The O'Neill dynasty is a lineage of Irish Gaelic origin.

O'Neill, Ó Néill, O'Neil, O'Neal, or Uí Néill may also refer to:

People

Surnames
Uí Néill, for information on the Ui Neill dynasty
O'Neill (surname), including surname origins and information
List of people with the surname O'Neill, including O'Neal, O'Neil, and other variations
The O'Neill Brothers, an American instrumental duo

Noble titles
Baron O'Neill, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
O'Neill baronets, two in the Baronetage of Ireland, and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Viscount O'Neill, a title in the Peerage of Ireland

Places

Australia
O'Neill's Adventureland, an amusement park in Edmondson Park, New South Wales

Canada
Archbishop M.C. O'Neill High School, Regina, Saskatchewan
O'Neill Collegiate and Vocational Institute, Oshawa, Ontario

United States
 O'Neal Island, San Juan Islands of Washington
Buckey O'Neill Cabin, a cabin
Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site, Danville, California
Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, a not-for-profit theater company in Connecticut
Eugene O'Neill Theatre, a Broadway theatre
O'Neill, Nebraska, a city
O'Neill Building, a landmarked former department store in New York City
O'Neill Center, an athletic complex at Western Connecticut State University
O'Neill Dam, San Luis Creek west of Los Banos, California
O'Neill House Office Building, Washington, D.C.
O'Neill House Office Building (1947), Washington, D.C.; demolished in 2002
O'Neill Forebay, San Luis Reservoir west of Los Banos, California
O'Neill Tunnel, Boston, Massachusetts
Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston), Massachusetts

Fiction
 The O'Neill, a 1912 American silent film
 April O'Neil, a character in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise
 Danny O'Neil a character from the 1988 movie 14 Going on 30
 Jack O'Neill, a character in the 1989 American action comedy movie Speed Zone
 Jack O'Neill, a character in the Stargate franchise
 Tim O'Neill, a character in the television series seaQuest DSV
 The Trials of Rosie O'Neill, a 1990s American television series

Companies and organizations
O'Neill (brand), a surfwear and equipment brand that was started in San Francisco, California
O'Neill Sea Odyssey, a non-profit organization in Santa Cruz, California
O'Neills, an Irish sportswear company
Sandler O'Neill and Partners, a New York City-based investment banking firm
O'Neal Steel, Inc., an American metal company

Law
Dennis O'Neill case, a Welsh child abuse and manslaughter case
O'Neill v Phillips, a UK company law case on an action for unfair prejudice
Sheff v. O'Neill, a Connecticut Supreme Court case regarding civil rights and the right to education

Other
Eugene O'Neill Award, a Swedish award for stage actors
O'Neill World Cup of Surfing, an annual event at Sunset Beach in Hawaii
O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro, a surfing event in Florida
Tip O'Neill Award, an award given out by the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame
O'Neill ministry, in the Parliament of Northern Ireland 1963–1969
O'Neill cylinder, a proposed style of space habitat
USS O'Neill (DE-188), a Cannon-class destroyer escort in the United States Navy

See also

Justice O'Neill (disambiguation)

O'Neill (disambiguation)


හාල්පාන් ඇල ගල් පාලම, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි පුරාණ ගල් පාලමකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 හාල්පාන් ඇල

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පුරාණ ගල් පාලම්

හාල්පාන් ඇල ගල් පාලම


باليرينا وممثلة مصرية. درست في مدرسة القلب المقدس بالقاهرة، ثم إلتحقت بكلية التجارة (جامعة عين شمس) ، كما كاتت تعمل باليرينا في دار الأوبرا المصرية، وهذا ما أهل لاختيارها لبطولة فوازير رمضان (جيران الهنا) حيث كان قطاع الإنتاج يبحث عن بطلة للفوازير فتم ترشيحها لها، وبعد نجاحها في الفوازير قدمت بالسنة التالية فوازير (مانستغناش)، وشاركت بعد ذلك ببطولة مسلسل (خيال الظل) ومسرحية (ملاعيب)، ثم قدمت بطولتها السينمائية الأولى بفيلم (صعيدي رايح جاي)، ثم توقفت عن التمثيل واعلنت عن اعتزالها. وفي عام 2018 عادت للتمثيل من جديد وذلك بمشاركتها في مسلسل (ليالي أوجيني).

الأدوار

 اولاد عابد - 2023 - (منال)
 ليه لاء٣ - 2023 - (نوشكا)
 مين قال؟! - 2022 - (امينة)
 ورا كل باب - 2022 - (چيچي)
 خلي بالك من زيزي - 2021 - (سيلين)
 ليالي أوجيني - 2018 - (لولا)
 صعيدي رايح جاي - 2001 - (دينا)
 خيال الظل - 2000 - (ليلى)
 ملاعيب - 1999
 مانستغناش - 1998
 جيران الهنا - 1997

مصادر
 صفحة نادين على موقع السينما

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلات أفلام مصريات
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 20
مواليد 1399 هـ
مواليد 1978

نادين (ممثلة مصرية)


Die Liste der deutschen Botschafter in El Salvador enthält alle Botschafter der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in El Salvador. Sitz der Botschaft ist in San Salvador.

Weblinks
 Deutsche Botschaft San Salvador

!
El Salvador
Deutschland


سرية المصارف هي نظام قانوني مصرفي يسمح للمصارف بالحفاظ على سرية المعلومات الخاصة بعملائهم بعدة طرق منها استعمال أرقام لحسابات مصرفية بدلا من أسماء حقيقية. يُعمل بهذا النظام في عدد محدود من البلاد مثل سويسرا ولبنان أو البلاد التي تحمي الزبائن من الضرائب.

بدأ هذا النظام عام 1934 في سويسرا والذي أدى إلى إنشاء نظام البنوك السويسري الشهير. ويعتبر من أهم ميزات المصارف الخاصة، إلا أن البعض يعتبره الأداة الأساسية في الأعمال السرية اللامشروعة، مثل حالة الدعوة ضد مصرف الفاتيكان في التسعينات وتمويل بعض الأعمال الإرهابية.

التطورات التقنية الحديثة مثل العملة الإلكترونية Digital Cash عززت طرق الحفاظ على سرية الأشخاص وسمحت بانتقال الأموال بطرق موثوقة من دون ترك أية آثار عن هوية المتعاملين.

مراجع

اختراعات سويسرية
بنوك
تمويل شخصي
خصوصية
سرية
مصرفية
ممارسات تجارية متنازع عليها أخلاقيا

سرية المصارف


India Amanda Caroline Hicks (født 5. september 1967 i London, England) er en britisk aristokrat, designer og tidligere fashion model. Fra 2015 driver hun livsstilvirksomheden India Hicks, Inc., der bl.a. sælger modetøj.

I familie med kongehuset
Hun er tiptipoldedatter af dronning Victoria af Storbritannien, og hun er grandkusine til den britiske tronfølger Charles, prins af Wales. Hendes mor er kusine til prinsgemalen Prins Philip, hertug af Edinburgh.

India Hicks er guddatter til Charles, prins af Wales. Hun var brudepige for lady Diana Spencer ved dennes bryllup med prins Charles af Wales i 1981.

India Hicks har en (teoretisk) arveret til den britiske trone. I arvefølgen er hun placeret lige efter sin ældre søsters børn og lige før prinsgemalen Prins Philip, hertug af Edinburgh. Da hun ikke er gift, har hendes fire børn ingen arveret til tronen.

Forældre
India Hicks er det yngste barn og den yngste datter af Pamela Mountbatten Hicks (født 1929) og David Nightingale Hicks (1929–1998).

Slægten Mountbatten af Burma
India Hicks tilhører Mountbatten af Burma-grenen af Huset Battenberg.

Hun er barnebarn (datterdatter) af krigshelten Louis Mountbatten, 1. jarl Mountbatten af Burma. Louis Mountbatten (1900–1979) var den sidste britiske vicekonge i Indien (februar–august 1947), og han var landets generalguvernør i august 1947–juni 1948.

Louis Mountbatten og nogle af hans familiemedlemmer blev myrdede af det provisoriske IRA, da de var på fisketur ud for  Sligo på Irlands vestkyst den 27. august 1979.

Louis Mountbatten var oldesøn af dronning Victoria af Storbritannien, og han var morbror til prinsgemalen Prins Philip, hertug af Edinburgh. Louis Mountbatten var kendt som mentor for tronfølgeren Charles, prins af Wales, der er prins Philips's ældste søn.

Familie
India Hicks lever sammen med David Flint Wood. Parret har fire børn:
Felix Austen Flint Wood (født 1997 i Miami, Florida)
Amory John Flint Wood (født 1999 i Miami, Florida)
Conrad Lorenzo Flint Wood ( født 2003 i Miami, Florida)
Domino Carmen Flint Wood ( født 2007 i Miami, Florida). Hun er guddatter til prinsesse af Danmark og titulær kronprinsesse Marie-Chantal af Grækenland.

India Hicks er vokset op i Oxfordshire, England, og der har familien et hus, men de bor på Bahamas i det meste af tiden.

Referencer

Huset Battenberg (Mountbatten)

India Hicks


Insight, stiliseret som InSight, er en Marssonde fremstillet i 2010'erne, som oprindeligt var planlagt at skulle opsendes i marts 2016. Navnet er et akronym for Interior Exploration med Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport. På grund af en fejl på instrumentet SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure), som ikke kunne repareres inden den planlagte opsendelse, meddelte NASA i december 2015, at opsendelsen var blevet udskudt. I marts 2016 planlagdes opsendelsen til at ske inden den 5. maj 2018

Insights mål er at placere en stationær sonde udrustet med en seismograf og varmeoverførelsessonde på Mars overflade for at studere planetens tidlige geologiske udvikling. Dette skulle kunne give en ny forståelse af solsystemets planeter – Merkur, Venus, Jorden, Mars – og Månen. Ved at genbruge teknik fra Mars Phoenix Lander, som var landet på Mars i 2008, forventedes omkostningerne og risici ved projektet at blive mindskede

På grund af problemerne med det vigtigste videnskabelige instrument SEIS blev InSight-rumsonden sendt tilbage til Lockheed Martins fabrik i Colorado. NASA besluttede i marts 2016 at bruge skønsmæssigt 150 millioner US-dollar på at vente med opsendelsen af InSight til maj 2018. Opsendelsen skete den 5. maj 2018 klokken 11:05 GMT, og sonden landede på Mars den 26. november 2018..

Referencer

Rumsonder

InSight


Jasen Chelfi (Zagreb, 1979.), hrvatski violončelist.

Karijera
Osnovnu i srednju glazbenu školu završio je u klasi Dobrile Berković Magdalenić. Godine 1997. upisuje Muzičku akademiju u Zagrebu u klasi prof. Nikole Ruževića, a studij završava 2001. u klasi prof. Andreja Petrača. Tijekom svog glazbenog obrazovanja surađivao je s Valterom Dešpaljem, Ralphom Kirschbaumom, Stevenom Isselisom, Silviom Sondeckine, Davidom Gregorijanom, Vladimirom Perlinom, Lesliem Parnasom, Phillipom Mullerom i Borisom Pergamenchirom. Stručno se usavršavao kod prof. Maria Brunella.

1999. bio je jedan od dva hrvatska glazbenika koji su svirali u omladinskom orkestru Mahler pod ravnanjem Frantz Westler Mosta i Claudia Abadda. Od 2002. član je Zagrebačke filharmonije, isprva kao zamjenik vođe dionice violončela, a od 2004. kao prvo violončelo.  S Filharmonijom i kao solist nastupao je u dvoranama kao što su Musikverein i Konzerthaus u Beču, Gewandhaus u Leipzigu, Tokyo Operi, Operi u Mexico Cityju, Konzerthausu u Luzernu, Mozarteumu u Salzburgu te mnogim drugima.

Od 2010. predaje na ljetnoj školi Pučišća na otoku Braču. Kao komorni i solistički glazbenik dobitnik je brojnih nagrada. Djeluje u ansamblu Cantus i ansamblu Acoustic Project. Član je udruge Diaphason s čijim članovima nastupa na istoimenom festivalu. Gostujući je umjetnik Zagrebačkih solista.

Gostovao je na snimanjima albuma Dodirni me slučajno (2011.) Massima i Ono malo sreće (2017.) Zdravka Čolića.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski violončelisti

Jasen Chelfi


فيروس أتا الغداني  هو جنس من فيروسات غدانية يصيب شريحة واسعة من الحيوانات الفقارية ومن عدة صفوف (طيور ، ثدييات ، و زواحف).

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 نطاق فيروسي فيروس أتا الغداني

أجناس الفيروس
فيروسات غدانية

فيروس أتا الغداني


Sudden Stop is the second studio album by Canadian blues musician Colin James released in 1990 on Virgin Records. The album was recorded in Vancouver and Memphis, Tennessee.

The album features guest appearances by Bonnie Raitt, The Memphis Horns and Bobby Whitlock. "Just Came Back" went up to number 3 on North American rock stations.

Sudden Stop earned James two Juno Awards in 1991 in the Single of the Year ("Just Came Back") and Male Vocalist of the Year categories.

Commercial performance
Sudden Stop peaked at number 9 on the Canadian Albums Chart and was certified Platinum in Canada. It was the fourth-best selling Cancon album in Canada of 1990. By May 1998, the album had sold 194,430 units in Canada.

Track listing
 "Just Came Back" (Colin James, Daryl Burgess) – 4:56
 "Keep On Loving Me Baby" (Otis Rush) – 3:40
 "Show Me" (Jerry Lynn Williams) – 3:24
 "Give It Up" (Williams) – 4:03
 "Crazy Over You" (Williams) – 5:11
 "T for Trouble" (James, Bill Carter, Ruth Ellsworth) – 4:20
 "Cross My Heart (James, Carter, Ellsworth) – 3:18
 "Just One Love" (Williams, James) – 3:33
 "If You Lean on Me" (Lotti Golden, Tommy Faragher) – 4:48
 "Sudden Stop" (Bobby Russell) – 5:52

Credits
 Mastered by Greg Fulginiti

References

External links
 Sudden Stop

Colin James albums
1990 albums
Virgin Records albums

Sudden Stop


Bozkurt, Denizli ilinin doğusunda yer alan bir ilçedir. Denizli'ye uzaklığı 52 kilometredir.

Doğusunda Denizli iline bağlı Çardak ilçesi, batısında Honaz ilçesi, güneyinde Acıpayam ilçesi, kuzeyinde Baklan ve Çal ilçeleri ile kuzey doğusunda Afyon iline bağlı Dazkırı ilçesi ile komşudur. Denizden yüksekliği 866.8 metredir.

Topraklarının büyük bir bölümü Hambat Ovası içindedir. Yüzölçümü 360 km²'dir. İlçede Akdeniz ile İç Ege iklimi arasına bir geçiş iklimi görülür. Genelde yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları soğuk ve yağışlı geçer.

Bozkurt halkının çoğu tarım ile uğraşmaktadır. Sulama ile ilgili çalışmalarda da atılan somut adımlarla birlikte sulu tarıma da geçilerek ürün açısından çeşitlilik ve bolluk kazandırılmıştır. Bozkurt ve ona bağlı Cumalı ve Tutluca köylerinde merkeze göre daha fazla sulu tarım yapılmaktadır. Arpa, buğday, kimyon, anason, fasulye, nohut, ayçekirdeği, mısır ve tütün başlıca tarım ürünleridir. Ayrıca bağcılık, hayvancılık ve alabalık işçiliği de yapılmaktadır.

Tarihçe
Halk arasında 93 Harbi diye bilinen 1877 - 1878 Osmanlı - Rus Savaşı sonrasında, Tuna vilayetinden (Bulgaristan) göç eden muhacirler tarafından 1890'a doğru HAN-ABAT Ovası'nda Hamidiye ismiyle kurulmuştur. Hambat adı Selçuklularca kurulan Han-Abat Kervansarayı'ndan gelmektedir.

Kurulduğu yıldan 1955 yılına kadar köy statüsünde bulunan Bozkurt, 1955 yılında bucak, 20 Şubat 1956'da ise belediye olmuştur. Bozkurt 9.5.1990 tarihinde kabul edilen ve 20.05.1990 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 3644 sayılı kanun ile Çardak ilçesinden ayrılarak ilçe olmuştur. 93 Harbi göçünden sonra 1950'li yıllarda yine aynı göç devam etmiş ve yerleşim bölgeleri yine Bozkurt olmuştur. Bozkurt'un önce bucak ve sonra ilçe olması nedeniyle çevre köy ve beldelerden de göç meydana gelmiştir. Bu sebepten ilçe merkezinin %70'i Bulgaristan göçmenidir.

Köyleri: Alikurt, Hayrettin, Armutalan, Mecidiye, Cumalı, Sazköy köyü, Kuyucak, Avdan, Tutluca, Yenibağlar ve Çambaşı Köyü'dür. Ayrıca İlçeye bağlı İnceler kasabası ilçenin güneyinde yer almaktadır.

İdari yapı
Bozkurt´a bağlı toplam 20 mahalle vardır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Bozkurt, Denizli


چوول!  هو فيلم أمريكي أنتجته أفلام ميلكشيك. صدر الفيلم في 30 سبتمبر، 2005 في المملكة المتحدة، أما إصدار دي في دي فتم نشره في 12 سبتمبر، 2006، تدور قصة الفيلم حول لاعب كرة قدم مكسيكي (سنتياغو مانيز) وكيف بدء بهجرة غير شرعية من المكسيك إلى الولايات المتحدة إلى ان وصل للدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز.

الفليم حصل على دعم وتعاون من الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم, وشارك في الفليم نجوم من نيوكاسل يونايتد وريال مدريد مثل آلان شيرر وراؤول وبيكهام وزيدان.

وصلات خارجية

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أخرجها داني كانون
أفلام أمريكية مكسيكية
أفلام إستديوهات باينوود
أفلام إنتاج 2005
أفلام إنتاج 2006
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام بريطانية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام تقع أحداثها في نيوكاسل أبون تاين
أفلام توتشستون بيكشرز
أفلام رياضية بريطانية
أفلام كتب نصها السينمائي ديك كليمنت
أفلام كرة القدم البريطانية
أفلام هدف
نيوكاسل يونايتد
أفلام بريطانية في عقد 2000

هدف (فيلم)


El gnosticismo moderno o neognosticismo incluye una variedad de movimientos religiosos, derivada de la antigua sociedad helenística en torno al Mediterráneo. En el siglo XIX se publicaron estudios populares que hicieron uso de textos recientemente redescubiertos. En este período también hubo reactivación del movimiento religioso gnóstico en Francia. La aparición de la biblioteca de Nag Hammadi en 1945 aumentó considerablemente la cantidad de textos disponibles.

El gnosticismo original incluye una variedad de movimientos religiosos, en su mayoría cristianos, en las antiguas sociedades helenísticas en el mar Mediterráneo. Aunque los orígenes están en disputa, la mayoría de estos movimientos florecieron aproximadamente desde el momento de la fundación del cristianismo (a fines del siglo I) hasta el siglo IV, cuando los escritos y las actividades de grupos considerados herejes o paganos fueron reprimidos de manera activa. Durante muchos siglos, la única información disponible sobre estos movimientos fueron las críticas de los que escribían contra esas ideas, y las pocas citas conservadas en dichos trabajos.

Siglo XVIII

En 1769, el famoso explorador y geógrafo escocés James Bruce de Kinnaird (1730-1794) compró el Códice Bruce en el Alto Egipto, y lo llevó a Inglaterra. En 1842 fue donado a la Biblioteca Bodleiana (en Oxford).

En algún momento antes de 1785, el Museo Británico compró a los herederos del Dr. Askew el Código Askew (también conocido como Pistis Sophia). En 1851, M. G. Schwartze publicó el texto original en latín y su traducción al inglés realizado por la Comisión del Codex Askew.

Fines del siglo XIX

En el  empezaron a publicarse estudios populares que hacían uso de materiales originales recientemente redescubiertos. En este período también se reactivó el movimiento religioso gnóstico en Francia.

En 1896 se descubrió el Berlín Códex (también conocido como Codex Akhmim), escrito en idioma copto, pero fue redescubierto y difundido recién en el siglo XX.

Charles William King

El escritor británico Charles William King (1818-1888), en The gnostics and their remains ('los gnósticos y sus restos', 1864) se propuso demostrar que ―lejos de ser una herejía occidental―, los orígenes del gnosticismo se encontrarían en el budismo.

Esta teoría fue aceptada por la escritora Madame Blavatsky (1831-1891) ―quien la consideró plausible―, pero fue rechazada por G. R. S. Mead (1863-1933) ―quien consideró que el trabajo de King «carecía de la rigurosidad del especialista»― (según Goodrick-Clarke, 2005, págs. 8-9).

Madame Blavatsky

Diversos ocultistas occidentales retomaron la terminología gnóstica en mayor o menor medida, incluyendo a Helena Blavatsky (1831-1891), quien cofundó la Sociedad Teosófica. Ella escribió mucho acerca de las ideas del gnosticismo original. Una recopilación de sus textos acerca del gnosticismo tiene unas 270 páginas de longitud (según Hoeller, 2002, pág. 167).
En su texto Isis develada ella citó abundantemente la primera edición del The gnostics and their remains, de Charles W. King.

George R. S. Mead

En 1884, el escritor y traductor británico George R. S. Mead (1863-1933) se convirtió en miembro de la Sociedad Teosófica de Blavatsky.
En 1889 abandonó la profesión docente para convertirse en secretario privado de Blavatsky, hasta la muerte de ella en 1891 (según Goodrick-Clarke, 2005, pág. 8).

En 1890, Mead publicó en varios artículos en la revista Lucifer la primera traducción al inglés del texto Pistis Sophia.
En un artículo publicado en 1891 ―en un momento en que la teosofía se dirigía principalmente a los textos de Oriente―, Mead argumentó a favor de recuperar la literatura y el pensamiento de Occidente.
Él consideraba que esta recuperación de perdidas tradiciones occidentales antiguas sería un trabajo de interpretación y haría una tardía justicia a los «paganos» y «herejes», los denostados y perseguidos pioneros del progreso» (según Goodrick-Clarke, 2005, págs. 56-57).
Esta sería la dirección que tomaría su propio trabajo.

En 1896 apareció la primera edición de su traducción del Pistis Sophia.
Entre 1896 y 1898, Mead publicó otra serie de artículos en el mismo periódico, «Among the gnostics of the first two centuries»,
que sentó las bases para su monumental compendio Fragments of a faith forgotten ('fragmentos de una fe olvidada') en 1900.
Mead publicó una serie de traducciones del Corpus herméticum entre 1900 y 1905.
Al año siguiente publicó Thrice-Greatest Hermes (Hermes Trimegisto, tres veces más grande') un enorme tratado completo de tres volúmenes.

Su serie Echoes of the gnosis ('ecos de la gnosis') se publicó en 12 libritos en 1908.
Cuando dejó la Sociedad Teosófica en 1909, había publicado muchas influyentes traducciones, comentarios y estudios de textos gnósticos antiguos.
«Mead hizo accesible el gnosticismo para el público inteligente fuera de la academia» (según Hoeller, 2002, pág. 167).
El trabajo de Mead ha tenido y sigue teniendo gran influencia (según Goodrick-Clarke, 2005, págs. 31-31).

El renacimiento de la Iglesia Gnóstica en Francia

En otoño de 1890, un bibliotecario francés llamado Jules Doinel, estableció oficialmente en París (Francia) la Eglise Gnostique ('iglesia gnóstica' en francés).
Se basó en sus propias «visiones», en hallazgos documentales de los cátaros, en el Evangelio de san Juan y en la cosmología simoniana y valentiniana.
Doinel declaró que comenzaba la «era de la gnosis restaurada». Sus rituales litúrgicos se basaban en los rituales cátaros. El clero era tanto masculino como femenino, teniendo varones obispos y mujeres «sofías» (Pearson, 2007, pág. 47 y Hoeller, 2002, págs. 176-178).

En 1895, Doinel fue una de las víctimas del bulo (engaño) antimasónico de Leo Taxil, que hizo creer tanto a católicos como a masones que estos en realidad estaban adorando al Demonio. Doinel abandonó la masonería, se convirtió al catolicismo y escribió Lucifer desenmascarado, un libro que atacaba la masonería. En 1897 Taxil realizó una conferencia de prensa donde confesó el fraude y agradeció al papa León XIII (a quien también había embaucado) por su apoyo económico. En 1900 Doinel fue readmitido en la Iglesia gnóstica como obispo.

Siglo XX

Algunos movimientos espirituales, místicos y esotéricos que retomaron total o parcialmente los postulados de los antiguos gnósticos.

Escritores como el británico Aleister Crowley (1875-1947) ―fundador de la Eclessia Gnóstica Cathólica ('iglesia gnóstica universal')―, el germano-mexicano Arnold Krumm-Heller (1876-1949) ―fundador de la Fraternidad Rosacruz Antigua―, el francés René Guenón (1886-1951), el ruso Borís Muraviov (1890-1966) y el colombiano Samael Aun Weor (Víctor Manuel Gómez, 1917-1977) ―fundador del Movimiento Gnóstico Cristiano Universal― utilizaron las ideas del gnosticismo en el mundo moderno.

El psicólogo suizo Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) y el escritor germanosuizo Hermann Hesse (1877-1962) también usaron influencias gnósticas en sus escritos.

Existen varios grupos modernos que dicen representar las ideas de un cierto «cristianismo gnóstico original».

La Lectorium Rosicrucianum (Escuela Internacional de la Rosacruz de Oro), fundada en 1924 en Países Bajos por el neerlandés Jan van Rijckenborgh quien designó a su organización como "La Joven Fraternidad Gnóstica".

La Comunidad Jesenia de Estudios de los Misterios Espirituales Gnósticos, con sede en Belo Horizonte (Brasil), afirma ser el eslabón de la tradición esotérica cristiana, asumiendo un dualismo moderado.

Las tesis gnósticas antimodernistas de Eric Voegelin

En los años cincuenta, Eric Voegelin entró en un debate académico sobre la clasificación de la modernidad siguiendo el libro Meaning in History: the theological implications of the philosophy of History (1949), de Karl Löwith, y Eschatologie abendländishe (1947), de Jacob Taubes. En este contexto, Voegelin presentó su "tesis gnóstica": criticó a la modernidad al identificar una "escatología inmanentista" como la "naturaleza gnóstica" de la modernidad. A diferencia de Löwith, no criticó la escatología como tal, sino más bien criticó la inmanentización, que él describía como una deformación "neumopatológica". Esta tesis sobre el gnosticismo se hizo popular en el pensamiento político neoconservador y en las doctrinas de la guerra fría.

Hans Jonas

El filósofo alemán Hans Jonas (1903-1993) escribió extensamente acerca del gnosticismo, interpretándolo desde el punto de vista del existencialismo. Durante algún tiempo, su estudio The gnostic religion: the message of the alien God and the beginnings of christianity (la religión gnóstica: el mensaje del Dios extranjero y los inicios del cristianismo), publicado en 1958, se consideró como una obra fundamental; como resultado de sus esfuerzos, la división del gnosticismo el sirio-egipcio/persa llegó a ser ampliamente utilizada en el campo. La segunda edición, publicada en 1963, incluyó el ensayo Gnosticismo, existencialismo y nihilismo.
Jonas fue el primer autor en escribir una historia detallada del gnosticismo. También fue uno de los primeros autores que lo relacionó con cuestiones éticas en las ciencias naturales.

La biblioteca de Nag Hammadi

En 1977 se pudo acceder a la traducción al inglés de la biblioteca de Nag Hammadi (que se encontró en 1945 en el sur de Egipto). Esto aumentó considerablemente la cantidad de textos originales disponibles y dio lugar a una amplia difusión.

El gnosticismo en la cultura popular

El gnosticismo ha visto un ligero resurgimiento en la cultura popular a finales del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI. Esto puede estar relacionado con la repentina disponibilidad de los textos gnósticos originales para el público lector, a raíz de la aparición de los manuscritos de Nag Hamadi.

Véase también
 Nueva era
 Interpretación junguiana de la religión

Notas

Gnosticismo

Gnosticismo moderno


Uha-uha var en dansk tv-revy, der blev sendt på Danmarks Radio i 1970'erne.

Blandt de medvirkende var blandt andre Sonja Oppenhagen, Buster Larsen, Lise Ringheim, Ulf Pilgaard, Elin Reimer og Ove Sprogøe. Blandt forfatterne var Lise Nørgaard, Paul Hammerich og Johannes Møllehave.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisnigner

Se Uha-uha på DR Bonanza

Bonanza
DR-serier
Danske tv-serier fra 1970'erne

Uha-uha


Der Putsch in Mali 2012 ist ein Putsch von Soldaten der malischen Streitkräfte unter Führung von Hauptmann Amadou Sanogo in Mali.

Verlauf

Beginn

Der Putsch begann am 21. März 2012 mit einer Meuterei unzufriedener Soldaten, die Präsident Amadou Toumani Touré Unfähigkeit bei der Bekämpfung des Aufstandes der Tuareg im Norden des Landes vorwarfen. Tags darauf wurde der Präsidentenpalast umstellt. Präsident Touré floh mit loyalen Soldaten an einen unbekannten Ort. Jedoch konnten die Putschisten zehn Regierungsmitglieder verhaften, darunter Außenminister Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga. Die Putschisten verhängten eine Ausgangssperre von 18 Uhr bis 6 Uhr, setzten die Verfassung außer Kraft und schlossen alle Grenzübergänge sowie den Flughafen Bamako. Die für April 2012 geplante Präsidentenwahl wurde ausgesetzt. Die Putschisten gründeten das Comité national pour le redressement de la démocratie et la restauration de l'état ("Nationalkomitee für die Wiederherstellung der Demokratie und des Staates"), kurz CNRDR.

Internationale Reaktionen
International löste der Putsch scharfe Kritik aus; so forderte der deutsche Außenminister Guido Westerwelle den Verzicht auf weitere Gewalt und die Rückkehr zur verfassungsmäßigen Ordnung. Auch der französische Außenminister Alain Juppé verurteilte den Putsch und forderte Respekt vor Demokratie und Verfassung. Er mahnte die Wiederherstellung der Ordnung und die Durchführung der kommenden Wahlen an. Der UN-Weltsicherheitsrat forderte die Soldaten auf, wieder in die Kasernen zurückzukehren. Die Sicherheit von Präsident Touré müsse garantiert werden. Mehrere europäische Länder haben für Mali eine Reisewarnung ausgesprochen, darunter auch Deutschland und Österreich.

Am 29. März 2012 stellten die Länder der Westafrikanischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (ECOWAS) den Putschisten ein Ultimatum von drei Tagen, um die verfassungsmäßige Ordnung wiederherzustellen und die alte Regierung wieder einzusetzen. Andernfalls würden die Grenzen zu Mali geschlossen, der Handel eingestellt und die Konten Malis bei der Westafrikanischen Zentralbank gesperrt. Zuvor hatte eine Delegation versucht, Kontakt mit den Putschisten aufzunehmen, wurde aber beim Anflug auf den Flughafen Bamako aufgehalten. Am 3. April suspendierte die ECOWAS schließlich die Mitgliedschaft Malis.

Verhandlungen
In Reaktion auf den internationalen Druck erklärte Putschistenführer Amadou Sanogo am 1. April die Verfassung für wiederhergestellt und stellte demokratische Wahlen in Aussicht. Für die Vorbereitung der Wahlen solle eine Nationalversammlung einberufen werden. Ein Zeitplan wurde jedoch nicht bekanntgegeben. In den Tagen zuvor waren mit Kidal, Gao und Timbuktu alle größeren Städte im Norden Malis von der Nationalen Bewegung für die Befreiung des Azawad erobert worden, so dass der nördliche Landesteil vollständig von den Aufständischen kontrolliert wurde. Am 6. April stimmte Sanogo schließlich einem Rahmenabkommen mit der ECOWAS zur Machtübergabe an eine zivile Regierung zu. Der malische Parlamentspräsident Dioncounda Traoré soll eine Übergangspräsidentschaft übernehmen und innerhalb von 40 Tagen Neuwahlen organisieren, die ECOWAS beendet im Gegenzug ihre Sanktionen. Um diesen Schritt zu ermöglichen, gab am 8. April auch der vormalige Präsident Touré offiziell seinen Rücktritt bekannt.

Unterdessen hatten die Tuareg-Rebellen am 6. April einseitig die Eigenständigkeit des Azawad erklärt. Eine Anerkennung durch andere Staaten fand bisher jedoch nicht statt, die afrikanischen und arabischen Nachbarstaaten kündigten an, Azawad auch zukünftig nicht als unabhängig anzuerkennen.

Am 17. April teilte das staatliche Fernsehen mit, Cheick Modibo Diarra werde die Übergangsregierung als Ministerpräsident leiten. Diarra war bis Ende 2011 bei Microsoft als Vorsitzender für den Geschäftsbereich Afrika tätig. Er hatte vor, bei der ursprünglich für den 29. April 2012 geplanten Präsidentschaftswahl zu kandidieren.

Am 25. April stellte Diarra sein 24-köpfiges Übergangskabinett vor. Drei Mitglieder gehören dem Militär an. Sie bekleiden Ämter in den Bereichen Verteidigung, Inneres und Zivilschutz.

Erneute Auseinandersetzungen und Festnahme des malischen Premierministers
Anfang Mai flammten die Kämpfe wieder auf, als Soldaten der Putschisten den ehemaligen Stabschef des gestürzten Präsidenten und Verantwortlichen für die Präsidentengarde, Abidine Guindo, festnehmen wollten. So kamen am 1. Mai bei Feuergefechten zwischen Soldaten der Putschisten und Mitgliedern der Präsidentengarde vor allem am Sitz des staatlichen Radio- und Fernsehsenders ORTM mehrere Menschen ums Leben. Das Gebäude war beim Beginn des Staatsstreiches von den Putschisten besetzt worden. Am Abend besetzten Mitglieder der Präsidentengarde die Straße zwischen Bamako und dem Militärstützpunkt in Kati, wo sich das Hauptquartier der Putschisten befindet.

Am 21. Mai drangen junge Demonstranten fast widerstandslos in den Präsidentenpalast ein und schlugen Übergangspräsident Dioncounda Traoré zusammen. Der 70-Jährige erlitt Verletzungen am Kopf, an der Brust und am Rücken und verlor zeitweise das Bewusstsein.

Die Putschisten stellten die internationalen Absprachen wieder in Frage. In der Nacht zum 23. Mai bestimmten sie ihren Anführer Amadou Haya Sanogo zum neuen Übergangspräsidenten. Dioncounda Traoré flog zur medizinischen Behandlung nach Frankreich.

Nach einer Festnahme durch Militärs am 10. Dezember 2012 erklärte Modibo Diarra am Morgen des 11. Dezember in einer Erklärung im staatlichen Fernsehen seinen Rücktritt und den Rücktritt seines gesamten Kabinetts.

Ausweitung des Konflikts und militärische Intervention Frankreichs

Nach dem erzwungenen Rücktritt Diarras, der als Befürworter eines internationalen Militäreinsatzes galt, ernannte Traoré einen Tag später Django Sissoko zum neuen Ministerpräsidenten. Als Ziele nannte Sissoko, der bis 2011 Generalsekretär von Präsident Touré war, die Rückeroberung des Nordens sowie die Abhaltung von Wahlen. Von Seite der islamistischen Tuareg der Ansar Dine aus wurde diese Personentscheidung als "positiver Akt" aufgefasst, der aber nicht ausreiche, "Qualen des Krieges" zu verhindern. Nachfolgend bedachte Sissoko das Militär in seinem Kabinett großzügig mit vier Ressorts, darunter jene für Verteidigung und Innere Sicherheit. Ebenfalls wurden drei Ministerposten an jene Regionen im Norden zugesprochen, die von radikalen Islamisten besetzt gehalten werden.

Der französische Präsident François Hollande drängte zur selben Zeit im Einvernehmen mit den USA ebenfalls auf eine internationale Militärmission in Mali. Er besuchte das nördliche Nachbarland Algerien, wo er in einer Rede vor den beiden Kammern des algerischen Parlaments die Kolonialzeit als "ungerecht und brutal" bewertete und begann, freundschaftliche Kooperation mit Algerien einzuleiten. Am 20. Dezember 2012 sprach sich der Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen mit der Resolution 2085, die von Frankreich ausgearbeitet und von den USA, Großbritannien, Marokko und Togo unterstützt worden war, einstimmig für einen Militäreinsatz in Mali aus. Vorgesehen war eine militärische Intervention von Truppen der Westafrikanischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (ECOWAS) gegen die islamistischen Rebellen im Norden. Gleichzeitig forderte die Resolution die malische Übergangsregierung zu politischen Gesprächen auf, "um die verfassungsmäßige Ordnung vollständig wiederherzustellen", sowie geplante Parlaments- und Präsidentschaftswahlen vor April 2013.

Der Resolution folgte am 23. Dezember 2012 die Ankündigung eines Anführers von Ansar Dine, alle noch verbliebenen Mausoleen islamischer Heiliger in Timbuktu zu zerstören. Gleichzeitig bereitete die malische Regierung Gesprächsrunden mit den zwei Rebellengruppen Ansar Dine und den Tuareg-Rebellen der Nationalen Bewegung für die Befreiung des Azawad (MNLA) unter Mitwirkung des burkinischen Präsidenten Blaise Compaoré vor. Militärberichten zufolge ging Anfang Januar 2013 die malische Armee erstmals seit April 2012 in der Nähe von Mopti unter Einsatz von Artillerie gegen die nach Süden drängenden Rebellen vor. Ein Armeesprecher bezeichnete das Sperrfeuer als "Warnschüsse". Wenig später forderte Boni Yayi, Präsident von Benin und Vorsitzender der Afrikanischen Union, die NATO zu einem Militäreinsatz im Norden Malis auf.

Nach der Einnahme der Ortschaft Konna durch die Rebellen, nahe der strategisch wichtigen Stadt Mopti, richtete der Präsident der malischen Übergangsregierung am 10. Januar 2013 ein offizielles Gesuch um militärische Hilfe an Frankreich. François Hollande kam diesem umgehend nach, wie er einen Tag später bekannt gab. Seit dem Nachmittag des 11. Januar interveniert die französische Armee in Mali (Opération Serval). Hollande kündigte an, dass das französische Parlament am 14. Januar mit dem Militäreinsatz befasst werde. Es handelt sich um den ersten Auslandseinsatz französischer Truppen seit der Amtseinführung Hollandes im Mai 2012. Malis Präsident Traoré erklärte gleichzeitig am Abend des 11. Januar den Ausnahmezustand.

Literatur
 International Crisis Group: Mali: Avoiding Escalation. Crisis Group Africa Report N°189, 18 July 2012 PDF 4,7 MB (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Mali 2012
Geschichte (Mali)
Konflikt 2012
Politik 2012

Putsch in Mali 2012


Eric Johannesen (* 16. Juli 1988 in Oberhausen) ist ein deutscher Ruderer. 2011 wurde er Weltmeister und 2012 Olympiasieger im Achter.

Karriere
Johannesen begann 2002 mit dem Rudersport. 2005 war er Juniorenweltmeister im Vierer mit Steuermann, 2006 belegte er im Achter den zweiten Platz bei den Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften. 2008 siegte Johannesen im Doppelvierer bei der U23-Weltmeisterschaft, 2009 belegte der deutsche Doppelvierer den fünften Platz bei den U23-Weltmeisterschaften. 2010 belegte er zusammen mit Sebastian Peter den zweiten Platz im Doppelzweier bei den U23-Weltmeisterschaften.

Ebenfalls im Jahr 2010 startete Johannesen bei den offenen Weltmeisterschaften zusammen mit Andreas Kuffner im Zweier ohne Steuermann und belegte den fünften Platz. 2011 rückten Kuffner und Johannesen in den Deutschland-Achter auf, mit dem sie den deutschen Meistertitel und die Weltcupregatten in München und Luzern gewannen, dazwischen traten die beiden zusammen mit Richard Schmidt und Kristof Wilke beim Weltcup in Hamburg im Vierer ohne Steuermann an und gewannen auch in dieser Bootsklasse. Bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Bled siegte der Deutschland-Achter, im Jahr darauf gewann der Deutschland-Achter mit Johannesen bei den Olympischen Spielen 2012 in London die Goldmedaille.

Auch im neuen Olympiazyklus gehörte Johannesen ab 2013 konstant zum Kader des Deutschland-Achters, der mit der britischen Auswahl einen starken neuen Dauerrivalen bekommen hat. In den Jahren 2013 bis 2016 konnte die deutsche Mannschaft jeweils die Goldmedaille bei den Europameisterschaften gewinnen. In den WM-Finals war jedoch dreimal das Boot aus dem Vereinigten Königreich schneller, so dass Eric Johannesen mit dem Deutschland-Achter jeweils die Silbermedaille gewann. Im Finale der Olympischen Spiele 2016 ergab sich der Zieleinlauf wie bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2013 bis 2015, hinter den Briten erhielten die Ruderer des Deutschland-Achters die Silbermedaille.

Dafür erhielt er zusammen mit der Achter-Mannschaft am 1. November 2016 von Bundespräsident Gauck das Silberne Lorbeerblatt.

Bei den Europameisterschaften 2013 führte Johannesen den Achter dabei als Schlagmann an.

Der 1,93 Meter große Sportsoldat startete bis 2017 für den Ruder-Club Bergedorf, danach für den Ruder-Club Favorite Hammonia. Sein Bruder Torben Johannesen war bei den Olympischen Spielen 2016 als Ersatzmann dabei.

Erfolge
 2010: 5. Platz im Zweier ohne Steuermann bei den Weltmeisterschaften mit Andreas Kuffner
 2011: 1. Platz im Achter bei den Weltmeisterschaften mit Gregor Hauffe, Andreas Kuffner, Eric Johannesen, Maximilian Reinelt, Richard Schmidt, Lukas Müller, Florian Mennigen, Kristof Wilke und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2012: 1. Platz im Achter bei den Olympischen Spielen mit Filip Adamski, Andreas Kuffner, Eric Johannesen, Maximilian Reinelt, Richard Schmidt, Lukas Müller, Florian Mennigen, Kristof Wilke und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2013: 1. Platz im Achter bei den Europameisterschaften mit Maximilian Munski, Hannes Ocik, Maximilian Reinelt, Felix Drahotta, Anton Braun, Richard Schmidt, Kristof Wilke, Eric Johannesen und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2013: 2. Platz im Achter bei den Weltmeisterschaften mit Hannes Ocik, Maximilian Munski, Maximilian Reinelt, Felix Drahotta, Anton Braun, Richard Schmidt, Kristof Wilke, Eric Johannesen und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2014: 1. Platz im Achter bei den Europameisterschaften mit Maximilian Planer, Felix Wimberger, Andreas Kuffner, Eric Johannesen, Richard Schmidt, Malte Jakschik, Maximilian Reinelt, Felix Drahotta und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2014: 2. Platz im Achter bei den Weltmeisterschaften mit Maximilian Planer, Malte Jakschik, Andreas Kuffner, Felix Drahotta, Richard Schmidt, Eric Johannesen, Maximilian Reinelt, Felix Wimberger und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2015: 1. Platz im Achter bei den Europameisterschaften mit Maximilian Munski, Malte Jakschik, Maximilian Reinelt, Eric Johannesen, Anton Braun, Felix Drahotta, Richard Schmidt, Hannes Ocik und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2015: 2. Platz im Achter bei den Weltmeisterschaften mit Maximilian Munski, Malte Jakschik, Maximilian Reinelt, Eric Johannesen, Anton Braun, Felix Drahotta, Richard Schmidt, Hannes Ocik und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2016: 1. Platz im Achter bei den Europameisterschaften mit Maximilian Munski, Malte Jakschik, Andreas Kuffner, Felix Drahotta, Maximilian Reinelt, Eric Johannesen, Richard Schmidt, Hannes Ocik und Steuermann Martin Sauer
 2016: 2. Platz im Achter bei den Olympischen Spielen mit Maximilian Munski, Malte Jakschik, Andreas Kuffner, Eric Johannesen, Maximilian Reinelt, Felix Drahotta, Richard Schmidt, Hannes Ocik und Steuermann Martin Sauer

Weblinks

 Porträt beim Deutschland-Achter
 Deutsche Meister im Achter

Einzelnachweise

Ruderer (Deutschland)
Olympiasieger (Rudern)
Weltmeister (Rudern)
Europameister (Rudern)
Deutscher Meister (Rudern)
Olympiateilnehmer (Deutschland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Träger des Silbernen Lorbeerblattes
Sportsoldat (Bundeswehr)
Deutscher
Geboren 1988
Mann

Eric Johannesen


Atlantis is a free open-ended multi-player computer moderated fantasy turn-based strategy game for any number of players. It is played via email. The game world is populated by many races and monsters. Players may attempt to carve out huge empires, become master magicians, intrepid explorers, rich traders or any other career that comes to mind and interact with other players in trade, war and alliances. There is no declared winner of the game, players set their own objectives, and one can join at any time.

History
Russell Wallace developed the initial version and ran the first game, Atlantis 1.0 in 1993. Geoff Dunbar continued the legacy, first with the extensive playtest of Atlantis 2.0, and then the commercial game Atlantis 3.0. In 1999 Atlantis 4.0 was created by Geoff Dunbar and released under terms of GNU GPL. "AtlantisDev" Yahoo Group was formed sometime after that and Joseph Traub became the maintainer of the code. Atlantis 4.0 was later expanded on by various contributors from the AtlantisDev group.

Since 2011 development uses Git. Currently several developers contribute to server code on GitHub.

Software
 Atlantis 5 server source code. The project's GitHub repository
 Atlantis Little Helper open source GUI client
 Atlantis Crystal Ball free GUI client
 Atlantis Advisor GUI client
 AtlaClient GUI client

Running Games
 Atlantis New Origins. Version 5.2.5 game with 3 days / week turns. Started at 1 Sep 2023.
 Twilight Atlantis (Miskatonic 5). Version 4.2 game with 3 days / week turns.

External links
 The Atlantis Project contains the history of Atlantis 1–3.
 Atlantis 1.0 source code. Enno Rehling's modernized version of the original Atlantis.
 Eressea. The game Eressea started in 1996 as a clone of German Atlantis.
 PBM.COM. Greg Lindahl's PbM/PbeM Games Homepage.

Notes

1993 video games
Fantasy video games
Play-by-email video games
Open-source video games
Strategy video games

Atlantis PbeM


An Stypandra glauca in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Stypandra glauca in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stypandra, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stypandra

Stypandra glauca


The Duane Arnold Energy Center (DAEC) was Iowa's only nuclear power plant.  It is located on a  site on the west bank of the Cedar River,  north-northeast of Palo, Iowa, USA, or  northwest of Cedar Rapids.

DAEC entered operation in February 1975. On August 10, 2020, the plant cooling towers were damaged during a derecho, and repairs were deemed uneconomical, as the plant had already been scheduled for decommissioning in October 2020.

The operator and majority owner is NextEra Energy Resources (70%). The Central Iowa Power Cooperative owns 20% and the Corn Belt Power Cooperative owns 10%.

In January 2018, NextEra Energy announced that it was unlikely that DAEC would operate beyond 2025. The plant was given a 20-year license extension to 2034 but considered closing after Alliant Energy, which contracts for 70% of the plant's electricity, announced it would instead be buying electricity from subsidized sources such as wind and natural gas. In July 2018 the expected closure date was amended to October 2020.

The unit permanently ceased making power on 10 August 2020, due to storm damage from the August 2020 Midwest derecho. An NRC report of the incident stated that "the vacuum drawn in secondary containment by the standby gas treatment system was slightly below the technical specification (TS) limit", indicating that the secondary containment system might not have been fully effective had it been challenged.  Thus the incident was considered by nuclear safety experts to be "a close call".

Electricity Production
During last full year of operation in 2019, Duane Arnold generated 5,235 GWh of electricity.

History
In the late 1960s, Iowa Electric Light & Power Co. (now Alliant Energy – West), Central Iowa Power Cooperative and Corn Belt Power Cooperative applied for a nuclear plant license with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). On June 17, 1970 a construction permit was granted and work began.  The original plan was to complete construction in 40 months at an estimated cost of $250 million.

The energy center was named after Duane Arnold who grew up in Sanborn, Iowa. Arnold was educated at Grinnell College and went to work for Iowa Electric Light and Power Company in 1946. At the time of his death in 1983, at the age of 65, he was chairman of the board and CEO of that company, marrying along the way the daughter, Henrietta, of the previous chairman Sutherland Dows.  Arnold was very committed to nuclear energy despite the controversy surrounding that source of energy, and oversaw the construction and opening in 1974 of the plant that bears his name.  "In my opinion, nuclear power is the most beneficial method of anything we could possibly do to provide energy to our customers in the future," Mr. Arnold stated in a 1979 interview with the Des Moines Register, about a month after the Three Mile Island accident.

Construction was completed and the reactor reached initial criticality on March 23, 1974. The cost was $50 million over budget. Commercial operations began on February 1, 1975.  The plant was licensed for 1,658 MWt. However, power operations were restricted to 1593MWt (about 535 MWe) until plant modifications were completed in 1985 to utilize the full licensed capacity.

In May 2000, the NRC granted a license transfer of the DAEC to Nuclear Management Company LLC (NMC).  Ownership of the plant remained with Alliant, Central Iowa Power Cooperative and Corn Belt Power Cooperative, but NMC would manage the operation of the plant.

In 2001, a power uprate was approved by the NRC to 1,912 MWt.  Scheduled outages since that time have added modifications to the plant that have allowed this power level to be sustained without restrictions or challenges to nuclear or industrial safety.

On January 27, 2006, FPL Energy (a subsidiary of FPL Group) closed the sale transaction of 70 percent ownership from Alliant Energy-Interstate Power and Light. FPL Energy (now NextEra Energy Resources) also took control of the operations of the plant from NMC.

DAEC remained online during the 2008 Iowa Flood, when other power plants along the Cedar River shut down. Practice drills for radiological emergencies from the plant allowed the Linn County Emergency Management Agency to better respond to the flooding.

In December 2010, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission granted Duane Arnold a 20-year extension license lasting until 2034, taking the plant beyond the life of its original 40-year operating permit.

In July 2018, NextEra and Alliant Energy agreed to shorten their power purchase agreement by five years in return for a $110 million buyout payment from Alliant, making the expected closure date 2020.

Plant equipment
DAEC has a single GE BWR-4 reactor with a Mark I containment. Twenty-four mechanical draft cooling towers utilized water from the Cedar River as a heat sink. Facilities exist to process all contaminated water onsite and the DAEC operates with a "zero release" policy to not discharge any contaminated water back to the Cedar River. Facilities exist on site for dry storage of spent fuel with capacity for the entire life of the plant (including license renewal).

The site is scheduled for a 200 MW label capacity solar park with a 75 MW / 300 MWh (4-hour) battery by 2024. Lazard estimates that the wholesale price of replacement electricity will be $0.04/kWh, but a more realistic estimate that takes account of the 11.4% cost of capital reported by NextEra puts the wholesale price at $0.21/kWh, not including operating and decommissioning costs.

Known Problems
The Mark I containment was undersized in the original design; the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Harold Denton estimated a 90% probability of explosive failure if the pressure containment system were ever needed in a severe accident. This design flaw may have been the reason that the tsunami in 2011 led to explosions and fire in Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

Accident Analysis
In 2010, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission estimated that the risk of an earthquake causing core damage to the reactor at Duane Arnold was 1 in 31,250 each year.

In 2013, in response to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ordered Duane Arnold "to install a reliable hardened venting capability for pre-core damage and under severe accident conditions, including those involving a breach of the reactor vessel by molten core debris" due to the similarity in reactor design.

Community impact
DAEC employs hundreds of people in the Cedar Rapids area. Some of these workers are represented by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, others by Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America.

Emergency warning towers are maintained by DAEC and provide a means for tornado warnings as well as plant emergencies. The Emergency Planning organization at DAEC works with local, county, and state officials to maintain an emergency plan. The emergency plan can be found in the front of area phonebooks. Drills are conducted on a regular basis in accordance with requirements from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Tax revenues from DAEC amount to about 1% of the total revenues for Linn County, Iowa. Pleasant Creek Reservoir, a  lake, was developed by Alliant Energy and the Iowa Conservation Commission to provide a recreation area and act as a source of cooling water during times of low flow in the Cedar River.

While the DAEC site covers , only a portion of that is used for power production. The remainder is leased to farmers for crop production or is left in its natural habitat.

In 2014, the Nuclear Energy Institute released a study showing the positive impact of DAEC on the economy and environment. Key findings are listed below.
 DAEC employs nearly 600 full-time workers that earn more than double the average pay amount of workers in Benton County and approximately 55 percent more than those in Linn County
 DAEC contributes $246 million of economic activity locally and contributes approximately $255 million to Iowa's economy each year
 For every dollar DAEC spent, the Iowa economy produced $1.27
 DAEC produces more than 1,100 direct and secondary jobs
 DAEC's operation helps avoid the emission of nearly 4 million tons of carbon dioxide annually, which is the equivalent of taking almost 800,000 cars off the road

Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of , concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about , concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.

The 2010 U.S. population within  of Duane Arnold was 107,880, an increase of 8.2 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within  was 658,634, an increase of 7.1 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Cedar Rapids (10 miles to city center).

References

External links

Florida Power & Light web page on Duane Arnold
Pictures
Central Iowa Power Cooperative

Energy infrastructure completed in 1975
Buildings and structures in Linn County, Iowa
Energy in Iowa
NextEra Energy
Nuclear power plants in Iowa
1975 establishments in Iowa
Former nuclear power stations in the United States

Duane Arnold Energy Center


آي إي سي 60027:الرموز التي يتوجب استخدامها في التكنولوجيا الكهربائية  هو معيار وضعته اللجنة الدولية للتقانة الكهربائية. يتكون هذا المعيار من عدة أجزاء:
 IEC 60027-1: عام
 IEC 60027-2: اتصالات وإلكترونيات
 IEC 60027-3: كميات لوغاريتمية وأخرى ذات الصلة ووحداتها
 IEC 60027-4: رموز الكميات المستخدمة في الآلات الكهربائية الدوّارة
 IEC 60027-6: تكنولوجيا التحكم
 IEC 60027-7: كميات فسيولوجية ووحداتها

انظر أيضا
 سابقة ثنائية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 IEC 60027
 Prefixes for binary multiples

معايير آي إي سي

آي إي سي 60027


An Dendrobium cochliodes in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Dendrobium cochliodes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium cochliodes


Lupta de la Șinca a fost o acțiune militară de nivel tactic, desfășurată pe Frontul Român, în timpul campaniei din anul 1916 a participării României la Primul Război Mondial. Ea s-a desfășurat în perioada 22 septembrie/5 octombrie 1916 și a avut ca rezultat victoria forțelor germane, în ea fiind angajate forțe române din Divizia 4 Infanterie română și forțe ale Puterilor Centrale din Divizia 76 Rezervă germană, Divizia 187 Infanterie germană și Divizia 51 Honvezi ungară. A făcut parte din acțiunile militare care au avut loc în bătălia dintre Olt și Mureș .

Contextul operativ strategic

Forțe participante

Dispozitivul forțelor române

Dispozitivul forțelor inamice

Comandanți

Comandanți români
General Grigore Simionescu

Comandanți ai Puterilor Centrale
General Hugo Elstermann von Elster
General Edwin Sunkel
General Béla Tanárky

Planurile de luptă

Desfășurarea acțiunilor militare

Rezultate și urmări

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918, vol I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și

 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Bătălii de pe frontul românesc în Primul Război Mondial

Lupta de la Șinca (1916)


Un petic de cer este un film românesc din 1984 regizat de Francisc Munteanu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Gheorghe Cozorici, Gheorghe Dinică și Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan.

Rezumat

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 Gheorghe Cozorici — ing. Mihai Borza, directorul grupului de șantiere
 Gheorghe Dinică — Grozea, instructorul Comitetului Județean de Partid Hunedoara
 Ovidiu Iuliu Moldovan — ing. Zaharia, președintele Consiliului Oamenilor Muncii și secretarul organizației de partid a grupului de șantiere (menționat Ovidiu-Iuliu Moldovan)
 Jean Constantin — Gică, mecanic auto, șoferul directorului
 Stela Popescu — Gina Săceanu, secretara grupului de șantiere
 Mircea Diaconu — Ion Panait, inginer hidrotehnician stagiar originar din Suceava
 Constantin Diplan — inginer hidrotehnician, fost coleg al ing. Borza, inspector în centrala Ministerului Energiei Electrice
 Diana Lupescu — Stela, educatoare la căminul de copii al șantierului
 Ion Marinescu — Secoșan, secretarul cu probleme economice al Comitetului Județean de Partid Hunedoara
 Cristina Deleanu — Irina Borza, soția directorului
 Enikö Szilágyi — reportera cu probleme economice de la TVR
 Sebastian Papaiani — un muncitor zidar care se angajează pe șantier ca faianțar
 Ovidiu Schumacher — un muncitor zidar care se angajează pe șantier ca faianțar
 Zephi Alșec — ing. Varlam, șeful comisiei de inspecție din centrala Ministerului Energiei Electrice
 Amza Pellea — ministrul energiei electrice
 Zoltán Vadász — Moise Pleșanu, maistru hidrotehnician, prieten vechi al ing. Borza
 Alexandru Lungu — Petre Mihăilă, inginer hidrotehnician, vechi coleg de muncă al ing. Borza
 Hamdi Cerchez — Florin Caisă, funcționar la Antrepozitele Dițești
 Gheorghe Nicolae
 Liviu Oros — maistru hidrotehnician
 Mihai Clita
 Teodor Marinescu — ing. Stăncuț, proiectantul șef al hidrocentralei, membru al comisiei de inspecție
 Diana Petrescu
 Mircea Zabalon
 Sebastian Tașcă
 Florica Dinicu
 Gioni Dimitriu
 Atanase Roșca
 Traian Petruț
 Vasile Moraru
 Ion Strat
 Constantin Popescu
 Teodor Marin
 Florica Văcărescu
 Ion Neacșu
 Daniel Radu
 Dumitru Chesa — ing. Stoica, șef de schimb pe șantierul hidrocentralei (nemenționat)

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1984 în film

Filme din 1984
Filme regizate de Francisc Munteanu
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice românești
Filme Casa de Filme 5
Filme cu acțiunea pe șantier

Un petic de cer


Tibet ( bod; , Köktürkçe: 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅 Tüpüt) Orta Asya'da Tibet halkının anavatanı olan bölge. Ortalama 4.900 metrelik yükseltisiyle "Dünyanın Çatısı" diye tanınır. Kuzeyinde Çin'in Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi ve Qinghai, doğusunda Sichuan, güneyinde Hindistan, Nepal ve Bhutan vardır. Başkenti Lhasa'dır.

Bağımsızlık durumu

Tibet'in bağımsızlığını destekleyenler, geçmişte bağımsız bir krallık olan Tibet'in Çin tarafından 1950'de işgal edildiğini iddia etmektedir. Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ise bölgenin tarihi olarak Çin'e ait olduğunu, Tibet'in yalnızca 1913-1950 yılları arasında Çin'in politik nüfuzundan çıktığını düşünmektedir. 1950'de Çin, bu bölgeyi ele geçirerek politik bir özerklik verdiğini belirtmektedir. Tibet'in bağımsızlığını destekleyenler bölgedeki kültür ve zenginliklerinin "kültürel bir soykırım"a tabi tutulduğunu iddia ederken Çin hükûmeti bu "kültürel soykırım" iddialarının gerçek dışı olduğunu savunmaktadır.

1959'da Çin yönetimine karşı bir isyan başlatan Dalay Lama, barışın sağlanamamasının ardından Hindistan hükûmetinin daveti üzerine Hindistan'a gitmiştir. Günümüzde Çin ile Sürgündeki Tibet Hükümeti arasında Tibet'in ne zaman Çin'in bir parçası olduğu ve Çin'in Tibet'i egemenliği altına alma geçerliliği konusunda anlaşmazlıklar bulunmaktadır.

Coğrafya

Tibet dahil tüm modern Çin, Doğu Asya'nın bir parçası olarak kabul edilir. Tarihsel olarak, bazı Avrupa kaynakları Tibet'in bazı kısımlarının Orta Asya'da olduğunu düşündü.

Tibet, Orta Çin Ovası'nın batısındadır ve Çin anakarası içinde, Tibet,  ()'nin bir parçası olarak kabul edilir, Çin medyası tarafından genellikle "Batı Çin" anlamına gelen "Batı bölümü" olarak çevrilen bir terimdir.

Tibet, dünyanın en yüksek dağlarından bazılarına sahiptir ve bunlardan bazıları ilk on listede yer alır. Nepal sınırında bulunan Everest Dağı, 'da, dünyadaki en yüksek dağ'dır. Bazı büyük nehirlerin kaynağı Tibet Platosu'ndadır (çoğunlukla günümüz Qinghai Eyaletinde). Bunlar arasında Yangtze, Sarı Nehir, İndus Nehri, Mekong, Ganj, Salween ve Yarlung Tsangpo Nehri (Brahmaputra Nehri) vardır. Yarlung Tsangpo Nehri boyunca yer alan Yarlung Tsangpo Büyük Kanyonu, dünyanın en derin ve en uzun kanyonları arasındadır.

Tibet, Asya'nın "Su Kulesi" olarak anılır ve Çin, Tibet'teki su projelerine büyük yatırımlar yapmaktadır.

İndus ve Brahmaputra nehirleri, Batı Tibet'teki Kailash Dağı yakınlarındaki Mapam Yumco gölünün civarından doğar. Dağ hem Hindu hem de Tibetliler için kutsal bir hac yeridir. Hindular, dağı Lord Shiva'nın meskeni olarak görürler. Kailash Dağı'nın Tibetçe adı Khang Rinpoche'dir. Tibet, Tibetçe'de "tso" veya "co" olarak adlandırılan çok sayıda yüksek rakımlı göle sahiptir. Bunlar arasında Qinghai Gölü, Manasarovar Gölü, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Gölü, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Puma Yumco Gölü, Paiku Gölü, Como Chamling, Rakshastal Gölü, Dagze Co ve Dong Co yer alır. Qinghai Gölü (Koko Nor), Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'ndeki en büyük göldür.
Atmosfer yılın dokuz ayı aşırı derecede kurudur ve yıllık ortalama kar yağışı yağmur gölgesi etkisi nedeniyle yalnızca 'dir. Batı geçitleri her yıl az miktarda taze kar alır ancak tüm yıl boyunca geçilebilir durumda kalır. Düşük sıcaklıklar, kasvetli ıssızlığın alçak bir çalıdan daha büyük herhangi bir bitki örtüsü tarafından giderilmediği ve rüzgarın uçsuz bucaksız kurak düzlüklerde kontrolsüzce estiği bu batı bölgelerinde yaygındır. Hindistan muson doğu Tibet üzerinde bir miktar etkiye sahiptir. Kuzey Tibet, yazın yüksek sıcaklıklara, kışın ise yoğun soğuğa maruz kalır.

Kültürel Tibet birkaç bölgeden oluşur. Bunlar, idari olarak Qinghai, Gansu ve Sichuan eyaletlerinin bir parçası olan kuzeydoğudaki Amdo'yu ("A mdo") içerir. Güneydoğudaki Kham (Khams) batı Siçuan, kuzey Yunnan, güney Qinghai ve Tibet Özerk Bölgesi'nin doğu kısmını kapsar. Ü-Tsang (dBus gTsang) (Ü ortada, Tsang orta batıda ve Ngari ('mNga' ris) uzak batıda) Tibet Özerk Bölgesinin orta ve batı kısmını kapladı.
Tibet kültürel etkileri komşu eyaletler olan Bhutan, Nepal, Hindistan'ın Sikkim, Ladakh, Lahaul ve Spiti, Spiti gibi Hindistan'ın  bölgelerine, Kuzey Pakistan Baltistan veya Balti-yul'a ek olarak Çin'in komşu eyaletlerinde belirlenmiş Tibet özerk bölgelerine kadar uzanır.

 Tibet'te Kültür
 Budizm

Tibet'te budizm, diğer bir adıyla 'lamaizm' olarak da bilinir, la - ma (üstün) 'lük manasındadır ayrıca bir nevi rütbe belirtir. Tibet'te budizmin başlangıcı M. S. 5. yüzyıla dayanmakla beraber M. S. 7. yüzyılda Tibet Kralı Srongsten Campo ile halkın çoğunluğuna bu inanç sistemi yayılmıştır. Budizm aslında bir din değildir temel ilkeleri felsefe ve ahlak öğretileridir, herhangi bir tanrı kavramları yoktur ve özünde Brahma inanışının değiştirilmiş bir şeklidir. Tabiata tapma, nefsine hakim olma, ahlaki değerlere önem vermek Budizm sisteminin temellerini oluşturur. Tibet budizmi günümüz bilim adamlarının gruplandırmasına göre; Kuzey Budizmi (Vajrayana) olarak ele alınır ve Tibet, Moğolistan, Bhutan ve Hindistan başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede inananları vardır.

 İlgili Filmler
 'Küçük Buda, (İngilizce: Little Buddha)', (1993)
 'Tibet'te Yedi Yıl, (İngilizce: Seven Years in Tibet)', (1997)
 'Kundun', (1997)

 İlgili Belgeseller
 Asya Geçidi (İngilizce:Asian Coridor in Heaven'')

İlgili Müzikler
 Mecano, 'Aidalai'.
 Rage Against the Machine Tibetan Freedom Concert (Tibet Özgürlük Konseri)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Tibet Özerk Bölgesi
 Tibet Budizmi

Kaynakça

Tibet


In mathematics, a Casimir element (also known as a Casimir invariant or Casimir operator) is a distinguished element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra. A prototypical example is the squared angular momentum operator, which is a Casimir element of the three-dimensional rotation group.

More generally, Casimir elements can be used to refer to any element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra. The algebra of these elements is known to be isomorphic to a polynomial algebra through the Harish-Chandra isomorphism.

The Casimir element is named after Hendrik Casimir, who identified them in his description of rigid body dynamics in 1931.

Definition

The most commonly-used Casimir invariant is the quadratic invariant.  It is the simplest to define, and so is given first. However, one may also have Casimir invariants of higher order, which correspond to homogeneous symmetric polynomials of higher order.

Quadratic Casimir element

Suppose that  is an -dimensional Lie algebra. Let B be a nondegenerate bilinear form on  that is invariant under the adjoint action of  on itself, meaning that  for all X, Y, Z in . (The most typical choice of B is the Killing form if  is semisimple.)
Let

be any basis of , and

be the dual basis of  with respect to B. The Casimir element  for B is the element of the universal enveloping algebra  given by the formula

Although the definition relies on a choice of basis for the Lie algebra, it is easy to show that Ω is independent of this choice. On the other hand, Ω  does depend on the bilinear form B. The invariance of B implies that the Casimir element commutes with all elements of the Lie algebra , and hence lies in the center of the universal enveloping algebra .

Quadratic Casimir invariant of a linear representation and of a smooth action

Given a representation ρ of  on a vector space V, possibly infinite-dimensional, the Casimir invariant of ρ is defined to be ρ(Ω), the linear operator on V given by the formula

A specific form of this construction plays an important role in differential geometry and global analysis. Suppose that a connected Lie group G with Lie algebra  acts on a differentiable manifold M. Consider the corresponding representation ρ of G on the space of smooth functions on M. Then elements of  are represented by first order differential operators on M. In this situation, the Casimir invariant of ρ is the G-invariant second order differential operator on M defined by the above formula.

Specializing further, if it happens that M has a Riemannian metric on which G acts transitively by isometries, and the stabilizer subgroup Gx of a point acts irreducibly on the tangent space of M at x, then the Casimir invariant of ρ is a scalar multiple of the Laplacian operator coming from the metric.

More general Casimir invariants may also be defined, commonly occurring in the study of pseudo-differential operators in Fredholm theory.

Casimir elements of higher order

The article on universal enveloping algebras gives a detailed, precise definition of Casimir operators, and an exposition of some of their properties. All Casimir operators correspond to symmetric homogeneous polynomials in the symmetric algebra of the adjoint representation :

where  is the order of the symmetric tensor  and the  form a vector space basis of  This corresponds to a symmetric homogeneous polynomial

in  indeterminate variables  in the polynomial algebra  over a field  The reason for the symmetry follows from the PBW theorem and is discussed in much greater detail in the article on universal enveloping algebras.

Moreover, a Casimir element must belong to the center of the universal enveloping algebra, i.e. it must obey

for all basis elements
In terms of the corresponding symmetric tensor , this condition is equivalent to the tensor being invariant:

where  are the structure constants of the Lie algebra i.e. .

Properties

Uniqueness of the quadratic Casimir element

Since for a simple Lie algebra every invariant bilinear form is a multiple of the Killing form, the corresponding Casimir element is uniquely defined up to a constant. For a general semisimple Lie algebra, the space of invariant bilinear forms has one basis vector for each simple component, and hence the same is true for the space of corresponding Casimir operators.

Relation to the Laplacian on G

If  is a Lie group with Lie algebra , the  choice of a nondegenerate invariant bilinear form on  corresponds to a choice of bi-invariant Riemannian metric on . Then under the identification of the universal enveloping algebra of  with the left invariant differential operators on , the Casimir element of the bilinear form on  maps to the Laplacian of  (with respect to the corresponding bi-invariant metric).

Casimir elements and representation theory

By Racah's theorem, for a semisimple Lie algebra the dimension of the center of the universal enveloping algebra is equal to its rank. The Casimir operator gives the concept of the Laplacian on a general semisimple Lie group; but there is no unique analogue of the Laplacian, for rank > 1.

By definition any member of the center of the universal enveloping algebra commutes with all other elements in the algebra. By Schur's Lemma, in any irreducible representation of the Lie algebra, any Casimir element is thus proportional to the identity.  The eigenvalues of all Casimir elements can be used to classify the representations of the Lie algebra (and hence, also of its Lie group).

Physical mass and spin are examples of these eigenvalues, as are many other quantum numbers found in quantum mechanics. Superficially, topological quantum numbers form an exception to this pattern; although deeper theories hint that these are two facets of the same phenomenon..

Let  be the finite dimensional highest weight module of weight . Then the quadratic Casimir element  acts on  by the constant

where  is the weight defined by half the sum of the positive roots.
If  is nontrivial (i.e. if ), then this constant is nonzero. After all, since  is dominant, if , then  and , showing that . This observation plays an important role in the proof of Weyl's theorem on complete reducibility. It is also possible to prove the nonvanishing of the eigenvalue in a more abstract way—without using an explicit formula for the eigenvalue—using Cartan's criterion; see Sections 4.3 and 6.2 in the book of Humphreys.

Symmetric invariant tensors of simple Lie algebras

A Casimir element of order  corresponds to a symmetric invariant tensor of the same order via . Constructing and relating Casimir elements is equivalent to doing the same for symmetric invariant tensors.

Construction of symmetric invariant tensors

Symmetric invariant tensors may be constructed as symmetrized traces in the defining representation

where indices are raised and lowered by the Killing form, and symmetrized under all permutations.

It is also possible to construct symmetric invariant tensors from the antisymmetric invariant tensors of the type

The symmetric invariant tensor

is traceless for . Such invariant tensors are orthogonal to one another in the sense that  if .

In the case of the simple Lie algebra ,
let us introduce the fully symmetric tensor of order three  such that, in the defining representation,

Then the Sudbery symmetric invariant tensors are

Relations between symmetric invariant tensors

For a simple Lie algebra of rank , there are  algebraically independent symmetric invariant tensors. Therefore, any such tensor can be expressed in terms of  given tensors. There is a systematic method for deriving complete sets of identities between symmetric invariant tensors.

In the case of the Lie algebra , the symmetric invariant tensors  obey .
Reexpressing these tensors in terms of other families such as  or  gives rise to nontrivial relations within these other families. For example, the Sudbery tensors  may be expressed in terms of , with relations of the type

Structure constants also obey identities that are not directly related to symmetric invariant tensors, for example

Examples

Case of

The Lie algebra  consists of two-by-two complex matrices with zero trace. There are three standard basis elements, ,, and , with

The commutators are

One can show that the Casimir element is

Case of

The Lie algebra  is the Lie algebra of SO(3), the rotation group for three-dimensional Euclidean space.  It is simple of rank 1, and so it has a single independent Casimir. The Killing form for the rotation group is just the Kronecker delta, and so the Casimir invariant is simply the sum of the squares of the generators  of the algebra.  That is, the Casimir invariant is given by

Consider the irreducible representation of  in which the largest eigenvalue of  is , where the possible values of  are . The invariance of the Casimir operator implies that it is a multiple of the identity operator . This constant can be computed explicitly, giving the following result

In quantum mechanics, the scalar value  is referred to as the total angular momentum. For finite-dimensional matrix-valued representations of the rotation group,  always takes on integer values (for bosonic representations) or half-integer values (for fermionic representations).

For a given value of , the matrix representation is -dimensional. Thus, for example, the three-dimensional representation for  corresponds to , and is given by the generators

where the factors of  are needed for agreement with the physics convention (used here) that the generators should be skew-self-adjoint operators.

The quadratic Casimir invariant can then easily be computed by hand, with the result that

as  when .

This is what is meant when we say that the eigenvalues of the Casimir operator is used to classify the irreducible representations of a Lie algebra (and of an associated Lie Group Lie Group): two irreducible representations of a Lie Algebra are equivalent if and only if their Casimir element have the same eigenvalue. In this case, the irreps of  are completely determined by the value of , or equivalently, by the value of .
Similarly, the two dimensional representation has a basis given by the Pauli matrices, which correspond to spin , and one can again check the formula for the Casimir by direct computation.

See also
Harish-Chandra isomorphism
Pauli–Lubanski pseudovector
Clebsch–Gordan coefficients

References

Further reading

 https://mathoverflow.net/questions/74689/motivating-the-casimir-element

Representation theory of Lie groups
Lie algebras

Casimir element


Hadleigh er en by i Babergh distriktet, Suffolk, England, med et indbyggertal (pr. 2015) på 8.634. Byen ligger 93 km fra London. Den nævnes i Domesday Book fra 1086, hvor den kaldes Hetlega.

Referencer

Byer i England
Suffolk

Hadleigh


A credit score is a number that provides a comparative estimate of an individual's creditworthiness based on an analysis of their credit report.  It is an inexpensive and main alternative to other forms of consumer loan underwriting.

Lenders, such as banks and credit card companies, use credit scores to evaluate the risk of lending money to consumers. Lenders contend that widespread use of credit scores has made credit more widely available and less expensive for many consumers. Under the Dodd-Frank Act passed in 2010, a consumer is entitled to receive a free report of the specific credit score used if they are denied a loan, credit card or insurance due to their credit score.

History
Before credit scores, credit was evaluated using credit reports from credit bureaus. During the late 1950s, banks started using computerized credit scoring to redefine creditworthiness as abstract statistical risk. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act banned denying credit on gender or marital status in 1974, along with race, nationality, religion, age, or receipt of public assistance in 1976. Credit scoring adoption accelerated to shield against discrimination lawsuits.

During the 1970s and 80s, the credit reporting industry relentlessly consolidated and moved aggressively into prescreening. The FICO score burst into public consciousness in 1995 when Freddie Mac had lenders use credit scoring for all new mortgage applications.

Credit scoring models

Although various methods of estimating creditworthiness existed before, modern credit scoring models date to 1958, when Bill Fair and Earl Isaac created Credit Application Scoring Algorithms, their first credit scoring system.

FICO score
The FICO score was first introduced in 1989 by FICO, then called Fair, Isaac, and Company. The FICO model is used by the vast majority of banks and credit grantors, and is based on consumer credit files of the three national credit bureaus: Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. Because a consumer's credit file may contain different information at each of the bureaus, FICO scores can vary depending on which bureau provides the information to FICO to generate the score.

Makeup

Credit scores are designed to measure the risk of default by taking into account various factors in a person's financial history. Although the exact formulas for calculating credit scores are secret, FICO has disclosed the following components:

 Payment history (35%): Best described as the presence or lack of derogatory information.  Bankruptcy, settlements, charge-offs, repossessions, foreclosures, and late payments can cause a FICO score to drop.
 Debt burden (30%): This category considers a number of debt-specific measurements. According to FICO there are six different metrics in the debt category including the debt to limit ratio, number of accounts with balances, the amount owed across different types of accounts, and the amount paid down on installment loans.
 Length of credit history or "time in file" (15%): As a credit history ages it can have a positive impact on its FICO score. There are several metrics in this category, most significantly the average age of the accounts on a report and the age of the oldest account.
 Types of credit used (10%): Consumers can benefit by having a history of managing different types of credit. Examples of types of credit include installment, revolving, consumer finance and mortgage.
 Recent searches for credit (10%): Hard credit inquiries or "hard pulls," which occur when consumers apply for a credit card or loan (revolving or otherwise), can hurt scores, especially if done in great numbers. Individuals who are "rate shopping" for a mortgage, auto loan, or student loan over a short period (two weeks or 45 days, depending on the generation of FICO score used) will likely not experience a meaningful decrease in their scores as a result of these types of inquiries, as the FICO scoring model considers all of those types of hard inquiries that occur within 14 or 45 days of each other as only one. Further, mortgage, auto, and student loan inquiries do not count at all in a FICO score if they are less than 30 days old. While all credit inquiries are recorded and displayed on personal credit reports for two years, they have no effect after the first year because FICO's scoring system ignores them after 12 months. Credit inquiries that were made by the consumer (such as pulling a credit report for personal use), by an employer (for employee verification), or by companies initiating pre-screened offers of credit or insurance do not have any impact on a credit score: these are called "soft inquiries" or "soft pulls", and do not appear on a credit report used by lenders, only on personal reports. Soft inquires are not considered by credit scoring systems.

These percentages are based on the importance of the five categories for the general population. For particular groups—for example, people who have not been using credit long—the relative importance of these categories may be different.

The makeup factors are limited to the individual's past (and continuing) behavior on credit. Contrary to common misconception, other financial factors such as age, employment status, assets, or income are not accounted. However, lenders are not prohibited from asking about and accounting these factors for particular lending considerations.

Getting a higher credit limit can help a credit score. The higher the credit limit on the credit card, the lower the utilization ratio average for all of a borrower's credit card accounts. The utilization ratio is the amount owed divided by the amount extended by the creditor and the lower it is the better a FICO rating, in general. So if a person has one credit card with a used balance of $500 and a limit of $1,000 as well as another with a used balance of $700 and $2,000 limit, the average ratio is 40 percent ($1,200 total used divided by $3,000 total limits). If the first credit card company raises the limit to $2,000, the ratio lowers to 30 percent, which could boost the FICO rating.

There are other special factors that can weigh on the FICO score.

 Any money owed because of a court judgment, tax lien, etc., carries an additional penalty, especially when recent.
 Having one or more newly opened consumer finance  credit accounts may also be a negative.

Ranges
There are several types of FICO credit score: classic or generic or general-purpose score, industry-specific scores (bankcard score, auto score, mortgage score, personal finance score, and installment loan score), XD score, NextGen risk score, and UltraFICO score. The classic FICO credit score (named FICO credit score) is between 300 and 850, and 59% of people had between 700 and 850, 45% had between 740 and 850, and 1.2% of Americans held the highest FICO score (850) in 2019. According to FICO, the median FICO credit score in 2006 was 723 and 721 in 2015. The average FICO Score 8 in the US was 710 in 2020 and 716 in April 2021. The FICO bankcard score, FICO auto score, FICO personal finance score, and FICO installment loan score are between 250 and 900. The FICO Mortgage Score and FICO Score XD 2 are between 300 and 850. Higher scores indicate lower credit risk. Experian classifies FICO credit scores lower than 580 as very poor, 580–669 as fair, 670–739 as good, 740–799 as very good, and 800–850 as exceptional. Equifax considers FICO scores lower than 580 as poor, 580–669 as fair, 670–739 as good, 740–799 as very good, and 800–850 as excellent. Individuals with FICO scores less than 670 are seen as subprime borrowers.

Each individual actually has over 60 credit scores for the FICO scoring model, as each of the three national credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian and TransUnion) has its own database, but the most used are 40. Data about an individual consumer can vary from bureau to bureau. FICO scores have different names at each of the different credit reporting agencies: Equifax (Beacon), TransUnion (FICO Risk Score, Classic) and Experian (Experian/FICO Risk Model). There are several active generations of FICO credit scores: FICO 98 (1998), FICO 04 (2004), FICO 8 (2009), FICO 9 (2014), FICO 10 and FICO 10T (2020). A new type of FICO score named UltraFICO score was released in 2019. The FICO 95 credit score released in 1995 and Equifax FICO 98 scores are no longer in use.  The FICO Score XD is made with alternative data and was released in 2016. Mortgage lenders use EX FICO Score 2, EQ FICO Score 5 and TU FICO Score 4, but not a real FICO Mortgage Score. Consumers can buy their FICO scores plus credit report for Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian from the FICO website (myFICO), and they will get their FICO score 8, FICO Bankcard Score 8, FICO Auto Score 8, FICO Score 9, FICO Auto Score 9, FICO Bankcard Score 9, and other FICO scores (1998 and 2004 versions). Individuals can get up to 28 FICO scores (10 EX, 9 EQ, 9 TU) on myFICO. Consumers also can buy their FICO Score 8 for Equifax in the website for that credit bureau, and their FICO Score 8 for Experian on its website. Anyone can register and get their free EX FICO score 8 with Experian CreditWorks Basic. Other types of FICO scores cannot be obtained by individuals in a personal capacity, only by lenders. Some credit cards issued by banks and some credit unions offer a free FICO score several times per year to their cardholders.

FICO NextGen Risk Score
The FICO NextGen Risk Score is a scoring model designed by the FICO company for assessing consumer credit risk. This score was introduced in 2001 (FICO score NG1), and in 2003 (FICO score NG2) the second generation of NextGen was released. In 2004, FICO research showed a 4.4% increase in the number of accounts above cutoff while simultaneously showing a decrease in the number of bad, charge-off and bankrupt accounts when compared to FICO traditional. FICO NextGen score is between 150 and 950.

Each of the major credit agencies markets this score generated with their data differently:

 Experian: FICO Advanced Risk Score
 Equifax: Pinnacle
 TransUnion: FICO Risk Score NextGen

FICO SBSS
The FICO Small Business Scoring Service (SBSS) score is used to evaluate small business credit applicants. This score can evaluate the personal credit report of a business owner along with the business credit report of the business itself. Financial information of the business may be evaluated as well. The score range for the FICO SBSS score is 0–300. A higher score indicates less risk. Applications for SBA 7(a) loans for $350,000 or less will be prescreened using this score. A minimum score of 140 is needed to pass this prescreen, though most lenders require scores of 160 or more.

VantageScore
In 2006, to try to win business away from FICO, the three major credit-reporting agencies introduced VantageScore credit score, which differs from FICO in several ways.  According to court documents filed in the FICO v. VantageScore federal lawsuit, the VantageScore market share was less than 6% in 2006. The VantageScore methodology initially produced a score range from 501 to 990 (VantageScore 1.0 score and VantageScore 2.0 score), but VantageScore 3.0 score adopted the score range of 300–850 in 2013. The VantageScore 4.0 score was released in mid-2017 and also uses a range of 300–850. Consumers can get free VantageScores from free credit report websites, and from some credit cards issued by Capital One, American Express, U.S. Bank, Chase Bank, TD Bank, N.A., Synchrony Bank, and USAA Bank. The VantageScore 3.0 and 4.0 lower than 550 is very poor, 550–649 is poor, 650–699 is fair, 700–749 is good, and 750–850 is excellent.

CE Score
CE Score is published by CE Analytics. This score is distributed to 6,500 lenders through the Credit Plus network. It has a range of 350 to 850.

Educational credit scores
A number of scores have been developed to help consumers understand and improve their credit scores. Most were introduced before FICO began sharing details of their model and encouraging lenders to share scores with consumers. While these scores can help consumers monitor and improve their score, these scores do not replicate the FICO score and may be substantially less accurate if they use less complete data. They also assign different score ranges and rankings to consumers, which has created confusion among consumers who expect to have a single score number. Discussions on the myFICO forum and elsewhere have referred to non-FICO scores as FAKO scores.

Experian has the Plus Score between 330 and 830, and Experian's National Equivalence Score ranges from 360 to 840. Equifax has the Equifax Credit Score of between 280 and 850. CreditXpert offers a simulation score to estimate the impact of various actions on a score range of 350 to 850.

Other credit scores
Lenders may choose to use non-FICO credit scores to gain additional insight on consumers, especially those with limited traditional credit history who might be difficult to score. These scores may be added to the FICO score if they provide unique insights or used instead of the FICO score if they provide similar predictiveness. Most of these scores are based significantly on data not available through the national credit bureaus (alternative data), such as rental, utility, and telecom payment data or public record information such as property deeds and mortgages, liens, personal property titles, tax records, and licensing data.

The Credit Optics Score by SageStream blends traditional and alternative credit data with machine learning modeling techniques and ranges from 1 to 999. LexisNexis RiskView score, based on wide-ranging public records, ranges from 501 to 900. CoreLogic Credco reports on property related public records and its Anthem Credit Score ranges from 325 to 850. PRBC allows consumers to self-enroll and report their own non-debt payment history. The PRBC alternative credit score range is 100 to 850. There are also scores like ChexSystems Consumer Score designed for financial account verification services ranging from 100 to 899. The L2C (Link2Credit) score by L2C, Inc. ranges from 300 to 850. Scorelogix LLC offers the JSS Credit Score, which assesses credit risk based on job history, income, and the impact of the economy. A Behavioral Risk Score (0 to 999) is used by Comenity Bank and Comenity Capital Bank. TU CreditVision Scores and TU New Account score (300-850) are issued by TransUnion. The latter is used by WebBank.

Free annual credit report

As a result of the FACT Act (Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act), each legal U.S. resident is entitled to a free copy of his or her credit report from each credit reporting agency once every twelve months. The law requires all three agencies, Equifax, Experian, and Transunion, to provide reports. These credit reports do not contain credit scores from any of the three agencies. The three credit bureaus run Annualcreditreport.com, where users can get their free credit reports. Non-FICO credit scores are available as an add-on feature of the report for a fee. This fee is usually $7.95, as the FTC regulates this charge through the Fair Credit Reporting Act. The FTC tracks various scams and reports on other sites that provide fake credit reports or charge fees for their services. Instances of illegal behaviors by credit report services have been settled in court such as that of Experian Consumer Direct that was charged with deceptively signed people up for credit report monitoring services that charged them monthly fees.

Non-traditional uses of credit scores

Credit scores are often used in determining prices for auto and homeowner's insurance. Starting in the 1990s, the national credit reporting agencies that generate credit scores have also been generating more specialized insurance scores, which insurance companies then use to rate the insurance risk of potential customers. Studies indicate that the majority of those who are insured pay less in insurance through the use of scores. These studies point out that people with higher scores have fewer claims.

In 2009, TransUnion representatives testified before the Connecticut legislature about their practice of marketing credit score reports to employers for use in the hiring process. Legislators in at least twelve states introduced bills, and three states have passed laws, to limit the use of credit check during the hiring process.

Criticism and controversies

Credit scoring systems have garnered considerable criticism from various media outlets, debtors unions, consumer law organizations, and government officials. Discrimination against prospective employees, rejection of rental applications, racial bias, poor risk prediction, manipulation of algorithms, and overall immorality are some of the concerns raised regarding the system. The scoring system has also been studied as a form of classification to shape an individual's life-chances—a form of economic inequality. The classification scheme is necessitated by the loss of collective social services and risk. The credit scoring system in the United States is similar to the Social Credit System in China. The use of credit information in connection with applying for various types of insurance or rental applications has drawn criticism, because obtaining and maintaining employment, housing, transport, and insurance are among the basic functions of meaningful participation in modern society, and in some cases (such as auto insurance) are mandated by law.

US credit reporting companies have been accused of illegal behaviors by misstating costs and usefulness of credit scores, tricked consumers into recurring payments, and lying about reports. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) charged both Equifax, Inc. and  TransUnion with deliberate deceit of consumers about the value of the credit scores sold, as they were caught providing different scores to consumers than what was being provided to lenders. They were also charged with deceit by charging recurring fees to those enrolled in trial services. The agencies were required to pay $23 million in fines and restitution.

Equifax agreed to a settlement of $575 million with the Federal Trade Commission, the CFPB, and states related to a data breach that occurred in 2017 where 147 million people were affected by their personal information being exposed.

In 2020, a Pennsylvania man filed a lawsuit against TransUnion over being mislabeled as a terrorist due to having the same first name as suspected terrorists. This was not the first instance as similar events occurred in 2007 in Colorado where a woman's credit report labeled her as a drug trafficker, and in 2017 in California where multiple people had their credit reports sold to a car dealership that labeled them as terrorists.

See also
 Alternative data
 Bankruptcy risk score
 Comparison of free credit report websites
 Credit scorecards
 Seasoned tradeline
 Social Credit System

References

External links

 "Credit Scores: What You Should Know About Your Own", by Malgorzata Wozniacka and Snigdha Sen (November 2004). Frontline. PBS.

Credit scoring
Personal finance

Credit score in the United States


كود واريو (بالإنجليزية: Code Warrior) هي بيئة تطوير متكاملة لأنظمة التشغيل مثل ويندوز، لينوكس، ماكنتوش، سولاريس ويمكن استعمالها لبرمجة الأنظمة المضمنة أيضا. تم تطوير وتسويق هذة البيئة بواسطة شركة فرى سكال لأشباة الموصلات الأميريكية، عدلت نسخة من تلك البيئة لتصلح للتعامل مع بلاي ستيشن 2 ونينتندو جيم كيوب ونينتندو دي إس
وأنظمة التشغيل بالم و BeOs في حين يمكن استخدامها كمصرف للغة السى والسى بلس بلس، تطورت هذة البيئة لتشمل لغات باسكال وباسكال كائنية التوجه وأخيرا أصبحت تدعم لغة الجافا

التاريخ

كود واريو صمم في الأصل بواسطة شركة مترو ووركس الأميريكية الذي اعتمدت في تصميمها على مصرف (برمجة) لغة السى، أستهدفت النسخة الأولى من كود واريو جهاز الكمبيوتر الشخصى (ماكنتوش)

في ذلك الوقت، استطاعت تلك البيئة الجديدة أن تكون المفتاح السحرى في تحول شركة أبل من معالجات موتورولا إلى معالجات باور بي سي حيث وفرت لأبل مصرف عالى الأداء ذو معمارية RISC

في عام 1995 بدأت شركة مترو ووركس في توجيه اهتمامها نحو الأنظمة المضمنة، وبدأت أيضا في توجية جزء من اهتماماتها لإنتاج مصرف (برمجة) للحاسوب الشخصى

مع نهاية شهر يوليو من عام 2005 أعلنت متررو وركس أنها ستوقف طرح إصدارات جديدة من البيئة الداعمة لماكنتوش بعد طرحها الإصدار القادم، عقب هذا الإعلان إنهارت مبيعات البيئة أنهيارا ملحوظا كان من أقوى أسبابه طرح آبل لبيئة تطويرية مجانية مع نظام تشغيلهل المعتمد ماك أو.إس عشرة

أصل التسمية

خلال عام 1990 أصرت شركة أبل مجموعة اسطوانات تحتوى على موارد لبرمجة ماكنتوش، غير أن الملفت للنظر بشدة كان ان العناوين التي ظهرت تلك الإسطوانت تحملها كانت غريبة في نظر الكثيرين، فعلى سبيل المثال، "Hexorcist" (التعويذي)، «لورد للملفات» (لورد من الذباب)، «الغوريلات في القرص»(الغوريلات في السحب)، وغير ذلك

واحدة من هذه (الإصدار 9) ظهر تحت عنوان «كود واريور» (كود المحارب)، في إشارة إلى فيلم «الطريق المحارب». إلا أن مبيعات هذا الجزء لم تلبث أن انحسرت سريعا، مما جعل مدير شركة مترو ووركس يفكر في إطلاق منتجه الجديد بهذا اللاسم وكان يستعد لطرح البيئة الجديدة في الأسواق.

انظر أيضا
 مصرف (برمجة)
 برمجة كائنية التوجه
 باور بي سي

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
الموقع الرسمى

برمجيات ماك أو أس الكلاسيكي
برمجيات ماك أو إس
بنية الحاسوب
بيئات تطوير متكاملة
محررات نصوص لنظام ماك أو إس

كود واريور


Vaccinul antitetanos, cunoscut și sub numele de toxiocoida tetanică (TT), este un vaccin utilizat la prevenirea tetanosului. Pe timpul copilăriei se recomandă cinci doze, urmată de doze suplimentare la fiecare zece ani. Aproape toate persoanele sunt imune după trei doze. Persoanelor care nu sunt la curent cu vaccinul antitetanos trebuie să li se administreze o doză de antitetanos de rapel în primele 48 de ore de la accidentare/rănire. Antitoxina tetanică este, de asemenea, recomandată celor cu un risc ridicat de rănire și care nu sunt imunizați complet. Tetanosul neonatal poate fi prevenit prin asigurarea faptului că femeile însărcinate sunt la curent cu vaccinul antitetanos și dacă nu sunt, atunci trebuie vaccinate.

Acest vaccin este sigur atât pentru femeile însărcinate cât și pentru cei cu HIV/SIDA. Între 25 și 85 la sută din persoanele vaccinate vor simți înroșire și durere la locul injecției. Mai puțin de 1% din persoanele vaccinate se vor confrunta cu febră, senzație de oboseală și dureri minore de mușchi. Reacții alergice severe se găsesc în mai puțin de o persoană din 100 000.

Vaccinul antitetanos este combinat în mai multe vaccinuri cum ar fi  DTaP și Tdap care conține vaccinul antidifteric, antitetanos, and vaccinul antipertussis, și DT și Td care conțin vaccinele antidifteria și antitetanos. DTaP și DT sunt administrate copiilor sub vârsta de șapte ani în timp ce Tdap și Td sunt administrate celor peste șapte ani. Literele mici d și p înseamnă doze mai puțin puternice de vaccine antidifterie și antipertussis.

Vaccinul antitetanos a fost disponibil în Statele Unite ale Americii din anii 1940. Acesta a condus la o scădere de 95% a ratei de tetanos. Acest vaccin se află pe Lista medicamentelor esențiale ale Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății, lista celor mai importante medicamente recomandate pentru un sistem de sănătate. În 2014, costul cu ridicata era între 0,17 și 0,65 USD pe doză. Costul în Statele Unite ale Americii este între 25 și 50 USD.

Referințe

Tetanos
Medicamente esențiale listate de OMS

Vaccin antitetanos


Common Object Request Broker Architecture, kısaca CORBA, (Türkçe: Ortak Nesne İstem Aracısı Mimarisi), Nesne Yönetim Grubunun'nun (OMG) Nesne Yönetim Mimarisi'nin (OMA) ana bileşenlerinden birisidir. Nesne Yönetim Mimarisi Nesne Modeli ve Referans Modelinden oluşur. Nesne Modeli heterojen bir ortamda dağılmış nesnelerin nasıl tanımlanabileceğini belirler. Referans Modeli ise nesneler arası etkileşimleri tanımlar. Dolayısıyla Nesne Yönetim Mimarisi heterojen ortamlara dağılmış beraber işleyebilen dağıtık nesnelerin geliştirilmesine ve konuşlandırılmasına yardımcı olur. CORBA sayesinde programcılar kullandıkları nesnelerin hangi dilde yazıldığına, dağıtık olup olmadıklarına, işletim sistemlerine ve iletişim protokollerine bakmaksızın programları geliştirebilirler.

CORBA'nın ana bileşenleri ORB çekirdeği, OMG ara yüz dili (OMG IDL), taşınabilir nesne adaptörüdür (POA).

ORB çekirdeği
ORB istemci nesnelerin yarattığı istemleri sunucu nesnelere yönlendirip, sunucu nesnelerin cevaplarını istemci nesnelere iletir.

Nesne yönelimli programlama
Bileşen tabanlı yazılım mühendisliği

CORBA


Denizin Dişleri (özgün adı: Jaws) 1975 ABD yapımı gerilim filmidir. Özgün adı Jaws (Çene, Ağız) olan ve Peter Benchley'in 1974 tarihli, çok satan romanından uyarlanan filmi Steven Spielberg yönetmiş, Roy Scheider, Richard Dreyfuss ve Robert Shaw baş rolde oynamıştır.

ABD'nin Massachusetts eyaletindeki Martha's Vineyard adasında çekilen filmin tema müziğini John Williams bestelemiştir.

Jaws filmi Türkiye'de, ABD'de yayınlanışından 5,5 yıl sonra, 26 Ocak 1981 tarihinde vizyona girmiştir.

Jaws filmini, Jeannot Szwarc'ın yönettiği "Jaws 2", Joe Alves'in yönettiği "Jaws 3-D" ve Joseph Sargent'ın yönettiği "Jaws: The Revenge" adlı üç devam filmi izlemiştir.

"Jaws", 2001 yılında Kongre Kütüphanesi tarafından, "kültürel, tarihi ve estetik açıdan dikkate değer" bulunarak ABD Ulusal Film Arşivi'nde muhafaza edilmesine karar verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1975 çıkışlı korku filmleri
1970'lerde aksiyon gerilim filmleri
1970'lerde aksiyon macera filmleri
1970'lerde macera-gerilim filmleri
1970'lerde İngilizce filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri canavar filmleri
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Amerika Birleşik Devletleri felaket filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri doğal korku filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ulusal Film Arşivi filmleri
Deniz macerası filmleri
Steven Spielberg'in yönettiği filmler
Bill Butler'ın görüntülediği filmler
David Brown'ın yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Richard D. Zanuck'un yapımcısı olduğu filmler
John Williams'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
Carl Gottlieb'in senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
Amerikan gerilim romanlarından uyarlanan filmler
Peter Benchley'in eserlerinden uyarlanan filmler
Bağımsızlık Günü (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) ile ilgili filmler
Köpekbalığı saldırıları ile ilgili filmler
Polis memurları ile ilgili filmler
Konusu Massachusetts'te geçen filmler
Konusu kurgusal bir adada geçen filmler
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1974'te geçen filmler
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Martha's Vineyard
The Zanuck Company filmleri
Universal Pictures filmleri
En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü kazanan filmler
En İyi Ses Miksajı Akademi Ödülü kazanan filmler
Hayvan korku filmleri

Denizin Dişleri