Les Cahiers du cinéma francuski je filmski časopis kojeg je osnovala skupina filmskih kritičara 1951.
Nadahnuti svojim mentorima iz Cinémathèque, Henriem Langloisom i Andréom Bazinom, skupina kritičara među kojima su bili Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Jacques Rivette, Jacques Doniol-Valcroze i Claude Chabrol, napravili su ono što će postati prekretnica za pokret francuskog novog vala; osnivaju časopis Cahiers du cinéma.

Kritičari u Cahiersu razvili su novi oblik filmske kritike, prepoznatljivi art film i diskutirali su međunarodne redatelje. Bili su kritični prema uobičajenim formama francuskog filma, što su kritičari nazivali tradition de qualité i le cinéma de papa. Ovaj filmski oblik dominirao je francuskom filmskom industrijom i producirao je filmove u velikim studijima, najčešće ekranizacijom romana, s poznatim zvjezdama.

Kritičari u Cahiersu upoređuju film s drugim umjetničkim formama. S ovom mišlju u pozadini nastupao je jedan od najagresivnijih kritičara, François Truffaut. On je napisao niz kritičnih tekstova u kojima kritizira kvalitet tradicijskih redatelja (tj. redatelja u okvirima tradition de qualité) da nisu originalni i predstavlja svoju teoriju la politique des Auteurs, u kojoj opisuje teoriju i pojam auteur (redatelja).

Literatura
Ezra, Elizabeth (red.), European Cinema, (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004) str. 155-175

Francuska filmska umjetnost
Filmska kritika

Cahiers du cinéma


ඔහු විශිෂ්ඨ විද්‍යාඥයෙකි.මෙතුමා නිසා මිනිස් පරිනාමයේ පටන් මිනිසා තුළ තිබූ කුතුහලයට නව මානයක් එක් වන ලදී. එය වනාහි අප අහස දෙස පියවි ඇසින් බලන ලද සීමාවෙන් ඔබ්බට ගිය අති මහත් වූ දැනුම් සම්භාරයකි. අද පවතින්නා වූ මෙම දැනුම් සම්භාරයට එතුමා විසින් කරනු ලැබූ දායකත්වය සදා අනුස්මරණීය වේ.

එඩ්වින් පි. හබල්


Historia del Fútbol Chileno es un libro compuesto por diez volúmenes y publicado por el diario La Nación en el año 1985. Los volúmenes son los siguientes:

 1: Orígenes del fútbol, albores del profesionalismo, los escenarios.
 2: Los clubes con tradición.
 3: Incorporación a la FIFA
 4: El proceso de la Segunda División, los árbitros, los dirigentes.
 5: Chile en los Mundiales (desde 1930 a 1962)
 6: Chile en los Mundiales (desde 1966 a 1984)
 7: Chile contra el mundo, Olimpíadas, Campeonatos Panamericanos y Copas.
 8: Las grandes tragedias, los técnicos, la DIGEDER, la gran gira de Colo-Colo.
 9: Los torneos de Primera División.
 10: Las grandes figuras.

El libro se ha usado como fuente de diversos estudios y recopilaciones sobre el fútbol chileno, además forma parte del catálogo de la Biblioteca Nacional de Chile.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Obras literarias en español
Libros de fútbol
Historia del fútbol de Chile

Historia del fútbol chileno (La Nación)


Die vier Menhire da Casbarra (), die von José Pires Goncalves klassifiziert wurden, liegen, paarweise nördlich und südlich der Straße von Évora nach Valeira bzw. Arraiolos, etwa acht Kilometer nordwestlich von Évora im Alentejo in Portugal, in der Nähe des Monte da Casbarra.

Sie sind umgestürzt und von ihren ursprünglichen Standorten entfernt worden. Der größere, wie eine Stele gestaltete Menhir, ist etwa vier Meter lang und liegt auf der Südseite der Straße. Nördlich neben der Straße und dem Feldweg der zum Monte da Casbarra führt, liegt der zweite Menhir. Er ist rund und etwa 3,5 m lang. Obwohl unbekannt ist, wo die Megalithen aus Granit ursprünglich standen, wird erwartet, dass sie bald in eine aufrechte Position versetzt werden. Spekulationen über kosmische Konjunktionen, wie sie auch bei diesen Menhiren angestellt werden, entbehren jeder Grundlage, da der ursprüngliche Aufstellungsort unbekannt ist. Zwei weitere 2,2 und 3,7 m lange Menhire (Casbarra 3 und 4) liegen in der Nähe.

Siehe auch
 Megalithen im Distrikt Évora
 Menhire in Portugal

Literatur
 Ana Palma dos Santos: Monumentos megalíticos do Alto Alentejo. Lissabon 1994, ISBN 972-918416-X.
 Thomas G. Schattner (Hrsg.): Archäologischer Wegweiser durch Portugal (= Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt. Bd. 74). Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1998, ISBN 3-8053-2313-1 S. 162

Weblinks

Casbarra
Casbarra
Casbarra
Geographie (Alentejo)

Menhire da Casbarra


Ljetna univerzijada 2017. (engl. 2017 Summer Universiade) bila je 29. izdanje svjetskih športskih studentskih igara u ljetnim športovima. Održana je od 19. do 30. kolovoza 2017. u tajvanskom gradu Taipeiju. Sveukupno 7 639 natjecatelja iz 144 države nadmetalo se u 21 športu. Igre su održane pod geslom Za tebe. Za mlade (For You. For Youth).

Brojem natjecatelja to je bilo najmasovnije višešportsko natjecanje 2017. u svijetu te najmasovnije međunarodno natjecanje ikad održano u Tajvanu. Ova Univerzijada bila je sedma po redu održana na Azijskom kontinentu i prva na kojoj je Japan bio najuspješnija država po odličjima, ispred Južne Koreje i domaćina Tajvana. Ujedno su Bermuda i Britanski djevičanski otoci ostvarili svoje prvonastupe na natjecanju.

Natjecanja u biljaru održala su se prvi put u povijesti Univerzijade, ali na ovom izdanju kao pokazni šport. Na želju domaćina, FISU je među športove na ovom izdanju Ljetne univerzijade uvrstio natjecanja u rolanju i wushu, borilačkom športu izniklom iz kineskih borilačkih vještina, dok se natjecanja u veslanju nisu održala. Natjecanja u bejzbolu održana su samo za muškarce.

Zbog straha od terorističkih napada, napetih političkih odnosa između Sjeverne Koreje i SAD-a i glasina o simpatizerima Islamske Države na Tajvanu, igre je osiguravalo više od 5 500 tajvanskih policajaca. Zbog oštre kineske politike jedne Kine i nepriznavanja športske ili bilo koje druge neovisnosti Tajvana, Uganda je bojkotirala natjecanje. S druge strane, kineski športaši natjecali su se samo u pojedinačnoj konkurenciji te bojkotirali momčadska natjecanja u nogometu, košarci i vaterpolu. Igre su obilježili prosvjedi mladih Tajvanaca protiv kineskog protektorata.

Izbor domaćina
Za ostvarivanje prava na domaćinstvo 29. Ljetne univerzijade natjecali su se Taipei i Brasilia. Na novinskoj sjednici u Bruxellesu 29. studenog 2011. krovna organizacija Univerzijade, FISU, objavio je predavanje domaćinstva Taipeiju. Unatoč snažnom lobiranju Brazila, koji je 2016. bio i domaćin Olimpijskih igara u Rio de Janeiru te u tom trenutku bilo sedmo najjače svjetsko gospodarstvo, domaćinstvo je pripalo Tajvanu iz više razloga:

 Taipeiju je ovo bila peta uzastopna prijava za dobivanje domaćinstva Univerzijade;
 uspješna organizacija Olimpijskih igara gluhih 2009. i Svjetske izložbe dizajna 2011. koja je potvrdila sposobnost i kvalitetu u organizaciji višednevnih međunarodnih događaja;
 uspjeh tajvanskih športaša koji su na Ljetnoj univerzijadi 2011. u kineskom Shenzhenu osvojili 32 odličja i zauzeli 8. mjesto u poretku država;
 Tajvan je na 13 Univerzijada završio među 10 najuspješnijih država prema osvojenim odličjima;
 snažna podrška vlasti i bivšeg predsjednika Ying-Jeou Maa.

Prije Univerzijade, Taipei je bio domaćin više međunarodnih športskih natecanja, uglavnom u borilačkim vještinama. Među njima se ističu Svjetsko prvenstvo u karateu 1982.,  Istočnoazijsko džudaško prvenstvo 2008. i Azijsko džudaško prvenstvo 2009. Godine 2004. u Taipeiju se igrao Stankovićev kup, košarkaško natjecanje u organizaciji azijskog podsaveza FIBA-e, a 2014. i 2016. održana su Prvenstva četiri kontinenta u umjetničkom klizanju. Spomenute 2014. Taipei je bio domaćin Azijskog juniorskog prvenstva u atletici.

Sve to FISU je uzeo u obzir i u svom priopćenju naveo tradiciju športskih domaćinstva i cjelovitu športsku infrastrukturu kao još jedan razlog koji je prevagnuo prilikom odabira domaćinstva.

Izvori

Univerzijade

Ljetna univerzijada 2017.


A Croix de Guerre (em português: Cruz de Guerra) é uma condecoração militar da França. Foi criada pela primeira vez pelo presidente Raymond Poincaré em 8 de abril de 1915, durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial. A condecoração foi concedida novamente na Segunda Guerra Mundial, e em outros conflitos; a Croix de guerre des Théâtres d'opérations extérieurs ("Cruz de Guerra para Teatros de Operações Exteriores") foi criada em 1921 para estes. A Croix de Guerre também era comumente concedida a forças militares estrangeiras aliadas à França.

A Croix de Guerre pode ser concedida como prêmio individual ou como prêmio de unidade para aqueles soldados que se distinguem por atos de heroísmo envolvendo combate com o inimigo. A medalha é concedida àqueles que foram "mencionados em despachos", significando que um ato ou feitos heróicos foram realizados merecendo uma citação do quartel-general da unidade de um indivíduo. O prêmio de unidade da Croix de Guerre com palma foi concedido a unidades militares cujos membros realizaram atos heróicos em combate e foram posteriormente reconhecidos pelo quartel-general.

Aparência
A Croix de Guerre consiste em uma medalha de cruz quadrada sobre duas espadas cruzadas, penduradas em uma fita com broches de vários graus. Para a condecoração de unidade da Croix de Guerre, é concedida uma fourragère (um cordão trançado) que é suspensa no ombro do uniforme de um indivíduo. Os regulamentos também permitiam o uso de várias Croix de Guerre, com tais medalhas diferenciadas nos registros de serviço. Os diferentes níveis de citações são representados com estrelas e palmas.

Estrelas

 Citação na ordem do regimento: bronze
 Citação na ordem da brigada: bronze
 Citação na ordem da divisão: prata
 Citação na ordem do corpo de exército: vermeil

Palma

 Citação na ordem do exército: bronze
 5 citações na ordem do exército: prata

Ver também

 Cruz de Guerra 1914-1918 (França)
 Cruz de Guerra 1939-1945 (França)

Links externos

 Medalha belga na Primeira Guerra Mundial
 Informações sobre medalha francesa, com foto
 Informações sobre as medalhas francesa e belga, com fotos

História da França

Croix de Guerre


Le congrès universel d'espéranto de 1936 est le  congrès universel d'espéranto, organisé en août 1936, à Vienne en Autriche.

Contexte

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Congrès mondial d'espéranto

1936
Espéranto en Autriche
Vienne (Autriche)
1936 en Autriche

Congrès universel d'espéranto de 1936


Mand mod hest er en dokumentarfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Franz Ernst.

Handling
En gang om året rider de fleste af landsbyen Sabucedos indbyggere op i bjergene for at overvære en stor begivenhed - 'rapa des bestas - klipning af de vilde heste. Ifølge ritualet skal hestene berides, lægges ned i gruset og få klippet hale og manke. Jaime, som i mange år har været aloitador, følger slagets gang og giver gode råd til sin efterfølger.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2003

Mand mod hest


Der Naked Pumpkin Run ist ein alljährlich zu Halloween stattfindender Nacktlauf in verschiedenen Städten der USA.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 1974 wurde in Boulder (Colorado) ein großer Nacktlauf durchgeführt, bei dem mehrere Hundert Studenten der University of Colorado at Boulder versuchten, einen Eintrag in das Guinness-Buch der Rekorde zu erreichen. Dieser wird als Vorläufer und historischer Bezug des Naked Pumpkin Run angesehen. Der erste Naked Pumpkin Run wurde 1998 in Boulder durchgeführt, als mehrere Dutzend Studenten nackt durch die Straßen liefen, wobei sie ausschließlich einen ausgehöhlten Kürbis auf dem Kopf sowie Schuhe trugen.

Als Austragungsorte kamen später neben Boulder die Westküsten-Städte Seattle, Washington, Portland, Oregon und Arcata, Kalifornien hinzu.

Das zehnjährige Jubiläum wurde 2008 gefeiert, wobei zirka 150 Teilnehmer allein in Boulder zusammenkamen, 2009 gab es Konflikte mit der Polizei sowie Androhungen wegen Sittenwidrigkeit.

Siehe auch
 World Naked Bike Ride

Quellen

Weblinks
 Naked Pumpkin Run.org
 Nackter Kürbis-Lauf Blick
 Nackte Haut beim Kürbisrennen Webtrichter

Laufveranstaltung
Freikörperkultur
Demonstration
Halloween

Naked Pumpkin Run


دائرة قسنطينة إحدى دوائر  ولاية قسنطينة الجزائرية .  عاصمتها هي قسنطينة  وتضم بلديات  :
 قسنطينة

مصادر

قسنطينة

دائرة قسنطينة


O HMS Thunderer foi um couraçado operado pela Marinha Real Britânica e a quarta e última embarcação da Classe Orion, depois do ,  e . Sua construção começou em abril de 1910 na Thames Ironworks e foi lançado ao mar em fevereiro de 1911, sendo comissionado em junho do ano seguinte. Era armado com uma bateria principal de dez canhões de 343 milímetros montados em cinco torres de artilharia duplas, tinha um deslocamento de 26 mil toneladas e conseguia alcançar uma velocidade máxima de 21 nós.

O Thunderer teve um início de carreira tranquilo e passou seus primeiros anos na Frota Doméstica. Com o início da Primeira Guerra Mundial em 1914 integrou a Grande Frota, porém pouco fez durante todo o conflito e passou a maior parte do tempo realizando patrulhas de rotina e treinamentos no Mar do Norte. Sua única ação ocorreu na virada de maio para junho de 1916 na Batalha da Jutlândia. Foi tirado do serviço depois do fim da guerra e colocado na reserva em 1919, sendo usado como navio-escola até ser descomissionado em 1926 e desmontado no ano seguinte.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classe Orion (couraçados)
Navios de 1911
Navios construídos na Inglaterra
Couraçados da Marinha Real Britânica
Couraçados do Reino Unido na Primeira Guerra Mundial

HMS Thunderer (1911)


La bandera de la Federación de Rodesia y Nyasalandia es un pabellón británico modificado. Centrado en el batiente está una reproducción del escudo de armas de la Federación. El sol es el de las armas de Nyasalandia (ahora Malaui); el león rampante es el de las armas de Rodesia del Sur (ahora Zimbabue), y las líneas onduladas blancas y negras proceden de las armas de Rodesia del Norte (ahora Zambia). De esta manera, representa la Federación de las tres Colonias Británicas, que duró desde 1953 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1963. Esta bandera fue izada junto con la Union Jack (español:Torrotito de Unión) mientras la Federación duró.

Rodesia y Nyasalandia
Símbolos de Malaui
Rodesia
Imperio británico
Historia de Zambia
Historia de Malaui
Historia de Zimbabue
Símbolos de Zimbabue
Símbolos de Zambia
Federación de Rodesia y Nyasalandia
Federación de Rodesia y Nyasalandia
Federación de Rodesia y Nyasalandia
Federación de Rodesia y Nyasalandia

Bandera de la Federación de Rodesia y Nyasalandia


Peter Gatdet Yak (1958 - 15 de abril de 2019) ou Peter Gadet foi um general do Exército de Libertação do Povo do Sudão que mais tarde tornou-se o líder do Exército de Libertação do Sudão do Sul, um movimento rebelde no Sudão do Sul.

Carreira
Nascido entre 1957 e 1959 no Condado de Mayom, Sudão do Sul, era da etnia Bol Nuer.

Gadet começou sua carreira militar de 1981 a 1983 no contingente sudanês destacado para auxiliar o Iraque na Guerra Irã-Iraque.

O General Gadet foi membro das Forças de Defesa do Sudão do Sul durante a Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa. Ingressou no Exército de Libertação do Povo do Sudão após a Declaração de Juba de 8 de janeiro de 2006, mas afirmou que foi marginalizado e que o exército era dominado pelo nepotismo tribal. Em abril de 2011, Gadet emergiu como líder do Exército de Libertação do Sudão do Sul, uma nova milícia que exigia um governo de base mais ampla. No Estado de Unidade, iniciou um ataque ao Exército de Libertação do Povo do Sudão, deixando pelo menos 45 pessoas mortas. De acordo com os militares, vinte das vítimas eram soldados do exército sulista.

Em agosto de 2011, o porta-voz do Exército de Libertação do Sudão do Sul disse que o movimento declarou um cessar-fogo com o governo. Gadet integrou suas forças no exército e se tornou o Comandante da 8.ª Divisão.

Guerra Civil do Sudão do Sul
Durante a Guerra Civil do Sudão do Sul (iniciada em dezembro de 2013), ele se amotinou novamente e sua milícia,  predominantemente Nuer, reivindicou o controle de Bor (Sudão do Sul). Riek Machar declarou que Gadet foi nomeado governador militar de Jonglei. Em julho de 2014, a União Europeia impôs sanções a Gadet, acusando-o de liderar um ataque à cidade de Bentiu, no qual cerca de 400 pessoas foram mortas durante o Massacre de Bentiu em 2014.

Em 11 de agosto de 2015, Gabriel Tang, Gathoth Gatkuoth, ex-chefe de logística do Movimento Popular de Libertação do Sudão na Oposição, e Gadet anunciaram haverem rompido com Machar, acreditando que o mesmo estava "buscando poder para si mesmo". Eles rejeitaram as negociações de paz em andamento e anunciaram que combateriam as forças de Machar, além das forças do governo, dizendo: "Eles (Machar e o presidente Salva Kiir) são símbolos de ódio, divisão e liderança fracassada, ambos os líderes foram responsáveis por iniciar a crise."

Gatkuoth afirmou que desejava um presidente que não fosse Dinka nem Nuer, e que pretendia registrar seu grupo como um movimento político chamado "Partido Democrático Federal". Gadet tornou-se presidente do Conselho de Comando Militar do Partido Democrático Federal/Forças Armadas do Sudão do Sul.

Em janeiro de 2015, um assassinato deliberado generalizado de civis ocorreu em Bor por forças sob o controle de Gadet, incluindo catorze mulheres sendo mortas em um complexo da igreja. Em maio, os Estados Unidos impuseram sanções a Gadet.

Vida pessoal
Sua esposa é filha de Gatluak Gai, um general rebelde. Ele também fez parte do conselho de consultores do Jarch Management Group, com sede nos Estados Unidos, que obteve concessões de petróleo em grandes áreas de terra no Sudão do Sul.

Morte
Gadet morreu de ataque cardíaco em Cartum em 15 de julho de 2019. O Movimento de Libertação do Povo do Sudão na Oposição, liderado por Machar, emitiu uma mensagem de condolências.

Ligações externas

Pessoas da Guerra Civil Sul-Sudanesa

Peter Gadet


West Orchard is a small village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It is situated in the Blackmore Vale in the North Dorset administrative district, approximately halfway between the towns of Shaftesbury and Sturminster Newton. It is separated from the adjacent settlement of East Orchard by a stream. In 2013 the civil parish had an estimated population of 50. For local government purposes the parish is grouped with the parishes of East Orchard and Margaret Marsh, to form a Group Parish Council.

St Luke's Church was rebuilt in 1876–77 to the designs of Thomas Henry Wyatt, but the chancel is 15th-century.

References

External links

Villages in Dorset
Civil parishes in Dorset

West Orchard


6245 Ikufumi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6245 Ikufumi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Oohira de Takeshi Urata. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,30 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 8,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

6245 Ikufumi


The Lesbian Avengers were founded in 1992 in New York City, the direct action group was formed with the intent to create an organization that focuses on lesbian issues and visibility through humorous and untraditional activism. The group was founded by six individuals: Ana Maria Simo, Anne Maguire, Anne-Christine D'Adesky, Marie Honan, Maxine Wolfe, and Sarah Schulman.

The founding members of the Avengers attempted to address the lack of visibility lesbians had throughout the media. Multiple members claimed that the lack of diversity and the focus on white men in the gay rights movement is one of the reasons that inspired them to create a movement for lesbians.

There were multiple chapters of the Lesbian Avengers within different cities such as: New York, San Francisco, and Denver. Different chapters of the Lesbian Avengers expanded their missions to focus on issues of race, class, and gender. The Lesbian Avengers engaged in different forms of activism. One of the most notable accomplishments is the formation of the annual Dyke March. Other notable forms of activism include fire-breathing and protests against Proposition 8.

Though some groups continue to hold demonstrations on an irregular basis (San Francisco Avengers demonstrated against Proposition 8), one of the Lesbian Avengers' most enduring legacy may be the annual Dyke March.

Origins

Founding
The Lesbian Avengers was founded by six women: Ana Maria Simo, Anne Maguire, Anne-Christine D'askey, Marie Honan, Maxine Wolfe, and Sarah Schulman. Each of these women had experience in advocating for gay rights and equality under different organizations such as ACT-UP and the Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization (ILGO). The co-founders sought to create an inclusive movement that focused on lesbian issues, something they felt was not properly addressed in other organizations.

Their first recruiting flyer, handed out at New York's Pride March, invited "LESBIANS! DYKES! GAY WOMEN!" to get involved. "We're wasting our lives being careful. Imagine what your life could be. Aren't you ready to make it happen?"

The Lesbian Avenger handbook was an important foundation that gave the Avengers their ability to organize meetings, fundraise, and responses to media. The handbook "made it possible for lesbians across the world to start Avenger chapters without having a huge pool of experienced activists." The handbook played an essential role in the organization and was a tool used by the experienced and newcomers of the group.

Growth
The New York chapter started with an estimated 50 members. Eventually new chapters were introduced in multiple locations, over 35 chapters emerged worldwide. A handful chapters were present internationally. The Avengers garnered attention through their use of demonstrations, which were combined with flyers and memorable catchphrases. The Lesbian Avengers designated members to focus on different tasks such as event organizing and designing flyers for events. A notable artist within the group was Carrie Moyer, an American painter who designed some the posters and logos used by the group.

In 1993, the documentary film The Lesbian Avengers Eat Fire, Too was released. The film documents the first year of activity within the group and includes interviews with the members of the New York chapter.

Actions

The  encouraged particular attention to the visual elements of the demonstration. "It should let people know clearly and quickly who we are and why we are there. NY Avengers have used a wide range of visuals such as fire eating, a twelve-foot shrine, a huge bomb, a ten-foot plaster statue, flaming torches, etc. The more fabulous, witty, and original, the better."

Sometimes their positions seem to change, as well.  In the early years, the group opposed attempts to legitimize gay marriage, protesting the notion at an Andrew Sullivan book signing in 1995.

The New York Lesbian Avengers also developed a Lesbian Avenger Civil Rights Organizing Project.

First Action: Rainbow Curriculum
On their first action (September 9, 1992), the Lesbian Avengers targeted right-wing attempts to suppress a multicultural "Children of the Rainbow" curriculum for elementary schoolchildren. Ostensibly under attack for including lesbians and gay men in its lessons about diversity, some activists like Ana Maria Simo charged that opponents, besides being homophobic, also had a racist agenda in battling the multicultural curriculum.

Meeting in Queens School District 24 where the opposition to the "Rainbow Curriculum" was strongest, they paraded through the neighborhood with an all-lesbian marching band to a local elementary school where they gave out lavender balloons to children and their parents saying "Ask About Lesbian Lives". They also wore tee-shirts reading, "I was a lesbian child".

This first action exemplified the Avenger approach.

They also demonstrated without permits, refusing to ask for permission to express themselves. Organizer Kelly Cogswell later elaborated on this principle during the 1994 International Dyke March, "We ask for a permit; they can say no."

Above all, their choice of action reflected their commitment to challenging homophobic stereotypes. In this case, some members objected to going anywhere near children since lesbians and gay men had so often been portrayed as child molesters. Other members thought that was precisely why their presence was essential. And that was the eventual consensus of the group.

Role of Media: Love and Hate
Press played an important role in the Lesbian Avengers. One article characterized them as "a protest outfit formed to attract media attention to lesbian causes." Besides shaping actions for visual impact, there were committees dedicated to outreach and "propaganda". The handbook offered a step by step guide on the processes necessary to attract press attention from mainstream and lesbian and gay media, even examples of press releases.

Conflicts over the handling of the press coverage of the Dyke March also occurred within the New York gay and lesbian political community. In an interview, Simo said that a press release sent out by the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) after Stonewall 25 initially did not have anything in it about the Dyke March. After the Avengers brought this issue to GLAAD's attention, one line was added to the end of the press release about the lack of mainstream press coverage about the Dyke March.Branner, Amy C. There was a dyke march? Off Our Backs, Aug. 1994

Aware of the power of the press, the Lesbian Avengers sometimes didn't court it, but attacked it. They invaded the offices of Self magazine when that publication planned a trip to Colorado despite a lesbian and gay boycott of the state for hate legislation, and in the resulting media coverage were misnamed "The Lesbian Agenda."

The Avengers also collaborated with Las Buenas Amigas and African Ancestral Lesbians United for Societal Change in a series of actions against homophobic and racist radio programs at La Mega 97.9 in New York, and its parent company, the Spanish Broadcasting System, informing advertisers, staging demonstration, and briefly taking over the radio station and broadcasting their own message.

Fire-Eating
Use of fire and fire-eating became something of a symbol for the Lesbian Avengers, and spread from the New York group to many others. The first time the Avengers engaged in fire-breathing was on October 30, 1992, in New York. This was done in honor of Hattie Mae Cohens and Brian Mock, to "...transform the image of their deaths by learning to eat fire." The New York Times, in one of its few articles on the Avengers, explained:

[It] grew out of tragedy. Last year, a lesbian and a gay man, Hattie Mae Cohens and Brian Mock, burned to death in Salem, Ore., after a Molotov cocktail was tossed into the apartment they shared. A month later, on Halloween, at a memorial to the victims in New York City, the Avengers (then newly organized) gave their response to the deaths. They ate fire, chanting, as they still do: "The fire will not consume us. We take it and make it our own.

At the Washington Dyke March held during the anniversary celebrations of the Lesbian and Gay March on Washington in 1993, the Lesbian Avengers ate fire in front of the White House surrounded by a crowd of an estimated 20,000 lesbians.

The Dyke March
According to co-founder Sarah Schulman, "It was at the 1993 March on Washington that the Avengers and ACT-UP Women's Network created the first Dyke March -- with 20,000 women, marching together with no permit. These participants brought the marches home to their cities and countries and created a new tradition."

The first Dyke March was initiated by the San Francisco Lesbian Avengers chapter in 1993, it was done during the 1993 March on Washington. Around 20,000 lesbians attended the first march. Eventually, the New York chapter followed and began holding their own Dyke march. The march was held in Washington, the success of the initial march led to marches across other cities such as: New York, West Hollywood, Chicago, and many more locations nationally and internationally. Currently, the marches still exist and are held in June and are done in honor of the Stonewall riots and other notable events in LGBT history.

Chapters

New York Chapter
The New York Chapter was the beginning of the Lesbian Avengers. The Avengers in New York worked from 1992 to 1995, their last action involved protesting comments Joseph Bruno made toward the LGBT community. The first official action of the New York Lesbian Avenger Chapter was a protest against right-wing opposition to New York's Rainbow Curriculum. The Avengers marched on the first day of classes in opposition to those who refused to implement the curriculum. Many of the actions taken by the New York Chapter were in relation to politicians who made homophobic remarks, actions to increase lesbian visibility, and volunteer work across different organizations.

The New York Chapter partnered with The New York City Anti-Violence Project (AVP) to protest the violence that queer people were faced with during Halloween Celebrations. Additionally, much of the activism the Avengers engaged in addressed the murders of gay people. Their first protest was in regard to the murders of two gay people, Hattie Mae Cohens and Brian Mock. The avengers held a press conference in Manhattan City Hall to bring awareness to the situation.

San Francisco Chapter
The San Francisco Chapter of the Lesbian Avengers was founded in 1993 and actively engaged in different forms of activism until 1997. The San Francisco chapter is responsible for creating the biggest avenger event, The Dyke March. According to Kelly Cogswell, the march mobilized approximately 20,000 lesbians and the success of the event led to the opening of around 60 new chapters.

Another major action the Avengers took was in response to Exodus International and their use of conversion therapy. On February 9, 1995, a group of five avengers entered the headquarters and proceeded to demonstrate against the organization. The Avengers came with posters and began chanting in the building. The Avengers brought 1,000 crickets, which they released into the headquarters, causing alarm among from members of Exodus International.

The issues that this chapter targeted varied. They held protests, brought awareness to the AIDS crisis, and organized events to mobilize lesbians.

International Chapters
The Lesbian Avengers grew outside of the borders within the United States. There were chapters located within different cities in Canada, Europe, and Australia. The most well-known international chapter was located in London, England. Members of the London chapter were also ex members of the group OutRage! Members of the London chapter would focus on different issues, many of their actions aimed to increase lesbian visibility. Members re-created Romeo and Juliet will a full lesbian cast and protested homophobic groups and organizations across London. Despite the presence of international chapters, the documented activity of these chapters are limited.

See also
 Human Rights Campaign
 Lesbian erasure
 Off our backs

References

Further reading
 Cogswell, Kelly. Eating Fire: My Life As a Lesbian Avenger Univ Of Minnesota Press, 2014. Memoir. Spanning the years from the Nineties Culture Wars to the War on Terror, the first half is a description of the rise and fall of the New York Lesbian Avengers, the second, after she becomes a citizen journalist, offers a more nuanced look at the Avengers in the larger context of social change, identity politics, and civil liberties.
 Documentary Film: Lesbian Avengers Eat Fire, Too Editors Janet Baus, Su Friedrich. (1993). Most important resource. Covers the first year of the New York Lesbian Avengers, offers footage of all actions, as well as interviews with many of the members, explaining the attraction of the group and what it meant to them. Available through Outcast Films.
 The Lesbian Avengers Handbook Explains how the Lesbian Avengers functioned. At least ideally.
 Lesbian Avenger Civil Rights Organizing Project: Out Against the Right Handbook
 Schulman, Sarah. My American History: Lesbian and Gay Life During the Reagan/Bush Years Routledge, 1994.
 Atkins, Robert. Girls With Wheatpaste And Webspace An interview with artists and former Avengers Carrie Moyer and Sue Schaffner about their work as DAM! (Dyke Action Machine!) Offers insight into two of the Avengers' image makers.

External links

 Twin Cities Avengers

1992 establishments in New York City
Feminism in New York City
Feminist organizations in the United States
Lesbian culture in New York (state)
LGBT organizations based in New York City
Lesbian feminist organizations
Lesbian organizations in the United States
LGBT political advocacy groups in New York (state)
Organizations established in 1992
1992 in LGBT history
Lesbian history in the United States

Lesbian Avengers


João Sousa (* 30. März 1989 in Guimarães) ist ein portugiesischer Tennisspieler.

Karriere
Sousa hat bislang vor allem auf der Challenger Tour erste Erfolge erzielen können. 2010 gewann er seinen ersten Titel im Doppel, als er mit Leonardo Tavares in Tampere gegen das lettische Duo Andis Juška und Deniss Pavlovs siegreich blieb. Der erste Titel im Einzel folgte 2011 in Fürth, wo er den deutschen Meister Jan-Lennard Struff in drei Sätzen besiegte. Seinen zweiten Einzeltitel gewann er im April 2012 im türkischen Mersin gegen Javier Martí mit 6:4, 0:6, 6:4.
Für ein Grand-Slam-Turnier konnte sich Sousa erstmals 2012 bei den French Open qualifizieren. In der Auftaktrunde scheiterte er jedoch an Marcel Granollers in vier Sätzen. Sein Debüt auf der ATP World Tour gab er 2008 in Estoril, als er sich erfolgreich für das Hauptfeld qualifizieren konnte. Im Spiel gegen Oliver Marach behielt er deutlich die Oberhand und siegte klar mit 6:1, 6:3. Im anschließenden Achtelfinale gegen Frederico Gil unterlag er in zwei Sätzen. Erst vier Jahre später, im Jahr 2012, gelang ihm die erneute Qualifikation für ein Hauptfeld auf der World Tour. In Barcelona zog er ins Hauptfeld des ATP-500-Turniers ein und besiegte in der ersten Runde den Russen Igor Kunizyn in zwei Sätzen. In der zweiten Runde war es wieder Frederico Gil, der Sousa aus dem Turnier warf. Gil gewann knapp in drei Sätzen. Im September 2013 konnte er in Kuala Lumpur als erster Portugiese ein Einzelturnier der ATP-Tour gewinnen. Im Endspiel besiegte er Julien Benneteau in drei Sätzen.

Seit 2008 spielt Sousa für die portugiesische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft.

Bemerkungen
João Sousa ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem knapp ein Jahr älteren brasilianischen Tennisspieler João Souza. Sie standen bereits mehrfach zusammen im Hauptfeld desselben Turniers; beim ATP-Turnier in Genf trafen sie im Mai 2015 erstmals aufeinander.

Zudem gibt es noch einen weiteren portugiesischen Tennisspieler namens Pedro Sousa, der mit ihm aber nicht verwandt ist. Die beiden bisherigen Duelle mit diesem konnte João Sousa jeweils klar in zwei Sätzen gewinnen.

Erfolge

Einzel

Turniersiege

ATP World Tour

ATP Challenger Tour

Finalteilnahmen

Doppel

Turniersiege

Finalteilnahmen

Abschneiden bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Spieler (Portugal)
Olympiateilnehmer (Portugal)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020
Portugiese
Geboren 1989
Mann

João Sousa


Najib Qahtan al-Chaabi (en ), né en 1953 à Chaab (Lahij) et mort le  à Aden (Yémen), est un homme politique yéménite, candidat malheureux à l'.

Parcours
Il s'est présenté en tant qu'indépendant, bien qu'il soit membre du Congrès général du peuple, contre le président sortant Ali Abdallah Saleh. Il a obtenu 3,8% des voix.

Il était le fils de Qahtan Mohammed al-Chaabi, le premier président du Yémen du Sud. Le , Najib est décédé de la COVID-19 à Aden, au Yémen, lors de la pandémie de Covid-19 au Yémen.

Références

Naissance en 1953
Personnalité politique yéménite
Décès à Aden
Décès en mai 2021
Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 au Yémen

Najib Qahtan al-Chaabi


Akbay ist ein türkischer männlicher Vorname und Familienname mit der Bedeutung "ein ehrlicher Reicher". Der Name ist gebildet aus den Elementen ak (weiß; rein, unbefleckt) und bay (Herr) mit der wörtlichen Bedeutung "ein weißer, d. h. unbefleckter Herr".

Namensträger

Familienname
 Ercan Akbay (* 1959), türkischer Musiker, Maler und Schriftsteller
 Hamit Akbay (* 1900), türkischer Fußballtorhüter
 Ismail Akbay (1930–2003), türkischer Physiker und NASA-Mitarbeiter
 Nihat Akbay (1945–2020), türkischer Fußballspieler
 Onur Akbay (* 1986), türkischer Fußballspieler

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Doppelname (Vorname)
Familienname
Türkischer Personenname

Akbay


Fra bølger og bjerge er det fjerde studiealbum fra den danske middelaldergruppe Virelai. Det blev udgivet den 16. december 2011 og det består primært af traditionelle folkemelodier arrangeret af gruppen, heriblandt deres udgave af folkevisen "Agnete og Havmanden" og sange skrevet af gruppen selv.

Spor
 "Esrum Bourré" (Martin Seeberg) - 3:49
 "Nøkken" (trad. Danmark) - 5:02
 "Månevæven" (Søren Hammerlund) - 3:14
 "Kongebørnene" (trad. Danmark) - 4:20
 "Syv Kærester" (trad. Danmark) - 3:24
 "Ræven, Rotten & Grisen" (trad. Norge) - 1:47
 "Prinsessen Og Frøen (Martin Seeberg) - 3:06
 "Sven Nordmand/gådevisen" (trad. Danmark) - 3:00
 "Agnete & Havmanden" (trad. Danmark)- 4:38
 "Kærlighedstræet" (trad. Danmark) - 4:01
 "Lyren" (Søren Hammerlund) - 2:04

Personel
 Anna Katrin Egilstrød - Vokal, trommer, davul, percussion
 Juan Pino - Darbuka, trommer, santoor, percussion
 Martin Seeberg - Bratsch, fløjte, skalmeje, jødeharpe
 Søren Hammerlund - Mandola, drejelire, lut
 Jacob Lund - Darbuka, percussion

Referencer

Virelai-album
Album fra 2011

Fra bølger og bjerge


cd (تتواجد أحيانًا باسم chdir كاختصار لchange directory) أمر في واجهة سطر الأوامر لتغيير دليل العمل الحالي في أنظمة التشغيل كيونيكس وأو إس/2 وويندوز وجنو/لينكس. يمكن أيضًا استخدام الأمر في سكربتات شل وملفات باتش.

أيضًا chdir استداع نظام يغير دليل العمل الحالي، معرّف في POSIX. أيضًا CHDIR() دالة فيجوال بيسك تغير دليل العمل الحالي.

في ويندوز يمكن تغيير مجلد العمل أيضًا بكتابة اسم الدليل مُجردًا. على سبيل المثال، إذا كان المستخدم في الدليل Z:/ وأراد التوجه إلى D:/ يكفي طباعة D: في المحث.

مراجع

أو إس/2
أوامر ويندوز
إدارة ويندوز
برامج يونكس القياسية
خدمات مواصفات يونكس المنفردة

سي دي (أمر)


Yasmin Jiwani é uma acadêmica e ativista feminista. Em sua pesquisa, ela examina a interseccionalidade de raça e gênero em narrativas midiáticas de violência contra mulheres e representações de pessoas racializadas. Atualmente, o Dr. Jiwani é professor titular no Departamento de Estudos de Comunicação da Concordia University em Montreal, Quebec. Ela é autora de Discourses of Denial: Mediations of Race, Gender and Violence.

Educação
Em 1979, Jiwani se formou na University of British Columbia com um Bacharelado em Psicologia. Em 1983, ela obteve seu mestrado em sociologia pela Simon Fraser University. O tema de sua tese foi intitulado "As Formas de Jah: A Coletividade Mística dos Rastafáris". Em 1988, Jiwani recebeu um certificado do Summer Institute for Semiotic and Structural Studies da UBC. Quatro anos depois, ela também obteve um certificado do New Initiatives in Film & Video Program, Studio D, do National Film Board of Canada em Montreal, Canadá. Em 1993, Jiwani completou um PhD em estudos de comunicação na Simon Fraser. Sua dissertação de doutorado foi intitulada "Por omissão e comissão: 'Raça' e representação no noticiário da televisão canadense".

Experiência de trabalho

Carreira acadêmica
De 1978 a 1980, Jiwani foi assistente de ensino (TA) no Departamento de Psicologia da UBC. Nos anos seguintes, ela trabalhou como TA e professora convidada na Simon Fraser e na McMaster University. De 1986 a 1988, Jiwani tornou-se instrutor de sessão na Escola de Comunicação da SFU. De 1995 a 1998, Jiwani tornou-se professora de Estudos Femininos na UBC. Além disso, foi bolsista de pesquisa do Centro de Pesquisa em Estudos Femininos e Relações de Gênero. De 1997 a 2001, Jiwani trabalhou como professor adjunto na Simon Fraser na Escola de Criminologia.

Desde 2003, ela é pesquisadora do Simone de Beauvoir Institute da Concordia University. Além disso, Jiwani é pesquisadora acadêmica associada do Centro de Pesquisa e Educação sobre Violência contra Mulheres e Crianças da University of Western Ontario. De 2001 a 2005, Jiwani foi professora assistente em Estudos de Comunicação na Concordia. De 2005 a 2012, tornou-se professora associada no mesmo departamento. Em 2012, Jiwani tornou-se professora titular. Em 2017, Jiwani tornou-se a Cátedra de Pesquisa da Concordia University em Interseccionalidade, Violência e Resistência.

Outras experiências de trabalho
De 1989 a 1990, Jiwani trabalhou como diretora de comunicações da In Visible Colors International Film and Video Society. No ano seguinte, ela foi a Oficial de Ligação Étnica da agência nacional de estatística do Canadá, Statistics Canada, na região do Pacífico. De 1991 a 1994, Jiwani foi a coordenadora do Programa Feminino do National Film Board of Canada.

Bibliografia

Livros

 Berman, Helene e Yasmin Jiwani, eds. Faces da violência na vida das meninas. Londres: Althouse Press, 2014.
 Jiwani, Yasmin. Discursos de Negação: Mediações de Raça, Gênero e Violência. Vancôver: UBC Press, 2006.
 Jiwani, Yasmin, Candis Steenbergen e Claudia Mitchell, eds. Infância: Redefinindo os Limites. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2006.

Veja também

 Sherene Razack
 Sunera Thobani

Ligações externas
Yasmin Jiwani in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Referências

Feminismo interseccional
Anti-imperialismo
Sociólogos do Canadá
Pessoas vivas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)

Yasmin Jiwani


Petre Locusteanu (n. 1883, București - d. martie 1919) a fost un dramaturg, umorist și jurnalist român. S-a sinucis în 1919.

A fost angajat al Teatrului Național din Craiova. Cu toate acestea, a fost un actor fără succes ceea ce l-a împins spre o carieră de jurnalist. La Flacăra, el a fost redactor și editorialist dramaturg între 1911-1914, fiind asistat de Ion Pillat. În 1916, Locusteanu a editat propria revistă bilunară, Ziarul meu.  Între 1917-1918, când Iașiul a fost capitala națională în primul război mondial, a administrat ziarul România.

Moștenirea sa ca umorist este modestă față de lucrările altor umoriști români având o calitate slabă față de cele ale altor scriitori de dinainte de primul război mondial cum ar fi I. A. Bassarabescu, D. D. Pătrășcanu, Alexandru Cazaban sau Aurel P. Bănuț.

Opere
 Nevasta lui Cerceluș (1910) - prima sa lucrare publicată
 Cincizeci figuri contemporane (1913)
  Suntem nebuni (1914)
 Funcționarul de la domenii

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de dramaturgi români
 Listă de umoriști români

Nașteri în 1883
Decese în 1919
Dramaturgi români
Jurnaliști români
Sinucideri în România
Scriitori români din secolul al XX-lea
Editori români
Umoriști români

Petre Locusteanu


الطيرة وهي التشاؤم، وهي عادة كانت شائعة عند العرب في الجاهلية، وسمي التشاؤم بها لأن العرب في الجاهلية كانوا أكثر ما يتشاءمون من الطيور، كالغراب أو البوم أو العقعق وغيرها، بل من كل الطيور وذلك إذا سارت في اتجاه معين، ولذا غلب الاسم عليه. والتشاؤم يكون مرئيا أو مسموعا أو معلوما.

أصل الطيرة من إنَّ العرب في الجاهلية كان إذا خرج أحدهم لأمر قصد عش طائر، فهيجه، فإذا طار من جهة اليمين تيمن به ومضى في الأمر، ويسمون الطائر «السانح»، أما إذا طار جهة اليسار تشاءم به ورجع عما عزم عليه، ويسمى الطائر هنا «البارح». وقد حرمت الطيرة في الإسلام وهي باب من أبواب الشرك، عن عبد اللَّهِ بن عَمْرٍو قال: قال رسول اللَّهِ : «مَن رَدَّتْهُ الطِّيَرَةُ من حَاجَةٍ فَقَدْ أَشْرَكَ». وعن أبي هريرة، قال: قال رسول الله : «لا عدوى، ولا طيرة».

الفرق بين الطيرة والفأل
الفأل وهو ضد التشاؤم، عن أنس رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله : (لا عدوى ولا طيرة ويعجبني الفأل)، وعن أَنَسٍ أَنَّ نَبِيَّ اللَّهِ  قال (لَا عَدْوَى ولا طِيَرَةَ وَيُعْجِبُنِي الْفَأْلُ الْكَلِمَةُ الْحَسَنَةُ الْكَلِمَةُ الطَّيِّبَةُ)، ولأن الفأل تقوية لما أمره بإذن الله والتوكل عليه أما الطيرة فمعارضة ذلك. وعن ابن مسعود عن النبي  قال: «الطيرة شرك، الطيرة شرك... ثلاثا وما منا إلا...  ولكن الله يذهبه بالتوكل».

صور من الطيرة
 بعض الناس يتشاءم برؤية الأعور فقد خرج أحد الولاة لبعض مهماته فاستقبله رجل أعور فتطير به وأمر به إلى الحبس فلما رجع أمر بإطلاقه، فقال: سألتك بالله ما كان جرمي الذي حبستني لأجله؟ فقال: تطيرت بك. فقال: فما أصبت في يومك برؤيتي؟ فقال: لم ألق إلا خيرا. فقال: أيها الأمير أنا خرجت من منزلي فرأيتك فلقيت في يومي الشر والحبس، وأنت رأيتني فلقيت الخير والسرور فمن أشأمنا؟ والطيرة بمن كانت؟ فاستحيا منه الوالي ووصله.
 وكذا آخرون يتشاءمون برؤية بعض الطيور كالغربان والبومة وغيرها، عن عكرمة أنه قال: كنا عند ابن عمر وعنده ابن عباس ومر غراب يصيح فقال رجل من القوم: خير خير. فقال ابن عباس: لا خير ولا شر.

التطاير بالغراب
وأكثر ما كان يُتشاءَم به الغرابُ، حتى لقد ضَرَبوه مَثَلًا في الشُّؤْم؛ فقالوا: أشْأَم من غراب البَيْن؛ لأنه إذا بان أهل الدار للنجعة وطَلَبِ الكلأ في موضعه، وقع الغراب في موضع بيوتهم يتلمَّس ويتقمَّم، فتشاءموا به، إذ كان لا يعتري منازلهم إلا إذا بانوا، فسمُّوه غراب البَيْن.

ومن أجل تشاؤمهم به اشتقُّوا من اسمه الغُربة، والاغتراب، والغريب، وليس في الأرض طيرٌ، ولا وحش، ولا شيءٌ ممَّا يتطيَّرون به إلا والغراب عندهم أنكد منه.

انظر أيضا

 توسم الطير

 الاستخارة

المراجع

الدين عند الإغريق
طيور في الأساطير
كهنة
مصطلحات إسلامية
نبوءات

تطير


Paul Schwarz (* 8. März 1946) ist ein deutscher Jazzmusiker (Piano, auch Kirchenorgel) und Komponist.

Leben und Wirken
Schwarz studierte zwischen 1967 und 1974 Kirchenmusik und Mathematik an der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Schon in dieser Zeit war er ab 1970 als Pianist im Bereich Kammermusik, Liedbegleitung und Theatermusik selbständig tätig. Seit 1974 widmet er sich verstärkt der Jazz- und Popularmusik; er trat regelmäßig in Bandprojekten um Herbert Joos und dann auch um Michael Sell auf. Auch spielte er mit der Hans Koller Brass Band und präsentierte sich immer wieder in verschiedenen Konstellationen mit Bernd Konrad vom Duo bis zum baden-württembergischen Allstar-Ensemble "Südpool". Weiterhin wurde er als Repräsentant Deutschlands zum Jazzworkshop der Europäischen Rundfunkunion nach Aarhus entsendet. Schwarz trat bei Festivals in fast allen europäischen Ländern auf; seit 1976 war er mit Bigbands und Combos aus Baden-Württemberg auf Gastspielreisen in Asien, Afrika und den USA.

Schwarz ist als Komponist auch jenseits des Jazzbereichs aktiv, wo er zahlreiche Stücke für zwei bis zwölf Spieler im Jazzbereich verfasste; u. a. veröffentlichte er folgende Stücke: "Concertino für Marimbaphon und Kammerorchester" (1984), "Piano / Orgel Solowerke" (1985–1988), "Suite 11– 88 für Perkussion, Synthesizer & 11 Klaviere" (1998), "Meditationen on B." (Orgel & Perkussion) 1997, "Soundspace für 2 Perkussionisten, Synthesizer und Octophonic Mix" (1998). Er nahm mehr als zwanzig Alben mit verschiedenen Ensembles auf, zuletzt 2006 die Aufnahme "Poulenc meets Jazz" mit Gregor und Veit Hübner und dem Württembergischen Kammerchor.

Schwarz war zunächst an der Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Stuttgart Dozent für Piano und Jazztheorie und lehrt heute an der Musikhochschule Trossingen.

Diskographische Hinweise

 New Jazz Ensemble Burning Flowers (mit Herbert Joos, Michael Seil, Heiner Wiberny, Bernd Konrad, Adelhard Roidinger, Jacek Bednarek, Thomas Cremer; Bellaphon 1975)
 Bernd Konrad/Paul Schwarz Sali (Creative Works Records, 1985)
 Herbert Joos Ballade Noir (mit Joe Koinzer; Free Flow Music 1992)
 Südpool Jazz Project V Marcia Funebre: The Italian Suite (mit Herbert Joos, Pino Minafra, Sebastiano Tramontana, Claus Stötter, Sebastian Studnitzky, Frank Heinz, Bernd Konrad, Eugenio Colombo, Ekkehard Rössle, Uwe Werner, Jon Sass, Winfried Rapp, Günter Lenz, Joe Koinzer, Michael Kersting; L+R Records 1994)
Paul Schwarz / Gregor Hübner: Elegie (Fenn, 2002)

Weblinks
 Porträt (Musikhochschule Trossingen)

 Paulschwarz.simplesite.com

Jazz-Pianist
Orgelimprovisator (20. Jahrhundert)
Komponist (Jazz)
Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Staatliche Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Stuttgart)
Hochschullehrer (Staatliche Hochschule für Musik Trossingen)
Musiker (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1946
Mann

Paul Schwarz (Musiker)


Warren Bennis, Bir Lider Olabilmek isimli kitabında, çeşitli meslek gruplarından liderlik özellikleriyle göze çarpan 28 kişinin yaşamlarına ve görüşlerine yer vererek, lider olmanın gereklerini ve boyutların ele alıyor. Kitapta, birbirlerinden çok farklı olan bu kişilerin, iki noktada fikir birliğine vardığı görülüyor:
 lider doğulmadığı, ancak lider olunduğu ve bu oluşumun dışsal faktörlerden değil, bireyin kendisinden kaynaklandığı
 liderin lider olmak için değil, sadece kendisini özgürce ve bütünüyle ifade edebilmek için yola çıktığı
Yazar, bu liderlerin diğer bir ortak yanının ise, her birinin yaşamları boyunca büyüyüp, gelişmeye devam etmeleri olduğunu vurguluyor.

İş kitapları
Kişisel gelişim kitapları
2001 kitapları

Bir Lider Olabilmek


دوقية بريشـّـا إحدى الدوقيات التي أقامها اللومبارديون في إيطاليا. احتلت بريشا خلال المرحلة الأولى من غزو اللومبارد لشمال إيطاليا بين عامي 568 و569 ؛ بريشا (Brixia) هي واحدة من المدن التي توجد فيها أكبر وجود لومبارد و لعبت دور له أهمية أساسية في تاريخ مملكة اللومبارديين وأعرب عن الأفراد الملك روتاري و الملك ديسيديريوس.

دول سابقة في إيطاليا

دوقية بريشا


توصيل الدواء هو وسيلة أو عملية صيدلانية لتحقيق تأثير علاجي في الإنسان أو الحيوان. الهدف منها ايصال الدواء إلى المكان المطلوب علاجه وتتم بعدة طرق تختلف باختلاف الدواء والمكان المراد علاجه.

من وسائل إيصال الدواء عن طريق الفم، آنية (الجلد)، عبر مخاطية (الأنف، فمي/ تحتلساني، مهبلي، بصري وعبر المستقيم) وعن طريق الاستنشاق. مثل كثير من الأدوية الببتيدية والبروتينية، والأجسام المضادة، الللقاحات والأدوية الجينية، وبصورة عامة، قد لا يكون باستخدام هذه الطرق المذكورة لأنها قد تكون عرضة للتدهور الإنزيمي أو لا يمكن امتصاصها في النظام بكفاءة بسبب حجم الجزيئات أو الشحنات المحمولة لتكون فعالة عند وصولها للعضو المطلوب. لهذا السبب كثير من الأدوية البروتينية والببتيدية تعطى بالحقن.

يشير مفهوم تَوصيل الدَّواءِ إلى الأساليب، والتَّحضيرات، والتَّقنيات، والأنظمة اللّازمة لِنَقلِ المُركَّبِ الصَّيدلانيّ عبرَ الجِسم - كما يحتاج له - بهدفِ الحُصول على التَّأثير العلاجيّ  المَرغوب بطريقةٍ آمنةٍ. قد تشمل عملية توصيل الدواء إيصاله لمكان معين داخل الجسم، أو قد تشمل تسهيل نظام الحَرائك الدَّوائيّة؛ على أيّة حال، فهي معنيّة بكميّة الدَّواء والمدَّة الزمنية التي يقضيها في الجسم. توصيل الدواء غالبا ما يتمُّ تحقيقه عبر تحضيرات الدَّواء الكيميائيّة، وقد يشمل أيضا أدوات طبيّة أو منتجات مكوَّنة من الأداة الطبيّة والدَّواء معاً. توصيل الدَّواء هو مفهومٌ متكاملٌ بشكلٍ كبيرٍ مع الشَّكل الصّيدلاني للجُرعة، وطريقةِ إعطاء الدَّواء التي تُعتَبر جُزءاً من التِّعريف. َ

تعمل تَقنيات توصيل الدَّواء على تعديلِ عمليّةِ خروجِ الدَّواء من الشَّكل الصَّيدلاني، وامتصاصِه، وتوزيعِه، والتَّخلّص منه. وذلك بهدفِ تحقيق الفائدة من تحسين فعاليّةِ الدَّواء وسلامَتِهِ، فَضلا عن تحقيقِ الرَّاحةِ للمرضى وملائَمةِ الدَّواءِ لَهُم.
تَعمل تَقنيات تَوْصيلِ الدَّواء على تَعْديلِ عَمَليَّةِ خُروجِ الدَّواءِ منَ الشَّكلِ الصَّيدلاني، امتصاصِهِ، وَتَوْزيعِهِ، والتَّخَلُّصِ منه. وذلك بهدفِ تَحقيقِ الفائِدةِ من تَحسينِ فعاليَّة الدَّواءِ وسَلامَتِهِ، فَضْلَاً عن تَحقيقِ الرَّاحةِ للمَرْضى وملائَمَةِ الدَّواءِ لَهُم. يَحدثُ خروجُ الدَّواءِ مِنَ الجُرْعَةِ بانتشارِها أو بَعْدَ تكسُّرها، تورمها, أو بآليَّاتٍ تَعْتَمدُ على تجاذب أو تفاعل المادة الفعالة مع الوسط الناقل. من أكثر طرق إعطاء الأدوية شوعياً : إعطائِهِ عَبْرَ الفَم، أو تَطْبيقِهِ على الجسم ( الجلد )، عبر الأغشية المخاطيّة (بالأنْف، تَحْتَ اللسان، عبر المهبل، من خلال العين، وأيضاً عبر المستقيم ) وأيضاً طرق الاستنشاق. الكثير من الأدوية مثل المركبات الببتيديّة والبروتينات، الأجسام المضادة، اللقاحات ،الأدوية المعتمدة في عملها على الجينات، لا يمكن إعطاؤُها عبرَ الطُّرقِ السَّابِقَةِ وذلك لأنها مُعرَّضَةٌ للتَّفكُّكِ بالإنزيمات أو لأنَّه لا يمكن امتِصاصها ووصولها لجهازِ الدَّورانِ بشكلٍ فعال نتيجةَ حَجْمها الجزيئي، وشحنتها لتعطي الفعاليّة العلاجيّة. لهذا السبب معظم الأدوية الببتيديّة والبروتينات يجب نقلها بالحقن أو بمنظومة nanoneedle. فمثلا تَحصين المناعة يقوم على توصيل الأدوية الروتينية التي غالبا ما تنقل بالحَقن.

تَشمل الجهود الحَاليّة في المنطقة تطوير ما يُعرَف بالتَّوصيل الهادِف، بحيث أن لا يكونَ الدواءُ فعّالاً إلا في المكانِ المُستَهدَفِ في الجِسْمِ ( على سَبيلِ المثال؛ في الأنسجة السَّرطانيّة )، كما تَشْمل هذه الجهود التّحضيرات التي تَمتاز بخاصيَّةِ الخُروج طويلِ الأمدِ للدَّواءِ منها على فَترةٍ معيَّنةٍ منَ الزَّمن بأسلوبٍ تحتَ السيطَرِة. في الوقتِ نَفسه يَجبُ أن يكونَ نظامُ التَّوصيلِ المُصمَّمِ قادراً على تجنُّبِ أو تفادي آليّات الدّفاعِ والمُقاوَمَةِ في الجسم بهدف الحُصولِ على الفَعاليَّةِ المَطلوبةِ من التَّوصيلِ الهادفِ، كما وَيجبُ أن يَكونَ قادراً على الوصولِ إلى مكانِ العَملِ المَقصود. التَّحضيرات الدوائيّة طويلة الأمد تشمل عدّة أنواع وهي الأجسام الشحميّة ( أجسام كرويّة مكونة من طبقة ثنائيّة من المادة الدُّهنية )، الأجسام الكرويَّة الدَّفيقة المحمَّلة بالأدوية (أجسام كَرويِّة ذات قطر صغير جداً بالميكروميتر)، والمرافقات لِمُبَلمرِ الدَّواء ( المبلمر: مركَّب ذو وَزنٍ جُزيئِّي مرتفع مكوّن من وَحدات جُزَيئية مكرَّرَة ).

اقرأ أيضاً
 طرق إعطاء الدواء
 فضة نانوية
 جسم حامل

المراجع

كيمياء دوائية
معدات طبية

توصيل الدواء


Doronicum maximum er fjölær jurt af körfublómaætt, ættuð frá Tyrklandi til Íran.

Tilvísanir

Körfublómaætt

Doronicum maximum


En borgerkrig blev udkæmpet 1146-1157 i Danmark mellem de tre fætre Svend Grathe, Knud 5. og Valdemar den Store. I august 1157 blev Knud dræbt ved blodgildet i Roskilde, og Svend døde i oktober samme år ved slaget på Grathe Hede. Efter borgerkrigen sad Valdemar alene på tronen i 25 år.

Den danske konge Erik Lam valgte at abdicere i 1146 og gå i kloster, og han døde senere samme år. Landstingene på Sjælland og i Skånelandene valgte Svend til konge, mens Knud blev konge af Jylland og Fyn, og begge påstod at være den retmæssige konge over hele Danmark. For at styrke forholdet til de tyske stater, giftede Svend sig i 1152 med Adele af Meissen, der var datter af markgreven af Meissen i det nuværende Sachsen. Ved et møde der med Svend og Knud mæglede den tysk-romerske kejser Frederik Barbarossa mellem dem. Han erklærede Svend for at være enekonge, mens Knud skulle være lensmand over Sjælland.

Svend holdt ikke aftalen og lod ikke Knud få Sjælland, hvilket i 1154 fik Valdemar, hertugen af Slesvig, til at træde ind i krigen på Knuds side. Valdemar giftede sig med Knuds halvsøster Sofia af Minsk. Knud og Valdemar blev derefter kongehyldet ved Viborg Landsting. Svend gik i eksil i Sachsen, men kom i 1157 tilbage med en tysk hær og erobrede Slesvig, Fyn, og Lolland. De danske stormænd, der ikke ønskede tysk styre i Danmark, tvang de tre kongsemner til forhandlingsbordet. Ved et møde på Lolland i august 1157 blev man enige om, at Svend fik Skånelandene, Knud fik Sjælland, og Valdemar fik Jylland. Knud var dermed blevet vært, og inviterede til et gilde i Roskilde.

Dette førte til blodgildet i Roskilde, hvor lyset blev slukket, Knud blev dræbt, og Valdemar blev såret men flygtede. Historikere i dag mener, at Svend stod bag, men Svend selv anklagede Knud og Valdemar for kupforsøg. Valdemar tog til Fjenneslev på Sjælland, hvor han mødtes med sine fostbrødre Absalon og Esbern Snare (se Hvide-slægten). De tre sejlede mod Viborg, hvor stormændene troede på Valdemars udlægning af blodgildet i Roskilde. Svend fulgte efter ham med sin hær.

Det endelige slag stod 23. oktober 1157 på Grathe Hede nær Viborg, hvor Svend blev dræbt. Efter borgerkrigen sad Valdemar alene på tronen i 25 år, indtil sin død i 1182.

Se også
 Andre danske borgerkrige:
 Borgerkrigen 1131-1134
 Grevens Fejde
 Svend, Knud og Valdemar (1887), et teaterstykke der handler om et fiktivt teaterstykke baseret på borgerkrigen 1146-1157.

Eksterne kilder

 Borgerkrigen 1146-1157 på danmarkshistorien.dk

Danmark i middelalderen
Danmarks historie
1146-1157
Danmark i 1100-tallet

Borgerkrigen 1146-1157


Grădina Zoologică din Hamburg (în ) a fost o grădină zoologică din Hamburg, Germania, care a funcționat din 1863 până în 1930. Acvariul său, care a fost deschis publicului în 1864, a fost unul dintre primele acvarii din lume.

Fondarea
În anii 1850 Hamburg era al treilea oraș ca mărime din Confederația Germană; doar Berlin și Viena erau mai mari. Comerțul cu animale sălbatice a început în anul 1820 și o menajerie funcționa în oraș în anii 1840. Un negustor bogat pe nume Ernst von Merck, membru al Parlamentului German de la Frankfurt pe Main în 1848 și 1849, a înființat o societate comercială ce avea scopul de a organiza o grădină zoologică. Pe 10 iulie 1860, cu ocazia ședinței de constituire a Societății Zoologice din Hamburg (în ), Merck a fost ales președinte.

Ea a fost cea de-a cincea grădină zoologică din Germania, după Grădina Zoologică din Berlin (1844), Grădina Zoologică din Frankfurt (1858), Grădina Zoologică din Köln (1860) și Grădina Zoologică din Dresda (1861).

Compania era organizată ca o societate pe acțiuni. În 1861 a cumpărat un teren de 13 hectare (32 de acri) ce se afla în afara zidurilor orașului Hamburg, lângă cimitirul municipal. În noiembrie 1862 Societatea Zoologică a emis acțiuni suplimentare pentru a finanța construirea unui acvariu. Atât de mare a fost agitația stârnită de acest proiect încât toate acțiunile s-au vândut în 24 de ore.

Primii ani

Grădina zoologică a fost destul de populară atunci când s-a deschis pe 17 mai 1863. Deși populația orașului Hamburg era la acea vreme de doar 300.000 de locuitori, aproximativ 54.000 de persoane au vizitat grădina zoologică în prima săptămână de funcționare. În primii zece ani de funcționare frecventarea anuală a grădinii s-a cifrat între 225.000 și 355.000 de vizitatori. Primul director al grădinii zoologice Alfred Edmund Brehm a investit masiv în alcătuirea unei colecții mari de animale, mai mare chiar decât cea a Grădinii Zoologice din Berlin pentru o mare parte a istoriei sale. Grădina zoologică a avut mai multe succese remarcabile în ceea ce privește reproducerea speciilor — aici s-au născut primele exemplare în captivitate de tapir brazilian în 1868, de tapir malaezian în 1879 și de cerb Schomburgk (specie dispărută astăzi) în 1870. Acvariul grădinii, cunoscut și ca Templul Acvariului Marin, a fost unul dintre acvariile cele mai bine construite vreodată. În 1865 ziarul național german Die Gartenlaube a declarat că acvariul "Castelul Zânei Oceanului" era superior acvariului din Londra. Primul rinocer de Sumatra văzut vreodată în Europa a fost achiziționat de către Grădina Zoologică din Hamburg în 1868.

În anul 1863 a apărut un prim concurent al grădinii zoologice din Hamburg: o colecție de animale exotice achiziționate de către Carl Hagenbeck Sr. Fiul lui, Carl Hagenbeck Jr., a deschis în 1875 un parc concurent denumit Carl Hagenbeck's Tierpark. Deși parcul zoologic al lui Hagenbeck era mai mic, el conținea suficiente animale exotice pentru a rămâne competitiv.

Declinul
În 1907 Hagenbeck a deschis un nou parc denumit Tierpark Hagenbeck. Noua facilitate a revoluționat aspectul grădinilor zoologice: în loc de bare și cuști, Hagenbeck a devenit primul care a folosit șanțuri pentru a separa animalele unele de altele, precum și de public. Grădina Zoologică din Hamburg a părut depășită prin comparație. În primii săi ani, Tierpark a atras un milion de vizitatori anual, dublu față de numărul maxim de vizitatori atins vreodată de Grădina Zoologică din Hamburg.

Primul Război Mondial aproape că a ruinat ambele grădini zoologice. În 1915 Grădina Zoologică din Hamburg a construit cea mai mare facilitate pentru primate, cu 22 de cuști în aer liber și 69 de cuști în interior. Aproape toate maimuțele au murit de foame, cu toate acestea, în timpul războiului.

După război, economia Germaniei s-a prăbușit. În timp ce parcul zoologic al lui Hagenbeck a fost capabil să își reconstruiască colecția de animale, societatea zoologică nu a reușit să facă acest lucru. Pe 30 decembrie 1920 societatea a fost lichidată, iar pe 21 ianuarie 1921 grădina zoologică s-a închis. Un nou grup de investitori, Corporația Grădina Zoologică din Hamburg, a preluat grădina zoologică și a refăcut o colecție masivă formată din 882 de specii și subspecii, dar în urma crahului financiar din 1929 ea s-a îndreptat din nou spre faliment. S-a încercat salvarea corporației prin transformarea facilității zoologice într-un complex format dintr-un parc de distracții și un parc ornitologic. Încercarea a eșuat și în 1931 corporația a intrat în faliment, iar grădina zoologică a fost închisă pentru totdeauna. Orașul Hamburg a preluat terenul grădinii zoologice și a amenajat acolo un parc public (Hamburger Stadtpark).

Referințe

Generale

Specifice

Legături externe
 Zoologischer Garten zu Hamburg (doar în limba germană, cu o mulțime de imagini)

Cioturi Geografia Germaniei
Hamburg
Grădini zoologice din Germania

Grădina Zoologică din Hamburg


The coat of arms of Anguilla is the heraldic device consisting of a shield charged with three orange dolphins leaping over the sea.  Adopted in 1990, it has been the coat of arms of Anguilla since that year.  The escutcheon is featured on the flag of the territory.

History
Anguilla became a colony of the Kingdom of England in 1650, when settlers from Saint Kitts moved to the island.  A legislative union between the two islands was later established in 1825, despite vehement opposition from Anguillan freeholders over the arrangement of having Saint Kitts pass laws for both areas.  Anguillans appealed to the British government in 1872 calling for an end to the union and direct rule, but this was disregarded.  A decade later, a federal act resulted in the amalgamation of Saint Kitts, Nevis, and Anguilla under the British Leeward Islands federation.

In 1956 the Leeward Islands federation was dissolved. Two years later a unitary political entity called the West Indies Federation was created; Saint Kitts, Nevis, and Anguilla joined the federation upon its creation. This new federation dissolved in 1962, but five years later the three islands became an Associated State.  However, this was once more against the will of the Anguillan people.  They consequently expelled the Saint Kitts police, seceded from the union, and declared the Republic of Anguilla.  During this time, a flag with three orange dolphins and a blue stripe at the bottom (dubbed the Three Dolphins flag) was unofficially adopted as the banner of the unrecognised state.  British rule was soon restored and the Anguilla Act 1971 placed the island under direct rule from London.  Nine years later, Anguilla was accorded its own constitution and its union with Saint Kitts and Nevis officially ended.

The territory's constitution was amended in 1990, and a new flag was first raised on 30 May that year.  It consisted of Blue Ensign with a shield that incorporated the design of the Three Dolphins flag.  Later that same year, on 27 November, a Royal Warrant was issued granting Anguilla its own shield.  In the run-up to the fiftieth anniversary of the Anguillian Revolution in 2017, a proposal was drawn up to augment the coat of arms with a crest and two supporters, along with the territory's motto.  The design was submitted for approval in March of that year, with the College of Arms overseeing its technical aspects.

Design

Official description
The official blazon granted by the British College of Arms is as follows: Argent in base the Sea of Turquoise hue in chief three natural Dolphins embowed and leaping in a circle each tinctured Orange-Gold the Shield garnished of Gold.

The official description also includes a crest and supporters which are currently unused. The crest is An Eel (Anguilla Anguilla) haurient proper crowned with an Ancient Crown Or, while the supporters are Dexter An Anguillan Fisherman proper wearing trousers rolled up to the knee Azure with a cloth waistband Or holding with his dexter hand a Strap Sable suspended therefrom by the mouth two pot fish namely a Jack Fish and a Red Snapper proper Sinister An Anguillan Woman vested in an ankle and wrist length Robe and Head Wrap Azure thereover an Apron Argent the lower hem and tied round the waist with an Orange-Gold band holding by the Stalk a Maize Plant leaved Vert fructed proper.

Symbolism
The colours and objects on the coat of arms carry cultural, political, and regional meanings.  The white background epitomises peace and tranquility.  The blue at the bottom evokes the surrounding Caribbean Sea, as well as faith, youth and hope.  The three dolphins symbolise unity, strength and endurance.  This is also the motto of the territory.  The circle they are arranged in represents continuity.

Uses
The shield from the arms features on the flag of Anguilla and on the standard of the territory's governor.

References

External links
 CaribSeek
  Coat of arms of Anguilla In The World All Countries Coat of arms

Anguilla
Anguilla
National symbols of Anguilla
Anguilla

Coat of arms of Anguilla


Sistem dinamikleri, karmaşık sistemlerin zaman içinde davranışlarını incelemekte kullanılan bir yaklaşımdır. Sistem davranışın etkileyen geri besleme ve gecikmeli tepkiler ile ilgilenir.

Sistemik Dinamiğini karmaşık sistemleri anlamak için kullanılan diğer yöntemlerden farklı kılan, geri besleme döngüleri ve stok ve akışları ile dönüştürücülerin (auxiliary) kullanımıdır. Bunlar, basit sistemlerin dahi beklenmedik doğrusal olmayan davranışlar göstermesini açıklayabilir.

Yeryüzündeki su döngüsü dinamik bir sitemin örneği olarak ele alınabilir. Bu sistemin unsurları bulutlar, atmosfer, güneş, toprak ve deniz, bitkiler ve diğer canlılardır. Güneş yeryüzündeki denizleri ve canlıları ısıtır, canlılar ve denizler ısındıkça su kaybederler, buharlaşan su atmosferdeki hava akımlarının etkisiyle yükselir ve yoğunlaşır. Yoğunlaşan su buharı bulutları oluşturur. Güneşin yeryüzünün farklı yerlerini birbirinden farklı şekilde ısıtması sonucunda basınç farklılıkları meydana gelir. Bu basınç farklılıklarından dolayı, bulutları hareket ettiren hava akımları oluşur ve belirli şartlarda bulutlardaki su buharı yoğunlaşacak yağmur ancak yeryüzüne düşer, deniz ve toprak tarafından emilir. Buradan da yeniden canlılara geçer. Bu döngü sürekli olarak birbirini besleyerek devam eder. Bu sistemdeki unsurlar aralasında geri-besleme döngüleri vardır, çünkü denizlerden ve canlılardan buharlaşan su döngünün sonucunda denizlere ve canlılara geri döner. Ayrıca, sistemin unsurları arasındaki su alışverişi gecikmelidir, örneğin bir gölden yazın buharlaşan su ancak aylar sonra ve de dolaylı yollardan oraya geri döner. Ancak bir bütün olarak ele alındığında, dünyadaki farklı farklı su stokları arasındaki su alışverişi sonucunda yine başka bir yerden bir şekilde su baharlaşan yere geri dönmektedir.

Dinamik

Sistem dinamikleri


Guimarães, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Ave altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir. Belediyenin tarihi alanları 2001 yılında UNESCO tarafından Dünya Mirası olarak ilan edilmiştir.

Bucaklar

Belediyede 69 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır. Bu bucakların 40'ı Şehir ağırlıklı alan (Portekizce: APU- Áreas Predominantemente Urbanas), 28'i de Orta derece şehir ağırlıklı alan (Portekizce: AMU - Áreas Mediamente Urbanas) olarak nitelendirilmektedir. 9 tanesi de köydür.

Köy statüsündeki bucaklar

Şehir alanı içindeki bucaklar

Şehir ağırlıklı alanlar

Orta derece şehir ağırlıklı alanlar

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Ave'nin belediyeleri
Portekiz'deki Dünya Mirasları

Guimarães


Fabregat ist der Nachname der folgenden Personen:

 Àngel Fabregat (* 1965), spanischer Schriftsteller
 Agustina Fabregat, uruguayische Synchronschwimmerin

Fabregat


Theodor H. Spoerri (* 7. April 1924 in Uster; † 18. November 1973) war ein Schweizer Psychiater.

Leben
Spoerri studierte Medizin und Psychologie an den Universitäten Zürich, Basel und Tübingen und promovierte 1949 in Medizin und 1950 in Psychologie. Von 1951 bis 1956 war er an der Psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik Waldau tätig, zunächst als Assistent, später als Oberarzt. 1955 wurde er an der Universität Bern habilitiert. 1957/1958 war er Stipendiat des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds. Von 1959 bis 1963 war Spoerri unter Hans Walther-Büel Oberarzt der Psychiatrischen Klinik Münsingen. 1963 folgte er Walther-Büel an die Waldau, wo er 1964 zum ausserordentlichen Professor sowie zum Vizedirektor der Waldau ernannt wurde. 1967 wurde er ordentlicher Professor und Direktor der Psychiatrischen Universitätspoliklinik Bern.

Seine Frau Elka war eine Schweizer Kunsthistorikerin und machte sich vor allem durch ihre Arbeit zu Adolf Wölfli einen Namen.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Genie und Krankheit. Eine psychopathologische Untersuchung der Familie Feuerbach (= Bibliotheca psychiatrica et neurologica. Bd. 92). S. Karger, Basel 1952.
 Georg Trakl: Strukturen in Persönlichkeit und Werk. Eine psychiatrisch-anthropographische Untersuchung. Francke, Bern 1954.
 Nekrophilie: Strukturanalyse eines Falles (= Bibliotheca psychiatrica et neurologica. Bd. 105). S. Karger, Basel 1959.
 Kompendium der Psychiatrie: Klinik und Therapie für Studierende und Ärzte. S. Karger, Basel 1961 (mehrfach übersetzt und neu aufgelegt, zuletzt 2002).
 Sprachphänomene und Psychose. S. Karger, Basel 1964.

Literatur
 Kurzer Lebenslauf in: Gunter Hofer, Karl Peter Kisker (Hrsg.): Die Sprache des Anderen. Gedenkschrift für Theodor Spoerri (= Bibliotheca psychiatrica. Bd. 154). S. Karger, Basel 1976, ISBN 3-8055-2346-7, S. 187.
 Kurzer Lebenslauf in: Jürgen Peiffer: Hirnforschung in Deutschland 1849 bis 1974: Briefe zur Entwicklung von Psychiatrie und Neurowissenschaften sowie zum Einfluss des politischen Umfeldes auf Wissenschaftler (= Schriften der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nr. 13). Springer, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-540-40690-5, S. 1116 (Lebenslauf teilweise fehlerhaft).
 Hans Walther-Büel: Theodor Spoerri (1924–1973). In: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie. Jg. 117 (1975), S. 91–93.
 Jakob Wyrsch: In memoriam Theodor H. Spoerri 1924–1973. In: Psychiatria Clinica. Jg. 7, S. 1–4, doi:10.1159/000283367.

Psychiater
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bern)
Schweizer
Geboren 1924
Gestorben 1973
Mann

Theodor Spoerri


Hallock bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Hallock (Illinois)
 Hallock (Minnesota)
 Hallock (Ohio)

Personen:
 Gerard Hallock (1905–1996), US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler
 John Hallock junior (1783–1840), US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker
 Richard T. Hallock (1906–1980), US-amerikanischer Altorientialist
 Robert Hallock (* 1943), US-amerikanischer Physiker
 William Hallock (1857–1913), US-amerikanischer Professor für Chemie und Pharmazie

Siehe auch:
 Hallock Township

Hallock


Diz, uyluk kemiği (femur) ile kaval kemiği (tibia) arasındaki menteşe biçimli bir eklemdir. Eklem iç ve dış olmak üzere iki bölümlüdür. Eklem ön taraftan diz kapağı ile korunur.

Eklem içindeki tüm kemik yüzeyler eklem kıkırdağı ile örtülmüştür.

Femur ve tibia arasındaki yük taşıyan kıkırdak yüzeyler, menisküs denilen iki esnek kıkırdaktan yapı ile korunur ve desteklenir. Menisküsler "C" harfi biçimli ve kuş yuvası biçiminde kenarları yüksek ortası ince bir yapıdadır. Bu yapı yuvarlak femur ile düz tibianın yapısal uyumunu sağlar, binen yükün tüm eklem yüzeyine dağılmasını sağlar,gelen darbeleri emer, eklemin sabitliğine yardımcı olur.

Bağlar diz eklemini sabitleyen ana yapılardır. Birbirlerinden tamamen ayrı yapılar olan bağlarla tendonları karıştırmamak gerekir. Bağlar her iki ucu kemiğe yapışan sabit yapılardır, sınırlı esneklikleri vardır. Tendonlar ise bir uçları kemiğe yapışan, diğer uçları adeleyle devam eden, adelenin hareketini kemiğe ileten yapılardır.

Yan bağlar dizin iç ve dış yanlarında bulunur ve dizin her iki yana açılmasını önler. Dış yan bağ dışında dizin dışa açılmasını engelleyen dizin arka-dış köşesinde bağlar ve popliteus tendonundan oluşan posterolateral kompleks denilen bir ek yapı vardır. Bu yapının zedelenmesine ait bulgular ve tedavi gözden kaçabilir. Ön çapraz bağ - ACL- tibia ile femuru tam orta noktadan birbirine bağlar. Fonksiyonu dizin dönme hareketlerini kısıtlamak ve tibianın öne hareketini engellemektir. Arka çapraz bağ - PCL- tibianın arkaya hareketini önler.

Dizin tüm bu anatomik yapıları boyunca kaslar uzanır ve birlikte çalışarak dizin koşmak, yürümek gibi hareketlerini yönetirler. Kaslar ayrıca sabitliği sağlayan oluşumlara destek sağlar, korurlar. Dizi yöneten iki ana grup kas vardır. Ön uyluğun 4 başlı kası (quadriceps) Leğen kemiğinden uyluğun ön yüzü boyunca uzanır, diz kapağı üzerinden tendonlaşarak devam eder ve tibianın üst-ön tarafına yapışır. Dizin doğrultulması-düzleştirilmesi hareketini yaptırır. Aynı zamanda diz kapağı kemiğinin üst, iç ve dışına yapışan ayrı başları ile diz kapağının dengesini sağlar. Dizin dönme hareketlerini kısıtlayarak ACL ye, tibianın arkaya hareketini kısıtlayarak PCL ye yardımcı olur. Uyluğun arkasında ikisi tibianın dışına, ikisi içine yapışan hamsring adeleleri vardır. Hamsringler dönme hareketini ve tibianın öne hareketini kısıtlıyarak ACL e yardımcı olur.

Diz


Neurochemistry is the study of chemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that control and influence the physiology of the nervous system. This particular field within neuroscience examines how neurochemicals influence the operation of neurons, synapses, and neural networks. Neurochemists analyze the biochemistry and molecular biology of organic compounds in the nervous system, and their roles in such neural processes including cortical plasticity, neurogenesis, and neural differentiation.

History
While neurochemistry as a recognized science is relatively new, the idea behind neurochemistry has been around since the 18th century. Originally, the brain had been thought to be a separate entity apart from the peripheral nervous system. Beginning in 1856, there was a string of research that refuted that idea. The chemical makeup of the brain was nearly identical to the makeup of the peripheral nervous system. The first large leap forward in the study of neurochemistry came from Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum, who is one of the pioneers in the field of "brain chemistry." He was one of the first to hypothesize that many neurological illnesses could be attributed to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain. He was also one of the first scientists to believe that through chemical means, the vast majority of neurological diseases could be treated, if not cured.

Irvine Page (1901-1991) was an American psychologist that published the first major textbook focusing on neurochemistry in 1937. He had also established the first department that was solely devoted to the study of neurochemistry in 1928 at the Munich Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry.

Back in the 1930s, neurochemistry was mostly referred to as "brain chemistry" and was mostly devoted to finding different chemical species without directly proposing their specific roles and functions in the nervous system. The first biochemical pathology test for any brain disease can be attributed to Maria Buscaino (1887-1978), a neuropsychiatrist who studied schizophrenia. She found that treating her patients' urine who had schizophrenia, extrapyramidal disorders, or amentia, with 5% silver nitrate produced a black precipitate linked with an abnormal level of amines. This became known as the "Buscaino Reaction."

In the 1950s, neurochemistry became a recognized scientific research discipline. The founding of neurochemistry as a discipline traces its origins to a series of "International Neurochemical Symposia", of which the first symposium volume published in 1954 was titled Biochemistry of the Developing Nervous System. These meetings led to the formation of the International Society for Neurochemistry and the American Society for Neurochemistry. These early gatherings discussed the tentative nature of possible neurotransmitter substances such as acetylcholine, histamine, substance P, and serotonin. By 1972, ideas were more concrete.

One of the first major successes in using chemicals to alter brain function was the L-DOPA experiment. In 1961, Walter Burkmayer injected L-DOPA into a patient with Parkinson's disease. Shortly after injection, the patient had a drastic reduction in tremors, and they were able to control their muscles in ways they hadn't been able to in a long time. The effect peaked within 2.5 hours and lasted approximately 24 hours.

Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
The most important aspect of neurochemistry is the neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that comprise the chemical activity in the nervous system. There are many neurochemicals that are integral for proper neural functioning.

The neuropeptide oxytocin, synthesized in magnocellular neurosecretory cells, plays an important role in maternal behavior and sexual reproduction, particularly before and after birth. It is a precursor protein that is processed proteolytically to activate the neuropeptide as its shorter form. It is involved in the letdown reflex when mothers breastfeed, uterine contractions, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis where oxytocin inhibits the release of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Glutamate, which is the most abundant neurotransmitter, is an excitatory neurochemical, meaning that its release in the synaptic cleft causes the firing of an action potential. GABA, or Gamma-aminobutyric acid, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It binds to the plasma membrane in the synapses of neurons, triggering the influx of negatively charged chloride ions and the efflux of positively charged potassium ions. This exchange of ions leads to the hyperpolarization of the transmembrane potential of the neuron, which is caused by this negative change.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter with much importance in the limbic system which regulates emotional function regulation. Dopamine has many roles in the brain including cognition, sleep, mood, milk production, movement, motivation, and reward.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep, and other roles of the brain. It is a peripheral signal mediator and is found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as in blood. Research also suggests that serotonin may play an important role in liver regeneration.

Neurotypical neurochemistry
Neurochemistry is the study of the different types, structures, and functions of neurons and their chemical components. Chemical signaling between neurons is mediated by neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones, neuromodulators, and many other types of signaling molecules. Many neurological diseases arise due to an imbalance in the brain's neurochemistry. For example, in Parkinson's Disease, there is an imbalance in the brain's level of dopamine. Medications include neurochemicals that are used to alter brain function and treat disorders of the brain. A typical neurochemist might study how the chemical components of the brain interact, neural plasticity, neural development, physical changes in the brain during disease, and changes in the brain during aging.

Neurochemistry of PTSD
One of the major areas of research within neurochemistry is looking at how post-traumatic stress disorder alters the brain. Neurotransmitter level fluctuations can dictate whether a PTSD episode occurs and how long the episode lasts. Dopamine has less of an effect than norepinephrine. Different neurochemicals can affect different parts of the brain. This allows drugs to be used for PTSD to not have an undesired effect on other brain processes. An effective medication to help alleviate nightmares associated with PTSD is Prazosin.

See also

International Society for Neurochemistry
List of neurochemists
Molecular neuroscience
Neuroendocrinology
Neurogenesis
Neuroimmunology
Neuromodulation
Neuropharmacology
Neuroplasticity or Synaptic plasticity
Signal transduction

References

External links
Basic Neurochemistry online, searchable textbook.]
 American Society for Neurochemistry
 Asian-Pacific Society for Neurochemistry
 European Society for Neurochemistry
 Japanese Society for Neurochemistry

Neurochemistry


Rochus Kohlbach (* 13. August 1892 in Hirschegg, Steiermark; † 14. Februar 1964 in Graz) war ein österreichischer katholischer Priester, Schriftsteller und Kunsthistoriker.

Leben

Kohlbach promovierte 1927 zum Doktor der Theologie. Danach machte er eine journalistische Weiterbildung bei Friedrich Funder in Wien. 1938 wurde er Kustode im Diözesanmuseum Graz und musste diese Funktion nach dem Anschluss Österreichs an Deutschland niederlegen. Danach wurde er etwa drei Monate im KZ Mauthausen interniert und durfte danach als Seelsorger in Autal bei Graz und in Sankt Martin am Wöllmißberg tätig sein. Im Jahre 1946 wurde er zum Domkapitular bestellt und war von 1946 bis 1962 der Dompfarrer im Grazer Dom. Von 1960 bis 1964 war er wieder Leiter des Diözesanmuseums.

Kohlbach war Vorsitzender des Diözesanen Kunstrates der Diözese Graz-Seckau. Er war Mitglied der Historischen Landeskommission für Steiermark. Am 30. Mai 1937 war er Gründungsmitglied der Katholischen Österreichischen Landsmannschaft Ferdinandea zu Graz.

Kohlbach wurde auf dem Friedhof in Hirschegg beerdigt.

Auszeichnungen
 1962: Österreichisches Ehrenkreuz für Kunst erster Klasse
 Kohlbachgasse im Graz-Ries

Publikationen
 Die neugn Glockn. Ein ländliches Schauspiel nach Motiven der Gegenwart. Styria, Graz 1922, 2. geänderte Auflage 1924.
 Wenn Dichter lieben. Ein Novellenstrauß. U. Moser, Graz 1925.
 Der Dorfpfarrer. Ein Idyllenzyklus. Styria, Graz 1925.
 Mutter. Ein Spiel von hoher Liebe in 5 Bildern. Styria, Graz 1926.
 Kreuz und Feder. Pressealbum für das christlich-deutsche Volk. Eine Festgabe für den gesamtdeutschen Katholikentag in Wien. Styria, Graz 1933.
 Bergbauernbub. Kindheit in den Alpen. Roman, Die deutschen Bergbücher – Band 8, Styria, Graz 1938.
 Der Dom zu Graz. Die 5 Rechnungsbücher der Jesuiten. Grazer Domverlag, Graz 1948.
 Die gotischen Kirchen von Graz. Grazer Domverlag, Graz 1950.
 Die barocken Kirchen von Graz. Grazer Domverlag, Graz 1951.
 Steirische Bildhauer. Vom Römerstein zum Rokoko. Mit handschriftlichem Geleitwort von Clemens Holzmeister, Grazer Domverlag, Graz 1957.
 Die Marienkirche auf dem Weizberg. Die Thomaskirche im Weizer Tabor. Weiz 1957.
 Steirische Baumeister. Grazer Domverlag, Graz 1961.

Weblinks

 Personenseite auf der Webpräsenz vom Diözesanmuseum Graz
 Literatur über Rochus Kohlbach (Auswahl) auf der Website der Historischen Landeskommission für Steiermark

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Häftling im KZ Mauthausen
Kunsthistoriker
Träger des österreichischen Ehrenkreuzes für Wissenschaft und Kunst I. Klasse
Person (Graz)
Korporierter im KÖL
Österreicher
Geboren 1892
Gestorben 1964
Mann
Mitglied der Historischen Landeskommission für Steiermark

Rochus Kohlbach


Tollmann's bolide hypothesis is a hypothesis presented by Austrian palaeontologist Edith Kristan-Tollmann and geologist Alexander Tollmann in 1994. The hypothesis postulates that one or several bolides (asteroids or comets) struck the Earth around 7640 ± 200 years BCE, and a much smaller one approximately 3150 ± 200 BCE. The hypothesis tries to explain early Holocene extinctions and possibly legends of the Universal Deluge.

The claimed evidence for the event includes stratigraphic studies of tektites, dendrochronology, and ice cores (from Camp Century, Greenland) containing hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid (indicating an energetic ocean strike) as well as nitric acids (caused by extreme heating of air).

Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas in their book, Uriel's Machine, argue that the 7640 BCE evidence is consistent with the dates of formation of a number of extant salt flats and lakes in dry areas of North America and Asia. They argue that these lakes are the remains of multiple-kilometer-high waves that penetrated deeply into continents as the result of oceanic strikes that they proposed occurred. Research by Quaternary geologists, palynologists, and others has been unable to confirm the validity of the hypothesis and proposes more frequently occurring geological processes for some of the data used for the hypothesis. The dating of ice cores and Australasian tektites has shown long time span differences between the proposed impact times and the impact ejecta products.

Scientific evaluation
Quaternary geologists, paleoclimatologists, and planetary geologists specialising in meteorite and comet impacts have rejected Tollmann's bolide hypothesis. They reject this hypothesis because:

 The evidence offered to support the hypothesis can more readily be explained by more mundane and less dramatic geologic processes
 Many of the events alleged to be associated with this impact occurred at the wrong time (i.e., many of the events occurred hundreds to thousands of years before or after the hypothesized impacts); and
 There is a lack of any credible physical evidence for the cataclysmic environmental devastation and characteristic deposits that kilometre-high tsunamis would have created had they actually occurred.

Evidence used by proponents of the Tollmann's bolide hypothesis to argue for catastrophic Holocene extinctions have alternative explanations by more frequently occurring geological processes. The chemical composition and presence of volcanic ash with the specific acidity spikes in the Greenland ice cores shows evidence that they result from volcanic instead of impact origins. Also, the largest acidity spikes found in Antarctica ice cores have been dated to 17,300 to 17,500 BP, which is significantly older than hypothetical Holocene impacts. The formation of modern salt lakes and salt flats is explained by the concentration of salts and other evaporite minerals by the evaporation of water from stream-fed lakes lacking external outlets, called endorheic lakes, which commonly occur in arid climates on both hemispheres on Earth. The composition of the salts and other evaporite minerals found in these lakes is consistent with their precipitation from dissolved material continually carried into the lakes by rivers and streams and subsequent concentration by evaporation, instead of evaporation of seawater. Whether a lake becomes salty or not depends on whether the lake lacks an outlet and the relative balance between the inflow and outflow of lake waters via evaporation. Ocean water accessing a continental lake as the result of a single catastrophic event, as Tollmann's hypothesis proposes, would contain an inadequate amount of dissolved minerals to produce, when evaporated, the vast quantities of salts and other evaporites found in the salt lakes, flats, and pans cited as evidence of a mega-tsunami by this hypothesis.

Geological criticism

Isostatic rebound

Many published papers demonstrate that isostatic depression of the Earth's crust happened in the early Holocene. This process has led to submerging substantial portions of coastal areas adjacent to continental ice sheets and resulted in the accumulations of marine sediments and fossils within them. A well-documented example of flooding caused by isostatic depression is the case of Charlotte, The Vermont Whale, a fossil whale found in the deposits of the former Champlain Sea. Like many similar marine deposits, the sediments, which accumulated within the Champlain Sea lack the physical characteristics; i.e. sedimentary structures, interlayers, and textures, that characterise sediments deposited by a mega-tsunami. These deposits and the associated fossils have been dated to significantly earlier periods than the times the bolide hypothesis proposed. In the case of the Champlain Sea, its sediments started to accumulate around 13,000 BP, almost 3,400 years before the oldest of the hypothesized Holocene bolide impacts.

Dating

A significant amount of the physical evidence used by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann, as supporting their hypothesis, is either too old or too young to have been created by this hypothesized impact. In many cases, it is hundreds to thousands, and in one case hundreds of thousands, of years too old to be credible evidence of a Holocene impact. The research that dates the tektites, which Tollmann's bolide hypothesis regards as indicative for the timing of the impact, is outdated. Later research, has dated the Australasian tektites to the Middle Pleistocene; about 790,000 years BP. In addition, the formation of salt lakes and salt flats is neither synchronous nor consistent with the hypothesized impacts having occurred about either 9,640 BP or 5,150 BP. For example, in the case of Lake Bonneville, Lake Lahontan, Mono Lake, and other Pleistocene pluvial lakes in the western United States, the transition to salt lakes and salt flats occurred at different times between 12,000 and 16,000 BP. Thus, the change from freshwater to salty water and eventually salt flats started over 2,400 to 6,400 years before the oldest of the impacts hypothesized by the Tollmann bolide hypothesis occurred. As a result, it is impossible that the formation of these salt lakes could have been associated with the impact hypothesized by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann.

Megatsunami

There exists a lack of credible physical evidence of either multiple-kilometer-high tsunami waves penetrating deeply into continents, and the ecological devastation these would have caused. Thousands of paleoenvironmental records constructed from the study of lakes, bogs, mires, and river valleys all over the world by palynologists have not shown the existence of such a megatsunami. In the case of North America, research published by various authors provides detailed records of paleoenvironmental changes that have occurred throughout the last 10,000 to 15,000 years as reconstructed from pollen and other paleoenvironmental data from over a thousand sites throughout North America. These records do not recognise indications of either a resulting catastrophic environmental devastation or layers of tsunami deposits, which the mega-tsunamis postulated by Tollmann's bolide hypothesis would have created. Paleovegetation maps illustrate a distinct lack of the dramatic changes in North American paleovegetation during the Holocene, which would be expected from the cataclysmic ecological and physical destruction that a continental-wide mega-tsunamis would have certainly have caused.

Grimm et al. in a paper published in Science in 1993, documented a 50,000-year-long record of environmental change by the analysis of pollen from an  core from Lake Tulane in Highland county, Florida. Because of the low-lying nature of the peninsula, in which this part of Florida lies, this lake and the area around it would have been flooded and covered by tsunami deposits along with many of the other lakes and bogs described in their, and other publications. The forests and associated ecosystems of these areas would have been flooded and completely destroyed by the mega-tsunamis proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann. Despite its location, both the core and the pollen record recovered from Lake Tulane lacks any indication of an abrupt, catastrophic environmental disruption, which the mega-tsunamis proposed by Tollmann's bolide hypothesis would have caused. Sedimentary cores obtained from Florida and other locations also lack sedimentary layers that have the characteristics of sediments deposited by either tsunamis or mega-tsunamis.

The cataclysmic scale of physical and ecological destruction that a megatsunami, like the one proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann, would have caused, has not been recognised within the majority of long-term environmental records. Over a thousand cores from North America for which Holocene paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental records have been reconstructed do not show evidence for the drastic environmental changes resulting from a large Holocene impact. There is a similar lack of evidence for mega-tsunami-related, Holocene, catastrophic environmental disruptions, and deposits reported from environmental records reconstructed from thousands of locations from all over the world. Other megatsunamis have been shown in coastal sediments analysed by geologists and palynologists and point to tsunamis locally caused by either earthquake, volcanic eruptions, or submarine slides. These non-impact related tsunamis show abundant records of their environmental effects through the study of pollen from cores and exposures.

Members of the Holocene Impact Working Group have published papers advocating the occurrence of mega-tsunamis created by extraterrestrial impacts at various times during the Holocene and Late Pleistocene. However, none of these proposed impacts match either the cataclysmic scale or timing proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann for their hypothesized bolide.

See also

 Timeline of environmental events
 Younger Dryas impact hypothesis

References

External links
 Pinter, N., and S.E. Ishman, 2008, Impacts, mega-tsunami, and other extraordinary claims PDF version, 304 KB. GSA Today. vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 37–38.

Historical geology
Hypothetical impact events
Extinction events

Tollmann's bolide hypothesis


Luce Fabbri (Roma, 1908 - Montevideo, 2000) foi uma escritora, educadora e militante anarquista italo-uruguaia.

Trajetória

Luce Fabbri nasceu em Roma no ano de 1908, filha de Luigi Fabbri, conhecido militante anarquista italiano, que insistia que ela deveria buscar se educar antes de optar pelo anarquismo. Mesmo assim, ela iniciou cedo sua militância no movimento libertário. Seu pai era amigo de Errico Malatesta, e um dos princípais defensores das perspectivas desse. Malatesta frequentava a casa da familia, e por ele Luce desenvolveu um carinho pessoal, foi apelidada por Malatesta de donna d/oro (moça de oura), ele a ensinou também jogos de criança e canções.

Se formou em Letras pela Universidade de Bolonha em 1928. Em 1929, com 21 anos, se refugia no Uruguai junto com sua familia, intensamente perseguida pelo regime fascista. O uruguai encontram um movimento anarquista vigoroso e receptivo. Ela se torna professora de história no ensino secundário pouco tempo depois, função que manteria até 1970. Chegou também à dar aula de literatura italiana na Facultad de Humanidades y Ciências de Ia Educación, foi afastada durante o período da ditadura, mas retornou ao fim.

Mantendo junto com seu pai, desde o início da década de 1930, a revista antifascistas Studi Sociali. Quando seu pai falece, em 1935, ela passa à coordenar a revista sozinha, e publica no mesmo ano seu primeiro livro Camisas Negras, reunindo diversas palestras que fez em 1933 em Rosário de Santa Fé, Argentina. Nessa livro a autora examina detalhadamente a condição ética e política do surgimento e crescimento do fascismo, com análises fundadas nos desenvolvimentos globais de sua época, com a intensa fascistização que atravessa a Europa e América, mas principalmente o caso italiano.

Obras
 "Camisas Negras. Estudio crítico histórico del origen y evolución del fascismo, sus hechos y sus ideas", con nota final proyectada a la actualidad autoritaria argentina por José M. Lunazzi. Buenos Aires, Ediciones Nervio, 1935, pp. 276
 (Con el pseudónimo de Luz D. ALBA) "19 de Julio. Antología de la revolución española". Montevideo, Colección Esfuerzo, 1937
 (Junto a D. A. de SANTILLÁN) "Gli anarchici e la rivoluzione spagnola" Lugano, Carlo Frigerio Editore, marzo-aprile 1938, pp.20.
 "La libertà nelle crisi rivoluzionarie" Montevideo, Edizioni Studi Sociali, 1947, pp. 42
 "El totalitarismo entre las dos guerras". Buenos Aires, Ediciones Union Socialista Libertaria, 1948, pp. 24
 "Max NETTLAU", de Saverio Merlino, traducción e introducción de Luce Fabbri. Montevideo, Edizioni Studi Sociali, 1948, pp. 35
 "L'anticomunismo, l'antiimperialismo e la pace" Montevideo, Edizioni di Studi Sociali, 1949, pp. 48 (Edición en castellano de 1951)
 E. MALATESTA "Organizzazione" - Luigi FABBRI "Libera sperimentazione", a cargo di L.F. Montevideo, Edizioni Studi Sociali, 1950, pp. 24 (introducción de Luce Fabbri)
 "La strada". Montevideo, Edizioni Studi Sociali, 1952, pp. 32 (Ediciones en castellano, "El camino", de 1952 y 1998)
 "Sotto la minaccia totalitaria. Democrazia Liberalismo Socialismo Anarchismo" ["Bajo la amenaza totalitaria. Democracia, Liberalismo, Socialismo, Anarquismo"]. Nápoles, Edizioni RL, 1955, pp. 52
 "Problemi d'oggi". Nápoles, Edizioni RL, 1958
 "La libertad entre la historia y la utopía", prólogo de Diego Abad de Santillán. Rosario, Ediciones Unión Socialista Libertaria, 1962
 "El anarquismo: más allá de la democracia". Buenos Aires, Editorial Reconstruir, 1983, pp. 59
 "Luigi Fabbri. Storia d'un uomo libero" ["Luigi Fabbri. Historia de un hombre libre"], con introducción a cargo de Pier Carlo Masini, Pisa, BFS, 1996, pp. 240
 "Una strada concreta verso l'utopia. Itinerario anarchico di fine millennio" ["Un camino concreto hacia la utopía. Itinerario anarquista a final del milenio"], con prefacio de Massimo Ortalli. Pescara, Samizdat, 1998, pp. 206
 "La libertad entre la historia y la Utopía. Tres ensayos y otros textos del siglo XX". Barcelona-Dreux, prólogo y edición de Antonia Fontanillas Borrás y Sonya Torres Planells, 1998, pp. 147

Poesia
 "I canti dell'attesa". Montevideo, M. O. Bertani, 1932, pp. 111
 "Propinqua Libertas"

História e crítica literária
 "Influenza della letteratura italiana sulla cultura rioplatense (1810-1853)". Montevideo, Ediciones Nuestro Tiempo, 1966, pp. 59
 "L'influenza della letteratura italiana sulla cultura rioplatense (1853-1915)". Montevideo, Editorial Lena & Cìa. S. A., 1967, pp. 75
 "La poesía de Leopardi". Montevideo, Instituto Italiano de Cultura, 1971, pp. 519
 "Maquiavelo escritor" (apartado del libro Vigencia de Maquiavelo), Montevideo, Instituto Italiano de Cultura, 1972
 Nicolás MAQUIAVELO, "El Príncipe", prólogo y notas de Luce Fabbri Cressatti. Edición bilingüe: Italiano - Castellano. Montevideo, Editorial Nordan - Comunidad, s.d. [1993]
 "La Divina Comedia de Dante Alighieri". Montevideo, Universidad de la República, Departamento de Publicaciones, 1994

Ensaios
 "Interés literario de las "Obras Menores". Ayax de H. Foscolo, 1952
 "Las Corrientes de Crítica e Historiografía Literarias en la Italia actual", 1955
 "La poesía del Paraíso y la metáfora de la nave", 1960
 "Alegoría y profecía en Dante", 1962
 "Dante, poeta del conocimiento"
 "Dante en la poesía comprometida del siglo XIV"

Referências

Anarcofeministas
Teóricos do anarquismo
Anarquistas da Itália
Anarquistas do Uruguai
Italianos
Mulheres ativistas

Luce Fabbri


Charles Frederick Allen (Norridgewock, 28 de janeiro de 1816 – Portland, 9 de fevereiro de 1899) foi um teólogo metodista norte-americano que serviu como primeiro presidente da Universidade do Maine. Durante seu mandato, construiu uma base administrativa sólida e estabeleceu um currículo de alta qualidade para a nova escola de engenharia e programas agrícolas.

Bibliografia

Teólogos dos Estados Unidos

Charles Frederick Allen