Kairouan (, ), also spelled El Qayrawān or Kairwan ( ,  ), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city was founded by the Umayyads around 670, in the period of Caliph Mu'awiya (reigned 661–680); this is when it became an important centre for Sunni Islamic scholarship and Quranic learning, attracting Muslims from various parts of the world. The Mosque of Uqba is situated in the city.

In 2014, the city had about 187,000 inhabitants.

Etymology
The name ( al-Qayrawān) is an Arabic word meaning "military group" or "caravan", borrowed early on from the Middle Persian word kārawān (modern Persian  kârvân), meaning "military column" (kâr "people/military" + vân "outpost") or "caravan" (see caravanserai). In Berber, the city used to be called  Tikirwan, thought to be an adaptation of the Arabic name. It has also been romanized as Cairoan in early modern English.

Geography
Kairouan, the capital of Kairouan Governorate, lies south of Sousse,  from the east coast,  from Monastir and  from Tunis.

Cityscape

History

The foundation of Kairouan dates to about the year 670 when the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi of Caliph Mu'awiya selected a site in the middle of a dense forest, then infested with wild beasts and reptiles, as the location of a military post for the conquest of the West. Formerly, the city of Kamounia was located where Kairouan now stands. It had housed a Byzantine garrison before the Arab conquest, and stood far from the sea – safe from the continued attacks of the Berbers who had fiercely resisted the Arab invasion. Berber resistance continued, led first by Kusaila, whose troops killed Uqba at Biskra about fifteen years after the establishment of the military post, and then by a Berber woman called Al-Kahina who was killed and her army defeated in 702. Subsequently, there occurred a mass conversion of the Berbers to Islam. Kharijites or Islamic "outsiders" who formed an egalitarian and puritanical sect appeared and are still present on the island of Djerba.

In October, 741, in the course of the Great Berber Revolt in the Maghreb, the Ifriqiyan army, along with a Syrian force dispatched by the caliph, was destroyed by the Berbers at the Battle of Bagdoura. The governor Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi perished in the field, his nephew and successor Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri was holed up with the remnant of the army in Spain, leaving the whole of Ifriqiya open to the advance of the Berber rebels. Not having any more forces at his disposal, the Umayyad Caliph Hisham quickly appointed Handhala ibn Safwan as governor of Ifriqiya, with supervisory authority over all the Maghreb (North Africa west of Egypt) and al-Andalus (Spain), and instructed him to take whatever forces he could gather to defend Ifriqiya and quash the Berber rebellion. Leaving Egypt in the hand of Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami, Handhala set out westwards in February 742, picking up additional forces from Barqa (Cyrenaica) and Tripoli (Tripolitana). He arrived in Kairouan around April, 742. The qadi of Ifriqiya, Abd al-Rahman ibn Oqba al-Ghaffari, had been managing the defense of Kairouan, and succeeded in fending off an attack by the Berber rebel army raised in southern Tunisia by the Sufrite leader Oqasha ibn Ayub al-Fezari. Handhala ibn Safwan arrived in Kairouan just as Oqasha was said to be mounting a new attack, in coordination with another large Berber army coming in from the west, led by Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid al-Hawwari. The Berber rebel armies were to make junction in front of Kairouan, before launching their final attack on the city. Wasting no time, Handhala dispatched a cavalry force to slow down Abd al-Wahid's progress, and threw the bulk of his forces south, defeating Oqasha in a bloody battle at El-Qarn and taking him prisoner. But Handhala had taken a lot of losses himself, and now faced the unhappy prospect of Abd al-Wahid's gigantic army, said to be some 300,000, ostensibly the largest Berber army ever seen. Hurrying back, Handhala is said to have put the entire population of Kairouan under arms to bolster his ranks, before setting out again. In perhaps the bloodiest encounter in the Berber wars, Handhala ibn Safwan defeated the great Berber army of Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid at al-Asnam in May 742 (perhaps a little later), just three miles outside of Kairouan. Some 120,000–180,000 Berbers, including Abd al-Wahid, fell in the field of battle in that single encounter.

In 745, Kharijite Berbers captured Kairouan, which was already at that time a developed city with luxuriant gardens and olive groves. Power struggles continued until Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab recaptured Kairouan at the end of the 8th century.

In 800 Caliph Harun ar-Rashid in Baghdad confirmed Ibrahim as Emir and hereditary ruler of Ifriqiya. Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab founded the Aghlabid dynasty which ruled Ifriqiya between 800 and 909. The new Emirs embellished Kairouan and made it their capital. It soon became famous for its wealth and prosperity, reaching the levels of Basra and Kufa and giving Tunisia one of its golden ages long sought after the glorious days of Carthage.

The Aghlabites built the great mosque and established in it a university that was a centre of education both in Islamic thought and in the secular sciences. Its role can be compared to that of the University of Paris in the Middle Ages. In the 9th century, the city became a brilliant focus of Arab and Islamic cultures attracting scholars from all over the Islamic World. In that period Imam Sahnun and Asad ibn al-Furat made of Kairouan a temple of knowledge and a magnificent centre of diffusion of Islamic sciences. The Aghlabids also built palaces, fortifications and fine waterworks of which only the pools remain. From Kairouan envoys from Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire returned with glowing reports of the Aghlabites palaces, libraries and gardens – and from the crippling taxation imposed to pay for their drunkenness and sundry debaucheries. The Aghlabite also pacified the country and conquered Sicily in 827.

In 893, through the mission of Abdullah al Mahdi, the Kutama Berbers from the west of the country started the movement of the Shiite Fatimids. The year 909 saw the overthrow of the Sunni Aghlabites who ruled Ifriqiya and the establishment of the Fatimid dynasty. During the rule of the Fatimids, Kairouan was neglected and lost its importance: the new rulers resided first in Raqqada but soon moved their capital to the newly built Al Mahdiyah on the eastern coast of Tunisia. After succeeding in extending their rule over all of central Maghreb, an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, they eventually moved east to Egypt to found Cairo making it the capital of their vast Caliphate and leaving the Zirids as their vassals in Ifriqiya. Governing again from Kairouan, the Zirids led the country through another artistic, commercial and agricultural heyday. Schools and universities flourished, overseas trade in local manufactures and farm produce ran high and the courts of the Zirids rulers were centres of refinement that eclipsed those of their European contemporaries. When the Zirids declared their independence from Cairo and their conversion to Sunni Islam in 1045 by giving allegiance to Baghdad, the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sent as punishment hordes of troublesome Arab tribes (Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym) to invade Ifriqiya. These invaders so utterly captured Kairouan from the Zirids in 1057 and destroyed it that it never regained its former importance and their influx was a major factor in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. Some 1,700 years of intermittent but continual progress was undone within a decade as in most part of the country the land was laid to waste for nearly two centuries. In the 13th century under the prosperous Hafsids dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya, the city started to emerge from its ruins. It is only under the Husainid Dynasty that Kairouan started to find an honorable place in the country and throughout the Islamic world. In 1881, Kairouan was taken by the French, after which non-Muslims were allowed access to the city. The French built the  Sousse–Kairouan Decauville railway, which operated from 1882 to 1996, before it was regauged to  gauge.

Climate
Kairouan has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh).

Religion

Between the 9th and 11th centuries AD, Kairouan functioned as one of the great centers of Islamic civilization and gained a reputation as a hotbed of scholarship across the entire Maghreb. During this period, the Great Mosque of Kairouan became both a place of prayer and a center for teaching Islamic sciences under the Maliki current. A unique religious tradition practiced in Kairouan was the use of Islamic law to enforce monogamy by stipulating it in the marriage contract. Local tradition holds that seven pilgrimages to the Great Mosque equals one pilgrimage to Mecca. According to some, this makes Kairouan the fourth holiest city in Islam after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. As of 2004, the city contained 89 mosques. Sufi festivals are held in the city in memory of saints.

Before the arrival of the French in 1881, non-Muslims were forbidden from living in Kairouan. A Christian community had existed during the early 11th century alongside Jews who were among the original settlers of Kairouan. The Jewish community's golden era began in the late 8th century and lasted until the early 11th century during which time it played an important role in Jewish history, having been a world center of Talmudic and Halakhic scholarship for at least three generations. The Banu Hilal conquest of Kairouan in 1057 led to the decline of the medieval community with Jews only returning after Tunisia was established as a French protectorate in 1881. By the 1960s the community had disappeared, and all that remains is their dilapidated cemetery.

Main sights

Great Mosque of Kairouan
The city's main landmark is the Great Mosque of Sidi-Uqba (also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan) which is one of the most impressive and largest Islamic monuments in North Africa. Originally built when Kairouan was founded in 670 AD, the mosque currently occupies an area of over  and is one of the oldest places of worship in the Islamic world. The mosque became a center of education both in Islamic thought and in the secular sciences and helped the city to develop and expand.

Mosque of the Three Gates
The Mosque of the Three Gates was founded in 866. Its façade is a notable example of Islamic architecture. It has three arched doorways surmounted by three inscriptions in Kufic script, interspersed with floral and geometrical reliefs and topped by a carved frieze; the first inscription includes the verses 70–71 in the sura 33 of Quran. The small minaret was added during the restoration works held under the Hafsid dynasty. The prayer hall has a nave and two aisles, divided by arched columns, parallel to the qibla wall.

Mosque of the Barber

The Mausoleum of Sidi Sahib, generally known as the Mosque of the Barber, is actually a zaouia located inside the city walls. It was built by the Muradid Hammuda Pasha Bey (mausoleum, dome and court) and Murad II Bey (minaret and madrasa). In its present state, the monument dates from the 17th century.

The mosque is a veneration place for Abu Zama' al-Balaui, a companion of the prophet Muhammad, who, according to a legend, had saved for himself three hairs of Muhammad's beard, hence the edifice's name. The sepulchre place is accessed from a cloister-like court with richly decorated ceramics and stuccoes.

Aghlabid basins
The Aghlabid basins are a Tunisian historical monument located in Kairouan. Dating from the 9th century and located outside the ramparts of the medina of Kairouan, they are considered to be the most important hydraulic systems in the history of the Muslim world. The structure covers an area of 11,000 square meters and consists of a small settling basin, a large basin for storing water and two drawing tanks, all having a total storage capacity of 68,800 cubic meters.

Economy
The primary economic sectors in Kairouan are industry, agriculture and tourism.

Industry
The Kairouan region currently has 167 industrial companies offering more than 10,000 jobs, of which 33 are fully exporters.
The industrial activities of the region are quite diversified, although the agrifood industry sector is preeminent with 91 units.

Agriculture
The governorate of Kairouan is known mainly for the production of vegetables (peppers, tomatoes) and fruits (apricots, almonds and olives). It is the leading national producer of chili peppers with nearly 90,000 tonnes in 2019, as well as apricots with more than 15,000 tonnes.

Tourism

Kairouan is one of the four most visited sites in Tunisia along with Carthage, El Jem and Le Bardo as historic sites. Tourist activity is essentially, if not almost exclusively, a cultural activity focused on the sites and monuments of the city of Kairouan.

Notable people

 Su'da – historically attested Berber princess supposedly died there.
 Najla Bouden – 17th and current Prime Minister of Tunisia (first female prime minister in the Arab world).

Food

Kairouan is known for its pastries (e.g. zlebia and makroudh).

In popular culture
Kairouan was used as a filming location for the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, standing in for Cairo. As the film is set in 1936, television antennas throughout the city were taken down for the duration of filming.

Twin towns

Gallery

See also
 Kairouan's significance in Islam
 List of mosques in Kairouan

References

Notes

External links

Kairouan, tourismtunisia.com
Kairouan World heritage Site, whc.unesco.org
Kairouan University
Al-Qayrawan, muslimheritage.com
Kairwan, jewishencyclopedia.com
WorldStatesmen-Tunisia
KAIROUAN, The Capital of Islamic Culture
Panoramic virtual tour of Kairouan medina

Arabic architecture
Archaeological sites in Tunisia
Populated places in Kairouan Governorate
Communes of Tunisia
Holy cities
Populated places established in the 7th century
World Heritage Sites in Tunisia
Cities in Tunisia
Amṣar
7th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate

Kairouan


Terapia de conversie e o practică gândită să "vindece" persoanele cu orientare homosexuală prin consiliere și restricții aplicate stilului de viață. Practica datează încă din perioada freudiană, când homosexualitatea era considerată patologică și urmărește să trateze ce e considerat anormal. Azi, totuși, homosexualitatea a fost scoasă de Asociația Americană de Psihiatrie de pe lista cu bolile mintale, iar terapia de conversie e considerată ineficientă, periculoasă și chiar mortală. Încercările de "vindecare" a homosexualității pot duce la anxietate, depresie și suicid.

Numele oficial al tuturor programelor de acest gen este Efort de Schimbare a Orientării Sexuale (SOCE) și includ tot soiul de metode. Există metode axate pe partea psihică, inclusiv terapie comportamentală, hipnoză, terapie de convertire și grupuri de sprijin. Există metode religioase bazate pe rugăciune. În trecut, eforturile de schimbare au inclus terapia prin electroșocuri, lobotomia și o varietate de proceduri chirurgicale menite a extrage diverse părți ale organelor genitale, atât la bărbați cât și la femei, incluzând castrarea completă.

Statut legal

Terapia de conversie este ilegală în următoarele teritorii:

 Argentina (2010)
 Australia
 Victoria (2017)
 Brazilia (1999)
 Canada
 Manitoba (2015)
 Ontario (2015)
 Malta (2016)
 Spania
 Madrid (2016)
 Valencia (2017)
 Statele Unite
 California (2013)
 Connecticut (2017)
 Hawaii (2018)
 Illinois (2016)
 Maryland (2018)
 New Jersey (2013)
 New Mexico (2017)
 New York (2016)
 Nevada (2018)
 Oregon (2015)
 Rhode Island (2017)
 Vermont (2016)
 Washington (2018)
 Washington, D.C. (2015)
 Taiwan (2018)

Note

Orientări sexuale

Terapie de conversie


Dealul Gaiziņkalns, cu 311 m deasupra nivelului mării, constituie cel mai înalt punct din Letonia. El se află la mică distanță de vestul orașului Madona, în centrul regiunii istorice Vidzeme.

Deși are o altitudine relativ mică, Gaiziņkalns a devenit destinație de schi, având trei pârtii și câteva pensiuni. Pentru a rivaliza cu Suur Munamägi - cel mai înalt punct al Estoniei vecine, cu 318 m - s-a construit în vârf un turn care îi aduce punctul maxim mai sus decât dealul eston. Deși lucrările de construcție nu s-au terminat, turnul a devenit atracție turistică, și accesul a fost închis din cauza pericolului. Turnul a fost demolat în decembrie 2012, dar resturile nu au fost înlăturate. Există o plăcuță în mai multe limbi prin care este marcat cel mai înalt punct al Letoniei, dar nu se află exact în vârf.

Bibliografie

Geografia Letoniei
Dealuri

Gaiziņkalns


ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ග්‍රැහැම්බෙල් 1847 මාර්තු 3 වැනිදා ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ එඩින්බරෝ නුවරදී උපත ලැබුවේය.ඒ මහාචාර්ය ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් මෙල්විල් බෙල්ට සහ එලිසා ග්‍රේස් මවට දාවය. ඔහුට සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනෙකු සිටිමුත් ඔවුන් ශ්වසනාබාධවලට ගොදුරුවීමෙන් ළමාවියේදීම මිය ගියහ.

ජීවිතයේ මුල් අවධිය
ළමාවියේදීම ඇලෙක් නව සොයා ගැනීම් සිදුකළේය. වයස 12 දී තම අසල්වැසි මිතුරා සමඟ ඔහුගේ අසල්වැසියාට පිටි පිළියෙල කරන යන්ත්‍රයක් සාදා දුන් ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් හට ජෝන් හර්ඩ්මන් නම් වූ එම අසල්වැසියා නව සොයාගැනීම් කිරීමට වෙනම වැඩපොළක් සාදා දුන්නේය.

කුඩා කල සිටම ඔහු චිත්‍ර ඇඳීමට, මැටි බඳුන් කර්මාන්තයට හා සංගීතයට මහත් ඇල්මක් දැක්වීය. තනිවම පියානෝව ඉගෙනීම හා විවිධ කටහඬ අනුකරණයෙන් ඔහු පවුලේ අයව මවිත කරවීය. තම මවගේ සෙමෙන් වර්ධනය වූ බිහිරි බව ඔහුට මහත් දුකක් විය. විවිධ ශබ්ද හා ක්‍රම මගින් තම බිහිරි මව හා කථා කරන්නට ඔහු උත්සාහ දැරීය. ඔහුගේ පිය පරම්පරාව භාෂා ශබ්ද නැගීම සම්බන්ධ ගුරුවරුය. ඉතා දුර්වල පාසල් අධ්‍යාපන මට්ටමක් පෙන්වූ ඔහුව සීයා වෙත යවන ලදි. මෙහිදී ඔහු විද්‍යාව කෙරෙහි වූ උනන්දුව වැඩිදියුණු කරගත් අතර වයස 16 දී භාෂා ශබ්ද නැගීම සම්බන්ධව සිසු ගුරුවරයෙකු බවට පත්විය. පළමුව එඩින්බරෝ සරසවියට ඇතුළත් වූවද ඔහු උපාධිය ලබාගත්තේ මොරෙන්ටෝ සරසවියෙනි.

1863 දී වෙනත් නව නිර්මාණකරුවෙකුගේ නිර්මාණයක් අනුකරණය කරමින් ඔහු සහ ඔහුගේ සහෝදරයා නිමවූ "කතාකරන ඔලූව" ඔහුගේ පියා සහ අසල්වැසියන්ගේ ප්‍රසාදයට හේතු විය. තම සුරතල් බල්ලාව විවිධ ශබ්ද නැංවීමට ඔහු පුරුදු කළේය. වයස 19 දී පියාගේ මිතුරෙකුට ලිපියක් ලියමින් ඔහු තම හඬ නැංවීමේ යාන්ත්‍රික නිර්මාණ පිළිබඳව හඳුන්වා දුනි. එමඟින් තවදුරටත් තම හැදෑරීම් ඉදිරියට ගෙනයා හැකි විය. ඔහුගේ කුඩා කාලය අසුන්දර විය

1847 උපත්
1922 මරණ

ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ග්‍රැහැම්බෙල්


An Calamagrostis hedbergii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aleksandre Melderis. An Calamagrostis hedbergii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis hedbergii


Bilovodsk (, ) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Louhansk, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

La ville est prise par les forces armées russes lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Louhansk

Bilovodsk


Nahija Saraqib () je nahija u okrugu Idlib, u sirijskoj pokrajini Idlib. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 88.076 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Saraqib.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Idlib

Saraqib (nahija)


تقريظ الجاحظ كتاب ألفه أبو حيان التوحيدي جمع فيه أخبار الجاحظ، وهو كتاب مفقود نقل عنه ياقوت الحموي في معجم الأدباء.

مراجع

كتب أبي حيان التوحيدي
كتب تراجم عربية

تقريظ الجاحظ (كتاب)


شد الحبل  هي لعبة تقليدية انتشرت بين الناس على مدى التاريخ. ويرجع تاريخها إلى الرياضات والمنافسات اليونانية القديمة التي كان مضمارها آنذاك مدينة أثينا.

شروط اللعب
 حبل غير قابل للقطع.
 وضع علامة تتوسط الحبل أو تتوسط الفريقين، وذلك لتحديد من يفوز في اللعبة.
 وجود حكم.

شد الحبل في الأولمبياد
ظهرت رياضة شد الحبل في الأولمبياد لأول مرة في باريس 1900 وكانت المنافسات عبارة عن مواجهة واحدة بين فريقين الأول اسكندنافي مكون من ثلاثة دنماركيين وثلاثة سويديين، تغلبوا في النهائي على الفريق الآخر الذي كان ممثلا لناد فرنسي، ثم في أولمبياد 1904 بسانت لويس الأمريكية ظهرت من جديد وشارك فيها ستة فرق منها أربعة من الولايات المتحدة، وفريق من كل من اليونان وجنوب أفريقيا.

من جديد ظهرت في أولمبياد 1908 بلندن وكانت الفرق الثلاثة المتوجة بالميداليات بريطانية، وفي أولمبياد ستوكهولم 1912 شارك فريقان فقط في مباراة واحدة فاز فيها الفريق السويدي على ضيفه البريطاني وتوج بالذهبية، قبل آخر ظهور لشد الحبل في الأولمبياد في أنتفيرب 1920 وفاز الفريق البريطاني بالذهبية متفوقا على كل من هولندا وبلجيكا الذين حصلا على الفضية والبرونزية على الترتيب.

فريق اللعب

اللعب الفردي
هو أن يتقدم للعب شخصان فقط، يمسك كل منهما بطرفي الحبل، ثم تتم بعد ذلك عملية الشد العكسي بينهما إلى أن يتغلب أحدهما على الآخر.

اللعب الثلاثي
أن يمسك شخصان بطرفى الحبل ومن ثما يأرجحون الحبل والشخص الثالث يقوم بالقفز من فوقه وهزه، اللعبة منتشره أكثر بين أطفال مصر

اللعب الجماعي
فكرة اللعب الجماعي أن يشمل كل طرف من الفريق (شخصان أو أكثر)، بشرط أن يتكافئ الفريقين في عدد الأشخاص، بعدها يتنافس الفريقين بشد الحبل إلى أن يغلب أحدهم الآخر.
قام الاتحاد العام لمراكز شباب القرى في جمهورية مصر العربية بوضع قوانين للعبة شد الحبل بعدما وضع على كاهله الحفاظ على الألعاب الشعبية وقد حدد عدد اللاعبين بعشرة 10 لاعبين كحد أقصى وستة 6 لاعبين كحد أدنى

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع الاتحاد الدولي للعبة

شد الحبل
ألعاب المهارة البدنية
ألعاب رياضية جماعية
تراث البشرية الثقافي غير المادي

شد الحبل


King Kobra is an American heavy metal band founded by drummer Carmine Appice after his tenure with Ozzy Osbourne from 1983 to 1984.

History
For their first two albums, the band consisted of four relatively unknown musicians: vocalist Marcie Free, guitarist David Michael-Philips, guitarist Mick Sweda, and bassist Johnny Rod. After two albums on Capitol Records—Ready to Strike (November 9, 1985) and Thrill of a Lifetime (1986)—and the independent release King Kobra III in 1988, Appice decided to dissolve the band and join guitarist John Sykes for his Blue Murder project in 1989.

A new King Kobra emerged in 2010 with Carmine Appice on drums, Paul Shortino taking over vocal duties, Mick Sweda on guitar, David Henzerling (a.k.a. David Michael-Philips) on guitar, and Johnny Rod on bass. This lineup released the self-titled album King Kobra in 2011 on Frontiers Records and another album in 2013, titled King Kobra II.

The band went on hiatus following the release of their 2013 album, largely due to the other commitments of the individual band members, They played live gigs again in 2016 without Mick Sweda.

On July 18, 2023, the band announced their new album, We Are Warriors, will be released on August 11. The title track was also released as a single. The line up features new guitarists Carlos Cavazo and Rowan Robertson, formerly of Quiet Riot and Dio respectively.

Band members

Current members
Carmine Appice – drums, backing vocals (1983–1989, 2000–2001, 2010–present)
Johnny Rod – bass (1983–1986, 2010–present)
Paul Shortino – lead vocals, guitar (2010–present)
Carlos Cavazo – guitar (2023–present)
Rowan Robertson – guitar (2023–present)

Former members
David Michael-Phillips – guitar, backing vocals, keyboards, synthesizers (1983–1989, 2010–2023)
Marcie Free – lead vocals (1983–1986)
Mike Wolf – guitar (1983)
Mick Sweda – guitar, backing vocals, synthesizers (1983–1987, 2000–2001, 2010–2016)
Lonnie Vencent – bass (1986–1987)
Larry Hart – bass (1987–1989)
Jeff Northrup – guitar (1987–1989)
Johnny Edwards – lead vocals (1987–1989)
Marq Torien – lead vocals (1987)
Kelly Keeling – bass, lead vocals, guitars, keyboards (2000–2001)
Steve Fister – guitar (2000–2001)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
Ready to Strike (1985)
Thrill of a Lifetime (1986)
King Kobra III (1988)
King Kobra (2011)
King Kobra II (2013)
We Are Warriors (2023)

Compilation albums
The Lost Years (1999)
Hollywood Trash (2001)
Number One (2005 - Re-release of The Lost Years)

Soundtrack appearances
"Iron Eagle (Never Say Die)" was included in the soundtrack album from the 1986 movie Iron Eagle.
Song credits: Jake Hooker-Duane Hitchings - 1986 - Capitol Records.
"Hunger", covered by King Kobra but written by Kick Axe (listed as "Spectre General"), was featured in The Transformers: The Movie, and included on the soundtrack album.
"Mean Street Machine" & "Redline", were featured in RoadKill (video game) on radio station 69.3 QQQQ

Notes
 Rod left the band and joined W.A.S.P. in 1986.
 Torien, Sweda, and Vincent left to play together in the band BulletBoys.
 Free went on to form the bands known as Signal (EMI Records), and Unruly Child (Atlantic/Interscope Records). After coming to terms with her gender dysphoria in 1993 she is now known as Marcie Free.

References

External links
 Historical Interview with King Kobra Guitarist

Capitol Records artists
Frontiers Records artists
Glam metal musical groups from California
Hard rock musical groups from California

King Kobra


Gharyan District or Garian District () was one of the districts of Libya.  It was located in the northwest part of the country and its capital was Gharyan.  Under the 2007 reorganization of districts, it became part of Jabal al Gharbi District.

Gharyan District was governed by a district congress which had ten committees that conducted day-to-day management and oversight.  Those committees were: Marine resources; Manpower, Employment and Training; Planning; Justice; Economy and Trade; Tourism; Public Security; Agriculture and Livestock; Industry, Mines and Energy; and Housing and Utilities.

Boundaries
Prior to 2007 Gharyan bordered the following districts:
Jafara - north
Tarhuna Wa Msalata - east
Bani Walid - southeast, at a quadripoint
Mizda - south
Yafran - west

Attractions and communities
The World War II "Lady_of_Gharyan" portrait is located in an abandoned Italian army barracks, just west Gharyan, off a primitive road to the south.

Notes

Former districts of Libya

Gharyan District


Mount Barker ist eine Stadt im Südosten des australischen Bundesstaates South Australia. Mit 10.258 Einwohnern (2016) ist sie die größte Stadt in den Adelaide Hills und liegt ca. 33 km südöstlich des Stadtzentrums von Adelaide am South Eastern Freeway. Dies ist nahe genug an der südaustralischen Hauptstadt, dass viele Leute dorthin pendeln, aber auch weit genug von ihr entfernt, um sich dort auf dem Land zu fühlen. Die schnell wachsende Satellitenstadt ist Verwaltungszentrum der Local Government Area Mount Barker Council und liegt am Fuße eines Berges desselben Namens, ca. 50 km entfernt vom Murray River.

Das Gebiet um die Stadt wurde ursprünglich landwirtschaftlich genutzt, aber – auch wenn noch heute viele Grundstücke im Randbereich als Farmland ausgewiesen sind – werden diese doch in der letzten Zeit zunehmend bebaut und urbanisiert.

Der Berg Mount Barker wurde 1830 von Captain Collet Barker entdeckt, aber dieser wurde 1831 von Aborigines umgebracht. Captain Charles Sturt benannte daher die Stadt bei ihrer Gründung 1834 nach seinem toten Kameraden.

In Mount Barker findet sich eine Polizeistation, eine Wache des Country Fire Service, das Zentrum des State Emergency Service (Katastrophenschutz) in den Adelaide Hills, eine Ambulanzstation und fünf Buslinien.

Mount Barker gehört zum Bundeswahlkreis Mayo und zu den Staatswahlkreisen Kavel und Heysen. Das Mitglied des Bundesparlaments Jamie Briggs beerbte in diesem Wahlkreis den früheren Außenminister Alexander Downer.

Am 16. April 2010, um 23:35 Uhr Ortszeit, war Mount Barker das Epizentrum eines Erdbebens der Stärke 3,8 auf der Richterskala.

Geschichte
Der Berg Mount Barker wurde zuerst 1830 von Captain Charles Sturt entdeckt, der ihn allerdings für den vorher schon entdeckten Mount Lofty hielt. Captain Collet Barker korrigierte diesen Irrtum, als er die Gegend 1831 vermaß. Sturt benannte den Berg nach seinem Kameraden, nachdem dieser noch im gleichen Jahr von Aborigines in der Murray-Mündung ermordet worden war. Die Entdeckung und Benennung wurde 1834 von König Wilhelm IV. anerkannt, 2 Jahre vor Beginn der Kolonisation von South Australia. Erstmals bestiegen wurde der Berg im Dezember 1837 von den Forschern Robert Cock, William Finlayson, A. Wyatt und G. Barton, als sie die Gegend auf ihrer Expedition von Adelaide zum Lake Alexandrina durchquerten.

1839 wurde das Gebiet um den Mount Barker von Duncan McFarlane vermessen, weil man es für den Getreideanbau verwenden wollte. Das Land wurde in Parzellen zu 320.000 m² (80 Acres) aufgeteilt, aber die ersten Farmer siedelten sich erst 1844 an. John Dunn baute damals die erste dampfbetriebene Mühle außerhalb von Adelaide. Sie wurde 50 Jahre lang betrieben und ist heute eine Touristenattraktion. Alle größeren Gebäude der Stadt entstanden bald danach; ein Postamt (heute erneuert) kam 1860 und eine (ebenfalls heute ersetzte) Polizeistation 1878. 1883 wurde die Eisenbahnlinie von Adelaide nach Strathalbyn gebaut, wurde aber dann aufgelassen und führt heute nur noch als SteamRanger-Museumsbahn bis nach Balhannah.

Am Mount Barker siedelte ursprünglich der Aboriginesstamm der Peramangk. Die Ngarrindjeri aus dem Osten nützten seinen Gipfel auch als Zeremoniengelände und Grabstätte. Überhaupt gilt der Berggipfel als wichtiges Gebiet der Aborigines und vermutlich der heiligste Platz der gesamten Gegend um Adelaide. 1984 versuchten die Ngarrindjeri, den Bau eines Sendemasten für die Polizei dort zu verhindern, und 1987 versuchten sie das Gleiche mit einem Umsetzer für die Telekommunikation. In beiden Fällen waren sie nicht erfolgreich.

Mount Barker hat sich seither zu einem großen städtischen Zentrum entwickelt, das sehr schnell weiterwächst. Die Gegend um die Stadt war 1996–2006 der am viertschnellsten wachsende Distrikt von South Australia: jedes Jahr kamen 3.800 Einwohner (= 3 %) dazu. Heute steht Mount Barker an fünfter Stelle in Wachstum aller Städte in South Australia. In den letzten 10 Jahren sind viele neue Stadtviertel entstanden, wie z. B. Martindale oder Waterford. In dieser Zeit gab es auch einen Wirtschaftsboom in der Stadt und es entstanden einige neue Geschäftsstraßen. Auch ein neues Einkaufszentrum mit einem über 4.000 m² großen Supermarkt soll gebaut werden.

Geografie
Mount Barker liegt auf den Ebenen um den Berg Mount Barker, etwa zwei Kilometer westlich des Berges auf einer Seehöhe von 360 m.

Die Stadt liegt südlich anschließend an den Southern Freeway von Adelaide nach Murray Bridge. Ihre vier Hauptstraßen gehen sternförmig vom Stadtzentrum aus. Im Westen liegen ein Industriegebiet und die Laratinga Wetlands. Nördlich des Feuchtgebietes befinden sich die Stadtteile Martindale, Waterford und Dalmeny Park. Das Feuchtgebiet wird vom Mount Barker Creek gespeist.

Klima

In Mount Barker ist es im Allgemeinen kühler als in Adelaide. Die mittlere Maximaltemperatur beträgt 19,9 °C, die mittlere Minimaltemperatur 8,0 °C. Durchschnittlich fällt 765,2 mm Regen im Jahr. In Mount Barker ist es typischerweise im Februar am trockensten (25,5 mm Regen) und im Juli am feuchtesten (105,4 mm Regen).

Damit ist Mount Barker etwa 2–3 °C kühler als Adelaide (mittlere Temperatur 22,2 °C) und erhält 200 mm mehr Regen.

Demografie

Die Bevölkerung von Mount Barker hat einen überdurchschnittlich hohen Frauenanteil von 52,2 %. 47,8 % der Einwohner sind männlich. Australienweit liegen der Frauen- bzw. Männeranteil bei 50,7 % und 49,3 %. Das Durchschnittsalter liegt bei 37 Jahren, gegenüber 38 Jahren australienweit. 50,2 % der Einwohner sind verheiratet, gegenüber 48,1 % in ganz Australien.

Die meisten Einwohner (79,6 %) sind in Australien geboren. 6,3 % kommen aus England, je 0,8 % aus Südafrika und Neuseeland, 0,7 % aus Deutschland und 0,6 % von den Philippinen. 90,6 %, sprechen nur Englisch zu Hause, 0,5 % sprechen Deutsch, 0,4 % Afrikaans und je 0,3 % Italienisch, Mandarin und Philippinisch.

Insgesamt ist Mount Barker weniger multikulturell als andere Städte des Landes; 79,6 % sind Australier, gegenüber 66,7 % australienweit.

Die Wirtschaft in Mount Barker wächst mit neuen Einkaufszentren und anderen Geschäften, parallel zum Bevölkerungswachstum. Ein neues Stadtviertel mit 1.000 Häusern soll entstehen. Das mittlere Einkommen in Mount Barker beträgt AU-$ 460,-- pro Woche und Einwohner, AU-$ 6,-- unter dem australienweiten Durchschnitt.

Wirtschaft

Mount Barker besitzt als größte Stadt in den Adelaide Hills viele Geschäfte, 5 Einkaufszentren, 4 Supermärkte und viele Restaurants, Cafés und Fast-Food-Restaurants. Daneben bietet diese Stadt viele Freizeitaktivitäten, wie Wanderwege und ein Kino.

Erholung

Mount Barker bietet viele Freizeitaktivitäten. Da gibt es den Linear Trail, einen Spazierweg, der am Keith Stephenson Park beginnt und an einem See, einem Spielplatz und einem Skaterpark vorbeiführt. Der Boggiaclub von Mount Barker ist von Keith Stephenson Park aus auf der anderen Straßenseite. Der Linear Trail führt zu den Laratinga Wetlands und weist eine Gesamtlänge von 3 km auf. Daneben gibt es in den Laratinga Wetlands etliche weitere Wanderwege und einige Grillplätze.

Oberhalb des Keith Stephenson Parks befindet sich das Wallis Cinema. Dieses Kino hat sieben Säle, die alle mit Dolby Digital ausgerüstet sind. Der größte Teil des Kinos ist unterirdisch, nur etwa drei Sitzreihen befinden sich oberirdisch. Nebenan liegt das Auchendorroch Restaurant.

Mount Barker besitzt zwei Stadien, das Mount Barker Oval und Dunn Park. Ersteres liegt direkt neben dem Recreation Centre, wo die Mount Barker Show ebenso stattfindet, wie die örtlichen Football-Spiele. Dunn Park liegt beim Cornerstone College und beim Campingplatz, wird aber nicht mehr so häufig genutzt. Die verschiedenen Schulen in der Gegend besitzen ihren eigenen Sportplätze. Daneben hat Mount Barker ein öffentliches Freibad in der Nähe des Campingplatzes, das von September bis Mai geöffnet ist.

In Mount Barker gibt es einen 18-Loch-Golfplatz bei der Siedlung an der Bald Hills Road. Der Golfplatz ist als Par 70 eingestuft. In Mount Barker findet sich auch SteamRanger, eine Museumsbahngesellschaft, die den dampfbetriebenen Southern Encounter von Strathalbyn und Goolwa nach Victor Harbor fahren lässt.

Zeitungen
In Mount Barker gibt es eine örtliche Zeitung. The Courier erscheint wöchentlich am Mittwoch. Sie wurde 2006 zur besten Regionalzeitung in South Australia gekürt und nennt sich "The newspaper of the Adelaide Hills since 1880".

Infrastruktur
Die wichtigste Straßenverbindung nach Adelaide ist der South Eastern Freeway. Viele Leute führt ihr täglicher Arbeitsweg über diese Straße. Die Stadtregierung setzt sich bei der Staatsregierung und der Bundesregierung laufend für einen weiteren Anschluss an diese Fernstraße ein, da der heutige bereits fast seine Kapazitätsgrenze erreicht hat.

Öffentliche Einrichtungen

Die Polizeistation wurde kürzlich ausgebaut und ist nun 24 h am Tag geöffnet, ebenso wie die Feuerwache, eine der umtriebigsten im Bundesstaat. Anschließend an den TAFE-Campus liegt eine öffentliche Bibliothek. Das Postamt und das Ärztezentrum sind im selben Gebäude an der Haupteinkaufsstraße von Mount Barker.

Die Ambulanzstation und das Krankenhaus liegen an der Wellington Road, ebenso wie der Katastrophenschutz.

Adelaide Metro betreibt einen täglichen Busservice von Mount Barker nach Adelaide und zurück. Einige Busse fahren direkt, andere über angrenzende Gemeinden, wie Hahndorf und Stirling. Es gibt auch Busse in die angrenzenden Gemeinden, wie Lobethal, Nairne und Strathalbyn, ebenso wie zwei Busse auf Rundstrecken. Für ältere Mitbürger gibt es auch einen Fahrservice direkt vor die Tür.

Alle Buslinien von Mount Barker und Strathalbyn sind in der Mount Barker Park 'n' Ride – Haltestelle miteinander verbunden. Die Einrichtung wurde am 6. Juli 2008 eröffnet. Sie besitzt 183 PKW-Stellplätze, Sicherheitsbeleuchtung, einen Fahrradabstellplatz und einen überdachten Wartebereich.

Bildungseinrichtungen
Mount Barker besitzt drei Grundschulen, die Mount Barker South Primary School, die Mount Barker Primary School und die St. Mark's Primary School. Letztere ist eine lutherische Schule. St. Francis und Waldorf bieten sowohl eine Grund- als auch eine weiterführende Schule an.

Daneben gibt es noch die Mount Barker High School als staatliche weiterführende Schule und drei Privatschulen, das Cornerstone College der Lutheraner, das katholische St. Frances des Sales College und die Mount Barker Waldorf School. In all diesen Schulen werden Jungen und Mädchen gemeinsam unterrichtet. In den Schulen sind insgesamt ca. 1.500 – 2.000 Schüler aus Mount Barker und den umliegenden Gemeinden eingeschrieben.

Weblinks

 Website des District Council von Mount Barker (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in South Australia
Mount Barker Council
Gegründet 1839

Mount Barker (South Australia)


Cédric, Belçikalı karikatürist Raoul Cauvin tarafından yazılmış ve Laudec tarafından çizgiye aktarılmış bir çizgi dizi. Dizi ilk olarak Fransa'da yayınlanmış, ardından da dünyadaki pek çok yayıncı tarafından kendi dillerine çevrilmiştir.

Konusu
Çizgi filme göre Cedric, 8 yaşında sarışın bir çocuktur. Okulunda Çin kökenli sınıf arkadaşı Chen'e aşıktır. Sıra arkadaşı olan Christian ile çok iyi bir dostluk kurmuştur. Sınıflarında babası bir diplomat olan Nicolas ise onun bir numaralı düşmanıdır. Babası Doğu kilimleri satıcılığı yapan Cedric, evinde ailesiyle birlikte pek iyi geçinememektedir. Annesi olan Maryrose çok kuralcıdır. Babası Robert genellikle çok yorgun ve bitkin olur. Cedric'in büyükbabası olan Paul ise yaklaşık seksen yaşındadır fakat torunu Cedric'i en iyi anlayan odur. Bu çizgi film okulda sorunlar yaşayan küçük bir çocuğun kurduğu basit hayalleri anlatan bir komedi çizgi filmidir. Gece ay ışığında Cedric'in saçları ve tüm ortam mavi olur. Gece yarısı, günlüğü ile her şeyini paylaşır. Anne annesi Marta, Cedric daha doğmadan önce ölmüştür, büyük babası Paul hep ondan bahseder ve Cedric çok sinirli olduğu zamanlarda o hep yanında vardır.

Karakterler
 Cedric de Pont (Dizinin ana karakteri) : Sarışın, dünya tatlısı bir çocuk. Çabuk sinirleniyor. 8 yaşında. Sınıf arkadaşı Chen'e aşık. Onu elde etmek için her şeyi deniyor ama Nicolas da Chen'i sevdiği için Cedric'in işi hiç kolay değil... Her bölüm sonunda "8 yaşındaysanız hayat çok zor/güzel/tuhaf" der.
 Chen Leo Ping : Çinli bir kız. 8 yaşında. Cedric ona deliler gibi aşık. Fakat Nicolas da ona aşık. Cedric büyükbabasıyla, Chen hakkında konuşurken büyükbabası Chen için çoğu zaman "Vietnam'lı kız" diyerek hitap eder ve Cedric bunu hoş karşılamayıp "o bir Çinli" der. Cedric'i bazen öper, ama en fenası Alice bölümünde olmuştur; onu 1 Ocak 00:00'da(Yılbaşı) öpünce Cedric kendinden geçer.
 Mary Rose de Pont : Cedric'in annesi. 30-35 yaşlarında. O da  Cedric gibi sarışın; ama kurallara fazla önem vermektedir. Bir keresinde 'fal bakma' numarasıyla Cedric'i kandırıp ders çalışmaya zorlamıştır(I Love School Bölümü) Hatta büyükbabası ona "Hayatta kalabilecek misin delikanlı?" demiştir.
 Robert de Pont : Cedric'in babası. Siyah saçlı. 40-45 yaşlarında. Genellikle kayın babası Paul ile anlaşamaz. Cedric'in karnesi onu çıldırtır.(Darned Repord Carddaki karne Onu gerçekten çılgına çevirmiştir) Doğu kilimi satıcılığı yapmaktadır. Paul ise sürekli ona halı satıcısı der(Robert ısrarla halı değil doğu kilimleri sattığını iddia etmektedir). Konu Cedric'in Chan'le olan ilişkisinden açılınca gençliğindeki ilişkilerinden bahsedip sohbet etmeye başlar. Eşi Mary Rose buna çok kızar. Hatta Maryrose ile evlenmeden önce  Mary Rose'un en yakın arkadaşı Genevy'ye evlenme teklif etmiştir ancak kabul etmemiştir.
 Paul Budinet : Cedric'in büyükbabası, Mary Rose'un babası. 80 yaşlarında, Cedric'i en iyi anlayan o.Cedric'e en çok benzeyen de o. O da gençliğinde kötü bir öğrencidir.Bu sebeple demir yollarından emeklidir. Hatta madalyası da vardır.(20 sene çalışmasından dolayı ödül olarak verilmiştir)... Cedric'e her sorununda o yardım ediyor. Damadı Robert ile hiç anlaşamaz ve sürekli ona "Halı satıcısı" der(Robert halı değil doğu kilimleri sattığını iddia etmektedir).Gıcırdayan terlikleriyle ve verdiği fikirlerle Cedric'in idolüdür. Favori yemeği ıspanaktır. Ancak sadece kızı Mary Rose pişirdiğinde yediğini söyler (bknz: EP87-Cookin' with Gas)                                                                                "Son gülen iyi güler damat, Sürprizleri seviyorsan bu kanaldan ayrılma!"' 82. bölüm
 Christian : Cedric'in en iyi arkadaşı. 8 yaşında. Cedric'e Chen'i elde etmesi için parlak fikirler verir ama sonunda her şeyi altüst eder. Caprice'e aşık.
 Nicolas d' Şaron d' Vinthu : Cedric'in bir numaralı düşmanı... 8 yaşında. Babası bir diplomattır ve çok zengindir. O da Chen'in peşindedir. "Dö Şaron Dö Vintu" olan soyadıyla ve atalarıyla sürekli övünür. Kibirli biridir. Chen'i hep aldığı şeylerle etkilemiştir.
 Caprice : Christian'ın âşık olduğu siyahi kız, 8 yaşında, spor bağımlısı ve kasabadaki en hızlı koşan kişidir. O yüzden Christian'ın onunla sevgili olabilmesi için hep koşması gerekir ancak her seferinde bir talihsizlik ortaya çıkar.
 Marvin : Cedric'e televizyondan gördüğü programlardan parlak fikirler verir. 8 yaşında. Onun fikirlerinin  sonu da tam bir fiyaskodur. Televizyon bağımlısıdır.
 Bayan Nelly : Cedric'in sınıf öğretmeni. Cedric, Chen gelmeden önce ona aşıktı.
 Kaligula : Cedric'in yan komşusunun yaramaz köpeği. Cedric'i canından bezdiriyor.
 Bay Oliver : Cedric'in okulunda beden öğretmeni, Cedric onu sevmiyor.
 Bay Gerrard : Cedric'in okulunda rehberlik öğretmenidir.
 Valeri : Cedric'in sınıf arkadaşı. Cedric'e tokat atmıştır. Çünkü Cedric, Chen'i kıskandırmak için onu kullanmaya çalışmıştır.(Insomnia'dan sonraki bölüm.)
 Adelight : Christian'ın ikiz kız kardeşi. Çabuk sinirlenir.
 Vaftiz Anne Jane :Cedric'in vaftiz annesi ve aynı zamanda Cedric'in büyük babası Poul'un kızkardeşidir. 76 yaşındadır. Hiç evlenmemiştir. Büyükbaba Poul'e Evlenmemesinin sebebi çirkin olması değil, kedilere olan tutkusunun erkekleri kaçırmasıdır. Tam bir kedi düşkünüdür. Cedric, vaftiz annesinin kedilerini sevmiyor. Cedric her noel onu ziyaret eder ailesi eğer ziyaret etmezse ona çok kızar. Noel'de verdiği harçlık Cedric için önemlidir.

Uluslararası yayın

Dış bağlantılar
 Cedric.kidcomics.com (İngilizce)

Fransa animasyon televizyon dizileri
Animasyon televizyon dizileri

Cédric


Sarız, Kayseri ilinin bir ilçesidir. Türk kilim kültürünün yaşatıldığı bir ilçedir. Doğal kaynak sularıyla Türkiye'nin ender su kaynaklarından biridir.

Tarihi
İlçenin tarihi eski dönemlere, MÖ 700'lü yıllara kadar uzandığı belirtilmektedir. Kilikya, Bizans İmparatorluğu ve beyliklerden Dulkadiroğulları Beyliği hakimiyetinde kalmış olup, Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna Yavuz Sultan Selim döneminde 1515 yılında dahil edilmiştir. 16. yüzyıl Osmanlı kayıtlarında Elbistan kazasının Hurman nahiye bağlı gösterilen yerleşim, 1861 yılında oluşturulan Aziziye kazasına
bağlı nahiye olarak kaydedilmiştir. Bu dönemde Sarız'ın merkezi "Köyyeri" ismiyle anılmaktadır. 1910 yılı kayıtlarında, nahiye konumunda olan Sarız'ın 46 köyü bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Dönemin Sivas Valisinin talebinin Dahiliye Nezaretince uygun görülmesiyle 30 Temmuz 1914'te Belediye teşkilatı kuruldu. 1927 yılında Sivas'tan ayrılarak Kayseri'ye bağlandı. 1946 yılında bağlı olduğu Pınarbaşı ilçesinden ayrılarak müstakil ilçe oldu.

Coğrafi yapısı
Sarız ilçesi, il merkezinin doğusunda, 128 km uzaklıkta bulunmaktadır. Coğrafi bakımdan İç Anadolu Bölgesi, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi ve Akdeniz Bölgesi'nin kesiştiği bölümde yer almaktadır. Sarız, Kayseri'nin Tomarza ve Pınarbaşı, Sivas'ın Gürün, Adana'nın Tufanbeyli, Kahramanmaraş'ın Afşin ve Göksun ilçeleri ile çevrilidir. İlçenin yüzölçümü 1410 km² olup, deniz seviyesinden 1530 metre yüksektedir. İlçenin batısı Tahtalı dağları, doğusu Binboğa dağları, kuzeyi ise Soğanlı, Koçdağı ve Maşat dağları ile çevrilidir. İlçe ekonomik ve coğrafi yapı itibarıyla tarım ve hayvancılığa dayanmaktadır.

Sarız ilçesi karasal iklim koşullarını taşımaktadır. İlçede kışları çok soğuk, yağışlı ve çetin geçmekte, yazları kurak ve serindir. 2003 yılında en yüksek hava sıcaklığı ortalama 33 derece, en düşük hava sıcaklığı -24.1 derece olmuştur. İlçenin bitki örtüsü keven, kirpi otu, yabani ayrık otundan ibaret olup, yer yer ardıç, meşe ve kısa boylu fundalık orman örtüsüyle kaplıdır. Dağlarda yoğun erozyon ve toprak derinliğinin azlığı nedeniyle fazla bitki bulunmamaktadır. Başlıca akarsuyu, Seyhan Nehrinin bir kolu olan Sarız Çayı' dır.

Nüfus
İlçede; Türkmen, Kürt, Zaza ve Çerkes topluluklarının oluşturduğu kozmopolit bir nüfus yaşamaktadır. Eskiden bölgede yaşayan Ermeni nüfusun tamamı göç etmiştir. Sarız, 19. yüzyılda gerçekleşen göçlerin etkisiyle önemli bir nüfus artışı yaşamış ve 1945 yılına gelindiğinde Sarız nahiyesinde 16.145 kişi, Köyyeri olarak adlandırılan bucak merkezinde 622 kişi yaşamaktaydı.

İdari Yapı
İlçede 2012'de çıkan Büyükşehir yasasına kadar 1 merkez ve 1 kasaba belediyesi olmak üzere iki adet belediyesi mevcuttu. İlçenin 37 köyü ve 5 mezrası bulunmaktaydı. İlçe merkezinde 8 mahalle, Yeşilkent belediyesinde ise 4 mahalle olmak üzere 12 mahallesi mevcuttu.

2009 yılı genel nüfus sayımına göre ilçenin merkez ve köylerinde 12.290 kişi yaşamaktadı. Bu nüfusun 4.290'ı ilçe merkezinde 8.000 kişi kasaba ve köylerde yaşamaktaydı. İlçe devamlı göç vermektedir. Yıllık nüfus artış hızı şehir merkezinde binde -19.47, köylerde ise –33.11 olup, toplamda ise -29.19 nüfus azalması görülmekteydi.

Özellikle bazı köylerin % 80'i yabancı ülkelerde yaşamaktadır. Yurtdışına gitmeyenler ise genelde Kayseri şehir merkezine, İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Adana başta olmak üzere büyük kentlere göç etmektedir. İlçe nüfusu 1990 sayımından bu yana 4.919 kişi göç vermiştir. 2009 ve 2014 seçimlerinde Cumhuriyet Halk Parti'li Ömer Faruk Eroğlu Belediye Başkanlığı görevini yürüttü. 2019 yerel seçimlerinde Baki Bayrak yeni belediye başkanı olmuştur.

Büyükşehir yasası gereğince mezra, köy, belde gibi eski idari yapılar kaldırılmıştır.

Ekonomik Yapı
İlçe, coğrafi yapısı itibarıyla tarım ve hayvancılığa dayanmaktadır. Yaygın olarak kilim ve halı dokumacılığı yapılmaktadır. İlçe merkezi ve Mahallelerde büyükbaş hayvan, küçükbaş hayvan ile 12.000 civarında arı kolonisi mevcuttur. Ayrıca havuzlu su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği yapılmaktadır. İlçenin ekilebilir tarım arazisi 60.000 hektardır. Çiftçiler buğday, nohut, mercimek ve şeker pancarı ekmektedir. Tarımda modernizasyon yeterli değildir. Birkaç Mahalle'nin dışında sulama kanalı yoktur.

İlçede önemli bir sanayi yatırımı bulunmamaktadır. Birkaç un değirmeni, soğuk demir atölyeleri ve oto tamir atölyeleri bulunmaktadır. İlçede herhangi bir sanayi yapısı ve iş sahası bulunmadığından ilçede işsizlik sorunu hat safhadadır.

Karapınar, Çavdar ve Kıskaçlı Mahallerinde kömür rezervi bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan Tekneli Mahallesi Cesurlar Mahallesindeki kömür rezervi maden ocağı özel sektör tarafından işletilmeye başlanılmıştır.

İlçede diğer gelir kaynakları olarak el dokuma Kök boyalı Sarız kilimleri Türkiye'de ün yapmıştır. Vatandaşların kendi evlerinde kurmuş oldukları tezgâhlarda kilim dokuyarak ev ekonomisine katkıda bulunmaktadırlar.

Mahalleleri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kayseri'nin mahalleleri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Sarız Kaymakamlığı Resmi Web Sitesi
 Kayseri Valiliği Resmi Web Sitesi
 Sarız İlçe Web Sitesi

Sarız


Hvor ligger hunden begravet? er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1964 med instruktion og manuskript af Carl Bang.

Handling
En frit fabulerende og grum filmspøg med flere tolkningsmuligheder om nogle simple hændelser på en strandbred.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1964

Hvor ligger hunden begravet?


Hatice Nakiye Hanım (d. 1846 - ö. 1899) Türk kadın divan edebiyatı şairi.

1846'da ikiziyle birlikte dünyaya geldi. Müneccimbaşı Osman Saib Efendi'nin kızıdır. Annesini küçük yaşta kaybetti. Teyzesi tarafından büyütüldü.

Sıbyan mektebinde okudu. Darülmuallimat'tan mezun oldu. Yenikapı Mevlevihanesi müritleri arasına girdi. Ali Fuat Bey'in Maarif Nazırlığı döneminde Darülmuallimat'ta öğretmenliğe başladı. Farsça ve tarih öğretti.

Lügati Farısiye sözlüğünü hazırladı. Bir süre Mısır'da kaldı. Mehmet Reşat döneminde bazı şehzade ve sultanlara öğretmenlik yaptı. II. Abdülhamid tarafından Şefkat Nişanı ile ödüllendirildi. Hiç evlenmedi. 1899`da yaşamını yitirdi. Yenikapı Mevlevihanesi Çınaraltı Kabristanı'nda toprağa verildi.

40 kadar gazel, methiye, şarkı, müstezad, tahmis, terci-i bend ve kıt'a yazdı. Döneminin kadın şairlerinden Şeref hanımın yeğeni idi. Onun divanının ikinci basımını hazırladı. Dergilerde dağınık halde olan şiirleri derlenemedi. Bir bölümü Türkçe olan bu şiirlerden bazıları kardeşi Nebil Bey'in Divan`ının sonunda, bir kısmı da Ahmet Muhtar Bey tarafından yayımlandı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türk şairler
Divan edebiyatı şairleri

Hatice Nakiye Hanım


Mansoura (, , rural: ) is a city in Egypt, with a population of 621,953. It is the capital of the Dakahlia Governorate.

Etymology
Mansoura in Arabic means "victorious". The city is named after the El Mansoura Battle against Louis IX of France during the Seventh Crusade.

History
Mansoura was established in 1219 by al-Kamil of the Ayyubid dynasty upon a Phatmetic branch of the Nile on a place of several older villages like Al-Bishtamir () and Kafr al-Badamas (, from , "river, canal"). After the Egyptians defeated the Crusaders during the Seventh Crusade, it was named Mansoura (aka. "The Victorious").

In the Seventh Crusade, the Capetians were defeated and put to flight; between fifteen and thirty thousand of their men fell on the battlefield. Louis IX of France was captured in the main Battle of Fariskur, and confined in the house of Ibrahim Ibn Lokman, secretary of the sultan, and under the guard of the eunuch Sobih. The king's brother was imprisoned in the same house. The sultan provided for their sustenance. The house of Ibrahim Ibn Lokman is now the only museum in Mansoura. It is open to the public and houses articles that used to belong to the French monarch, including his personal thirteenth century toilet.

The Mansoura Air Battle on October 14, 1973, occurred during the Yom Kippur War. Israeli Air Force fighters attacking Egyptian air bases were intercepted by the Egyptian Air Force. On that day, 160 jet fighters, most belonging to Israel, battled for 53 minutes over Mansoura. The Egyptian army claimed that despite the numerical and qualitative superiority of the Israeli warplanes, 17 Israeli planes were downed. (2 according to the Israelis), while the rest retreated. Egypt announced the loss of six planes, only three of which fell to Israeli fire. The Egyptian government subsequently changed the country's "Air Force Day" from November 2 to October 14, to commemorate the Mansoura Air Battle.

Geography

Location
Mansoura lies on the east bank of the Damietta branch of the Nile, in the Delta region. Mansoura is about 120 km northeast of Cairo. Across from the city, on the opposite bank of the Nile, is the town of Talkha.

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).

Culture

The Egyptian Arabic dialect spoken by Mansoura's population is a northern Egyptian Arabic dialect, with noticeable influences from the city's surrounding rural villages, each of which has contributed to the city's population over the years. There are some similarities to Alexandrian Egyptian Arabic in some aspects of pronunciation.

Mansoura National Museum used to be Dar Ibn Lockman, the house where Louis IX was imprisoned in 1250 during the Seventh Crusade. Displayed in the museum are the suits of mail and swords of the crusaders, as well as a collection of maps. Huge paintings depict the Battle of Mansoura.

The Mansoura branch of the National Library was recently inaugurated as the Mansoura Misr Library.

Mansoura is famous for its architectural style, especially the Shinnawi Palace (after Mohamed Bek El-Shinnawi, a member of the Wafd Party). It was built by an Italian architect in 1928. The mosque of El-Saleh Ayoub El-Kebir is one of the most important in Mansoura. It was built by a loyal servant of the Sultan and is located in Al-Sagha Street that separates "Old Mansoura" from the modern city.

Like Cairo, Alexandria and Port Said, Mansoura was home to a flourishing Greek community until the Nasser era, when many were forced to leave. Many of the older and best established shops and businesses around the city still bear their original Greek names. Mansoura also had a small Italian population living in the city too. The first Old English school in the city was established on the site of the old Greek school in the Toriel area, one of the traditionally relatively affluent residential districts of the city.

Education

The University of Mansoura was founded in 1962, initially as a branch of Cairo University. The Urology and Nephrology center of Mansoura University founded by Prof Mohammed Ghonem is considered to be the best kidney center in the Middle East and Africa.

Mansoura has a sports stadium (Mansoura Stadium) which is home to its football team.

Clubs (Sport)
 Gezert Elward Sport Club: It is located directly on the Nile and has tennis courts, swimming, gymnastics, squash and social club. Recently, the gymnastics team participated under the seven-year club in the Republic Championship and received 2 gold medals 13 silver and 1 bronze and 1 participation.
 Mansoura Sports Club: It has an official football field.
 Mansoura Sports Stadium: It has an official football field, swimming pool, social club and many sports facilities.
 The Olympic Village (Mansoura University Stadium): It covers an area of 15 acres and is open to university students, faculty members and those wishing to play abroad in individual and group games.
Nile Club: The club was established by decision of the University Council in its session held on 12/27/1993, provided that it has financial, administrative and technical resignation, and it is located in Rose Island in the lower walkway in Mansoura. The club is a cultural, social, sports and recreational center for faculty members, their assistants, and university staff.

Notable people
 Adel Emam; Egyptian actor.
Hassan El-Imam; Egyptian film director, titled Box-office King
 Mohamed Ghoneim Urologist.
 Anis Mansour; Egyptian writer.
 Gad al-Haq Ali Gad al-Haq; Grand Imam of Al-Azhar from 1982 to 1996; Public figure; Islamic scholar.
 Ibrahim Salah; Footballer.
 Muhammad Metwali Alsharawi; Public figure; Islamic scholar.
 Pope Tawadros II; Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Apostolic See of Saint Mark the Evangelist of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.
 Umm Kulthum; Singer, title Kawkab al-Sharq.
 Farouk El-Baz; Space Scientist.
Ahmed Hamdi
Hesham Sallam
Ahmed Eid; Egyptian actor.
Kareem Abu-Elmagd
Ahmed Hamed

See also

 List of cities and towns in Egypt
Central Library - Mansoura University

References

External links

 http://www.dakahliya.gov.eg/Dakhlya/PDF_Files_/Dr_Ayman.pdf

  Official website

Populated places in Dakahlia Governorate
Governorate capitals in Egypt
Cities in Egypt
Metropolitan areas of Egypt
Crusade places
1219 establishments
Medieval cities of Egypt
Populated places established in the 1210s
13th-century establishments in the Ayyubid Sultanate

Mansoura, Egypt


Franz Krieg von Hochfelden (* 10. Dezember 1776 in Rastatt; † 17. April 1856 in Wien) war ein österreichischer Staatsmann.

Leben

Franz Krieg von Hochfelden entstammt einer badischen, Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts geadelten Beamtenfamilie. Mit 17 Jahren trat er in die kaiserliche Armee ein, quittierte jedoch bald seinen Dienst und trat in die Verwaltung ein. Daneben absolvierte er ein Studium der Rechte an der Universität Lemberg und an der Universität Krakau. Ab 1803 war er Konzipist beim Krakauer und später beim Lemberger Gubernium. Nun folgte eine stetige Beamtenkarriere: 1807 Präsidialsekretär, 1808 Gubernialrat, 1810 Kreishauptmann, 1815 Hofrat in Lemberg, 1813 Versetzung in die Allgemeine Hofkammer in Wien, 1829 Hofkammervizepräsident, 1831 Gubernialpräsident in Lemberg. Während seiner Zeit bei der Allgemeinen Hofkammer brachte er wichtige Handelsverträge zum Abschluss und erwirkte eine Herabsetzung der Transitzölle. In Galizien machte er sich um das Verkehrs- und  Unterrichtswesen verdient. Die unklare Haltung der Verwaltung Galiziens während des Polenaufstandes 1846 führten im folgenden Jahr zur Versetzung in den Ruhestand.

Krieg von Hochfelden wurde vielfach ausgezeichnet: 1818 Freiherr, 1831 Geheimrat und Kommandeurkreuz des St.Stephans-Ordens mit Brillanten. 1851 wurde er in den neu gegründeten Reichsrat berufen und übernahm von Karl Friedrich von Kübeck das Amt als dessen Vorsitzender.

Freiherr von Krieg hatte drei Kinder. Seine Tochter Julie war mit dem Feldzeugmeister Ludwig von Benedek verheiratet.

Er wurde in Wien auf dem  Hietzinger Friedhof in einem ehrenhalber gewidmeten Grab (Gruppe 4, Nummer 80) bestattet.

Literatur

Politiker (Kaisertum Österreich)
Beamter (Kaisertum Österreich)
Träger des k.u. Sankt Stephans-Ordens (Komtur)
Ehrenbürger von Lwiw
Geboren 1776
Gestorben 1856
Mann

Franz Krieg von Hochfelden


ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය යනු ගොඩනැගිලි හා අනෙකුත් ද්‍රව්‍යමය ආකෘතීන්  නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ හා ඉදිකිරීමේ කලාව යි. මිනිසා විසින්  සාදන ලද ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් අවට පරිසර සමග සංකලනය වීමේ සිට ඉතා සියුම් වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක  හා ඉදිකිරීමේ  විස්තරයන් ද ඇතැම්විට ගෘහ භාණ්ඩ ද ඇතුළුව මෙය පුලුල් ව අර්ථකථනය කෙරේ. වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක සේවාවන් සැපයීමේ වෘත්තිය ද ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පීන් විසින් ස්කන්ධය, අවකාශය, ස්වරූපය, පරිමාව, ස්වාභාවය (සෑදී තිබෙන ආකාරය), ආකෘතිය, ආලෝකය, සෙවනැලි වැනි දෑ මෙහෙයවීමෙන් හා වියදම්, ඉදිකිරීම් හා තාක්ෂණය වැනි දෑ උපයෝගී කරගනිමින් අවසානයේ  සෞන්දර්යාත්මක වූත්, ක්‍රියාකාරී වූත්, කලාත්මක වූත්  නිර්මාණයක් කරනු ලබයි. ඒ අනුව සලකා බැලුවිට ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවෙන්, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය වෙනස් වන්නේ ද්‍රව්‍ය හා හැඩ, ගණිතමය හා විද්‍යාත්මක මූලධර්ම වලට අනුකූලව නිර්මාණාත්මකව මෙහෙයවීම නිසාවෙනි.

නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියට අමතරව සංවේදනය මුලික කොටගෙන  කර්ණික, දෘශ්‍ය, ආඝ්‍රාණ හා ස්පර්ශක ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය ගොඩනැගී ඇත. අපගේ සංස්කෘතියෙහි ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය දෘශ්‍ය අත්දැකීමක් ලෙස සැලකුව ද අනෙකුත් සංවේදනයන් ද අපට ස්වාභාවික හා නිර්මිත පරිසරය අත්විඳීමට  ඉවහල් වේ. සංවේදනයන් කෙරෙහි දක්වන්නා වූ ආකල්පය සංස්කෘතීන් අනුව වෙනස් වේ. නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය සංවේදන අත්දැකීම, අදහස්, භාෂාවන් හා උපකල්පනය වැනි දෑ වලින් එකිනෙකට බොහෝ සෙයින් වෙනස් වේ.

මෙවැනි නිර්මාණයන් සංස්කෘතික හා දේශපාලන සංකේත හා කලාත්මක නිර්මාණ වශයෙන් වෙන්කොට දැක්විය හැක. ආදි කාලීන ශිෂ්ටාචාර ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හදුනා ගැනෙන්නේ ඔවුන්ගේ වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක නිර්මාණ තුළිනි. ඊජිප්තුවේ පිරමීඩ හා රෝමයේ කොලෝසියම් වැනි ගොඩනැගිලි වැදගත් සංස්කෘතික සංකේතයන් වේ. විද්වතුන් විසින් පැරණි ශිෂ්ටාචාර වල සංකේතයන් පිළිබදව නොයෙකුත්  විධි වලින් අනාවරණය කරගෙන තිබුණ ද එවැනි සංකේතයන් තමන්ගේ සංස්කෘතිය පිළිඹිබු කරන සංකේත ලෙස ජනතාවට ඉතා සමීප වේ. වර්තමානයේ දී විවිධ නගර, ප්‍රදේශ හා සංස්කෘතීන් ගේ අනන්‍යතාවය සඳහා  නොයෙකුත් වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ස්මාරක භාවිතා කෙරේ.

නූතන ගෘහ නිර්මාණ සංකල්ප
ලොව වටා සිටින ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පීන් විසින්, අදාළ පරිසරයට සහ සහ සමාජීය සන්දර්භය ට ගැලපෙන පරිදි සිදුකරන ලබන විවිධ නූතන ගෘහ නිර්මාණ සංකල්ප, මේ වන විට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ද ප්‍රචලිත වී ඇත. ඉන් සමහරක් පහත පරිදි වේ.

 අවම වාදය
 රළු බව
 සමකාලීන
 බොහිමියානු
 මැදි-සියවස් නූතන
 ටූඩර්
 ගොතික්
 මධ්‍යධරණී
 නව සම්ප්‍රදායික
 සංක්‍රාන්තික

සටහන්

වාස්තු විද්‍යාව

ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය-වාස්තු විද්‍යාව


Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) foi uma missão espacial da NASA com o objetivo de testar um método de defesa planetária contra objetos próximos da Terra (NEO). Ela derrubou deliberadamente uma sonda espacial no satélite natural do asteroide binário 65803 Didymos, Dimorphos, para testar como o impulso do impacto de uma nave espacial poderia desviar com sucesso um asteroide em rota de colisão com a Terra. O DART foi um projeto conjunto entre a NASA e o Laboratório de Física Aplicada da Universidade Johns Hopkins (APL), administrado pelo Escritório de Coordenação de Defesa Planetária da NASA, com vários laboratórios e escritórios da NASA fornecendo suporte técnico. Parceiros internacionais, como as agências espaciais da Europa, Itália e Japão, contribuíram para projetos relacionados ou subsequentes. Em agosto de 2018, a NASA aprovou o projeto para iniciar a fase final de design e montagem. O DART foi lançado em 24 de novembro de 2021, às 06h21min02s UTC, com colisão ocorrida em 26 de setembro de 2022.

Antecedentes
Originalmente, a Agência Espacial Europeia (ESA) e a NASA tinham planos independentes para missões com o objetivo de testar estratégias de prevenção de impacto de asteroides, e em 2015 elas assinaram uma colaboração chamada AIDA (Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment) envolvendo dois lançamentos separados de espaçonaves que funcionariam em sinergia. Sob a proposta, a espaçonave europeia, AIM, iria ser lançada em dezembro de 2020, e a DART em julho de 2021. AIM iria orbitar o asteroide maior para estudar sua composição e a de sua lua, e DART iria então atingir a lua do asteroide em setembro de 2022, durante uma aproximação próxima à Terra.

O orbitador AIM foi cancelado, a caracterização completa dos asteroides não será obtida, e os efeitos do impacto da espaçonave DART serão monitorados por radares e telescópios terrestres.

Em junho de 2017, a NASA aprovou o avanço do desenvolvimento conceitual para a fase de design preliminar, e em agosto de 2018 aprovou o projeto para iniciar a fase final de design e montagem.

Em 11 de abril de 2019, a NASA anunciou que um foguete Falcon 9 da SpaceX seria usado para lançar a missão DART.

Cientistas estimam que existem 25 000 grandes asteroides no Sistema Solar, entretanto, até hoje as pesquisas e observações detectaram 8 000, portanto, os funcionários da NASA consideram imperativo desenvolver um plano efetivo para o caso de um objetos próximo da Terra ameaçar o planeta.

Descrição
DART é um impactador com massa de 610 kg (1 340 lb). É estimado que o impacto de 500 kg (1 110 lb) gerado pela sonda a uma velocidade de 6,6 km/s (4,1 mi/s) produzirá uma alteração da velocidade da ordem de 0,4 mm/s, levando a uma pequena mudança na trajetória do sistema de asteroides, mas ao longo do tempo, causando uma grande mudança no caminho deste. O impacto teve como alvo o centro da lua Dimorphos e deve reduzir seu período orbital, atualmente de 11,92 horas, em cerca de 10 minutos. Ao longo de um intervalo de milhões de quilômetros, a mudança cumulativa da trajetória eliminaria o risco de um asteroide anteriormente em rota de colisão com a Terra atingir o planeta.

A mudança real de velocidade e deslocamento orbital são incertos. Há um efeito de "aumento de momento" mal compreendido devido à contribuição do momento de recuo da ejeção de impacto. Espera-se que o momento final transferido para o maior fragmento remanescente do asteroide possa ser de até 3 a 5 vezes o momento incidente, e obter boas medições dos efeitos, o que nos ajudará a refinar os modelos de tais impactos, é um dos objetivos principais da missão. Estimativas iniciais da mudança no período da órbita binária devem ser conhecidas dentro de uma semana após o impacto. Os detalhes serão medidos alguns anos depois por uma espaçonave chamada Hera, que deve fazer um reconhecimento e avaliação detalhados. Hera foi aprovada em novembro de 2019.

A nave espacial DART usava o propulsor de íons NEXT, um tipo de propulsão elétrica solar. Ela era alimentada por painéis solares de 22 m2 (240 pés quadrados) para gerar os ~ 3,5 kW necessários para alimentar o motor NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster-Commercial (NEXT-C).

Os painéis solares da espaçonave utilizavam um design Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA), que foi testado na Estação Espacial Internacional em junho de 2017 como parte da Expedição 52, entregue à estação pela missão de carga comercial SpaceX CRS-11.

Usando ROSA como a estrutura, uma pequena parte do painel solar DART era configurada para demonstrar a tecnologia Transformational Solar Array, que tinha células solares de eficiência muito alta e concentradores reflexivos que forneciam três vezes mais energia do que a tecnologia atual de painéis solares.

A espaçonave DART foi a primeira espaçonave a usar um novo tipo de antena de comunicação de alto ganho, ou seja, um Spiral Radial Line Slot Array (RLSA). A antena operava nas frequências de 7,2 e 8,4 GHz da banda X da NASA Deep Space Network (NASA DSN). A antena fabricada excedia os requisitos fornecidos e foi testada em ambientes, resultando em um design TRL-6.

Espaçonave secundária
A Agência Espacial Italiana (ASI) contribuiu com uma espaçonave secundária chamada LICIACube (Light Italian CubeSat pfor Imaging of Asteroids), um pequeno CubeSat que pegou carona com o DART e se separou 10 dias antes do impacto para adquirir imagens do impacto e material ejetado, à medida que deriva passando pelo asteroide. O LICIACube se comunica diretamente com a Terra, enviando imagens do material ejetado após o sobrevoo de Dimorphos.

Missão subsequente
Em um projeto colaborativo, a Agência Espacial Europeia está desenvolvendo a espaçonave Hera, que será lançada para Didymos em 2024 e chegará em 2027 - 5 anos após o impacto de DART - para fazer um reconhecimento e avaliação detalhados. Hera deverá carregar dois CubeSats, Milani e Juventas.

Perfil da missão

Asteroide alvo
O alvo da missão é Dimorphos, no sistema 65803 Didymos, um sistema binário de asteroides no qual um asteroide é orbitado por outro menor. O asteroide primário (Didymos A) tem cerca de 780 m (2 560 pés) de diâmetro; seu pequeno satélite Dimorphos (Didymos B) tem cerca de 160 m (520 pés) de diâmetro em uma órbita a cerca de 1 km (0,62 mi) do primário. A massa do sistema Didymos é estimada em 528 bilhões de kg, com Dimorphos em 4,8 bilhões de kg. O DART terá como alvo o asteroide menor, Dimorphos. Didymos não é um asteroide geocruzador, e não há possibilidade de que o experimento de deflexão possa criar um risco de impacto.

Preparativos pré-voo
Os preparativos para o lançamento do DART começaram em 20 de outubro de 2021, quando a espaçonave começou a abastecer na Base da Força Espacial de Vandenberg (VSFB), na Califórnia. A espaçonave chegou à VSFB, perto de Lompoc, no início de outubro, após uma viagem pelo país. Desde então, os membros da equipe DART vêm preparando a espaçonave para o vôo, testando seus mecanismos e o sistema elétrico, envolvendo as peças finais em mantas de isolamento multicamadas, e praticando a sequência de lançamento do local de lançamento e do centro de operações da missão no APL. A espaçonave foi transferida foi para a Instalação de Processamento de Carga Útil da SpaceX na VSFB em 26 de outubro de 2021. Dois dias depois, a equipe recebeu luz verde para encher o tanque de combustível do DART com cerca de 50 kg (110 lb) de propelente de hidrazina para manobras da espaçonave e controle de atitude. O DART também carrega cerca de 60 kg (130 lb) de xenônio para o motor de íons NEXT-C. Os engenheiros carregaram o xenônio antes que a espaçonave deixasse o APL, no início de outubro de 2021.

A partir de 10 de novembro de 2021, os engenheiros acoplaram a espaçonave ao adaptador que se empilha na parte superior do veículo de lançamento Falcon 9. Sem a carenagem de carga útil, o foguete Falcon 9 passou pelo teste de ignição estática e depois voltou para a instalação de processamento, onde os técnicos da SpaceX instalaram as duas metades da carenagem ao redor da espaçonave ao longo de dois dias, 16 e 17 de novembro, dentro da Instalação de Processamento de Carga Útil da SpaceX na VSFB, e as equipes de solo concluíram uma revisão de prontidão de voo bem-sucedida no final da semana, com a carenagem acoplada ao foguete.

Um dia antes do lançamento, o veículo foi retirado do hangar e levado para a plataforma de lançamento no Complexo de Lançamento Espacial de Vandenberg 4 (SLC-4E), de onde foi lançado com a espaçonave e deu início à jornada do DART para o sistema Didymos.

Lançamento
A espaçonave DART foi lançada em 24 de novembro de 2021, às 06h21min02 UTC.

O planejamento inicial previa que o DART seria implantado em uma órbita terrestre de alta altitude e alta excentricidade, projetada para evitar a Lua. Em tal cenário, o DART usaria seu motor de íon NEXT de baixo empuxo e alta eficiência para escapar lentamente de sua órbita terrestre elevada para uma órbita solar ligeiramente inclinada próxima à Terra, a partir da qual manobraria em uma trajetória de colisão com seu alvo. Mas devido ao uso do foguete Falcon 9, a carga útil foi colocada junto com o segundo estágio do foguete diretamente em uma trajetória de escape da Terra e em órbita heliocêntrica, quando o segundo estágio reacendeu para uma segunda partida do motor ou queima de escape. Assim, embora o DART carregue um propulsor elétrico inédito e bastante combustível de xenônio, o Falcon 9 fez quase todo o trabalho, deixando para a espaçonave realizar apenas algumas queimas de correção de trajetória com simples propulsores químicos ao se aproximar da lua Dimorphos de Didymos.

Resultados da Missão
Após o embate da espaçonave DART com a lua Dimorphos de Didymos, no dia 26 de setembro de 2022, a órbita do asteroide foi reduzida de 11 horas e 55 minutos para 11 horas e 23 minutos, resultando numa redução de 32 minutos. Antes do momento do impacto a NASA tinha definido uma mudança mínima do período orbital para ser considerado um sucesso, que eram de apenas 73 segundos ou mais, fazendo com que a espaçonave DART ultrapassa-se esses dados mínimos em 25 vezes.

Vários telescópios na Terra captaram o momento do impacto, assim como o Telescópio espacial Hubble e o Telescópio Espacial James Webb.

Ver também
 Fundação B612

Sondas da NASA
Cargas da SpaceX contratadas pela NASA
2021 na exploração espacial
Defesa planetária
2022 na exploração espacial

Double Asteroid Redirection Test


Dabney Wharton Coleman (born January 3, 1932) is an American actor.
Coleman's best known films include 9 to 5 (1980), On Golden Pond (1981), Tootsie (1982), WarGames (1983), Cloak & Dagger (1984), The Beverly Hillbillies (1993), You've Got Mail (1998), Inspector Gadget (1999), Recess: School's Out (2001), Moonlight Mile (2002), and Rules Don't Apply (2016).

Coleman's television roles include the title characters of Buffalo Bill (1983–1984) and The Slap Maxwell Story (1987-1988), as well as Burton Fallin on The Guardian (2001–2004), the voice of Principal Peter Prickly on Recess (1997–2001), and Louis "The Commodore" Kaestner on Boardwalk Empire (2010–2011). He has won one Primetime Emmy Award from six nominations and one Golden Globe Award from three nominations.

Career

Coleman is a character actor with roles in well over 60 films and television programs to his credit. He trained with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City from 1958 to 1960.

In a 1964 episode of "Kraft Suspense Theater" titled, "The Threatening Eye", Coleman played private investigator William Gunther.
Two years later, he played Dr. Leon Bessemer with Bonnie Scott as his wife Judy, neighbors and friends of the protagonist in Season 1 of That Girl, episode 3, "Never Change a Diaper on Opening Night". Noted for his moustache which he grew in 1973, he appeared in the sitcom wearing horn-rimmed glasses and with no facial hair. Other early roles in his career included a U.S. Olympic skiing team coach in the 1969 Downhill Racer, a high-ranking fire chief in The Towering Inferno (1974), and a wealthy Westerner in Bite the Bullet (1975). He portrayed an FBI agent in Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan (1975).

He landed the main antagonist part of Franklin Hart, Jr., a sexist boss on whom three female office employees get their revenge in the 1980 film 9 to 5. It was this film that established Coleman in the character type with which he is most identified, and has frequently played since – a comic relief villain. Coleman followed 9 to 5 with the role of the arrogant, sexist, soap opera director in Tootsie (1982). He broke from this type somewhat in other film roles. He appeared in the feature film On Golden Pond (1981), playing the sympathetic fiancé of Chelsea Thayer Wayne (Jane Fonda). He also played a military computer scientist in WarGames (1983), and, in 1984, he played a dual role as a loving, but busy father, as well as his son's imaginary hero, in  Cloak & Dagger. He played an aging cop who thinks he is terminally ill in the 1990 comedy Short Time.

Over the years, Coleman has shifted between roles in serious drama and comedies, the latter of which often cast him as a variation of his 9 to 5 character. Coleman received his first Emmy nomination for his lead role, as a skilled, but self-centered TV host, in the critically acclaimed, though short-lived, TV series Buffalo Bill. In 1987, he received an Emmy Award for his role in the television film Sworn To Silence. Coleman played a con artist Broadway producer in The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984), a lisping Hugh Hefner-ish magazine mogul in the comedy Dragnet (1987), Bobcat Goldthwait's boss in the 1988 talking-horse comedy Hot to Trot, and befuddled banker Milburn Drysdale in the feature film The Beverly Hillbillies (1993), the last of which reunited him with 9 to 5 co-stars Lily Tomlin and Dolly Parton. Continuing his streak of comic foils, Coleman played Charles Grodin's sleazy boss, Gerald Ellis, in Clifford (1994), co-starring Martin Short.

From 1997 to 2001, Coleman provided the voice of Principal Prickly on the animated series Recess. He also played a philandering father in You've Got Mail (1998), as well as a less-than-impressionable police commissioner in Inspector Gadget (which reunited him with his Wargames co-star Matthew Broderick).

Coleman appeared as a casino owner in 2005's Domino. He received acclaim as Burton Fallin in the TV series The Guardian (2001–2004). For two seasons, from 2010 to 2011, Coleman was a series regular on HBO's Boardwalk Empire. His most recent roles were a small part in Warren Beatty's Howard Hughes comedy Rules Don't Apply in 2016, and a guest role as Kevin Costner's dying father in Yellowstone, in 2018.

On November 6, 2014, Coleman received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Personal life
Coleman resides in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Brentwood. He attended Virginia Military Institute, and the University of Texas at Austin. He was drafted in the United States Army in 1953 and served in Europe. He has been married and divorced twice. He was married to Ann Courtney Harrell from 1957 to 1959 and Jean Hale from 1961 to 1984. He has four children, including three by Hale: Kelly, Randy and Quincy.

In 1998, Coleman worked with fellow actor Bronson Pinchot at the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina, to help protect local forests and helped lead a campaign to educate others on how to care for and protect forests nationwide.

Coleman is an avid tennis player, winning celebrity and charity tournaments. He played mainly at the Riviera Country Club as well as in local tournaments. His favourite sports team is the St. Louis Browns, which are now the Baltimore Orioles.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Interview with Dabney Coleman on the set of Rolling Thunder at Texas Archive of the Moving Image

1932 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Male actors from Austin, Texas
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Virginia Military Institute alumni
University of Texas School of Law alumni
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles
United States Army soldiers

Dabney Coleman


محطة ريدجو إيميليا (Stazione di Reggio Emilia AV) هي محطة سكة حديد جديدة، وهي الموقف الوحيد على خط القطارات السريعة بين ميلانو -- بولونيا، تقع على نحو 4 كلم من شمال مركز ريدجو إيميليا (Reggio Emilia).
المشروع يشكل مركز تبادل مشترك للقطارات الإقليمية وخدمة ولحركة المرور على الطرق العامة والخاصة.
تصميم المحطة الجديدة وضعت ضمن مخطط الجسر الذي هو تحت الإنشاء وضمن مسار خط السكك الحديدية للقطارات عالية وللمحلية.

جزء من مشروع مهم
و جزء لا يتجزأ من مشروع مهم من شأنه أن يحدث تغييرا جذريا في كامل المنطقة الواقعة شمال المدينة وسيجعلها البوابة الرئيسية. مع نظام الجسور فوق «أوتوستراد دل سوله» (Autostrada del Sole)، الذين هم أيضاً من تصميم كالاترافا، وحصيلة جديدة للسيارات، سوف يشكل مجمع جديد للجمالية والوظيفية لريدجو إيميليا.

هيكل السقف مكون من 13 بوابة فولاذية تختلف عن بعضها البعض وتتناوب لخلق شكل يشبه حركة الموجات المتتالية.
حسب الجبهة، الموجات تتوافق مع بعضها البعض في مرحلة هادئة وتتعارض في أخرى لخلق جبهة مائجة.
المشروع مقسم على مستويين: في المستوى الأسفل يوجد البوابة، والخدمات الرئيسية للمحطة. أما في المستوى العلوي فتوجد خطوط القطارات.
السطح بالقرب من الأرصفة الجانبية، مصممة لحماية الركاب ولها ستار من مصنوعة من الزجاج الرقائقي بين البوابات الفولاذية وبعيدة عن بعضها مسافة متر. أربعة سلالم على كل جانب تربط بين المستويين. اثنان منهم. مصعدين بانورامي في المنطقة الوسطى.
طول المشروع 480 متر، وأقصى عرض له 50 مترا ويبلغ متوسط ارتفاعه 20.
هذا المركز يجذب أيضاً موقف المترو لمنطقة ريجو-بانيولو، حالياً تحت التنفيذ، التي تتيح للمسافرين الوصول في غضون دقائق إلى محطة السكك الحديدية المركزية للريدجو إيميليا.

بدء العمل
إجراءات المنافسة لبناء المحطة تم التوصل إليها في تشرين الثاني / نوفمبر 2008 التي فاز فيها شيمولاي (Cimolai S.p.A.).
بدء العمل مخطط له ان يكون في كانون الثاني / يناير 2009.
ومن المقرر افتتاح مركز السفر في كانون الأول / ديسمبر من عام 2010، وإلى إنجاز كل المشروع بحلول عام 2011.

الوضع الحالي
من 30 سبتمبر 2008، في انتظار بدء العمل لتشييد هيكل المحطة.

ألتكلفة
تكلفه المحطة تبلغ نحو 70 مليون يورو (قاعدة مزاد)، التي وفرتها وزارة البنية التحتية، ومن أقليم ريدجو إميليا ومن شركة تاف (TAV SpA) الذين ينتمون إلى مجموعة السكك الحديدية الحكومية.

المشروع
المشروع المقترح ينص على
 تسقيف أرصفة الانتظار وتجديد مناطق المتصلة من أجل تحقيق الانسجام بين الأجزاء المختلفة.
 رفع مستوى محطات الحافلات والقطارات الإقليمية لخط مسار ريدجو إيميليا كواستالا، والطرق الفرعية العامة والخاصة؛
 تأهيل البيئة والمناظر الطبيعية.

الفكرة الأولى المقترحة خلال دراسة إمكانية التنفيذ (فكرة "الشراع") لقد تم تكييفها وإعادة صياغتها (فكرة "الموجة")
لتميزها عن الجسور المصممة من نفس كالاترافا، مع المحافظة على الانسجام المعماري واتساق لغة
التصميم لكل المشاريع (الجسر المتوسط والجسرين الجانبين محطة ومحطة استخلاص).

الفكرة باقتراح الموجة يضمن للمحطة هويتها وطابعها الفريد، كما العناصر المعمارية مستقلة ولها ميزة تحيل، من خلال أشكال الهيكل، ألإحساس بالحركة للمسافرين العابرين على خط السكك الحديدية وعلى الطرق السريعة المجاورة.

المشروع المقترح ينص على أن هياكل أسقف لكلا من المحطة ومن أرصفة الانتظار يجب أن تكون منفصلة بالنسبة للجسر (viadotto) المجاور بحيث لا تؤدي سواء إلى زيادة الأحمال أو غيرها من الأعمال التي تتطلب تغييرات هيكلية في المستقبل

المشروع ينص على تكرار نموذج طوله يساوي 25.40 مترا ويتألف من سلسلة من 13 بوابات فولاذية مختلفة. تتألف كل وحدة من 25 بوابات متباعدة بينهما حوالي 1.00 م، تكرير هذه السلسلة، يسمح للوصول إلى طول إجمالي = 483 متر، ويخلق أثر لموجة دينامية. الموجة تنتشر في كل من العرض والارتفاع، وبلغ حجم منتجة بذلك حجم ثلاثي الأبعاد له نمط المنحنى السيني.

تقسيم البوابات يخلق مؤثرات بصرية تشبه سلسلة من موجات مرتبة بشكل مختلف على الواجهتين:
في الواجهة الأكثر تموجا، من الجانب الذي يواجه مدخل المحطة، هناك تداخل بين موجتين متماثلتين بينهما، بينما في تلك الهادئة الموجات موازية لبعضها البعض، من الجانب الذي يواجه السريع الطريق.

عند أرصفة الصعود والنزول من القطارات، التصميم ينص على عمل سقف زجاجي. عرض الأرصفة حوالي 6 م، السقف مصنوع من ألواح مستطيلة شبه شفافة من الزجاج الرقائقي، وضعت في إطار من الألومنيوم.

السقف مدعوم بهيكل من الصلب والخرسانة الذي يتكون من جائز ذو مقطع عرضي مربع يرتكز على قاعدتين من الخرسانة كل 25 مترا.

طول المحطة حوالي 483 متر، والعرض يتراوح بين 50 مترا إلى 35 مترا ويبلغ متوسط ارتفاعها 20 مترا، وداخليا على مستوى الأرصفة ارتفاع السقف يتراوح من 7.5 إلي 14.5 م.

المحطة موازية للجسر وموزعة على مستويين: المستوى الأول هو ما يصل إلى أرصفة القطارات، وهو المستوى مدخل المحطة.
في المستوى السفلي توجد مكاتب المحطة ومختلف الخدمات للمسافرين، نشاطات تجارية، تبادل مع الخط الإقليمي ومنطقة تستخدم كمخازن ومستودعات وخدمات.

أربع سلالم متحركة لخدمة أرصفة القطارات ومصعدين من النوع البانورامي في المنطقة الوسطى.

طبيعة التربة ترغم على استخدام أساسات عميقة والتي هي مستقلة عن تلك للجسر.

معظم المواد المستخدمة في المشروع من الصلب والخرسانة، وكلاهما مطليين باللون الأبيض. الزجاج موضوع ضمن الهياكل البوابات. مناطق خضراء ومناظر طبيعية للاسترخاء من خلال إعادة وتأهيل البيئة على طول الطريق وعند مدخل المحطة. المنطقة الواقعة بين الطريق السريع بين ميلانو وبولونيا ومسار القطارات السريعة مزروع باشجار خضراء صغيرة ومتوسطة الجذع الذين يغطون الجزء السفلي من محطة القطارات التي ان تصل إلى افق المسافرون الذين هم على متن القطار. تاريكين حرية النظر إلى التسقيف الفولاذي المموج.

المنطقة المقابلة للمدخل الأمامي الرئيسي، صُممت لتكون جزئياً تحت الأرض، سواء بالنسبة إلى المحطة وإلى الطريق، وهذا لزيادة التأثير البصري على المنطقة الشجرية بدلاً من منظر السيارات الواقفة. هذا الحل يخفف من أثر العنف البصري الذي ينتج من كبر مساحة تلك المواقف ويحرر واجهة المحطة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مشاريع ريدجو إيميليا
 عقود تنفيذ العمل لمحطة ريدجو إيميليا

تأسيسات سنة 2013 في إيطاليا
كالاترافا
مبان ومنشآت في ريدجو إميليا
محطات السكك الحديدية افتتحت في 2013
محطات السكك الحديدية في إميليا-رومانيا
محطات سكك الحديد في إيطاليا
محطات السكك الحديدية في إيطاليا افتتحت في القرن 21
محطات السكك الحديدية في إيطاليا افتتحت في عقد 2010

محطة ريدجو إيميليا


Bland County may refer to:
 Bland County, Virginia, United States
 Bland County, New South Wales, Australia

Bland County


Peter Heilmann (* 18. August 1922 in Berlin; † 13. Februar 2003 ebenda) war ein deutscher FDJ-Funktionär, Publizistikwissenschaftler und Agent der Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung in West-Berlin. Er war nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg als Sekretär im Zentralrat der FDJ für Studentenfragen zuständig, wurde im Zuge der Säuberungen der SED 1951 verhaftet und verbüßte fünf Jahre Zuchthaus wegen Spionagevorwürfen. Noch in der Haft wurde er vom Ministerium für Staatssicherheit als Informant angeworben. Nach seiner Übersiedlung in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland  arbeitete er als Publizistikwissenschaftler und war von 1970 bis 1988 Studienleiter der Evangelischen Akademie in Berlin.

Leben
Peter Heilmann wurde 1922 in Berlin-Schöneberg als eines von vier Kindern des SPD-Politikers Ernst Heilmann und dessen Ehefrau Magdalene geboren. Er galt daher wie seine Geschwister in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus als "Halbjude". Von 1932 bis 1941 besuchte er das Berliner Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster. Als "Mischling ersten Grades"  (nach den Nürnberger Gesetzen) gehörte er noch 1941 dem letzten Abiturjahrgang an. Von 1941 bis 1944 arbeitete er als Schädlingsbekämpfer bei der Firma Erich Winkler.

Im Herbst 1944 wurde Heilmann zur Zwangsarbeit in ein Arbeitslager dienstverpflichtet (Sonderkommando J), das die Organisation Todt für "jüdische Mischlinge" und "jüdisch Versippte" am Militärflughafen in Zerbst unterhielt. Anfang Februar 1945 floh er aus dem Lager und versteckte sich in Berlin bei Hella Gorn. Heilmann betrachtete Hella als seine Frau, nur dass er sie aufgrund der NS-Rassengesetzgebung nicht heiraten durfte. Er hatte Hella in einer Jugendgruppe der Quäker kennengelernt, zu der er Ende 1941 Kontakt gefunden hatte. Mit ihr gemeinsam leistete er illegale Hilfe für untergetauchte Juden.

Nach der Befreiung Berlins trat Heilmann in die KPD ein und arbeitete für den Magistrat von Groß-Berlin. Von 1946 bis 1948 studierte Heilmann an der Berliner Universität in Ost-Berlin. Er war zugleich Sekretär des Zentralrats der FDJ und für deren Fraktion Mitglied des Deutschen Volksrates sowie ab 1949 der Provisorischen Volkskammer.

Im Zuge der Säuberungen der SED wurde Heilmann im Frühjahr 1951 verhaftet und zu fünf Jahren Zuchthaus wegen angeblicher Spionage verurteilt.  Anlass des Verfahrens war ein Besuch Heilmanns bei seiner Mutter in West-Berlin 1950, der ihm von der SED und dem Zentralrat der FDJ untersagt worden war. Auch seine Frau Hella, die er inzwischen geheiratet hatte, wurde verhaftet und verurteilt. Nach ihrer Haftentlassung ließen sie und Heilmann sich scheiden.

Noch in der Strafvollzugsanstalt, während Heilmann die letzten Monate seiner Haft verbüßte, warb ihn im Februar 1956 das MfS als "Geheimen Informator" an. Im April 1956 wurde er entlassen. Ende 1956 siedelte Heilmann in Absprache mit seinem Führungsoffizier und seiner ebenfalls für das MfS spitzelnden zweiten Ehefrau Gertraude nach West-Berlin über und schrieb sich an der FU Berlin ein. Hier studierte er Gesellschaftswissenschaft, Soziologie, Publizistik und Germanistik. Nach dem Studienabschluss war er von 1960 bis 1962 Assistent am Institut für Publizistik der FU Berlin bei Emil Dovifat. Nach einer krankheitsbedingten Unterbrechung arbeitete er am Institut als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter. Er schied aus, weil er als Doktorand die erforderliche Dissertationsschrift nicht vorlegte.

Vom MfS war Heilmann u. a. auf Heinz Lippmann, Leo Bauer und Herbert Wehner angesetzt sowie auf den SDS, bei dem er sich in den Bundesvorstand wählen ließ. Für seine zahlreichen Berichte an das MfS benutzte er zunächst den Decknamen "Julius Müller", dann "Adrian Pepperkorn",. Dabei verband er – sich selbst stilisierend – die Figur des mit dem Teufel verbündeten Adrian Leverkühn aus Thomas Manns "Dr. Faustus" mit der der lebens- und sinnenfrohen Mann-Romanfigur Mynheer Peeperkorn.

Von 1970 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 1988 war Heilmann Studienleiter der Evangelischen Akademie zu Berlin. Sein Nachfolger in dieser Stellung wurde Hubertus Knabe.

1993 stand Heilmann erstmals unter dem Verdacht, für die Staatssicherheit gearbeitet zu haben. 1999 wurde er zusammen mit seiner zweiten Frau Gertraude Heilmann, die unter dem Decknamen "Pepperkorn II" an das MfS berichtete, wegen geheimdienstlicher Tätigkeit gegen die Bundesrepublik Deutschland angeklagt. Im April 1999 wurde Peter Heilmann vor dem Berliner Kammergericht zu einer Haftstrafe von einem Jahr und acht Monaten verurteilt, seine Frau zu einem Jahr. Beide Strafen wurden zur Bewährung ausgesetzt, daneben mussten sie Bußgelder in Summe von 8.000 DM zahlen. Heilmann wurde nach seinem Tod im Februar 2003 im Krematorium Berlin-Baumschulenweg eingeäschert.

Literatur
 Jochen Staadt, Tobias Voigt, Stefan Wolle: Feind-Bild Springer : ein Verlag und seine Gegner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-525-36381-2.
 Hubertus Knabe: Die unterwanderte Republik : Stasi im Westen. Propyläen, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-548-36284-2.

Weblinks
 Wolfgang Büscher: Wenn ihr wüßtet, wer ich bin. In: Die Welt vom 28. April 1999.
 Operativ wertvoll, Der Spiegel, 29. März 1999

Einzelnachweise

Person (Berlin)
NS-Opfer
Fluchthelfer für NS-Verfolgte

KPD-Mitglied
SED-Mitglied
Funktionär der Freien Deutschen Jugend (DDR)
Abgeordneter der Volkskammer
Opfer der Diktatur in der DDR
Agent für das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit
Verurteilte Person (Spionage)
Inoffizieller Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1922
Gestorben 2003
Mann

Peter Heilmann


La Embajada de España en Estados Unidos es la máxima misión diplomática del Reino de España en los Estados Unidos de América.

Embajador

El actual embajador es Santiago Cabanas Ansorena, quien fue nombrado por el gobierno de Pedro Sánchez el 7 de septiembre de 2018.

Misión diplomática

El Reino de España mantiene su representación diplomática en la embajada ubicada en Washington D. C., capital federal de Estados Unidos, que fue elevada a la categoría de embajada en 1913.

Además España posee una serie de consulados generales en el país norteamericano:

Consulado General en Boston: con jurisdicción sobre asuntos en Maine, Massachussets, Nuevo Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.
Consulado General en Chicago: cuya área comprende los estados de Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota del Norte, Dakota del Sur, Ohio, Kentucky, Míchigan, Minnesota, Misuri, Wisconsin.
Consulado General en Houston: con jurisdicción sobre Alabama, Arkansas, Luisiana, Misisipi, Tennessee, Nuevo México, Oklahoma, Texas.
Consulado General en Los Ángeles: con autoridad sobre los estados de California (condados de Imperial, Kern, Los Ángeles, Orange, Riverside, Bernardino, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Bárbara y Ventura), Arizona, Colorado, Utah.
Consulado General en Miami: encargado en los estados de Florida, Carolina del Sur, Georgia.
Consulado General en Nueva York: cuya área comprende Nueva York, Connecticut, Delaware, Pensilvania, Nueva Jersey.
Consulado General en San Francisco: Alaska, California (salvo parte sur), Hawái, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregón, Washington, Wyoming.
Consulado General en Washington D. C.: Maryland, Virginia, Virginia Occidental, Distrito de Columbia y Carolina del Norte.

Historia

Las relaciones diplomáticas se remontan al  cuando España ayudó militarmente a las colonias británicas de América a obtener la independencia, concretada finalmente en 1783. Las relaciones se mantuvieron estables durante el  aunque con fases de tensión en cuanto a la fijación de las fronteras entre ambos países en la zona de Luisiana y Florida, así como las apetencias estadounidenses de hacerse con Cuba, entonces colonia española, que casi llegan a un enfrentamiento militar por el asunto del Virginius (1873).

Finalmente, España y Estados Unidos entraron en guerra en 1898 por la que España perdió Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam y Filipinas. Las relaciones quedaron normalizadas desde 1899, pero el apoyo del régimen de Franco a las potencias del Eje durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) determinó el distanciamiento diplomático. No obstante, en el contexto de la Guerra Fría, el anticomunismo del gobierno español de Franco favoreció el acercamiento, concretado en 1953 con el Pacto de Madrid y en 1959 con la visita del presidente Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Con el restablecimiento de la democracia en España, las relaciones entre ambos países se han afianzado en el plano político, económico, militar como socios en la OTAN y policial en la lucha contra el terrorismo.

Territorios no incorporados de los Estados Unidos

Son aquellos territorios que, aun estando bajo soberanía estadounidense, no forman parte del territorio nacional de los Estados Unidos, pero los territorios no tienen representación diplomática, moneda ni defensa propias, tampoco están considerados estados independientes por la comunidad internacional. Ante esto la representación entre España y estos territorios se deben hacer a través de la Embajada española en Washington.

Así, el Consulado General de San Francisco presta sus servicios en los territorios no incorporados organizados de Islas Marianas del Norte, Guam y el no organizado de Samoa Americana, mientras que el Consulado General en San Juan tiene jurisdicción sobre el Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico y el territorio no incorporado de Islas Vírgenes de los Estados Unidos.

Véase también
 Anexo:Relaciones bilaterales de España
 Anexo:Embajadores de España
 Misiones diplomáticas de España
 Relaciones entre España y Estados Unidos

Referencias

Estados Unidos
Espana
Estados Unidos

Embajada de España en Estados Unidos


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Cífer enthält die sechs nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Cífer im Okres Trnava.

Denkmäler

Legende

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

!
Cifer


المتحف الوطني باردو يقع في مدينة الجزائر بني في فترة الباشا مصطفى، حيث استقر الأمير الحاج بن عمر في الجزائر العاصمة بعد ان منحه باي الجزائر حق اللجوء السياسي على خلفية نزاع على الحكم في تونس، وشيد القصر تيمنا بالطراز الاندلسي الذي يحيل إلى كلمة الباردو الاسبانية التي تعني المكان المغطى بالورود.

في 1879، أضاف الفرنسي جوريت. ملحقا بالقصر ليستعمل كاسطبل وحظيرة للحيوانات. في عام 1930، عندما تم افتتاح المبنى كمتحف لما قبل التاريخ والإثنوغرافيا في الذكري المئوية للاستعمار في الجزائر.
ومتحف باردو يعرض تحفا إثنوغرافية، في حين خصص الملحق لما قبل التاريخ. ومنذ ذلك الحين، دعي بمتحف باردو، ثم سمي بالمتحف الوطني باردو في عام 1985.

محتوياته
يحتوي المتحف عدة مجموعات ليس فقط من الجزائر ولكن أيضا من الخارج. في إجمالا وتفصيلا، باردو، شأنه شأن جميع منازل جزائر بني مزغنة، يعبر عن حضارة مغلقة أمام أعين متطفلين من الخارج: السلالم مطلي بخزف أزرق الدخول من باب ضخم، ليتيح الوصول إلى باحة مزينة بحوض من الرخام، ونافورة بمياه نفاثة. كما يمكن رؤية: الديوان وهو صالون كبير كان صاحب البيت يقيم فيه الحفلات والمآدب. ومعلق بالديوان جناح يتيح مزيدا من الراحة والهدوء.

مصادر

archeonavale.org

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

تأسيسات سنة 1927 في الجزائر
عمارة مغاربية
متاحف أثرية في الجزائر
متاحف أسست سنة 1985
متاحف إثنوغرافية
متاحف أسست في 1927
متاحف في مدينة الجزائر
متاحف وطنية

المتحف الوطني باردو (الجزائر)