Dronfield is a town in North East Derbyshire, England, which includes Dronfield Woodhouse and Coal Aston. It lies in the valley of the River Drone between Chesterfield and Sheffield. The Peak District National Park is  to the west. The name comes from the Old English Dranfleld, probably meaning an open land infested with drone bees.

The town existed before the 1086 Domesday Book, and has a 13th-century parish church. In 1662, Charles II granted the town a market, although this later ceased. The industrial history of the town includes coal mining, the wool trade, the production of soap and steel, and engineering. Today a range of manufacturing firms still operate in the town. The stadium to the north of the town is officially "The Home of Football", providing the playing surface for Sheffield F.C., the world's oldest football club.

Dronfield's population increased in the post-war years from 6,500 in 1945 to 21,261 at the 2011 Census.

History

Dronfield was in existence before the 1086 Domesday Book, though little is known about its early history. It suffered after the Norman conquest when William the Conqueror sought to bring the North of England under control. Its name derives from the Old English drān and feld, meaning open land infested with drones (male bees).

The Church of St John the Baptist was built by 1135 when Oscot was rector and the parish of Dronfield covered Little Barlow, Coal Aston, Povey, Holmesfield, Apperknowle, Dore and Totley. The Guild of the Blessed Virgin Mary was established in 1349 in the hall of the chantry priests. However, due to the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the subsequent suppression of the guilds and chantries in 1547, it became a local inn which still operates today as the Green Dragon Inn.

During the 16th century Dronfield with its sheep farmers had a significant number of families working in the wool trade, engaged in spinning and weaving and also the production and selling of cloth. Soaper Lane, being next to the river, was the centre of the soap-making and tanning industry in the town, with a dye works also situated there. In 1662 Dronfield was granted a market by Charles II, but in the 18th century, due to the proximity of Sheffield and Chesterfield, the market went into decline, however it is still held every Thursday in the rear car park of the civic centre on Farwater Lane.

Between the 16th and 19th centuries Dronfield grew around various industries, the most widespread of which was coal mining, with pits at Stubley being mentioned in the 16th century and a map of Hill Top in the 17th century showing some workings. Further mines were opened at Coal Aston in 1785 and Carr Lane in Dronfield Woodhouse in 1795. The town also benefited from trade with the lead mining and grindstone industries in the Peak District. The wealth of the Rotheram family, who became the Lords of the Manor of Dronfield, was based on the lead trade.

The Wilson-Cammell steelworks was built in the town in 1872–3, following the completion of the Midland Main Line through the town in April 1869. Bessemer steel was first blown at the site in March 1873 and the plant was soon capable of producing 700 tons - mostly as rails - every week. Dronfield became a boom town, but its prosperity was short-lived; although more efficient and profitable than other works in the Sheffield area, its site had limitations that could not compete with low-cost coastal locations, and in 1883 production moved from Dronfield to Workington in Cumberland (now Cumbria). Steelworkers and their families moved too. It is estimated that 1,500 townspeople made the trip to Workington. 'Dronnies', as the people of Workington called the newcomers, formed Workington AFC in 1888.

In 1993 Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School (formerly the 'Dronfield School' and previously 'Dronfield Grammar School') suffered major damage when its 1960s system-built blocks were completely gutted by fire, requiring all firefighting resources from all nearby towns and Sheffield to control the blaze. The historic Victorian quadrangle and library, as well as the sixth-form block, survived. The remains of the modern school were subsequently demolished and mobile cabins were used as classrooms until 1996 when the school was rebuilt.

Geography

Dronfield is sited in the valley of the River Drone in North East Derbyshire, England. The Drone is a small river that, after flowing through Dronfield, joins the Barlow Brook at Unstone, and then flows into the River Rother at Whittington Moor, Chesterfield.

Dronfield is situated roughly midway between the town of Chesterfield to the south and the city of Sheffield to the north, for which it is a commuter town. The A61 trunk road Dronfield–Unstone Bypass cuts through the town, although this is not directly accessible from the town centre itself. Instead a network of secondary roads serves local traffic: the B6054, B6056, B6057 and B6158. Dronfield is also served via rail through Dronfield railway station.

Dronfield covers an area of  and has as neighbours the villages and hamlets of Unstone, Holmesfield, Barlow, Apperknowle, Hundall, Marsh Lane and Eckington.

Situated close to the Pennines and many of the beauty spots of Derbyshire, Dronfield also has easy access to the Peak District National Park just  away. There are four conservation areas either wholly or partly within Dronfield's parish area: Dronfield (adopted 1971), Coal Aston (1983), Dronfield Woodhouse (1990) and Moss Valley (1990); the first three cover the respective old village centres and are wholly within the parish, whereas Moss Valley covers a mixed landscape and is mostly outside the parish, to the northeast.

Economy
The town has a range of businesses, mainly located on the Callywhite Lane Industrial Estate at the eastern end of the town, and along Wreakes Lane and Stubley Lane northwest of the town centre. The main businesses in the town were originally associated with engineering trades, but over recent years have diversified. William Lees Iron Foundry, manufacturer of machinery parts, moved to Dronfield in 1870 and was responsible for major growth in the town at that time. Until the mid-1970s it specialised in production of malleable iron castings, though much production now is of spheroidal graphite iron.

Major companies with works in Dronfield include Henry Boot PLC, a property development and construction company (the divisions Henry Boot Construction Ltd and Banner Plant Ltd have regional offices in the town), Padley & Venables Ltd, manufacturers of tools for use in drilling, tunnelling, mining, quarrying and construction/demolition, Land Instruments International, international designer and manufacturer of industrial and environmental monitoring instruments (in 2006 this was acquired by AMETEK Inc), and Gunstones Bakery, which was founded in Sheffield in 1862, moved to Dronfield in 1950, taken over by Northern Foods in 1971 and acquired by 2 Sisters in 2011; in 2013 it employed more than 1,400 people.

Various smaller companies occupy units on the Callywhite Lane estate. Some modern high-tech businesses have premises in the town.

Demography
In the 2011 census Dronfield's civil parish (which includes Dronfield, Coal Aston, and Dronfield Woodhouse) had 9,388 dwellings, 9,267 households and a population of 21,261, of whom 10,333 were male and 10,928 female. 25.1% of the population were aged 65 or over (compared to 16.4% for England as a whole), and 16.1% were under the age of 16 (18.9% for England as a whole). 98.3% of Dronfield's population were of white ethnicity (compared to 85.5% for England as a whole).

On 16 October 1975, the £6.5m  A61 Dronfield–Unstone Bypass was opened running through the western side of the town, to allow easier access for travel between the larger populated areas of Sheffield to the north and Chesterfield to the south. To a certain extent the town is a dormitory community for workers in these settlements.

Notable buildings

Within Dronfield's civil parish are 42 structures that are listed by Historic England for their historical or architectural interest. One structure - the parish church of St John the Baptist - is listed as Grade I, four structures - Aston End, Chiverton House, Dronfield Woodhouse Hall farmhouse and the building northeast of The Hall on High Street - are Grade II*, and the rest - including Dronfield Manor, the Peel Monument and several buildings in Church Street and High Street - are Grade II.

The parish church of St. John the Baptist dates from the late 13th to 14th century, with mid-16th-century alterations. It has ashlar and coursed rubble walls of coal measures sandstone, with graduated slate and lead roof coverings and an octagonal spire. Repairs were made in about 1819, with more alterations in 1855 and 1916. There are over 120 brasses and monuments, many of which line the floor in the chancel and nave.

Aston End is a medieval house with additions and alterations made in the 16th, 17th and 19th centuries. It is built in an L-plan with coursed rubble walls of coal measures sandstone and a stone slated roof. Chiverton House, originally called Dam Flatt House, dates from between 1692 and 1709 and has a flat symmetrical front with cross windows, a central gable and towers at each end. It was altered in 1712 and the 19th century, though not significantly. The attached boundary walls, gatepiers and railings form part of its listing. Dronfield Woodhouse Hall farmhouse was built in 1533, as suggested by dendrodating (by the University of Nottingham) and is a house of irregular layout, built from coursed squared coal measures sandstone with a stone slated roof. It was reworked extensively in the early 18th century, with further alterations in the 19th and 20th centuries. The building north-east of The Hall on High Street is a former farm outbuilding that dates from the late 17th century, but it also contains a significant amount of an earlier timber-framed building, possibly a medieval hall. It is built in an L-plan with walls of coursed squared coal measures sandstone and a stone slated roof. In 2004 it was in a poor state of repair and was gifted to the community; in 2015 it was restored and extended at a cost of more than £1.6 million, with over £1.25m provided by the Heritage Lottery Fund. It is now used as a heritage visitor centre and exhibition and community function space, with modern catering and cloakroom facilities.

The Peel Monument, situated on the town's High Street, was built in 1854 out of gritstone as a tribute to Sir Robert Peel, to commemorate his repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. The monument is very distinctive, and is often portrayed in images of the town.

Near to the Peel Monument on High Street is a 16th-century house known as The Cottage. It is believed that it was once owned by Lord Byron (1788–1824), although there is no proof that he was a Dronfield resident.

Culture and community

Culture
Notable events are the annual Dronfield Gala and the Dronfield Woodhouse and Coal Aston well dressings, which are held in July. Dronfest, a music festival, also takes place in the town in the summer months of the year.

Since 1972 Dronfield has been twinned with Sindelfingen in Germany. A park in Dronfield Woodhouse was renamed Sindelfingen Park in the early 1990s to celebrate this partnership. Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School has an annual student exchange with a school in Sindelfingen, which helps establish links between the young people in the two towns.

There is an annual burning of the local 'Hale' this usually takes place on bonfire night and compromises of an effigy of William Hale which is stoned, spat at then burnt by enraged locals who are brought into a wild frenzy in a state of primordial hunter-gatherer frenzy and as such the town is able to maintain low crime rates! All thanks to William Hale!

Community facilities
Dronfield has a library, sports centre, health centre and community centre. There are three parks (Cliffe Park, Sindelfingen Park and Jubilee Park) and several play areas. Cliffe Park has three tennis courts, a basketball court, a children's play area, a bowling green, a meeting room with kitchen, and a multi-use games area with changing rooms. Sindelfingen Park has play areas and basketball courts.

In January 2010 a new £2.5 million sports complex opened at Gosforth Fields, on the old Gosforth School site. Run by three local teams, AFC Dronfield, Dronfield Town & Dronfield RFU, the complex includes a state-of-the-art 3G pitch, 10 full-size pitches, changing facilities and a social area. It was officially opened by Sir Trevor Brooking and John Owen. Gosforth Fields is the home of Dronfield Rugby Club.

Dronfield also has several social clubs: The Contact Club, Dronfield Woodhouse Sports & Social Club, Hill Top Sports & Social Club and the Pioneer Club.

Dronfield is home to 1890 (Dronfield) ATC Squadron.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire. Television signals are received from either the Emley Moor, Sheffield or Chesterfield TV transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Sheffield, Greatest Hits Radio North Derbyshire, and Chesterfield Radio, a community based radio station that broadcast from Chesterfield.

The Derbyshire Times is the weekly local newspaper that serves the town.

Education
Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School on Green Lane takes its intake from all of the eight schools within Dronfield and the surrounding area, occasionally also including pupils from Sheffield and the Chesterfield area. As of November 2015 it had 1,779 pupils.
Dronfield Junior and Infants Schools are the biggest primary schools in Dronfield, reaching more than 600 pupils.
William Levick Primary School had a school roll of 169 pupils as of May 2016.

Sport and leisure
Two senior football clubs play in Dronfield; Sheffield F.C., the world's oldest football club, play at the Coach and Horses ground renamed as The Home of Football Stadium, while Dronfield Town play at the Stonelow Playing Fields.

Norton Woodseats F.C. were originally from Sheffield, South Yorkshire, but were based for most of their existence in Dronfield.

There is a rugby league side that goes by the name of Dronfield Drifters RLFC.

The leisure centre is next to the civic centre.

The cricket pitch on Stonelow Road is the home of the local Coal Aston Cricket Club. The ground has high-quality facilities including home and away changing rooms, a tea room, an electronic scoreboard, a seating area in front of the pavilion and an astro-turf practice net.

The Dronfield 2000 Rotary Walk is a  circular walk that circumnavigates the town.

Media
Dronfield is served by a monthly magazine (The Dronfield Eye), and formerly by a weekly local newspaper (the Dronfield Advertiser). The Dronfield Eye also publishes the annual Dronfield Directory, which lists details of hundreds of local groups, societies and organisations.

Dronfield Digital, a youth-focused online publication which emerged in late 2012, provides opinion pieces, fake news and satire of small-town life in Dronfield.

The local TV stations for Dronfield are ITV Yorkshire and BBC Yorkshire.

Notable people
Notable people were either born or have lived in Dronfield include:

 Harry Barnes, local Labour MP 1987 to 2005, a local resident since 1969.
 Rick Allen, drummer with rock group Def Leppard, was born in the town.
 Dave Berry, musician, lives in the town.
 Michael Caine, film actor, lived in Dronfield in the early 1960s.
 Gary Cahill, footballer for Crystal Palace and England, grew up in the town and attended Dronfield Henry Fanshawe School.
 Bruce Chatwin, novelist and travel writer, was christened in the parish church and briefly lived in the town during the first weeks of his life.
 Jessica Cunningham, The Apprentice 2016 contestant.
Robert Hendy-Freegard, conman, nicknamed "The Puppetmaster". Subject of a Netflix documentary in January 2022.

References

External links

 Dronfield Town Council

 Short synopsis of Dronfield
 St John the Baptist Church, Dronfield

Towns in Derbyshire
Towns and villages of the Peak District
North East Derbyshire District

Dronfield


18461 Seiichikanno este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
18461 Seiichikanno este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Nanyo de Tomimaru Okuni. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,65 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 13,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 18001-19000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

18461 Seiichikanno


නූර්ති යනු වේදිකා නාට්‍ය විශේෂයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 වේදිකා නාට්‍ය

වේදිකා නාට්‍ය

නූර්ති


Das Gewerkschaftshaus unter der Adresse Otto-Brenner-Straße 1 in Hannover ist der Sitz des DGB Bezirks Niedersachsen, Bremen und Sachsen-Anhalt, der DGB Region Hannover sowie mehrerer Einzelgewerkschaften des DGB.

Geschichte
Das Gebäude entstand als Ersatz für das ältere, vor der Goseriede befindliche Gewerkschaftshaus des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes (ADGB), das am 1. April 1933 als erstes Gewerkschaftshaus in Deutschland von den Nationalsozialisten überfallen und besetzt wurde. Dieser ältere, erhaltene Gebäudekomplex ist heute besser bekannt unter dem Namen Tiedthof.

Nach dem Ende der Diktatur entstand in den Wiederaufbaujahren 1952/53 als selbstbewusster Fingerzeig das neue, neungeschossige Bürohochhaus mit zweigeschossigen Saalanbau nach Plänen des Architekten Friedrich Lindau. Städtebaulich bildete das Hochhaus am Ende des Klagesmarktes das Pendant zur Christuskirche und markierte den gleichzeitig entstandenen Verkehrskreisel am Alten St.-Nikolai-Friedhof.

Der Standort für den Neubau kam nicht von ungefähr: Vor dem Bau des neuen DGB-Gewerkschaftshauses war der gegenüberliegende Klagesmarkt während der Weimarer Republik Versammlungsort für Massendemonstrationen der Arbeitnehmer. Im Dritten Reich diente der Platz dann als Aufmarschplatz für das NS-System und schließlich als Standort für einen Tiefbunker (einen der ersten in Deutschland) gegen die Luftangriffe auf Hannover. Genau hier, zu Füßen des neuen Gewerkschaftshauses, wurden nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wieder Versammlungen abgehalten, regelmäßig am 1. Mai, nun aber insbesondere organisiert durch die Vertreter der Arbeitnehmer.

1972 änderte sich auch die Adresse des Bürohochhauses: Hieß die Straße zuvor noch Josephstraße, wurde sie nun umbenannt in den heutigen Namen zu Ehren des Ersten Gewerkschaftsvorsitzenden der Industriegewerkschaft Metall, Otto Brenner.
1990 wurde das Gewerkschaftshaus des DGB unter Denkmalschutz gestellt.

Aquarell
Im Jahr 1952 entstand ein Aquarell eines unbenannten Künstlers vom Aufbau des Gewerkschaftshauses und seiner Umgebung; das Bild wurde in schwarz-weiß auf dem Umschlag von Klaus Mertschings 1983 erschienenen Schrift Besetzung des Gewerkschaftshauses am 1. April 1933 … wiedergegeben.

Proteste gegen den Umbau des Klagesmarktes und Kundgebungen zum 1. Mai

Die Umbauplanungen der Stadt Hannover im Zuge von Hannover City 2020 + sahen eine Bebauung des Klagesmarktes vor dem DGB-Gewerkschaftshaus vor. Der Stadtrat hatte den Verkauf und die Bebauung beschlossen. Trotz verfeinerter Entwürfe, die Stadtbaurat Uwe Bodemann im März 2012 vorgestellt hatte, hat sich dagegen ein Aktionsbündnis Neuer Klagesmarkt gebildet. Dennoch wurden in den Jahren 2011 bis 2013 auf dem Klagesmarkt neue Wohn- und Bürohäuser errichtet.

Die Kundgebungen des Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes zum 1. Mai fanden danach für zwei Jahre auf dem Trammplatz vor dem Neuen Rathaus statt. Seither finden sie in der Goseriede vor dem alten Gewerkschaftshaus, dem Tiedthof, statt.

Siehe auch
 Gedenkstein Altes Gewerkschaftshaus Hannover
 Liste der Baudenkmale in Hannover-Mitte

Literatur
 Friedrich Lindau: Planen und Bauen der Fünfziger Jahre in Hannover. Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Hannover 1998, ISBN 3-87706-530-9, S. 68–79.
 Helmut Knocke, Hugo Thielen: Otto-Brenner-Straße 1. In: Hannover Kunst- und Kultur-Lexikon. S. 178.

Weblinks

 Website des DGB Niedersachsen

Einzelnachweise

Baudenkmal in Hannover
Hochhaus in Hannover
Bürogebäude in Hannover
Hochhaus in Europa
Erbaut in den 1950er Jahren
Mitte (Hannover)
Bürohochhaus

Gewerkschaftshaus (Hannover)


ملعب أرماندو بيتشي ملعب متعدد الاستخدامات لعدة رياضات يقع في مدينة ليفورنو الإيطالية . يعتبر الملعب الرئيسي لمباريات نادي ليفورنو . تم افتتاحه في 1935 ويتسع لحضور 19238 متفرج .

مراجع

مبان ومنشآت اكتملت في 1935
مبان ومنشآت في ليفورنو
ملاعب الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1960
ملاعب الدوري الإيطالي
ملاعب رياضية في توسكانا
ملاعب كرة قدم أولمبية
أ
نادي ليفورنو

ملعب أرماندو بيتشي


Red Lake may refer to:

Lakes

Australia
Red Lake (Western Australia)

Croatia
Red Lake (Croatia) (Crveno jezero)

Romania
Red Lake (Romania) (Lacul Roşu)

United States

Red Lake (Arizona–New Mexico)
Red Lake (Orlando), Florida
Red Lake (Minnesota), the largest lake entirely within the state
Red Lake (New York)
Red Lake (Douglas County, Wisconsin)

Other places

Canada
Red Lake, Ontario

United States
Red Lake, Arizona, a census-designated place
Red Lake Peak, a summit of the Sierra Nevada mountains in California
Red Lake, Minnesota, a census-designated place
Red Lake County, Minnesota
Red Lake Indian Reservation, Minnesota
Red Lake Senior High School, Minnesota
Red Lake shootings, a series of shootings in 2005
Red Lake River in Minnesota
Lower Red Lake, Minnesota, an unorganized territory
Upper Red Lake, Minnesota, an unorganized territory
Red Lake Township, Logan County, North Dakota

See also
Lake Chervonoye, in Belarus
Raudvatnet, in Norway
Rotsee, in Switzerland
Red Lake Falls (disambiguation)

Red Lake


"All I Want for Christmas Is You" božićna je pjesma američke pjevačice Mariah Carey. Napisala ju je s Walterom Afanasieffom za svoj četvrti studijski i prvi blagdanski album Merry Christmas (iz 1994.). Columbia Records objavila ju je 29. listopada 1994. kao glavni singl s tog albuma. Riječ je o ljubavnoj pjesmi živahna tempa u čiju instrumentaciju karakteriziraju zvončići, prateći vokali i sintesajzeri.

Pjesma je dobila pohvale kritičara, a The New Yorker nazvao ju je "jednom od rijetkih pjesama koja je vrijedna uvrštavanja u kanon blagdanskih pjesama". Najveći je međunarodni hit Mariah Carey; pojavio se na prvom mjestu ljestvica u dvadeset i šest država, među kojima su Australija, Kanada, Francuska i Njemačka. Godine 2019. prvi se put pojavila na vrhu ljestvice Billboard Hot 100, 25 godina nakon što je prvi put objavljena, te je tako srušila nekoliko rekorda, među kojima je i rekord za najduže vrijeme potrebno za dolazak na prvo mjesto te ljestvice. Iduće se godine prvi put pojavila na vrhu glazbenih ljestvica u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu; ondje je provela rekordnih 69 tjedana u prvih 40 mjesta prije nego što je došla na prvo mjesto. Budući da je prodan u više od 17 milijuna primjeraka, to je najprodavaniji božićni singl neke glazbenice i jedan od najprodavanijih singlova svih vremena. Do 2017. prodajom singla zarađeno je 60 milijuna dolara.

Za pjesmu su izvorno snimljena dva glazbena spota. U glavnom se spotu prikazuju Carey, njezini psi i obitelj tijekom blagdana u zrnatoj kvaliteti snimke tipičnoj za kućne videozapise, ali i Carey u odijelu Djeda Mraza kako se zabavlja na snježnim obroncima. Njezin se tadašnji suprug Tommy Mottola pojavljuje u ulozi Djeda Mraza, donosi joj dar i odlazi u crvenim sanjkama. Drugi je spot snimljen u crno-bijeloj tehnici i u njemu se pojavljuje Carey u odjeći tipičnoj za modu šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća (riječ je o odavanju počasti skupini the Ronettes) uz prateće pjevače i plesačice. Treći glazbeni spot, koji je režirao Joseph Kahn, objavljen je 2019. u sklopu 25. godišnjice pjesme.

Carey je pjevala "All I Want for Christmas Is You" tijekom brojnih televizijskih prijenosa uživo i na većem broju turneja u karijeri. Godine 2010. ponovno je snimila pjesmu za svoj drugi blagdanski album Merry Christmas II You, no pod imenom "All I Want for Christmas Is You (Extra Festive)". Također je ponovno snimila pjesmu u obliku za duet s kanadskim pjevačem Justinom Bieberom za njegov album Under the Mistletoe iz 2011.; ta se inačica pjesme zove "All I Want for Christmas Is You (SuperFestive!)".

Pjesma je ušla u standardni repertoar božićne glazbe i stječe popularnost tijekom božićnih blagdana.

Pozadina i skladanje

Nakon uspjeha albuma Music Box Carey i njezin menadžment iz Columbia Recordsa počeli su razmišljati o idejama i strategijama za iduće projekte. Njezin je tadašnji suprug Tommy Mottola, predsjednik diskografske kuće Sony Music Entertainment u čijem je vlasništvu Columbia, počeo planirati potencijalne uratke za Carey dok je njezina karijera bila na vrhuncu. Tijekom prvih rasprava o mogućem božićnom albumu u čijem bi pisanju pjesama sudjelovali Carey i Walter Afanasieff, njezin višegodišnji suradnik u pisanju pjesama, počele su se pojavljivati brige da nije prikladno i mudro objaviti božićnu glazbu na vrhuncu nečije karijere jer se takav potez češće povezuje s glazbenicima čija je karijera u padu.

Afanasieff se prisjetio svojih stavova tijekom prvih rasprava o božićnom albumu: "Tada niste imali mnogo glazbenika koji su objavljivali božićne albume. Tada to uopće nije bio običaj i nitko nije stvarao nove, velike božićne pjesme. Planirali smo ga objaviti kao neki oblik svakidašnjeg 'Hej, vidite ovo, objavljujemo božićni album. Nije to ništa posebno.'" Naposljetku su uz Mottolinu upornost Carey i Afanasieff u ljeto 1994. počeli pisati pjesme za album Merry Christmas na kojem se nalazi "All I Want for Christmas Is You". Carey je dom, u kojem je tad živjela s Mottolom na sjeveru savezne države New Yorka (u kojem se također nalazio i privatni studio), počela ukrašavati božićnim ukrasima. Smatrala je da će tako moći uhvatiti bit i duh onoga što je pjevala i tako svoje vokalne dionice učiniti osjećajnijima i vjerodostojnijima. "All I Want for Christmas Is You" snimljena je tog kolovoza; Carey i Afanasieffu bilo je potrebno svega 15 minuta da bi je napisali.

Afanasieff je izjavio da su ga u početku njezine ideje za melodiju i vokalne ljestvice zbunjivale i da je zbog njih "problijedio", no dodao je da ih se "uporno držala". U intervjuu s Billboardom Afanasieff je opisao u kakvu su odnosu bili on i Carey u studiju kao glazbeni partneri i općenito:

Afanasieff se vratio u Kaliforniju, gdje se posvetio programiranju i produkciji pjesme. U početku je zatražio da glazbeni sastav uživo odsvira dionice na bubnjevima i ostalim glazbalima da bi dobio siroviji i emotivniji prizvuk. Rezultati snimanja nisu ga se dojmili, pa je odbacio te snimke i poslužio se izvornim, vlastitim aranžmanom, a sva je glazbala u pjesmi (uz iznimku pratećih vokala), među kojima su klavir, efekti, bubnjevi i triangl, programirao. Dok je Carey nastavila pisati pjesme u svojem unajmljenom stanu u Hamptonsu, Afanasieff je već programirao aranžman pjesama i čekao prikladno vrijeme za zadnji sastanak s Carey kako bi s njom snimio harmonije za prateće vokale i učinio ih slojevitijima.

Dok je raspravljala o tome što ju je potaknulo na snimanje i objavu božićnog albuma, Carey je izjavila: "Jako volim slaviti blagdane, volim ih. Pjevala sam božićne pjesme dok sam još bila djevojčica. Nekoć sam išla koledati. Kad smo počeli raditi na albumu, željeli smo uravnotežiti standardne kršćanske himne i zabavne pjesme. Svakako sam željela napisati barem šačicu novih pjesama, ali ljudi uglavnom žele čuti uobičajene božićne pjesme, bez obzira na to koliko je nova pjesma dobra."

Struktura i tekst

"All I Want for Christmas Is You" pjesma je živahna tempa, a sadrži elemente popa, soula, R&B-ja, gospela, dance-popa i suvremene glazbe za odrasle. Do početka kolovoza Carey je s Afanasieffom napisala dvije pjesme, među kojima su bile "tužna i baladeskna" "Miss You Most (At Christmas Time)" te "Jesus Born on This Day", koja je "religiozna i nadahnuta gospelom". Treća i posljednja pjesma koju su planirali napisati trebala je biti nadahnuta idejom "božićne pjesme iz šezdesetih, u stilu starog rock 'n rolla i [glazbenih produkcija] Phila Spectora".

Pjesma počinje "iskričavim" udaraljkama "koje podsjećaju na antikne glazbene kutije ili simpatične snježne kugle". Nakon što Carey počne pjevati a cappella, u pjesmi se pojavljuju ostale udaraljke tipične za sezonu, među kojima su slavljenička crkvena zvona, veseli praporci i "temeljni ritam koji zvuči poput dugačkih koraka konja ili soba. Svi ti zvukovi odražavaju religiozne i svjetovne glazbene kamene temeljce, dok pritom ne skreću preoštro ni u kojem smjeru, a pjesmi daju vedar i veseo prizvuk."

U intervjuu iz 1994. Carey je pjesmu nazvala "zabavnom" i izjavila: "Vrlo je tradicionalna, odnosi se na staromodni Božić. Pomalo je retro, podsjeća na šezdesete." Afanasieff je glazbene elemente dodatno razložio: "Raskošni zvuk klavijatura, koji podsjeća na skromniju inačicu zvukovnog zida [engl. "Wall of Sound"], ublažava živahan ritam pjesme, dok svojevrsnu protutežu tomu čine prateći vokali svojim emotivnim i snažnim "uuh"-vokalizama, prateće melodije glavnoj temi koje grade napetost i svečane harmonije. Međutim, najvažniji su osebujni klavirski akordi i melodija koji pjesmi daju posebnu živahnost."

U stihovima pjesme lirski subjekt tvrdi da ga ne zanima uobičajeni komercijalni aspekt blagdana poput ukrasnih svjetala, drveća, snijega i darova dokle god može za Božić biti sa svojim ljubavnim partnerom. U aranžmanu pjesme čuju se različita glazbala – među njima su klavir, bubnjevi, violina, oboa, flauta, zvončići, bas-bubanj i kravlja zvona, a osobitom dojmu pridonose i slojeviti prateći vokali tijekom pripjeva i u pojedinim dijelovima mosta.

Tempo pjesme otprilike je 150 otkucaja po minuti. Prema partituri koju je na internetskom mjestu Musicnotes.com objavio Sony/ATV Music Publishing pjesma je u četveročetvrtinskoj mjeri i u G-duru. Raspon glasa Mariah Carey u pjesmi kreće se od g do a2. Carey je autorica teksta i glazbe, a Afanasieff je djelomice uobličio melodiju te je zaslužan za aranžman i glazbenu produkciju pjesme uz pomoć sintesajzera.

Slateov Adam Ragusea izjavio je da u pjesmi postoji "barem 13 različitih akorda koji omogućuju i raskošne kromatske melodije. U pjesmi se nalazi i nešto što bih nazvao akordom koji najviše podsjeća na Božić – molska subdominanta, odnosno kvintakord IV. stupnja s dodanom sekstom, koji se između ostalog pojavljuje tijekom stiha 'underneath the Christmas tree'. (Taj akord možete tumačiti i kao obrat polusmanjenoga septakorda II. stupnja, ali obje su interpretacije prihvatljive)." Roch Parisien iz AllMusica izjavio je da pjesma sadrži "harmonije tipične za stil Beach Boysa, zveckanje zvončića i tempo vožnje zaprežnim saonicama, čime se u taj uglavnom uobičajeni komplet uvrštava nekoliko djelića vesele zabave."

Recenzenti su u toj pjesmi također uočili i utjecaje četrdesetih, pedesetih i šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća za koje tvrde da su u kombinaciji s glasom Mariah Carey i jednostavnom melodijom dodatno pridonijeli njezinu uspjehu. U raspravi o progresiji akorda i stilskim obilježjima Ragusea je izjavio da je to "jedina božićna pjesma napisana u proteklih pola stoljeća koja zavređuje upis u Great American Songbook." Annie Zaleski iz The A.V. Cluba dugogodišnju privlačnost pjesme pripisuje tomu što se ne može jednostavno odrediti kojem glazbenom razdoblju pripada.

Recenzije
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" dobila je pohvale kritičara. Roch Parisien iz AllMusica nazvao ju je "energičnom pjesmom za cijelu godinu" te je pohvalio instrumentaciju i melodiju. Steve Morse, urednik The Boston Globea, napisao je da na toj pjesmi Carey pjeva strastveno. U recenziji albuma Merry Christmas II You Thomas Connor iz Chicago Sun-Timesa pjesmu je nazvao "jednostavnom, dobro oblikovanom [...] i jednom od posljednjih dobrih dodataka božićnom kanonu pop-pjesama". Shona Craven iz škotskog Heralda izjavila je da je to "optimistična i vedra pjesma koja možda nagovještava koji je pravi smisao Božića." K tome, komentirala je da uspjeh mahom duguje riječi "you" ("ti") u stihovima: "Pjesmu je golemom uspješnicom vjerojatno učinila činjenica da je posvećena svakome." Svoju je recenziju započela ovim riječima: "Bing Crosby možda se okreće u grobu, no nijedno dijete osamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća neće iznenaditi činjenica da se božanstvena All I Want for Christmas Is You pojavljuje na ljestvicama nakon što je proglašena omiljenom pjesmom za proslavu [...]." U recenziji remiksane inačice iz 2009. Becky Bain s internetskog mjesta Idolator pjesmu je nazvala "bezvremenskim klasikom" i dodala: "Obožavamo izvornu pjesmu – puštamo je i pojačamo do kraja dok uređujemo božićno drvce i palimo svijeće na menori."

Kyle Anderson s MTV-ja pjesmu je proglasio "veličanstvenom himnom punom zvona, zvončića, ukrasa doo-wopa i sveobuhvatnih gudaćih glazbala, a sadrži i jednu od najdinamičnijih i najčišćih vokalnih izvedbi u karijeri [Mariah] Carey". Časopis Music & Media komentirao je: "Božićni album Phila Spectora glavni je uzor ovoj božićnoj pjesmi u tradiciji 'Darlene Love protiv zvukovnog zida'." Music Week izjavio je: "Mariah u kombinaciji s Philom Spectorom, zvonima i neizbježnim zvončićima sa sanjki; tu je sve što možete očekivati od albuma Mariah Carey." U članku o karijeri Mariah Carey iz 2006. Sasha Frere-Jones iz The New Yorkera komentirao je da je ta "dražesna" pjesma jedan od najvećih uspjeha Mariah Carey i nazvao ju je "jednom od rijetkih pjesama koja je vrijedna uvrštavanja u kanon blagdanskih pjesama". Dan Hancox, urednik The Nationala, citirao je Jonesovu izjavu i složio se s njome; pjesmu je nazvao "savršenstvom". Barry Schwartz iz Stylus Magazinea komentirao je: "[R]eći da je ova pjesma odmah postala klasik nekako ne odražava činjenicu koliko je izvrsna; to je moderni standard: vesela je, uzbudljiva i glasna, a nosi i blagu aromu čežnje." Pohvalio je i stihove pjesme; izjavio je da su "prekrasno sročeni", a da je glas Mariah Carey "prelijep" i "iskren".

Uspjeh na ljestvicama

Sjeverna Amerika

U Sjedinjenim Državama "All I Want for Christmas Is You" u prvom se tjednu siječnja 1995. popela do 6. mjesta Billboardove ljestvice Hot Adult Contemporary i 12. mjesta ljestvice Hot 100 Airplay. Ponovno se pojavila na tim dvjema ljestvicama u prosincu 1995. i prosincu 1996. Nije se mogla pojaviti na ljestvici Billboard Hot 100 u vrijeme prve objave jer nije bila objavljena komercijalno kao singl ni u kakvom fizičkom obliku. To je pravilo prestalo vrijediti 1998., pa se pjesma naknadno pojavila na toj ljestvici (u siječnju 2000. popela se do 83. mjesta). Pojavila se na vrhu Billboardove ljestvice Hot Digital Songs u prosincu 2005., no nije se pojavila na ljestvici Billboard Hot 100 jer se smatralo da je riječ o singlu koji se više puta vraća na ljestvice i da se zato ne može ponovno pojaviti na njoj.

Svakog se prosinca od 2005. do 2008. pjesma pojavljivala na vrhu Billboardove ljestvice Hot 100 Singles Recurrents. Godine 2012., nakon što je izmijenjeno pravilo o ponovnom pojavljivanju na ljestvicama (čime su se sve pjesme u prvih 50 mjesta Hot 100 Singles Recurrentsa mogle pojaviti na ljestvici Hot 100), singl se ponovno pojavio na ljestvici, ovog puta na njezinu 29. mjestu, a početkom siječnja 2013. popeo se do 21. mjesta. U prosincu 2017. pjesma se popela do 9. mjesta ljestvice Hot 100 – time je označila 28. put da je pjesma Mariah Carey ušla u prvih 10 mjesta u Sjedinjenim Državama i postala je njezina prva pjesma od skladbe "Obsessed" iz 2009. koja je postigla taj uspjeh. Naknadno se popela do 3. mjesta ljestvice početkom siječnja 2019. i tako je postala druga blagdanska pjesma koja je ušla u prvih pet mjesta te ljestvice nakon pjesme "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)" skupine David Seville and the Chipmunks, koja se 1958. pojavila na prvom mjestu. Ponovno se pojavila na trećem mjestu ljestvice Hot 100 sredinom prosinca 2019.

Na ljestvici koja je objavljena 21. prosinca 2019. "All I Want for Christmas Is You" prvi se put pojavila na vrhu ljestvice Hot 100 u SAD-u; u tom je tjednu preslušana 45,6 milijuna puta na internetskim uslugama za slušanje glazbe i prodana je u 27 000 digitalnih primjeraka. Pojavila se na vrhu nakon što je na ljestvici provela ukupno 35 tjedana, čime je postavila rekord za pjesmu koja se najdulje primicala vrhu te ljestvice i time je nadmašila prethodni rekord pjesme "Macarena (Bayside Boys Remix)" grupe Los del Río, koja se popela do prvog mjesta u kolovozu 1996. nakon što je na ljestvici provela 33 tjedna. K tome, srušila je i rekord za najduže vrijeme potrebno za dolazak na prvo mjesto te ljestvice od objave – to je mjesto dosegla 25 godina nakon prve objave. Ta je pjesma postala njezina devetnaesta koja se pojavila na vrhu ljestvice Hot 100 i tako je povećala njezin rekord za najveći broj pjesama samostalnog izvođača na vrhu te ljestvice, a Carey je usput sa svojim pjesmama na vrhu te ljestvice provela rekordnih 80 tjedana. Iako je izvorno objavljen 1994., "All I Want for Christmas Is You" posljednji je singl koji se pojavio na prvom mjestu u drugom desetljeću 21. stoljeća, ali i prvi koji se pojavio na prvom mjestu početkom trećeg desetljeća; Carey je tako postala prva glazbenica u povijesti koja se pojavila na vrhu ljestvice u četirima različitim desetljećima – u devedesetim godinama 20. stoljeća te prvom, drugom i trećem desetljeću 21. stoljeća. Krajem blagdanske sezone pjesma je srušila još jedan rekord – postala je prva pjesma koja je posve nestala s ljestvice nakon što se na njoj pojavila na prvom mjestu. Do kraja prosinca 2020. na vrhu je Billboardove ljestvice Holiday 100 ukupno provela rekordna 44 tjedna od 2011., kad je ljestvica uvedena; bila je na njezinu vrhu 29 tjedana zaredom između 2015. i 2016. Nijedna druga pjesma nije provela više od dva tjedna na vrhu ljestvice Holiday 100 otkad je uvedena.

Postala je prva blagdanska melodija za mobilne telefone koja je stekla dvostruku platinastu nakladu u SAD-u. K tome, od svih je pjesama snimljenih prije 2000. postala najprodavaniji digitalni singl neke glazbenice, kao i općenito najprodavaniji blagdanski singl u digitalnoj inačici. Prema analizi Nielsen SoundScana do prosinca 2019. pjesma je u digitalnoj inačici kupljena otprilike 3 588 000 puta. Pjesma se sredinom prosinca 2019. pojavila na vrhu ljestvice Rolling Stone 100 i tako postala prva pjevačičina pjesma koja je zauzela to mjesto i njezina četrnaesta koja je ušla u prvih nekoliko mjesta te ljestvice. Na ljestvici objavljenoj 19. prosinca 2020. "All I Want for Christmas Is You" vratila se na prvo mjesto ljestvice Hot 100, na njoj je provela četvrti tjedan i tako uz "The Chipmunk Song" postala blagdanska pjesma koja se najduže zadržala na toj ljestvici. K tome, postala je tek druga pjesma u povijesti ljestvice koja se pojavila na prvom mjestu u dva navrata nakon pjesme "The Twist" Chubbyja Checkera, koja je na vrh ljestvice došla u rujnu 1960. i u siječnju 1962. Nakon što je idući tjedan pala na drugo mjesto, ponovno se popela na prvo mjesto na ljestvici objavljenoj 2. siječnja 2021. i tako je postala prva pjesma koja se pojavila na vrhu ljestvice u tri različite godine (2019., 2020. i 2021.) i prva blagdanska pjesma koja je na prvom mjestu provela ukupno pet tjedana.

U Kanadi se prvi put pojavila na ljestvici Canadian Hot 100 5. siječnja 2019., čime je postala prva božićna pjesma koja se pojavila na vrhu te ljestvice, jedanaesta skladba Mariah Carey koja se pojavila na prvom mjestu ljestvice u toj državi i prva koja se pojavila na tom mjestu od pjesme "Heartbreaker" (iz 1999.). Otada se dvaput vratila na prvo mjesto – 2020. i 2021. godine, a ukupno je na prvom mjestu provela tri tjedna.

Europa
U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu pjesma se 10. prosinca 1994. pojavila na petom mjestu ljestvice UK Singles Chart. Idućeg se tjedna popela do drugog mjesta i ondje je ostala preostala tri tjedna u prosincu (na prvom se mjestu tad nalazila pjesma "Stay Another Day" skupine East 17). Naposljetku je postala dvanaesti najprodavaniji singl 1994. godine u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Do kraja siječnja 2017. na toj je ljestvici provela 78 tjedana. Do 19. prosinca 2013. prodana je u milijun primjeraka u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Na Božić 2020. stekla je peterostruku platinastu nakladu Britanske fonografske industrije za tri milijuna prodanih primjeraka (što uključuje i slušanje pjesme na internetu) i danas je najprodavaniji singl Mariah Carey u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Godine 2010. pjesma je proglašena najboljom blagdanskom pjesmom desetljeća u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Drugi je put zauzela drugo mjesto na glazbenoj ljestvici u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu u prosincu 2017., a taj je uspjeh ponovila i 2018. i 2019. Dana 11. prosinca 2020., 26 godina od izvorne objave, prvi se put pojavila na vrhu ljestvice UK Singles Chart. Također je postavila i rekord na toj ljestvici – dosegla je prvo mjesto nakon što je sedamdeset tjedana provela u prvih 40 mjesta; nijedna pjesma u povijesti te ljestvice nije provela toliko tjedana u prvih 40 mjesta prije dolaska na prvo mjesto. Do ožujka 2021. "All I Want for Christmas Is You" bila je najslušanija pjesma Mariah Carey na digitalnim platformama u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu i sedma najslušanija pjesma neke glazbenice u toj državi – preslušana je 235 milijuna puta.

"All I Want for Christmas Is You" devet je tjedana provela na vrhu glazbene ljestvice u Norveškoj; sedam tjedana u Nizozemskoj; šest tjedana u Njemačkoj, Austriji, Mađarskoj i Češkoj; pet tjedana u Slovačkoj i Švicarskoj; četiri tjedna u Švedskoj, Hrvatskoj i Litvi; tri tjedna u Italiji; dva tjedna u Danskoj, Finskoj, Portugalu i Latviji te jedan tjedan u Francuskoj, Grčkoj, Sloveniji i na Islandu. Također se pojavila na trećem mjestu u Estoniji, Španjolskoj i Irskoj, petom mjestu u Belgiji i sedmom mjestu u Poljskoj.

U Norveškoj je stekla četverostruku platinastu nakladu, a u Danskoj trostruku.

Oceanija
Pjesma se 1994. pojavila na drugom mjestu ljestvice ARIA Singles Chart u Australiji i stekla je sedmerostruku platinastu nakladu Australskog udruženja diskografske industrije za singl prodan u 490 000 primjeraka. Pojavila se na vrhu te ljestvice u prosincu 2018. te je tako postala prva božićna pjesma koja je postigla takav uspjeh u 21. stoljeću i treća pjesma Mariah Carey koja se pojavila na vrhu te ljestvice nakon "Fantasy" (iz 1995.) i "We Belong Together" (iz 2005.). Također je postala jedanaesti izvođač čija je pjesma došla na prvo mjesto ljestvice u trima različitim desetljećima. Usto je prva božićna pjesma od "Snoopy's Christmas" skupine The Royal Guardsmen iz 1967. koja se pojavila na prvom mjestu u Australiji tijekom božićnih blagdana. Otad se dvaput vratila na prvo mjesto ljestvica u Australiji (2019. i 2020. godine) i ondje je do danas provela ukupno tri tjedna.

Također se pojavila na prvom mjestu ljestvice na Novom Zelandu u prosincu 2018., čime je postala osma pjesma Mariah Carey koja je zauzela prvo mjesto u toj državi i njezina prva od pjesme  "Heartbreaker" iz 1999. Pjesma se još jednom vratila na vrh ljestvice u prosincu 2019. i ondje je provela tjedan dana.

Japan
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" postala je najprodavaniji singl Mariah Carey u Japanu. Pojavila se kao glavna pjesma u drami 29-sai no Christmas (jap. "Božić u 29 godina, 29. Božić"), u kojoj je nosila ime Koibito-tachi no Christmas (jap. "Božić ljubavnika"). Singl je dva tjedna 1994. proveo na drugom mjestu (na prvom su se mjestu nalazili singlovi "Tomorrow Never Knows" i "Everybody Goes" rock-skupine Mr. Children). U Japanu je prodano otprilike 1,1 milijuna primjeraka pjesme. Zbog uspješne prodaje i česte reprodukcije ponovno se pojavila na japanskoj ljestvici 2010.; zauzela je šesto mjesto na ljestvici Japan Hot 100. Singl je stekao nagradu Million Japanskog udruženja diskografske industrije u dvama različitim formatima (na CD-u i kao melodija za mobilne telefone) 1994. i 2008.

Remiksane inačice
Kad je prvi put objavljena 1994., za pjesmu nisu bile naručene remiksane inačice. Carey je 2000. ponovno objavila pjesmu u Japanu uz remiksanu inačicu poznatu kao remiks So So Defa. Na toj se inačici nalaze novi vokali i žešći ritam uz sampl pjesme "Planet Rock" Afrike Bambaate i Soulsonic Forcea; na toj inačici gostuju Jermaine Dupri i Bow Wow. Ta se verzija pjesme pojavljuje kao dodatna pjesma na kompilaciji Greatest Hits Mariah Carey (iz 2001.). U glazbenom spotu snimljenom za remiks fizički se ne pojavljuju ni Carey ni glazbenici hip-hopa koji izvode pjesmu; spot je animiran i utemeljen na sceni iz spota za pjesmu "Heartbreaker" (iz 1999.). U animiranom su obliku prikazani Carey, njezin tadašnji partner Luis Miguel, njezin pas Jack, Jermaine Dupri, Bow Wow i Djed Mraz. Tijekom 2009. i 2010. pjesma se pojavljivala u glazbenom spotu za ESPN-ov (i ABC-jev) prijenos NBA-inih utakmica za Božić.

Godine 2009. Carey i Low Sunday izradili su i objavili remiks pod imenom "Mariah's New Dance Mix". Riječ je o remiksu na kojem se nalaze izvorne snimke vokala iz 1994. i nova elektronička instrumentacija. Dobio je pozitivne recenzije. MTV-jev Kyle Anderson napisao je da je "teško poboljšati savršenstvo", ali da ta inačica "stavlja pjesmu u kontekst disca koji će vaš božićni tulum u uredu učiniti plesnijim za 28 % [...]." Idolatorova Becky Bain pohvalila je pamtljivost pjesme.

Godine 2010. Carey je ponovno snimila pjesmu za svoj trinaesti studijski i drugi blagdanski album Merry Christmas II You. U toj inačici, koja se zove "All I Want for Christmas Is You (Extra Festive)", čuju se ponovno snimljeni vokali, blaži zvuk zvona i glasniji zvuk bubnjeva te orkestralni uvod koji je zamijenio sporiju uvodnu vokalnu dionicu. Steven J. Horowitz iz Rap-Upa izjavio je da nova verzija pjesme "zvuči jednako ugodno kao i ona iz 1994.". Iako je dobila pohvale, također je i kritizirana jer je bila previše slična izvornoj pjesmi. Thomas Connor iz Chicago Sun-Timesa komentirao je da se na toj inačici "naočigled samo pojavljuje još nekoliko razmetljivih pratećih pjevača u istom aranžmanu". Caryn Ganz iz Rolling Stonea složila se s tom tvrdnjom; spomenula je da je "teško zaključiti" što to novu inačicu "čini 'još svečanijom'". Dan Hancox, urednik The Nationala, spomenuo je da nova inačica pjesme nije bila nužna.

Koncertne izvedbe

Carey pjeva pjesmu na koncertima i u televizijskim emisijama. Otpjevala ju je i tijekom nekoliko koncertnih turneja, među kojima su Daydream World Tour (iz 1996.), Butterfly World Tour (iz 1998.), Rainbow World Tour (iz 2000.), Charmbracelet World Tour (od 2002. do 2003.), The Adventures of Mimi Tour (iz 2006.) i All I Want For Christmas Is You, A Night of Joy & Festivity.

Prvi je put otpjevala pjesmu 8. prosinca 1994. u katedrali sv. Ivana Božanskog na Manhattanu. K tome, pjesmu je otpjevala i 2004. u emisiji Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade koja se prikazivala uživo na ABC-u. Carey je također otpjevala remiksanu inačicu So So Defa na prvi dan turneje Angels Advocate Tour, koja je počela na Silvestrovo. Dana 9. studenoga 2010. snimila je posebnu božićnu emisiju u kojoj je izvela pjesmu; ta se emisija prikazala na ABC-u 13. prosinca 2010. K tome, njezina se izvedba te pjesme i pjesme "Oh Santa!" prikazivala na ESPN-u i ABC-u tijekom Božića 2010.; otpjevala ih je 3. prosinca 2010. u Magic Kingdomu, zabavnom parku Walt Disney World Resorta. Carey ih je otpjevala još jednom u spotu kojim su se reklamirale NBA-ine božićne utakmice; prikazan je na obama televizijskim kanalima.

Godine 2012. otpjevala je pjesmu s Jimmyjem Fallonom u pratnji skupine The Roots u emisiji The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Dana 18. prosinca 2013. otpjevala je pjesmu s Michaelom Bubléom u njegovoj posebnoj božićnoj emisiji na NBC-u. Dana 15. prosinca 2016. u emisiji The Late Late Show Jamesa Cordena Mariah Carey otpjevala je pjesmu u sklopu dijela emisije pod imenom Carpool Karaoke. Pjesmu su uz nju pjevali Adele, Lady Gaga, Demi Lovato, Nick Jonas, Elton John, Selena Gomez, Gwen Stefani, Chris Martin i članovi sastava Red Hot Chili Peppers. U prosincu 2019. Carey se vratila u The Late Late Show da bi otpjevala pjesmu 25 godina nakon njezine objave; osim te pjesme otpjevala je i "Oh Santa!" i "Christmas Time Is in the Air Again". Godine 2020. ponovno je snimila pjesmu i izvela je u svojoj posebnoj božićnoj emisiji.

Glazbeni spotovi
Prvi, glavni spot za pjesmu snimljen je u tehnici kućnog videozapisa filmskom vrpcom širine 8 mm; snimila ga je i režirala Carey tijekom božićnih blagdana 1993. Na početku spota Carey postavlja božićne ukrase na drvce i zabavlja se na snježnim obroncima. Eksterijerne su scene snimljene u Fairy Tale Forestu u New Jerseyju; u tom se dijelu spota njezin tadašnji suprug Tommy Mottola pojavio u liku Djeda Mraza. Potom se prikazuju scene u kojima se Carey priprema za fotografiranje i provodi vrijeme sa svojim psom Jackom. Spot završava scenom u kojoj joj Djed Mraz ostavlja vreću s darovima i maše joj dok se oprašta s njom. Do prosinca 2020. spot je pregledan više od 680 milijuna puta na YouTubeu. U drugom spotu za pjesmu, nadahnutom skupinom The Ronettes, Carey pleše u studiju uređenom u stilu šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća i okružena je go-go plesačicama. Kako bi spot još više nalikovao na šezdesete, snimljen je u crno-bijeloj tehnici, a Carey nosi bijele čizme i natapiranu frizuru. I taj je spot režirala Carey.

Godine 2019. objavljena je proširena inačica albuma Merry Christmas u sklopu 25. godišnjice njegove objave, ali su objavljena i dva nova glazbena spota. U prvom se nalaze neiskorištene snimke za glavni spot. Drugi je režirao Joseph Kahn i objavljen je pod imenom "Make My Wish Come True Edition"; u njemu se nalaze nove snimke Carey iz 2019. Montaža u kojoj se razne poznate osobe pretvaraju da pjevaju tu pjesmu objavljena je iste godine na službenom kanalu Mariah Carey na YouTubeu. Među tim se osobama nalaze Ryan Reynolds, Kim Kardashian i James Corden.

Nasljeđe i utjecaj na kulturu

"All I Want for Christmas Is You" pojavila se na ljestvicama tijekom svih božićnih blagdana od 1994. Zbog dugotrajne popularnosti pjesme Carey je proglašena "kraljicom Božića". Do 2017. godine pjesmom je zarađeno ukupno 60 milijuna dolara. Lauren Alvarez iz Forbesa pjesmu je proglasila "božićnom pjesmicom" i dodala je da se "može tvrditi da je postala neslužbena pjesma za Božić svake godine". Timeova autorica Cady Lang izjavila je da za popularnost pjesme postoji mnogo razloga, a da je glavni taj što su u njoj prisutni "moćni vokali drage nedostižne pjevačice". Također je istaknula utjecaj pjesme na pop-kulturu; izjavila je da "podsjeća na to da pop-glazba, možda pogotovo pop-glazba božićne tematike, može jednako razveseliti pjevača (i kantautora) i slušatelja". Također je komentirala:

Jody Rosen iz Los Angeles Timesa izjavio je da uspjeh pjesme odražava "predanost najvećih obožavatelja [Mariah] Carey" i da to "govori o karakteru same pjesme: o njezinoj bezvremenskoj kvaliteti i o tome da se naizgled nalazi među glazbenim razdobljima i idiomima. Harmonijski sastav pjesme, smanjeni akordi i sjajni kromatski dijelovi podsjećaju na božićne uspješnice nastale sredinom stoljeća [...]. Atletički vokali [Mariah] Carey, koji spajaju melizmatičke dijelove nadahnute gospelom i blagu plesnu sinkopiranost, svakako pripadaju devedesetima – odišu R&B-jem nadahnutim hip-hopom koji je sama Carey pomogla popularizirati." Rosen je pjesmu čak nazvala "Bijelim Božićem" 21. stoljeća, a samu Carey "još jednom pjevačicom za dvoranu slavnih i divicom šoubiznisa koja je neraskidivo povezana s blagdanom".

Rob Harvilla na internetskom mjestu The Ringer izjavio je da "prosinac pripada Mariah Carey". Dodao je da "kad prvi put [čujete pjesmu, zvuči] klasično [...], bezvremenski, kao da je svirala u jaslicama kad se rodio Isus Krist". Recenzenti su također istaknuli da djelomično podsjeća na radove Judy Garland i Nata Kinga Colea, ali i na "Motownove obrade predratnih božićnih klasika iz šezdesetih i sedamdesetih koje su izvodili izvođači kao što su The Jackson 5 [i] Stevie Wonder". Slateov Adam Ragusea izjavio je da "All I Want for Christmas Is You" "zvuči kao da je mogla nastati u četrdesetima, nakon čega je bila zaključana u sefu Brill Buildinga". U članku o pjesmi u časopisu Vogue autorica je izjavila da stihovi tu pjesmu čine popularnom i više od dva desetljeća od objave: "[T]e je stihove mogao pjevati Frank Sinatra – dobro, možda ne Frank, nego neki tadašnji pjevač. Mislim da joj upravo to daje taj bezvremenski, klasični prizvuk."

Budući da pjesma postaje popularna diljem svijeta u vrijeme Božića, obrađena je više puta. Među izvođačima koji su je obradili i otpjevali uživo nalaze se Fifth Harmony, Michael Bublé, My Chemical Romance, Tori Kelly, Justin Bieber, Idina Menzel, Dolly Parton, Amber Riley, Shania Twain, Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Ariana Grande, i Kelly Clarkson.

Na Božić 2018. pjesma je postavila rekord za najveći broj slušanja u jednom danu na Spotifyu – preslušana je 10,82 milijuna puta. Nakon što su taj rekord naknadno srušili Ed Sheeran i Justin Bieber pjesmom "I Don't Care", "All I Want for Christmas Is You" ponovno je srušila taj rekord točno godinu dana poslije – u jednom je danu preslušana 12,029 milijuna puta. Otkad je uvrštena na Spotify do prosinca 2019., pjesma je zaradila više od 2 milijuna dolara. Dana 24. studenoga 2019. uvrštena je u Guinnessovu knjigu rekorda jer je postavila tri rekorda – za jednu od najprodavanijih i najprepoznatljivijih božićnih pjesama, za najslušaniju pjesmu na Spotifyu u 24 sata za glazbenicu (10 819 009 slušanja u prosincu 2018.) i za božićnu pjesmu koja je provela najviše tjedana u prvih deset mjesta ljestvice britanskih singlova (20).

Godine 2010. The Daily Telegraph proglasio ju je najpopularnijom i najslušanijom božićnom pjesmom desetljeća u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Rolling Stone postavio ju je na četvrto mjesto popisa najboljih rock-božićnih pjesama i proglasio ju je "standardnom pjesmom za blagdane". U anketi diljem Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva održanoj u prosincu 2012. izabrana je za petu omiljenu božićnu pjesmu; rezultati ankete prikazani su u posebnoj televizijskoj emisiji The Nation's Favourite Christmas Song ITV-a. Godine 2018. The Washington Post postavio ju je na šesto mjesto popisa 100 najboljih božićnih pjesama. Godine 2019. The Guardian ju je postavio na prvo mjesto popisa 50 najboljih božićnih pjesama; Guardianov ju je kolumnist Michael Hann nazvao jednom od "rijetkih suvremenih božićnih pjesama koja je ušla u kanon".

Adaptacije
Carey je 10. studenoga 2015. objavila knjigu za djecu utemeljenu na pjesmi "All I Want for Christmas Is You"; naposljetku je prodana u više od 750 000 primjeraka. Dana 21. ožujka 2017. Carey je na službenom profilu na Twitteru poručila da se snima film utemeljen na pjesmi. Dana 14. studenoga 2017. objavila je animirani obiteljski film pod imenom Mariah Carey's All I Want for Christmas Is You, koji je utemeljen na knjizi i pjesmi.

Popisi pjesama

 EP Mariah's New Dance Mixes

 "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (Mariah's New Dance Mix)
 "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (Mariah's New Dance Mix Edit)
 "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (Mariah's New Dance Mix Edit Extended)

 EP All I Want for Christmas Is You / Joy to the World

 "All I Want for Christmas Is You"
 "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (So So Def Remix)
 "Joy to the World"
 "Joy to the World" (Celebration Mix Edit)

Ljestvice

Izvori

Bibliografija

Vanjske poveznice
 YouTube – Mariah Carey: "All I Want For Christmas Is You" (Official Video)

Božićne pjesme
Američke skladbe
Singlovi iz 1994.

All I Want for Christmas Is You


Becky Fischer (* 1951 in Bismarck, North Dakota) ist eine US-amerikanische Pastorin der Pfingstbewegung, die vor allem zu Kindern predigt. Sie wurde durch den Dokumentarfilm Jesus Camp weltweit bekannt.

Leben

Karriere
Fischers Familie ist seit drei (Vater) und vier (Mutter) Generationen in der Pfingstbewegung engagiert. Ihr Großvater war 75 Jahre lang ein ordinierter Pfarrer der Assemblies of God. Fischer arbeitete 23 Jahre lang als Geschäftsfrau in ihrer Heimatstadt Bismarck in North Dakota, die letzten acht Jahre in Teilzeit als Pastorin für Kinder.  1999 zog sie nach North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, um sich Tasch Ministries International anzuschließen, einer christlichen Organisation, die sich auf Missionsreisen für Kinder spezialisiert hatte. Nachdem sie als Pastorin für Rick Joyners MorningStar Ministries in Wilkesboro gearbeitet hatte, kehrte sie nach North Dakota zurück, um ihre eigene Organisation, die Kids in Ministry International, zu gründen. Sie ist Autorin einiger Lehrbücher für die Sonntagsschule und außerdem Autorin des Buches Redefining Children's Ministry in the 21st Century. Vor ihrer kirchlichen Karriere war sie außerdem Moderatorin eines Country-Musik-Radiosenders und leitete ein Motel.

Jesus Camp
2004 fragten Heidi Ewing und Rachel Grady an, ihr "Kids on Fire"-Bibelcamp in Devils Lake in  North Dakota und Teile ihres Programms auf der "Changing the World through Prayer Conference" in der Christ Triumphant Church in Lee's Summit, Missouri (ein Vorort von Kansas City) mitzuschneiden. Fischer willigte ein. Als der Film auf dem Tribeca Film Festival im Sommer 2006 seine Premiere hatte, entstand eine Kontroverse über die Darstellung der charismatischen Bewegung und ihre Verbindungen zur Politik in den Vereinigten Staaten. Eine Szene zeigte einen lebensgroßen Aufsteller von George W. Bush. Der Leiter der Veranstaltungen rief die Kinder dazu auf, die Hände nach ihm auszustrecken. Einige Berichterstatter nahmen an, dass dies eine Geste der Verehrung sei. Das Auflegen der Hände, das hier angedeutet wurde, sei eine allgemeine Praxis in der Pfingstbewegung und in der charismatischen Bewegung.

Obwohl Fischer mit einigen Elementen des Films nicht zufrieden war und beschuldigt wurde, Kinder zu indoktrinieren, lehnte sie den Film nicht ab. Tatsächlich verwendete sie ihn, um Werbung für ihre Gemeinde und ihre Arbeit zu machen. Sie gab an, sie könne die wahre Botschaft des Films trotz aller politischen Untertöne deutlich wahrnehmen. Ihrer Ansicht nach sei die Botschaft des Films, zu zeigen, wie leidenschaftlich Kinder sein können, wenn man ihnen die richtige Gelegenheit dazu bietet.

Die Ausstrahlung des Films hatte zu Vandalismus und Drohungen geführt, so dass Fischer die dreiwöchige, ursprünglich einmal im Jahr stattfindende Veranstaltung auf unbestimmte Zeit einstellte und durch andere Veranstaltungen ersetzte. Ihre Erfahrungen mit dem Film stellte sie in dem Buch Jesus Camp, My Story dar.

Glauben
Fischer machte die Sonntagsschule dafür verantwortlich, dass die Kinder das Interesse an Gott verlieren würden. Die herkömmliche Herangehensweise, Kinder mit der Zusammenfassung von Bibelgeschichten zwölf Jahre zu langweilen, sei dafür verantwortlich, dass sich so viele Kinder als Teenager von Gott abwenden. In ihrer Pfarrei dagegen würden die Kinder zu Soldaten Gottes erzogen, wie es andere Religionen auch predigen.

Kids in Ministry International unterstützt den Staat Israel und praktiziert christlichen Zionismus. Zu ihrem Programm gehört auch die Veranstaltung Kids Blessing Abraham Family Conference.

Fischers Gemeinde gehört zu einem "apostolischen Netzwerk", das sich Harvest International Ministries nennt. Die Organisation glaubt an die Existenz heutiger Apostel und Propheten. Auf der Kids in Ministry-Website werden Predigten führender Prediger der Pfingstbewegung wie Cindy Jacobs, Lou Engle, Patricia King, Stacey Campbell, Kim Clement, Bill Hamon und Rick Joyner verwendet.

Fischers Gemeinde folgt verschiedenen pfingstlichen Traditionen wie Zungenrede, Exorzismus, Wunderheilung und dem Glauben an Dämonen. Sie unterstützt den Hausunterricht und lehnt die Evolutionstheorie ab.

Werke
 Redefining Children's Ministry in the 21st Century, Kids in Ministry International, 2011, ISBN 9780981594002
 Jesus Camp, My Story, Fire on the Altar Publications, 2011, ISBN 9780615509587

Weblinks
 Kids in Ministry International

Einzelnachweise

Geistlicher der Pfingstbewegung
Evangelikaler Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Evangelikaler Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Exorzist
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1951
Frau

Becky Fischer


The Nairobi Trio was a sketch comedy skit that Ernie Kovacs performed many times for his TV shows. It combined several existing concepts and visuals in a novel and creative way.

People in gorilla suits had long been a comedy staple. The ploy of well-known, predictable music pieces gone awry had been practiced by artists as diverse as Stan Freberg, Spike Jones, and P. D. Q. Bach. The "slow burn" of one character being annoyed by another, resulting in eventual retaliation, was not new. But the combination of all of those ingredients, combined with impeccable timing, produced a unique and memorable result.

Origins

The skit was a live-action version of a child's animatronic wind-up music box, performed to the tune "Solfeggio" by Robert Maxwell. According to an interview with Edie Adams in John Barbour's 1982 documentary Ernie Kovacs: Television's Original Genius, Barry Shear, Kovacs's director at DuMont Television Network, brought the tune to Kovacs's attention in 1954.

The theme song
Harpist and songwriter Robert Maxwell had recorded "Solfeggio" himself in 1953. The lyrics, sung by The Ray Charles Singers, were simply the notes of the musical scale as the melody progressed ("Mi-sol-la, re-fa-re-sol..."). When Ernie Kovacs heard the Maxwell record, he immediately came up with a mental image of what would become The Nairobi Trio:

"Solfeggio" became the permanent theme song for the sketch. The Nairobi Trio became so popular that M-G-M Records reissued the Maxwell record of "Solfeggio" as "Song of the Nairobi Trio" in 1957. Composer Maxwell recorded a new, lyrics-free version of the melody, now known as "Song of the Nairobi Trio," in 1961, billing his ensemble as "The Fortune Tellers." In 1966, as "Robert Maxwell, His Harp and Orchestra," he recorded yet a third arrangement of the melody.

Cast members and skit scenarios

Of the three gorillas shown, all wearing hats, long coats, and white gloves, the middle gorilla, always played by Kovacs with a cigar, conducted the musicians with either a baton or a banana. To the viewer's left stood a gorilla holding two oversized timpani mallets. The identity of this ape varied, but among Kovacs's celebrity friends both Jack Lemmon and Frank Sinatra are known to have performed the character. Seated at a piano at screen right was a female simian, variously played by Barbara Loden, Jolene Brand, and Kovacs's wife, Edie Adams, who robotically thumped her hands up and down on the keys.

Nearly all of the Nairobi Trio skits operated in the same fashion. As "Solfeggio" plays, the gorilla with the mallets repeatedly uses the center gorilla's (Kovacs's) head like a drum at the end of every phrase, punctuating the song's sharp "ba-da-BUM" bongo riff. Every time this happens it brings a slightly changed and escalating response from the victim, who eventually tries to anticipate the mallet assaults and outwit the perpetrator. Ultimately staring him down, Kovacs, in the gorilla suit, is eventually distracted by the third gorilla, which allows the drummer to give him three final blows. The victimized gorilla then stands up and smashes a prop vase over the percussionist's head. The sketch was repeated many times over the course of Kovacs's career. The audio was always "Solfeggio" but the staging changed occasionally; one variation had the first and second gorillas handling building blocks in tempo, with the third gorilla pounding at a xylophone.

Edie Adams later said that the skits were simple enough for any one of Kovacs's friends and associates to step into the drummer's role without needing a rehearsal, and that the gorilla masks provided anonymity.

The last time the routine was performed was on one of Kovacs's 1960s ABC specials shortly before his untimely death. On this occasion the combination of a bigger budget, the use of videotape, and the luxury of retakes helped him to perfect the timing of the sketch. But the Nairobi Trio wasn't always confined to silence with "Solfeggio" playing; they went into outer space and also became safe crackers on a US Steel special, Private Eye, Private Eye, which aired on CBS on March 8, 1961.

In popular culture
 A popular New Zealand jazz group adopted the name, as did a radio-played Los Angeles jazz group.
 The music video for the Harry Nilsson song "Coconut" features a similar arrangement as the trio.  The instrumental cover band Hot Butter includes a Moog synthesizer version of "Solfeggio" in its 1972 album Popcorn (Musicor MS-3242; 1972).  On the album, the song is retitled "Song of the Narobi Trio" with Nairobi having the variant spelling of Narobi.
Jim Knipfel entitled the second volume of his memoirs Quitting The Nairobi Trio, recounting his time in a mental institution.
From the early 60s to the late 70s, commercials for Colt 45 Malt Liquor used music resembling "Solfeggio" as Billy Van patiently sat at a small table waiting for a server to bring him a can of Colt 45. One of these commercials won a Clio Award in 1975.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Reference to the "Nairobi Trio" in "Ernie Kovacs, U.S. Comedian" (profile)
 Ernie Kovacs Dot Net: A Tribute To Television's Original Genius
 John Barbour's documentary Ernie Kovacs: Television's Original Genius
 1961 Ernie Kovacs performance of The Nairobi Trio at YouTube
 Ernie Kovacs performance of Nairobi Trio for ABC Television at YouTube
 Early Ernie Kovacs kinescope performance of ''Nairobi Trio at YouTube
 Ernie Kovacs - The Nairobi Trio (sans one) in Space at YouTube

Comedy sketches
Comedy television characters
Comedy theatre characters
Theatre characters introduced in 1953
Television characters introduced in 1953
Fictional gorillas
Apes in popular culture
1950s in comedy

The Nairobi Trio


Yue, também conhecido como Yuyue (), foi um Estado na China antiga que existiu durante o primeiro milênio a.C.  os períodos da Primavera e Outono e dos Estados Combatentes da dinastia Zhou  nas modernas províncias de Zhejiang, Xangai e Jiangsu. Sua capital original era Kuaiji (moderna Shaoxing); após a conquista de Wu, os reis de Yue mudaram sua corte para o norte, para a cidade de Wu (moderna Suzhou) e sobreviveram até 214 a.C.. Quando os chineses foram reunificados na Dinastia Qin, Yue tornou-se um vassalo do Estado chinês.

História

O nome "bayue" () foi aplicado indiscriminadamente a muitos povos chineses não han que haviam sido mencionados em vários textos clássicos. Um reino específico, que tinha sido conhecido como o "Yue Guo" () na moderna Zhejiang, não foi mencionado até que começou uma série de guerras contra seu vizinho do norte de Yue durante o final do século VI a.C.. De acordo com os Registros do Grande Historiador e Discursos dos Estados, os Yue são descendentes de Wuyu, filho de Shao Kang, conhecido como o sexto rei da dinastia Xia.

Com a ajuda do inimigo do Reino de Wu, o Reino de Chu, Yue conseguiu ser vitorioso após várias décadas de conflito. O famoso rei Goujian destruiu e anexou Wu em 473 a.C.. Durante o reinado de Wuqiang (), seis gerações depois de Goujian, Yue foi dividido por Chu e Qi em 306 aC.

Durante sua existência, Yue era famosa pela qualidade de sua metalurgia, principalmente de suas espadas. Exemplos incluem as extremamente bem preservadas Espadas de Goujian e Zhougou .

O Estado de Yue parece ter sido um desenvolvimento político em grande parte nativo no baixo Yangtze. Esta região corresponde aos povos do Neolítico antigo que partilhavam várias práticas, como a cerâmoca, a extração de dentes, a construção de estacas e o soterramento de arribas. Os falantes de austronésia também ainda viviam na região até sua conquista e sinificação começando por volta de 240 a.C..

O que diferenciava os Yue de outros Estados siníticos da época era a posse de uma marinha. A cultura Yue era distinta da chinesa em sua prática de nomear barcos e espadas. Um texto chinês descrevia os Yue como um povo que usava barcos como carruagens e remos como cavalos.

Bibliografia

334 a.C.
!Artigos com texto em chinês
História da China

Reino de Yue


Gustav Ølsted Marcussen (født 12. juni 1998) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for FC Fredericia

Klubkarriere
Marcussen begyndte sin karriere i HUI (Hørsholm-Usserød Idrætsklub), men har siden da spillet ungdomsfodbold for B 1903 og BK Frem, indtil han skiftede til Lyngby BK.

Lyngby Boldklub
Han underskrev i december 2016 en treårig superligakontrakt med Lyngby BK.

Han fik sin officielle debut for Lyngby Boldklub i Superligaen den 18. maj 2017, da han blev skiftet ind i det 87. minut i stedet for David Boysen i en 0-2-sejr ude over Brøndby IF. Tre dage senere spillede han sin kamp nummer to, da han atter erstattede Boysen, som Lyngby Boldklub vandt 3-1 hjemme over FC København.

Landsholdskarriere
Marcussen har spillet landsholdsfodbold for ,  og .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Lyngby Boldklub

Gustav Marcussen


Leif Ericson, (Eski İskandinavca: Leif Erícsson) (970 – 1020), İzlandalı kâşif ve Amerika'ya ilk ayak basan Avrupalıdır. Bugün Kanada sınırları içinde kalan Newfoundland'i bulmak için yola çıkmış ve kıtanın farklı bölümlerini keşfetmiştir.

Yaşam

Leif Ericson'ın 970 yılında İzlanda'da Kızıl Erik (Eski İskandinavca: Eiríkr rauði) ve Thorhild'in (Eski İskandinavca:Þjóðhildr) oğlu olarak dünyaya geldiği rivayet edilir. Babası da Norveçli bir denizci olan Ericson'ın iki erkek ve bir de kız kardeşi vardır. Thorgunna adında bir kadın ile evlenmiş ve bir oğlu olmuştur.

Keşifleri

Norveç'te kaldığı süre içerisinde o dönemdeki birçok Norveçli gibi o da dinini değiştirerek Hristiyan oldu. Norveç Kralı'na giderek hizmete hazır olduğunu söyledi. Kraldan aldığı görev doğrultusunda Grönland'ın batı kısımlarını görmek için keşif gezisine çıktı. Aslında Amerika kıtasını ilk kez gören ve rapor eden Bjarni Herjólfsson'dan satın almış olduğu gemi ile bu toprakları kendisi de görmek için yola çıktı. Bu topraklar büyük olasılıkla Kanada'nın Newfoundland bölgesiydi.

Helluland ve Markland

Keşfini derinleştirmek için yoluna devam etmekte olan Ericson'ın karşılaştığı yer, düz kayalıklara sahip bir bölgeydi. Muhtemelen bugünkü Baffin Adası'na çıkan Ericson bu bölgeye Helluland adını verdi Hellur Eski İskandinav dilinde düz kayalık anlamına gelir. Kâşif bir sonraki durağında ormanlık ve kumluk topraklar ile karşılaştı. Bugünkü Labrador olduğu düşünülen bu bölgeye de ''ormanlık'' anlamına gelen Markland adını vererek, yeni bir kıta bulduğundan habersiz buradan ayrıldı.

Vinland'a yerleşme

Leif Ericson ve mürettebatı bir süre sonra bu bölgeye tekrar geldiklerinde ırmaklarda yaşayan oldukça iri somon balıklarının fazlalığı, iklimin Norveç'inkine kıyasla çok daha yumuşak olması, kışın çok az miktar buzun olması ve yıl boyunca yeşil otların görülebilmesinden etkilenmişler ve birkaç da ev inşâ etmişlerdir. Ericson'ın Tırkır adındaki adamı – Tırkır o dönemde bir Türk ismidir, fakat Türklerin o dönemde o coğrafyaya olan uzaklıkları nedeni ile bu kişinin o dönemde hâlâ Türk isimleri almakta olan bir kavim olan Macarlar'dan olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir- bölgede yaban üzümleri bulmuş ve Leif bunun ardından bölgenin adını ''Vinland'' olarak değiştirmiştir.

Ölümünden sonra

Leif Ericson'ın hayatının genelinde olduğu gibi nerede, ne zaman, ne şartlarda öldüğü hakkında da yeterli bilgi yoktur. Sadece 1020 yılında öldüğü rivayet edilir. Kâşifin ölümünden sonra, bugün, dünyanın pek çok yerinde onun ya da koyduğu isimler ile anılan birçok yer, kuruluş ve mekân vardır. İzlanda'daki Leifur Eiríksson Havaalanı ve adına dikilmiş heykeller bunlardan sadece birkaçıdır. 1964 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Lyndon Baines Johnson 9 Ekim gününü Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde Leif Ericson Günü olarak ilân etmiştir. Günümüzde kendisi hakkında ortaya atılan iddialardan biri de Ericson'ın Hudson Körfezi ya da Büyük Göller yolu ile Minnesota 'ya kadar ulaştığıdır.

Popüler Kültür
 SüngerBob KareŞort'un bir bölümünde (Dostum Köpük) Süngerbob, "Leif Erikson" gününü kutlamaktadır.
 2022 yılında Netflix'te yayınlanan Vikings: Valhalla dizisinde kendisini Sam Corlett canlandırmaktadır.
 Makoto Yukimura'nın yazdığı Vinland Saga mangasında yer almaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

  A reconstructed portrait of Leif Ericsson
  Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
  Leif Ericson Homepage

Notlar

970 doğumlular
1020 yılında ölenler
İzlandalı kâşifler
Coğrafi keşifler
Amerika'nın kolonileştirilmesi

Leif Ericson


النُغَر هو جنس من الطيور الجاثمة يتبع فصيلة الشرشوريات ورتبة الجواثم.

أنواع النغر

الكناري الأمريكي المغرد

إنه طائر جميل وغنائه أكثر، فإذا كنت معنيا في شراء كناري جميل وتغريده، كذلك فهو المطلوب. وهو هجين محسن أوجد في أمريكا لأول مرة سنة 1930 ولذلك سمي بالأمريكي، فهو ثلثين رولر وثلث بوردر ومعدل فترة حياته عشر سنوات. ومنها ألوان عدة مثل الأصفر الصافي والمخضر والبرونزي والأبيض والبني وغيرها.

الكناري الرولر الألماني
الأكثر شهرة في غنائه المتواصل والعذب وهو مغلق منقاره. الرولر الألماني واشهره أتى من جزر الكناري قبل 500 سنة عن طريق البحارة إلى إيطاليا ومنها إلى ألمانيا وطور فيها. حساس جدا باختلاف درجة الحرارة لا يتحمل البرودة ولا الحر. ويربى لصوته وبعضها يمتاز بمنقاره المستوي. ويمكنك أن تميزه عن غيره بغنائه ومنقاره مغلق ونغمته المتواصلة التي لا ترتفع ولا تنخفض حدتها.

الكناري البلجيكي (ووترسلاجر)
صوته العذب أسر أذان الناس منذ سنين طويلة ولم يزل. غنائه رائع جدا. ليست اجتماعية على الإطلاق كباقي الكناري. لذا يجب فصلهم حتى منذ الصغر وهم أفراخ. حتى أنها لا تتجاوب مع الأنواع الأخرى في نفس المكان لكنك سوف تستمتع جدا بغنائها. وتغريده يشبه أصوات الماء عندما تسقط قطرات الماء في بركة (كلوك) لذا سمي بالووترسلاجر. أول ما عرف بلونه الأصفر لكن منذ عشرون سنة وجدت ألوانا أخرى. عيناها أسودان تلمعان ومنقارها صلب وأغلظ وأطول من غيرها.

التيمبرادو الإسباني
عرف في إسبانيا، ويعتبر الأقرب جينيا للكناري البري. غنائه يحتوي على اثني عشر نغمة مختلفة. ألوانها متعددة وتستمتع جدا في أخذ حماما منعشا. ذيلها يشبه ذيل السمكة (عريض) وأرجلها قصيرة. يعتبر الأنقى في إسبانيا حيث أنه تربى لغنائه فقط ولم يهجن لعده ألوان. سمي التيمبرادو لأن صوته يشب صوت الآلات الجرسية الشعبية في إسبانيا.

سلالة النوع

البوردر
يعتقد أنه وجد في سكوتلاند ويمتاز برأسه الكبير الدائري وجسمه الدائري أيضا. ليس لأنها تربى لونها لا تغني، بالعكس تغرد كباقي كل طيور الكناري. توجد بعدة ألوان وأكثرها شيوعا اللون الأصفر.

الجلوستر
أشهر أنواع الكناري. صغير الحجم لكن ليس صغيرا بالنسبة لغيره. وجد في إنجلترا عن طريق تزويج بوردر صغير الحجم مع الرولر المقمبر (رأسه عليه ريش مثل التاج) وأيضا النرويجي المقمبر في أول التسعينيات من القرن الماضي. يأتي بنوعين المقمبر وغير المقمبر. والجلوستر اشتهر برأسه المقمبر مثل القبعة. جناحيه ورجليه قصيرين. يجب أن ننتبه عند تزويج زوج الجلوستر. أولا يجب أن لا نزوج ذكر جلوستر وأنثى جلوستر الصفة الغالبة بهما هي اللون الأبيض حيث ربع الأفراخ تموت إما في البيض أو بعد التفقيس. ثانيا يجب أن لا نزوج ذكر جلوستر مقمبر مع أنثى جلوستر مقمبرة. فإذا كان الذكر مقمبر يجب أن تكون الأنثى غير مقمبرة، وإذا كانت الأنثى مقمبرة يجب أن يكون الذكر غير مقمبر.

الفيفي
بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية بدأ بعض المربين البريطانيين في تكبير حجم البوردر حيث كان صغير الحجم وبعد عدة تهجينات ظهر البوردر المعروف. لكن البعض
الآخر حافظ على البوردر صغير الحجم وطوروه وسمي بالفيفي لذا البعض يعتبره بالبوردر صغير الحجم. الفيفي من أصغر طيور الكناري حجما فلا يتعدى طوله 11 سم.

الباريزيان المفتّل (الباريسي)
من أهم طيور الكناري المفتّلة وكما يدل اسمه فقد طوّر في فرنسا في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر. فهو هجين بين الكناري الهولندي المفتّل مع كناري كبير الحجم مثل اللانكشير. فدمج تفتيل الريش مع الحجم الكبير. يمتاز كما الكناري المفتّل بريشه الطويل المفتول على كل جسمه. أعقد أنواع التهجين فهو يختلف كليا عن الكناري العادي والبري لكبر حجمه (أكثر من 20 سم) وريشه المعكوف حتى أن الناظر إليه يعتقد أنه من الحمام. به مشاكل جينية مثل بعضها يفقس أعمى والمعدل المرتفع لموت الأفراخ داخل البيض، وأيضا إفراز الكيراتين بكميات عالية جدا مما يجعل الأظافر طويلة ومعكوفة.

سلالة اللون

الكناري ذو العامل الأحمر (ريد فاكتر)
كما الاسم يدل عليه فهو يمتاز بلونه الأحمر. أخذ هذا اللون عن طريق تزويج أنثى كناري مع ذكر طائر السيسكين الأحمر. السيسكين يحتوي على جين مسوؤل
عن اللون الأحمر وبالتالي سوف يعطي الكناري المهجن اللون الأحمر. ولحسن الحظ الكناري المهجن (المول) يمكنه أن يتكاثر مثله كمثل الكناري الطبيعي (غير عقيم) بعكس بعض طيور الكناري المهجنة. في البراري تأكل الطيور كل ما تريد فإذا كانت طيور السيسكين أخذت الصبغة الحمراء من الغذاء فيجب أن نوفر للكناري ذو العامل الأحمر الطعام الذي يحتوي على الصبغة الحمراء مثل الكاروتينويد. إذا لم يتوفر يمكن شراء صبغة صناعية تخلط مع الغذاء وطيلة فترة طرح الريش يجب توفيرها حتى يبقى محافظ على لونه الأحمر.

الستافورد

انظر أيضًا
 رقاح
 أسيتي

المراجع

أجناس الطيور
أصنوفات سماها كارل لودفيج كوخ
شرشوريات

نغر


Taylor Barnard (Norwich, 1 de junho de 2004) é um automobilista britânico que atualmente compete no Campeonato de Fórmula 3 da FIA pela equipe Jenzer Motorsport. Ele foi vice-campeão da ADAC Fórmula 4 em 2022, bem como é um protegido do campeão mundial de Fórmula 1, Nico Rosberg.

Carreira

Fórmula 3
No final de 2022, Barnard, junto com seu companheiro de equipe na Fórmula 4, Nikita Bedrin e o piloto do Eurofórmula Open, Alex García, participou do teste de pós-temporada do Campeonato de Fórmula 3 da FIA para a equipe Jenzer Motorsport. Em 31 de janeiro de 2023, Barnard foi anunciado como o último piloto da Jenzer para completar sua lista para a disputa da temporada de 2023, ao lado de Bedrin e García.

Ligações externas

Pilotos de automóvel do Reino Unido
Pilotos do Campeonato de Fórmula Regional do Oriente Médio
Pilotos do Campeonato de Fórmula 3 da FIA
Naturais de Norwich (Inglaterra)

Taylor Barnard


A prova dos 4 x 100 metros estafetas feminino do Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022 foi disputada entre os dias 19 a 21 de agosto de 2022, no Estádio Olímpico de Munique, em Munique na Alemanha.

Recordes
Antes desta competição, os recordes mundiais e do campeonato nesta prova eram os seguintes:

Medalhistas

* Indica que o atleta só competiu nas baterias e recebeu medalhas.

Cronograma
Todos os horários são locais (UTC+2).

Resultados

Bateria
Qualificação: 3 atletas de cada bateria (Q) mais os 2 melhores qualificados (q).

Final
A final ocorreu no dia 21 de agosto às 21:22.

Ligações externas

Site da Associação Europeia de Atletismo

Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022

Campeonato da Europa de Atletismo de 2022 - Revezamento 4x100 m feminino


Kanal Martinique je tjesnac u Karipskom moru koji odvaja Saint Vincent i Grenadine od Grenade.

Povezani članci
 Martinik
 Grenadini
 Carriacou i Petite Martinique
 Palm Island, Grenadini

Izvori

Tjesnaci Karipskog mora
Sveti Vincent i Grenadini
Granada

Kanal Martinique


في الرياضيات، تكون مجموعة ما مجموعة منتهية إذا وجدت علاقة تقابل بين المجموعة ومجموعة أخرى لها الشكل {1, 2, ..., n} حيث n هو عدد طبيعي. على سبيل المثال، المجموعة

هي مجموعة منتهية عدد عناصرها خمسة. يسمح بأن تكون قيمة n = 0 وذلك لأن المجموعة الخالية هي مجموعة منتهية.

التعريف والمصطلحات المستعملة
يُقال عن مجموعة ما S، أنها منتهية إذا وُجد تقابل

حيث n عدد طبيعي معلوم ما. إذا كانت مجموعة ما منتهية، فقد يكتب عناصرها كمتتالية كما يلي:

انظر أيضًا
 رقم ترتيبي

مراجع

 Patrick Suppes, Axiomatic Set Theory, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1960

أعداد أصلية
رياضيات متقطعة
مصطلحات رياضياتية
مفاهيم أساسية في نظرية المجموعات

مجموعة منتهية


The State University of New York College at Geneseo (SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo State College or, colloquially, "Geneseo") is a public liberal arts college in Geneseo, New York. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. The college was founded in 1867 as the Wadsworth Normal and Training School before it became part of the new State University of New York system as a state liberal arts college in 1948.

History
The initial predecessor to SUNY Geneseo opened in 1867 as the Wadsworth Normal and Training School through an act of the New York State Legislature. However, the legislature later changed the new college's name to the Geneseo Normal and Training School before it officially opened on September 13, 1871. The name was shortened in 1905, however, to just the Geneseo Normal School.

The school, which initially only offered two-year courses of study, grew to offer three-year programs in 1922 and four-year programs in 1938. Bachelor's degrees, however, were not awarded for the first time until 1942, when the school additionally became the Geneseo State Teachers College. Six years later, in 1948, the college became an initial member of the State University of New York system and adopted the new name State University of New York Teachers College at Geneseo. At this time, the school also gained the right to grant master's degrees in education and, by 1951, was awarding its initial graduate degrees.

In 1962, the school adopted its current name, State University of New York College at Geneseo. Just two years later, in 1964, the school began to offer four-year bachelors degrees in subjects other than education.

Academics

Geneseo is a public liberal arts college with 48 undergraduate majors, 5 master's programs, and 25 interdisciplinary minors. The most popular majors, in descending order, are education, business, the social sciences, biology, and psychology.

The student population is 5,588, with a student/faculty ratio of 19:1 and an average class size of 25. Nearly 90% of Geneseo's full-time faculty holds a Ph.D. or other terminal degree.

Geneseo is part of the New York Space Grant Consortium, and is provided grants by NASA to support outer-space related research on-campus.

Study abroad
Nearly 40% of Geneseo's students participate in study abroad programs through the college or the SUNY system. One of Geneseo's most popular study abroad programs is its offering of the Humanities I course in Rome, Athens or New York City, and the Humanities II course in Paris, Prague, El Sauce, or at Oxford University. The most well-known program is the Mediterranean Roots Humanities I program where students travel to Greece, Italy and Spain for up to six weeks.

Administration
Following the retirement of long-time President Christopher Dahl, Denise Battles became the college's president in July 2015.

Rankings and admissions

Geneseo is among 44 "Best Buy Schools" in the 2021 edition of "The Fiske Guide to Colleges" published by former New York Times Education Editor Edward B. Fiske. The publication named 44 institutions – 20 public and 24 private – as "Best Buys," categorized as inexpensive or moderately priced with a four- or five-star academic rating. Geneseo has been named to the list for several years. In September 2016, Princeton Review named Geneseo one of the nation's best institutions for undergraduate education in its annual college guide, "The Best 381 Colleges."

Admissions
Geneseo's acceptance rate is 65% as of 2021.

Phi Beta Kappa
Geneseo has a chapter of the oldest academic honor society in the United States, Phi Beta Kappa. SUNY's four university centers already had chapters; Geneseo's establishment of a chapter is significant because it was the first (and is currently the only) of New York's thirteen state comprehensive colleges to receive the honor.

The inaugural ΦΒΚ class was inducted to Geneseo's Alpha-Gamma of New York chapter in April 2004.

Campus

SUNY Geneseo is on the Genesee Valley's eastern side. Of Geneseo's approximately 5,000 full-time residents, some 70% work at or are in some way affiliated with the college, making Geneseo a "college town."

The campus is divided between the Academic Quad, "North Side" and "South Side," with all academic buildings contained within the Academic Quad. The South Side has five residence halls and a dining hall. The South Side complex was designed by architect Edgar Tafel, one-time apprentice to Frank Lloyd Wright. Tafel also designed Brodie Hall, home of Geneseo's four Arts departments on the Academic Quad. Additionally, 44 on campus townhouses, known as Saratoga Terrace, provide a connective corridor between the South Side and the Academic Quad. The North Side has eleven residence halls, two dining halls and the Lauderdale Health Center. The Academic Quad comprising the Upper and Lower Campuses has the academic buildings, the College Union, Merritt Athletic Center, Wadsworth Auditorium and the Milne Library that has views of the Genesee valley.

The campus is laid out in generally the same shape as the state of New York; almost all residence halls are named after counties in the state. Jones Hall is the only residence hall not named after a county.

In 2003, the college began the largest capital improvement project in the history of the SUNY system. The Integrated Science Facility (pictured right) is a , $32 million building equipped with a nuclear accelerator. The Center opened in the Spring of 2007. On the new building's opening, Greene Hall (a science building constructed in 1970) was shut down and completely renovated at a cost of $20 million.

One of the main attractions of SUNY Geneseo's campus is the architecture of many of the older buildings. The James B. Welles building was built in 1932 and is the oldest building on campus. Formerly known as the Winfield Holcomb School, it now houses the departments of Philosophy, Political Science, Foreign Languages, and English.

The James V. Sturges building, the central clock tower of the main Sturges Quad is Geneseo's signature building. Constructed in 1938, it once served as the administration building and now houses the History Department. Sturges also holds classrooms and laboratories as well as the Geneseo Speech and Hearing Clinic. Wadsworth Auditorium, is also one of the oldest buildings on campus.

At the far end of the South Village Residences, the college maintains the  Spencer J. Roemer Arboretum wherein are preserved "more than 70 species of trees, shrubs and wildflowers, including a magnificent group of oak trees which are more than 200 years old, and several black walnut trees estimated to be over 100 years old." The arboretum is used for teaching and recreation. It also has a gazebo and the college's memorial to four alumni who died in the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center in New York City, a gift left by the Class of 2002 through the Senior Challenge program.

East of the Academic Quad and up a slight hill is Geneseo's Main Street that complements the quaint campus with a variety of shops, restaurants, and bars. Beyond Main Street is the historic village of Geneseo, marked by Victorian architecture, well-kept mansions, fraternity and sorority houses as well as several nineteenth-century churches.

Planned expansion

The Lamron reported SUNY Geneseo plans to acquire and refurbish Doty Hall, one of its former buildings, and to demolish an underutilized structure, the Holcomb Campus School, to build an open air, artificial turf athletic stadium in 2013. Both projects are in progress, with the athletic stadium near completion.

Traditions and campus culture

Geneseo's students celebrate many traditions and campus legends.

The Bronze Bear

Just off campus, in the center of Main Street in Geneseo sits the famous Bronze Bear statue. "The Bear" also plays host to any number of spontaneous decorations and pranks throughout the academic year. A story also circulates that one of the wealthy Wadsworth daughters saw the bear fountain in a small town in Germany, fell in love with it, bought it, and sent it back to Geneseo in the early 19th century. This story is unverified, but an excerpt from a history of the family that settled the valley implies that this is not true, and that the fountain was designed and built for its current location: "[Main Street] is still dominated by a drinking fountain for horses dedicated to Mrs. Emmeline Austin Wadsworth. For some obscure reason its designer placed a short pole in its center on top of which sits a cunning little iron bear, who is generally known as 'Aunt Emmeline'". Campus legend also says that if a virgin graduates from the college, the bear will spring to life and run away, a legend that attaches itself to campus statues all over the US. In May 2016, Emmeline was toppled by a tractor trailer and was needed repair. The bear has since been returned to its proper place as of 2017.

The Painted Tree
In the Sturges quad, students from different Greek organizations sneak about late at night to paint a "Greek tree." Wayback Machine. There are so many layers of paint on the tree that the original contours of the bark and trunk are obscured. Despite the years of paint, the tree continues to grow and produce leaves. The exact date when this practice began is unknown, but alumni report that it began sporadically during the 1950s to prevent sap from leaking and became regular practice in the mid to late 1960s to show support for fraternities and sororities on campus.  Greek organizations used to compete all night to see whose design would be on the tree come morning.

The Seuss Spruce

Also in the Sturges quad is the famous "Seuss Spruce," so called because it looks like a Dr. Seuss illustration. The tree's shape is reputed to have developed from damage during a March 1991 ice storm in western New York. However, the tree is likely the cultivated variety Picea Glauca 'Pendula' or a similar spruce with weeping tendencies. Adding to the Seussian quality of the tree is the fact that the bottom branches "fan out" along the ground.

Ice hockey games

In recent years, the college's ice hockey games in the Ira S. Wilson Ice Arena have become major campus events that draw sell-out crowds of students and community members to support the "Ice Knights" of Geneseo. A pep band has been formed and student groups often offer promotions such as handing out noise makers to the capacity crowds.

College seal and logotype

The Geneseo college seal was unveiled in July 1968. According to the college's office of publications, the seal is a representation of the college's location and mission: "The circular design features a flame from the torch of knowledge surrounded by leaves symbolic of the bucolic setting of SUNY Geneseo and its growth. Both are atop waves symbolizing the historic Genesee River."

In 1986, the college designed a logo to "provide the College with an identity mark that was more readily identifiable than the College Seal and was not meant to replace the College Seal." Again drawing on the college's unique surroundings, "the graphic underneath the word 'Geneseo' symbolizes the rolling and rural character of the surrounding Genesee Valley." The typeface used in this logo, and in many other college publications, is Galliard.

In October 2012, Geneseo unveiled a new logotype, featured in the infobox above. Bill Caren, Geneseo's Associate Vice President of Enrollment, stated the new word mark reflected "[Geneseo's] competitors' logos," which are less stylized. "If [Geneseo] wants to be perceived in the same category as its competitors," Caren added, "it would be good to have a logo that corresponds on the same level." The logotype was met with mixed responses by the student body, although its implementation throughout campus continued unhindered.

Athletics

Geneseo fields 19 varsity sports programs (7 men's 12 women's) at the NCAA Division III level.

Student organizations

Geneseo students can take part in various activities with several organizations, including The Lamron, an independent student newspaper published since 1922, Geneseo Student Television (GSTV), an award-winning Model United Nations team, a nationally competitive Federal Reserve Challenge club, WGSU, a federally-licensed radio station, five a cappella groups (Southside Boys, Exit 8, Hips & Harmony, Emmelodics, and Between the Lines), Musical Theatre Club, and Currently Known As (an improvisation group).

Greek life began at Geneseo in 1871, originally as literary societies. The college hosts several local Greek organizations along with national organizations, as is common in the SUNY schools. As of 2019, about 30% of students were active in either social or professional and service Greek organizations.

Notable alumni and faculty

Alumni

Popular culture
 Glenn Gordon Caron (class of 1975), TV producer
 Jenna Wolfe, anchor of NBC's Weekend Today.
 Greg Fox (class of 1983), artist/writer of nationally syndicated comic strip Kyle's Bed & Breakfast.
 Calvin Culver known professionally as Casey Donovan (class of 1965), actor, writer, producer
 Daniel Barwick (class of 1990), President of Independence Community College in Independence, KS
 Howard Blumenthal, author; nationally syndicated columnist
 Qurrat Ann Kadwani, television actress, playwright and film producer
 Chelsea Noble (formerly Nancy Mueller; class of 1987), film and TV actress
 William Sadler, actor
 Joe Langworth (class of 1988), actor, choreographer and director
 J.T. The Brick, talk-show host
 Marissa Mulder (class of 2007), cabaret artist
 Curt Smith (class of 1973), broadcaster and Republican speech writer
 Brittany Lauda, voice actress and director for anime and video games, notable for HuniePop and Ladies versus Butlers
 CGP Grey, popular YouTube creator and web personality.
 Gregg 'Opie' Hughes, former radio broadcaster of Opie and Anthony

Sciences
 Brian L. DeMarco (class of 1996), Professor of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. DeMarco's research into a new state of matter won Science magazine's distinction as one of the top ten scientific discoveries of 1999.
 My Hang V. Huynh (class of 1991) is a scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory who was presented an E.O. Lawrence Award in 2007 by Secretary of Energy Samuel W. Bodman for her research and development of ecologically friendly explosives which replace those made with lead and mercury. In 2007 the MacArthur Foundation awarded Huynh the "Genius Grant," otherwise called the MacArthur Fellows Program.

Government, business, law
 Liz Allen (class of 2006), former White House Deputy Communications Director
 Jeff Clarke (class of 1983), CEO of Kodak
 Amy Collins, CEO of New Shelves book publishing
 David Klein, CFO of Constellation Brands.
 Ray Kotcher, non-executive chairman and advisor to Ketchum Inc.
 Joseph D. Morelle, New York State Assembly Majority Leader, 2013–2018
 Jackie Norris (class of 1992), former Chief of Staff to First Lady Michelle Obama.
 Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves, granddaughter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, librarian, educator, historian, and editor.
 Raymond Walter (class of 1994), New York State Assemblyman

Military
John Loomis Chamberlain, U.S. Army major general

Sports
 Tyler Brickler, professional ice hockey player

Faculty
 Bill Cook and Ron Herzman, Distinguished Teaching Professors of, respectively, History and English.
 Rita K. Gollin, Distinguished Professor Emerita of English.
 Walter Harding, former Distinguished Professor Emeritus of English.
 Carol Harter, Geneseo's eleventh president before assuming the presidency of UNLV from 1995 to 2006.
 Eoin McKiernan, Professor 1949–1959, early scholar of Irish Studies.
 Robert W. O'Donnell, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Biology.
 Rudy Rucker, Professor of Mathematics 1972–1978, author of mathematical science fiction novels such as White Light (set in Geneseo) and the Ware Tetralogy. He is considered a founder of the cyberpunk literary movement and developed the concept of transrealism.
 Blanche Jennings Thompson, Author
 James Willey, Distinguished Teaching Professor Emeritus of Music, composer.
 Michael Leroy Oberg, Distinguished Professor of Native American History and director of the Geneseo Center for Local and Municipal History

References

External links

 Official website
 Official Athletics website

Geneseo
State University of New York at Geneseo
Education in Livingston County, New York
Educational institutions established in 1871
1871 establishments in New York (state)
Liberal arts colleges in New York (state)
Public liberal arts colleges in the United States

State University of New York at Geneseo


سليمان عبد الله سمحي المطيري ، لاعب كرة قدم كويتي. لعب مع نادي النصر الكويتي.

لاعبو كرة قدم كويتيون
لاعبو نادي النصر (الكويت)

سليمان المطيري


Den stemte uvulære hæmmelyd eller approksimant er en konsonant, som bruges i nogle talte sprog. I IPA repræsenteres denne lyd med ⟨ʁ⟩, et omvendt småt majuskel-⟨ʀ⟩, eller, i grov transskription, ⟨ɣ⟩ eller (hvis rotisk) ⟨r⟩. Denne konsonant kaldes, sammen med andre, det gutturale R, når det optræder i europæiske sprog.

Da IPA-symbolet kan stå for både den uvulære hæmmelyd og den uvulære approksimant, kan den frikative natur af denne lyd specificeres ved at tilføje symbolet ⟨̝⟩: ⟨ʁ̝⟩. Omvendt kan approksimanten specificeres ved ⟨̞⟩: ⟨ʁ̞⟩, selvom nogle tekster bruger et hævet ⟨ʶ⟩, hvilket ikke er officiel brug inden for IPA.

For den stemte præuvulære eller postvelære hæmmelyd, se stemt velær hæmmelyd.

Egenskaber

Den stemte uvulære hæmmelyd er

 Frikativ, hvilket vil sige at den frembringes ved at begrænse luftgennemstrømningen til en snæver kanal ved artikulationsstedet, hvilket medfører turbulens. Det er dog på mange sprog tættere på en approksimant, og intet sprog skelner mellem disse to ved den uvulære udtale.
 Uvulær, hvilket vil sige at den udtales med tungeryggen mod drøblen.
 Stemt, hvilket betyder at stemmebåndene vibrerer under udtalen.
 Oral, hvilket vil sige at luften kun kommer ud gennem munden.
 Central, hvilket vil sige at luften bevæger sig langs tungens midte, frem for rundt om den.
 Pulmonisk, hvilket vil sige, at den udtales ved udelukkende at bruge lungerne og mellemgulvet til at skubbe luften, som i de fleste lyde.

Anvendelse i sprog

I Vesteuropa spredte en uvulær tremulant, som udtale af rotiske konsonanter, sig fra nordfransk til flere dialekter og registre af baskisk, katalansk, dansk, nederlandsk, tysk, hebræisk, ladino, norsk, occitansk, portugisisk, svensk og jiddisch. Imidlertid er ikke alle disse stadig tremulanter. I brasiliansk-portugisisk er det som regel en velær hæmmelyd [x, ɣ] en ustemt uvulær hæmmelyd [χ] eller en glottal hæmmelyd [h, ɦ], undtagen i Sydbrasilien og Rio de Janeiro, hvor alveolære, velære og uvulære tremulanter og den stemte uvulære hæmmelyd er fremherskende. Da sådanne uvulære rotiske konsonanter ofte ikke kontrasterer med de alveolære, bruger IPA-transskriptioner ofte ⟨r⟩ for lethedens skyld. Se gutturalt R for mere information.

 bemærker, at "[d]er er (...) en komplikation i tilfældet med uvulære frikativer idet formen af ansatsrøret kan være sådan at drøblen vibrerer." Se stemt uvulær hævet ikke-sonorant tremulant for mere information.

Referencer

Bibliografi

Konsonanter

Stemt uvulær hæmmelyd