Savatage () is an American heavy metal band founded by brothers Jon and Criss Oliva in 1979 in Tarpon Springs, Florida. The band was first called Avatar, but, shortly before the release of their debut album Sirens (1983), they changed their name to Savatage, as Avatar was already taken by another band. Savatage is considered to be an integral part of the American heavy metal movement of the early-to-mid-1980s and has been cited as a key influence on numerous genres, such as power metal, progressive metal, speed metal, thrash metal, death metal and symphonic metal.

Savatage has released eleven studio albums, two live albums, four compilations and three EPs. The band first reached substantial commercial success with its third studio album Fight for the Rock (1986), which peaked at number 158 on the Billboard 200. Its next four albums—Hall of the Mountain King (1987), Gutter Ballet (1989), Streets: A Rock Opera (1991) and Edge of Thorns (1993)—were also successful but more critically acclaimed than Fight for the Rock. On October 17, 1993, six months after the release of Edge of Thorns, guitarist Criss Oliva was killed in a car accident. Following his death, Jon (along with producer Paul O'Neill) decided to continue Savatage in memory of his brother. The band released four more studio albums, and went through several lineup changes before going on an extended hiatus in 2002. During the years—partly even before the hiatus—members founded various new bands such as Jon Oliva's Pain, Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Circle II Circle and Doctor Butcher. On August 2, 2014, Savatage announced that they were reuniting for the 2015 Wacken Open Air; despite having discussed the possibility of more shows and new music, the band went on hiatus once again. Although the members of Savatage claimed in interviews conducted in 2020–2021 that they were working on new material together, a full-fledged reunion of the band was officially confirmed by Jon Oliva in April 2023, with plans to release Curtain Call, their first studio album in 23 years, in 2024 followed by a world tour.

History

Early days (1979–1986)
Criss Oliva and his brother Jon formed their first band together, Avatar, in 1979. Their former bands were Tower and Alien, respectively. In 1980, the duo met up with Steve "Doc" Wacholz and practiced in a small shack behind the Oliva home that was dubbed "The Pit" by the band. Wacholz originally tried out to be part of Jon's band, Alien, but when the first Savatage lineup was taking shape, Jon, who was originally on drum duties, was relieved of them by Wacholz. They also gave Steve a nickname that would follow him throughout his career: "Doctor Hardware Killdrums", often shortened to just "Doc" or "Doc Killdrums", which referred to Steve's hard playing style.

Criss, Jon and Steve played Tampa (where they had moved with their family in the late 1970s) and Clearwater area clubs for many years. In 1981, Ronald Leon Sisson joined them to relieve Jon of bass guitar duties. In late 2006, footage was released onto the internet of an early performance by Avatar at a gig in a Clearwater, Florida parking lot and was prominent in featuring an early version of the song "Holocaust", which would later be released on Savatage's first album and a cover of Van Halen's "Eruption" and VH's version of "You Really Got Me". In 1982, Avatar took part in some heavy metal compilations, most notably "The YNF Pirate Tape", a promotion by Tampa rock radio station 95ynf for local Florida bands. Shortly after its release, "Avatar" was forced to change its name due to copyright issues. Combining the words "Savage" and "Avatar", the band decided on Savatage.

Their first album, Sirens and the following EP The Dungeons Are Calling, were released on Par Records, an independent label. In 1984, they signed a contract with Atlantic Records and released their second full-length album Power of the Night in May of the following year. Power of the Night, which was produced by Max Norman, who would go on to produce Megadeth's 1992 album Countdown to Extinction, showcased the band's unorthodox approach to metal, which included Jon's liberal use of keyboards on songs like "Fountain of Youth" and Broadway-style song structures like the kind employed on "Warriors". It was well received by critics but fell short of sales expectations. Atlantic budgeted to provide funds to make a video for "Hard for Love", on the condition that it be retitled "Hot for Love" for broadcast purposes. The band refused to change the song and consequently a video was not released. In promotion of Power of the Night, Savatage embarked on the Monsters of the Universe Tour with Rogue Male and Illusion, and also played with Mötley Crüe, Quiet Riot, Exodus, Raven, Overkill and Armored Saint.

In 1986, after the release of their third album, Fight for the Rock, a failed attempt at a commercial approach imposed by the record company which the band themselves called Fight for the Nightmare, Savatage toured with Metallica, Kiss and Motörhead. The band were not happy with the record, with pressure from the label to include two cover versions. Jon Oliva had been retained to write material for other artists on the Atlantic label, such as John Waite and other pop-rockers. Later, the label demanded Savatage record the material themselves. In a choice they would later regret, the band agreed. Not only did it destroy them in the press, it nearly destroyed the band and sent Jon into his early alcohol and drug problems. Jon recently admitted however the album did have strong points, including the band's cover of Badfinger's "Day After Day". During this time, original bassist Keith Collins left the band, and Johnny Lee Middleton joined the band. Since 1987, Johnny has been the only consistent member of Savatage, performing on every album (except Handful of Rain).

Rise to popularity and death of Criss Oliva (1987–1993)
In 1987, Savatage released their first commercially successful album, Hall of the Mountain King, which became the base for the band rising into a more mainstream arena. The band recorded their first music video for the album's title song, which received extensive air play on MTV's Headbangers Ball and was followed up by a video for the song "24 Hours Ago". A world tour in support of the album in 1987-1988 followed, playing with a variety of bands like Dio, Megadeth, Iron Maiden, Testament, Sanctuary, Pandemonium, Nuclear Assault, Heathen, Forbidden, and Helstar. Hall of the Mountain King not only found a new audience for Savatage, but also introduced a new musical style, featuring symphonic elements, strongly influenced by their new producer, Paul O'Neill, that would shape the band's future recordings. O'Neill contributed most of the lyrics for the rest of their career and gave them a more conceptual edge starting with their next album, Gutter Ballet.

Gutter Ballet, which was released in 1989, has been considered the band's true turning point. This album saw the band adopt a more progressive style, writing longer songs with more complex melodies and differing vocal styles, rather than the more straightforward power metal style that was apparent in earlier works. The change to a more progressive, operatic style was also precipitated by Jon, after seeing a performance of Phantom of the Opera in Toronto. The songs "Gutter Ballet" and "When the Crowds Are Gone" are examples of this influence from that album, as was the next Savatage's release (which even included "Opera" in its title). Many additional songs already written, before the decision of this change of style, were unused and subsequently published as bonus tracks, in the Sirens and The Dungeons Are Calling 2002 reissues, some of them were also re-worked and published by Jon Oliva's Pain. Gutter Ballet proved to be another success for Savatage, with the title track and "When the Crowds Are Gone" receiving considerable airplay on Headbangers Ball and album-oriented radio stations. The album was once again supported by a grueling tour, which took place in much of 1990, touring North America with Testament and Nuclear Assault, and Europe with King Diamond and Candlemass. They also toured the US with Trouble.

Chris Caffery, who had been playing with Savatage in the previous tour performing rhythm guitar and keyboards offstage, officially joined the band in 1989. He never played on the Gutter Ballet album, even though he was credited with guitars and keyboards and was pictured in the album's booklet "both to prepare the fans for the lineup they'd see on tour and confirm his permanent member status". Despite this, Caffery left the band after the Gutter Ballet tour for personal reasons, but kept writing music with Jon Oliva and would later return to Savatage during the second half of the 1990s.

In 1991, the band created their first rock opera Streets, featuring the story of a fallen rock star called DT Jesus who has hit hard times. The record did not sell as well as the band would have liked however, as it was released around the time that grunge exploded into the mainstream music arena, but a video for "Jesus Saves" was recorded and again got airplay, drawing a new audience to appreciate the band. Over the years Streets: A Rock Opera has become one of the most appreciated and a landmark album in Savatage's career. Originally, this record was intended to be a double album, but Atlantic Records did not like the idea, so it was trimmed down to 17 songs. The album was then going to have spoken tracks in-between all the songs but that was scrapped also. The final version scrapped the 17th song "Larry Elbows" and erased all the spoken tracks except for the intro to Jesus Saves. The cover had the story explained in it to make up for the lost spoken tracks. Atlantic somehow over the years managed to lose the master tapes to Streets so the left over songs truly are lost. Many of the riffs from these songs showed up on the next album Edge of Thorns. Another interesting detail about the album is that "Jesus Saves" was originally written as a midtempo song, not the rocker it became on the finished album. In 2013, a narrated version of the album was re-issued with the title: Streets: A Rock Opera - Narrated Version.

The world tour in support of Streets began in October 1991 in Europe, with support from Vicious Rumors. The next several months were spent touring relentlessly in North America, with the likes of Armored Saint and Fates Warning, followed by their first shows in Japan. After the Streets tour ended in the spring of 1992, Jon Oliva left the band to concentrate on his side projects Doctor Butcher and his Broadway-bound musical Romanov, as well as continuing co-writing Savatage material with his brother Criss and producer Paul O'Neill. However, as of 2013, only one instrumental track from the Romanov project was released under the moniker Trans-Siberian Orchestra on the Dreams of Fireflies EP. After this EP, together with a Broadway version of Streets named Gutter Ballet (including mainly songs from both these albums), even Romanov is planned as a future Trans-Siberian Orchestra album.

On June 13, 1992, during the Jon's Farewell Show at Rock-It Club in Tampa, 28 songs were played to cover all the main highlights of the band. This show was not intended, recorded or filmed for any sort of live album.

The new lead vocalist, former Wicked Witch singer Zachary Stevens, was discovered and introduced to the band by Criss's best friend and guitar technician Dan Campbell. The band recorded their follow-up to Streets, Edge of Thorns, in 1993. Drummer Steve Wacholz decided to record the album but he was not interested in touring, even though he stated he intended to return to the band in the future, and hand-picked his replacement as well in drummer Andy James. For the first time, Savatage began to enjoy mainstream recognition, including increased radio play and a world tour which gained international press as "the best Savatage has ever sounded live". However, tragedy struck when founder and lead guitarist Criss Oliva was killed by a drunk driver on October 17, 1993. Jon chose to continue the band, although he has since admitted that the band was pretty much over after Criss's death, but only kept going because of his memory and to "keep his music alive".

After Criss and second era of the band (1994–2000)
A short while after Criss' death, the band held a tribute show for the late guitarist, with the same lineup as the Streets tour but without Criss. Lead guitarist Alex Skolnick temporarily joined Savatage in 1994 for the release of their ninth album Handful of Rain, written by Jon Oliva and Paul O'Neill. Although the album is technically a Jon Oliva solo album, with Jon handling all instrumental duties except for vocals by Zachary Stevens and lead guitars by Alex Skolnick, the record was released under the Savatage moniker with bass and drum credits given to Middleton and Wacholz respectively, as drummer Andy James had left the band following the death of Criss Oliva to pursue other projects. The song "Chance" was the first Savatage song to contain the usage of counterpoint vocals, a style which they continued to use on following albums. The album's final track, "Alone You Breathe", was a tribute to Criss Oliva.

When the band were preparing to tour in support of Handful of Rain, drummer Steve Wacholz announced his official departure from the band. Jeff Plate, a former bandmember of Zak Stevens' old band, was hired to replace him. Jon Oliva agreed to do the tour to perform keyboards and rhythm guitar, and a live CD/VHS entitled Japan Live '94 (in later releases it has been retitled Live in Japan) was released at the conclusion of the very short tour with Skolnick's three-piece band Exhibit-A and power metal band Tempo Tantrum as supporting-acts. After this tour, Alex Skolnick left the band to pursue other interests. In a 2011 interview, Skolnick had this to say about his time with Savatage:

While Skolnick adapted Criss Oliva's solos to his own style, former guitarist Chris Caffery, who had left after the Gutter Ballet tour, was convinced he could do them better. He then told Jon Oliva that he would rejoin the band to pay tribute to his friend and mentor Criss Oliva on the condition that he would play all of Criss' solos, which the band accepted. Atlantic Records, however, wanted a second, more well-known guitarist to join the band, and Al Pitrelli was chosen. Pitrelli was known for his previous work with Alice Cooper and Asia, among others, and would play the majority of the lead parts of the band's new material.

In 1995, Savatage released their second rock opera Dead Winter Dead, an even more ambitious undertaking than its predecessor, Streets. They also achieved cross-over success with "Christmas Eve Sarajevo 12/24", which received heavy rotation on multiple radio formats during the Christmas season. While they toured Europe and Japan, the group forwent an American tour to work on their new project, Christmas Eve and Other Stories, recorded by the Trans-Siberian Orchestra (TSO), comprising Savatage and a large orchestra. Jon Oliva has since admitted that he was annoyed to see the success of TSO with what was originally a Savatage song, leading him to believe that the biggest barrier to success as Savatage was the name.

Also in 1995, another live album Ghost in the Ruins – A Tribute to Criss Oliva was published with old recordings taken during the Gutter Ballet tour. This release is titled Final Bell in Japan and Ghost in the Ruins elsewhere. Ghost in the Ruins was one of the titles the band previously considered for the album Streets.

The eleventh studio album, The Wake of Magellan, was released in 1997 after a break to deal with the huge success of TSO, and dealt with such concepts as the worth of a life, suicide and drug abuse, drawing on real-life events such as the Maersk Dubai and the murder of Veronica Guerin. Savatage parted ways with long-time label Atlantic after this release and eventually signed on with a much smaller organization, Nuclear Blast (although Trans-Siberian Orchestra albums would in the future remain on the Atlantic/Lava imprint). Jon Oliva said that this was a good move, as Nuclear Blast "loved the band and they know our songs and everything!".

Due to Jon, O'Neill and Savatage's long time engineer Robert Kinkel's songwriting, the main differences between Savatage's last two albums and Trans-Siberian Orchestra are the usage of a real orchestra and the fact lead vocals are not played only by Oliva and/or Zachary Stevens, as in Savatage, but by a huge number of guest singers.

Hiatus and side projects (2001–2013)

Savatage continued to focus on their Trans-Siberian Orchestra project for a while, releasing The Christmas Attic, but the release of Poets and Madmen in 2001 was highlighted by Jon Oliva's return as lead vocalist in studio, replacing Zak Stevens, who left the band citing family reasons, and the departure of Al Pitrelli, who accepted an offer to join Megadeth in 2000. Pitrelli did record solos for some songs prior to his departure. Another very limited US tour followed, supported by Fates Warning in the early shows, and then Nevermore for the remainder. Around this time, Caffery chose Zak's replacement in the form of the singer Damond Jiniya (Diet of Worms), who was once again brought to the band from long-time friend and Circle II Circle manager/co founder Dan Campbell. Damond sang the song "Edge of Thorns" as his audition song. Damond performed Zak's parts on tour, with Jon having an increased vocal role in proceedings. Jack Frost auditioned for the role of rhythm guitar player, and got the gig. He played with the band for a majority of the tour, but was mysteriously asked to leave the band after the tour, although it could be said that Frost's commitments elsewhere drove him from the band. For Summer festival appearances in 2002, the band was joined by Annihilator's Jeff Waters.

Savatage have remained inactive since that tour, with band members concentrating on other projects such as Trans-Siberian Orchestra and Jon Oliva's Pain. This has not pleased everyone, with Chris Caffery in particular citing his anger at Savatage  not recording a new album in almost five years .

Trans-Siberian Orchestra continues with their releases and Savatage's members are mostly split up between its two touring lineups, but during the European tours in 2011 and 2014 Pitrelli, Caffery, Middleton and Plate were all featured together on stage. Year by year more Savatage songs were included in the TSO setlists, among them also Gutter Ballet, Believe, All That I Bleed and Chance.
Jon Oliva usually doesn't play on stage with Trans-Siberian Orchestra while Paul O'Neill, in recent years, started to do it very often during some selected songs.

Jon Oliva formed his own band, Jon Oliva's Pain, and released their first album in 2004 entitled 'Tage Mahal. Through the years Jon Oliva's Pain, also called JOP, published many records and their live concerts always feature Savatage's songs from the albums with Criss Oliva. Additional material, taken by Jon from his brother's unused stuff, was used to write several Jon Oliva's Pain's tracks as described in the album's credits.

Lead guitarist Chris Caffery also recorded solo albums  while former front man Zak Stevens was approached by long-time friend and Savatage stage manager Dan Campbell to co-found a new band Circle II Circle and their first record entitled Watching in Silence was released in 2003, produced by Jon Oliva and featuring a guest appearance from Caffery. After a dispute with the management during the tour, Zak's entire band left and joined Jon Oliva's Pain band. Zak regrouped with new members and release other new records. Since 2011, the band included more and more Savatage songs (from the records with Stevens at vocals) in their setlists, and in 2012 also the entire The Wake Of Magellan album was played. Their 2013 European tour included the complete Edge Of Thorns album due to its 20th anniversary while the 2014 European tour included the complete Handful of Rain album for the same reason.

In addition to his work with Trans-Siberian Orchestra, drummer Jeff Plate performed with electric violinist Mark Wood and joined Metal Church. He also reformed Wicked Witch with Zak Stevens, renaming the band Machines of Grace, and releasing a self-titled album in 2010.

Never involved with Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Steve Wacholz formed a new band in 2010, named Reverence, with guitarist Pete Rossi, vocalist Todd Michael Hall (formerly of Jack Starr's Burning Starr and currently in Riot V) and former Tokyo Blade members guitarist Bryan Holland and bassist Frank Saparti.

Criss Oliva 10th anniversary memorial concert
On October 17, 2003, at The Masquerade in historic Ybor City, Tampa, Florida, fans were invited to remember and celebrate the life and contributions of Criss Oliva at a 10th anniversary memorial concert. It featured Circle II Circle, Jon Oliva's Pain and Doctor Butcher as supporting acts and, as headliner, a special one night only band (composed of Jon Oliva, Johnny Lee Middleton, Steve "Doc" Wacholz, Chris Caffery and John Zahner) who played only selected songs from the albums with Criss Oliva. Many Criss parts were executed by Jon himself using keyboards. This show was not intended, recorded or filmed for any sort of live album.

Reunion rumors
In an interview to Aardschok, a Dutch Magazine, in June 2006, Jon Oliva announced that he wants to record one more Savatage album, with a live CD and DVD to follow it, before ending the band. He did not specify a release date for a new album, however. Chris Caffery then said in an interview in October 2006 that if a new Savatage album was to be recorded, then it's likely that Alex Skolnick would be involved, as well as original drummer Steve "Doc" Wacholz.
In a November 2006 interview to Greek website, MetalTemple.com, Jon Oliva himself shot down all rumours of the return of Savatage, claiming that it never made him any money, but instead it cost him one million US dollars to keep the band going over the years.

Jon also said that his new band, Jon Oliva's Pain, is basically Savatage reincarnated, so it could co-exist with the more successful Trans-Siberian Orchestra. He did however state that a one-off anniversary tour featuring Skolnick, Wacholz and other past Savatage members is being planned with Paul O'Neill as a final send off to the band. Zachary Stevens has made it clear that he will participate in a 25th anniversary festivities with the band. Jon Oliva then said about the band "Well, it's over but it's not over, you know what I mean? It's over right now because no one's doing anything. We haven't disbanded or anything. We have plans to do something in the future." Jon also announced that he is doing "some video compilation stuff, and editing old things for a bonus DVD to go with it, that has a ton of live Criss stuff in concert, a lot of backstage frolicking about, and going to castles in Europe".

In 2007, Jon denied any rumours of a Savatage reunion and tour, as the Trans-Siberian Orchestra has become a year-round commitment, adding that Jon Oliva's Pain is "as close to Savatage as you can get". Despite Jon's earlier denials, in October 2008 the band launched an official MySpace page, hinting that 2009 would see some activity under the Savatage banner. The lineup listed on official MySpace is: Jon Oliva, Zak Stevens, Chris Caffery, Al Pitrelli, Johnny Lee Middleton and Jeff Plate; signalling that Stevens would return as lead vocalist in a reunion. In December of the same year, a brand new Savatage web site was unveiled. However, Jon Oliva has since denied these reunion rumors saying:

In 2013, in support for Jon's first solo album titled Raise the Curtain, Jon has been giving many interviews, and during at least one he mentioned the possibility of new Savatage music is something he's considering. While discussing the success of TSO and the decision to cease activities as Savatage with Dr. Metal on 6/30/13 he had this to say about the idea of new Savatage recordings:

One-off reunion, death of Paul O'Neill and second hiatus (2014–2019)
On August 2, 2014, it was announced that Trans-Siberian Orchestra would be performing live on stage at Wacken Open Air 2015, followed immediately by a Savatage reunion gig. It was announced as Savatage's only live show in Europe in 2015, which led to speculation that it would be a one-off reunion show, or the band had planned to continue performing in the future.

Asked in a December 2014 interview if Savatage would do any more live shows or record new material, guitarist Chris Caffery replied, "I'm gonna put it this way: for 12 years, 13 years, I've been waiting for my band to play again. We're playing again. I don't know what's going to happen after that [laughs], but there were people that were putting a fork in it, and we're getting up and not just running a marathon, we're running in the Olympics with this festival being what it is. I'm not going to make any predictions, but let's just say there's a possibility that something more will happen after Wacken—that's all I can say. And nothing would make me happier."

On the future of Savatage, frontman Jon Oliva explained, "As far as that goes, the whole Wacken thing came up, and I was, like, you know what? If we're going to do anything, we have to do it now. I don't want to do it when I'm 60 years old. I mentioned that to Paul. He said to me, 'We're going to do the Wacken thing, but let's just wait until the winter tour is over and then you and me we're going to sit down in January and discuss what we're going to do. Jon also said that Savatage has "already gotten offers" to play in "certain areas of the world, America being one, Greece, South America, places like that", and added that he does not rule out the possibility of any more shows. Though Oliva said he does not know what the future holds for Savatage, he said, "I just wish that everything works out good and then we'll see what happens down the road. I'll never say no to anything anymore, because every time I do, I get rained on."

The Wacken started with a performance of Savatage on the Black Stage, featuring Gutter Ballet as first song. After seven songs the band left the stage, and on the True Metal Stage TSO began to play with Pitrelli and its non-Sava members. Caffery, Middleton and Plate replaced them on several songs, and Stevens had a duet with Andrew Ross in the song "The Hourglass". This set was followed up by simultaneous play by both bands, featuring also Savatage and TSO songs, ending up with O'Neill's appearance on guitar in "Christmas Eve (Sarajevo 12/24)" and "Requiem (The Fifth)".

In October 2015, Zak Stevens confirmed the intentions of starting a new phase for Savatage, adding that (from November 1 on) there would be meetings to take decisions on the details, possibly a tour or a new album, as Jon Oliva was inspiredly writing new music.

When asked in April 2016 about Savatage's future, drummer Jeff Plate (who had recently released an album with Metal Church) stated, "This really is a question for Jon and Paul. We had a tremendous time last year when we performed at the Wacken Open Air Festival. It truly was great, and magical, to perform with that band again. I would love to put the Dead Winter Dead band back on the road again, but this is not my decision to be made."

In April 2017, it was announced that Savatage producer, lyricist and co-composer Paul O'Neill had died at the age of 61.

When asked in August 2017 about a possible reunion with a classic Savatage lineup (with Chris Caffery filling in for the late Criss Oliva on guitar), original drummer Steve "Doc" Wacholz mentioned a Savatage tour taking place in 2018. However, he stated, "I really can't imagine them having TWO drummers on stage, so Jeff will be doing the drumming duties on his own (which he does a great job), although I would love to finish what I started with the Olivas so long ago. That would be a great accomplishment, but I do not see it happening."

In a September 2018 interview with Bill Louis of WNCX radio, Plate stated that he would "really love to see" a Savatage reunion, but added that O'Neill's death and the success of Trans-Siberian Orchestra were the reasons the band has been sidelined since their 2015 reunion show at Wacken Open Air. He explained, "There's always been that thought. We did get back together for the Wacken show in 2015. There was a lot of talk after that show, because it was very well-received. When the band got back together, it's just so interesting how when a certain group of guys get together and play music, it's just different than plugging other people in. There's a real chemistry there with the six of us — Jon Oliva, Chris Caffery, Johnny Middleton, Al Pitrelli, myself and Zak Stevens. Of course, there's always interest, but when we lost Paul, it had to get pushed aside. There's always conversations, and personally, I would really love to see it. We would love to make that happen, but with everything that's happened over the past couple of years, there's a lot going on there. Once all the business end of this whole scenario gets sorted out here and we all get in a room and really talk about some things... It's going to take a little time — none of this stuff is easy — but I would love to see it happen. I know a lot of people would, and I know a number of guys in the band would really like to see it happen too. But Trans-Siberian Orchestra, that's the focus — that has been our success, and this is what our careers have become. If we can somehow squeeze some Savatage music or some shows in there around all this, that would be fantastic."

When asked in December 2019 about the current state of Savatage, Stevens said: "You've always got Savatage lurking out there that we really don't know for sure either. Basically the same answer that I get from them is what I'm giving for Circle II Circle — 'You know what? It's not ever gone, but we just have to figure out what [to do], and the answer will come.' When the right situation appears, that's when I think things will happen... It needs the right thing to come along. I like the fact that TSO has five Savatage songs in the last half of the set this year, so something's brewing... I don't really have any more answers after that, but something seems like it's going on. We're going to find out one way or the other at some point, but the right situation has to come along, I think."

Second reunion and Curtain Call (2020–present)
In November 2020, when commenting on the possibility of a full-time reunion of Savatage, guitarist Al Pitrelli revealed that Jon Oliva "is always working on new music, constantly sending [him] new songs and new ideas", and added, "We always talk about doing something, I would like more than ever to get the band back together and back on tour." Pitrelli also stated that there has not yet been any discussion of a tour with the agents or promoters, and concluded, "What I do know is that we all talk about it often, particularly now that we have a lot of time to talk. The conversation is still open, I spoke to Chris Caffery...Jeff Plate, Johnny Lee, we all talk about it all the time, it's just a matter of saying, 'Okay, let's leave this pandemic behind and focus on the important things in life!'"

In December 2020 interview with Brave Words, guitarist Chris Caffery hinted at Savatage releasing a new album in 2022. When asked about the possibility of the band carrying on without their late friend and producer Paul O'Neill, he said, "I mean we've been speaking about it for the last 20 years now, since the last record. It's always able to happen and something else stops it - you've got Haley's Comet coming around once in a while, and every hundred years you have a pandemic, and once every 20 years there's a Savatage record. It will be 20 years in 2022 so maybe that's when it will show up. I'm kind of hopeful that it does, I know I've done a lot of writing, and Jon has, and Al always has a lot of music, so we could make a record. Things would never be exactly the same without Paul, but they were never exactly the same without Criss Oliva either, but we still managed to do Dead Winter Dead and Wake of Magellan and Poets and Madmen." Caffrey also offered an update on the state of Jon Oliva's health, saying, "He's doing much better, because a couple of years ago he had a bit of an incident. So he hit a bump in the road with something inside of him. I see the masked mountain king every day and probably the last four five years he's looked the best he has to me."

In February 2021, Savatage announced that their first album Sirens and the EP The Dungeons Are Calling were released to streaming platforms in the US for the first time. In a statement issued by the band, they wrote, "This is just the start of many new exciting things we have in store for you this year"; this had led to speculation that there would be Savatage-related activities in 2021.

After months of rumors that a reunion and new album from Savatage were planned, vocalist Jon Oliva confirmed in a March 2021 interview with "80's Glam Metalcast" that he, Caffery and Pitrelli had indeed been working on new material together: "Since [Savatage's] Wacken [reunion] show in 2015, Chris Caffery, me and Al Pitrelli, we've been trading song ideas for a possible Savatage thing over the phone. I go, 'Hey, this is great. This is great. This is cool.' But I've been writing Savatage material since 2003, and I could do a quadruple double album, if I wanted to. So, yeah, we're trading off things, and we're looking at that." As for a possibility of a full-time reunion, Oliva stated that he would "love" to do it, adding that "it's very possible": "If it's gonna happen, we'll make an official announcement, but we have been working together, just because with the pandemic and all that, we're bored; there's nothing to do. So we've been trading ideas through e-mails and on the phone. Me and Al wrote three or four things together. Me and Chris Caffery have worked on a few things together. What else are we gonna do? There's nothing to do. So, yeah, we'll see what happens." In June 2021, Oliva reiterated that he has enough material for three new Savatage albums and all the band members "would all love" to work on new material, but added that "there's no deal with a record company to do it" and there are currently no plans to go into the studio.

In a December 2021, Caffery offered an update on new possible music from Savatage to That Metal Interview: "We've been writing and talking about it now. It's the first time in a long time where I actually have been trading riffs and songs with Jon over the phone, and I have some really cool things. I have this one song that I wrote that he really likes and it's kind of one that I think would be a good lead-off track for Savatage. [We're] just calling it 'The Dungeous Are Calling Again' and it's a really, really, really cool metal song. We'll see what happens. I know a lot of people would like to see a new Savatage record. I think the cards are lining up. Whether or not it's gonna fall into place, we'll find out. I always tend to stay really positive and optimistic about it — I have for 20 years. So hopefully it does wind up happening. We're not getting any younger."

In April 2023, Jon Oliva confirmed to Rock Hard magazine that Savatage would reconvene in June to begin recording their first studio album in more than two decades, to which he said will "probably be the last album [they] ever do" and revealed Curtain Call as its working title. Oliva confirmed that the lineup of the new album would include all members of the Dead Winter Dead lineup (including his replacement Zak Stevens) as well as contributions by original drummer Steve Wacholz, and added that he wanted to have it released on what would have been his late brother Criss' 61st birthday in 2024. Jon revealed in a September 2023 interview that work on the new Savatage album had come to halt, due to his fractured spine, and the band expects to resume work on it in early 2024: "I slipped on a wet marble floor and I fractured my T7 vertebra. It is very painful; I'm actually in a lot of pain right now. I have to wear this kind of like a harness vest support thing for four months."

Musical style

Savatage and its former variations started out as a heavy metal band, incorporating Jon Oliva's powerful, sometimes screamed vocals accompanied by Criss Oliva's heavy guitar riffs and fast, melodic solos. When bassist Johnny Lee Middleton joined in 1986, the band took a step in the direction of radio-friendly hard rock due to label pressure, but to no success.

In 1987, producer Paul O'Neill was brought in and added symphonic elements to the band's sound, making Hall of the Mountain King the band's first progressive metal album. Around this time, vocalist Jon Oliva also started focusing more on keyboards and piano. The band's 1991 effort Streets: A Rock Opera was, as its name implies, a rock opera, the first of many to follow.

After the departure of lead vocalist Jon Oliva, his replacement Zachary Stevens brought in a very different vocal sound. The band continued on the progressive metal/hard rock path, and when Jon Oliva rejoined the band, albums would often feature a few songs with him on lead vocals.

One of the band's trademarks, especially in the band's later years, were the counterpoint and harmony vocals. In Savatage's early years, guitarist Criss Oliva would sometimes provide backing vocals, but this decreased dramatically over the years so he could focus on guitar playing. The band's 1994 album Handful of Rain saw the introduction of counterpoint vocals with the song "Chance", and the subsequent albums had some of these incorporated as well. In the studio, Stevens' vocals would be layered on top of each other, but live Jon Oliva, Chris Caffery, Al Pitrelli and Johnny Lee Middleton would all also perform vocals.

Savatage's main influences include Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, AC/DC, Van Halen, Rainbow, UFO, The Beatles,   Rush, The Who, Metallica, Pink Floyd, Queen, Motörhead, Scorpions, Accept, Saxon and Jethro Tull. The band has been cited as an influence or inspiration to numerous bands, including The Smashing Pumpkins, Pantera, Testament, Death, Morbid Angel, Obituary, and Artillery.

In popular culture
The song "Hall of the Mountain King" from the album of the same name was used in the video game Brütal Legend.

Gutter Ballet was an unpublished Broadway project Paul O'Neill wrote back in 1979. In 1989, Savatage already used this title for their previous album but decided to focus their next release, Streets: A Rock Opera, on it. Trans-Siberian Orchestra reprised, in recent years, the idea to release a Gutter Ballet musical close to O'Neill original script featuring Savatage's music as well.

German power metal band Powerwolf covered "Edge of Thorns" on their 2015 Blessed & Possessed deluxe edition.

The song "Christmas Eve (Sarajevo 12/24)" from the album Dead Winter Dead was used in The Office in season 8 episode 10 "Christmas Wishes".

Band members

Current members
 Jon Oliva – keyboards , lead vocals , backing vocals , guitar , bass , drums
 Johnny Lee Middleton – bass guitar, backing vocals (1986–2002, 2014–2015, 2023–present)
 Chris Caffery – guitar, backing vocals (1987–1988, 1989–1990, 1995–2002, 2014–2015, 2023–present), keyboards (1987–1988, 1989–1990)
 Zachary Stevens – lead vocals (1992–2000, 2014–2015, 2023–present)
 Jeff Plate – drums (1994–2002, 2014–2015, 2023–present)
 Al Pitrelli – guitar, backing vocals (1995–1999, 2002, 2014–2015, 2023–present)

Discography

 Sirens (1983)
 Power of the Night (1985)
 Fight for the Rock (1986)
 Hall of the Mountain King (1987)
 Gutter Ballet (1989)
 Streets: A Rock Opera (1991)
 Edge of Thorns (1993)
 Handful of Rain (1994)
 Dead Winter Dead (1995)
 The Wake of Magellan (1997)
 Poets and Madmen (2001)
 Curtain Call (2024)

References

External links
 Official website

American musical sextets
American power metal musical groups
American progressive metal musical groups
American symphonic metal musical groups
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Atlantic Records artists
Heavy metal musical groups from Florida
Musical groups established in 1979
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups reestablished in 2014
Nuclear Blast artists

Savatage


Sofular, Karabük ilinin Eskipazar ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1896 yılı kayıtlarında Sofiler olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 65 km, Eskipazar ilçe merkezine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eskipazar belde ve köyleri

Sofular, Eskipazar


O American Champion 8KCAB Decathlon e Super Decathlon são uma série de aviões leves com trem de pouso convencional de dois assentos, projetados para treinamento de voo, uso pessoal e capazes de suportar tensões acrobáticas entre + 6g e −5g.

O Decathlon entrou em produção nos Estados Unidos em 1970 como um complemento mais poderoso e forte para a linha de aeronaves "Citabria" ("Airbatic" lido ao contrário), da American Champion.

O Decathlon foi projetado pela Champion Aircraft Corporation e é um derivado do Citabrias série 7 produzidos nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Embora os projetos do Citabria continuassem sendo bem-sucedidos e a introdução da variante 7KCAB do Citabria tenha adicionado capacidade limitada de vôo invertido, o Citabria não é capaz de manobras "externas", que exigem cargas significativas de g negativo. Os pilotos queriam uma aeronave capaz de mais manobras, e a Champion introduziu o 8KCAB Decathlon em resposta a essa demanda. O nome "Decathlon" deriva das suas múltiplas capacidades: spin confiável, treinador acrobático, bom desempenho em voos "cross-country", voo divertido, e a conhecida estabilidade em voo dos modelos de trem de pouso convencional.

Desenvolvimento
O Decathlon entrou em produção na Champion em 1972, imediatamente antes da empresa ser adquirida pela Bellanca Aircraft Corporation, então apenas alguns foram produzidos pela Champion. A Bellanca continuou a produção do Decathlon ao longo da década de 1970, mudando para a variante Super Decathlon em 1976. A Bellanca construiu mais de 600 unidades do projeto 8KCAB, até que faliu em 1980, uma tentativa foi feita para reviver a linha em 1984, mas o momento não era o correto e a produção parou novamente. A American Champion obteve o certificado de tipo em 1988 e iniciou a produção em 1990.

O projeto do Decathlon passou pelas mãos de várias empresas ao longo da década de 1980, incluindo uma "Champion Aircraft Company" do Texas que não tinha nenhuma relação com a "Champion Aircraft" da década de 1960, mas nenhum Decathlon foi construído naquele período. A American Champion Aircraft Corporation adquiriu o projeto Decathlon, junto com o 8GCBC Scout e o grupo de variantes Citabria e Champ com estrutura toda metálica, em 1990, trazendo a versão Super Decathlon de volta à produção naquele mesmo ano, se mantendo desde então. O "Aircraft Bluebook" de outono de 2020 listou o preço de um Super Decathlon de 2018 em torno de US$ 245.000.

Projeto
O Decathlon traça sua linhagem até o Aeronca Champ, por meio do Citabria. Como o Citabria, o Decathlon possui assentos em tandem e controles de alavanca central. Sua fuselagem é construída com tubos de metal soldados. O interior da aeronave é criado por uma combinação de formas e longarinas de madeira, revestidas com tecido. A seção transversal da treliça de metal da fuselagem é triangular, uma característica do projeto que pode ser rastreada até o projeto mais antigo do Aeronca C-2 no final dos anos 1920.

As asas reforçadas do Decathlon são, como as superfícies da fuselagem e da cauda, cobertas por tecido, usando reforços de alumínio. As asas dos Decathlon, da Champion e da Bellanca foram construídas com hastes de madeira. A American Champion tem usado longarinas de alumínio nas aeronaves que produziu e disponibilizou longarinas das asas para instalação e substituição das de madeira em aeronaves mais antigas. Em comparação com a envergadura do Citabria de 33,5 pés (10,2 m), a envergadura do Decathlon é menor, com 32 pés (9,8 m). Um dos principais desenvolvimentos do 8KCAB Decathlon sobre o 7KCAB Citabria é a asa do Decathlon, que emprega um aerofólio semi-simétrico, em oposição ao aerofólio de fundo plano do Citabria. Essa mudança dá ao Decathlon melhores capacidades de vôo invertido e manobra com G negativo.

O trem de pouso do Decathlon é um arranjo convencional. As pernas do trem de pouso principal da maioria dos Decathlons são feitas de feixe de mola de aço, embora a American Champion tenha começado a usar pernas de trem de pouso de alumínio em 2004.

Como o 7KCAB, o motor do 8KCAB possui um sistema de injeção de combustível, ao invés de um carburador. Para facilitar o voo com g negativo, o sistema de combustível incorpora um tanque superior de 1,5 galão abaixo do painel de instrumentos e o motor é equipado com um sistema de lubrificação de óleo invertido da Christen Industries.

A Champion e a Bellanca construíram o Decathlon com muitas variantes do motor Lycoming IO-320, todas de 150 cavalos (110 kW), e com a opção de hélice de passo fixo ou velocidade constante. A principal melhoria na introdução do Super Decathlon pela Bellanca foi a mudança do motor para o Lycoming AEIO-360-H1A ou –H1B, ambos de 180 cavalos (130 kW), que foi acompanhado por uma seleção de hélices de velocidade constante de material compósito.

Histórico operacional
Embora o Decathlon tenha deixado de ser produzido dentro de uma década de sua introdução, isso não foi devido a qualquer falha no design, mas sim à queda na aviação geral nos Estados Unidos no final dos anos 1970 e início dos anos 1980. Desde a sua reintrodução, o Super Decathlon tem vendido continuamente. Decatlons e Super Decatlons permanecem populares como treinadores acrobáticos, como aeronaves acrobáticas iniciais e intermediárias e como aeronaves pessoais.

Pessoas famosas
Steve Fossett estava voando em um Super Decathlon construído pela Bellanca quando desapareceu em 3 de setembro de 2007. Ele decolou de uma pista de pouso no "Flying-M Ranch" de William Barron Hilton, cerca de 70 milhas (110 km) a sudeste de Reno, Nevada. Restos do avião foram encontrados 13 meses depois, perto da cidade de Mammoth Lakes, Califórnia, ao sul da área de pesquisa original.

James May, um apresentador do "The Grand Tour", possuía um 8KCAB Decathlon com o registro "G-OCOK", em referência a sua frase de efeito na série de televisão "Top Gear".

Variantes
Champion Model 8KCAB Decathlon
Designação original.
Bellanca Decathlon
Aeronave leve de cabine fechada de dois assentos, movida por um motor a pistão Lycoming AEIO-320-E1B de 112 kW (150 hp).
Bellanca Decathlon CS
Aeronave leve de cabine fechada de dois assentos, movida por um motor a pistão Lycoming AEIO-320-E1B de 112 kW (150 hp), equipado com uma hélice de velocidade constante.
Bellanca Super Decathlon
Aeronave leve de cabine fechada de dois assentos, movida por um motor a pistão Lycoming AEIO-360-H1A ou -H1B de 134 kW (180 hp), equipado com uma hélice de velocidade constante.
American Champion Xtreme
Modelo lançado em 2012, movido por um motor Lycoming AEIO-390-A1B6 de 210 hp (157 kW) e uma hélice da MT-Propeller de 76 pol. (1,9 m). Este modelo também reprojetou as pernas do trem de pouso principal mais longas para acomodar a hélice mais longa, um novo plano de cauda da seção do aerofólio com área 10% maior, pontas das asas cortadas e maior eficácia do aileron.

Ver também
Desenvolvimento relacionado
 American Champion Citabria
 American Champion Scout

Bibliografia

 Type certificate data sheet no. A21CE.  Revision 13.  (Oct. 14, 2004.)  Department of Transportation.  Federal Aviation Administration.

Ligações externas

 Flight test: American Champion Xtreme Decathlon
 Aircraft Specs - 8KCAB Super Decathlon
 , vídeo

Aviões produzidos nos Estados Unidos
Aviões monomotor
Aviões monoplanos
Aeronaves acrobáticas

American Champion Decathlon


Melahat Özgü (d. 1906), tiyatro araştırmacısı, çevirmen, öğretim üyesi.

Yaşamı
İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. Berlin ve Bonn Üniversitelerinde burslu olarak Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı, sanat tarihi, tiyatro, düşün ve eğitimbilim öğrenimi gördü. 1934'te Ankara Kız Lisesi'ne Almanca öğretmeni olarak atandı. 1935'te kurulan Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi'nin Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı kürsüsüne atanarak, orada öğretim üyesi olarak görev yapmaya başladı. 1955'te Türk-Alman Kültür İşleri Kurulu, onu Shiller Madalyası'na layık gördü. 1964'te aynı fakültede, daha sonra DTCF Tiyatro Bölümüne dönüşecek olan Tiyatro Kürsüsü'nü ve kürsünün de içinde bulunduğu Tiyatro Araştırmaları Enstitüsü'nü kurdu.

Türkçeye çevirdiği eserler
 Define (Lessing)
 İnsanın Estetik Eğitimi Üzerine Bir Dizi Mektup (Schiller)
 Rose Bernd (Hauptmann)
 Genç Bir Şaire Mektuplar (Rainer Maria Rilke)
 Sanatta Yaratıcılığın Sırrı (Stefan Zweig)

20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Türk çevirmenler
1906 doğumlular
Almancadan Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
İstanbul doğumlu çevirmenler

Melahat Özgü


كوشا هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى نجد عكار.

تبعد كوش حوالي 118 كلم (73.3252 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع حوالي 150 م (492.15 قدم - 164.04 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة تُقدَّر بـ 484 هكتاراً (4.84 كلم²- 1.86824 مي²).

تقع على ضفاف نهر كوشا الاسطواني تمتد القرية إلى اعلى جبل قتة وتعد من أجمل القرى في عكار حتى ان بعضهم يستدل إلى القرى المجاورة من خلال تسميتها. يعود اسم كوشا إلى الحضارة الكوشية واسم ملكها كوش أحد الملوك البزنطية والذي لا تزال اثار حضارتهم مدفونة في ارجاء البلدة

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عكار
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
الشفت
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
قرى لبنان

كوشا


An Oncidium tsubotae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Willibald Königer. An Oncidium tsubotae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oncidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oncidium

Oncidium tsubotae


مركز الخطيم هو أحد المراكز التابعة لمنطقة القصيم، ويقع إلى الغرب منها.

التاريخ

مركز الخطيم يمتاز بطبيعته الجبلية والصحراوية، حيث يقع بالقرب منه من ناحية الغرب جبل بدن الشهير ويقع بالشمال الغربي منه جبل طمية وقطن، ويبعدان عنه حوالي 60 كلم. أما جبل بدن فيبعد عنه حوالي ثلاثة كلم. كما يقع إلى الشرق منه سلسة جبال آبان وتبعد عنه حوالي 40 كلم. وبالقرب منه يقع نفود العريق.
بالنظر إلى الأودية التي تقع بالقرب منه، فيقع في شماله وادي الرمة، ووادي الجرير أو «الجريب» الذي ذكر في العديد من قصائد العرب قبل وبعد الإسلام، وقد ذكر أن اسم الخطيم في القديم ديار جفر الشحم.
أما الآن فهو مركز تابع لمنطقة القصيم وفيه عدد من الدوائر الحكومية، وسكانه هم جماعة من البدارين من بني عمرو من حرب.

الموقع الجغرافي

يقع غرب منطقة القصيم ويبعد عن مدينة بريدة 168كم، وعن محافظة عقلة الصقور 90كم، وعن محافظة النبهانية 77 كم.

السكان

يبلغ عدد سكان مركز الخطبم 1500 نسمة.

المناخ

المناخ قاري صحراوي، حار جاف صيفًا بارد مُمطر شتاء، وتبلغ درجة الحرارة صيفًا 45°م، وفي الشتاء تصل 33- ما دون الصفر.

مراجع

مراكز محافظة النبهانية

الخطيم


Skarnes est le centre administratif de la municipalité de Sør-Odal dans le comté d'Innlandet, en Norvège. Le village se trouve le long de la rivière Glomma, à mi-chemin entre les villages de Disenå et Sander. La nouvelle mairie de Sør-Odal est située dans le village. La construction a été achevée en 2010.

La ligne de chemin de fer Kongsvingerbanen traverse le village, s'arrêtant à la gare de Skarnes qui a ouvert ses portes en 1862. La route européenne 16 traverse le village. L'église d'Oppstad est située à environ 4 km au nord du village.

Le village de 2,43 km2 a une population (en 2021) de 2 557 habitants et une densité de population de 1,054 habitants / km2.

Emplacement
Le village se compose de trois parties, le Skarnes "original" était situé sur la rive sud de la rivière Glomma près du pont. La zone appelée Tronbøl est située au sud de la zone du village d'origine, du même côté de la rivière. La troisième partie du village est Korsmo et elle est située du côté nord-ouest de la rivière, de l'autre côté de la rivière depuis le reste du village.

Personnes notables

 Charles Berstad (né en 1964), joueur de football
 Magnus Gullerud (né en 1991), handballeur
 Kent Håvard Eriksen (né en 1991), joueur de football
 Kare Tveter (1922–2012), peintre
 Øystein Sunde (né en 1947), musicien
 Hanne Tveter (née en 1974), chanteuse de jazz
 Elias Akselsen (né en 1947), chanteur
 Veronica Akselsen (née en 1986), chanteuse

Références

Commune dans le comté d'Innlandet

Skarnes


Dream Harder is the sixth studio album by the Waterboys, released by Geffen Records on 24 May 1993. Led by Scottish singer-songwriter-instrumentalist Mike Scott, the album features none of the earlier UK-based band members and instead finds Scott backed by American session musicians. It was the last Waterboys album before Scott spent seven years pursuing a formal solo career, with Bring 'Em All In (1995) and Still Burning (1997). The album reached position 171 on the Billboard Top 200 charts, surpassing the previous Waterboys album Room to Roam, in spite of a less-than-enthusiastic response from critics to the album's sound.

The album art was provided by the photography of Michael Halsband and John Hardin and the painting of Pal Shazar, under the direction of Frank Olinsky and Tom Zutaut.

Dream Harder was a return to a rock, or even hard rock, sound after the traditional Celtic-influenced preceding two albums. It did, however, continue the Waterboys' tradition of arranging a William Butler Yeats poem, in this case "Love And Death".  "The Return of Pan" is the Waterboys' second ode to the Greek deity, and the album contains a number of references to the romantic Neopaganism of Dion Fortune and the mystical Christianity of C. S. Lewis, as well as a tribute to guitarist Jimi Hendrix.

Background
Shortly before the release of the Waterboys' fifth studio album, Room to Roam, Mike Scott and his long-time band member Anthony Thistlethwaite decided they wanted to change the band's musical direction by returning to their rock-orientated sound. As a result, the "Magnificent Seven" line-up parted ways before the album's tour and a new four-piece version of the band toured with a rock-dominated sound. Scott then looked for fresh inspiration by relocating from Ireland to Greenwich Village, New York, in September 1991. While most of the songs which appeared on Dream Harder were written when Scott was still living in Ireland, work on recording the album did not begin until January 1992, after Scott had signed a new record deal with Geffen Records. The label's A&R man suggested that Scott collaborate with producer Bill Price and they produced Dream Harder together. Scott told Melody Maker in 1993, "Geffen knew I wanted to do a gung-ho rock 'n' roll album and they suggested him. I like Bill, the decision made itself." He went on to summarise the material on Dream Harder, "The record reflects what I was going through in 1991. My life was changing in a lot of ways, and that's what I started writing about."

Songs
"The New Life", one of many Scott songs which are both optimistic and touch upon spirituality, was written during April 1991 on the same night that he returned to Ireland from a three-week holiday in the Caribbean. Scott recalled, "I'd been drinking very heavily for a while, and my wife packed me off on holiday and I stopped drinking. When I came back I felt great, like I was back in control of my own life, and that night I wrote 'The New Life'." The lyrics of the song were influenced by the changes in Scott's life at the time, such as the break-up of the "Magnificent Seven" line-up, the end of his record deal with Chrysalis and the decision to leave Ireland. The song contains a phrase "Are you under the mercy?", which Scott explains as "a phrase I nicked from a Christian fan who wrote me a letter and signed off with "under the mercy", which I took to mean (and this is what I intended in the song) "under the mercy of spirit/the sacred/the presence of love"  – though Christians would say under the mercy of Christ".

"Glastonbury Song" was released as the album's second single, backed by the songs "Chalice Hill", "Burlington Bertie And Accrington Stanley", and "Corn Circle Symphony". Scott, discussing the song in 2003, described the song as "one of the most commercial, radio-friendly songs musically that I've ever produced", and ascribes its lack of success to its theme, "..the chorus is 'I just found God where He always was'... In many countries it was successful, but in Britain, they wouldn't play it because of the chorus.". James Heflin, the interviewer, notes that the song reached the Top 30 in the UK and was performed live on Top of the Pops broadcast on the BBC. The song was covered by Italian singer-songwriter Samuele Bersani, with new Italian lyrics, released under the title of "Cosa vuoi da me" (What do you want from me?) and included on his 1994 album Freak and released as a single a year later.

"The Return of Pan" was released as the album's first single, with the songs "Karma" (also the name of one of Scott's earlier musical projects), "Mister Powers" and an untitled track. "The Return of Pan"'s lyrics recount an episode from Plutarch's "The Obsolescence of Oracles". Plutarch writes that, during the reign of Tiberius, a sailor named Thamus heard the following shouted to him from land; "Thamus, are you there? When you reach Palodes, take care to proclaim that the great god Pan is dead." After retelling the story, the singer of "The Return of Pan" insists that "The Great God Pan is alive!". The single charted at position twenty-four on the UK singles chart May 1993.

Scott has described "Corn Circles" as "kind of a mischievous song" and told the NME in 1993, "I don't know what the corn circles are. I'm just singing a song about them. They're a great modern mysterly and they enchant me." "Love and Death" is a poem by William Butler Yeats. It first appeared in the 1885 Dublin University Review. Scott told Melody Maker, "I sat at the piano and the tune just came to me. The poem's so obscure that when we sent a tape to the Yeats Estate in Ireland for their approval, they couldn't find it in their files." "The Return of Jimi Hendrix" was inspired by a dream Scott had while he was visiting New York with his wife in 1991, prior to moving there. Scott recalled, "I'd been at a friend's house watching videos of Jimi, that's when I got turned on to him. I'd always liked him but he'd never been my main man. I watched these videos and was blown away. That night I had a dream and I just woke up and wrote it down. It was this incredible vision of all these modern-day characters in New York being freaked out by Jimi's whammy-bar."

Critical reception

Upon its release, Mat Smith of Melody Maker praised "Dream Harder" as a "truly momumental return to form" and a "psyche-altering explosion of spiritual fireworks". As a return to the band's original rock-based sound, Smith described it as "the album Waterboys fans have waited nearly eight years for" and noted that the guitars, "electric at last!", "scream like a resurrectional chcoir beckoning [Scott] back through the paradisal gates". At the end of the year, Melody Maker placed the album at number 38 on their top 40 "albums of the year" list. Neil Spencer of The Observer considered the album to have a sound "dominated by fretboard-throttling rock guitar". He added, "While more appealing to a US audience, the new sound sits oddly with Scott's pagan concerns, but Scott's enthusiasm for thundering tunes and offbeat themes is infectious."

Robin Denselow of The Guardian felt that despite its "New Yorkised production sheen", the album is "still Scott-as-hippie-gypsy", with most of the songs having a "starchild vein" and a "run-reading ambience". Stuart Bailie of the NME described the album as "some party" but not "unconditionally great". He wrote, "The problem with any party like Dream Harder is that you've got to bring along an open mind. You've got to accept the premise that Mike Scott has some kind of a vision, and allow him to tell you about it." He praised "half a dozen" of the songs as "stupendous", including "Glastonbury Song" and "Preparing to Fly", but was a little more critical of some others, such as the Marillion-sounding "Love and Death", "Corn Circles", which he felt is "a bit silly in the wake of three magical songs", and "Spiritual City", which "comes across like Neil from The Young Ones doing 'Hole in My Shoe'."

In the US, John Swenson of Rolling Stone felt Dream Harder was the band's "most fully realized album" at the time. Troy J. Augusto of Cash Box selected Dream Harder as his "Pick of the Week" in June 1993. He believed Scott sounded "more confident and emotive than ever", with the album containing a "bold new edge" and "no filler". Jim Farber of Entertainment Weekly described it as "straight-on rock" and added, "Moments entice, but mostly Dream Harder shows what could've happened to U2 if they never lightened up." Billboard were more mixed in their review, commenting, "Scott returns to basics with a slightly subdued recap of the style with which he rose to prominence. Problem is that his instrumental foils are largely undistinguished, and sidesteps into folk, middle Eastern and mild reggae don't display much punch." In a retrospective review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic considered the album to be a return to the "big rock sound of earlier albums like This is the Sea" but felt the material did not "carry the same weight" as that on the band's previous two albums.

Track listing

Tracks written by Mike Scott, except where noted.

 "The New Life" – 5:08
 "Glastonbury Song" – 3:43
 "Preparing to Fly" – 4:34
 "The Return of Pan" – 4:19
 "Corn Circles" – 4:05
 "Suffer" – 3:49
 "Winter Winter" – 0:33
 "Love and Death" (words: William Butler Yeats, music: Scott) – 2:44
 "Spiritual City" – 3:11
 "Wonders of Lewis" – 2:04
 "The Return of Jimi Hendrix" (words: Scott, music: Scott, Anthony Thistlethwaite, Jim Keltner) – 5:48
 "Good News" – 3:35

Personnel
 Mike Scott – guitar, percussion, rhythm guitar, keyboards, vocals
 Kenny Aaronson – bass guitar on "The New Life" and "Suffer"
 Tawatha Agee – background vocals on "Glastonbury Song"
 Laura Lee Ash – additional background vocals on "Preparing to Fly"
 Carla Azar – drums
 Chris Bruce – lead guitar, rhythm guitar
 Darwin Buschman, M.D. – additional background vocals on "Preparing to Fly"
 James Campagnola – saxophone
 Billy Connolly – voices
 Roger Greenawalt – additional background vocals on "Preparing to Fly"
 Steve Holley – drums on "Corn Circles"
 Bashiri Johnson – conga, drums, tambourine, shaker, talking drum
 Jim Keltner – drums on "The Return of Jimi Hendrix"
 Caroline Lavelle – cello on "Love and Death"
 Cindy Mizelle – background vocals on "Glastonbury Song"
 Jerry Peters – percussion
 Fiona Prendergast – additional background vocals on "Preparing to Fly"
 Thommy Price – drums on "The New Life" and "Suffer"
 Ljubisa "Lubi" Ristic – sitar
 Pal Shazar – background vocals on "Preparing to Fly"
 Jules Shear – background vocals on "Preparing to Fly"
 Brian Stanley – bass guitar on "Corn Circles"
 George Stathos – Greek clarinet
 Fonzi Thornton – background vocals on "Glastonbury Song"
 Scott Thunes – bass guitar
 Terry Wetmore – additional background vocals on "Preparing to Fly"
Technical
Bill Price, Niko Bolas – mixing

Charts

Notes and references

External links

Lyrics at mikescottwaterboys.com
Official forum Chord requests are often fulfilled at "Musician's Corner"

The Waterboys albums
1993 albums
Albums produced by Bill Price (record producer)
Geffen Records albums

Dream Harder


Župna crkva Gospe od Rožarija jest crkva u Drnišu koja je građena od 1871. do 1886. godine.

U općini Drniš  odlučeno je  izgraditi  novu i  veću crkvu 1846. godine, stoga  je poslan zahtjev tadašnjem poglavarstvu u Zadru za odobrenje gradnje. Okružno poglavarstvo odobrilo je zahtjev Drnišu i obavijestilo i državne vlasti. Ovlašten je inženjer za idejni projekt građevine. Kamen temeljac blagoslovio je župnik fra Stjepan Zlatović  21. svibnja 1871. godine.

Crkva je sagrađena u (neo)romaničkom slogu,  riječ je o trobrodnoj centralnoj građevini jednostavna uređenja.

Radovi  kreču  1878. uz pomoć češkog arhitekta Ivana Kuzela. Crkva je dobila je  novi krov 1882., bez inventara  i opreme. Crkveni odbor tražio je novčanu pomoć od austro-ugarskog cara Franje Josipa. Franjo  Josip za  kupnju oltara donira  iz svoje riznice 300 kruna. U srpnju 1884. ugrađen je oltar. Crkva se boji 1885. godine, da bi  9. svibnja 1886. šibenski biskup održao je blagoslov župne crkve. Župljani  formiraju  pjevački zbor 1892. i  nabavljaju  orgulje 1897.  1932.  godine je  počelo  oslikavanje unutrašnjosti Crkve uz pomoć akademskog slikara iz Livna, Vladimira Marjanovića.

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Drniš

Crkva Gospe od Ružarija u Drnišu


Tour de France 2017 er den 104. udgave af cykelløbet Tour de France, en af cykelsportens Grand Tours. Løbet vil starte i Düsseldorf, Tyskland, den 1. juli. Løbet vil slutte på Champs-Élysées i Paris den 23. juli.

Klassementer

1. etape
1. juli 2017 — Düsseldorf til Düsseldorf 14 km enkeltstart (ITT)

Udgået: Alejandro Valverde, Ion Izaguirre, begge pga. styrt.

2. etape
2. juli 2017 — Düsseldorf til Liège 203,5 km

Udgået: Luke Durbrigde pga. styrt på 1. etape.

3. etape
3. juli 2017 — Verviers til Longwy 212,5 km

4. etape
4. juli 2017 — Mondorf-les-Bains til Vittel  207,5 km

Udgået: Peter Sagan, diskvalificeret pga. usportslig opførsel i målspurten.

5. etape
5. juli 2017 — Vittel til La Planche des Belles Filles 160,5 km

Udgået: Mark Cavendish, stiller ikke til start pga. styrt på 4. etape.

6. etape
6. juli 2017 — Vesoul til Troyes 216 km
Med 81 km til mål passerer feltet Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, Charles de Gaulles private bopæl. I 1960 gjorde feltet holdt, således at den gule trøje (Gastone Nencini) kunne trykke hånd med præsidenten.

7. etape
7. juli 2017 — Troyes til Nuits-Saint-Georges 213,5 km

8. etape
8. juli 2017 — Dole til Station des Rousses 187,5 km

9. etape
9. juli 2017 — Nantua til Chambéry 181,5 km

Udgåede: Geraint Thomas, Richie Porte, Manuele Mori, Robert Gesink og Jos van Emden, alle pga. styrt. Desuden Arnaud Démare, Mickaël Delage, Jacopo Guarnieri, Ignatas Konovalovas, Mark Renshaw, Matteo Trentin, nåede ikke tidsgrænsen.

1. hviledag
10. juli 2017 — Dordogne

10. etape
11. juli 2017 — Périgueux til Bergerac 178 km

Udgået: Rafal Majka, trak sig under hviledagen, pga. styrt på 9. etape, og stillede således ikke til start.

11. etape
12. juli 2017 — Eymet til Pau 203,5 km

Udgået: Dario Cataldo, pga. styrt.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Tour de France 2017

1. til 11. etape af Tour de France 2017


Andreas Peter Vilhelm Gregersen (født 17. marts 1848 i Flensborg, død 16. januar 1929 i Gjerrild), var en dansk præst og salmedigter.

Vilhelm Gregersen var sognepræst i Hornslet 1887-1918. Af hans salmer og sange kendes særligt adventsangen Der er noget i luften, der er skrevet i Hornslet præstegård, der lå, hvor der nu er p-plads. Sangen udkom som nodeblad i 1900, men blev offentliggjort i bredere sammenhæng i Gregersens digtsamling Vintergæk i 1911.

Vilhelm Gregersen er repræsenteret med to salmer i Den Danske Salmebog, nr. 372 og nr. 374.

Kilder
Den Danske Salmebog Online - Biografi

Eksterne henvisninger

 Vilhelm Gregersen på Dansk Forfatterleksikon

Præster fra Danmark
Salmedigtere fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)

Vilhelm Gregersen


, Libussa sau, din punct de vedere istoric Lubossa, este o strămoașă legendară a dinastiei Přemyslid și a poporului ceh. Potrivit legendei, ea a fost cea mai tânără și mai înțeleaptă dintre cele trei surori și a devenit regină după ce tatăl lor a murit; ea s-a căsătorit cu un plugar, Přemysl, împreună cu care a fondat dinastia Přemyslid, a făcut proorocii și a fondat orașul Praga în secolul al VIII-lea.

Legendă

Potrivit legendelor, Libuše ar fi fost fiica cea mai mică a conducătorului mitic ceh Krok. Legenda spune că ea a fost cea mai înțeleaptă dintre cele trei surori, și în timp ce sora ei Kazi avea darul vindecării și Teta se pricepea la magie, ea avea darul de a vedea viitorul și a fost aleasă de tatăl ei ca succesoare pentru a conduce poporul. Conform legendelor, ea a proorocit din castelul ei de la Libušín, deși mai târziu legendele spun că acesta era castelul Vyšehrad.

Legenda spune că Libuše a urcat pe o stâncă înaltă aflată deasupra Vltavei și a profețit: "văd un mare oraș a cărui glorie va ajunge la stele". Pe acel loc ea a poruncit să se construiască un castel și un oraș numit Praga.

Deși s-a dovedit o conducătoare înțeleaptă, bărbații tribului au fost nemulțumiți că sunt conduși de o femeie și i-au cerut să se căsătorească, dar ea s-a îndrăgostit de un plugar pe nume Přemysl. Ea a relatat, prin urmare, o viziune în care a văzut un fermier cu o sandală ruptă ce ara un câmp, sau în alte versiuni ale legendei, mâncând de pe o masă din fier. Ea i-a instruit pe curteni să-l caute pe acest om, lăsând un cal liber la o intersecție; ei l-au urmat în satul Stadice și l-au găsit pe Přemysl exact așa cum a spus ea (fie arând un câmp, fie folosind un plug de fier pe post de masă). Cei doi aristocrați l-au găsit pe Přemysl și l-au adus la palatul domnesc, unde Libuše s-a căsătorit cu el, iar Přemysl Plugarul, a devenit, astfel, conducător. Cei doi au avut trei fii: Radobyl, Lidomir, și Nezamysl, care au continuat dinastia Přemyslid în Cehia.

După o altă legendă, ea a poruncit curtenilor să întemeieze un oraș în locul unde au găsit un bărbat ce realiza cea mai bună utilizare a dinților săi în miezul zilei. Ei au pornit, iar la amiază au găsit un om ce tăia o bucată de lemn (folosind dinții fierăstrăului său) când toată lumea mânca; când l-au întrebat ce făcea, el a răspuns: "Prah" (care în limba cehă înseamnă "prag"), așa că Libuše a numit orașul Praga (în ).

Arte

Povestea lui Libuše și Přemysl a fost relatată în detaliu în secolul al XII-lea de către Cosma din Praga în Chronica Boëmorum.

O altă relatere timpurie apare în cronica Historia regni Bohemiae (1552) a lui Jan Dubravius, iar Johann Karl August Musäus s-a inspirat din ea și din Cardinalis de Bohemarum Origine ac Gestis Historia a lui Aeneas Silvius în scrierea unei versiuni proprii a legendei cu titlul "Libussa", pe care a inclus-o în Volksmärchen der Deutschen (1782-1786).

Figura mitică a Libušei a reprezentat o sursă de inspirație pentru mai multe lucrări dramatice, inclusiv Libussa, o tragedie de Franz Grillparzer, Libuše, o operă a lui Bedřich Smetana și Pole a palisáda, un roman de Miloš Urban. Ea apare, de asemenea, ca personaj în piesa Rudolf al II-lea a lui Edward Einhorn.

În 2009, o versiune cinematografică americano-cehă a poveștii lui Libuše și Přemysl a fost lansată sub numele Pagan Queen.

Referințe

Legături externe

Cultura Cehiei
Eponime ale asteroizilor

Libuše


دولة فاشلة هي دولة ذات حكومة مركزية ضعيفة أو غير فعالة حتى أنها لا تملك إلا القليل من السيطرة على جزء كبير من أراضيها. مستوى الرقابة اللازمة لتفادي التي يجري النظر فيها لدولة على أنها دولة فاشلة مختلف عليه. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن إعلان أن دولة ما قد «فشلت» هو موضوع جدل عموماً، وعندما يتم رسمياً، قد يحمل عواقب سياسية كبيرة.

مفهوم المصطلح

تصبح الدولة فاشلة إذا ظهر عليها عددٌ من الأعراض أولها أن تفقد السلطة القائمة قدرتها على السيطرة الفعلية على أراضيها أو أن تفقد احتكارها لحق استخدام العنف المشروع في الأراضي التي تحكمها. وثانيها هو فقدانها لشرعية اتخاذ القرارات العامة وتنفيذها. وثالثها عجزها عن توفير الحد المعقول من الخدمات العامة. ورابعها عجزها عن التفاعل مع الدول الأخرى كعضو فاعل في الأسرة الدولية.

تندرج الخدمات البلدية والصحية والتعليمية ضمن قائمة الخدمات الأساسية والتوزيعية. كما تندرج مستلزمات إقامة وإدامة أسس التوافق على شرعية الدولة كراعية لمصالح جميع سكان البلاد وليس مصالح فئة أو فئات معدودة منهم. وبالمقابل لم تعد مسؤولية الدولة ولا شرعيتها محصورة خارجياً في الحصول على اعتراف الأسرة الدولية الشكلي بها. تتزايد مستلزمات ذلك الاعتراف الدولي كما تتزايد الالتزامات التي يتطلبها استمرار ذلك الاعتراف في العقديْن الماضييْن.

مؤشر الدول الفاشلة للسنوات السابقة

2015

2013
أدناه يظهر مؤشر أكبر عشرين دولة فاشلة لعام 2013 . التغيير الذي حصل مقارنة مع ترتيب سنة 2012 يظهر بين قوسين.

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2012
شملت القائمة 177 دولة، صنفت منها 33 «حالة إنذار»، 92 في «حالة تحذير»، و39 دولة «معتدلة»، و13 في حالة «مستدامة». وتظهر القائمة أدناه أسوأ 20 دولة. التغيير الذي حصل مقارنة مع ترتيب سنة 2011 يظهر مبين بين قوسين.

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2011
شملت القائمة 177 دولة، والتي صُنِّفت فيها 35 في «حالة إنذار»، و 88 في حالة «تحذير»، 40 «معتدلة»، 11 «مقبولة»، ويظهر أدناه أسوأ 20 دولة، ويظهر التغيير في الترتيب بدءا من عام 2010 بين قوسين. كان هناك تعادل بين ميانمار وغينيا بيساو عن 18.
. [34]

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2010
شملت 177 دولة في القائمة، وتم تصنيف 37 في «حالة إنذار»، و 92 في حالة «تحذير» و35 «معتدلة»، و 13 ك «مقبولة». وتظهر أدناه أسوأ 20 دولة:
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2009
شملت القائمة 177دولة، وتم تصنيف 38 في «حالة إنذار»، و 93 في «حالة تحذير»، 33 «حالة معتدلة»، و 13 ك«مقبولة». وتظهر أدناه أسوأ 20 دولة. ويظهر التغيير في ترتيب بدءا من عام 2008 بين قوسين.
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2008
شملت القائمة 177 دولة، وتم تصنيف 35 في «حالة إنذار»، و 92 ك «تحذير» و35 في «حالة معتدلة»، و 15 ك «مقبولة». وتظهر أدناه أسوأ 20 دولة. ويظهر تغيير في رتبة من عام 2007 بين قوسين.
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2007
شملت القائمة 177 دولة، وتم تصنيف 32 في«حالة إنذار»، و 97 ك «حالة تحذير»، 33 «حالة معتدلة»، و 15 ك «مقبولة». وتظهر أدناه أسوأ 20 دولة. ويظهر تغيير في رتبة من عام 2006 بين قوسين.
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2006
شملت قائمة سنة 2006 146 دولة، حيث تم تصنيف 28 ك «حالة إنذار»، و 78 في «حالة تحذير»، 27 «حالة معتدلة»، و 13 ك «مقبولة». وتظهر أدناه أسوأ 20 دولة. ويظهر تغيير في رتبة من عام 2005 بين قوسين.
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2005
كانت سنة 2005 هي السنة الأولى التي ينشر فيها صندوق السلام القائمة. وتم تحليل فيها 76 دولة، والتي وتم تصنيف 33 في «حالة إنذار»، و 43 في «حالة تحذير». وتظهر أدناه أسوأ 20 دولة.

انظر أيضًا

 دولة مسرحية
 جمهورية الشركات
 جمهورية الموز
 قائمة النزاعات المسلحة الجارية

مراجع

دول حسب قوة السلطة
دول سابقة
علاقات دولية
مستحدثات سياسية

دولة فاشلة


Astride N'Gouan (født 9. juli 1991 i Saint-Denis) er en fransk håndboldspiller der spiller for Paris 92 og for Frankrigs kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Frankrig
Håndboldspillere fra Brest Bretagne Handball
Håndboldspillere fra Metz Handball
Håndboldspillere fra Paris 92

Astride N'Gouan


Azot ya da nitrojen, simgesi N olan bir element olup atom numarası 7'dir. Renksiz, kokusuz, tatsız ve inert bir gazdır. Azot, dünya atmosferinin yaklaşık %78'ini oluşturur ve tüm canlı dokularında bulunur. Azot ayrıca, amino asit, amonyak, nitrik asit, ve siyanür gibi önemli bileşikler de oluşturur.

Tarihçe
Azotun 1772'de, onu zehirli hava veya sabit hava olarak adlandıran Daniel Rutherford tarafından resmen keşfedildiği kabul edilir. Havayı oluşturan maddelerden birinin yanma olayında yer almadığı, Rutherford tarafından biliniyordu. Azot, yaklaşık aynı tarihlerde Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, ve Joseph Priestley tarafından da araştırılmaktaydı. Antoine Lavoisier de azotu, Yunanca αζωτος (azotos) "cansız" anlamına gelen azote olarak adlandırmıştı. Azot için kullanılan diğer sözcük, nitrogène, 1790 yılında Fransız kimyager Jean Antoine Chaptal tarafından, Yunanca "sodyum karbonat" anlamına gelen nitron ile, Fransızca "üreten" anlamına gelen ve yine Yunanca kökenli gène sözcüklerinin bir araya getirilmesiyle ortaya çıktı. Bu sözcük İngilizcede kullanılır oldu ve sonraları pek çok dile girdi.

Bileşikleri orta çağlarda biliniyordu. Simyacılar, nitrik asidi aqua fortis olarak biliyorlardı. Metallerin kralı adı verilen altını çözebilen karışım olması dolayısıyla, nitrik asit ve hidroklorik asit karışımı; aqua regia (asil su) olarak biliniyordu. Azot bileşiklerinin ilk endüstriyel ve zirai kullanımı; güherçile (sodyum veya potasyum nitrat) ve kısmen de barut yapımı şeklinde oldu. Daha sonraları da gübre ve kimyasal hammadde olarak kullanıldı.

Elde edilişi
Azot endüstriyel anlamda, sıvı havanın kısmi distilasyonu ile ya da gaz halindeki havadan mekanik olarak (basınçlı ters osmoz yöntemi) elde edilir. Azot, hayvan dışkılarının, üre ve ürik asit halinde büyük kısmını oluşturur. Moleküler azot, büyük oranda Satürn'ün Ay'ı Titan'ın atmosferinde bulunur. Ayrıca, yıldızlar arası uzayda da varlığı David Knauth ve arkadaşlarının yaptığı çalışmalarla saptanmıştır.

Moleküler azot, atmosferde reaktif değildir fakat doğada, canlı organizmalar (bakteriler) tarafından biyolojik ve endüstriyel anlamda faydalı bileşiklere dönüştürülür. Endüstriyel anlamda azot ve doğalgaz, Haber prosesi ile amonyağa dönüştürülür. Amonyak da ya gübre olarak ya da patlayıcılar gibi başka maddelerin üretiminde (Ostwald prosesi ile nitrik asit üretimi) başlangıç maddesi olarak kullanılır.

Azot tuzları içinde en önemlilerinden biri potasyum nitrat (veya saltpeter: güherçile) olup tarih boyunca barut yapımında kullanılmıştır. Diğer bir tuz da amonyum nitratdır ve gübre olarak kullanılır. Diğer azotlu organik bileşikler nitrogliserin ve trinitrotoluen olup patlayıcı yapımında kullanılırlar. Nitrik asit sıvı yakıtlı füzelerde oksitleyici olarak kullanılır. Hidrazin ve türevleri füze yakıtlarında kullanılır.

Moleküler (gaz ve sıvı)
Gazı, sıvı azotun ısınarak buharlaşmaya bırakılmasıyla kolayca elde edilebilir. Çok geniş kullanım alanları olup, oksidasyonun istenmediği ortamlarda hava yerine kullanılabilir:
 paketlenmiş gıdaların tazeliğini korumak için,
 güvenlik amacıyla sıvı patlayıcıların üzerini örtmek için,
 geçirgeç (transistör), diyot ve tümleşik devre gibi elektronik bileşenlerin üretiminde,
 paslanmaz çelik üretiminde,
 inert, nemsiz ve oksitleyici olmayan özelliklerinden dolayı otomobil ve uçak tekerleklerinin dolumunda.

Endüstriyel anlamda ve büyük miktarlarda sıvılaştırılmış havadan distilasyon yoluyla üretilir ve LN2 şeklinde tanımlanırsa da doğru yazılış şekli NO2(l) dir. Dondurucu bir sıvı olup canlı dokuyla temas etmesi halinde ani donmaya neden olur. Ortam sıcaklığından uygun şekilde izole edilmesi durumunda, basınç uygulaması gerektirmeyen bir azot gazı kaynağı oluşturur. Suyun donma noktasının çok altındaki sıcaklıklarda kalabilme özelliği (77 K, -196 °C veya -320 °F), sıvı azotun çok değişik alanlarda kullanımını mümkün kılar:
 gıda ürünlerinin daldırılarak dondurulması ve taşınımı,
 canlı dokuların, üreme hücrelerinin (sperm, yumurta), ve diğer biyolojik örnek ve malzemelerin dondurularak korunması,
 bilim eğitimindeki görsel deneylerde,
 yüksek hassasiyetteki algılayıcılar ve düşük gürültü seviyeli amplifikatörlerde soğutucu olarak,
 dermatolojide. nahoş görünümlü siğil veya potansiyel kanser riski taşıyan cilt yaralarının alınmasında,
 CPU veya GPU gibi bilgisayar donanımlarının soğutma sistemlerinde soğutucu olarak.
Azot, sodyum asidin (NaN3) ve amonyum dikromatın bozunması ile saf olarak elde edilebilir:

NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2 (300 °C)

(NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O

Azot eldesinde kullanılan bir diğer yöntem ise, amonyağın kireç kaymağı ile reaksiyonudur:

2NH3 + 3Ca(OCl) → 3CaCl3 + N2 +3H2O

Tehlikeler
Azot, zehirli olmamasına rağmen, havada yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunduğunda canlılar için boğucu olabilir. Leidenfrost etkisi ile kısa bir süreliğine de olsa cilt teması, arada cildin ısısı ile buharlaşan azotla bir tür "koruma kalkanı" oluşsa bile, Sıvılaştırılmış azotla daha uzun süreli temas, soğuk yanıklarına sebep olabilir.

Otomotiv ve uçak sanayisinde kullanımı
 Günümüzde ise artık araba lastiklerini şişirmede kullanılır. Lastik şişirmekte nitrojen kullanmak havacılıkta kullanılan bir yöntem. Normal havanın içinde bulunan oksijenin meydana getirdiği korozyonu azaltmak ve yüksek sıcaklıklarda yanma riskini azaltmak için uçak lastikleri nitrojen ile şişirilir. Ancak otomobil lastiği o kadar kritik yüklere maruz kalmadığı için otomobillerde kullanmak fazla bir fayda sağlamaz.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 WebElements.com – Azot (İng.)
 It's Elemental – Azot (İng.)
 Schenectady County Community College – Azot (İng.)
 Azot, özellikleri ve kullanımı (İng.)

Ametallar
Azot grubu
Elementler

Azot


Stefan Bareła (* 24. Juni 1916 in Zapolice; † 12. Februar 1984 in Częstochowa) war Bischof von Częstochowa (Tschenstochau).

Leben
Er empfing am 25. März 1944 durch Teodor Kubina, Bischof von Częstochowa, die Priesterweihe.

Papst Johannes XXIII. ernannte ihn am 26. Oktober 1960 zum Weihbischof in Częstochowa und gleichzeitig zum Titularbischof von Hyllarima. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm am 8. Januar 1961 sein Diözesanbischof Zdzisław Goliński; Mitkonsekratoren waren Karol Józef Wojtyła, Weihbischof in Krakau, und Stanisław Czajka, Weihbischof in Częstochowa. Am 17. Januar 1964 wurde er von Papst Paul VI. zum Bischof von Częstochowa ernannt.

Er starb 1984 im Amt.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Pole
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 1984
Mann

Stefan Bareła


La chapelle Saint-Roch-et-Saint-Fiacre est un édifice religieux catholique sis à Floreffe, en province de Namur (Belgique). Construite en 1632 et agrandie au siècle suivant elle est classée au patrimoine immobilier de Wallonie.

Histoire
Au XVIe et  des épidémies de peste ravageaient fréquemment les régions de Pays-Bas méridionaux. Ce fut à nouveau le cas en 1632, dans cette partie de la principauté de Liège, à Floreffe.  C'est de cette époque que date la chapelle Saint-Roch.  La pierre de fondation, fixée aujourd'hui sur le mur latéral extérieur, en est un silencieux témoin : 'IHS/1632'.  Le cimetière où étaient enterrées les victimes de la peste se trouvait dans la vallée du Crolcul (un ruisseau, affluent de la Sambre), en contrebas de la chapelle. Sur la hauteur, - un massif rocheux au sud-est de l'abbaye de Floreffe - un sanctuaire fut construit en l'honneur de saint Roch, patron et protecteur, entre autres, des victimes de maladies contagieuses. On demande sa protection et soutien même après la mort. La chapelle se trouve sur une éminence rocheuse entre deux vallées.

Un peu plus d'un siècle plus tard, étant donné le nombre de pèlerins visitant la chapelle, elle est agrandie: on double son espace en prolongeant sa nef et un clocheton est érigé au dessus de sa façade. Cette partie est construite en pierre du pays. Du promontoire où se trouve la chapelle on peut voir l'abbaye et le bourg de Floreffe et, l'abbaye ayant des jardins proches du sanctuaire, on dédie ce dernier également à saint Fiacre, patron des jardiniers. D'où la seconde inscription que l'on peut voir sur une pierre au-dessus de la porte d'entrée : IHS/S.ROCH/ET/S.FIACRE/P.P.N./1744.

Comme partout ailleurs la période révolutionnaire française marque un temps d'arrêt aux pèlerinages et autres dévotions populaires dans la région. La chapelle est quasi abandonnée durant le . Vers la fin du  cependant une restauration est entreprise à l'instigation de la nouvelle 'confrérie de Saint-Roch' avec les autorités communales et la fabrique d'église. Le bâtiment acquiert son aspect actuel.

Aujourd'hui, le sanctuaire est délaissé et négligé. Les cérémonies religieuses y sont rares.  Cependant elle se trouve sur le circuit de la 'marche Saint-Roch' du mois d'aout (la fête liturgique de saint Roch est le 16 aout).

L'état de la chapelle est déplorable. Le clocheton est enveloppé de bâches protectrices contre les intempéries. La situation est telle que, en 2019, l'accès de la chapelle et ses alentours fut interdit par un arrêté municipal, car jugé dangereux.

Description
Occupant une position proéminente et bien dégagée au sommet d'un petit massif rocheux la chapelle permet une vue panoramique remarquable du bourg et de l'abbaye de Floreffe.  Elle est entourée de trois tilleuls centenaires.

Adresse
Tienne Saint-Roch, 5150 Floreffe

Source
 Jean-François Pacco (ed): Floreffe: Neuf siècles d'histoire, Namur, Éditions namuroises, 2021, 368pp.

Chapelle construite au XVIIe siècle
Chapelle dans la province de Namur
Chapelle dédiée à saint Roch
ChapelleFloreffeSaintRoch
ChapelleFloreffeSaintRoch
ChapelleFloreffeSaintRoch
Chapelle transformée au XVIIIe siècle
ChapelleFloreffeSaintRoch
Chapelle désaffectée au XIXe siècle
Chapelle restaurée au XIXe siècle
Chapelle désaffectée au XXIe siècle
ChapelleFloreffeSaintRoch
ChapelleFloreffeSaintRoch

Chapelle Saint-Roch de Floreffe


Trimenia macrura, biljna vrsta iz porodice Trimeniaceae. Raste u tropskim krajevima Nove Gvineje

To je drvenasta penjačica, s okruglim smeđim tomentoznim granama. Listovi eliptično-lancetasti. Plod je sočna bobica (7 x 5 mm), grimizne boje.

Sinonimi
 Piptocalyx macrurus Gilg & Schltr.

Izvori

Trimeniaceae
Flora Nove Gvineje

Trimenia macrura


Las islas Pingüino () son un grupo de islas y rocas situadas a lo largo de 355 km de la costa de Namibia, que formalmente están agrupadas como islas de costa afuera. La isla más grande es la Isla Posesión (Possession Island) con  de superficie. Hollam's Bird es la más septentrional y, a una distancia de , es la más alejada de la costa. Todas las islas juntas tienen  de superficie.

Ricas en guano y estratégicamente ubicadas, entre 1861 y 1867 las islas fueron anexadas por Gran Bretaña, y formalmente bajo la Colonia del Cabo en 1873. La confusión sobre la legalidad de la transferencia hizo necesario que la colonia reafirmara la anexión en 1874. Este estatus fue reconocido por Alemania en 1886. Por lo tanto, aunque están cerca y a lo largo de la parte continental de la actual Namibia no fueron parte del África del Sudoeste Alemana.

En 1990, África del Sudoeste obtuvo la independencia como Namibia. Sin embargo, las islas permanecieron bajo la soberanía de Sudáfrica. Finalmente, después de nuevas negociaciones, a la medianoche del 28 de febrero de 1994 la soberanía sobre las islas, así como la bahía de Walvis, fueron transferidos formalmente a Namibia.

Islas

 Hollam's Bird (S 24° 38' 0 E 14° 31' 0)
 Mercury (S 25° 43' 0 E 14° 50' 0)
 Ichaboe (S 25° 43' 0 E 14° 50' 0)
 Roca Black (S 26° 5' 0 E 14° 58' 0)
 Roca Staple (S 26° 22' 0 E 14° 58' 0)
 Arrecife Marshall (S 26° 22' 0 E 14° 58' 0)
 Rocas Boat Bay (S 26° 25' 0 E 15° 5' 0)
 Seal (Bahía de Lüderitz) (S 26° 36' 0 E 15° 9' 0)
 Penguin (Bahía de Lüderitz) (S 26° 37' 0 E 15° 9' 0)
 Halifax (S 26° 39' 0 E 15° 5' 0)
 Roca Albatross (S 27° 7' 0 E 15° 13' 0)
 Possession (S 27° 1' 0 E 15° 13' 0)
 Pomona (S 27° 12' 0 E 15° 15' 0)
 North Long (S 26° 49' 0 E 15° 8' 0)
 South Long (S 26° 50' 0 E 15° 8' 0)
 Roca Black (S 24° 56' 0 E 14° 48' 0)
 Roca Black Sophie (S 27° 38' 0 E 15° 31' 0)
 Plumpudding (S 27° 38' 0 E 15° 32' 0)
 Sinclair (Arrecife Roast) (S 27° 40' 0 E 15° 32' 0)
 Isletas Pequeña Roastbeef (S 27° 42' 0 E 15° 32' 0)

Todo esto es aproximado

Véase también
 Geografía de Namibia
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de las Islas

Archipiélagos e islas del océano Atlántico de Namibia

Islas Pingüino


Drage er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Itzehoe-Land under Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Drage ligger 5 kilometer sydøst for Schenefeld. I kommunen ligger bebyggelserne Brömsenknöll, Dragerborn, Ellerbrook, Hansch, Schäferei, Stammhof, Tiergarten og Wischhof. Vandløbene Bekau, Schönbek, Nonnenbach og Rolloher Bek løber i kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014  (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Drage (Steinburg)


Tajništvo Ujedinjenih naroda jedan je od šest glavnih organa Ujedinjenih naroda (UN) originalno predviđenih poveljom UN-a iz 1945. Sastoji se od glavnog tajnika i potrebnog osoblja. Glavnog tajnika, kao najvišeg administrativnog dužnosnika, imenuje Opća skupština na prijedlog Vijeća sigurnosti. Tajnik je obvezan Općoj skupštini podnositi godišnje izvješće o radu Ujedinjenih naroda.

Povezani članci
 Opća skupština Ujedinjenih naroda
 Vijeće sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda
 Ekonomsko i socijalno vijeće Ujedinjenih naroda
 Međunarodni sud pravde

Ujedinjeni narodi

Tajništvo Ujedinjenih naroda


Teodor Muntean (n. 10 noiembrie 1869, Lipova - d.1951, Bacău de Mijloc) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
A făcut doar școala primară necontinuându-și studiile, fiind agricultor de meserie. A decedat la Bacău de Mijloc, Arad în 22 mai 1951.

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a fost delegat al al Cercului Electoral Faget-Birchiș, Arad și membru al PNR, iar, după 1918 a fost primarul comunei.

Note

Bibliografie
Ioan I. Șerban și Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Ed.Altip, Alba Iulia, 2003, p. 155.

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1869
Decese în 1951
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Agricultori români
Transilvăneni
Români din Austro-Ungaria
Oameni din Lipova

Teodor Muntean


Moldova Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti (Moldovca/Rumence: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ veya Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească; , Moldavskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), kısaca Moldova SSC veya MSSC, 1917 Ekim Devrimi ile kurulan Sovyetler Birliği'ni oluşturan 15 cumhuriyetten biriydi.

Romanya'dan ayrılan Moldova devleti 1940 yılında Sovyetler Birliği'ne katılan son cumhuriyetlerden biri olarak Moldova Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti adını aldı. Ancak Haziran 1941'de Sovyet topraklarına saldıran Nazi Almanyası ile ittifak halinde hareket eden Romanya'daki hükûmetin işgaline maruz kaldı. 1944 yılında Kızıl Ordu tarafından yeniden Sovyetler Birliği'ne katıldı.

Moldova Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti, Sovyetler Birliği'nin güneybatısında kısmen Balkanlarda yer alan tarihi Besarabya toprakları üzerine kurulmuştu. Bu topraklar oldukça verimli olduğu için ülke Sovyetler Birliği'nin tarımsal üretiminde önemli bir yere sahipti.

Gorbaçov'un perestroyka ve glasnost adı verilen reform politikalarıyla birlikte Sovyet rejiminin yıkılma tehlikesi üzerine 17 Mart 1991'de birliği kurtarmak için yapılan referanduma (bkz. 1991 Sovyetler Birliği referandumu) bağımsızlık yanlısı Moldova hükûmeti katılmak istemedi. Ancak Moldova Sovyet meclisi seçim sandıkları oluşturarak halkı oy kullanmaya çağırdı. Moldova referandumu meşru kabul etmeyen 6 Sovyet cumhuriyeti içinde en yüksek katılımın olduğu devlet oldu. Referandumdan çıkan % 98.72 oranında Sovyetler Birliği'nde kalma yönündeki oy oranına rağmen hükûmet sonuçları meşru kabul etmedi. 19 Ağustos'ta Moskova'da gerçekleşen darbe girişimi de referandum sonucuna göre yapılması planlanan yenilenmiş birlik anlaşmasının iptal edilmesine sebep oldu ve Moldova 27 Ağustos 1991 tarihinde Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'ni ilan ederek Sovyetler Birliği'nden ayrıldı. Resmi bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra ismi Moldova oldu.

Moldova halkı Rumenler ile tarihi ve kültürel bağlara sahip olmasına karşın Sovyetlerden ayrıldıktan sonra Romanya ile birleşmeyi kabul etmedi. Bağımsızlığın ilanından sonra 2014 yılına kadar yapılan tüm seçimlerde Moldova Komünist Partisi galip geldi ve ülke bu parti tarafından yönetildi. 2014 yılında yapılan seçimlerde de Komünist Parti'den ayrılanların kurduğu Sosyalist Parti birinci geldi.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Moldova Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti


Kuća Zamberlin (Hektorović) u gradiću Visu, Vladimira Nazora 7/9, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Kuća Zamberlin izgrađena je u 17. stoljeću u obalnom nizu na predjelu Govea između Luke i Kuta u Visu. Izvorno katnica u 19. stoljeću nadograđena je drugim katom. S ulične strane kroz monumentalni portal u dvorišnom zidu prilazi se dvorištu. Odatle dvokrako vanjsko stubište vodi u jednom smjeru na balkon prvog kata i prostor za stanovanje, a u drugom se spušta do gospodarskog dvorišta i pristaništa uz more. U zidnoj niši na istočnom pročelju uzidan je bunar. U prizemlju su široka vrata konobe, a na prvom katu balkon na tri profilirane kamene konzole. Na sjevernom pročelju prema moru u prizemlju su vrata konobe, a na prvom i drugom katu po tri prozora. U dvorištu je gospodarska prizemnica.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6246 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "stambene građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Visu

Kuća Zamberlin (Hektorović) u Visu


SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe), Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü'nün Müttefik Harekât Komutanlığı'nın (ACO) karargahıdır. 1967'den beri Belçika'nın Mons şehrinin kuzeyindeki Casteau'da bulunmaktadır. Ancak daha önce 1953'ten Fransa'nın Versay kentinin yanındaki Rocquencourt'ta bulunuyordu. 1951'den 2003'e kadar SHAPE, Müttefik Avrupa Komutanlığı'nın (ACE) merkeziydi. 2003 yılından bu yana Müttefik Harekât Harekâtları'nın merkezidir ve dünya çapındaki tüm NATO operasyonlarını kontrol etmektedir.

SHAPE, faaliyetlerinin coğrafi kapsamı 2003 yılında genişletilmesine rağmen, yasal nedenlerle Avrupa'ya atıfta bulunarak geleneksel adını korumuştur. O tarihte NATO'nun tarihsel olarak Atlantik Müttefik Komutanlığı'nın bir parçası olan Lizbon'daki ACO komutası yeniden bağlandı. Müttefik Harekât Harekâtları komutanı ayrıca "Avrupa Müttefik Yüksek Komutanı" (SACEUR) unvanını korudu ve aynı zamanda ABD Avrupa Komutanı Komutanı olarak da görev yapan ABD dört yıldızlı bir genel subay ya da bayrak subayı olmaya devam ediyor.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.nato.int/shape/

Kaynakça

NATO'nun askerî üsleri
Kısaltmalar

Avrupa Müttefik Kuvvetleri Yüksek Karargâhı