ستيفن ر. كوفي (Stephen R. Covey) (ولد 24 أكتوبر عام 1932 - توفي 16 يوليو 2012) كاتب ومؤلف أمريكي ولد بولاية يوتاه الأمريكية. وهو أب لتسعة أبناء وجد لـ49 حفيدا، عاش مع زوجته «ساندرا» بمدينة بروفو (بولاية يوتاه. وكان قد استلم جائزة «الأبوة» عام 2003 من منظمة المبادرة الوطنية للأبوة. ويحمل ستيفن كوفي شهادة بكالوريوس في علوم إدارة الأعمال من جامعة يوتاه بمدينة «سولت ليك»، ويحمل شهادة ماجيستير في إدارة الأعمال من جامعة هارفارد، ودكتوراه في التعليم الديني من جامعة «بيرجهام يانج» وهو مدير مؤسسة فرانكلين كوفي.

كتبه ومؤلفاته
كتاب «العادات السبع للناس الأكثر فعالية» يعتبر من أكثر الكتب مبيعا بالولايات المتحدة والعالم. كتب العديد من المؤلفات الأخرى منها كتاب «الأَوْلى أولا»، وكتاب «القيادة المرتكزة على المبادئ». كتابه الأخير «العادة الثامنة» والذي ظهر في العام 2004. وقام بإنشاء مركز كوفي للقيادة عام 1997، والذي اندمج مع مؤسسة كبرى أخرى ليعمل تحت اسم مركز فرانكلين كوفي، والمركز يقدم خدمات عالية المستوى في مجالي الاستشارات والتدريب للمؤسسات والأفراد. وتنص مهمة المركز على: "We enable greatness in people and organizations everywhere".في عام 2008، قام د. كوفي بإطلاق موقع خدمي على الإنترنت تحت اسم «مجتمع كوفي على الشبكة»، ويعتبر الموقع مزيجا من دورات تدريبية وشبكة اجتماعية للمهتمين بالتنمية الذاتية. يستخدم ستيفن كوفي الموقع أيضا كوسيلة لتدريس أحدث أفكاره في مجال القيادة والمجالات المطروحة على الموقع عموما. درّب ستيفن كوفي العشرات من قادة الدول.

العادة الثامنة
يعتبر كتاب «العادة الثامنة: من الفعالية إلى العظمة» "The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness"، جزء مكمل لكتاب «العادات السبع»، فكوفي يعتقد أن العادات السبع لا تكفي في عصرنا الحالي «عصر العمل المعتمد على المعرفة». ويعترف بأننا في عصرنا الحالي نواجه مشكلات وتعقيدات تتفاوت في الحجم عما كان من قبل.
تنص العادة الثامنة على: «ابحث عن صوتك وألهم الآخرين كي يجدو أصواتهم..».

وفاته
وقد توفي د. كوفي، في أحد المستشفيات بولاية أيداهو عن عمر يناهز 79 عاما حسبما أعلنت أسرته اليوم الإثنين. وقالت الأسرة في بيان بثته محطة التلفزيون المحلية (كيه.إس.إل) إن ستيفن توفي متأثراً بمضاعفات حادث دراجة تعرض له في نيسان/أبريل الماضي.

ولفظ ستيفن كوفي أنفاسه الأخيرة في الثانية والربع بالتوقيت المحلي في مركز طبي بولاية أيداهو الواقعة غرب الولايات المتحدة أثناء تواجد أفراد أسرته معه. 16 يوليو 2012م

انظر أيضا
 خطابة إلهامية

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أصحاب أعمال من سولت ليك (مدينة)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة بريغام يونغ
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ولاية يوتا
أمريكيون
تطوير الذات
خريجو جامعة بريغام يونغ
خريجو جامعة يوتا
خريجو كلية هارفارد للأعمال
قديسو الأيام الأخيرة من يوتا
كتاب أعمال تجارية أمريكيون
كتاب أمريكيون متخصصون في مساعدة الذات
كتاب محفزون أمريكيون
كتاب من سولت ليك (مدينة)
مدربو تنمية بشرية
مواليد 1932
مواليد في سولت ليك (مدينة)
مؤسسو شركات أمريكيون
وفيات 1433 هـ
وفيات 2012
وفيات في أيداهو فولز
أمريكيون مغتربون في جمهورية أيرلندا

ستيفن كوفي


රුධිර පරික්ෂාවක් () යනු, සාමාන්‍යයෙන්,  කටුවක්, හෝ ඇඟිලිවිදිනයක් භාවිතයෙන්,  අතෙහි ශිරාවකින් නිශ්කර්ශය කර ගන්නා රුධිර සාම්පලයක් පරික්ෂණාගාර විශ්ලේෂණයට ලක් කිරීමයි.

රුධිඅර පරික්‍ෂාවන් භාවිතා කරනුයේ, රෝග, ඛනිජ අන්තර්ගතය, ඖෂධ සඵලත්වය, සහ ඉන්ද්‍රියයන්හි ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය වැනි  කායික-විද්‍යාමය සහ ජෛවරසායනික තත්ත්වයන්, සමාපනය කිරීමටය.  රුධිර පරික්‍ෂාව යන වදන භාවිත වුවද, බොහෝ චර්යානුගත පරික්‍ෂාවන්, ( රක්තවේදය සඳහා වුවන් හැර) සිදුකරනුයේ, රුධිර සෛල වෙනුවට,  ප්ලාස්මා හෝ රුධිර ද්‍රවය කෙරෙහිය.

නිශ්කර්ශනය
ඉදිකටුවක් මගින්  ශිරාවක් සිදුරුකොට විශ්ලේෂණය කිරීම සදහා රුධිරය ලබාගැනීම, රුධිර සෛල සහ රුධිර ප්ලාස්මය ලබාගත හැකි සාපේක්ෂව එතරම් වේදනාකාරී නොවන ක්‍රමයකි.  සිරුර පුරාම ඔක්සිජන් සහ පෝෂණ ද්‍රව්‍ය පරිවහණය කිරීමේ මාධ්‍යයක් ලෙස හා බහිස්ස්‍රාවීය ද්‍රව්‍ය අදාල අවයව වෙත පරිවහණය කිරීමේ මාධ්‍යක් ලෙස රුධිරය ක්‍රියාකරයි.  රුධිරයෙහි සංයුතිය විවිධ රෝගි තත්ත්වයන් අනුව වෙනස් වේ. එම නිසා විවිධ රෝග අවස්ථාවන්හි දී රුධිරය පරීක්ෂාවට ගැනේ.

රුධිර පරීක්ෂණ වර්ග

ජෛව රසායනික විශ්ලේෂණය
ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මනිනු ලබන රසායන ද්‍රව්‍ය වනුයේ සෝඩියම් , පොටෑසියම් , ක්ලෝරයිඩ්, බයිකාබනේට් , යූරියා , නයිට්‍රජන් . මැග්නීසියම් , ක්‍රියටිනීන් හා ග්ලූකෝස් ය. ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවලදී කැල්සියම් ද අන්තර්ගත වේ.

ඇතැම් රුධිර පරීක්ෂණ උදා - රුධිර ග්‍ලූකෝස් , කොලෙස්ටරෝල් හෝ ලිංගාශ්‍රිත රෝග පිළිබද පරීක්ෂා කිරීම සදහා පරීක්ෂණයට පෙර පැය අටේ සිට දොළහ අතර කාලයක් නිරාහාරව සිටිය යුතුය.

බොහෝමයක් රුධිර පරීක්ෂණ සදහා රුධිරය ලබාගනුයේ රෝගියාගේ ශිරාවෙනි. නමුත් ඇතැම් විශේෂ රුධිර පරීක්ෂණ උදා - ධමනිවල රුධිරයෙහි වායු සාන්ද්‍රණය මැනීම සදහා ධමනියකින් රුධිරය ලබාගත යුතුය. මෙහිදී ධමනිගත රුධිරයෙහි කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් සහ ඔක්සිජන් ප්‍රමාණ මගින් පෙනහලුවල ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය පිළිබද අවබෝධයක් ලබාගත හැකිය. ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවලදී මෙකී පරීක්ෂණය මගින් රුධිරයෙහි pH අගය සහ බයිකාබනේට් මට්ටම පිළිබද අ‍ව‍බෝධයක් ලබාගත හැකිය.

ග්ලූකෝස් සීග්‍රම් පරීක්ෂණ‍යකදී (glucose tolerance test) වරින්වර රුධිරය ලබාගැනීම මගින් සිරුරෙන් ග්ලූකෝස් පරිභෝජනය කරන වේගය නිර්ණය කරගත හැකිය.

වසර 2008 දී විද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කළ ආකාරය අනුව ඛේට පරීක්ෂාවක් මගින් ද රුධිර පරීක්ෂාවක් වෙනුවට අදාල කර්තව්‍ය සිදු කරගත හැකිය. මෙමගින් ඒ සදහා වැයවන වියදම අඩුවන අතර ඉදිකටු භාවිතා කිරීමේදී ඇතිවන අපහසුතාව ද මග හැරේ.

සාමාන්‍ය පරාස
සෝඩියම් (Na)					136 – 145 mmol /L
පොටෑසියම් (K)				3.5 – 4.5   mmol /L
යූරියා 						2.5 – 6.4  mmol /L  (රුධිර යූරියා නයිට්‍රජන්)

යූරියා 						7 – 18    mg/dL
ක්‍රියටිනීන් (පිරිමි)				62 – 115  mol /L
ක්‍රියටිනීන් (ගැහැණු)				53 – 97    mol /L
ක්‍රියටිනීන් (පිරිමි)				0.7 – 1.3  mg/dL
ක්‍රියටිනීන් (ගැහැණු)				0.6 – 1.1  mg/dL
ග්ලූකෝස් (නිරාහාර)				3.9 – 5.8  mmol /L
ග්ලූකෝස් (නිරාහාර)				70 – 105  mg/dL

අණුක දත්ත

ප්‍රෝටීන
	ප්‍රෝටීන විද්‍යුතාගමනය. (පොදුවේ භාවිතා කරන පරීක්ෂණයකි. නියත පරීක්ෂණයක් නොවේ)
	Western bolt (පොදුවේ භාවිතා කරන පරීක්ෂණයකි. නියත පරීක්ෂණයක් නොවේ)
	අක්මාවේ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය සොයා බැලීම සිදු කරන පරීක්ෂණ (Liver function tests)

වෙනත්
	පොලි‍මරේස් දාම ප්‍රතික්‍රියා (DNA) .  නූතනයේදී  DNA පරීක්ෂණ ඉතා කුඩා රුධිර ප්‍රමාණයකින් වුවද සිදු කළ හැකිවේ. එය අධිකරණ වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව තුළ බහුලව භාවිතා කෙරුන ද රෝග නිර්ණය කිරීම සදහා පොදුවේ යොදා ගනී.
	Northern bolt (RNA)
	ලිංගාශ්‍රිත රෝග

සෛලීය නිර්ණය කිරීම්
	රුධිර සෛල පරීක්ෂාව (full blood count)
	MCV  හෝ Hematocrit
	රක්තානුවල අවසාදනය වීමේ සීඝ්‍රතාව.
(Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate – ESR)
	රුධිර ගැලපීම්. රුධිර පාරවිලයනයක් සදහා හෝ අවයව බද්ධ කිරීමක් සදහා රුධිර වර්ගය නිර්ණය කිරීමට.
	රුධිරය වර්ධක මාධ්‍යයක වගා කිරීම. ආසාදනයක් ඇතැයි සැක ඇති වූ අවස්ථාවලදී බහුලව සිදු කෙරේ. ධනාත්මක ප්‍රතිඵල ලබා දෙන සහ ප්‍රතිජීවක ඖෂධවල සංවේදී රටාවන් අනුව ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රම පිළිබදව නිර්ණයකට ඒම සදහා උපකාරී වේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර
රුධිර පරීක්ෂාවන්

රුධිර පරීක්‍ෂණ


Josip Kozarac () a fost un scriitor croat.

Josip Kozarac s-a născut la Vinkovci. A studiat managementul forestier la Viena și a lucrat ulterior ca ofițer forestier în Vinkovci.

A scris povestiri, piese de teatru și romane. În ele a arătat o mare capacitate de a ilustra țăranii slavoni și și-a exprimat nemulțumirea față de decăderea economiei slavone și a străinilor care preluau bogăția națională croată. Cea mai cunoscută lucrare a sa este romanul Mrtvi kapitali din 1890.

Lucrări scrise

 Biser-Kata
 Male pripovijesti
 Među svjetlom i tminom
 Mira Kodolićeva
 Mrtvi kapitali
 Oprava
 Priče djeda Nike
 Slavonska šuma
 Tena

Vezi și
Listă de scriitori croați
 Ivan Kozarac

Surse
 Kozarac, Josip la lzmk.hr

Nașteri în 1858
Decese în 1906
Romancieri din secolul al XIX-lea
Scriitori croați

Josip Kozarac


Caesia, biljni rod iz porodice čepljezovki kojemu pripada 13 priznatih vrsta u Australiji, Južnoafričkoj Republici, Madagaskaru i Novoj Gvineji.

Od 13 vrsta jedna je izumrla, to je C. rigidifolia iz zapadne Australije, koji je posljednji puta uočena 1875. Posljednja vrsta, Caesia sabulosa, otkrivena je u Južnoafričkoj Republici, opisana je 2010.

Po životnom obliku su hemikriptofiti.

Vrste
 Caesia alpina Hook.f.
 Caesia calliantha R.J.F.Hend.
 Caesia capensis (Bolus) Oberm.
 Caesia chlorantha F.Muell.
 Caesia contorta (L.f.) T.Durand & Schinz
 Caesia micrantha Lindl.
 Caesia occidentalis R.Br.
 Caesia parviflora R.Br.
 Caesia rigidifolia F.Muell.
 Caesia sabulosa Boatwr. & J.C.Manning
 Caesia setifera Baker
 Caesia subulata Baker
 Caesia viscida Keighery

Sinonimi
 Bidwillia Herb.
 Nanolirion Benth.

Izvori

Hemerocallidoideae

Caesia


es un videojuego simulador de vuelo para la consola portátil Nintendo 3DS, desarrollado por Monster Games y publicado por Nintendo. Se trata de una secuela del juego Pilotwings para Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES)de la década de 1990 y del juego de Pilotwings 64 para Nintendo 64 de 1996. Salió a la venta como un título de lanzamiento junto a la consola en América del Norte y Europa, el 25 de marzo de 2011. En Japón, Australia y Nueva Zelanda fue lanzado el 14 de abril de 2011.

Modo de juego
Pilotwings Resort incluye dos modos de juego. El primero, "Vuelo libre", permite al jugador explorar libremente la isla Wuhu con cualquier tipo de aeronave, pero hay un límite de tiempo. Recoger diversos objetos como globos y anillos puede desbloquear ciertas características en el juego. El segundo, "Misiones", requiere que el jugador complete una serie de objetivos dentro de ciertos parámetros. La dificultad de las misiones va aumentando desde entrenamiento, bronce, plata, oro, platino hasta diamante. Completar una misión te dará una cantidad de estrellas que dependerá de tu puntuación.

Desarrollo
Pilotwings Resort fue anunciado por Nintendo en el E3 2010, donde se ofreció una demo jugable que reveló el regreso de avión y el jet pack en las misiones. Más tarde, los medios de comunicación dieron a conocer el retorno también del ala delta en las misiones. Pilotwings Resort es el primer juego de Nintendo 3DS con la posibilidad de usar a los personajes Mii. Se desarrolla en la ficticia isla Wuhu, que fue presentada originalmente en Wii Fit y Wii Sports Resort. Este último había presentado su propio juego deportivo de vuelo, que fue adaptado para este juego.

Controles de los vehículos

Avión
El avión es un de los tres vehículos principales del juego, sus controles son:
 Ascender: Joystick Abajo
 Descender: Joystick Arriba
 Virar a la Izquierda/derecha: Joystick Izquierda/derecha
 Activar Turbo: A
 Frenar: B
 Girar Izquierda: L
 Girar Derecha: R
 Tonel Izquierda: L L
 Tonel Derecha: R R
 Volar Boca abajo: L+R
 Disparar: Y (Solo en algunas misiones)
 Mirar alrededor: Cruz de control
 Cambiar Vista: X

Mochila propulsora
La mochila propulsora es otro de los vehículos principales del juego. Sus controles son:
 Volar Hacia delante: Joystick Arriba
 Volar hacia atrás: Joystick abajo
 Propulsión potente: A
 Propulsión precisa: B
 Frenar/Flotar: L
 Enfocar la cámara hacia arriba: X
 Enfocar la cámara hacia abajo: Y
 Mirar Hacia Abajo: R
 Mirar Alrededor: Cruz de Control

Ala delta
El ala delta es uno de los vehículos principales del juego, sus controles son:
 Ascender: Joystick Abajo
 Descender: Joystick Arriba
 Virar a la Izquierda/derecha: Joystick Izquierda/derecha
 Frenar/Aterrizar: B
 Sacar Foto: R (Mantener Pulsado para enfocar)
 Cancelar Foto: L
 Mirar Alrededor: Cruz de Control

Reactor
Es un vehículo secundario, los mismos controles que el avión.

Mochila turbopropulsora
Es un vehículo secundario, parecido a la mochila propulsora pero con más potencia.

Ciclodelta
Es otro vehículo secundario, igual que el ala delta pero con pedales, controles:
 Ascender: Joystick Abajo
 Descender: Joystick Arriba
 Virar a la Izquierda/derecha: Joystick Izquierda/derecha
 Frenar/Aterrizar: B
 Sacar Foto: R (Mantener Pulsado para enfocar)
 Cancelar Foto: L
 Mirar Alrededor: Cruz de Control
 Pedalear hacia alante: A
 Pedalear Hacia atrás: B

Trucos, secretos y desbloqueables

 Coleccionables Vuelo Libre
Globos:Alcanza la clase Plata.

Extras:Alcanza la clase Oro

 Desbloqueables Modo Misión
Clase Diamante: Consigue tres estrellas en todo

Premio All-Star: Consigue tres estrellas en una misión de la clase diamante

Vehículos secundarios: Completa cada misión de cada clase(Solo se usan en vuelo libre)

Super Aeronave: Haz la puntuación perfecta (Solo se usan en misiones)

 Desbloqueables Extra modo vuelo libre
Castillo en una isla: Consigue los 75 anillos

Meca Hawk: Consigue tres estrellas en cada misión de vuelo libre.Aparecerá en vuelo libre.Camina por la Isla de cuña

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Pilotwings Resort (español)
 Página oficial de Pilotwings Resort (inglés)
 Página oficial de Pilotwings Resort (japonés)

Videojuegos de 2011
Videojuegos de simulación de vuelo
Videojuegos de un jugador
Secuelas de videojuegos
Videojuegos de Nintendo
Videojuegos para Nintendo 3DS
Videojuegos exclusivos para Nintendo 3DS
Videojuegos desarrollados en Estados Unidos
Videojuegos ambientados en islas ficticias

Pilotwings Resort


Fuencaliente se poate referi la:
Fuencaliente (Ciudad Real), un oraș din Spania, situat în provincia Ciudad Real din comunitatea autonomă Castilia-La Mancha.
Fuencaliente de La Palma, un oraș din Spania, situat în provincia Santa Cruz de Tenerife din comunitatea autonomă Insulele Canare.

Fuencaliente


Granton bezeichnet folgende Orte:
 Granton (Tasmanien), einen Ort in Tasmanien, Australien
 Granton (Nova Scotia), einen Ort in Kanada
 Granton (Edinburgh), ein Stadtteil von Edinburgh, Schottland
 Granton (Wisconsin), ein Ort in Wisconsin, Vereinigte Staaten

Siehe auch
 Grantown-on-Spey, eine Stadt in Schottland

Firmenbezeichnungen:
 Scottish Motor Engineering Co. in Granton, Edinburgh, ca. 1905–1907

Granton


Mons Records ist ein deutsches Musiklabel im Bereich des Jazz und der klassischen Musik.

Geschichte und Profil
Das unabhängige Jazz- und Klassik-Label Mons Records wurde 1991 von Thilo Berg in Trippstadt gegründet. Mons Records veröffentlicht etwa 15 Produktionen pro Jahr. Zu den Musikern, die Alben auf Mons publizierten, gehören  Jeff Hamilton, Tom Harrell, Ray Brown, Benny Green, Dado Moroni, Larry Fuller, Bobby Shew, Nancy King, Allan Harris, Carl Allen, Nicholas Payton, Bob Mintzer, Ben Wolfe, Greg Hutchinson,  Dewey Redman, Ethan Iverson, Ralph Moore, Robert Hurst, Dee Daniels, Jiggs Whigham, Don Braden, Richard Bona, Manu Katché, Quentin Dujardin, Ivan Paduart, Barbara Morrison, Mia Brentano, Rob Bruynen, Johannes Faber, Paul Heller, Niels Klein, Ralph Moore, Hubert und Ludwig Nuss, Benyamin Nuss, Bill Ramsey, Dieter Reith, Clark Terry & Rob Pronk mit dem Metropol Orchestra, Nils Wogram, Peter Weniger und das Bundesjazzorchester, Triologic, Triosence, die Swingin' Fireballs, das Swiss Jazz Orchestra/Bert Joris, die RIAS Big Band Berlin und die Thilo Berg Big Band mit verschiedenen Gastsolisten, außerdem Emmerich Smola und Baldur Seifert.

Auszeichnungen
 2007 wurde das Album Berlin Cookbook der Dietrich Koch Bigband für die Vierteljahresliste des Preises der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik nominiert.
 2019 erhielt das Album Mia Brentano's River of Memories den Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik in der Kategorie "Grenzgänge".

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz

Einzelnachweise

Jazz-Label
Klassik-Label
Musiklabel (Rheinland-Pfalz)
Independent-Label
Trippstadt
Unternehmen (Landkreis Kaiserslautern)
Organisation (Pfälzerwald)

Mons Records


Der Botanische Garten "A. W. Fomin" in Kiew (BGK) (ukrainisch / Nazionalnyj Botanitschnyj Sad A. W. Fomin; russisch ) wurde 1839 als Abteilung der Fakultät Biologie der damaligen Wladimir-Universität eröffnet. Er belegt eine Fläche von 22,7 ha. Zur Unterscheidung zu dem ebenfalls in Kiew seit 1936 vorhandenen Botanischen Garten "M. M. Hryschko", der der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften untersteht, wird die hier dargestellte Gartenanlage auch Alter Botanischer Garten genannt. Er erhielt 1936 den Namen seines langjährigen Direktors Alexander Wassiljewitsch Fomin. Der Garten enthält nunmehr rund 10.000 Pflanzenarten, darunter auch 143 in der Roten Liste eingetragene.

Geschichte

Entstehung und erste Aufgaben
Der für den Bau der Kiewer Universität tätige Architekt Vincent Beretti hatte bereits die Schaffung eines Botanischen Gartens in den Tälern und auf den Höhen der Umgebung der Lehranstalt angeregt. So wurden schon 1829 die ersten 513 Pflanzen aus der Sammlung des Kremenetzki-Lyzeums (heute Kremenetzki Pädagogisches Institut) auf den unbebauten Flächen ausgebracht. Etwa fünf Jahre lang ruhten wegen Geldmangels alle weiteren Arbeiten. Dann konnte der namhafte Botaniker Ernst Rudolph von Trautvetter für die Einrichtung der Gartenanlage und der deutsche Architekt Max Laufer für die Bauten gewonnen werden. Als offizielles Gründungsdatum gilt der 22. Mai 1839, an dem Trautvetter die erste Neupflanzung vornahm. Inzwischen waren aus Samenspenden anderer botanischer Gärten des damaligen Russischen Kaiserreiches weitere Pflanzen gezüchtet worden oder wurden direkt nach Kiew geliefert. Auch tropische und subtropische Pflanzen wurden in neu gebauten Gewächshäusern angesiedelt. Zur Gestaltung der Anlage gliederte man die Landschaft terrassenförmig; die wichtigsten Bauarbeiten waren 1850 abgeschlossen. Trautvetter wurde zum Direktor des Botanischen Gartens berufen. 1841 erhielt der Park die offizielle Anerkennung (Dauerstatus). Er diente der Kiewer Wladimir-Universität zunächst vor allem zu Forschungs- und Lehrzwecken. Im Jahr 1852 weist das Bestandsbuch des Botanischen Gartens 25.416 Bäume und 419 Sträucher aus.

Gleichzeitig mit der Gründung des Botanischen Gartens eröffnete eine wissenschaftliche Spezialbibliothek, die mittlerweile (Stand um 2009) mehr als 40.000 Bücher und Zeitschriften über die Botanik und andere Zweige der Biologie bereithält. Erster Hauptgärtner des Botanischen Gartens war der, wie Trautwetter ebenfalls deutschstämmige, Johann Heinrich Hochmuth.

Direktoren des Botanischen Gartens
 1835–1852: Ernst Rudolph von Trautvetter
 1852–1879: A. S. Rogowitsch
 1879–1894: Johannes Theodor Schmalhausen (Иван Фёдорович Шмальгаузен)
 1894–1914: Sergei Gawrilowitsch Nawaschin
 1914–1935: Alexander Wassiljewitsch Fomin
 1935–2007: nicht bekannt
 ab 2008: Igor Juriowitsch Kostikow (Direktor des Botanischen Instituts der Universität)

Der Botanische Garten im 20. Jahrhundert

Im Zeitraum 1908 bis 1913 diente das Gelände bis zur Einweihung einer eigenen Einrichtung auch als Zoologischer Garten.
Unter dem Direktor Fomin konnten trotz des Ersten Weltkriegs und des Bürgerkrieges die Bestände des Gartens weitestgehend erhalten werden, sogar drei neue Gewächshäuser kamen in dieser Zeit hinzu.

Nach dem Tod Fomins im Jahr 1935 verlieh die Städtische Universität dem Botanischen Garten den Ehrennamen "A. W. Fomin".

In den Jahren 1941 bis 1943, als die deutsche Wehrmacht im Zuge des Zweiten Weltkrieges Kiew besetzt hielt, gingen zahlreiche wertvolle Pflanzen zugrunde oder wurden nach Deutschland verbracht. Bereits 1944 konnten Reparaturen an den Gebäuden vorgenommen werden und Neupflanzungen erfolgen. Der Universitäts-Garten wurde öffentlich zugängig.
Der Sowjet der Ukrainischen SSR erklärte den "Fomin"-Garten 1960 zum Nationalen Kulturdenkmal und stellte ihn damit unter Schutz.

1977 wurde auf dem Areal des Botanischen Gartens das damals weltweit größte Gewächshaus mit 30 Metern Höhe und einer Fläche von 10.000 Quadratmetern eingeweiht. Hier wächst die (Stand 2007) mit über 200 Jahren älteste Palme Europas.

Der 1991 gegründete unabhängige Ukrainische Staat übernahm die Universität in Kiew und die daran angeschlossenen Einrichtungen in sein Eigentum.

Im 21. Jahrhundert
Ende 2009 wurde ein Bestand von rund 10.000 verschiedenen Pflanzenarten angegeben. Der BGK erfüllt in der heutigen Zeit wichtige Aufgaben hinsichtlich Erhaltung und Erforschung seltener und bedrohter Pflanzenarten, Einführung, Akklimatisierung und Züchtung von Pflanzen und vieles andere mehr. Ein neues Gewächshaus wurde 2010 fertiggestellt.

Im Jahr 2004 wurde ein auf dem Territorium vorhandenes Gebäude als Museum zur Geschichte dieses Botanischen Gartens umgestaltet. Die Ausstellung präsentiert mehr als 20 Herbarbelege und mehr als 2000 Exponate höherer und niederer Pflanzen. Das Museum zeigt auch wissenschaftliche Arbeiten des Akademiemitglieds S. G. Nawaschin und anderer bedeutender Kiewer Botaniker. Es dient darüber hinaus als Wissenschafts- und Bildungszentrum, seine Mitarbeiter beteiligen sich am Lehrbetrieb oder organisieren Führungen durch die verschiedenen Bereiche der Gartenanlage.

Anlässlich des 170-jährigen Bestehens des Alten Botanischen Gartens fand im Jahr 2009 eine internationale wissenschaftliche Konferenz von Botanikern in Kiew statt.

Lage und Beschreibung der Anlage
Das parkähnliche Areal wird begrenzt durch den Taras-Schewtschenko-Boulevard im Norden, der Wolodymyrska-Straße im Osten, dem Straßenzug Wietrowa / Tolstoi-Straße im Süden und der Komintern-Straße.

Der gesamte Botanische Garten wird in vier wesentliche Forschungsbereiche aufgeteilt, dazu gehören (1) Dendrologie, (2) Strauchkunde, (3) tropische und subtropische Pflanzenwelt sowie (4) Pflanzenphysiologie und Biologie der Pflanzen. Untersetzt werden diese Gebiete durch acht wissenschaftliche Abteilungen, denen jeweils ein Kurator vorsteht.

Der Haupteingang ("Propyläen-Eingang") am Schewtschenko-Boulevard nahe der Metrostation Universität wird durch ein kleines tempelartiges Bauwerk markiert. Von hier aus verlaufen unregelmäßig angelegte Wege in die wichtigsten Bereiche der Anlage wie Nadelbaumpflanzungen, seltene und gefährdete Bäume, Zierpflanzen, Blumen, Steingartenpflanzen, Flora der Ukraine, Europas, Mittelasiens und Nordamerikas, Heilpflanzen.

Weblinks

 Botanischer O.W. Fomin-Garten auf goethe.de
  (russisch)
 Homepage der Schewtschenko-Universität mit Informationen zum Botanischen Garten (ukrainisch)

Literatur
 Günther Schäfer: Kiev entdecken. Rundgänge durch die Metropole am Dnepr. Trescher Verlag Berlin, 2007, ISBN 978-3-89794-111-3; S. 170–171: Der Botanische Garten

Einzelnachweise

Kiew
Parkanlage in Kiew
Nationale Taras-Schewtschenko-Universität Kiew
Parkanlage in Europa
Garten in der Ukraine

Botanischer Garten Kiew


أنتيرريون (Αντίρριον) هي مدينة في أيتوليا كي أكارنانيا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1398 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في إيتوليا-أكارنانيا
بلدات ومدن مرفئية متوسطية في اليونان
مدن اليونان

أنتيريو


La mine Uzelginskaya est une grande mine de cuivre située dans le sud-ouest de la Russie en République de Bachkortostan. Uzelginskaya représente l'une des plus grandes réserves de cuivre en Russie et dans le monde avec des réserves estimées à 133 kilotonnes de minerai titrant 1,27 % de cuivre.

Références

Mine de cuivre
Mine en Russie
Économie de la Bachkirie

Mine Uzelginskaya


Las enfermedades de la civilización (también llamadas enfermedades del estilo de vida o del progreso) son un conjunto de enfermedades que se producen con más frecuencia en los países industrializados y cuyo riesgo de contraerlas depende en parte de las condiciones de vida imperantes y la extensión de la esperanza de vida (enfermedades de la longevidad).

Historia del concepto
El concepto de «enfermedades de la civilización» fue propuesto por primera vez por el médico francés Stanislas Tanchou durante el  al encontrar diferencias en la incidencia de cáncer entre el medio rural y el urbano y durante diferentes épocas en la misma ciudad de París ().  Para él el cáncer, como la locura, eran mucho más comunes en las naciones civilizadas ().

Factores desencadenantes

Las enfermedades infecto-contagiosas antiguamente conocidas desde la era preindustrial han cedido paso a  enfermedades de tipo crónico-degenerativas () debido predominantemente a varios factores importantes, entre los cuales podemos encontrar:
La revolución verde, la biotecnología, los electrodomésticos y  la transportación motorizada que han propiciado una vida sedentaria, especializada y más longeva con una amplia gama de dietas hipercalóricas fácilmente disponibles.
Residuos contaminantes o consumo de sustancias nocivas como producto de las actividades o costumbres modernas que son potencialmente dañinos para la salud, como las sustancias adictivas, la contaminación y los carcinógenos.
Cabe mencionar que últimamente ha existido un rebrote de las viejas enfermedades de la era preindustrial debido a la mutación de nuevas cepas bacterianas resistentes a los antibióticos y la aparición de nuevas enfermedades infecciosas sobre todo de tipo viral.

Tipos de enfermedades
Entre las principales enfermedades de la civilización podemos encontrar:

 Enfermedades metabólicas y endocrinas como la obesidad, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, el síndrome metabólico y la osteoporosis.
 Enfermedades cardiovasculares como la aterosclerosis, hipertensión arterial, infarto del miocardio y otras cardiopatías.
 Enfermedades nutrimentales y psiquiátricas podemos encontrar a los trastornos alimentarios, los trastornos del estado de ánimo y el abuso de sustancias.
 Otras enfermedades: Cáncer, insuficiencia renal crónica, alergias y asma.

Críticas
Para los críticos el concepto de las enfermedades de la civilización encierra una construcción ideológica que puede ser rastreada a momentos históricos peculiares ().  Clasificada de una postura simplista de descalificación de la vida moderna argumentan que los principales factores patógenos asociados con la dieta y el consumo no están ineludiblemente asociados al progreso, algunas enfermedades son consecuencia lógica del aumento de la esperanza de vida, que la repercusión de los contaminantes es mínima y que algunas enfermedades asociadas al progreso realmente son más abundantes en países subdesarrollados ().

Véase también
 Afluenza
 Civilización
 Estilo de vida
 Enfermedad
 Occidente

Referencias

Ernesto Prieto Gratacós (2014). Cáncer & Civilización: En busca de la salud perdida. Documental.

Enfermedades
Términos médicos

Enfermedades de la civilización


මාධ්‍යයේ මානව විද්‍යාව

මාධ්‍යයේ මානව විද්‍යාව (ජනමාධ්‍ය පිලිබඳ මානව විද්‍යාව, මාධ්‍ය මානව විද්‍යාව) වූ කලි නිෂ්පාදකයින් ප්‍රේක්ෂකයින් සහ ජනමාධ්‍යයේ වෙනත් සංස්කෘතිකමය හා සමාජීය පැතිකඩවල් තේරුම්ගැනීමේ මාර්ගයක් ලෙස මානව වංශ අධ්‍යනයන් වැදගත් ලෙස සලකන්නාවූ සමාජීය හෝ සංස්කෘතික මානව විද්‍යාත්මක  අධ්‍යයන කලාපයකි.

විවිධාක්‍රමය

මාධ්‍යයේ මානව විද්‍යාවේ සුවිශේෂීත්වය වන්නේ එහිදී මානව වංශ ලේඛයන් යොදාගැනීමයි. මධ්‍ය අධ්‍යනයන් තුල මාධ්‍ය මානවවංශ ලේඛයන් කෙරෙහි වන අවධානය වැඩිවෙමින් පවතී. කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙහිදී මානව වංශ ලේඛයන් කෙරෙහි මානව විද්යාවත්මක ප්ඩ‍රවේශයන් වන සහභාගීත්ව නිරීක්‍ෂණය සහ දීඝ කාලීන ක්ෂේත්ය‍ර අධ්‍යනයන් ආදිය අනුගමනය නොකෙරේ. මේ වෙනස්කම් හේතුකොටගෙන මාධ්‍ය කෙරෙහි උනන්දුවක් දක්වන මානව විද්යාආඥයෝ තමන්ව දකින්නේ මාධ්‍ය අධ්‍යනයන් සහ සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යනයන්හි මානව වංශ ලේඛ ප්න‍රවේශයක් අනුගමනය කරන උපක්ෂේත්ෙ‍රයක් ලෙසිනි.

න්‍යාය

වෙනත් බලපෑම් අතරේ වුවද මාධ්‍යයේ මානව විද්යානව තරමක්දුරට අන්තර් දැනුම් පද්ධතිමය එකකි. මාධ්‍ය පිලිබඳ මානව විද්යාමව යොදාගනු ලබන න්‍යායන් ව්‍යවහාරික ප්ේ‍රවේශයන්ගේ සිට පියරේ බෝර්ඩියෝගේ න්‍යායන් දක්වා මෙන්ම නව තාක්‍ෂණයන් හා පරිචයන් අනුයෝජනය හා අනුවර්තනය පිලිබඳව වන සංවාදයන් දක්වා දිවෙයි. එමෙන්ම ද්‍රෘෂ්‍යමය මානව විද්යා ව සහ චිත් රපට න්‍යාය මෙන්ම ශාන්තිකර්ම හා ප්ය‍රාසාංගික අධ්‍යනයන් (උදා. නැටුම් හා නාට්‍ය) යනාදී න්‍යායන්ගෙන්ද එය වෙත න්‍යායාත්මක ප්ෂ‍රවේශයන් ලබාගෙන ඇත. එමෙන්ම පරිභෝජනය මාධ්‍ය අධ්‍යනයන්හි පේ්න‍රක්‍ෂකාගාරයේ ප්න‍රතිග්්‍රහනය, නව මාධ්‍ය සහ ජාලකරණ න්‍යායන්, ගෝලීයකරණය පිලිබඳ න්‍යායන්, ජාත්‍යන්තර සිවිල් සමාජය පිලිබඳ න්‍යායන් සහ සහභාගීත්ව සන්නිවේදනය පිලිබඳ සංවාදයන් මෙන්ම සංවර්ධන අධ්‍යනයේ පාලනය යන සංකල්පයන්ද න්‍යායිකව මාධ්‍යයේ මානව විද්යා්ව කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් සහගතවී ඇත.

මානව විද්‍යාව

මාධ්‍යයේ මානව විද්යාේව


() este un politician japonez care a îndeplinit funcția de prim-ministru al Japoniei din 16 septembrie 2020 până la 4 octombrie 2021. Anterior, el a servit ca Șef al Secretariatului Guvernului Japoniei (2012-2020) și ministru al afacerilor interne și comunicațiilor în cabinetul lui Shinzō Abe până în august 2007.

Biografie

S-a născut în Ogachi (azi Yuzawa) din Prefectura Akita și a obținut licența în drept la Universitatea Hosei din Tokyo. El a lucrat ca secretar al parlamentarului Hikosaburō Okonogi timp de unsprezece ani, apoi ca secretar la Ministerul Industriei și Comerțului Internațional în 1984 și, mai târziu, ca membru al consiliului local Yokohama.

Suga a fost ales în Dieta Japoniei în 1996. Inițial a fost membru al facțiunii Obuchi, pe care a părăsit-o  după ce a refuzat să-l sprijine pe Obuchi în alegerile din partid din 1998. De asemenea, el a refuzat să participe la moțiune de cenzură împotriva primului ministru Yoshirō Mori în 2000 și a unor relații mai bune cu China și Coreea.

Afiliat organizației naționaliste și revizioniste Nippon Kaigi, Suga a format o echipă care să reexamineze "fondul" Declarației Kono din 1993.

Suga a susținut măsurile agresive luate de Banca Japoniei pentru contracararea deflației.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1948
Politicieni japonezi
Prim-miniștri ai Japoniei

Yoshihide Suga


BinckBank Tour 2017 var den 13. udgave af landevejscykelløbet BinckBank Tour, tidligere kendt som Eneco Tour. Løbet foregik i perioden 7. til 13. august 2017. Løbet var en del af UCI World Tour 2017. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev hollandske Tom Dumoulin fra .

Ryttere og hold

Danske ryttere
 Michael Valgren kørte for
 Søren Kragh Andersen kørte for
 Mads Pedersen kørte for
 Mads Würtz Schmidt kørte for
 Magnus Cort kørte for

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

6. etape

7. etape

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

Eneco Tour
UCI World Tour 2017

BinckBank Tour 2017


Coro is the capital of Falcón State and the second oldest city in Venezuela (after Cumaná). It was founded on July 26, 1527, by Juan de Ampíes as Santa Ana de Coro. It was historically known as Neu-Augsburg (from 1528 to 1546) by the German Welsers, and Coro by the Spanish colonizers and Venezuelans, the city and buildings were built during the Spanish Empire. It is established at the south of the Paraguaná Peninsula in a coastal plain, flanked by the Médanos de Coro National Park to the north and the Sierra de Coro to the south, at a few kilometers from its port (La Vela de Coro) in the Caribbean Sea at a point equidistant between the Ensenada de La Vela and Golfete de Coro.

It has a wide cultural tradition that comes from being the urban settlement founded by the Spanish conquerors who colonized the interior of the continent. As Neu-Augsburg, it was the first German colony in the Americas under the Welser family of Augsburg (from 1528 to 1546). It was then the first capital of the Spanish Captaincy General of Venezuela (1546 - 1578) and head of the first bishop founded in South America in 1531. The precursor movement of the independence and of vindication of the dominated classes in Venezuela originated in this region; it is also considered to be the cradle of the Venezuelan federalist movement in the Republican era.

Thanks to the city's history, culture and its well-preserved Colonial architecture, "Coro and its port La Vela" was designated in 1993 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Since 2005 it is on the UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger.

Name of the place
At its founding the town was called Santa Ana de Coro (there is now an unsuccessful campaign to redeem the colonial name of the city) in the Spanish style that named new cities in America according to the Catholic calendar, accompanied by a name of Indian origin. According to the tradition the word coro derives from the Caquetio word curiana, meaning "place of winds". However, according to the authoritative DRAE Spanish dictionary, the word coro in its second meaning means "wind of the northwest", and comes from the Latin caurus.

History

Early history

The city was founded on July 26, 1527, by Juan Martín de Ampués, with the name of Santa Ana de Coro. Ampíes covenanted to respect the authority of the Native chief Manaure highest authority of the natives of the region, the Caquetio people, This covenant is broken abruptly in 1529 with the landing at the city's first Governor and Captain General Ambrosius Ehinger representing the Welser, an Augsburg banking and trading family. The family received the Province of Venezuela (as Klein-Venedig) from the emperor Charles V for exploration, founding cities and exploitation of the resources of this vast territory that stretched from Cabo de la Vela (Guajira Peninsula) to Maracapana (near the city of Barcelona, Anzoátegui). From Coro emerged multiple expeditions to the Venezuelan and Colombian Llanos, the Andes and the Orinoco River in search of El Dorado, which allowed the conquerors to explore these vast territories. The government of the Welsers ends in 1545 for breach of contract and conflict of interests between them and the Spanish conquistadors who explored the territory from other focal points of the Spanish Empire in America. The city is in its early days a "beachhead" or outpost of the Spanish during the conquest and colonization in the western and central Venezuela. From them left the expeditions of exploration and founding of new towns.

Santa Ana de Coro lost the political capital of the Venezuela Province (also known as the Coro Province in official documents of the time) in 1578 to Caracas, motivated by repeated invasions of pirates (Preston Somers Expedition was one) and especially to the harshness of its climate. Finally it was no longer the seat of the bishopric in 1636.

Fall and rise
During the seventeenth century Coro was hit by a hurricane and invasions of pirates, to the point where it appeared in the charts of English and French of the time with the title of "destroyed." However, these calamities left intact the countryside, with its productive power, which allowed it to recover slowly. Thus, in the late 18th and early 19th century reaches its colonial peak. Precisely from this period are the best preserved civilian buildings in the city.

In 1795 a slave uprising occurs, and generally dominated social classes in the Sierra de Coro, led by the free zambo José Leonardo Chirino, which was aimed at the elimination of slavery and the establishment of the republican regime known for the time as "the French law". The movement, which would be the forerunner in the independence process would end in defeat, the capture and killing of rebel leader.

Independence
In 1806 an expedition landed in the port of La Vela de Coro led by Francisco de Miranda.  It was intended to be liberating, but was not greeted with enthusiasm by the locals.  The expedition is still important as the precursor of the Spanish American wars of independence and in particular for bringing the tricolor, eventually adopted as the flag of Gran Colombia. It is now the basis for the official flag of three American republics, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. The port of La Vela de Coro was where it was raised for the first time in Venezuela.

During the beginning of the Venezuelan War of Independence, Coro, Maracaibo and Guiana did not comply with the provisions of the Junta Suprema de Caracas on April 19, 1810, remaining loyal to Spanish rule. Subsequently, formed a bulwark of the Spanish Empire to land on its coasts the troops that end up destroying the First Republic of Venezuela. In 1821, finally the Coro Province incorporates to the process of independence, with the capture of the city by the troops led by the heroine Josefa Camejo and a group of patriots who came a long time plotting. By the time the General Rafael Urdaneta invades from Maracaibo commanding the Grancolombian army, and the city had been released a few days earlier for the Coro army commanded by Camejo.

The War of Independence and later the civil wars of the 19th century (including the Federal War that began in Coro) leaving the city deserted and destroyed its field, which plunged her into a period of decline that would recover the half- well into the 20th century with the construction of oil refineries in the Paraguaná Peninsula and the changes in Venezuela following the passage of a rural to an urban and oil country.

Since the early 50s Coro was declared a National Heritage.

Geography

Coro is located at north of the Coro region, transition between the Venezuelan Coastal Range and the Cordillera de Mérida. Located on a coastal plain of xerophyte vegetation (19 msn) covering the entire western Falcón state and reaches its narrowest point just in the city, closing a few miles east of Coro by foothills of the Sierra de Falcón. To the north lies the Médanos Isthmus, named for it found in a formation of dunes or sand fields that have been formed by persistent trade winds and ocean currents. The isthmus connects the Paraguaná Peninsula with the mainland. at south of the city are the foothills of the Sierra de Falcón.

Climate
Due to its extremely high potential evapotranspiration, Coro has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) despite receiving an average of approximately  of rainfall per year over 40.1 precipitation days. Humidity remains at a similar level year-round. The highest rainfall occurs between October and December, while March is the driest month. The average temperature is , with minimum temperatures of  and maximum . The city is sunny, averaging over 3100 hours of sunshine a year, with January being the sunniest month. It is characterized by strong winds that can register speeds of .

On 29 April 2015, Coro recorded a temperature of , which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Venezuela. Coro has never recorded a temperature below .

Politics and government

Because of its status as capital of the state, Coro is the urban center around which political life of Falcón. It is the political and administrative capital, where is the seat of state government, among others, the Regional Council Legislature, the Governor, the courts and the seat (rector) of the Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, as well as, the vast majority of representations of national government bodies. It is also the capital of Miranda municipality, to which are added the municipal agencies.

The governor and the municipality is currently led by supporters of President Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías in a Venezuela's political map is also mostly covered by governors and mayors Chávez trend (MVR). However, in the December 2007 elections, the referendum on constitutional reform proposal, this party and political groups who accompanied him at the time, were the first defeat after eight years of successive electoral successes. Coro margin than in the rejection of the reform ("NO") was 57.08%. In relation to the regional elections of November 2008 the Mayor was obtained by the ruling party (PSUV), although in the city its candidate for governor of the state got fewer votes, when the city was characterized by votes ruling party.

In the September 2010 elections to the National Assembly Coro and the rest of the municipalities of Falcón and the Miranda municipality formed the circuit number 3 of the state. For the ruling party PSUV's bid was for retired Gen. Melvin Lopez Hidalgo, while the table of democratic unity MUD was for Gregorio Graterol, former candidate for governor of the state. With more than 52% of the vote, the opposition candidate for MUD Gregorio Graterol wins the seat on the circuit assembly, representing the fourth consecutive defeat of Chavismo in the city (the 2007 reform, the government in 2008, amendment in 2009 and parliamentary elections in 2010)

Conservation and World Heritage Site

The city has inherited a monumental architecture of the colonial and republican times features typical of the Andalusian architecture (southern Spain), with materials and techniques used by Native Americans based in the mud, like adobe and wattle, which gives it a unique personality. Equally characteristic has a certain pattern that combines traditional Spanish checkerboard layout with an irregular shape typical of medieval German cities, product of the period in which the city was the seat of the domain of Welser. In the central town, some streets end abruptly, breaking the regularity of the Spanish checkerboard. Ambrosius Alfinger (German of the house of the Welsers and first Governor of the Province of Venezuela) restructures the layout of the streets based on the original layout of the founding of the city.

With its earthen constructions unique in the Caribbean, Coro is the surviving example of the rich fusion of indigenous traditions with the Spanish Mudéjar architectural techniques and irregular shape of German Welser architecture. It is one of the first colonial cities, was founded in 1527, and its colonial architecture prevails until today. Over 600 buildings have been appointed in Coro as heritage.

The historic centre remains characteristics typical of a city of the 18th and 19th centuries, with cobbled stone streets and colonial buildings. This is an important colonial city resort and the largest complex of colonial temples in Venezuela. It contains a variety of museums with a broad representation of Catholic iconography or national historical value, so it is called "la ciudad museo". For these reasons it is declared, along with its nearby port of La Vela de Coro, a World Heritage Site on December 9, 1993, by Unesco in meeting held in the Colombian city of Cartagena de Indias.

Since 2005 Coro has been officially listed as an "endangered" World Heritage Site (see List of World Heritage in Danger). Climate change in Venezuela, in particular heavy rains, have caused significant damage to its rich architecture.  Coro's traditional buildings were built with techniques based on the use of earth (adobe, and earth reinforced with a plant structure in a technique called "bahareque"). Many of these buildings are vulnerable to heavy rains, as in its natural state earth is a material of low resistance to moisture.

As well as the damage from rains between November 2004 and February 2005, the built environment had, according to UNESCO, been adversely affected by the construction of inappropriate walls and fences. There has also been concern about the construction of a new monument, beach walkways and a gateway to the city in the port of La Vela de Coro: these could have a considerable impact on the value of the site.

In 2018 it was noted that while information provided by the "State Party" (i.e. Venezuela) demonstrated satisfactory advances in the implementation of many corrective measures, further information and actions were needed to ensure that the key issues previously identified as affecting the property have been adequately addressed.

Monuments and tourist attractions

From its historic colonial architecture to its diverse landscapes, Coro provides various forms of tourist attraction. In the extreme northeast of the city are the Médanos de Coro National Park, large dunes that are the only desert in Venezuela. They are located along the road that runs between the colonial area of the city to the port of La Vela de Coro. The colonial town, a World Heritage Site, preserves a typical urban landscape of the 18th and 19th centuries, with its cobbled streets and hundreds of historic and traditional buildings. Some architectures reflects a Mudéjar style, while others reflect the cultural influence of the Netherlands through the colony of Curaçao. In the city there are interesting Catholic and civilians buildings, that were the scene of numerous events of historic significance, since the early Republican period. Probably the architectural influences of Coro are unique.

Among the buildings and places of interest highlights include:

Cathedral Basilica of St. Ann, Coro

Since the creation of the Diocese of Coro by the Papal Bull of July 21, 1531, it directed the building of the Cathedral of one of the temples of Coro and in 1567 the cathedral is sacked by the Corsair Francis Drake. The current structure dates from 1583 and was completed by the end of the 17th century, making it the oldest Catholic church in Tierra Firma.

Casa de las Ventanas de Hierro

Magnificent mansion built in the 17th century by Don José Francisco Garcés de la Colina. This is a house that has a portal that rises to more than eight feet high, and so named because of the large windows protected by a wrought iron structure that was imported from Andalusia.

Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco

This religious complex consists in a church with three naves and an annex building that was a Franciscan monastery, which now houses the Diocesan Museum "Lucas Guillermo Castillo ". It begins to build in the 16th century and was destroyed by pirates in 1620. Its neo-Gothic tower is of more recent construction stands over 50 meters, which makes it the highest of all assets. In 1985 the Lucas Guillermo Castillo Museum managed to acquire a place called La Casa Manzano Campuzano or Casa de los Capriles next to the convent.

Iglesia de San Clemente
It has its origins in a church commanded to be built by the founder of the city Juan de Ampíes in the 16th century. It is a cruciform building where each end pointing towards a central point. It is one of the few examples of colonial architecture in the form of a cross in Venezuela.
Casa del Tesoro

Mansion built in 1770 by the Talavera family, and on this was born  Bishop Mariano de Talavera, which famous corian that supported the cause of independence. The origin of its name is from the legend that in its land would be buried a treasure that has not yet been located.

Alberto Henríquez Museum of Art

The house built was built in the first half of the XVIII century by the lieutenant governor of Coro Don Francisco Campuzano Polanco as his residence and bought on 1847 by Mr. David Abraham Senior, a sephardic trader from Curaçao who built there the Coro Synagogue, one of the oldest synagogues in Latin America. Currently, the synagogue is part of the Alberto Henríquez Museum of Art, which belongs to Universidad Francisco de Miranda.

 Balcón de los Arcaya

Great two-story building and topped with a wooden balcony on the second floor. It was built in the 18th century as residence  to the Colina Peredo family and takes its name from the family that occupied it since the mid-19th century and which was donated to the nation. It houses the People Earthenware Museum.

 Balcón de Bolívar

Also known as Balcón de los Senior. It served as military headquarters of the patriot forces during the War of Independence. It is said that the Liberator Simón Bolívar stayed there on December 23, 1826, and from the balcony greeted the patriots who gathered outside to greet him. It houses theCoro Art Museum.
 Cruz de San Clemente
It is said that St. Clement's Cross marks the spot where the first mass officiate at South America. It is sheltered by a pavilion erected ordered the Marshal Juan Crisóstomo Falcón during his presidential tenure.
 Jewish cemetery of Coro

It is the oldest Jewish cemetery in South America. Its origin goes back to the 19th century when the Sephardic Jewish colony of the Dutch island of Curaçao began migrating to the city in 1824. This cemetery is beginning to build in 1832 by Joseph Curiel, who buy land in the vicinity of the town to bury his baby daughter Hana. On this  are wonderful mausoleums that reflect the spirit of ancient times.
 Iglesia del Carrizal
In this sanctuary is the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe of Carrizal, which according to legend, was rescued in 1723, by Native Americans of the region, of the corian beaches when a vessel sank near the coast of the people. The Natives were shocked to see the perfection of its forms.
 Casa del Sol
It is one of Venezuela's oldest houses, its construction dates from the 17th century. Its name comes from the sun located above its door, symbolizing God.
 Iglesia San Nicolás de Bari
Which would be located outside the city for a long period. It is located west of the historic centre and was built in 1741, for a lady of the Spanish elite, which, according to a promise, she vowed to build a temple on behalf of Saint Nicholas of Bari.
 Arco de la Federación

It is the monument to Marshal Juan Crisóstomo Falcón, a Corian leader during the Federal War and was also President of the Republic from 1863 to 1868.

 Church of San Gabriel
 House Gumersindo Torres
 Plaza Manaure
 Xerophytic Garden Dr. Leon Croizat

Surrounding area

Traveling one hour north, the tourist will find world-famous beaches for windsurfing in the Paraguaná Peninsula.  One hour south, "La Sierra de Coro" presents small towns with a more temperate climate and views of the city.  On clear days, visitors will be able to see the médanos (dunes) and behind them the Paraguana Peninsula with its Cerro Santa Ana.  Driving west, tourists can also visit Urumaco, an important fossil site. The Sierra de San Luis National Park is  to the south, with a number of attractions including birdwatching and nature observation; Cerro Galicia, the highest hill in the district; the Hueque resurgence cave and associated waterfalls; the Acarite river cave; and the  deep Haitón del Guarataro, the deepest limestone cave in Venezuela.

Economy

The economy in Coro is highly dependent on state government expenditure.   Retail commercial activity, civil construction, tourism and professional services are the principal activities of the city economy.

See also
 German colonisation of the Americas
 World Heritage Sites in Danger

References

External links

 Coroweb
 UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Coro and its Port

Cities in Falcón
World Heritage Sites in Venezuela
Populated places established in 1527
World Heritage Sites in Danger
1527 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Former German colonies

Coro, Venezuela


අත්හිටවූ සිර දඬුවමක් යනු විත්තිකරුවකු වරදකරු බව ඔප්පු වීමෙන් පසුව, විත්තිකරු විසින්  පරිවාස කාලයක් ගත කිරීමට ඉඩ සලසනු සඳහා,   විනිශ්චයකරුවෙකු විසින්   සිර දඬුවමක් ගෙවීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය ප්‍රමාද කිරීම හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා වන නීතිමය යෙදුමකි.

අත්හිටවූ සිර දඬුවම


An Epidendrum unguiculatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay och Galfrid Clement Keyworth Dunsterville. An Epidendrum unguiculatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Epidendrum

Epidendrum unguiculatum


Zvečan (albanés: Zveçan o Zveçani, en serbio: Звечан, Zvečan) es una ciudad y municipio del distrito de Kosovska Mitrovica de Kosovo.   una parte de Kosovo del Norte, una región de mayoría étnica serbia que funciona en gran medida de forma autónoma del resto del Kosovo de origen o de mayoría albanesa.

La Fortaleza de Zvečan y el monasterio de Sokolica, datan de la Edad Media, están localizados en el área de Zvečan.

Demografía

El municipio se conforma de 35 pueblos. Según datos de 2008, disponía de una población de aproximadamente 17 000 hab.

En noviembre de 2005, se estimó que el municipio tenía un 95% serbios, con sólo 4 familias albanesas en la zona.

De acuerdo con estimaciones de 2006, el municipio de Zvečan tenía una población de 16.600 personas. Para 2008, el municipio tiene una población de aproximadamente 17.000 habitantes, de los cuales aprox. 16.050 (aprox. 94%) son serbios.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial del Municipio de Zvečan

Kosovo del Norte
Localidades de Kosovo

Zvečan


Ribeira de Frades Portekiz'de Coimbra belediyesine bağlı olan, 6,10 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 2.064 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Coimbra'nın bucakları

Ribeira de Frades


Lisbon Story ist ein Spielfilm des deutschen Regisseurs Wim Wenders aus dem Jahr 1994.

Handlung
Der Toningenieur und Geräuschemacher Philipp Winter erhält per Postkarte aus Lissabon einen knapp formulierten Hilferuf eines Freundes, des Regisseurs Friedrich Monroe. Statt per Post zu antworten, beschließt er, mit seinem Auto dorthin zu fahren. Die Reise wird von mehreren Pannen unterbrochen, doch schließlich gelangt er an die richtige Adresse. Allerdings ist Friedrich nicht daheim, so dass sich Philipp in seiner Wohnung einrichtet.

Er wird am nächsten Tag von einer Gruppe Jugendlicher überrascht, die ihn mit Videokameras filmen und sich als Friedrichs Assistenten bezeichnen. Sie versichern Philipp, dass Friedrich bestimmt bald wiederkomme. Dieselbe Auskunft erhält er von der Musikgruppe Madredeus, die Musik für den Film aufnehmen und deren Sängerin das Haus gehört. Philipp ist von ihrer Musik und besonders von der Person der Sängerin fasziniert, zu der sich eine zarte Romanze entwickelt.

Um sich zu beschäftigen, schaut er sich Friedrichs Filmmaterial über Lissabon an und geht mit seinem Tonaufnahmegerät durch die Stadt, um Audiomaterial einzufangen. Dabei hat er skurrile Begegnungen mit unterschiedlichen Leuten und Situationen. Mehrmals trifft er auf einen geheimnisvollen scheuen Jungen, der bei seinem Anblick sofort davonläuft.

Schließlich trifft er überrascht auf Friedrich, der ihm erzählt, er habe beschlossen, keine bewusst gestalteten Filme mehr zu machen, da die Bilder darin sämtlich gefärbt und nicht "ehrlich" seien. Er selbst filme die Stadt nur noch mit einer auf dem Rücken getragenen Kamera, ohne in den Sucher zu schauen. Der geheimnisvolle Junge, der stumm ist, assistiert ihm dabei.

Philipp lässt Friedrich eine Audiobotschaft zukommen, in der er ihn davon überzeugt, dass doch erst die menschliche Gestaltungskraft aus rohem Filmmaterial ein eindrucksvolles Werk machen könne. Zum Schluss des Films reisen sie gemeinsam filmend durch Lissabon.

Hintergrund
Der Film ist eine Hommage an die Stadt Lissabon anlässlich ihres Jahres als Kulturhauptstadt Europas 1994, aber auch an das Kino zu seinem hundertsten Geburtstag. Er fängt den Charme der Gassen in den alten Vierteln Lissabons ein.

Den Altmeister des europäischen Autorenfilms, Manoel de Oliveira, ehrt Wenders hier mit einem Cameo-Auftritt. Wenders spielt auch auf seinen Film Der Stand der Dinge an, den er 1981 hier drehte. So spielt wieder Patrick Bauchau den Regisseur, und auch sein Name ("Monroe") ist eine Anspielung auf 1981, wo er "Munro" hieß. Die Hauptrolle hat – mit leicht veränderter Schreibweise – denselben Namen wie in Alice in den Städten und wird auch vom selben Darsteller verkörpert.

In kurzen Nebenrollen treten der portugiesische Schauspieler Henrique Canto e Castro als Friseur, und der Filmregisseur João Canijo als kleiner Gauner auf. Der spätere Regisseur Marco Martins war Assistent bei den Dreharbeiten.

Rezeption

Der Soundtrack der Gruppe Madredeus verschaffte ihr internationale Bekanntheit und kam unter dem Titel Ainda (port. für: "noch") in verschiedenen Ländern Europas bis in die Hitparaden, auch in Deutschland.

Auszeichnungen
1996 wurde der Film für den Deutschen Filmpreis nominiert. Im selben Jahr erhielt Wim Wenders eine Nominierung für das italienische Nastro d'Argento als bester Regisseur eines ausländischen Films.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Filmen mit Bezug zu Lissabon
 Portugiesischer Film
 Madredeus

Weblinks

 Lisbon Story bei wimwendersstiftung.de
  (mit Fotogalerie)

 Der Soundtrack –

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1994
Portugiesischer Film
Deutscher Film
Wim Wenders

Lisbon Story


Petr Čech (; 20 Mayıs 1982, Pilsen), Arsenal ve Çekya millî futbol takımında forma giymiş eski Çek kaleci. Son olarak 2020 yılında eski takımı Chelsea ile sözleşme imzaladı.

Daha önce Viktoria Plzeň, Chmel Blšany, Sparta Prag ve Rennes takımlarında oynamıştır. 2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonasının altın 11'ine seçilmiş, 2005-06 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'da turnuvanın en iyi kalecisi unvanı almıştır. Ayrıca FIFA'nın açıkladığı dünyanın en iyi 20 kalecisi arasında kendisine 6. olarak yer bulmuştur.

Kulüp kariyeri

FC Viktoria Plzeň (1998-99)

Kulübün genç akademisine forvet oyuncusu olarak başladı.Ayağının kırılmasının ardından kaleye geçti.

FK Chmel Blšany (1999-2001)

17 yaşındayken ilk kez profesyonel bir maça çıktı. (1999)

AC Sparta Praha (2001-02)

700.000 € bonservis bedeli ile Sparta Praha takımına transfer oldu. 855 dakika boyunca gol yemeyerek Çekya çapında bir rekor sahibi oldu. İlk UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi maçını bu takımla yaptı.

Rennes (2002-04)

Haziran 2002'de Čech, Rennes takımına 5.000.000 € bonservis bedeliyle transfer oldu. Orta düzeydeki bir Fransız takımı olan Rennes ile Coupe de France'da yarı final oynadı. (2003)

Chelsea (2004-2015)

Ocak 2004'te İngiltere'nin Chelsea takımıyla 5 yıllık sözleşme imzaladı. Bonservis bedeli ise 10.300.000 €'ydu. Čech'in takıma katıldığı sıralarda Carlo Cudicini, Chelsea takımının banko kalecisiydi. Fakat 2004 yılında Cudicini'nin yaptığı art arda hatalar, Čech'e ilk 11 yolunu açtı.

5 Mart 2005 tarihinde Čech, 1025 dakika gol yemeyerek Premier League'de yeni bir rekorun sahibi oldu. Norwich City FC takımından Leon McKenzie, attığı golle bu rekorun ilerlemesini durdurdu. Bu zamana kadar Čech, 12 Aralık 2004 tarihinde Arsenal'li Thierry Henry'den yediği golden sonra bir gol bile yememişti. 2004-05 sezonunun sonunda, gol yemeden 21 maç tamamladığı için Golden Gloves (Altın Eldiven) ödülüne layık görüldü. Chelsea takımının 2011-12 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi Kupası'nı kazanmasında büyük rol oynamış finalde 3 penaltı kurtarmıştır. 2014-15 sezonunda Thibaut Courtois'in takıma gelişiyle 2.kaleci konumuna düştü.

Kafa sakatlığı

14 Ekim 2006 tarihinde yapılan Reading - Chelsea maçının henüz 20.saniyesinde Čech'in almaya daha avantajlı bir konumda olduğu topu almaya çalışan Stephen Hunt, Čech'in kafasına diziyle çarparak beyin travması geçirmesine neden oldu. Royal Berkshire Hastanesi'ne kaldırılan Čech, daha sonra Oxford'daki Radcliffe Infirmary Hastanesi'nde bir uzmana gönderildi. Burada Čech'e kafatası çatlaması teşhisi kondu. Bu sakatlık, az kalsın Čech'in ölümüne neden oluyordu. Kafatasındaki sorundan ötürü sürekli baş ağrısı çekmeye başladı. Doktorlar, sahalara kısa sürede dönmesinin çok tehlikeli olacağını söyledi. Čech'in babası ise, oğlunun bir yıl boyunca sahalardan uzak kalacağını belirtti. O zamanki Chelsea teknik direktörü Jose Mourinho, yaptığı açıklamada "Bu bir rezalet. Hayatta olduğu için çok şanslı." dedi. Čech, 24 Ekim 2006'da taburcu oldu. Daha sonra Chelsea ile konuşan Čech, sakatlanma anından hiçbir şey hatırlamadığını ve sakatlık sürecinde kendisine verilen destekten çok mutlu olduğunu söyledi. Bu sakatlıktan sonraki tüm maçlarda özel olarak tasarlanan bir kask takarak oynadı.

İyileşme Süreci

Čech, 20 Ocak 2007 tarihinde Liverpool ile yapılan maçta sahalara döndü. Sahaya, sezon sonuna kadar bütün maçlarda kullanacağı, rugby kaskına benzer bir kaskla çıktı. Sonradan bunu kariyeri boyunca takarak kafasındaki çatlağın büyümesini engelledi. Liverpool maçından sonra tam 810 dakika gol yemeyerek "Premier Lig'de Ayın Oyuncusu" seçildi.

Arsenal
29 Haziran 2015 tarihinde 10 Milyon Pound karşılığında Arsenal, Čech'i renklerine bağladı.

2018-19 sezonu ve emeklilik
Čech sezona yeni menajer Unai Emery'nin ilk tercihi olarak başladı. 15 Ocak 2019'da Čech, Twitter'da sezon sonunda emekli olacağını açıkladı. 29 Mayıs'ta, kariyerinin son maçında, UEFA Avrupa Ligi finalinde Arsenal'in 4-1 yenildiği Chelsea'ye karşı oynadı.

Emeklilikten Ve Chelsea Takımına Geri Dönüş

Petr Čech 2020 Yılında 11 Yıl Boyunca Formasını Giydiği Eski Takımı Chelsea İle Yeniden Sözleşme İmzaladı

Uluslararası Kariyeri

Čech, Çek Cumhuriyeti'nin 2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası kadrosunda bulunuyordu. Takımıyla beraber yarı final sevinci yaşadı. Daha sonra turnuvanın altın 11'inde kaleci olarak yer aldı.

Čech, ayrıca, ülkesinin gruptan çıkamadığı 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası kadrosunda da bulunmuştu. 2016 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nın ardından millî takım kariyerini sonlandırdığını açıkladı. son millî takım maçını Türkiye millî futbol takımına karşı oynamıştır.

İstatistikleri

Kulüp takım istatistikleri

Millî takım istatistikleri

Ödülleri

Kulüp Başarıları

Chelsea (15 Kupa)
 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi (1): 2012
 UEFA Avrupa Ligi (1): 2013
 Premier League (4): 2005, 2006, 2010, 2015
 FA Cup (4): 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012
 EFL Cup (3): 2005, 2007, 2015
 Community Shield (3): 2005, 2009,
2015

Kişisel Başarılar
 Premier League Player of the Month, Nisan 2007
 2006-2007 Şampiyonlar Liginin en iyi kalecisi seçildi
 IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper:2005
 Best European Goalkeeper:2005

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1982 doğumlular
Çek futbolcular
Çekya 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Çekya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Kaleci futbolcular
FK Chmel Blšany futbolcuları
AC Sparta Praha futbolcuları
Stade Rennais FC futbolcuları
Chelsea FC futbolcuları
Çek gurbetçi futbolcular
Fransa'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Fransa'daki Çek gurbetçiler
İngiltere'deki Çek gurbetçiler
1. liga futbolcuları
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2012 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2016 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Üçüzler
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni kazanan futbolcular
UEFA Avrupa Ligi'ni kazanan futbolcular

Petr Čech


الاشتراكية الدينية هو مصطلح يستخدم لوصف شكل من أشكال الاشتراكية التي تستند إلى القيم الدينية. يدعي عدة أصحاب ديانات رئيسية أن معتقداتهم الدينية تتناسب مع المبادئ الاشتراكية. نتيجة لذلك، نمت الحركات الدينية الاشتراكية داخل هذه الأديان. وتشمل هذه الحركات :
 الإشتراكية البوذية
 الإشتراكية اليهودية
 الإشتراكية المسيحية
 الإشتراكية الإسلامية

انظر أيضا
 الديمقراطية المسيحية
 لاهوت التحرير

مصادر

اشتراكية
الدين والسياسة
ثيوقراطيات
مصطلحات علوم سياسية

اشتراكية دينية


الأقاليم الجديدة هي واحدة من المناطق الرئيسية الثلاث من هونغ كونغ، إلى جانب جزيرة هونغ كونغ وشبه جزيرة كولون. من الناحية التاريخية هي المنطقة الموصوفة في الاتفاقية لتوسيع منطقة هونغ كونغ. ووفقا لتلك فإن الأراضي تشمل مناطق من البر الرئيسي الواقعة إلى الشمال من الشارع الحدودي من شبه جزيرة كولون وإلى الجنوب من نهر شام تشون الذي هو على الحدود بين هونغ كونغ والبر الرئيسى للصين، فضلا عن أكثر من 200 من الجزر النائية بما فيها جزيرة لانتاو، جزيرة لاما، تشيونغ تشاو، وبنغ تشاو في إقليم هونغ كونغ.

في وقت لاحق، وبعد أن حددت كولون الجديدة في المنطقة الواقعة بين الشارع الحدودي ونطاقات كولون الممتدة إلى لاي شي كوك إلى لي يو مون، ومناطق توسيع نطاق المناطق الحضرية في كولون، توسعت كولون الجديدة تدريجيا حتى شملت منطقة كولون كاملة. في العصر الحديث تعتبر كولون الجديدة تقريبا جزءا من كولون بدلا من اعتبارها جزءا من الأقاليم الجديدة.

وبالتالي، فإن الأقاليم الجديدة تتألف حاليا فقط من الجزء الشمالي لكولون في البر الرئيسي وجنوب نهر شام تشون، بالإضافة إلى الجزر النائية. تبلغ مساحة الأقاليم الجديدة حوالي 952 كيلومتر مربع.

أجرت الأقاليم الجديدة من قبل أسرة تشينغ الصينية إلى المملكة المتحدة في عام 1898 لمدة 99 عاما وفق اتفاقية بكين الثانية (اتفاقية توسيع إقليم هونغ كونغ). عند انتهاء عقد الإيجار، انتقلت سيادة الأقاليم الجديدة إلى جمهورية الصين الشعبية في عام 1997 بالإضافة إلى الأراضي التي تنازلت عنها تشينغ التي هي جزيرة هونغ كونغ وشبه جزيرة كولون.

في عام 2006 بلغ عدد سكان الأقاليم الجديدة حوالي 3.573.635 نسمة وكانت الكثافة السكانية هي 3.748 نسمة لكل كلم ² .

التاريخ

تأجير الاراضى الجديدة

تم التنازل عن جزيرة هونغ كونغ لبريطانيا في عام 1841 كما تم التنازل عن كولون إلى الجنوب من الشارع الحدودي وجزيرة ستونكتر في 1860. جذبت مستعمرة هونغ كونغ عدد كبير من الصينيين والغربيين الباحثين عن فرصة الثراء في المدينة. وبهذا طرأ زيادة سريعة في عدد سكانها، وأصبحت المدينة مكتظة في فترة قصيرة. اندلع الطاعون في عام 1894 وأصبح مصدر قلق لحكومة هونغ كونغ. كان هناك حاجة لتوسيع المستعمرة لاستيعاب تزايد السكان. وأظهرت هزيمة أسرة تشينغ في الحرب الصينية اليابانية الأولى على أنها غير قادرة على الدفاع عن نفسها. وكانت مدينة فيكتوريا وميناء فيكتوريا عرضة لكل القوى المعادية التي تشن هجمات انطلاقا من تلال كولون.

في يناير 1898 عقدت ألمانيا عقد إيجار جياوزهوان بعد مقتل اثنين من المبشرين الألمان من قبل لصوص في محافظة شاندونغ. كما طالبت روسيا التي كانت تسعى لتوسيع نفوذها في شمال شرق الصين بورت آرثر (Lüshunkou) في مارس 1898. بعد شهر واحد، كانت فرنسا وافقت على استئجار كوانغتشووان في مقاطعة كونغدنغ القريبة من المستعمرات في جنوب شرق آسيا.

تنبهت بريطانيا إلى التسلط الأوروبي على الصين وخافت على أمن هونغ كونغ. وبهذا بدأت التفاوض مع بكين للمطالبة بتوسيع رقعة كولون للتصدي لنفوذ فرنسا في جنوب الصين في يونيو 1898. في يوليو، نجحت بريطانيا في تأمين ويهايوي قي شاندونغ في الشمال كقاعدة للعمليات ضد الألمان في كينجداو (تسينجتاو) والروس في بورت آرثر.

سميت المناطق في توسعة كولون باسم الأقاليم الجديدة. حيث قدرت الأراضي الجديدة المضافة بمساحة 365 ميل مربع وذلك يعادل حوالي 12 مرة من مساحة مستعمرة هونغ كونغ في ذلك الوقت.

تولي السيادة البريطانية
على الرغم من أنه تم توقيع الاتفاقية في 9 يونيو 1898 وأصبحت نافذة في 1 يوليو، فإن البريطانيين لم يأخذوا زمام الأمور في الأقاليم الجديدة على الفور. خلال هذه الفترة، لم يكن هناك حاكم في هونغ كونغ وقام ويلسون بلاك بدور مدير المنطقة. أرسل ستيوارد وكهارت أمين مستعمرة هونغ كونغ من إنجلترا لمسح الأراضي الجديدة قبل نقلها رسميا. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن الجبهة الجديدة على نهر شام تشون (نهر شينتشين) التي اقترحها ويلسون بلاك كانت بعيدة عن المثالية. لم تكن هناك سلسلة جبال لاعتبارها حدودا طبيعية. اقترح لوكهارد نقل الحدود إلى خط التلال شمال شنتشن. لم يلق هذا الاقتراح رد إيجابي، واقترح المسؤولين الصينيين نقل الحدود إلى أبعد من ذلك بكثير إلى التلال الواقعة إلى الجنوب من نهر شام شون. واستقر الأمر في مارس 1899 على أن تظل الحدود عند نهر شام شون.

وصل حاكم هونغ كونغ الجديد هنري بليك وصل في نوفمبر 1898. وتم تثبيت تاريخ استلام الأقاليم الجديدة في 17 أبريل 1899 واختيرت تاي بو كمركز إداري للأقاليم الجديدة.

تطوير مدن جديدة
كانت الكثير من الأقاليم الجديدة ولا تزال إلى حد محدود عبارة عن مناطق ريفية. هناك محاولات لتحديث المنطقة لم تصبح التزاما كاملا حتى أواخر السبعينات من القرن العشرين حيث تم بناء الكثير من المدن الجديدة لاستيعاب النمو السكاني من المناطق الحضرية من كولون وجزيرة هونغ كونغ. وعلى الرغم من التطور السريع للمدن الجديدة والذي أدى إلى زيادة عدد سكانها إلى ما يزيد على 3 ملايين نسمة فإن حكومة هونغ كونغ تحالو قصر المناطق السكنية على عدد قليل من المجالات، وتحاول تحويل أجزاء كبيرة من المنطقة إلى حدائق.

نقل السيادة إلى جمهورية الصين الشعبية
عند اقتراب انتهاء مدة الإيجار في ثمانينات القرن العشرين، أدت المحادثات بين المملكة المتحدة وجمهورية الصين الشعبية إلى توقيع اتفاقية صينية بريطانية مشتركة عام 1984 تنص على أن جميع أراض هونغ كونغ ستعاد إلى الصين وليس الأقاليم الجديدة فقط. ويرجع ذلك إلى أن مطار هونغ كونغ الجديد، موانئ النقل البحري، والمستودعات وغيرها من المنشآت الحيوية تقع كلها في منطقة الأقاليم الجديدة. وإذا تمت إعادة الأقاليم الجديدة فقط إلى الصين، فإنه كان سيكون من الصعب نقل سكان تلك الأقاليم الجديدة إلى شبه جزيرة كولون وجزيرة هونغ كونغ.

أحياء
تتألف الأقاليم الجديدة من اثنين من الدوائر الجغرافية في المجلس التشريعي، مع تسع مقاطعات لكل منها مجلس منطقة خاص بها:

 الأقاليم الجديدة الشرقية (7 مقاعد)
 الشمال
 ساي كونغ
 شا تين
 تاي بو
 الأقاليم الجديدة الغربية (8 مقاعد)
 الجزر
 كواي تسينغ
 تسوين وان
 توين مون
 يوين لونج

السكان
وفقا لتعداد عام 2001، بلغ عدد سكان الأقاليم الجديدة 3343046 نسمة، وهو ما يمثل 49.8 ٪ من إجمالي عدد السكان في هونغ كونغ.

كولون جديدة
تغطي كولون الجديدة كامل المنطقة من وونغ تاي سين وكوون تونغ، فضلا عن جزء من البر الرئيسي في مقاطعة شام شوي بو (أي باستثناء جزيرة ستونكوتيرز)، والجزء الشمالي من مدينة كولون (قطعة إلى الشمال من الشارع الحدودي / شارع الأمير إدوارد الغربي، وكذلك الأراضي المستصلحة بما في ذلك مطار كاي تاك).

انظر أيضاً
 شبه جزيرة كولون

المراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1898 في هونغ كونغ
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1898
النزاعات الداخلية في جمهورية الصين

الأقاليم الجديدة


Valerie L. Thomas (Maryland, Estados Unidos, 8 de fevereiro de 1943) é uma cientista e inventora americana. Ela inventou o transmissor de ilusão, pelo qual recebeu uma patente em 1980. Ela foi responsável pelo desenvolvimento dos sistemas de processamento de imagem em formatos de mídia digital usados nos primeiros anos do programa Landsat.

Infância e educação
Thomas se interessou por ciência quando criança, depois de observar seu pai mexendo na televisão e vendo as partes mecânicas dentro da TV. Aos oito anos, ela leu The Boys First Book on Electronics, que despertou seu interesse em uma carreira na ciência. Seu pai não a ajudava com os projetos do livro, apesar de seu próprio interesse por eletrônica. Na escola só para meninas que frequentou, ela não foi incentivada a fazer cursos de ciências e matemática, embora tenha conseguido fazer um curso de física.

Thomas não teve muito apoio quando criança; seus pais não lutaram por seu direito de estudar um currículo STEM, mas ela teve alguns professores que lutaram por ela quando jovem. Ela frequentou a Universidade Estadual Morgan, onde foi uma das duas mulheres que se especializaram em física. Thomas se destacou em seus cursos de matemática e ciências na Universidade Estadual Morgan. Ela se formou com honras em 1964 em física e passou a trabalhar para a NASA.

Em 1976, ela participou de um seminário científico onde viu uma exposição que demonstrava uma ilusão. A exposição usava espelhos côncavos para enganar o espectador a acreditar que uma lâmpada estava acesa mesmo depois de ter sido desparafusada de seu soquete. Ela ficou tão impressionada com o que viu neste seminário que quis começar a criar por conta própria. Mais tarde naquele ano, ela começou a experimentar espelhos planos e côncavos. Os espelhos planos produzem um reflexo de um objeto que parece estar atrás do vidro. Os espelhos côncavos refletem os objetos para que apareçam na frente do vidro, produzindo uma ilusão tridimensional.

Carreira
Em 1964, Thomas começou a trabalhar para a NASA como analista de dados. Ela desenvolveu sistemas de dados de computador em tempo real para apoiar centros de controle de operações de satélite (1964–1970) e supervisionou a criação do programa Landsat (1970–1981), tornando-se uma especialista internacional em produtos de dados Landsat. Sua participação neste programa expandiu os trabalhos de outros cientistas da NASA na busca de poder visualizar a Terra do espaço. Em 1974, Thomas liderou uma equipe de aproximadamente 50 pessoas para o Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE), um esforço conjunto com o Johnson Space Center da NASA, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) e o Departamento de Agricultura dos EUA. Um projeto científico sem precedentes, o LACIE demonstrou a viabilidade do uso de tecnologia espacial para automatizar o processo de previsão de rendimento de trigo em todo o mundo. Em 1976, ela participou de uma exposição que incluía a ilusão de uma lâmpada que estava acesa, mesmo tendo sido retirada do soquete. A ilusão, que envolvia outra lâmpada e espelhos côncavos, inspirou Thomas. Curiosa sobre como espelhos de luz e côncavos poderiam ser usados em seu trabalho na NASA, ela começou sua pesquisa em 1977. Isso envolveu a criação de um experimento no qual ela observou como a posição de um espelho côncavo afetaria o objeto real que é refletido. Usando esta tecnologia, ela inventaria o transmissor de ilusão. Em 21 de outubro de 1980, ela obteve a patente do transmissor de ilusão, um dispositivo que a NASA continua a usar até hoje. Como mulher e afro-americana, Thomas trabalhou até chegar a chefe adjunta do Space Science Data Operations Office da NASA.

Em 1985, ela foi a gerente do NSSDC Computer Facility responsável por uma grande consolidação e reconfiguração de duas instalações de computadores anteriormente independentes e as infundiu com novas tecnologias. Ela então atuou como gerente de projeto da Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) de 1986 a 1990, durante um período em que a SPAN passou por uma grande reconfiguração e cresceu de uma rede científica com cerca de 100 nós de computador para uma conectando diretamente cerca de 2.700 nós de computador em todo o mundo. Em 1990, o SPAN tornou-se uma parte importante da rede científica da NASA e da Internet de hoje. Ela também participou de projetos relacionados ao Cometa Halley, pesquisa de ozônio, tecnologia de satélites e a espaçonave Voyager.

No final de agosto de 1995, ela se aposentou da NASA e de seus cargos de chefe adjunta do Escritório de Operações de Dados Científicos Espaciais da NASA, gerente da Capacidade de Resposta a Incidentes de Sistemas Automatizados da NASA e como presidente do Comitê de Educação do Escritório de Operações de Dados Científicos Espaciais.

Depois de se aposentar, Thomas serviu como associada do Centro UMBC para Pesquisa de Produtividade Híbrida Multicore. Ela continuou a orientar jovens por meio da Science Mathematics Aerospace Research and Technology, Inc. e da National Technical Association. A invenção de Thomas foi retratada em um livro de ficção infantil, televisão e videogames.

Por causa de sua carreira única e compromisso em dar algo de volta à comunidade, Thomas costumava falar com grupos de alunos desde a escola primária até a faculdade/universidade e grupos de adultos. Como modelo para potenciais jovens engenheiros e cientistas negros, ela fez centenas de visitas a escolas e reuniões nacionais ao longo dos anos. Ela orientou muitos estudantes que trabalhavam nos verões no Goddard Space Flight Center e julgou em feiras de ciências, trabalhando com organizações como a National Technical Association (NTA) e Women in Science and Engineering (WISE). Esses últimos programas incentivam estudantes de minorias e mulheres a seguir carreiras em ciências e tecnologia.

Conquistas notáveis
Ao longo de sua carreira, Thomas ocupou cargos de alto nível na NASA, incluindo a colaboração do Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) entre a NASA, NOAA e USDA em 1974, atuando como gerente assistente de programa para Landsat/Nimbus (1975–1976), gerenciando o NSSDC Computer Facility (1985), gerenciando o projeto Space Physics Analysis Network (1986-1990), e servindo como chefe associada do Space Science Data Operations Office. Ela é autora de muitos artigos científicos e detém uma patente para o transmissor de ilusão. Por suas realizações, Thomas recebeu vários prêmios, incluindo o Goddard Space Flight Center Award of Merit e a Medalha de Igualdade de Oportunidades da NASA. Ela orientou inúmeros alunos do programa Mathematics Aerospace Research and Technology Inc.

Ver também

 Cronologia das mulheres na ciência
 Mary Jackson
 Dorothy Vaughan
 Katherine Johnson
 Claudia Alexander

Nascidos em 1943
Pessoas vivas
Inventores afro-americanos
Físicos dos Estados Unidos do século XX
Cientistas dos Estados Unidos do século XX
Inventores dos Estados Unidos
Pessoas da NASA

Valerie Thomas


Bad Manners are an English two-tone and ska band led by frontman Buster Bloodvessel. Early appearances included Top of the Pops and the live film documentary Dance Craze (1981).

They were at their most popular during the early 1980s, during a period when other ska revival bands such as Madness, the Specials and the Selecter filled the charts. Bad Manners spent 111 weeks in the UK Singles Chart between 1980 and 1983, and they also achieved chart success with their first four studio albums, with Ska 'n' B (1980), Loonee Tunes! (1980), and Gosh It's ... Bad Manners (1981) being their biggest hits.

Formation
Fronted by Buster Bloodvessel (real name Douglas Trendle), the band was formed in 1976, while the members were together at Woodberry Down Comprehensive School, near Manor House, North London. They commemorated the 1981 closure of the school on the back sleeve of their album, Gosh It's ... Bad Manners, released that year.

Career
After becoming popular in their native London, Bad Manners signed a recording contract with Magnet Records in 1980, and became regular guests on television shows such as Tiswas. The band also appeared on The British Music Awards (1981) and Cheggers Plays Pop. In 1985, they also appeared on The Time of Your Life, hosted by Noel Edmonds. Being closely associated with the 2 Tone movement (though never signed to 2 Tone Records itself), they were one of six bands featured in the 1981 documentary film Dance Craze.

Some of their hit singles through the 1980's include "Nee Nee Na Na Na Na Nu Nu", "My Girl Lollipop", "Lip Up Fatty", "Can Can", "Special Brew", "Walking in the Sunshine" and "That'll Do Nicely".

One of the main reasons for their notoriety was their outlandish huge-tongued and shaven-headed frontman, Buster Bloodvessel. His manic exploits got them banned from the British BBC TV chart show Top of the Pops, for painting his head red. The band was also banned from Italian TV after Bloodvessel mooned a concert audience on live television at the 1983 Sanremo Music Festival, after being told that the Pope was watching on TV.

Bad Manners had spent 111 weeks in the UK Singles Chart between 1980 and 1983, however, Bad Manners left Magnet Records in 1983, and joined Telstar Records releasing a compilation album, The Height of Bad Manners, which reached number 23 in the UK Albums Chart. The album was assisted with a television advertisement, and it brought the band back to the attention of the media and the British public – but no further chart hits.

The group then went on to sign a contract with Portrait Records in the United States and Mental Notes was released in 1985. For two years the band toured continuously all over the world but decided to disband in 1987.

Break-up and reformation

After Bad Manners disbanded for a brief spell after their deal with Portrait Records ended, Buster Bloodvessel formed a new outfit called Buster's Allstars in 1987, which enabled him and a few of his friends to continue performing in and around London. The capital's venues were often packed to capacity and this prompted the then 20 stone vocalist to reform Bad Manners with his fellow original members Louis Alphonso, Martin Stewart, Winston Bazoomies and Chris Kane. During 1988, the revamped Bad Manners band line-up started to play a number of shows at universities and at scooter rallies and they licensed the name and logo of Blue Beat Records, setting up office inside a  barge called the Blood Vessel in the back garden of Buster Bloodvessel's former home in London. After Blue Beat became defunct in 1990, Bad Manners were without a recording contract, but continued to tour. In 1992, they signed a deal with Pork Pie Records and Fat Sound was released in Europe. The album was originally intended to be released in the UK on Blue Beat.

In 1996, Buster Bloodvessel moved to Margate and opened a hotel on the seafront called Fatty Towers, which catered for people with huge appetites. While living in Margate, he was a regular spectator at Margate F.C., and Bad Manners sponsored the club for one season. Fatty Towers closed in 1998 and did not re-open despite a facelift. After its closure, Buster Bloodvessel moved back to London.

After five years without releasing any new material, Bad Manners issued their Heavy Petting album in 1997. Six years later, Buster set up another record label and the band released Stupidity on Bad Records in 2003.

In 2004, Bad Manners appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks in the Christmas Special, performing festive songs to the contestants which included Phill Jupitus and Noddy Holder (Jupitus is a fan of the band, and Buster Bloodvessel had appeared as a panellist on the show earlier that year).

Buster Bloodvessel is the only original member to remain in Bad Manners, but the harmonica player, Winston Bazoomies, was an 'honorary member' of the band. Bazoomies had a Facebook fanpage set up in his honour and lived in North London.

Martin Stewart left Bad Manners in 1991, and performed and recorded with the Selecter for fifteen years. He now lives a quiet life in Middlesex with his family, and most recently played the keyboards in a band called the Skatalysts. Louis Alphonso lives in Paris and released his A Noir solo studio album on the French Fries record label in 2015, while his fellow musician, David Farren, left in 1987 after the band's contract with Portrait Records ended. Farren designed the original band logo, and painted the front cover of the album Gosh It's ... Bad Manners (1981). He currently performs in a tribute outfit called the Rollin' Stoned. Chris Kane is a session musician. He left his longtime London home in 2015 and moved to Cambridgeshire. He became a music teacher during the 1990s and also performed with the Jordanaires after leaving Bad Manners. He also enjoys visiting Sweden during his spare time but he can still be seen playing his saxophone with numerous outfits. Brian Tuitt also left the band in 1987 and lives in Kent. The drummer has been performing with Ben Russell & the Charmers in recent times while also working with the Barry White Unlimited Love Tour at various venues in the UK, while Andrew Marson, who also left the group the same year, has worked as a carpenter in and around London and also enjoys performing in a country and western outfit called the Drawbacks. Paul Hyman, another original member who left the band in the late 1980s, lives in Enfield and works in the London Stock Exchange, a job he has had since leaving Bad Manners.

Bad Manners headlined their own annual music festival known as Bad Fest in 2005 and 2006 at RAF Twinwood Farm. This festival featured ska, mod-related and punk rock bands from the 1980s to the present.

In 2011, Cherry Red Records released the band's first four studio albums, Ska 'n' B (1980), Loonee Tunes! (1980), Gosh It's ... Bad Manners (1981) and Forging Ahead (1982) on CD for the first time with added bonus tracks. The albums were issued on their sister label, Pressure Drop.

In December 2012, the band released their first single in thirteen years. "What Simon Says" was released via download just before the festive season, and the music video featured Bad Manners fans from across the world but none of the band members themselves. The song hints at the power Simon Cowell has within the UK music industry.

In December 2012, founding members of the band met for the first time in decades at the Ship public house in Soho, London. Paul Hyman, Martin Stewart, Brian Tuitt and Chris Kane met with band historian and harmonica player David Turner, and Christopher 'Dell' Wardell, a music writer and promoter from Darlington. On 18 July 2013, seven of the original nine members reunited at The Brownswood public house, near Finsbury Park, that is within striking distance of their old school, Woodbery Down Comprehensive. The 'Bad Manners Originals' who attended the reunion were Andy Marson (alto sax), Paul Hyman (trumpet), Winston Bazoomies (Alan Sayag) (harmonicas), Chris Kane (tenor sax), David Farren (bass), Martin Stewart (keyboards) and Brian Tuitt (drums). The meetings were arranged after Wardell's 'Where Are They Now?' article was published in The Northern Echo in 2012, providing details on the current whereabouts of all of the original band members.

During 2016, Bad Manners toured the United Kingdom to celebrate their 40th Anniversary.

Original member Winston Bazoomies died on 1 December 2022, at the age of 63.

The band are still touring the United Kingdom in 2023.

Discography

Ska 'n' B (1980)
Loonee Tunes! (1980)
Gosh It's ... Bad Manners (1981)
Forging Ahead (1982)
Mental Notes (1985)
Return of the Ugly (1989)
Fat Sound (1992)
Don't Knock the Baldhead! (1997)
Stupidity (2001)

References

External links

 Badmannersontour.com
 Bad manners archived website

Second-wave ska groups
English ska musical groups
English new wave musical groups
Musical groups established in 1976
2 Tone Records artists
Magnet Records artists
1976 establishments in England

Bad Manners


L'épreuve de rallycross de Lessay est une course automobile sur circuit qui fait partie du championnat de France de rallycross. Fondée en 2019, cette épreuve est actuellement organisée sur le circuit de Lessay, en Manche.

Records de la piste

 Supercar :  David Vincent en  (2022,  Peugeot 208 I RX)
 Super 1600 :  Jimmy Terpereau en  (2022,  Citroën C2 S1600)
 Division 3 :  Nicolas Beauclé en  (2022,  Mercedes-Benz Classe A (Type 176))
 Division 4 :  Anthony Mauduit en  (2022,  Renault Clio III RS)

Spécificités
D'une longueur de  et d'une largeur de 12 à , la piste est composée, à 45 % de terre, et 55 % d'asphalte. La longueur de la ligne droite de départ est de , tandis que le tour Joker, en disposition extérieure ajoute  au tracé normal.

Palmarès

Par année

Notes et références

Liens externes

  du Circuit mixte de Rallycross de l'Ouest Parisien

Compétition fondée en 2019

Épreuve de rallycross de Lessay