlerde, Hazar Denizinin güneyinde Horasan Bölgesinde Korgan adı verilen yerden kalkarak Korgan'a yerleşen aşiretler vardır. Buraya yerleştikten sonra geldikleri yer olan "Korgan" adını verdikleri ve bu adın buradan geldiği söylenmektedir. Koruyan - Kanını Koru - Kendini Koru anlamına gelen Korukan ve daha sonra da Korgan denildiği de söylenmektedir.

Korgan ismi aynı zamanda kurgandan da geliyor olabilir. Kurganlar da burada tumulusler olabileceğini dusundurtmektedir

Nüfus

Mahalleler

Aşağıkozpınar
Aşağıyaylacık
Belalan
Beypınarı
Büyükakçakese
Çamlı
Çayırkent
Çiftlik
Çitlice
Dip
Durali
Karakışla
Karakoyunlu
Koçcuğaz
Sarıalıç
Soğukpınar
Tatarcık
Tepe
Tepealan
Terzili
Yazıcı
Yazlık
Yeniköy
Yenipınar
Yeşilalan
Yeşildere
Yeşilyurt
Yukarıkozpınar
Yukarıyaylacık

Ekonomi
Korgan halkının fındık haricinde kayda değer bir gelir kaynağı yoktur. Fakat son zamanlarda hayvansal gıdalar bakımından arıcılık faaliyetleri gelişmiş, yerel sermaye girişimleriyle kurulan süt fabrikalarında peynir üretimi artmıştır. Yıllık ortalama 3.000 ton kadar fındık üretimi gerçekleşmektedir. Ancak ilçede kurulan süt tesisleriyle, günlük 15 ton süt işleme kapasitesini günümüzde 40 ton seviyesine yükseltmiş süt üretimini ana geçim kaynağı haline getirmiştir.

İlçede her gün yapılan bir pazar vardır. Bu pazara en çok Cumartesi günleri gelirler. Çünkü Korgan'da pazar Cumartesi günleri olur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Korgan Belediye İnternet Sitesi
 Korgan Kaymakamlık İnternet Sitesi

Korgan


Crkva sv. Ivana Krstitelja je rimokatolička crkva u Škripu na otoku Braču.

Opis
Iznad zapadnog zida gradinskog naselja, uz rub današnjeg groblja, podignuta je renesansna crkvica sv. Ivana Krstitelja. Jednobrodna građevina s bačvastim svodom danas je pretvorena u mrtvačnicu.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5774 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra.

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Škripu
Škrip

Crkva sv. Ivana Krstitelja u Škripu


Dziennik Poznański (Ziarul Poznańului) a fost un ziar în limba poloneză, publicat la Poznań în perioada 1859-1939.

Ziarul a fost fondat în 1859 de către un grup de proprietari de terenuri liberali, condus de Hipolit Cegielski, și a avut inițial o orientare liberală, devenită ulterior mai conservatoare. El a fost redactat în decursul timpului de Władysław Bentkowski, Hipolit Cegielski, Józef Jagielski și Franciszek Dobrowolski. Cel mai cunoscut redactor-șef a fost Franciszek Dobrowolski. Sub conducerea sa, Dziennik Poznański a devenit cea mai respectată publicație în limba poloneză din Poznań. Dobrowolski a făcut din jurnalism o profesie respectată în Poznań. El însuși a scris puțin, dar a selectat foarte atent materialul publicat. Reputația înaltă a ziarului a favorizat atragerea pe post de colaboratori a unor scriitori polonezi bine-cunoscuți precum Henryk Sienkiewicz, Marcello Motti, Eliodor Sventsitsky, Maximilian Yatskovsky și Heinrich Schumann.

Publicarea ziarului a fost întreruptă în 1939, dar a fost reluată pentru scurt timp în perioada 1991-1999.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ted M. Kaminski Franciszek Dobrowolski (1830-1896), Newspaperman and Powerbroker in Prussian Poland (en.) // Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes. — Canadian Association of Slavists, 1985. — Vol. 27, no. 2. — Pp. 140-157. — ISSN 00085006.
 Roman Sidorski, Начала январского восстания в «Dzienniku Poznańskim»
 Архив издания

Ziare din Polonia

Dziennik Poznański


Sögur II 1990-2000 er safnplata með íslenska tónlistarmanninum Bubba Morthens sem kom út þann 23. október 2000. Platan var þriðja safnplata Bubba á ferlinum. Á plötunni voru tvö ný lög sem hefðu aldrei heyrst áður: Pollýanna og Sjö daga víma.

Lagalisti
Diskur eitt:

Pollýanna (Bubbi Morthens)

Jakkalakkar (Bubbi og Sierra Maestra)

Það er gott að elska (Bubbi Morthens)

Við vatnið (Bubbi Morthens)

Leiðin liggur ekki heim (Bubbi Morthens)

Sá sem gaf þér ljósið (Bubbi Morthens)

Með þér (Bubbi Morthens)

Þú ert ekki lengur (Bubbi Morthens)

Þingmannagæla (Bubbi og Sierra Maestra)

Vandi er um að spá (Bubbi Morthens)

Ísaðar gellur (Bubbi Morthens)

Með vindinum kemur kvíðinn (Bubbi Morthens)

Syndir feðranna (Bubbi Morthens)

Síðasti Örninn (Bubbi Morthens)

Diskur tvö:

7 daga víma (Bubbi Morthens)

Trúir þú á engla (Bubbi Morthens)

Sem aldrei fyrr (Bubbi Morthens)

Kossar án vara (Bubbi og Sierra Maestra)

Einn dag í einu (Bubbi Morthens)

Börn Guðs (Bubbi Morthens)

Afkvæmi hugsanna minna (Bubbi Morthens)

Brotin loforð (Bubbi Morthens)

Einskonar ást (Bubbi og Sierra Maestra)

Öldueðli (Bubbi Morthens)

Í nafni frjálshyggju og frelsis (Bubbi Morthens)

Horft til baka (Bubbi Morthens)

Jesús Pétur Kiljan og hin heilaga Jómfrú og aumingja ég (Bubbi Morthens)

Þínir löngu grönnu fingur (Bubbi og Sierra Maestra)

Aldrei aftur (Bubbi Morthens)

Stimpilklukkupabbar (Bubbi Morthens)

Bubbi Morthens
Hljómplötur gefnar út árið 2000

Sögur II 1990-2000 (safnplata)


Gutle Rothschild, djevojačko prezime Schnapper (Frankfurt na Majni, 23. kolovoza 1753. – Frankfurt na majni, 7. svibnja 1849.), njemačka Židovkinja, supruga bankara Mayera Amschela Rothschilda (1744. – 1812.), utemeljitelja bogate i utjecajne bankarske dinastije Rothschild.

Bila je kći Wolfa Salomona Schnappera, dvorskog poduzetnika Kneževine Sachsen-Meiningen. Dana 29. kolovoza 1770. godine, u dobi od sedamnaest godina, udala se za Mayera Amschela, s kojim je imala devetnaestoro djece, od kojih je rano djetinjstvo preživjelo desetero djece:
 Schönche Jeannette Rothschild (1771. – 1859.) - udana za Benedikta Mosesa Wormsa (1772. – 1824.)
 Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773. – 1855.)
 Salomon Mayer Rothschild (1774. – 1855.) - osnivač austrijskog ogranka bankarske obitelji Rothschild
 Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777. – 1836.) - osnivač engleskog ogranka bankarske obitelji Rothschild
 Isabella Rothschild (1781. – 1861.)
 Babette Rothschild (1784. – 1869.)
 Carl Mayer Rothschild (1788. – 1855.) - osnivač talijanskog ogranka bankarske obitelji Rothschild iz Napulja
 Julie Rothschild (1790. – 1815.)
 Henriette Rothschild (1791. – 1866.) udana za Abrahama Montefiorea (1788. – 1824.)
 Jakob Mayer Rothschild (1792. – 1868.) - osnivač francuskog ogranka bankarske obitelji Rothschild

U ime miraza donijela je suprugu 2,400 guldena, što je odgovaralo godišnjoj zaradi njenog novopečenog supruga Mayera Amschela.

Suprug je njihovih petero sinova poslao u glavna poslovna središta Europe, kako bi razgranali obiteljski posao. Najstariji sin Amschel Mayer je ostao uz oca u Frankfurtu voditi glavnu obiteljsku bankarsku poslovnicu. Drugorođeni sin Salomon Mayer je preuzeo poslovanje u Beču, glavnom gradu tadašnjeg Austrijskog Carstva, treći je sin Nathan Mayer otvorio podružnicu obiteljske banke u Londonu, četvrti Carl Mayer u Napulju, a najmlađi sin, Jakob Mayer, je pokrenuo bankarski posao u Parizu.

I poslije suprugove smrti, 1812. godine, Gutle je ostala živjeti u njihovoj maloj kući u židovskom getu u Frankfurtu, kamo su je tijekom sljedećih desetljeća posječivala djeca, unuci i praunuci. Umrla je u dubokoj starosti 1849. godine.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Gutle Rothschild (1753. – 1849.) - guide-to-the-archive.rothschildarchive.org

Rothschildi (Njemačka)

Gutle Rothschild


Belgijska antarktička ekspedicija od 1897. do 1899. bila je prva zimska ekspedicija na Antakrtiku. Prva belgijska ekspedicija na Antarktik, koju je predvodio Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery na brodu RV Belgica, smatra se prvom ekspedicijom herojskog doba istraživanja Antarktika. Među njenim članovima bili su Frederick Albert Cook i Roald Amundsen, istraživači koji će kasnije osvojiti Sjeverni, odnosno Južni pol.

Izvori

Povijest Belgije
Istraživanje Antarktike

Belgijska antarktička ekspedicija


Ferrari 158 je bio bolid talijanske momčadi Scuderia Ferrari u Formuli 1.

Bolid je dizajnirao Mauro Forghieri za 1964. U odnosu na prethodnu sezonu, Ferrari je proizveo i novi V8 motor koji je razvijao 210 KS, te je bio laganiji od V6 motora korištenog 1963. Forghieri ga je namjeravao koristiti kao dio noseće strukture bolida, no morao je odustati od tog plana jer su intenzivna testiranja tijekom zime, i prije početka sezone, pokazala da je kućište motora preslabo za taj zadatak.

Unatoč velikom trudu uloženom u testiranja, model 158 je bio problematičan tijekom prve četiri utrke nove sezone. Pouzdanost motora i mjenjača je bila katastrofalna, te su u četiri utrke imali pet odustajanja. Jedino je u nizozemskom Zandvoortu John Surtees osvojio drugo mjesto, ali s preko 50 sekundi zaostatka za pobjednikom Jimom Clarkom. Surteesov momčadski kolega Lorenzo Bandini, vozio je ovaj bolid na tek četiri utrke 1964., dok je na ostalih šest utrka koristio prošlogodišnji 156 Aero model. Bandini je sa 158 modelom osvojio bodove samo na VN Italije, kada je bio 3. na Monzi.

Izvori

Bolidi Formule 1
Ferrari
Formula 1 u Italiji

Ferrari 158


Hiroshi Morita (født 18. maj 1978) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Albirex Niigata og Omiya Ardija.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroshi Morita


Jean 1. af Bourbon-La Marche (Jean 1., greve af La Marche) (født 1344, død 11. juni 1393) var greve af La Marche fra 1362 til 1393. Han var tipoldesøn af kong Ludvig 9. af Frankrig (død 1270), og han blev tiptiptipoldefar til kong Henrik 4. af Frankrig.

Som tolvårig deltog Jean 1. i Slaget ved Poitiers.

Familie
Jean 1. var søn af grev Jakob 1. af Bourbon-La Marche og Jeanne af Châtillon.

Jean 1. var gift  Catherine af Vendôme (1354–1412). De fik syv børn. Deres næstældste søn Ludvig 1. af Bourbon-Vendôme arvede Vendôme fra sin mor.

Huset Bourbon
Grever fra Frankrig

Jean 1. af Bourbon-La Marche


José Robledano Torres (Madrid, 27 de diciembre de 1884-Madrid, 12 de febrero de 1974) fue un pintor, historietista y dibujante periodístico español.

Biografía
Se casó con Magdalena Piqueras, con la que en 1915 tuvo un hijo, también llamado José.

Se formó como artista en la madrileña Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, donde tuvo como maestro a Antonio Muñoz Degrain y como condiscípulos a los hermanos Valentín y Ramón Zubiaurre. Pintor notable, disfrutó de una beca en El Paular durante los años 1915 y 1916 y desde su primera exposición, en el Círculo de Bellas Artes madrileño en 1902, demostró ser un excelente paisajista, mereciendo una Mención de Honor en la Exposición de Bellas Artes de 1904.

Su labor artística está enlazada a la prensa de su época; entre 1936 y 1939 formó parte de las Juntas directivas de la Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid, ocupando anualmente los cargos de presidente, vicepresidente y secretario de la Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid. En 1904 publicó su primer dibujo en Arte y Sport y en 1908 ya formaba parte del equipo de redacción de Revista Crítica. En esos primeros años también ilustró La cabeza del dragón, una pieza teatral infantil escrita por Ramón María del Valle-Inclán para "El teatro para niños" que, en 1910, impulsó Jacinto Benavente. No fue su última colaboración con el teatro, pues además de escenógrafo también fue actor en distintas ocasiones.

Pero sobre todo destacó como pionero de la historieta en España, desde que en 1910 comenzó a publicar sus ilustraciones en la revista Infancia, donde vio la luz "El suero maravilloso" que es considerada la primera historieta española, y además, según se dice, fue el primero en utilizar "bocadillos" dentro de sus viñetas. En esta misma línea de ilustración infantil y humorística colaboró con Chiquilín (1924-1926), la primera etapa de Pinocho (1925-1931) o la catalana Papitu.

Muy pronto dio el salto hacia las revistas más prestigiosas de su época, como Nuevo Mundo, La Esfera, Mundo Gráfico o Blanco y Negro. También se publicaron sus dibujos, sobre todo caricaturas, en diarios como El Imparcial o El Liberal, aunque destacaban sus colaboraciones en El Sol junto a Francisco Sancha, colaborador de la prensa socialista, y Luis Bagaría, con el que también coincidió en Buen Humor.

Realizó dibujos para ilustrar algunos de los populares cuentos infantiles de la Editorial Calleja y varias de las colecciones de novelas populares tan difundidas en su tiempo. Además, destacan sus conocidas "aleluyas", algunas publicadas después de la Guerra Civil con una temática muy diferente, y sus dibujos para campañas publicitarias, tanto institucionales como comerciales.

Militante socialista, desde 1934 colaboró en forma esporádica en El Socialista, donde inmortalizó su personaje de "el señor Cayetano", y con más frecuencia en Claridad, el portavoz del ala izquierda del socialismo español. Acabada la Guerra Civil, sus dibujos en este órgano socialista le valieron su ingreso en la cárcel de Porlier, primero, y su condena a muerte, después. Le fue conmutada la última pena, pero hasta 1944 recorrió distintos penales, como Valdenoceda (Burgos) o Alcalá de Henares, de los que pudo sacar, escondidos entre la ropa sucia, impresionantes dibujos que siguen siendo un alegato contra la crueldad de los presidios franquistas.

En 1937 fue nombrado catedrático de Dibujo del Instituto de Bachillerato de Guadalajara. Según el profesor de dicho instituto Gabriel María Vergara Martín, quien lo denunció al responder el cuestionario del expediente de depuración que sufrió en 1939, cesó en su puesto el 30 de agosto de 1937 por traslado al Instituto Pérez Galdós de Canarias, aunque lo cierto es que se dirigió a Madrid, donde fue profesor de dibujo en el Instituto Obrero de la capital de la República, centro modélico que dirigía Marcelino Martín González del Arco, también catedrático del Instituto alcarreño.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 ALERM VILOCA, Carmen: "La cabeza del Dragón en aleluyas", en El Pasajero. 2011.
 ÁLVAREZ FERNÁNDEZ, José Ignacio: Memoria y trauma en los testimonios de la represión franquista. Editorial Anthropos. Barcelona, 2007.
 UTRERA, Federico: Memorias de Colombine, la primera periodista. Editorial HMR. Madrid, 1998.
 VERGARA MARTÍN, Gabriel: Homenaje del Instituto de Guadalajara. Imprenta de la Editorial Hernando. Madrid, 1937.

Enlaces externos
 Obras digitalizadas de José Robledano Torres en la Biblioteca Digital Hispánica de la Biblioteca Nacional de España

Nacidos en Madrid
Fallecidos en Madrid
Pintores de España del siglo XX
Historietistas de España
Periodistas de España del siglo XX
Pintores de Madrid
Periodistas de Madrid
Presos de la cárcel de Porlier
Víctimas de la represión durante la dictadura franquista

José Robledano


Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter in Eritrea enthält alle Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Eritrea. Sitz der Botschaft ist in Asmara.

Weblinks
 Deutsche Botschaft Asmara

!
Eritrea
Deutschland


مدينة كيتاكيوشو  هي أحد المدن التابعة لمحافظة محافظة فوكوأوكا، كيوشو، اليابان. تأسست رسميًا في 10/02/1963. ويقدر عدد سكانها بـ 986998 نسمة حسب تقدير مكتب الإحصاء الياباني لعام 2012. تبلغ مساحة كيتاكيوشو 487.71 كم2. بكثافة سكانية تبلغ 2024 نسمة/كم2.

(باليابانية 北九州市 ) وتعني شمال كيوشو، تعتبر من كبريات المدن في اليابان ذات السياسات البيئية النظيفة وإعادة التصنيع للنفايات.

توأمة
لكيتاكيوشو اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 نورفولك
 سورابايا (12 نوفمبر 2012 - )

أعلام

 اكي كاجيوارا
 هنا شيباتا
 تاكوجي ميوشي
 ياسوتو هوندا
 كيغو هيغاشي
 سوتا هيراياما
 غورو أداتشي
 ماساهيرو هامازاكي

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1963
تأسيسات سنة 1963 في اليابان
مدن ساحلية في اليابان
مدن محافظة فوكوكا
مدن مختارة من قبل الحكومة
مستوطنات ساحلية في اليابان
موانئ ومرافئ

كيتاكيوشو


Der Kremlin Cup 2009 war ein Tennisturnier, welches vom 19. bis 25. Oktober 2009 im Olimpijski in Moskau stattfand. Es war Teil der ATP World Tour 2009 und wurde in der Halle auf Hartplatz ausgetragen. In derselben Woche wurden in Stockholm die If Stockholm Open gespielt, die genau wie der Kremlin Cup zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 250 zählten.

Vorjahressieger im Einzel war Igor Kunizyn, der dieses Jahr bereits in der ersten Runde scheiterte. Im Finale gewann der an drei gesetzte Russe Michail Juschny gegen den Setzlistensechsten Janko Tipsarević mit 6:75, 6:0, 6:4 und gewann damit seinen fünften Karriere-Titel. Im Doppel traten Serhij Stachowskyj und Potito Starace nicht zur Titelverteidigung an. Das Finale gewannen Pablo Cuevas und Marcel Granollers, die an drei gesetzt waren. Sie setzten sich gegen František Čermák und Michal Mertiňák, die an eins gesetzt ins Turnier starteten, mit 4:6, 7:5, [10:8] durch.

Das Teilnehmerfeld der Einzelkonkurrenz bestand aus 32 Spielern, jenes der Doppelkonkurrenz aus 16 Paaren. Das Gesamtpreisgeld betrug 1.000.000 US-Dollar, die gesamten finanziellen Verbindlichkeiten lagen bei 1.080.500 US-Dollar.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation fand vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2009 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Qualifikantenplätze, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten.

Folgende Spieler hatten die Qualifikation überstanden und spielten im Hauptfeld des Turniers:

Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte
Es wurden die folgenden Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde ausgezahlt bzw. gutgeschrieben. Spieler, die über die Qualifikation ins Hauptfeld einzogen, erhielten die angegebenen Qualifikationspunkte zusätzlich zu denen für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde. Ansonsten sind die Beträge nicht kumulativ zu verstehen. Preisgelder für den Doppelwettbewerb gelten pro Team.

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks und Quellen
 Offizielle Homepage des Turniers

Turnier der ATP World Tour 2009
Tennisturnier in Moskau
Olimpijski

Kremlin Cup 2009/Herren


1. općinska nogometna liga Virovitica za sezonu 1975./76. je bila liga šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva SFRJ.
Sudjelovalo je 10 klubova, a prvak je bila "Bilogora" iz Špišić Bukovice.

Ljestvica

 ljestvica bez rezultata jedne utakmice
 Dijelka – danas dio naselja Veliko Polje
 Dugo Selo – skraćeni naziv za Dugo Selo Lukačko
 Gornje Bazje – također se piše i kao Gornje Bazije
 Majkovac, skraćeno za Majkovac Podravski – danas dio naselja Žlebina

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Međupodsavezna nogometna Daruvar – Virovitica 1975./76.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list
 library.foi.hr,  "Virovitički list" - tjednik SSRN općine Virovitica, br. 969 (20/1976), god. XXIV, objavljeno 4. lipnja 1976., str. 8 (18. kolo i završna ljestvica), preuzeto 1. kolovoza 2021.

1975-765 1 OL
Virovitica-1
1975-76 Virovitica

1. općinska nogometna liga Virovitica 1975./76.


LEP is the Large Electron–Positron Collider, a particle accelerator.

LEP or Lep may also refer to:

Science
 Laser Excited Phosphor, great beam distance light powered by a laser
 Light emitting plasma, or plasma lamps
 Light emitting polymer
 Lep, an abbreviation for Lepus (constellation)
 LEP, an alias for leptin, a gene
 Laser evoked potentials, in neuralgia
 The liquid entry pressure (LEP) of a hydrophobic membrane

Organisations
 Liberal Egyptian Party
 Local ecumenical partnership or local ecumenical project
 Local enterprise partnership, a type of partnership between government and the business community for economic development in England

Other uses
 Lower Elements Police, a police squad in the Artemis Fowl children's novels
 Limited English proficiency, in English language learning and teaching
 Lancashire Evening Post, an English newspaper

See also
 Leps (disambiguation)
 Lepidoptera, an order of insects that includes moths and butterflies

LEP (disambiguation)


The Iron Dragon's Daughter is a 1993 science fantasy novel by American writer Michael Swanwick. The story follows Jane, a changeling girl who slaves at a dragon factory in the world of Faerie, building part-magical, part-cybernetic monsters that are used as jet fighters. The plot of her story takes the form of a spiral, with events and characters constantly recurring in new settings.

The novel constantly subverts fantasy tropes and archetypes. Swanwick admits having written it both as a homage to J. R. R. Tolkien and in reaction to a handful of writers he claims exploit Tolkien's milieu and the readers' imaginations with derivative, commercial fantasy:

The dragon Melanchthon is named after German theologian Philipp Melanchthon, an associate of Martin Luther.  Further references to Lutheranism can be found in Swanwick's novel Jack Faust.

Swanwick has written two other books in the same setting, entitled The Dragons of Babel (published in 2008) and The Iron Dragon's Mother (published in 2019). Excerpts from The Dragons of Babel have periodically been published as short stories. They include King Dragon, The Word that Sings the Scythe, An Episode of Stardust, A Small Room in Koboldtown and Lord Weary's Empire. Most of these were originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction.

Synopsis
The first portion of the story concerns Jane's childhood in a factory that builds iron dragons. Jane and her close friend Rooster, whose true name is Tetigistus, work in a group of indentured child laborers. Jane steals a grimoire, and after reading it, begins to hear the voice of an iron dragon in her head. Jane is taken to entertain an elderly, silent elf called the Baldwynn, but is told not to return after she witnesses a strange phenomenon. The dragon manipulates Rooster into trying to escape, but Rooster dies in the attempt.  A distraught Jane forces the dragon to tell her his true name, Melanchthon. They then flee the factory.

Later, Jane attends high school while fixing a dormant Melanchthon, who was damaged in their escape. She discovers that the school principal is none other than the Baldwynn and becomes friends with her classmate Peter and his girlfriend Gwen, who, as the wicker queen, will soon be burned alive as a sacrifice to the Goddess. To Jane's shock, Peter tells her that his true name is Tetigistus. They confess their love and sleep together. Soon after, Gwen is sacrificed and Peter commits suicide out of guilt. Melanchthon disappears and Jane realizes that his manipulation caused these events.

Next, Jane goes to college to study alchemy. She makes new friends: Sirin, a talented alchemist, and Puck Aleshire, to whom she is strangely drawn. Jane discovers that Puck has the same soul as Peter and Rooster did: Tetigistus. She also suspects that Sirin might have the same soul as Gwen. Soon after, the Teind arrives, a night of chaos during which both Sirin and Puck die. Jane reunites with Melanchthon, who shows her that her life constantly spirals around to the same failures and reveals his ultimate plan to destroy the universe. Feeling her existence is futile, Jane agrees to help him.

Jane becomes a minor celebrity and serial killer, using the bodies of her victims as fuel for Melanchthon. She meets a dragon pilot named Rocket, who she realizes is another Tetigistus, and his half-sister Fata Incolore, true name Kunosoura, who shares a soul with Sirin and Gwen. Jane also encounters the Baldwynn, who shows her that her body in the human world is confined to a mental institution. After Jane sleeps with Rocket, she and Melanchthon enact their plan to destroy the universe. Rocket pursues them in his own dragon, and Jane is forced to blast him away, killing Tetigistus yet again. As they approach Spiral Castle, the center of the universe, Melanchthon dissolves around Jane and she realizes that their plan was doomed from the start.

Jane finds herself in Spiral Castle with the Baldwynn, who reveals that he's one of the Goddess's consorts and takes Jane to see her. The Goddess berates Jane for squandering the gift of her connection with Tetigistus and Kunosoura through her selfishness, causing Jane to have an existential crisis.

Afterwards, Jane is returned to the mortal world, unsure of whether or not she is being punished. She is released from the mental institution and goes on to obtain a doctorate in chemistry. While attending a party with a friend, Jane glimpses a man to whom she is instantly and desperately drawn. The novel ends, leaving it uncertain if Jane has finally reunited with Tetigistus and found a chance at redemption.

Tone
Much of the novel is nihilistic in tone. Jane encounters Tetigistus and Kunosoura several times, and each time prioritizes her own survival, resulting in their deaths. She also fails to remain a moral protagonist, becoming a manipulative thief who is willing to kill to accomplish her goals. Melanchthon embodies nihilism and atheism, telling Jane that the Goddess is a myth and that the world comes to nothing:Life exists, and all who live are born to suffer. The best moments are fleeting and bought with the coin of exquisite torment. All attachments end. All loved ones die. All that you value passes away. In such a vexatious existence laughter is madness and joy is folly. Shall we accept that it all happens for no reason, with no cause? That there is nobody to blame but ourselves but that accepting the responsibility is pointless for doing so cannot ease, defer, or deaden the pain? Not likely! It is so much more comforting to erect a straw figure on which to blame it all.However, the novel ends on a cautiously optimistic note. Jane's encounter with the Goddess reveals that, in truth, there is order to the universe and that, though she squandered it, Jane did have a destiny. She refuses to answer Jane's questions on why the world is painful, whether choice is an illusion, and what the Goddess wants. Despite this, Jane comes to realize the Goddess's love for her and that her life in the human world "[is] not punishment." The final suggestion that Jane may be reunited with Tetigistus suggests that the Goddess has forgiven Jane and given her another chance to fulfill her purpose.

Themes
Blood sacrifice is a constant presence in The Iron Dragon's Daughter. Two prominent examples are the sacrifice of the wicker queen, who is burned alive on Samhain, and the Teind, which claims one tenth of the students at Jane's university. It is never made clear whether or not these traditions are necessary to appease the Goddess. Other instances include the bodies of men being sacrificed to Melanchthon's hunger and the repeated sacrifice of Tetigistus's life in service of Jane's goals.

Materialism and consumerism also pervade the novel. The Faerie world is populated with familiar structures, including malls, from which Jane learns to shoplift. Throughout the novel, common material items are juxtaposed with mythological beings. As the wicker queen, Gwen becomes a celebrity, indulging in drugs and a lavish lifestyle before her death is broadcast as a live TV special. Jane observes a society of minuscule, ant-like creatures called meryons gradually grow from an agricultural bliss to a dystopia where the rich are protected and "tiny enemies of the state" are executed. When characters are injured or dreaming, they often spout off phrases that seem pulled from an advertisement. For example when Rooster is in a coma during the opening of the novel: Rooster groaned In a high, lucid voice, he said "Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese..." Jane found herself unable to breathe. "... and a sesame seed bun." It was too awful, his lonely voice speaking to no one in the emptiness of the night. "Teflon."Finally, virginity and the lack thereof are often addressed. Virginity seems required for many functions in the Faerie world. While Jane can pilot Melanchthon after she has lost her virginity, she cannot repair him, as the touch of a non-virgin will burn his wiring. Though the wicker queen need not remain a virgin, her consort is required to do so. When Peter and Jane have sex, he is rendered unable to perform his part of the sacrifice and must be replaced, to his shame. However, sex and sexuality also hold great power in The Iron Dragon's Daughter. While at university, Jane learns to use esoteric sex rituals for magical and alchemical purposes. Through these rituals, she is able to make a variety of discoveries and speak to her human mother in visions. Jane also uses her sexuality as a source of power in interpersonal relationships.

Author's comments
In a 2017 interview, Swanwick said,

Reception
The Iron Dragon's Daughter was lauded for its upheaval of fantasy tropes and its inventive style and narrative. Critic John Clute called the book an "anti-fantasy" and Kirkus described it as "seething, brain-bursting, all but indescribable."  The novel was nominated for the Arthur C. Clarke Award, Locus Award, and World Fantasy Award for Best Novel in 1994.
The New York Times named it  a Notable Book in 1994.

References

External links
 "Elves, Dragons, and Anarchy: Convention and Subversion in Michael Swanwick's The Iron Dragon's Daughter", by Jeff Topham
New York Times book review, March 13, 1994
 Reviews and analysis  Scroll down for Swanwick's answers to a number of questions about the novel.
 The Iron Dragon's Daughter at Worlds Without End

1993 American novels
1993 fantasy novels
1993 science fiction novels
Novels by Michael Swanwick
Science fantasy novels

The Iron Dragon's Daughter


Tinkerforge ist eine Plattform von verschiedenen aufeinander steckbaren Mikrocontrollerbausteinen (Bricks), die verschiedene Module (Bricklets) ansteuern können. Außerdem können die Bausteine durch Erweiterungen (Master Extensions) erweitert werden. Die Hardware lässt sich mithilfe von APIs (API Bindings), die in einer Vielzahl von Programmiersprachen implementiert sind, oder direkt mit TCP/IP über eine USB-Verbindung (unter Windows, Linux oder Mac OS X), über WLAN (mit WIFI Master Extension) oder über LAN (mit Ethernet Master Extension) ansteuern. Dabei ist sowohl die Hardware als auch die Software Open Source.

Die Computerzeitschrift Chip zeichnete Tinkerforge 2012 als "Produkt des Jahres" aus.

Bricks

Bricks sind 4 × 4 cm große Platinen zur Auswertung von Messdaten, für die Kommunikation der Bausteine und zur Steuerung von Motoren. Jeder Brick besitzt einen 32-Bit ARM-Mikrocontroller, einen USB-Anschluss und Anschlüsse für weitere Bricks oder Bricklets.

Es ist möglich, mehrere Bricks zu einem Stapel zusammenzustecken, um so mehr Möglichkeiten zu erhalten. Für einen solchen Stapel wird zwingend ein Master benötigt.

Bricklets
Bricklets sind Erweiterungen von Bricks. Sie stellen Mittel zur Ein- und Ausgabe von Daten zur Verfügung. Viele Bricklets sind Sensoren, es gibt aber auch LCD-Bricklets oder solche, die digitale Ein- und Ausgänge besitzen.

Master Extensions
Master Extensions erweitern die Schnittstellen von Bricks. Sie haben, wie Bricks, eine Größe von 4 × 4 cm. Es gibt Erweiterungen für WLAN, Ethernet und RS485. Aus Programmierersicht sind die verschiedenen Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten transparent. Ein Stapel mit Master Extension verhält sich so als wären alle Bricks einzeln per USB am PC angeschlossen.

API Bindings
 C/C++
 C#
 Go
 Java
 JavaScript
 LabVIEW
 Mathematica
 Matlab/Octave
 Object Pascal
 Perl
 PHP
 Python
 Ruby
 Shell
 VB.NET

Weblinks

 Website von Tinkerforge
 TinkerForge Elektronik-Baukasten, Artikel auf heise.de

Einzelnachweise

Internet der Dinge
Freie Hardware
Freie Software
Controller (Hardware)
Einplatinencomputer

Tinkerforge


Jakob Svendsen (født 28. august 1980) er en dansk standupkomiker, der debuterede i 2009.

Han har bl.a. lavet de to shows Kristen i krise og Næste(n)kærlig.

Han er kendt for sine Jakoblysninger og shows. Svendsen er uddannet cand.scient., og han har arbejdet som underviser på Gladsaxe Gymnasium ved København. I 2018 arbejdede han halvtid som matematiklærer og underviser i datalogi, og brugte resten af tiden som komiker.

I 2010 kom han med i finalen i DM i Standup og han vandt talentkonkurrencen Danish Open.

Sammen med Heino Hansen optrådte han i 2013 med Heino & Jakobs onemanshow.
Siden 2014 har han medvirket i podcasten Verdens Bedste Filmklub med Lasse Rimmer. Han har desuden haft flere podcasts med Heino Hansen, senest podcasten LilleTorsdag og Bonkammerater.

Sammen med Sofie Flykt lavede han standupshowet Lærerne - uegnet for børn.

Han var nomineret til talentprisen ved Zulu Comedy Galla både i 2015, 2016 og 2018, dog uden at vinde.

Svendsen er kristen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 jakobsvendsen.dk
 Artikel vedr. Jakob Svendsen kristeligt-dagblad.dk

Komikere fra Danmark
Gymnasielærere fra Danmark

Jakob Svendsen