Das Universitätshauptgebäude der Universität Greifswald befindet sich in der Domstraße 11 in Greifswald südlich des Rubenow-Platzes. Der spätbarocke, klassizistisch überprägte Bau aus der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts ist der Sitz des Rektors und der Verwaltung der Hochschule und ein kunsthistorischer Anziehungspunkt der Stadt. Das Gebäude steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Baugeschichte und Ausstattung
Ein Vorgängerbau, den der pommersche Herzog Ernst Ludwig in Auftrag gegeben hatte, wurde ab 1591 als erstes eigenständiges Universitätsgebäude errichtet. 1597 wurde das Gebäude eröffnet, die Bauarbeiten dauerten noch rund 20 Jahre an. Der dreigeschossige, sogenannte Ernst-Ludwig-Bau, der neben Hörsälen, Bibliothek und Konzilsaal auch Wohnungen für Professoren enthielt, gehörte zu den wenigen Großbauten im Stil der Renaissance in Pommern. Nachdem das alte Hauptgebäude zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts baufällig geworden war und den akademischen Bedürfnissen nicht mehr entsprach, wurde der Greifswalder Wissenschaftler und Baumeister Andreas Mayer mit einem Neubau beauftragt. Zwischen 1747 und 1750 wurde auf den Grundmauern ein neues Hauptgebäude nach Entwürfen Mayers errichtet. Die feierliche Einweihung fand am 28. April 1750 statt, zum Geburtstag des damaligen Landesherrn Schwedisch-Pommerns, des Königs Friedrich von Schweden. Mayer erhielt für den Prachtbau mit Bildhauer- und Steinmetzarbeiten, Vergoldungen und Malereien weniger Lob als Tadel, denn man warf ihm eigenmächtiges Handeln bei der Umgestaltung der ursprünglichen Pläne vor, was zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der Kosten geführt hatte.

Das Hauptgebäude ist ein dreigeschossiger Rechteckbau von 23 Achsen aus verputztem Backstein. Im Mansarddach befinden sich Gauben mit segmentbogigem Abschluss. Die Südseite ist dem Hof zugewandt. Ihre Mitte ist durch einen dreiachsigen Risalit betont, der in den oberen Etagen durch Pilaster mit Volutenkapitellen gegliedert ist. Diese tragen einen Architrav sowie ein Gesims mit Zahnschnittleiste. Bekrönt wird das ganze durch das Wappen der pommerschen Herzöge und zwei Vasen. 1885 wurden die zwei vorspringenden Treppenhäuser angebaut. Durch Faschen sind die Fenster der beiden Obergeschosse der sieben mittleren Achsen verbunden. Im ersten Obergeschoss schließen die Fenster halbrund, im zweiten segmentbogig ab. Dazwischen befinden sich gerahmte Putzspiegel.

Die Nordseite ist ähnlich gestaltet, dabei schlichter und flächiger. Sie wurde 1831 und 1832 im Stil des Klassizismus überformt. Im Giebelfeld über den drei mittleren Achsen befindet sich, von zwei wilden Männern gestützt, das preußische Wappen. Es wurde 1815 nach dem Übergang Schwedisch-Pommerns an Preußen anstelle des schwedischen Wappens angebracht.

Nach den ästhetischen Prinzipien des Barocks gliederte Andreas Mayer den Grundriss des langgestreckten Gebäudes mit einer strengen Mittelachse, an die sich beiderseits alle Räume anschließen. Zwischen 1882 und 1888 wurde das Innere umfassend durchgestaltet. Im mittleren Teil befinden sich Hörsäle sowie der seit 1882 als Aula genutzte barocke ehemalige Bibliothekssaal. Dessen plastischer Schmuck wurde von dem Stralsunder Bildhauer Jakob Freese geschaffen. Eine Galerie, deren Brüstung mit Putten und Vasen bekrönt ist, wird von 24 marmorierten, paarweise angeordneten ionischen Holzsäulen getragen. Zwischen den zwölf Säulenpaaren befinden sich Hermen, die die neun Musen sowie die Götter Apoll, Minerva und Merkur darstellen. An der Decke wird Stuck durch die Bemalung imitiert.

Das einstige Auditorium maximum, 1882 in ein gesondertes Hörsaalgebäude umgezogen, wurde 2006 als Konzilsaal wiederhergestellt. Dort befindet sich eine Galerie mit 32 Porträts Greifswalder Rektoren und Dekane, die Wilhelm Titel zwischen 1831 und 1855 anfertigte. Ein Gedenkstein mit Relieffigur für Herzog Ernst Ludwig aus der Zeit zwischen 1580 und 1590 stammt wahrscheinlich aus dem Umkreis der Werkstatt von Philipp Brandin. Heinrich Vogeler schuf 1906 den Rektorstuhl in barockisierenden Jugendstilformen. Am östlichen Gebäudeende befindet sich ein Raum mit einem Kreuzgratgewölbe, in dem sich das Universitätsarchiv von 1754 bis 1999 befand. Ein Wappenstein des Herzogs Philipp I. aus dem Schloss Wolgast, 1551 geschaffen von Paul van Hove, befindet sich im Treppenhaus zum Rektorat, ebenso eine Tafel mit Inschrift zur Einweihung des Gebäudes mit Rahmen aus weißem Marmor und einer Kartusche mit dem schwedischen Königswappen, die 1751 von Jakob Freese hergestellt wurde.

Ab 2003 erfolgte eine umfangreiche Grundsanierung des Universitätshauptgebäudes, in deren Folge ein großer Teil der Verwaltung hier einzog. Neben der Durchführung aufwendiger Restaurierungsarbeiten wurden barrierefreie Zugänge zu allen Räumlichkeiten hergestellt. Anlässlich der 550-Jahr-Feier erfolgte 2006 die Neueröffnung der restaurierten Aula in Anwesenheit des schwedischen Königin Silvia.

Literatur
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Hrsg.): Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Vorpommersche Küstenregion. Henschel Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-89487-222-5, Seite 411–414.
 Hannelore Kuna: Kleine Universitätsgeschichte Greifswald. Haff Verlag, 2011, ISBN 9783942916776, S. 14–18 (Google books).
 Michael Lissok (Hrsg.): Das steinerne Antlitz der Alma mater : die Bauten der Universität Greifswald 1456 - 2006. Lukas Verlag, 2006, ISBN 	3936872929.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Universität Greifswald
Baudenkmal in Greifswald
Bauwerk in Greifswald
Barockbauwerk in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Erbaut in den 1750er Jahren
Greifswald, Hauptgebaude Universitat

Universitätshauptgebäude (Greifswald)


Henry de Malherbe, né le  à Ajaccio et décédé le  à Cahuzac, est un joueur français de rugby à XV, ayant notamment évolué au CASG et à la Section paloise et compte deux sélections en équipe de France. Il évoluait au poste de troisième ligne.

Biographie
Henri de Malherbe a porté le maillot de la Section paloise dont il fut le capitaine, du CASG, du SCUF et du RC Vichy. Il compte deux sélections en équipe de France en 1932 et 1933, pour deux matchs gagnés contre l'Allemagne.

Sa passion pour ce sport l'avait amené à interrompre ses études commerciales.

Après sa retraite sportive, il devint entraîneur puis président du SC Mazamet de 1941 à 1943.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1910
Naissance à Ajaccio
Joueur international français de rugby à XV
Troisième ligne aile (rugby à XV)
Joueur de la Section paloise
Joueur du SC Mazamet
Joueur du CASG Paris
Décès en août 2006
Décès dans le département du Tarn
Décès à 96 ans

Henry de Malherbe


Sortilege may refer to:

 Cleromancy, divination by casting lots
 Sortes (ancient Rome)
 Sortilège, a liqueur made from Canadian whisky and maple syrup
 Sortilège (band), a French heavy metal band
 Sortilège (EP), 1983

See also
 Sorcery (disambiguation)
 L'enfant et les sortilèges, a 1925 opera by Maurice Ravel with libretto by Colette
 Sortilèges, a 1945 French film directed by Christian-Jaque
 Sortilegio, a Mexican telenovela produced by Carla Estrada for Televisa in 2009

Sortilege


Georg Blank (* 17. Oktober 1887 in Von der Heydt; † 16. September 1966 in Dudweiler) war ein deutscher Jurist, Politiker der Demokratischen Partei Saar (DPS) und zweiter Bürgermeister der Stadt Neunkirchen.

Leben
Georg Blank studierte Rechtswissenschaft und legte seine Erste Staatsprüfung 1913 in Straßburg ab. Von 1915 bis 1918 diente er als Soldat im Ersten Weltkrieg. 1920 legte er die Große Staatsprüfung ab und
arbeitete vom 1. Februar 1921 bis zum 31. Januar 1922 als Kreissyndikus in Ottweiler. Anschließend arbeitete er bis zum 31. Mai 1926 als Beigeordneter des Neunkircher Bürgermeisters Hermann Ludwig. Als dessen Nachfolger wurde er am 1. Juni 1926 zum zweiten Bürgermeister nach der Stadtwerdung. In seine Amtsperiode fiel unter anderem die Gasometerexplosion von 1933, deren Auswirkungen er lindern musste. Zudem leitete er den Abstimmungskampf an der Saar und war für die Durchführung der Saarabstimmung verantwortlich. Nach dem erfolgten Anschluss an das Deutsche Reich wurde er am 29. August 1935 aus dem Amt gedrängt. Sein Nachfolger wurde Hans Ruppersberg, der bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt Bürgermeister von Homburg war. Blank wurde auf Empfehlung der NSDAP in den Ruhestand versetzt und erhielt bis zum Kriegsende Pensionszahlungen von der Stadt Neunkirchen.

Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde er am 2. April 1945 vom Kreiskommandanten wieder eingesetzt, verabschiedete sich aber bereits am 10. Mai 1945 aus gesundheitlichen Gründen aus dem Amt. Er arbeitete anschließend als Rechtsanwalt und Steuerberater in Saarbrücken. Politisch engagierte er sich in der Demokratischen Partei Saar, für die er im ersten Landtag des Saarlandes saß. Insgesamt blieb er von 1946 bis 1952 Mitglied des Landtages, schied jedoch bereits 1950 aus der DPS aus und schloss sich mit den beiden anderen Landtagsabgeordneten der DPS zur Demokratischen Fraktion zusammen.

Blank verstarb am 16. September 1966 in Dudweiler.

Literatur

Weblinks

Bürgermeister (Neunkirchen, Saar)
Landtagsabgeordneter (Saarland)
FDP-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1966
Mann

Georg Blank (Jurist)


Olaylar
 Tâhirîler hanedanı sona erdi (kuruluşu 821).

Doğumlar
 31 Temmuz - Ubeydullâh el-Mehdî, Fâtımîler Devleti'nin kurucusu ve ilk İsmâilî imamı (ö. 934)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Ebü'l Hasan Eş'arî, Eşarilik itikadi mezhebinin kurucusu (ö. 935)

Ölümler
 Huneyn bin İshak, Abbasi döneminde yaşamış ünlü bir mütercim ve hekim (d. 810)
 İvar Ragnarsson, yarı efsanevi Dublin kralı ve ünlü Viking savaşçısı Ragnar Lodbrok'un oğlu
 Kindî, felsefe, tıp, matematik astronomi, ilahiyat, psikoloji, fizik, kimya ve müziğe kadar pek çok bilim dalında eser yazan Arap bilim insanı (d. 801)

873


Lyra's Oxford is a 2003 novella by Philip Pullman depicting an episode involving the heroine of His Dark Materials, Pullman's best-selling trilogy. Lyra's Oxford is set when Lyra Belacqua is 15, two years after the end of the trilogy.

The book consists mainly of an illustrated short story, "Lyra and the Birds". A fold-out map of "Oxford by Train, River and Zeppelin" is bound in the book, a fictional map of Oxford that exists in Lyra's world. It also includes some advertisements for books and travellers' catalogues. Two pages from a Baedeker published in Lyra's world (including entries for the Eagle Ironworks, the Oxford Canal, the Fell Press and the Oratory of St Barnabas the Chymist, all in the Jericho area of Lyra's Oxford), a postcard from the character Mary Malone, and a brochure for the cruise ship Zenobia are also included. The postcard contains four images of sites in the His Dark Materials trilogy: the physics lab in which Mary Malone works, the house occupied by Lord Boreal, the row of hornbeam trees where Will first discovered a window between the worlds, and the bench where Lyra and Will have pledged to visit each other in spirit once a year.

The preface by Pullman begins:

"Lyra and the Birds" plot summary
Lyra is looking at a flock of birds from the tower of Jordan College in her Oxford, when she notices that the birds are attacking what turns out to be a dæmon in the shape of a fellow bird. This dæmon must be a witch's because there is no human near. Lyra saves the dæmon, called Ragi, from the flock, and he urges Lyra to help him find a man called Sebastian Makepeace. Lyra cleverly figures out where to find him and that he is the last remaining alchemist, and promises Ragi to bring him to the alchemist after school. In the evening, Lyra escapes from St Sophia's School and leads Ragi from outside Jordan College (Turl Street) to Juxon Street where Sebastian Makepeace lives. Ragi flies above Lyra and hides on roofs to avoid suspicion. On the way, Ragi is attacked by some pigeons, but manages to save himself. Ragi also tells Lyra why he needs Sebastian Makepeace's help: his witch, Yelena Pazhets, is seriously ill. This new illness causes witches to die while not affecting their dæmons, leaving them alive and lonely after their witch's death. Lyra is shocked by this.

Reaching Makepeace's house at the end of Juxon Street, near the Oxford Canal, Lyra's dæmon Pantalaimon manages to look through Makepeace's window without being noticed by Ragi. Pan sees the alchemist lying on the floor and witch's instruments nearby. Sensing something is wrong, Lyra continues walking, past Makepeace's house, at which Ragi cries for his witch. Lyra realises it was a trap and now finds herself being attacked by the witch. She moves towards the canal and decides to fight the witch, because this is what Will would do.

When Yelena charges, a swan rushes past Lyra and attacks her. Yelena dies shortly after. Lyra carries the swan back to the canal, after which a recovered Sebastian Makepeace takes her into his house and explains that Yelena wanted to kill Lyra and blame him for the murder: Yelena was once Sebastian's lover and their son died in the war that was waged in The Amber Spyglass. Yelena blamed Lyra for her son's death. The dead witch Yelena in the middle of the street caused some consternation; Sebastian helps Lyra to get away unnoticed. Lyra returns to St Sophia's. Back home, Lyra and Pan contemplate the day's events: the birds were actually helping her, and, looking for some meaning behind the events, Lyra feels that Oxford is protecting her.

References

2003 short stories
His Dark Materials books
Short stories by Philip Pullman
Fantasy short stories
Novels set in University of Oxford
Alfred A. Knopf books
2003 children's books

es:El Oxford de Lyra

Lyra's Oxford


Carl Theodor Zahle (19 January 1866 in Roskilde – 3 February 1946 in Copenhagen), was a Danish lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1909 to 1910 and again from 1913 to 1920. In 1895, he was elected as a member of the lower chamber of the Danish parliament, the Folketing, for the Liberal Party (Venstrereformpartiet). A campaigner for peace, in 1905 he co-founded the Social Liberal Party (Det Radikale Venstre) together with other (mostly pacifistic) disgruntled members of Venstrereformpartiet. He continued on as a member of the Folketinget for Det Radikale Venstre until 1928, when he became a member of the upper chamber of parliament (Landsting). In 1929 he became Justice Minister, a post which he held until 1935.

Zahle was instrumental in starting negotiations for a new Danish–Icelandic Act of Union (Dansk-Islandsk Forbundslov) in 1917, which resulted in Iceland being recognized as a sovereign nation in a personal union with the king of Denmark the following year.

Early life
C. Th. Zahle was born in Roskilde as the son of cobbler Christian Lauritz Gottlieb Zahle and his wife Karen Emilie. He was interested in politics already in high school and saw himself as a convinced democrat in opposition to the Estrup government. He took a degree in law in 1890 and worked for some time at newspapers for instance the newspaper Politiken. In 1894 he passed the bar exam to the high courts.

Political career
In 1895 he was elected to the lower house of the Danish Rigsdag in the Ringsted election district. He won the seat and kept it in subsequent elections until 1928 where he was elected to the upper house of parliament. He kept his seat there until 1939. He was a co-founder of the Left Reform Party (Venstrereformpartiet) in 1895 and became a member of the parliamentary finance committee in 1901.

After disagreements with party leader Jens Christian Christensen (1856–1930) on the defence budget Zahle broke with his party and co-founded the Social Liberal Party (Det Radikale Venstre) in 1905 and became the first chairman of the new party. In 1909 he was able to form a minority government but had to resign as prime minister the year later following an electoral defeat for his party. In 1911 he became mayor of Stege. In 1913 the Social Liberal Party and the Social Democrats got a majority in the lower house and Zahle was able to form a government backed by the Social Democrats. This government was in office until 1920.

Zahle was prime minister during World War I and the main objective for his administration during the war was to keep Denmark neutral. Zahle succeeded in this thanks to foreign minister Erik Scavenius (1877–1962). Although Denmark was neutral the war meant a scarcity of goods and materials and regulation of the economy became necessary. Danish foreign minister Ove Rode (1867–1933) was in charge of these policies.

After the war the opposition had accumulated great anger towards the Zahle government. The government was accused of having been too friendly towards Germany during the war and the economic regulations limited the profits of business life. On top of that came the question about northern Schleswig and in particular Flensburg in Southern Schleswig. A referendum was held on the return of parts of Schleswig to Denmark from Germany and it was demanded that Germany should cede the city of Flensburg with no regards to the result of the referendum. Zahle refused to call for an election on this question and was deposed by King Christian X in 1920. This resulted in the Easter Crisis of 1920 (Påskekrisen 1920) where social liberals, social democrats and socialists saw the king's dismissal of Zahle as unconstitutional.

Zahle never became prime minister again but he became minister of justice under Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning (1873–1942) from 1929 to 1935. He held this portfolio in his own governments and had worked for legal reforms. From 1936 to 1939 he was speaker of the upper house. From 1936 until 1945 he was a board member of nationwide daily Politiken.

References

Related reading
 Af Jan Baltzersen (2005)  Denmark and Southern Jutland during the First World War (Dansk Center for Byhistorie)

External links
Carl Theodor Zahle Memory Stone
Danish Wikipedia on Carl Theodor Zahle

1866 births
1946 deaths
Danish Justice Ministers
Prime Ministers of Denmark
Speakers of the Landsting (Denmark)
People from Roskilde
Danish Social Liberal Party politicians
20th-century Danish politicians
Leaders of the Danish Social Liberal Party

Carl Theodor Zahle


Broadwaysko kazalište predstavlja skup od četrdesetak profesionalnih kazališnih kuća u Kazališnom okrugu na njujorškom Manhattanu te se zajedno s londonskim West Endom ubraja u najcjenjenija tržišno usmjerena kazališta engleskog govornog područja. Kazališta su smještena duž glasovite Široke ulice (Broadwaya) i jedna su od ikona američke popularne kulture, koja vrhunac svoje popularnosti dosežu pedestih godina 20. stoljeća izvođenjem vodvilja i sličnih glazbeno-scenskih uprizorenja lakoga sadržaja. Nasuprot takvom repertoaru, osnivaju se i manja, tzv. »Off-Broadway« kazališta, manjega kapaciteta i sklonija avangardnom repertoaru.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

New York
Kazalište

Broadwaysko kazalište


Aderus subrufus é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por George Charles Champion em 1924.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita na Índia.

Referências

subrufus
Coleópteros da Índia
Insetos descritos em 1924
Espécies descritas por George Charles Champion

Aderus subrufus


معالج إنتل الأساسي آي7  هو منتج من الجيل التالي ل Nehalem architecture. كان الأكثر تعقيدا في العالم. ويعتبر واحدًا من أسرع المعالجات والأكثر ترحيبا في مجتمع ال IT كتقنية مدهشة.

جديد Intel
وهو أول مرة تقوم شركة Intel بإنتاج هكذا معالج على دارة واحدة (حيث أنه يحتوي أربع نوى) لتقوم بتسويقه للحواسب الشخصية. فقد كانت المعالجات ذات الأربع نوى من قبل تكون موجودة على قالبين منفصلين. هذه التقنية الجديدة عززت الأداء المطلوب وزادت الحد الأعلى للإنتاجية. وهذا أيضا الاتجاه السائد ل Intel بالنسبة لمتحكم الذاكرة المدمج.

Intel
قالت شركة Intel أن هذا المعالج Core i7 أفضل معالج لحاسب شخصي في العالم. حيث أنه عبر الجمع بين طريقتي (turbo boost) و(Intel Hyper Threading) أصبحت قادرة على إعطاء المستخدمين القدرة للقيام بمهام لتطبيقات عديدة بشكل أسرع.

حيث أنها صرحت

According to Patrick Gelsinger, senior vice president and general manager of Intel's Digital Enterprise Group, "Intel has delivered the fastest desktop processor on Earth to the most demanding users on Earth, the ones who are using their PCs for video, gaming and music. "When you couple what is Intel's biggest leap in chip design with other incredible innovations like Intel's solid state drives, the Core i7 processor has redefined the computer of tomorrow."

التغييرات التي طرأت
يوجد ثلاث تغييرات أساسية في بينة Core i7: ذاكرة أسرع، Hyper threading (التعامل مع عدة تطبيقات بآن واحد، وTurbo mode.
في مركز البنيان الجديد يوجد تغيير في الطريقة التي تعتمدها الرقاقة للوصول إلى الذاكرة، حيث أن المعالج Core i7 يقوم باستقبال المعلومات مباشرة من RAM System. وذلك عوضا عن اتصال ال CPU مع الذاكرة عبر front side bus. في الحقيقة هذه التقنية الجديدة هي من ابتكار AMD حيث أنه اكتشف المتحكم المدمج قبل بضع سنوات قليلة. وهذه التقنية الجديدة يجدها المستخدمون مفيدة جدا في التطبيقات التي تعتبر الوصول إلى الذاكرة ركن أساسي من عملها.
تقنية الربط السريع التي تستخدمها Intel تجعل ال i7 processor يقوم بنقل البيانات المرسلة أسرع كالمستقبلة.
Core i7: يملك خابية(cache) مؤلفة من المستوى الثالث (أي L3) حجمها 8MB مع نظام نفاذ فرعي فعال، من خلال متحكم ذاكرة مدمج يحوي ثلاث قنوات DDR3 memory ذات سرعة 1066 MHz memory والتي تنتج بالنهاية عرض معطيات يصل إلى 25.6 GB/sec.
إن عرض المعطيات الكبير مع تأخير أقل يعتبر شيء عظيم حيث يقوم بتزويدنا بأداء مدهش للتطبيقات ذات المعطيات الكثيفة.

The hyper-threading
هذه الميزة تعطينا السماحية بتفعيل 8 threads بنفس الوقت (أي يمكننا القول 8 برامج). أي أن الأداء لأي شيء يستخدم هذا المعالج سوف يكون ممتاز: التي تحتوي ألعاب، مقاطع فيديو وكل التطبيقات الآخرى على الحاسب والإنترنت. بالمقارنة بين هذا المعالج والمعالجات السابقة التي أنتجتها شركة Intel، فإن هذا المعالج الجديد أسرع ب 40 مرة ولا يستهلك أي طاقة إضافية. هذه التقنية في حفظ الطاقة كانت موجودة سابقا على الورق فقط أما الآن فهي موجودة في الحواسب الشخصية التي تعتمد Intel core i7.

Intel i7 processor's Turbo Boost technology
هذه التقنية تتيح التعديل في السرعة بشكل حركي(Dynamic). هذه الرقاقة قادرة على التوقف بتزويد الطاقة لنواة غير مستخدمة وتزويد كل هذه الطاقة لنواة مستخدمة، بحيث تجعلها تعمل بشكل أسرع، والعمل بالسرعة القصوى للتطبيقات التي تحتاج هذه السرعة.
مع هذه التقنية الذكية متعددة النوى فإن هذه التقنية تؤمن للمستخدم كل التطبيقات بأداء جيد من دون انقطاع على الحاسب: ابتداء من الألعاب انتهاء بكل التطبيقات الآخرى. وهذه الرقاقة الآن تترأس قائمة الأكثر بيع.

المراجع
Intel Core i7 Processor – The Next Generation Chip

معالجات إنتل

معالج إنتل الأساسي آي7


Rivka Wolbe (née Grodzinski), née le 5 mai 1923 à Slabodka (Kaunas), en Lituanie et  morte le 25 octobre 2018 à Jérusalem, en Israël), est la fille du rabbin Avraham Grodzinski, le plus important disciple du rabbin Nosson Tzvi Finkel, le Alter de Slobodka, Mashgiach Ruchani (superviseur) de la Yechiva de Slobodka, connu pour son livre de Moussar Toras Avraham. Il meurt dans le ghetto de Kovno, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle est l'épouse du rabbin Shlomo Wolbe, un des représentants importants du mouvement du Moussar aux  et s. Elle est l'auteur d'un livre de mémoire sur sa vie durant la Shoah.

Biographie
Rivka Grodzinski est née le 5 mai 1923. Elle est la fille du rabbin Avraham Grodzinski et de Chasya Gisseh Heller. Avraham Grodzinski est né en 1883 à Varsovie, en Pologne, d'une famille d'origine lituanienne. Son grand-père, le rabbin Zev Grodzinski vient de Lituanie à Varsovie. Son père est le rabbin Yitzchak (Reb itche) Grodzinski, une des figures importantes de la communauté de Varsovie. Chasya Gisseh Heller est née en 1891 en Lituanie et est  morte en 1944 à Kovno (Kaunas) dans le Ghetto de Kovno. Elle est la fille du rabbin DovBer Zvi (Hirsch) Heller, mashgiach de la Yechiva de Slobodka et de Faige Esther Heller.

Œuvre
  Faith in the Night. Judaica Press: Brooklyn, New York, 2009. ,

Bibliographie
  Susan Sarah Cohen. 2000. Walter de Gruyter, 2012. ,

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Avraham Grodzinski
 Shlomo Wolbe
 Chaim Kreiswirth
 Littérature de la Shoah
 Ghetto de Kovno
 Shoah en Lituanie

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1923
Naissance à Kaunas
Survivant de la Shoah
Shoah en Lituanie
Histoire des Juifs en Lituanie
Mémoire de la Shoah
Judaïsme orthodoxe
Rebbetzin
Littérature de la Shoah
Décès en octobre 2018
Décès à Jérusalem
Décès à 95 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière du Mont des Répits

Rivka Wolbe


Alessandro Calegari, né à Brescia en 1699 et mort dans la même ville en 1765, est un sculpteur baroque italien, membre d'une prominente  de sculpteurs brescians actifs de la seconde moitié du  au début du .

Biographie
Alessandro Calegari naît à Brescia de Santo Calegari l'Aîné. Son père ne lui apprend pas grand chose de la sculpture, étant mort en 1717. Alessandro apprend donc de son frère aîné Antonio, et l'aide à réaliser plusieurs œuvres, notamment à Manerbio. Selon , ne pouvant pas obtenir le diplôme qu'il voulait, Alessandro déménage en Allemagne où il se marie. Il y travaille pendant un certain moment avant de revenir à Brescia avant 1756, date des œuvres réalisées à Manerbio avec Antonio. Aucune trace subsistante de ses œuvres en Allemagne ne reste. Il meurt à Brescia avant 1770.

Alessandro Calegari est le père de nombreux enfants, dont quatre fils que deviennent aussi sculpteurs. Giovanni Battista, Gaetano et Paolo le rejoignent à son atelier, mais seul Gelfino atteint une réputation d'une certaine notabilité.

Œuvres

Des deux frères, Antonio était le plus talentueux et Alessandro manquait de raffinement technique. Peu de ses œuvres subsistent ; On compte notamment un autel situé dans l'. Appelé la Madonna del Tabarrino, l'autel est composé d'une table en marbre avec au-dessus la peinture de la Vierge entouré d'un ange et de nuages. Le contenu très animé rappelle Moretto, mais les figures manquent d'expressions.

Le sculpteur a aussi réalisé deux statues d'évêques dans l' de , un quartier de Trente, qualifiées par  d'ayant une géométrie dure et d'une draperie qui s'élargit, rappelant l'œuvre de son frère.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes

Sculpteur italien du XVIIIe siècle
Sculpteur baroque
Naissance en 1699
Naissance à Brescia
Naissance dans la république de Venise
Décès en 1765
Décès à Brescia
Décès dans la république de Venise

Alessandro Calegari


NGC 6750 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Zmaju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6750
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6750 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6750 - 6799

6750

NGC 6750


Zachlumia or Zachumlia (, ), also Hum, was a medieval principality located in the modern-day regions of Herzegovina and southern Dalmatia (today parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, respectively). In some periods it was a fully independent or semi-independent South Slavic principality. It maintained relations with various foreign and neighbouring powers (Byzantine Empire, First Bulgarian Empire, Kingdom of Croatia, Principality of Serbia) and later was subjected (temporarily or for a longer period) to Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of Bosnia, Duchy of Saint Sava and at the end to the Ottoman Empire.

Etymology
Zachlumia is a derivative of Hum, from Proto-Slavic *xŭlmŭ, borrowed from a Germanic language (cf. Proto-Germanic *hulma-), meaning "Hill". South Slavic Zahumlje is named after the mountain of Hum (za + Hum "behind the Hum"), above Bona, at the mouth of the Buna. The principality is named Zahumlje or Hum in Serbo-Croatian (Serbian Cyrillic: Захумље, Хум). It is Zachlumia in Latin, Хлъмъ in Old Church Slavonic, and Ζαχλούμων χώρα ("land of Zachlumians") in Greek. The names Chelmania, Chulmia and terra de Chelmo appear in later Latin and Italian chronicles.

Geography

De Administrando Imperio described the polity of Zachlumia, likely during the reign of Časlav Klonimirović (r. 927–960): "From Ragusa begins the domain of the Zachloumoi (Ζαχλοῦμοι) and stretches along as far as the river Orontius, and on the side of the coast it is neighbour to the Pagani, but on the side of the mountain country it is neighbour to the Croats on the north and Serbia at the front ... The Zachloumoi that now live there are Serbs, originating from the time of the prince (archon) who fled to emperor Heraclius ... The land of the Zachloumoi comprises the following cities: Ston (το Σταγνον / to Stagnon), Mokriskik (το Μοκρισκικ), Josli (το Ιοσλε / to Iosle), Galumainik (το Γαλυμαενικ / to Galumaenik), Dobriskik (το Δοβρισκικ / to Dovriskik)".

The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (14th or 16th century) described the geography under the rule of the South Slavic ("Red Croatia") rulers, Hum had two major cities: Bona and Hum. The main settlements in Zachlumia were Ston, Ošlje, Dobar, the towns of Mokriskik and Glumainik. The Principality sprang from Dalmatia (Croatia) to the northwest and Pagania to the west; to the mountain of Kalinovik and the Gatačko polje, where it bordered Travunia. The eastern border of Zahumlje went along the line Popovo-Ljubinje-Dabar and met with the Travunian border at the city of Ragusa, which had to pay the annual tax  of 36 pieces of gold to the Zachlumian rulers and at times accept their rule. Zachlumia was split on 9 zhupanates: Ston, Popovo, Dubrava, Luka, Dabar, Žapska, Gorička and Večenik around Neretva. Zahumlje had access to the Adriatic Sea with the Pelješac peninsula and faced Serbia northwards.

In its later periods, Zahumlje was split into two Duchies: Upper Zahumlje in the west and Lower Zahumlje in the east.

As the toponym Pagania disappeared by the turn of the 11th century, the land of Hum was expanded to include the territory between Neretva and Cetina previously referred to as Pagania. This territory was at the time controlled by local magnates called Radivojevići, Jurjevići, or Vlatkovići.

Slavic settlement

Slavs invaded Balkans during Justinian I (r. 527–565), when eventually up to 100,000 Slavs raided Thessalonica. The Western Balkans was settled with Sclaveni (Sklavenoi), the east with Antes. The Sklavenoi plundered Thrace in 545, and again the next year. In 551, the Slavs crossed Niš initially headed for Thessalonica, but ended up in Dalmatia. In 577 some 100,000 Slavs poured into Thrace and Illyricum, pillaging cities and settling down. Hum had also a large number of Vlachs who were descendent from a pre-Slavic population. Related to Romanians and originally speaking a language related to Romanian, the Vlachs of what was Hum are today Slavic speaking.

History

7th century

In the second decade of the 7th century, the Avars and their Slavic subjects occupied most of the Byzantine province of Dalmatia, including the territory of what would become Zahumlje, sacking towns and enslaving or displacing the local population. Some of the Slavs and Avars might have permanently settled in the occupied areas. They attacked Constantinople in 626 but were defeated by the Byzantines, after which the Avars ceased to play a significant role in the Balkans.

Around 630, during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, Serbs and Croats (Slavic tribes) led by their respective aristocracies entered the western Balkans from the north, which was approved by the emperor. They inhabited areas that had been devastated by the Avars, where Byzantium (East Roman Empire) had generally been reduced to only nominal rule. According to DAI, Zahumlje was one of the regions settled by the Serbs from an area near Thessaloniki who previously arrived there from White Serbia, but a closer reading of the source suggests that the Constantine VII's consideration about the population's ethnic identity is based on Serbian political rule during the time of Časlav and does not indicate ethnic origin. According to Noel Malcolm, today's western Serbia was area where Serbs settled in 7th century and from there they expanded their rule on territory of Zachlumia. According to Tibor Živković the area of the Vistula where the Litziki ancestors of Michael of Zahumlje originate was the place where White Croats would be expected and not White Serbs, and it's unclear whether the Zachlumians "in the migration period to the Balkans really were Serbs or Croats or Slavic tribes which in alliance with Serbs or Croats arrived in the Balkans". According to Francis Dvornik the Zachlumians "had a closer bond of interest with the Croats than with the Serbs, since they seem to have migrated to their new home not with the Serbs, but with the Croats". Michael's tribal origin is related to the oral tradition from Historia Salonitana by Thomas the Archdeacon about seven or eight tribes of nobles called Lingones who arrived from Poland and settled in Croatia. Much of Dalmatia was sometime earlier settled by the Croats, and Zahumlje bordered their territory on the north. According to Thomas the Archdeacon, when describing the reign of Croatian king Stephen Držislav in the late 10th century, notes that Duchy of Hum (Zachlumia or Chulmie) was a part of the Kingdom of Croatia, before and after Stjepan Držislav:

9th century

Charlemagne, King of the Franks from 768 until his death in 814, expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire (800) that incorporated much of western and central Europe. He brought the Frankish state face to face with the West Slavs to the northeast and the Avars and South Slavs to the southeast of the Frankish empire. Dalmatia which was southeast of the Frankish empire, was chiefly in the hands of South Slavic tribes. North of Dubrovnik these came to be under Croatian župans (princes) and eventually came to consider themselves Croatians, while many of those to the south of Dubrovnik were coming to consider themselves Serbs. Despite Frankish overlordship, the Franks had almost no role in Dalmatia (Dalmatian Croatia and Zahumlje) in the period from the 820s through 840s.

In 866, a major Arab raid along Dalmatia struck Budva and Kotor, and then laid siege to Dubrovnik in 867. The city of  Dubrovnik appealed to Byzantine Emperor Basil the Macedonian, who responded by sending over one hundred ships. Finally, the 866–867 Saracens' siege of Dubrovnik, which lasted fifteen months, was raised due to the intervention of Basil I, who sent a fleet under the command of Niketas Oryphas in relief of the city. After this successful intervention, the Byzantine navy sailed along the coast collecting promises of loyalty to the empire from the Dalmatian cities. At this moment the local Slavic tribes (in Zahumlje, Travunija, and Konavle), who had aided the intervention, also accepted Byzantine suzerainty. Afterwards, the Slavs of Dalmatia and Zahumlje took part in the Byzantine military actions against the Arabs in Bari in 870–871. The Roman cities in Dalmatia had long been pillaged by the Slavic tribes in the mountaines around them. Basil I allowed the towns to pay tribute to the Slavic tribes to reduce the Slavs raiding. Presumably a large portion of this tribute went to the prince of Dalmatian Croatia. In late 870s, the theme of Dalmatia ("thema Dalmatias") was established, but with no real Byzantine authority. These small cities in the region (also Dyrrachium) did not stretch into the hinterlands, and had none military capacity, thus Basil I paid a tax of '72 gold coins' to the princes of Zahumlje and Travunia.

In 879, the Pope asked for help from duke Zdeslav Trpimirović for an armed escort for his delegates across southern Dalmatia and Zahumlje. Later in 880, the Pope ask the same from Zdeslav's successor, prince Branimir.

10th century

The history of Zahumlje as a greater political entity starts with the emerging of Michael of Zahumlje, an independent South Slavic ruler who flourished in the early part of the 10th century. A neighbour of Croatian Kingdom and Principality of Serbia as well as an ally of Bulgaria, he was nevertheless able to maintain independent rule throughout at least a good part of his reign.

Michael have come into territorial conflict with the neighbouring prince Peter Gojniković, the ruler of inner Serbia, who was extending his power westwards. To eliminate that threat and as a close ally of Bulgaria, Michael warned the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I about the alliance between Peter and Symeon's enemy, the Byzantine Empire. In 912 Michael kidnapped the Venetian Doge's son Peter Badoari that was returning to Venice from Constantinople and sent him to Czar Simeon as a sign of loyalty. Symeon attacked inner Serbia and captured Peter, who later died in prison, and Michael was able to restore the majority of control. Before the annexation of inner Serbia in 924, Bulgaria did not yet border on Zahumlje, but a part of Croatia lay between both lands. The Venetian chronicler John the Deacon (d. 1009) says that in 912 during Michael's rule, Zachlumia was a part of the Croatian land. The historical work Historia Salonitana by Thomas the Archdeacon, when describing the reign of Croatian king Stephen Držislav in the late 10th century, notes that Duchy of Hum (Chulmie) was a part of the Kingdom of Croatia, before and after Stjepan Držislav.

The Historia Salonitana maior, whose composition may have begun in the late 13th century, cites a letter of Pope John X to Tomislav, "king (rex) of the Croats", in which he refers to the first council in some detail. If the letter is authentic, it shows that the council was attended not only by the bishops of Croatian and Byzantine Dalmatia, but also by Tomislav, whose territory also included the Byzantine cities of Dalmatia, and by a number of Michael's representatives. Zahumlje may have been under Croatian influence, but remained a separate political entity. Both Zahumlje and Croatia were under the religious jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Split. In this letter, John describes Michael as "the most excellent leader of the Zachlumi" (excellentissimus dux Chulmorum).

After the Italian city of Siponto () was heavily jeopardized by the raiding Arabs and Langobards, Mihailo won a magnificent military victory by taking the city upon the recommendations from Constantinople and orders from his ally, King Tomislav Trpimirovic, but didn't keep it permanently. Mihailo Višević entered into closer relations with the Byzantine Empire, after the death of Bulgaria's Tsar Simeon. He gained the grand titles of the Byzantine court as anthypatos and patrician (patrikios). He remained as ruler of Zahumlje into the 940s, while maintaining good relations with the Papacy.

After the death of Mihailo, Zahumlje came under the rule of Serbian prince Časlav Klonimirović, the last of the Vlastimirović dynasty. With the death of Časlav, Serbia disintegrated and in 11th century Duklja absorbed most of Raška along with Zahumlje and Travunija. In the 990s, Bulgarian Tsar Samuel made client states out of most of the Balkans, including Duklja and Zahumlje. In 998, Samuel launched a major campaign against Jovan Vladimir to prevent a Byzantine-Serbian alliance, resulting in a surrender. The Bulgarian troops proceeded to pass through Dalmatia, taking control of Kotor and journeying to Dubrovnik. Although they failed to take Dubrovnik, they devastated the surrounding villages. The Bulgarian army then attacked Croatia in support of the rebel princes Krešimir III and Gojslav and advanced northwest as far as Split, Trogir and Zadar, then northeast through Bosnia and Raška and returned to Bulgaria.

11th century
In a charter dated July 1039, Ljutovid of Zahumlje who was an independent Slavic ruler of Zahumlje, styled himself "Ljutovit, protospatharios epi tou Chrysotriklinou, hypatos, strategos" of Serbia and Zahumlje, which suggests the Byzantine Emperor granted him nominal right over neighbouring lands, including Duklja. Ljutovid's claim to be strategos not only of Zahumlje, but all Serbia suggests that he had been courted by the emperor, and awarded nominal rights neighbouring lands, including Duklja, which was at the time at war with the empire. If we can trust the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, our only narrative source, we must conclude that none of the Serbian lands was under direct Byzantine control in 1042. Vojislav of Duklja (fl. 1018–1043) soon took Zahumlje from the Byzantines. During the rule of Constantine Bodin (r. 1081–1101), neither Bosnia, Rascia nor Zahumlje was ever integrated into Doclea, each retained its own nobility and institutions and simply acquired a Vojislavljević to head the local structure as Prince or Duke. Zahumlje subsequently became part of the Grand Principality of Serbia.

12th century

Kočapar, the Prince of Duklja (r. 1102–1103), ruled in the name of Vukan I of Serbia. There was a split between the two, and Vukan sent forces to Duklja, making Kočapar flee to Bosnia and then Zahumlje, where he died. Zavida ruled Zahumlje before getting into a conflict with his brothers, resulting in him being exiled to Duklja, where he would have the title of Lord of Ribnica. Grand Princes Desa (r. 1148–1162) and Uroš II Prvoslav ruled Serbia together 1149–1153; Desa had the title of 'Prince of Duklja, Travunija and Zahumlje', mentioned in 1150 and 1151.

About 1150, the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos displeased with king Radoslav of Duklja, divided up his lands between princes of the old Serbian family of Zavida, and Stefan Nemanja secured the land of Hum. After 1168 when Nemanja was raised to the Serbian throne with Manuel's favor, Hum passed to his brother Miroslav. He married a sister of Ban Kulin, who in meantime acquired the throne of Bosnia. The subjects of Miroslav and Kulin included both Catholic and Orthodox. Prince Miroslav himself was Orthodox. In meantime, both Bosnia and Hum had been fought between Kingdom of Hungary and Byzantine Empire. The Catholics supported the former and the Orthodox the latter. A support of the growing heresy seemed the best solution for both Kulin and Miroslav.

Following the death of Emperor Manuel in 1180 Miroslav started ecclesiastical superior of Hum. He refused to allow Rainer, Latin Archbishop of Spalato (Split) whom he considered to be an agent of Hungarian king, to consecrate a bishop for the town of Ston. In addition, Miroslav confiscated the Archbishop's money. Rainer complained to the Pope Alexander III, who sent Teobald to report on the matter. The Pope's nuncio Teobald found Miroslav as a patron of heretics. After this, the Pope wrote to king Béla III of Hungary who was overlord of Hum (which Miroslav did not recognize), telling him to see that Miroslav performed his duty, but Miroslav remained as Prince of Hum. In 1190–1192, Stefan Nemanja briefly assigned the rule of Hum to his son Rastko Nemanjić, while Miroslav held the Lim region with Bijelo Polje. Rastko however took monastic vows and Miroslav continued ruling Hum after 1192.

Latin vengeance came in March 1198, when Andrew II of Hungary become the prince of Dalmatia, Croatia and Hum, while Miroslav died a year after and his wife was living in exile. The Miroslav Gospels are the oldest surviving documents written in Serbian recension of Old Church Slavonic, very likely produced for the Church of St Peter in Lima, commissioned by prince Miroslav.

13th century

Until beginning of the 13th century, areas of Zahumlje were under jurisdiction of the Roman Church. When Sava became the first archbishop of Serbia in 1219, he appointed Ilarion as the Orthodox bishop of Hum.

Andrija Mirosavljević is entitled the rule of Hum, but the Hum nobility chose his brother Petar. Andrija is exiled to Rascia, to the court of his cousin Grand Prince Stefan Nemanjić. In the meantime, Petar fought successfully with neighbouring Bosnia and Croatia. Stefan Nemanjić sided with Andrija and went to war and secured Hum and Popovo field for Andrija sometime after his accession. Petar was defeated and crossed the Neretva, continuing to rule the west and north of the Neretva, which had around 1205 been briefly occupied by Andrew II of Hungary. Toljen II, the son of Toljen Mirosavljević, succeeded as prince, ruling 1227–1237. Andrija's sons Bogdan, Radoslav and George succeed as princes of Hum in 1249, Radoslav held the supreme rule. During the war against Ragusa, he aided his kinsman Stephen Uroš I of Serbia, at the same time swearing allegiance to Béla IV of Hungary. Following an earthquake in the Hum capital of Ston, the Serbian Orthodox bishop of Hum moved to the church of St Peter and St Paul built on the Lim River near the Serbian border in the 1250s.

Radoslav of Zahumlje was from 1254 a vassal of Hungary, but probably afterwards his land were absorbed into Serbia. However, he was at war with Serbia in 1268, while still under Hungarian suzerainty. But seeking to centralize his realm, Stephen Uroš I of Serbia tried to stamp out regional differences by dropping references to Zahumlje (Hum), Trebinje and Duklja (Zeta), and called himself "King of all Serbian land and the Coast". Miroslav's descendants dropped to the level of other local nobles.

14th century

Paul I Šubić of Bribir as Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia controlled Croatia from Gvozd Mountain to the river Neretva mouth. Paul became Lord of all of Bosnia in 1299. Although supporting the king, Paul continued to act independently, and ruled over a large portion of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia. In the course of the war between Stephen Uroš II Milutin and Stephen Dragutin, Paul Šubić expanded not only into western Hum, but also beyond the Neretva river, and took the region of Nevesinje and Ston. Paul appointed his eldest son, Mladen II, as Lord of Hum. At least part of Paul's conquests were granted to his vassal Constantine Nelipčić. Mladen succeeded his father in 1312. After Paul's death, Milutin and Dragutin concluded a peace, and went to war against the Šubić family. In the war that followed Milutin took one of Mladen's brother captive, and to get him back Mladen Šubić had to agree to restore a part of Hum to Milutin. After this agreement in 1313 the Neretva again became the border between eastern and western Hum.

By 1325, the Branivojević family had emerged as strongest in Hum. Probably at their highest point they ruled from Cetina River to the town of Kotor. Though nominal vassals of Serbia, the Branivojević family attacked Serbian interests and other local nobles of Hum, who in 1326 turned against Serbia and Branivojević family. The Hum nobles approached to Stjepan Kotromanić II, the ban of Bosnia, who then annexed most of Hum. The Draživojevići of Nevesinje as vassals of Bosnian Ban, become the leading family of Hum in the 1330s. Because of the war in 1327-1328 between Serbia and Dubrovnik, Bosnian lordship of inner Hum and the war in Macedonia, Stephen Uroš IV Dušan sold Ston and Pelješac to Dubrovnik, and turned to the east to acquire all of Macedonia.

The region was overwhelmed by the House of Kotromanić from Bosnia in 1322–1326. By the mid-14th century, Bosnia apparently reached a peak under Ban Tvrtko I who came into power in 1353.

15th century

In the beginning of the 15th century, Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić ruled over the western Hum, and Sandalj Hranić Kosača ruled over its eastern part, while the Neretva river remain a border between their possessions.

Bosnian regional lord Stjepan Vukčić Kosača who ruled over Zahumlje, in 1448 dropped his title "Vojvode of Bosnia", assuming the title "Herceg [Duke] of Hum and the Coast". He changed it again in 1449 to "Herceg of Saint Sava" in recollection of the Serbian saint. This title had considerable public relations value, because Sava's relics were consider miracle-working by people of all Christian faiths. His lands were known as Herzog's lands or later Herzegovina.

In 1451 he attacked Dubrovnik, and laid siege to the city. He had earlier been made a Ragusan nobleman and, consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor. A reward of 15,000 ducats, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed. Stjepan was so scared by the threat that he finally raised the siege.

Demographics

12th–13th centuries
Most of Hum's territory was inhabited by Slavs, and Vlachs, and belonged to the Eastern Church after the Great Schism. Hum's coastal region, including its capital Ston, had a mixed population of Catholics and Orthodox.

14th–15th centuries
In contrast to Bosnia, where Roman Catholicism and Bosnian Church were firmly established, eastern parts of Hum was mostly Orthodox, from 13th century and the rise of Nemanjići. In the 14th- and 15th centuries, there was an influx of settlers from the župa of Trebinje, around forts Klobuk, Ledenica and Rudina, and the Hum lands around Gacko and Dabar, to Kotor. The people from Hum were mostly girls from Gacko, who took up working as servants to wealthy families.

List of rulers

 Michael of Zahumlje, independent Slavic ruler of Zahumlje, Prince of Zahumlje 910–940
 Časlav, knez of Serbia 940–960
 Tihomir, knez of Serbia 960–969
 Stephen Držislav of Croatia, King of Croatia 969–997
 Dragimir, Prince of Travunia and Zachlumia (as a part of Duklja) 1000–1018
 Part of Byzantine empire: 1018–1039
 Ljutovid, Prince of Hum 1039–1054
 Mihailo Vojislavljević, Prince, and King of Duklja 1054–1081
 Bodin Vojislavljević, King of Duklja 1081–1101
 Vladimir II of Duklja, King of Duklja c. 1103–1113
 George I of Duklja, King of Duklja c. 1113–1118 and 1125–1131
 Desa, Duke of Zahumlje 1149–1162
 Miroslav of Hum Prince of Zahumlje 1162–1190
 Rastko of Nemanja 1190–1192 ruling in the name of Stefan Nemanja
 Miroslav of Hum Prince of Zahumlje 1192
 Toljen of Hum Prince of Zahumlje 1192–1196 (He married a daughter of Duke Berthold von Meran, Margrave of Istria)
 To Hungary 1198–1199
 Petar, son of Miroslav, Duke of Zahumlje 1196–1216 and a count of the city of Split 1222–1225.
 In 1216 Stephen the First-Crowned divided Hum:
Mainland of Zachlumia:
Stefan Radoslav of Serbia, Prince of Serbia and Zahumlje 1216–1228
Toljen II, son of Toljen, Duke of Upper Zahumlje 1228–1239
Coastal Zachlumia:
Andrija, son of Miroslav, Prince of the Seaside and Duke of Southern Zahumlje 1216–1239
 Union of Zachlumia:
 Andrija, 1239–1250
 Radoslav of Zahumlje, Bogdan I and George I 1249–1252 (brothers, sons of Andrew)
 Radoslav of Zahumlje and George I 1252–1268
 George I 1268–1280
 Bogdan II 1280–1299
 Mladen I Šubić of Bribir, a Croatian noble and Bosnian Ban from 1299 to 1304
 Paul I Šubić of Bribir, a Ban of Croatia and Lord of all of Bosnia from 1304 to 1312
 Mladen II Šubić of Bribir, "Ban the Croats and Bosnia and general lord of Hum country" 1312–1322
 Nikola, Prince of Zahumlje 1322–1326. Son of Bogdan I (or Radoslav). He married Katarina Kotromanić in 1338
 Stjepan Kotromanic II, a Bosnian Ban from 1326 to 1353
 Tvrtko, the first Bosnian King 1353–1391
 Stephen Dabiša of Bosnia 1391–1395
 Helen I 1395–1398
 Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia 1398– 1404
 Stephen Tvrtko II of Bosnia 1404–1409
 Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia (again) 1409–1418
 Sandalj Hranić Kosača, Grand Duke of Hum from 1418 to 1435
 Stjepan Vukčić Kosača (1435–1466) was Serbian noble. In 1448. changed his title from "Vojvode of Bosnia" into "Herceg [Duke] of Hum and the Coast", and from 1449 into "Herceg of Saint Sava" .
 Vlatko Hercegović from 1466 to 1481

Legacy
The historical name of the region is officially represented in the name of the Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Also, the honorific title Grand Voivode (Duke) of Zahumlije has been granted at times to junior members of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty that ruled in Montenegro until 1918. The last grand duke of Zahumlije was Prince Peter of Montenegro, who died in 1932.

See also
 History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 History of Dalmatia
 History of Croatia
 History of Serbia

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

 John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum, ed.  A later edition is that by G. Monticolo (1890), Rome: Forzani. The relevant passage is also found in

External links

Medieval history of the Balkans
1050s disestablishments in Europe
States and territories established in the 9th century
9th-century establishments in Europe

tr:Hum Prensliği

Zachlumia


En criptografía y esteganografía, el cifrado negable es un tipo de cifrado que permite negar en modo convincente que los datos están cifrados, o de ser capaz de descifrarlos. La negación, aunque falsa, no puede ser verificada por el atacante sin la cooperación del usuario, que podría realmente no ser capaz de descifrar los datos. El cifrado negable sirve para socavar la confianza del atacante y su duda se convierte en otra forma de protección.

Función

Normalmente, un texto cifrado puede ser descifrado en un solo texto simple. El cifrado negable permite al usuario descifrar el texto cifrado y producir, en caso necesario, un texto simple diferente que hace función de señuelo. El atacante, aunque esté en condición de forzar la producción de un texto simple, no puede revelar alguna diferencia entre el texto verdadero y aquello alternativo. El usuario puede siempre defenderse escogiendo, de vez en vez, cuál de los textos producir a partir desde el mismo texto cifrado.

El concepto "de cifrado negable" fue utilizado por Julian Assange y Ralf Weinmann en el Rubberhose filesystem y explicado en detalle en un documento elaborado por Ran Canetti, Cynthia Dwork, Moni Naor y Rafail Ostrovsky en 1996.

Escenario

El cifrado negable permite al emisor desmentir el envío de un mensaje cifrado. Esto requiere un tercero de confianza. He aquí un escenario posible:

 Alice es la esposa de Bob, que sospecha que su mujer sea adúltera. Ella quiere comunicarse con su amante secreto Carl. Ella crea dos claves, una (K1) destinada a ser sacrificada y otra (K2) con la intención de mantenerla en secreto. Ella pasa la clave secreta a Carl.
 Alice construye un mensaje inocuo M1 para Carl (destinado a ser revelado a Bob en caso de emergencia) y un mensaje comprometedor M2 para Carl. M1 es cifrado con la clave K1 y M2 con la clave K2. En el momento de la codificación, M1 y M2 se fusionan en un único mensaje cifrado que se envía a Carl.
 Carl utiliza la clave secreta K2 para descifrar el mensaje y lee el texto secreto M2.
 Bob descubre el mensaje cifrado a Carl, se hace sospechoso y obliga Alice a descifrar el mensaje.
 Alice sacrifica la clave K1 y revela Bob el mensaje inocuo M1. Bob no sabe de la existencia de la otra clave y tiene que presumir que no hay otro mensaje M2.

Otro escenario posible es la creación de un mensaje cifrado con instrucciones secretas de Alice a Bob y Carl, que tienen que recibir instrucciones diferentes y no deben llegar a saber las instrucciones del otro. Carl puede recibir el mensaje solamente por el trámite de Bob.

 Alice construye el mensaje cifrado (M1 con K1 y M2 con K2) y lo envía a Bob.
 Bob utiliza su clave K1 y lee sus instrucciones M1. No puede leer M2.
 Bob reenvía el mensaje cifrado a Carl.
 Carl utiliza su clave K2 y lee sus instrucciones M2. No puede leer M1.

Formas modernas de cifrado negable

Las técnicas modernas de cifrado negable explotan las propiedades de permutación pseudoaleatoria de los cifrados por bloques, por las que no es posible probar que el texto cifrado no coincide con datos aleatorios generados por un generador de números pseudoaleatorios criptográficamente seguro. Se utilizan también algunos datos de señuelo, que el usuario supuestamente quiere mantener en secreto y que serán revelados en caso de ataque, afirmando que esto es todo lo que hay. Esta forma de cifrado negable se refiere a veces como esteganografía.

Otro ejemplo de cifrado negable es el sistema de archivos cifrado que utiliza el concepto de niveles abstractos, donde cada nivel está cifrado con una clave diferente, y niveles adicionales especiales, con función de "chaff", llenos de datos aleatorios. El usuario almacena archivos de señuelo en uno o más niveles y niega la existencia de otros niveles con archivos ocultos, afirmando que el resto del espacio está ocupado solo por los niveles de chaff. Físicamente, estos sistemas de archivos se almacenan en un directorio único y todos los archivos tienen mismo tamaño y timestamp aleatorio. Los nombres son aleatorios - si pertenecen a niveles de chaff - o son hash criptográficos de las cadenas que identifican los bloques. El sistema de archivos Rubberhose y PhoneBookFS utilizan este enfoque.

Otro método, utilizado por algunos software de cifrado de disco, es la creación de un segundo volumen cifrado dentro de un volumen contenedor. El volumen contenedor está formateado con datos aleatorios cifrados y luego inicializado con un sistema de archivos que el usuario rellene con datos sensibles creíbles. Después se inserta internamente al volumen contenedor un segundo volumen oculto y cifrado, en lo que el usuario almacena datos secretos. Como en los otros ejemplos, la protección del volumen cifrado trae origen de las propiedades de permutación pseudoaleatoria de los cifrados por bloques.

La integridad del volumen cifrado depende de la posibilidad de no aumentar el tamaño de los datos contenidos en el volumen contenedor hasta sobrescribir el espacio oculto cifrado asignado en el interno. Tal vez puede ser necesario "congelar" en el tiempo el volumen contenedor para preservar aquello oculto, corriendo el riesgo de hacerlo sospechoso en consecuencia de los timestamp del último acceso y modificación nunca más actualizados. FreeOTFE y BestCrypt pueden contener más volúmenes cifrados en el interno de un volumen contenedor; TrueCrypt se limita a un volumen oculto.

Críticas

La existencia de un volumen oculto puede ser comprometida por implementaciones con elementos criptográficos predecibles o por algunas herramientas forenses que pueden revelar la presencia de datos cifrados no aleatorios. También se sugirió una vulnerabilidad de los volúmenes cifrados por trámite de la prueba de aleatoriedad chi-cuadrado, por la que sería necesaria, después de cada modificación de los datos cifrados, la inclusión de elementos correctivos para llevar el volumen a una condición de aleatoriedad verosímil.

El cifrado negable fue criticado también por su imposibilidad de defender los usuarios contra el criptoanálisis de manguera de goma (Rubber-hose cryptanalysis). Algunos usuarios y proyectistas temen que la utilización misma de instrumentos que soporten el cifrado negable puede empujar los atacantes a no interrumpir la investigación, incluso si el usuario proporciona una contraseña válida.

Véase también

 OpenPuff
 FreeOTFE
 TrueCrypt
 Esteganografía

Referencias

Fuentes

Criptografía

Cifrado negable


نادي ملادوست بودغوريكا لكرة القدم (بالصربية:ФК Младост Подгорица) نادي كرة قدم مونتينيغري يلعب في دوري الدرجة الثانية. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1950.

المراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1951
أندية كرة قدم في الجبل الأسود
أندية كرة قدم في بودغوريتسا
أندية كرة قدم في يوغوسلافيا
بودغوريتسا
تأسيسات سنة 1951 في الجبل الأسود

ملادوست بودغوريتسا


Seyyal Taner (d. 28 Eylül 1952, Şanlıurfa), Türk şarkıcı ve oyuncudur. Türk pop müziği ve Türk rock müziğine getirdiği renkli yelpazesi ile sahnelere farklılık getirmiş, sadece şarkı söyleyen vokalistlerin aksine, dönemin koşullarında bir ilki gerçekleştirerek dansçılarıyla çıkıp hem dans edip hem şarkı söyleyebilmiş, alaturka gazino kültürüne rock müziğini getirmiş, sesiyle ve ilginç kıyafetleriyle de dikkat çekmiştir. Türk pop-rock müziğinin yerinde duramayan, asi, sıra dışı ve cesur şarkıcısı olarak bilinir ve dönemin basını kendisine yerli Tina Turner lakabını takmıştır. Babası Farsçada "akıcı olan" anlamına gelen Seyyal ismini vermiştir.

Müzik kariyeri

İlk yılları
Ailesi ile İstanbul'a yerleşmelerinin ardından Seyyal Taner ilköğretimden eğitimini tamamlamış, Amerikan Kız Koleji'nden mezun olmuştur. Okul yıllarında İstanbul Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda dışarıdan bale eğitimi almış, müziğe meraklı olmasından dolayı, 1965 yılında Şerif Yüzbaşıoğlu'ndan ders almaya başlamıştır. Aynı yıl bir güzellik yarışmasında 3. olmuştur. Bir süre sonra Kanat Gür Orkestrası'nda amatör olarak şarkı söylemeye başlamıştır.

İstanbul'da bir konseri esnasında Los Bravos topluluğu ile tanışır ve müziğe olan merakını gören topluluk üyeleri İspanya'ya döndükten sonra bir müzikal filmde rol teklifinde bulunurlar. 1968 yılında İspanya'ya gidip bu filmde rol alır. Film çalışması esnasında Villa Rides filminden teklif alır ve bu filmde ufak bir rol oynadıktan sonra Türkiye'ye dönüp sinema çalışmalarına devam eder ve birçok filmde "vamp kadın" rolleri ile dikkatleri üzerine toplar. Daha sonra sinema çalışmalarını bırakarak Almanya'ya gider ve Los Bravos topluluğunun gitaristi Peter Harold ile bir evlilik yapar. Kısa süren bu evlilikten sonra Türkiye'ye geri dönüp tekrar filmlerde rol alır. Ancak bir süre sonra, sinemayı bırakıp müziğe yönelir.

Seyyal Taner daha sonraları Selda Bağcan, Ferhan Üçoklar ve Arda Uskan'ın desteğiyle şarkıcılığa başlar ve Emel Sayın'ın kadrosunda sahne almak için hazırlanır. Neşet Ruacan orkestrasıyla Seyhan Karabay ve Sedat Avcı eşliğinde sahneye çıkar. Seyyal Taner'in repertuvarı yabancı şarkılardan oluşur ve kapanış içinse bir tane Türkçe şarkı çalışır. Seyyal Taner'in ilk kez seslendirdiği bu şarkı Erkin Koray'ın "Şaşkın" isimli şarkısıdır. Yıldırım Mayruk tarafından hazırlanan sahne kıyafetleriyle de göz dolduran Seyyal Taner'i izleyenler arasında bulunanlardan Haldun Dormen sahne performansından dolayı sahnelere bir panter düştü yorumunu yapar.

Yetmişli yıllar
1974 Haziran'ında ilk plağı Tanrı Şahidimdir-Şimdi Sen Varsın yayınlanır. İlk 45'lik plağı Ali Kocatepe'nin yapımcılığını üstlendiği firması "1 Numara Plakçılık"tan yayınlar. Plağın bir yüzünde Erkin Koray parçası "Tanrı Şahidimdir" yer alırken diğer yüzünde ise Doğan Canku'ya ait "Şimdi Sen Varsın" yer alır. Aynı yıl başrollerini Neşe Karaböcek ve İzzet Günay'ın paylaştıkları Kısmet isimli filme konuk sanatçı olarak katılır ve "Şimdi Sen Varsın"'ı seslendirir. İlk plağının ardından ikinci 45'liği Nene Hatun-Yalnızlığı Bir de Bana Soru yayınlar. Fakat, yayınladığı ilk iki 45'lik çalışmalarıyla iyi bir çıkış yakalayamaz.

1975 senesinde Ali Kocatepe, Esmeray, İlhan İrem, Gökben, Funda ve Ertan Anapa ile birlikte Antalya festivaline katılır ve parçaları Antalyaya Koş aynı yıl plak olarak yayınlanır. Aynı yıl profesyonel sahne çalışmalarına başlar ve ilk defa Lalazer Gazinosu'nda profesyonel olarak sahne alır. 1975 yılı sonlarından itibaren "Seyyal-Seyhan-Sedat" üçlüsü olarak sahne çalışmalarına devam eder.

1976 senesinde firma değiştirir ve Yavuz Asöcal plakçılık'a transfer olur. Bu şirketten yayınladığı üçüncü 45'liği Son Verdim Kalbimin İşine-Elveda ile beklenilen ilgiyi görür. Bu plağın devamı niteliğinde Kalbimi Affettim-Sarmaş Dolaş isimli kariyerinde dördüncü plağını yayınlar. Önce kalbine son verdiren ve sonra da affettiren bu proje şarkılarının sözleri Ülkü Aker 'e aittir. Aynı yıl başrollerini Cemil Şahbaz ile paylaştığı Çizmeli Kedi isimli film birçok ünlü ismi bir araya getirir. O isimlerden bazıları Zerrin Özer'in ablası Tülay Özer ve Asu Maralman'dır.

Başarı grafiği: Altın Plak
Üçüncü 45'lik çalışması olan "Son Verdim Kalbimin İşine" ile büyük bir patlama yapar. Yaptığı danslar ve showlarla bir anda Türkiye gündemine oturur. Bu büyük çıkışın arkasından Kalbimi Affettim, "Seni Çok Özledim", "Gülme Komşuna" gibi büyük hitler yapar. "Son Verdim Kalbimin İşine", "Kalbimi Affettim" ve  "Gülme Komşuna" plakları ile ardı ardına 3 tane Altın Plak Ödülü alır.

1976 yılında oynadığı Çizmeli Kedi filmi sahne dünyamızın birçok ünlü simasını bir araya getirir ve bir sonraki sene "Son Verdim Kalbimin İşine" isimli Seyyal Taner şarkısı Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor'da Adile Naşit ve oyuncu arkadaşları tarafından tarafından tiye alınır, büyük başarı sağlar. Yine o dönem Erol Evgin şarkılarıyla şaha kalkan Çiğdem Talu ile Melih Kibar ikilisi 1977 senesinde Seyyal Taner'e iki 45'lik hazırlar. Bunlardan ilki Norayr Demirci tarafından arenje edilen Gülme Komşuna-Seni Çok Özledim diğeri ise Timur Selçuk tarafından aranje edilen Sorma Neydi O-Neden Gelmedindir.

Televizyon: İlk televizyon müzikali
1978 senesi boyunca orkestrası ipucu beşlisi ile hazırladığı "İşte yeni bir gün daha bugün ilkbahar "adlı parçasıyla TRT'de boy gösterir,parça plak kayıtlarına geçirilmez ancak 1979 yılında Asiye Nasıl Kurtulur'un değişik bir versiyonu olan "Çırpınış" adlı TRT tarihinin ilk TV müzikalini hazırlar.

1980 yılında Selami Şahin, Ahmet Selçuk İlkan ve Ülkü Aker destekli düzenlemelerini Osman İşmen'in hazırladığı ilk albümü "Lider" yayınlanır ve bu albümden sonra bir müddet suskunluk dönemine girer.

1981 senesinde "Naciye" adlı parçasıyla büyük bir çıkış yakalayan ve hemen ardından MFÖ, Seyhan Karabay ve Galip Boransu ex-orkestrası ipucu beşlisinden aldığı "Ele Güne Karşı" adlı parçasıyla TRT ekranlarında boy gösterir. TRT'den gördüğü boykottan dolayı bu parçaları plak olarak yayınlayamaz. "Ele Güne Karşı", 1984 senesinde Mazhar-Fuat–Özkan tarafından plak kaydına geçirilir ve grup bu parçayla büyük bir çıkış yakalar. "Naciye" ise 1984 senesinde Ahu Tuğba'nın Taçsız Kraliçe adlı filminin müziği olur.

1986 yılında "Naciye" ve "Leyla" şarkıları ile tekrar çıkış yapar ve 1986 Eurovision Türkiye Finali'nde sözü ve müziği Olcayto Ahmet Tuğsuz'a ait "Dünya" isimli şarkısı ile Eurovision Türkiye elemelerine Aysun Aslan dans grubuyla birlikte katılır, fakat İlhan İrem ve Melih Kibar ortak bestesi "Halley"i seslendiren Klips ve Onlar ile aynı puanı alır. Yarışmada iki birinci olduğundan jürinin oyu iki puan sayılır ve jürinin kararı ile şarkı birinci olur ve ülkeyi temsil eder.

1986 senesinde yıllar sonra ilk kez yeni bir albüm yapar. Albüm o dönemde daha plaklar tarih olmamasına rağmen sadece kaset olarak basılır. Leyla isimli bu albümde sözleri Aysel Gürel'e ait "Sen de Dans Et" isimli şarkı hariç tüm şarkıların söz ve besteleri Olcayto Ahmet Tuğsuz 'a aittir. Ayrıca Seyyal Taner "Naciye" ve "Dünya" isimli şarkılarını da farklı versiyonlarla ilk kez bu albümünde yayınlar.

Eurovision deneyimi
Seyyal Taner, 1987 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması Türkiye Elemeleri'ne "Şarkım Sevgi Üstüne" adlı parçayla, Lokomotif müzik grubu ile katılır, yarışmada sonuncu olur. Fakat yıllar sonra Eurovision'un ellinci yıl galasında "Unutulmaz Danslar" bölümünde "Şarkım Sevgi Üstüne"'den kısa bir kesit izleyicilere sunulur. Şarkı "Une Melodie" adıyla Fransızca da okunmuştur. Şarkım Sevgi Üstüne 2007'de "En İyileriyle 2/Naciye" isimli albümde CD olarak tekrar basılmasına rağmen şarkının Fransızcası plaklar üzerinde kalır.

Nanay
1989 yılında Nanay adlı albümle tekrar müzik dünyasına döner. Albümde herkesten önce ilk defa Istvan Leel Ossy ve Fahir Atakoğlu ile çalışmıştır. Kendi prodüktörlüğünde hazırlanan bu albüm yankı müzikten yayınlanır. Albümde Zeynep Talu, Fahir Atakoğlu, Orhan Atasoy, Istvan-leel-ossy gibi isimlerle çalışır. Bu albümle Seyyal Taner ülke standartlarının üstünde müzikal bir alt yapı ile zamanın ötesinde düzenlemelerden oluşan şarkılardan oluşan albümüyle dinleyiciden tam not alır. Yine bu albümde çalıştığı Orhan Atasoy'un "Gemiler" klibinde de rol almıştır. Nanay şarkısının İngilizce versiyonunu televizyon programlarında okumasına rağmen, bu versiyonu albümde yer almamıştır.

Alladı Pulladı
1990 yılında profesyonel sahne çalışmalarına bir son vererek günlerinin çoğunluğunu Bodrum'da geçirmeye başlar. 1991 yılında Alladı Pulladı albümü ile tekrar gündeme gelir. "Şiirimin Dili" şarkısı ile konuşulmasının yanında albümdeki beste çalışmaları ile başka bir sanatçı yönünü daha ortaya koymuş olur. Albümün satışı 1 milyonu geçtiği için altın kaset ödülü alır. Plakçısı Metin Güneş, şirketinin sanatçıları Fedon ve Seyyal Taner'i ödüllendirmek için bir gece düzenler.

1993 yılında Geliyorum adlı bir albüm daha yayınlayan Seyyal Taner eski performansından hiçbir şey kaybetmediğini hayranlarına gösterir. Geliyorum şarkısını Galatasaray futbol kulübü için uyarlayarak tekrar söyler ve şarkının bu versiyonu da tribünlere marş olur. Alladı Pulladı albümünün büyük ilgi görmesi üzerine sanatçının eski şarkıları tekrar basılmaya başlar. Nanay albümü Vepa-Export şirketi tarafından "Kalbimi Çaldın Sevgilim Oldun" adıyla tekrar yayınlanırken, Eski 45'liklerinden oluşan derleme bir albüm "Kalbimi Affettim" adıyla Yavuz Asöcal plakçılıktan yayınlanır.

2000'li yıllar
2002 yılında Seyyalname isimli albümüyle müziğe kaldığı yerden devam eder. 2005 senesinde, 1993'te çıkan Kalbimi Affettim isimli toplama albümün CD'ye aktarılmış basımı olan En İyileriyle Seyyal Taner, 2006 senesinde Evlerinin Önü Boyalı Direk adlı parçayı önce coverlar fakat yayınlamaz. 2007'de ise En İyileriyle Seyyal Taner 2 - Naciye adlı albümleri yayınlayarak şarkılarını plaklardan dijital ortama aktartır. 2007'de rock grubu Zakkum'un ilk albümleri Zehr-i Zakkumda "Erkek Adamsın" isimli şarkıda düet yapar.

Aynı zamanda arkadaşları olan Grammy ödüllü rock grubu Spyro Gyra ile müzik çalışmalarına devam ettiğini belirtir ve türküleri rock tarzında okuyacağı bir albüm yapacağını belirtir fakat albüm yayınlanmaz

2007'de bir zamanlar 3 derleme albümünde son verdim kalbimin işine, 2008 senesinde Bir Zamanlar 4 ve Cahide Sayfiye adlı derleme albümlerde "Gülme Komşuna", bir zamanlar özel adlı albümde "Dört Duvar" ve Zilli Parküsyon adlı albümde ise "Şiirimin Dili" adlı parçalarıyla yer alır.

Özel hayatı
Sahnelere batılı show anlayışını getiren sanatçılardan olan Seyyal Taner, Türkiye'nin ilk kadın rock müzik şarkıcısı olup rock gruplarıyla sahnesini paylaşmıştır. Dönemin sanat yaşamına ilginç ve farklı kıyafetleri ile ses getirmiştir ve dönemin basını tarafından Türkiye'nin Tina Turner'ı ismi verilmiştir. Leopar desenli kıyafetleri çok konuşulan Seyyal Taner, dansları, wamp karakteri ve şarkılarındaki asi sözlerle dikkat çekmiştir.

Şimdiye dek birçok ödüle layık görülen sanatçı, hala müzik çalışmalarına devam etmektedir. Sanatçıya bugüne kadar vokalistlik yapan bazı isimler arasında Candan Erçetin, Sertab Erener, İzel, Özlem Tekin, Işın Karaca, Harun Kolçak gibi pek çok ünlü isim vardır.

Kaos GL takipçileri tarafından 2007'de yapılan ankette gey ikonu olarak aday gösterilmiştir. 1975 yılında hostes olan kız kardeşi Serap Özşahin'i THY 'nİn İzmir-İstanbul seferini yapan Fokker F-28 1000 Fellowship uçağının Marmara Denizine düşmesi sonucu ölmüştür.

Diskografi

45'lik albümleri
 Tanrı Şahidimdir - Şimdi Sen Varsın (Bir Numara, 1974) (yazarlar, Ali Kocatepe)
 Nene Hatun - Yalnızlığı Bir de Bana Sor (Bir Numara, 1975) (yazarlar, Ali Kocatepe, Doğan Canku, et al.)
 Son Verdim Kalbimin İşine - Elveda (Yavuz, 1976) (yazarlar, Ülkü Aker.)
 Kalbimi Affettim - Sarmaş Dolaş (Yavuz, 1976) (yazarlar, Ülkü Aker, et al.)
 Gülme Komşuna Gelir Başına - Seni Çok Özledim (Yavuz, 1977) (yazarlar, Çiğdem Talu and Melih Kibar)
 Sorma Neydi O - Neden Gelmedin (Yavuz, 1977) (yazarlar, Çiğdem Talu and Melih Kibar)
 Şarkım Sevgi Üstüne-Une Melodie (TRT, 1987)

Stüdyo albümleri
 Lider (Yavuz, 1981)
 Leyla (Yavuz, 1986)
 Nanay (Yankı, 1989)
 Alladı Pulladı (Güneş, 1991)
 Geliyorum (Güneş, 1993)
 Seyyalname (Elenor, 2002)
 Ethnic Rock (Majör, 2012)
 3'lü (Ossi, 2014)

Derleme albümleri
 En İyileriyle Seyyal Taner (Ossi Müzik, 2005)
 Naciye (1986-1987) (Ossi Müzik, 2006)

Yeniden yorumlanan şarkıları
 "Yalnızlığı Bir de Bana Sor (Hasret Şarkısı)" (Aylin Urgal)
 "Alladı Pulladı" (Metin Özülkü, Ferdi Özbeğen, Pınar Darcan, Coşkun Sabah, Berna Öztürk)
 "Son Verdim Kalbimin İşine" (Ebru Aydın, Zeliha Sunal, Hurşit Yenigün)
 "Sensiz Yaşayabilmirem" (Haluk Levent)
 "Gülme Komşuna" (Nükhet Duru)
 "Naciye" (Hande Yener)
 "Neler Oluyor" (Mavi)
 "Şiirimin Dili" (Coşkun Sabah)
 "Şimdi Sen Varsın" (Göksel)

Filmografisi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1952 doğumlular
Şanlıurfa doğumlular

1970'lerin şarkıcıları
1980'lerin şarkıcıları
1990'ların şarkıcıları
2000'lerin şarkıcıları
2010'ların şarkıcıları
Türk rock şarkıcıları
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
Türk kadın sinema oyuncuları
1987 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları
Türkiye'nin Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları
Yaşayan insanlar
Robert Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk kadın pop şarkıcıları
2020'lerin şarkıcıları

Seyyal Taner


Bootjack bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Bootjack (Kalifornien)
 Bootjack (Maryland)

siehe auch: Bootjack Lake

Bootjack


النَّسْر الوَاقِع (ومن صفته اشتقت اسمه الرومي Vega) أو الأثافي هو نيّر (ألمع نجم) في كوكبة القيثارة، وهو أيضاً خامس ألمع نجوم السماء كلها ، وثاني ألمع نجم في سماء نصف الكرة الشمالي بعد السماك الرامح (حارس السماء). والنسر الواقع نجم قريب منا نسبياً على بُعد 25 سنة ضوئية من الأرض وهو بذلك ينتمي إلى مجرتنا، مجرة درب التبانة .وكذلك السِّماك الرامح والشعرى اليمانية من أقرب النجوم المجاورة للمجموعة الشمسية ضياءً. وقد سُمّي بالنسر الواقع لأن العرب شبّهته بنسر قد ضمّ جناحيه إلى نفسه كأنّه قد وقع (أي كأنه نسر يضمّ جناحيه ليهبط)، حيث أنه مع نجمين قريبين منه (يُمثّلان الجناحين) يبدون كذلك. يبلغ كتلة النسر الواقع نحو 1و2 كتلة شمسية ، وشكله مفلطح حيث يبلغ نصف قطرة في اتجاه محور دورانه حول نفسه 2و2 وعند خط استوائه 7و2 بالمقارنة بنصف قطر الشمس.

قام الفلكيّون بدارسات شاملة لنجم النسر الواقع  مما جعله يوصف أحياناً بأنه: «ثاني أهم نجم في السماء بعد الشمس - بشكل قابل للجدل -». أيضاً، كان النسر الواقع في الماضي نجم الشمال خلال الألفية الثانية عشرة ق.م، وسوف يعود كذلك مرة أخرى في 13,727م وحينها سوف يكون ميله +86°14. كان النسر الواقع هو أول نجم - غير الشّمس - يتم تصويره وأول واحد يَتم تحليل طيفه (باستثناء الشمس). و كان أيضا واحداً من النجوم الأولى التي تم تحديد بُعدها بطريقة قياس التزيح النجمي. و كان يُستفاد من نجم النسر الواقع كخط أساس لتحديد قياس لمعان النجوم، كما أنه من النجوم التي استخدمت لتعريف متوسط قيم «نظام ي.ب.ف المضوائي».

عمره وصفاته

يبلغ عُمر النسر الواقع عُشر عمر الشمس فقط، لكنه يتطوّر بسرعة كبيرة، فهو من الآن اقترب من منتصف عمره المُتوقّع (وصلت الشمس الآن إلى وسط عمرها المقدر بنحو 10 مليار سنة). ويحوي النسر الواقع كميات منخفضة غير اعتيادية من العناصر ذات أعداد ذرية أعلى من عدد الهيليوم. ويُظنّ أن النسر الواقع هو نجم متغير، يتغيّر ضوؤه بشكل طفيف ودوري.
ويدور هذا النجم حول نفسه بسرعة، حيث تصل سرعته إلى 274 كم/ث عند خط استوائه. وهذا يجعل النجم يتفلطح عند خط الاستواء بسبب تأثيرات قوة الطرد المركزي، وكنتيجة لهذا فهناك اختلافات في درجة الحرارة بين طبقات فوتوسفيره تصل إلى أقصاها عند القطبين.

يُعتقد أن النسر الواقع يملك قرصاً نجمياً حوله بناءً على أرصاد انبعاثات الأشعة تحت الحمراء الزائدة عن العادة . ويبدو أن هذا الرماد والغبار في القرص النجمي ناتج عن اصطدامات بين أجرام في قرص حطام يُشبه حزام كويبر في النظام الشمسي.
وتسمى النجوم التي تصدر كميّات كبيرة من الأشعة تحت الحمراء (بسبب حرارة الغبار والحطام حولها) «النجوم الشبيهة بالنسر الواقع».
عدم انتظام الحطام حول النسر الواقع يجعل الفلكيين يعتقدون بوجود كوكبٍ واحدٍ على الأقل حوله، ويرجح أنه في حجم المشتري.

يتحول الهيدروجين في النسر الواقع إلى الهيليوم عن طريق الاندماج النووي طبقا لدورة بيته-فايتزيكر . ويحتاج هذا التفاعل إلى درجة حرارة أعلى من 16 مليون كلفن ، وهي درجة حرارة تفوق درجة حرارة قلب الشمس . ولكن هذا التفاعل يتم بكفاءة أعلى عن تفاعل بروتون-بروتون الذي يتم في الشمس .

وتوجد في باطن النجم منطقة توصيل حراري تنتهي إلى الخارج بطبقة تصدر الأشعة ، وذلك بعكس ما يتم في الشمس حيت توجد في الداخل طبقة تنتقل فيها الحرارة بالإشعاع ثم تأتي فوقها طبقة تنتقل فيها الحرارة إلى السطح بواسطة التوصيل الحراري.

يتميز الطيف الامتصاصي للضوء المرئي للهيدروجين بشدة خطوط طيف بالمر.
أما طيف العناصر الأخرى فهي ضعيفة وتبدو فيها خطوط طيف المغنسيوم والحديد والكوبلت.

أما إشعاعت الأشعة السينية فهي ضعيفة جدا ، مما يعني أن هالة النسر الواقع إما أن تكون ضعيفة أو لا وجود لها على الإطلاق .

ونظرا لأن النجوم ذات الكتلة الكبيرة تستهلك ما تحويه من الهيدروجين أسرع كثيرا عن النجوم الصغيرة نسبيا (مثل الشمس) فيبلغ عمر النسر الواقع نحو 1 مليار سنة (أي يعادل نحو 1/10 العمر الكلي للشمس) وهو بذلك يعتبر عمر قصير.
أي أن النسر الواقع قد تعدى نصف عمر النسق الأساسي . ومن المتوقع أن يتحول إلى عملاق أحمر حيث ينتفخ طبقا للتصنيف الطيفي M ، ثم ينهى عمره كقزم أبيض .

الرؤية

يُمكن أن يرى النسر الواقع في الكثير من الأحيان قرب سمت الرأس في دوائر العرض الشمالية المتوسطة خلال المساء في فصل الصيف. أما عند الخطوط الجنوبية المتوسطة فإنه يُمكن أن يرى منخفضاً قرب الأفق الشمالي خلال فصل الشتاء. بما أن ميل النسر الواقع هو +38.78 فإنه لا يُمكن رؤيته إلا من دوائر العرض التي تقع شمالا من الدائرة 51ْ جنوباً. ومن ثم فإن رؤيته (نظريًا) غير ممكنة من أنتركتيكا أو من أقصى جنوب قارة أمريكا الجنوبية، بما في ذلك بونتا أريناس وتشيلي (53ْ جنوباً). وفي دوائر العرض التي تقع شمال الدائرة 51ْ شمالاً ، فإن النسر الواقع يبقى بشكل دائم فوق الأفق، مما يجعله من النجوم أبدية الظهور. وفي يوم 1 يوليو/أيار من كل عام يصل خلال منتصف الليل إلى الذروة حيث يعبر خط الزوال.

يقع النسر الواقع في رأس مجموعة نجمية فرعية ضخمة تسمى "مثلث الصيف"، والتي تتكوّن من نجمين ذوي قدر ظاهري من 04و0- و 03و0 ونجم ثالث من درجة 47و1 -، وهذه النجوم هي النسر الواقع في كوكبة القيثارة والنسر الطائر في كوكبة العقاب وذنب الدجاجة في كوكبة الدجاجة. ويُشكّلون مع بضعهم مثلثًا قائمًا تقريبًا، ويوجد النسر الواقع عند الزاوية القائمة لهذا المثلث. ويُمكن تمييز مثلث الصيف بسهولة في السماء الشمالية لأنه توجد نجوم لامعة بقربه.

القيثاريات هي زخة شهب قوية تصل إلى ذروتها في يومي 21 و22 من شهر نيسان/أبريل كل عام. فعندما يدخل نيزك صغير إلى جوّ الأرض بسرعة عالية فإنه يُظهر خطًا لامعاً أثناء تبخّره في السماء هو ما يسمى بالشهاب. وخلال زخة الشهب تدخل نيازك عديدة إلى جو الأرض من نفس الاتجاه، ومن منظور الراصد فإن ذيولها المتوقّدة تبدو كأنها تنبع من نقطة محدّدة في الفضاء. وبالنسبة للقيثاريّات فإنها تظهر باتجاه كوكبة القيثارة، وتسمى أحيانًا بـ«ألفا القيثاريات» بما أنها تظهر بالقرب من نجم النسر الواقع. لكن وبالرغم من هذا فإن مصدر هذه النيازك هو مخلفات مذنب ولا علاقة لها بالنجوم.

نسب العناصر فيه

يصنف الفلكيون العناصر التي تزيد كتلتها الذرية عن الهيليوم بأنها «معادن» M. وعلى ذلك فقد وجد أن نسبة وجود المعادن في غلافه الضوئي فوتوسفير يبلغ M/H] = -0,5 ] وهذه تعتبر 32% من النسبة الموجودة في جو الشمس. بالمقارنة أيضا بنجم الشعرى اليمانية وتبلغ النسبة فيه M/H] = +0,5 ] ، فهو يحوي من المعادن ثلاثة أضعاف النسبة الموجودة في الشمس. وتبلغ كمية المعادن الأثقل من الهيليوم التي تحويها الشمس نحو:
ZSonne = 0,0172 ± 0,002.
بذلك يحوي النسر الواقع على نسبة 54و0 % فقط من العناصر الأثقل من الهيليوم . ومع ذلك فإن
قلة نسبة المعادن الموجودة في النسر الواقع ليست بغريبة ، فتوجد نجوم تبين تلك الظاهرة ويصنفها الفلكيون بأنها من نوع نجم لامدا-بوؤتيس .
ومع ذلك فإن ظاهرة وجود أمثال تلك الأطياف ذات التكوينات الكيميائية الغريبة كهذه وأنها تبدي أطياف نجومية من نوع A0-F0 فهي لا تزال غامضة. وقد يكمن تفسير ذلك في انتشار المواد أو حدوث فقد في المادة من النجوم. وتبين نماذج وصف النجوم أن ذلك قد يحدث عند انتهاء مرحلة الاندماج النووي لعنصر الهيدروجين . كما من الممكن أن يكون النجم قد نشأ أساسا من سحابة غاز وغبار تحتوي على نسبة قليلة جدا من المعادن .

وتبلغ نسبة الهيليوم إلى الهيدروجين في النسر الواقع نحو 030و0 وهي نسبة أقل 40 % عن نسبتهما في الشمس. وقد يكون هذا ناشيء عن اختفاء منطقة توصيل حراري من الهيليوم بالقرب من السطح . عندئذ يكون انتقال الطاقة خلال الطبقة الإشعاعية التي تحدث بها تلك النسبة الغير عادية للمواد عن طريق الانتشار.

كثرة اصداره الأشعة تحت الحمراء

كان من أول ما تم من قياسات المسبار الفضائي الفلكي (إيراس) اكتشاف زيادة إصدار نجم النسر الواقع للأشعة تحت الحمراء. وتأتي تلك الأشعة من منطقة حول النجم يبلغ نصف قطرها 10″ . وبمعرفة بعد النجم عنا فيمكن حساب نصف القطر هذا بنحو 80 وحدة فلكية . ويعتقد أن تلك الأشعة تصدر من منطقة توجد فيها حبيبات تبلغ مقاييسها نحو 1 مليمتر تحوم حوله . فلو كانت حبيبات أصغر من ذلك لكانت قد تشتت تحت فعل ضغط الإشعاع الصادر من النجم .

مجاله المغناطيسي

في عام 2009 استطاع فلكيون فرنسيون قياس المجال المغناطيسي للنسر الواقع بواسطة المطياف النجمي نارفال NARVAL الملحق بتلسكوب برنار-ليوت . ووجدوا في طيف النجم ظاهرة تأثير زيمان . وطبقا لهذا التأثير فإن خطوط الطيف تنفطر في وجود مجال مغناطيسي. وتبلغ شدة المجال المغناطيسي على النسر الواقع نحو 50 ميكرو تسلا وهي شدة متوسطة بين شدة المجال المغناطيسي للأرض وللشمس.

انظر أيضا
 احداثيات المجرة
 كوكبة القيثارة.
 قائمة أسماء النجوم العربية

المراجع

أجرام باير
أجرام جليزا وجليزا-يارايس
أجرام فهرس هنري درابر
أجرام هيباركوس
أجسام فلامستيد
أقراص نجمية دوارة
فهرس النجوم الساطعة
كوكبة القيثارة
متغيرات دلتا الترس
مسح بون الفلكي
نجوم الشمال
نجوم النسق الأساسي نوع-A
نجوم بأسماء خاصة
كواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية اكتشفت في 2021

النسر الواقع


La rue Goïot  est une voie de la commune de Reims, située dans le département de la Marne, en région Grand Est.

Situation et accès

Origine du nom
Elle est liée à Claude Goïot, architecte métreur, expert, né à Saint-Thierry en 1807. Il devint conseiller municipal socialiste de Reims en 1884, créateur de la Libre-pensée en la ville et légua à celle-ci des sommes nécessaires à l'établissement du crématorium du cimetière de l'est et de l'asile de nuit. Il décédait en 1892 à Châlons-sur-Marne.

Historique
Elle est nommée en 1903 du nom de ce bienfaiteur en débaptisant une partie de la rue Des Créneaux.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 Au n°10 : l'Asile de nuit de Reims.

Notes, sources et références

Bibliographie
 Jean-Yves Sureau, Les rues de Reims, mémoire de la ville, Reims, 2002, P171.
 Michel Thibault, Memoire en images Reims, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire, Alan Sutton, 2000.
 Prosper Tarbé, Reims, essais historiques sur ses rues et ses monuments, Paris, Res Comédit, 1994.

Articles connexes
Liste des voies de Reims.

Goiot

Rue Goïot


En química, la geometría molecular trigonal plana es un tipo de geometría molecular con un átomo en el centro y tres átomos en las esquinas de un triángulo, llamados átomos periféricos, todo ellos en el mismo plano. En una especie trigonal plana ideal, los tres ligandos son idénticos y todos los ángulos de enlace son de 120°. Estas especies pertenecen al grupo puntual D3h. Las moléculas en las que los tres ligandos no son idénticos, por ejemplo, el H2CO, se apartan de esta geometría ideal. Entre los ejemplos de moléculas con una geometría trigonal plana tenemos el trifluoruro de boro (BF3), el formaldehído (H2CO), el fosgeno (COCl2), y el trióxido de azufre (SO3). Algunos iones con geometría trigonal plana son: nitrato (NO3-), carbonato (CO32-), y guanidinio C(NH2)3+.

En química orgánica, los átomos de carbono centrales con geometría trigonal plana se dice que poseen hibridación sp2, lo cual justifica los ángulos observados de 120°.

Distorsiones
La inversión del nitrógeno es la distorsión de la pirámide que forma el grupo amino a través de un estado de transición que es trigonal plano.

La piramidalización es una distorsión de la forma molecular hacia una geometría molecular tetraédrica. Una manera de observar esta distorsión se encuentra en los alquenos piramidales.

Véase también
 Método AXE
 Geometría molecular
 VSEPR

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Centro de estructura molecular de la Universidad de Indiana
 Simetrías de grupo puntual. Ejemplos interactivos.
 Modelado molecular
 Visualización de estructura plana trigonal animada

Estereoquímica
Geometría molecular

Geometría molecular trigonal plana


English Boy Wonders ist das zweite Studioalbum der englischen Progressive-Rock-Band Big Big Train. Die CD wurde am 1. Dezember 1997 veröffentlicht.

Inhalt
Die meisten der Songs auf English Boy Wonders sollten von der nachlassenden Bindung in der Beziehung eines Paares handeln. Ursprünglich war ein Konzeptalbum angedacht, innerhalb der fast dreijährigen Entstehungszeit verwischte sich dieses Konzept jedoch immer mehr. Als Gastmusiker ist Martin Orford (ex-Jadis) an den Keyboards und auf der Flöte zu hören. Ken Bundy steuert etwas Hintergrundgesang bei.

Entstehungsgeschichte und Stil
BBT beabsichtigte den Sound an Radioheads Album The Bends zu orientieren. Im Jahr 1995 war das Demoband für das Album fertiggestellt. Das Release vom Dezember 1997 hatte nicht mehr viel mit dem Demo gemein. Die Band wusste nicht so recht, in welche Richtung sie sich entwickeln wollte, zudem hatten sich nur wenige Aufnahmesessions  innerhalb des langen Zeitraumes ergeben und am Ende hatte die Band das Gefühl ein halbfertiges Produkt abgeliefert zu haben. English Boy Wonders ist ein wenig poppiger als das Debütalbum geraten, jedoch immer noch dem Neo-Prog zuzurechnen.

Kritiken
Laut Gregory Spawton wurde das Album nicht gut aufgenommen: "It was not well received by critics and disappeared without trace." (Es kam nicht gut an und ging unter, ohne eine Spur zu hinterlassen.) Es ist nur eine Kritik zu finden, die sich auf das Original-Release bezieht.

Trivia
English Boy Wonders wurde nur auf ganz wenigen Konzerten live gespielt, unter anderem auf dem ProgFarmFestival 1998.

Titelliste
 Big Empty Skies (04:21)
 Brushed Aside (05:37)
 A Giddy Thing (05:16)
 28 Years (02:24)
 Pretty Mom (03:26)
 Out Of It (05:57)
 Cloudless and Starry and Still (03:33)
 Albion Perfide (10:23)
 Right to the End of the World tra-la (01:56)
 The Shipping Forecast (10:46)
 Mr Boxgroveman (06:12)
 Reaching for John Dowland (08:13)
 Fell Asleep (03:35)

Re-Release
Am 1. Dezember 2008 wurde English Boy Wonders auf dem bandeigenen Label English Electric Recordings wiederveröffentlicht. Das Re-Release ist eine überarbeitete Version, teils neu aufgenommen und gänzlich neu abgemischt. Die Reihenfolge und auch die Dauer der Stücke weicht vom Original ab. Die Kritiken für das Re-Release waren zahlreicher und fielen auch besser aus als für das Original.

 Big Empty Skies (04:23)
 Brushed Aside (05:40)
 Albion Perfide (10:27)
 Pretty Mom (03:43)
 A Giddy Thing (05:17)
 Out Of It (06:02)
 Cloudless and Starry and Still (03:36)
 Two Poets Meet (instrumental) (04:26) (ursprünglich auf der japanischen Fassung von Goodbye to the Age of Steam)
 28 Years (02:28)
 Reaching for John Dowland (08:46)
 Boxgrove Man (07:23)
 The Shipping Forecast (10:14)
 Right to the End of the World tra-la (02:03)
 Fell Asleep (03:59)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 English Boy Wonders auf bigbigtrain.com

Album 1997
Album (Progressive Rock)
Big Big Train

English Boy Wonders


Kinesisk Taipei  deltager i vinter-OL 2018 i Pyeongchang, Sydkorea i perioden 9. – 25. februar 2018.

Deltagere
Følgende atleter vil deltage i nedennævnte sportsgrene:

Medaljer

Lande ved vinter-OL 2018
2018

Kinesisk Taipei ved vinter-OL 2018


La Universidad de Madrás (; U of M o UMadras), con sede en Chennai, Tamil Nadu, es una de las tres universidades más antiguas de la India, después de la Universidad de Calcuta y la de Mumbai. Fundada en 1857, es una institución pública inspirada en la Universidad de Londres.

Alumnos destacados
 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (B.A., M.A. 1902), Premio Nobel de Física (1930), Bharat Ratna (1954)
 Viswanathan Anand, gran maestro de ajedrez
 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (B.Sc 1925), Premio Nobel de Física (1983), Medalla Copley(1984)
 Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, Gobernador General de la India (1948–1950), Bharat Ratna (1954)
 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, segundo Presidente de la India (1962–1967), Bharat Ratna (1954)
 V. V. Giri, cuarto Presidente de la India (1969–1974), Bharat Ratna (1975)
 Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, sexto Presidente de la India (1977–1982)
 R. Venkataraman, octavo Presidente de la India (1987–1992)
 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, undécimo Presidente de la India (2002–2007), Bharat Ratna (1997)
 M.G. Ramachandran, Doctor Honorario, actor y político
 Mani Ratnam, director de cine, escritor y productor, Padma Shri (2002)
 Vanamali, Ph.D. en literatura telugu
 Indra Nooyi, Presidenta de PepsiCo.
 Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan, padre de la biblioteconomía en la India

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Official website
 Madras University results
 University of Madras Institute of Correspondence Education

Instituciones educativas establecidas en 1857
Arquitectura de India del siglo XIX

Universidad de Madrás


Vectorman es una serie de juegos de disparos y plataformas desarrollados por Blue Sky Software y distribuido por Sega para el sistema MegaDrive/Genesis. Su lanzamiento fue el 24 de octubre de 1995 en Norteamérica y el 30 de noviembre del mismo año en Europa. Desde entonces el juego ha aparecido en muchas compilaciones de juegos de Sega, incluyendo Sega Genesis Collection para PlayStation 2 y PSP, Sonic Gems Collection para GameCube y PlayStation 2, y Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection para Xbox 360 y PlayStation 3. Vectorman fue añadido a la Consola Virtual de Wii el 27 de febrero de 2007 en Japón, el 5 de abril en Europa y el 22 de septiembre de 2008 en Norte América. También fue lanzado en el servicio de distribución digital Steam, como título individual del "SEGA Genesis Classics Pack" .

Historia

Vectorman

En el 2049, la población humana de la Tierra se embarca en un viaje migratorio para tratar de colonizar otros planetas. Dejando a "orbots" mecánicos para limpiar el desastre medioambiental que dejaron en la Tierra. Raster, un orbot de alto nivel que mira a la Tierra desde una red computacional de escala global, es unido accidentalmente en un misil nuclear por un orbot sin importancia y se vuelve loco, transformándose en un malvado dictador llamado Warhead. Se declara a sí mismo gobernante de la Tierra y comienza preparativos para ejecutar a cualquier humano que se atreva a volver a su planeta.

Llega Vectorman, un orbot humilde que se dedica a limpiar el planeta de barro tóxico, botándolo en el sol. Al aterrizar en la Tierra, luego de su último viaje encuentra caos y confusión, ya que los orbots están siendo controlados por Warhead (Vectorman no fue afectado porque estaba en el sol), Vectorman se decide a destruir a los orbots errantes y restaurar la paz en la Tierra.

Vectorman 2
Después de salvar a la Tierra de Warhead en el juego anterior, la nave de Vectorman es destruida por un misil. El escapa y cae en paracaídas al planeta para luchar con los multitudinarios enemigos de la Tierra los insectos mutantes. Ahora depende de Vectorman luchar con los bichos mutantes y encontrar a la fuente de la peste, la Reina Viuda Negra.

Gráficos y juego

Vectorman
Vectorman usa modelos pre renderizados 3D tanto en el diseño de personajes como escenarios, lo que da una sensación de suavidad al juego. El nombre original del villano, Warhead, iba a ser Raster (como el de los gráficos raster, el opuesto a los gráficos vectoriales). Se consideró a Vectorman como la respuesta de Sega a Donkey Kong Country de Nintendo, ya que ambos juegos usaban trucos gráficos para mostrar imágenes que iban más allá de las capacidades técnicas, que se pensaba tener la consola.

El juego en sí es un plataformas 2D. Vectorman en un "orbot" (un robot cuyo cuerpo está compuesto de orbes), junto a una pistola de bolas en su mano; los ítems incluyen una metralleta, pistola "bolo", y una que hace un disparo triple.

Vectorman tiene la habilidad de transformarse, usando ciertos ítems, en diferentes formas, incluyendo un taladro, para perforar los pisos, una bomba, para destruir todos los enemigos que lo rodean o romper murallas: y una forma acuática, útil para el nado subacuático. Además de las transformaciones por ítems, en tres niveles hay transformaciones únicas para derrotar al jefe de turno. En total, el juego tiene 16 niveles.

Vectorman 2
El sistema de juego es similar al de su predecesor. Vectorman tiene un juego de armas diferente, incluyendo un rayo de pulsos, disparo de energía, y armas de superdisparos. Vectorman también puede transformarse en insectos, como hormiga, un rinoceronte y un "bicho escudo" que rechaza los ataques. A diferencia del anterior Vectorman, en este juego las transformaciones únicas para derrotar a los jefes no están, dejando que solo la forma humana de Vectorman pueda derrotarlos. En total hay 22 niveles divididos en 7 partes.

Reacción crítica
El Vectorman original fue un éxito en ventas y crítica, siendo premiado por el diseño de sus niveles, gráficos pre-renderizados, y banda sonora. Fue premiado como el Mejor Juego de Sega Mega Drive por Electronic Gaming Monthly.

Videojuegos para Sega Mega Drive
Videojuegos de Sega
Videojuegos de Consola Virtual
Ficción sobre cambiantes

Vectorman (serie)


Rodrigo Guerrero Velasco es un político y médico cirujano, nacido en Cali, Colombia. Fue alcalde de Cali en el periodo 1992-1994 y concejal de la misma ciudad hasta el 2010, año en que se retiró para postularse nuevamente a la alcaldía, en esta ocasión avalado por firmas.

Guerrero ha ocupado otros cargos, entre los que se destacan:

 Secretario para Latinoamérica, Movimiento de Estudiantes Católicos
 Director de Servicios Médicos, Fundación Carvajal
 Director, Corporacón Vallenpaz
 Rector, Universidad del Valle (1982-1984)
 Director, Hospital Universitario del Valle
 Secretario de Salud, Alcaldía de Cali
 Fundador de la revista Colombia Médica

Alcalde de Cali 1992-1994

Durante su gestión se destacaron muchos proyectos de gran impacto para la ciudad, como El programa Desarrollo, Seguridad y Paz - DESEPAZ, el cual obtuvo reconocimiento por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, y fue replicado en otras ciudades como Bogotá, Quito y Caracas.

Otra obra de su periodo muy recordada fue la campaña pedagógica 'El Vivo Bobo' que buscaba rescatar el civismo de la comunidad a través de comerciales de televisión, eventos y participación ciudadana. También se le atribuye la modernización de la infraestructura vial de la ciudad, con pasos a desnivel sobre las principales vías, y la vía perimetral.

Sector Privado

Como director de la Fundación Carvajal, desarrolló programas de capacitación para microempresarios y tenderos de la ciudad. También cocreó y dirigió la Corporación Vallenpaz, organización orientada al apoyo de familias campesinas y desplazadas del Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Nariño para el desarrollo de proyectos productivos de agricultura, con asesoría técnica y apoyo en la comercialización en las ciudades capitales. En la actualidad, la corporación apoya más de 5.500 familias campesinas de la región.

Elecciones de Cali 2011

Luego de deliberar sobre si se postulaba o no a las elecciones para la alcaldía, Rodrigo Guerrero tomó la decisión, pero el Partido Conservador en el cual militaba, ya había avalado a Milton Castrillón. Razón por la cual comenzó un proceso de recolección de firmas bajo el movimiento 'Guerrero Alcalde', recolectando algo más de 130.000 firmas. Guerrero ganó la alcaldía con una considerable ventaja, sacándole el doble de votación a su principal contendor, Milton Castrillón.

Alcalde de Cali 2012-2015

Tras su elección, Guerrero nombró a su equipo de trabajo a personas altamente calificadas para el puesto, que algunos han llamado 'expertos traídos de la NASA'. Sin embargo, entre su gabinete de secretarios nombró a dos potenciales candidatos a la alcaldía en el 2015,

 Secretaría de Gobierno, Convivencia y Seguridad: Carlos José Holguín
 Secretaría de General: ´Ximena Hoyos Lago
 Secretaría de Deporte y Recreación: Clara Luz Roldán
 Secretaría de Infraestructura y Valorización: Miguel Antonio Meléndez
 Secretaría de Tránsito y Transporte: Ómar Jesús Cantillo
 Secretaría de Educación: Raúl Salazar
 Secretaría de Salud Pública: Diego Calero
 Secretaría de Desarrollo Territorial y Bienestar Social: María Helena Quiñonez
 Secretaría de Vivienda Social: Emma Lucía Berón
 Secretaría de Cultura y Turismo: María Helena Quiñonez

Véase también
 Alcalde de Cali

Enlaces externos
.

Referencias

Alcaldes de Cali
Personas de Cali
Alumnado de la Universidad del Valle
Médicos de Colombia
Alumnado de la Universidad de Harvard

Rodrigo Guerrero


Winsen, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı bölge. 4,08 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 427 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Jürgen Winkler tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.kisdorf.de

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Winsen (Holstein)


إيغيل بوماس أو إيغيل ن واماس  قرية تقع في ببلدية إبودرارن التابعة لولاية تيزي وزو بالجزائر. تمتاز بغاباتها. والتي كانت خزانا للمجاهدين أثناء الثورة التحريرية الجزائرية ومنهم الطاوس بن لعمارة، حيث شارك سكانها في تشييد نصب تذكاري في مكان المسمى "تاغونيتس غ لكفيل" ، مقابل الجبل المسمى "أزرو ن آث جمعة" ، المتوج على ارتفاع يزيد عن 1000 متر فوق مستوى سطح البحر بالطريق الذي يربط إيغيل بوماس بآيت علاوة تخليدا لذكرى ثلاثة من أوائل الثوار الوطنيين، وهم مبارك آيت منقلات وعمار ولد حمودة وصلاح آيت مهند سعيد.

في عام 1948 ، استقر اكلي محند أولحاج في القرية وفتح تجارة في مواد البناء والمنتجات الغذائية.

ملحوظون من القرية
 آيت منقلات مغني قبائلي
 اكلي محند أولحاج

المراجع

قرى الجزائر

إيغيل بوماس


The Landmark es un rascacielos postmodernista ubicado de Abu Dhabi, Emiratos Árabes Unidos. El edificio tiene una altura de 324 metros (1 063 pies), 72 plantas sobre el terreno y seis sótanos. Se finalizó en 2013. Es el tercer rascacielos más alto de Abu Dhabi, por detrás del Burj Mohammed Bin Rashid y el ADNOC Headquarters.

Galería

Véase también
 Anexo:Edificios más altos del mundo
 Anexo:Edificios más altos de Abu Dhabi

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 CTBUH: The Landmark en CTBUH
 Skyscraperpage: The Landmark en Skyscraperpage

Arquitectura de 2011
Rascacielos de Abu Dhabi
Rascacielos entre 300 y 349 metros
Emiratos Árabes Unidos en 2011
Rascacielos inaugurados en 2011
Obras de César Pelli
Arquitectura de Emiratos Árabes Unidos del siglo XXI

The Landmark


An Juncus prominens in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Kingo Miyabe och Yoshun Kudo. An Juncus prominens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Juncus

Juncus prominens