Olaylar
 1256 - İran'da bulunan haşhaşîlerin Alamut Kalesi, Hülagû Han Ordusu tarafından yok edildi.
 1574 - III. Murad, 12. Osmanlı padişahı olarak tahta çıktı.
 1840 - Napolyon Bonapart'ın naaşı (külleri), Saint Helena Adası'ndan Paris'e getirilerek Les Invalides'e gömüldü.

 1890 - Amerikan yerli kabilelerinden Hunkpapa Lakotaları'nın şefi Oturan Boğa (Tatanka Iyotake), ABD'nin harekete geçirdiği yerli polis tarafından öldürüldü.
 1893 - Wilhelm Ludwig Thomsen, Danimarka Kraliyet İlimler Akademisinde sunduğu bildiriyle Orhun alfabesini çözdüğünü ve Orhun Kitabeleri'ni okuduğunu bilim dünyasına açıkladı.
 1923 - Türkiye-Macaristan dostluk antlaşması İstanbul'da imzalandı.
 1925 - Rıza Pehlevi, krallık yeminini etti ve Kaçar Hanedanı'nı sonlandırarak, Pehlevi Hanedanı'nı kurdu.
 1934 - Bingöl'de, 4.9 büyüklüğündeki depremde 12 kişi öldü.
 1939 - Rüzgâr Gibi Geçti filmi, Atlanta'da (ABD) gösterime girdi.
 1941 - 769 Rumen Yahudisi yolcusuyla Filistin'e giden Struma gemisi, İstanbul'a geldi. Geminin yolcu indirmesi yasaklandı.
 1948 - TBMM'de Sivas Kongresi'ne seçilen Temsil Heyeti üyeleriyle, TBMM'nin birinci döneminde bulunan üyelere, vatan-ı hizmet tertibinden aylık bağlanması hakkında kanun kabul edildi.
 1948 - Fransa, ilk nükleer reaktörün kuruluş çalışmalarına başladı.
 1949 - Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Örgütü (UNESCO)'nun İstanbul Bürosu açıldı.
 1953 - Eleştirmen Fethi Naci, bu adını ilk kez Kaynak dergisinde Orhan Kemal'in bir öyküsünü eleştiren Kurtuluş Yolu adlı bir yazıda kullandı.
 1954 - Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı (TPAO) kuruldu.
 1957 - Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu, Yunanistan'ın Kıbrıs tezini reddetti.
 1958 - Adalet Bakanı Esat Budakoğlu, 4 yıl içinde basın suçundan 238 gazetecinin mahkûm olduğunu açıkladı.
 1960 - Erzurum'da radyo istasyonu açıldı.
 1960 - I. Baudouin, Kraliçe Fabiola adını alan Fabiola de Mora y Aragón ile evlendi. Evlilik töreni Brüksel'deki Saint-Michel-et-Gudule katedralinde yapıldı ve Belçika'da ilk kez olmak üzere televizyonda yayınlandı.
 1970 - Sovyet uzay sondası Venera 7, Venüs gezegenine ulaştı ve etrafında 23 dakika dolanarak Dünya'ya bilgi gönderdi.
 1970 - Polonya'da işçiler ayaklandı.
 1972 - Yaşar Kemal, pasaport verilmediği için uluslararası bir toplantıya gidemedi. Tepkiler üzerine, yazara 15 gün sonra pasaport verildi.
 1986 - Olimpiyat şampiyonu halterci Naim Süleymanoğlu, Türk vatandaşı oldu.
 1987 - Cumhuriyet tarihinde dolar, resmen ilk kez dört haneli rakama ulaştı. Merkez Bankası Amerikan Dolarının satış kurunu 1.300 liraya yükseltti.
 1989 - Romanya'da, Devlet Başkanı Nicolay Çavuşesku'nun devrilmesine kadar gidecek olan halk ayaklanması başladı.
 1990 - Kırgızistan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1995 - Avrupa Adalet Divanı, Jean-Marc Bosman'ın başvurusu üzerine futbolcuların sözleşmeleri ile ilgili Bosman kuralları olarak anılan kararını açıkladı.
 1996 - Türkiye tarihinin o güne kadarki en büyük ikramiyesi bir Sayısal Loto talihlisine çıktı: 211 milyar lira.
 1997 - Türkiye ile Rusya arasında Mavi Akım projesini içeren anlaşma imzalandı.
 2000 - Bitlis'in Tatvan ilçesi yakınında 6. Zırhlı Tugay Komutanlığına ait askeri helikopter düştü. Kazada 2 asker öldü, 5 asker yaralandı.
 2000 - Afyonkarahisar ve çevresinde büyüklüğü 5,8 olan depremde 6 kişi öldü, 42 kişi yaralandı.
 2000 - Çernobil reaktör kazasının ardından, Nükleer Santralin çalışması durduruldu.
 2017 - Türkiye'nin ilk sürücüsüz metro hattı olan İstanbul'daki M5 (Üsküdar - Çekmeköy) Metro Hattının ilk etabı olan Üsküdar - Yamanevler etabı hizmete açıldı.

Doğumlar
 37 - Neron, Roma imparatoru (ö. 68)
 130 - Lucius Verus, Roma imparatoru (ö. 169)
 1242 - Prens Munetaka, Kamakura şogunluğunun altıncı şogunu (ö. 1274)
 1533 - XIV. Eric, İsveç kralı (ö. 1577)
 1789 - Carlos Soublette, Venezuela Devlet Başkanı (ö. 1870)
 1824 - Juliusz Kossak, Leh tarihi ressam ve çizim ustası (ö. 1899)
 1832 - Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, Fransız inşaat mühendisi ve mimar (Eiffel Kulesi'nin yaratıcısı) (ö. 1923)

 1852 - Henri Becquerel, Fransız fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1908)
 1859 - Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, Polonyalı göz doktoru, filolog ve dünyada en çok kullanılan yapay dil olan Esperanto'nun yaratıcısı (ö. 1917)
 1861 - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finlandiya Devlet Başkanı (ö. 1944)
 1882 - Fernando Tambroni, İtalyan politikacı ve İtalya başbakanı (ö. 1963)
 1907 - Oscar Niemeyer, Brezilyalı mimar (ö. 2012)
 1909 - Settar Behlulzade, Azeri ressam (ö. 1974)
 1912 - Raşid Necmettinov, Sovyet satranç oyuncusu (ö. 1974)
 1913 - Roger Gaudry, Kanadalı bilim insanı (ö. 2001)
 1915 - Isabel Crook, Kanadalı-İngiliz antropolog ve akademisyen (ö. 2023)
 1916 - Maurice Wilkins, Yeni Zelandalı fizikçi ve moleküler biyolog (DNA'nın yapısını bulan bilim adamlarından ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi) (ö. 2004)
 1916 - Orhon Murat Arıburnu, Türk şair, sinema ve tiyatro yönetmeni, yapımcı ve oyuncu (ö. 1989)
 1920 - Ahmet Tarık Tekçe, Türk sinema oyuncusu (ö. 1964)
 1924 - Ruhi Sarıalp, Türk atlet (ö. 2001)
 1934 - Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Somalili siyasetçi ve 6. Devlet Başkanı (ö. 2012)
 1942 - Uğur Kıvılcım, Türk oyuncu (ö. 2018)
 1943 - Lucien den Arend, Hollandalı heykeltıraş
 1949 - Don Johnson, Amerikalı oyuncu, yönetmen ve müzisyen
 1958 - Ronald Gamarra, Perulu avukat
 1971 - Necati Şaşmaz, Türk sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1976 - Tuğba Altıntop, Türk model, oyuncu ve şarkıcı
 1977 - Mehmet Aurelio, Brezilya asıllı Türk futbolcu
 1979 - Adam Brody, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1980 - Alexandra Stevenson, Amerikalı tenisçi
 1981 - Najoua Belyzel, Fransız şarkıcı
 1982 - Matias Emilio Delgado, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1984 - Lukáš Bajer, Çek futbolcu
 1984 - Véronique Mang, Fransız atlet
 1985 - Aynur Aydın, Türk şarkıcı
 1985 - Emre Kaya, Türk şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve besteci
 1986 - Kim Junsu, Güney Koreli şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve sahne aktörü
 1986 - Keylor Navas, Kosta Rikalı kaleci
 1988 - Steven Nzonzi, Kongo asıllı Fransız millî futbolcu
 1989 - Nichole Bloom, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1992 - Jesse Lingard, İngiliz millî futbolcu
 1992 - Alex Telles, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1995 - Jahlil Okafor, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1996 - Jenifer Brening, Alman şarkıcı
 1996 - Oleksandr Zinchenko, Ukraynalı futbolcu
 1997 - Mizgin Morkoyun, Türk bocce oyuncusu
 1997 - Stefania LaVie Owen, Yeni Zelandalı-Amerikalı aktris

Ölümler
 1025 - II. Basileios, 960'tan 15 Aralık 1025'e kadar Bizans imparatoru (d. 958)
 1574 - II. Selim, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun 11. padişahı ve 90. İslâm halîfesi (d. 1524)
 1675 - Johannes Vermeer (ya da Jan Vermeer), Hollandalı ressam (d. 1632)
 1857 - George Cayley, İngiliz mühendis, mucit ve havacı (d. 1773)
 1890 - Oturan Boğa (Yerli dilinde: Tatanka Iyotake), ABD ordularına karşı savaşan son Yerli kabile şefi (d. 1831)
 1909 - Francisco Tarréga, İspanyol gitarist ve besteci (d. 1852)
 1925 - Süleyman Sırrı Aral, Türk siyasetçi ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk iki ve 4. Hükûmetlerinde Nafia Vekili (Bayındırlık Bakanı) (d. 1874)
 1938 - George R. Lawrence, Amerikalı fotoğrafçı (d. 1868)
 1941 - Leon Sperling, Polonyalı sporcu (d. 1900)
 1942 - Faik Bey Konitza, Arnavut yazar, devlet adamı (d. 1875)
 1943 - Fats Waller, Amerikalı caz piyanisti, orgcu, besteci, şarkıcı ve komedi şovmeni (d. 1904)
 1944 - Glenn Miller, Amerikalı caz müzisyeni (d. 1904)
 1947 - Arthur Machen, Galli yazar (d. 1863)
 1958 - Wolfgang Pauli, Avusturyalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (d. 1900)
 1961 - Yusuf Memmedaliyev, Sovyet-Azeri kimyacı (d. 1905)
 1962 - Charles Laughton, İngiliz oyuncu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1899)
 1965 - Sinan Tekelioğlu, Türk asker ve Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı komutanlarından (d. 1889)
 1966 - Walt Disney, Amerikalı çizgi film animatörü ve film yapımcısı (d. 1901)
 1974 - Anatole Litvak, Yahudi asıllı Ukraynalı film yönetmeni ve yapımcısı (d. 1902)
 1984 - Jan Peerce, Amerikalı tenor (d. 1904)
 1985 - Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, Mauritiuslu siyasetçi (d. 1900)
 1988 - Hüseyin Kutman, Türk sinema ve tiyatro sanatçısı (d. 1930)
 1989 - Ali Şen, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1918),
 1991 - Vasili Zaytsev, Sovyet keskin nişancı (d. 1915)
 1992 - Adnan Öztrak, Türk bürokrat (TRT'nin kurucularından ve ilk Genel Müdürü (d. 1915)
 2004 - Şükran Kurdakul, Türk şair ve yazar (d. 1927)
 2006 - Clay Regazzoni, İsviçreli otomobil yarışı pilotu (d. 1939)
 2007 - Feridun Akozan, Türk mimar, akademisyen ve yazar (d. 1914)
 2010 - Blake Edwards, Amerikalı yönetmen (d. 1922)
 2010 - Nijat Özön, Türk dil bilimci, sinema tarihçisi ve çevirmen (d. 1927)
 2011 - Sönmez Atasoy, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1944)
 2011 - Christopher Hitchens, İngiliz yazar, gazeteci, köşe yazarı ve aktivist (d. 1949)
 2012 - Olga Zubarry, Arjantinli aktris (d. 1929)
 2013 - Joan Fontaine, İngiliz sinema oyuncusu (d. 1917)
 2015 - Licio Gelli, İtalyan finansçı, mason ve suç örgütü lideri (d. 1919)
 2016 - Beki İkela Erikli, Yahudi asıllı Türk yazar ve biyo enerji uzmanı (d. 1968)
 2016 - Craig Sager, Amerikalı spor yayıncısı (d. 1951)
 2016 - Muhammed Zevvari, Tunuslu uçak mühendisi (d. 1967)
 2017 - A. B. M. Mohiuddin Chowdhury, Bangladeşli siyasetçi (d. 1944)
 2017 - Darlanne Fluegel, Amerikalı oyuncu ve manken (d. 1953)
 2017 - Michiru Shimada, Japon senarist (d. 1959)
 2017 - Ali Tekintüre, Türk müzisyen, söz yazarı ve şair (d. 1953)
 2018 - Philippe Moureaux, Belçikalı siyasetçi ve eğitimci (d. 1939)
 2018 - Guy Rétoré, Fransız tiyatro ve film yönetmeni (d. 1924)
 2018 - Girma Wolde-Giorgis, Etiyopyalı siyasetçi (d. 1924)
 2019 - Nicky Henson, İngiliz oyuncu ve dublaj sanatçısı (d. 1945)
 2020 - Caroline Cellier, Fransız oyuncu (d. 1945)
 2020 - Jorge García, Eski İspanyol profesyonel futbolcu (d. 1957)
 2020 - Zoltan Sabo, Eski Macar futbolcu (d. 1972)

Tatiller ve özel günler

 15 Aralık UNESCO Uluslararası Türk Dili Günü olarak ilan edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

1215
15

15 Aralık


الشيخ حامد عسكرية هو أحد ستة أسسوا مع الشيخ حسن البنا جماعة الإخوان المسلمين في مصر عام 1928.

أعضاء مكتب إرشاد الإخوان المسلمين
إخوان مسلمون مصريون

حامد عسكرية


Boris Ciornei (n. 7 august 1923, Lipnic, Soroca, Regatul României -  d. 5 octombrie 2001, București) a fost un actor român  de teatru și film.

Biografie
În 1952 a absolvit Institutul de Artă Teatrală.

Filmografie

 Alarmă în munți (1955)
 Pasărea furtunii - Simion (1956)
 Avalanșa - Țurcanu (1958)
 Cerul n-are gratii (1962) ca Un pictor ratat
 Lupeni '29 (1962) ca Ofițerul poet
 Serbările galante (1965)
 Golgota (1966)
 Brigada Diverse intră în acțiune (1970) - Ion Marin Petrache
 Lupul mărilor (1972) ca Louis
 Răzbunarea (1972) ca Louis
 Despre o anume fericire (1973) ca Mincu
 Filip cel bun (1975) - Marin
 Tată de duminică (1975) - maistrul mecanic Manole
 Cantemir (1975)
 Casa de la miezul nopții (1976) - constructorul cabanei
 Prin cenușa imperiului (1976) - pescarul român
 Roșcovanul (1976) - meșterul cizmar
 Serenadă pentru etajul XII (1976)
 Buzduganul cu trei peceți (1977) - Vintilă
 Războiul Independenței: Eroi au fost, eroi sunt încă (1977)
 Trepte pe cer (1978) - oșeanul vârstnic
 E-atît de-aproape fericirea (1978)
 Pentru patrie (1978)
 Al patrulea stol (1979) - Bogoiu
 Cântec pentru fiul meu (1980) ca Voicu
 Tridentul nu răspunde (1980) ca Lotreanu
 Terente, regele bălților (1995)

Teatru
A lucrat ca actor la Teatrul Mic din București.

La Teatrul Național Radiofonic a jucat în piese radio ca Zăpadă în toiul verii de Guan Hanqing, Primarul cartierului de Eduardo De Filippo, Europolis de Jean Bart, Cercul de cretă caucazian de Bertold Brecht, Din porunca știucii de Aleksandr Pușkin,  Micii burghezi de Maxim Gorki, Năpasta de Ion Luca Caragiale,  Oameni ciudați de Maxim Gorki sau Richard al III-lea de William Shakespeare. Alte roluri "radiofonice": Ursul și Cerere în căsătorie de Anton Cehov,, Strigoii de Henrik Ibsen.

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 http://www.cinemagia.ro/actori/boris-ciornei-8896/
 http://www.cinemarx.ro/persoane/Boris-Ciornei-99238.html
 http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0162574/
 http://www.istoriafilmuluiromanesc.ro/actor-film-romanesc~boris-ciornei~240

Nașteri în 1923
Decese în 2001
Actori români

Boris Ciornei


El Aeropuerto de Albury  es un aeropuerto regional ubicado cerca de Albury, Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia. El aeropuerto también da servicio a la ciudad adyacente a Albury de Wodonga, Victoria.

La terminal de pasajeros ha sido recientemente ampliada para incorporar los nuevos requisitos de accesos de seguridad y buscando ampliar el número de vuelos. La mejora de la terminal fue inaugurada el 23 de octubre de 2009. El aeropuerto alberga la estación meteorológica oficial de Albury-Wodonga.

El aeropuerto es servido dos veces al día por Virgin Australia quien utiliza aviones Embraer 190 de 104 plazas a Sídney siendo la única aerolínea que opera aviones a reacción en el aeropuerto; QantasLink utiliza una combinación de aviones Dash 8-300s de cincuenta asientos y Dash 8-400s de setenta y dos a Sídney; Regional Express (REX) efectúa servicios con Saab 340s de treinta y seis plazas a Sídney y Melbourne y Brindabella Airlines los hace con Metroliners de diecinueve asientos a Canberra.

Virgin Australia inició sus vuelo a Albury el 5 de febrero de 2008 (como Virgin Blue) con dos vuelos diarios usando el Embraer 170. Fue la primera (y hasta ahora la única) aerolíneas en operar aviones a reacción desde el aeropuerto. Desde el lanzamiento de los servicios, las tarifas se han reducido significativamente. La aerolínea afirmó que iniciaría nuevas rutas y más servicios desde Albury si bien, en abril de 2010, los servicios aún no habían hecho acto de presencia. Tras el lanzamiento del servicio, la aerolínea puso a la venta mil billetes a un coste de un céntimo siendo la tarifa más barata que ha existido en el aeropuerto.

Aerolíneas y destinos

El aeropuerto también cuenta con vuelos chárter, de carga, agriculturales, y aviación general. Hasta el 4 de marzo de 2002 Kendell Airlines había operado en Albury, efectuando vuelos a Sídney y Melbourne; hasta el 14 de septiembre de 2001 Kendell también había operado a Brisbane y Adelaida desde Albury.

Operaciones

Incidentes y accidentes
El 11 de noviembre de 1998, un Saab 340 turbohélice de Kendell Airlines (Registro VH-LPI) entró en una situación peligrosa de pérdida donde los pilotos perdieron el control de la aeronave durante cerca de diez segundos debido a las condiciones de helada que experimentaron en ruta cerca del Lago Eildon en vuelo regular desde Albury a Melbourne. El único tripulante de cabina resultó herido menor cuando el avión cayó 2.300 pies (aproximadamente 700 metros). Ninguno de los veintiocho pasajeros resultó herido, y el vuelo continuó al aeropuerto de Melbourne.

Galería

Enlaces externos
 Aeropuerto de Albury (página en la web de la Ciudad de Albury)

Referencias

Aeropuertos de Australia
Nueva Gales del Sur

Aeropuerto de Albury


Zugspitze, Wetterstein Dağları'nın en yüksek zirvesinin yanı sıra Almanya'nın en yüksek dağıdır. Deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği toplam 2.962 metredir. Garmisch-Partenkirchen şehrinin güneyinde yer alır ve Almanya ve Avusturya arasındaki sınırının batı zirvesi üzerindedir. Dağın güneyindeki Zugspitzplatt, çok sayıda mağara ile yüksek karstik platoları içerir.

Nisan 1933'te, dağ, 24 SA askeri tarafından işgal edildi ve meteoroloji istasyonundan üst kule üzerine bir gamalı haç bayrağı çekildi. Bir ay sonra, SA ve SS, gamalı haç bayrağını Schneeferner'da yerleştirdi.

Galeri

Alpler'deki dağlar
Bavyera'daki dağlar
Tirol

Almanya-Avusturya sınırı
Avrupa'daki uluslararası dağlar
İkibinlikler

Zugspitze Dağı


غارة شينجيانغ يناير 2007 بدأت هذه الحملة في 5 يناير 2007 بين الشرطة الصينية والحركة التركمانية الشرقية الإسلامية في معسكرها للتدريب في مقاطعة اقتوو بين حدود باكستان وأفغانستان.

وقال متحدث باسم الد
فاع المدني في شينجيانغ أن 18 مشتبه بهم قد قتلوا، بينما أسر 17 شخصا. ونتائج الغارة أن قتل شرطي صيني واحد والجرح أخر. وتمت مصادرة قنابل، رشاشات وغيرها من الأذرع النارية في المنطقة.

وكرد على ذلك، قام العديد من زعماء الأويغور باستجواب من هم وراء هذه الغارة، ربيعة قدير، ناشطة أويغورية لحقوق الإنسان، طابت تحقيق مستقل من جانب الأمم المتحدة عن الغارة، بينما عليم سيتوف، أدعى بأن الصين لا تملك دليلا كافياً يقودها إلى أن المخيم كان يستعمل للإرهاب. بينما، تشاو يونغتشين، ردد بأن المخيم هو مصدر للإرهاب لا أكثر.

مصادر

 موقع صوت شعب الايغور باللغة العربية

الصين في 2007
الحراك الانفصالي في تركستان الشرقية
إرهاب في الصين
صراع سنجان

غارة سنجان


Naŷrán (نجران Naŷrān) es una ciudad en el suroeste de Arabia Saudí, cerca de la frontera con Yemen. Es la capital de la Provincia de Najrán. Diseñada como ciudad planificada, es una de las urbes de mayor crecimiento del país. Su población pasó de 47 500 habitantes en 1974, a 90 983 habitantes en 1992 y a 246 880 habitantes en 2004, según los censos. La población pertenece en su mayoría a la tribu Banu Yam.

Historia de Arabia Saudita
Localidades de Arabia Saudita

Naŷrán


The Battle of Haifa, called by the Jewish forces Operation Bi'ur Hametz ( "Passover Cleaning"), was a Haganah operation carried out on 21–22 April 1948 and a major event in the final stages of the civil war in Palestine, leading up to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The objective of the operation was the capture of the Arab neighborhoods of Haifa. By mid-May 1948 only 4,000 from the pre-conflict population estimate of 65,000 Palestinian Arabs remained in the city.

Background
The city of Haifa, on the Mediterranean coast at the north-western edge of the Sharon plain, was a strategic location in Palestine. Haifa was the country's largest deep water port. The head of the spur line to the Hejaz railway was the oil terminal for the Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline, which the Iraqi Government had closed in April, and was home to the Consolidated Refineries oil refinery (shut down on April 12 after an incident). With the capture of the port of Haifa it would be possible for the Haganah to receive supplies and armaments during the impending Arab-Israeli conflict. Therefore the leadership of the provisional government of Israel considered it vital for the welfare of the new state. Moreover, Haifa was within the area allocated to a Jewish state under the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.

In 1948, Haifa was a mixed city with a population of 135,000, split between Palestinian Jews (70,000) and Palestinian Arabs (65,000). The Arab proportion of the population had, since early 1948, started to dwindle. The main Palestinian Jewish areas of the city were Hadar HaCarmel and Neve Sha'anan; with Khalisa and Wadi Nisnas being predominantly Palestinian Arab. The civil war in Palestine escalated with the final stages of the British Mandate.  In Jerusalem, by January 1947 the British had evacuated 2,000 subjects for their own safety. In the wake of the British civil evacuation, the families of well-to-do Arabs and many of the Arab civic leaders also decamped. Some claimed that the Arab leaders encouraged the Palestinian Arabs to leave by running away themselves. This so frightened the now leaderless mass who had stayed behind, that, disheartened by the Deir Yassin massacre, it fled as well. It is claimed that they prevented a truce settlement in Haifa. The refusal of the "Arab League" to intervene had been a cause of widespread demoralisation of the Palestinian Arab population. By mid March 25,000 to 30,000 Palestinian Arabs had already evacuated from Haifa.

Haganah's April offensive – including Operation Nachshon to open the Tel-Aviv-Jerusalem road and Operation Yiftah to control eastern Galilea – appeared to take the Arab Higher Committee (AHC) by surprise. The Haifa Arab National Committee (NC) in communique number 7, 22February, demanded of the Palestinian Arab inhabitants that they cease all shooting and return to work. The Palestinian Arab half of Haifa was remote from other major Palestinian Arab centres and contact had been cut off by the Palestinian Jewish villages along the approach roads to Haifa. Businesses and workshops had closed with no prospect of continued employment. Unemployment was rife and the cost of food had escalated.

Preparations
On 17March 1948 Mohammad bin Hammad Al Huneiti, commander of the town's Arab militia, was killed in an ambush of a convoy bringing 15 tons of arms and explosives. His death left his followers demoralised. According to Jon Kimche the Haganah had a highly placed informer and were able to intercept nine of eleven Palestinian Arab arms convoys into Haifa. The Arab garrison of the Palestinian Arab areas of the city was commanded by Captain Amin Izz al-Din who had been appointed by the Arab Liberation Army's (ALA) military committee on 27March in Damascus. Through the next month his original force of 450 was depleted by desertion until it was no longer a fighting force.

The British had previously controlled the city and maintained a buffer between the Jewish and Arab populations. In preparation for the total evacuation of all British forces from the mandate, the British began an evacuation of troops through the port of Haifa in early April. A volunteer police force had been established in preparation of handing over to the United Nations Palestine Commission as the provisional Government of Palestine. The original British Government intentions had been to evacuate Palestine gradually from south to north of Palestine, using Haifa as the embarkation port, to be completed by mid May. On the same day as the fall of Tiberias, 18April 1948, Major-General Hugh Stockwell, British Commanding Officer, Northern sector, Haifa, summoned Harry Beilin, the Jewish Agency liaison officer to the British Army, to his headquarters. Stockwell informed Beilin of his intention to immediately start to evacuate the British forces from the borders and no-man's-land zones in Haifa and that the evacuation would be completed by 20April. The Haganah saw this change of plan as an opportunity and quickly prepared a 3-pronged attack on the Arab neighborhoods of Wadi Nisnas, Wadi Salib and Khalisa.

The German Colony at Waldheim and Bethlehem had been confined until 18April 1948 when Haganah forces attacked the area killing two unarmed internees and wounding four others. Haganah also occupied the German Colony and the internees requested evacuation to Australia. The 270–300 internees were evacuated to Egypt on 20April for transit to Australia as a matter of urgency. The remaining 50 Templers emigrated after the establishment of the State of Israel.

On 20April Captain Amin Bey Izz al-Din and Beilin were summoned to the British HQ and were advised of the British intention to withdraw as per the previous meeting where only Beilin and Stockwell had attended on 18 April. Izz al-Din promptly left for Damascus to report to the Military Committee of the ALA and handed over command to Yunnis Naffa, a Palestinian sanitary engineer. The departure of Izz al-Din led to demoralisation and on 21 April prominent members of the Haifa NC (Hakim Khalil and Ahmad Bay Khalil) evacuated.

The sudden British deployment caused the Carmeli commanders to re-work the details of the operation (previously a plan called Operation Misparayim or Operation Scissors). The revised plan was named Mivtza Bi'ur Hametz (Operation Passover Cleaning).

The battle

The Haganah's force consisted of 5 companies from the Field Corps, one Palmach company, and a contingent of the Guard Corps. The Palestinian Jewish forces attacked Wadi Salib and Wadi Nisnas from Hadar HaCarmel, while the bulk of the attack on Khalisa came from Neve Sha'anan. The Arab headquarters were in the center of the city, near the port and the railway depot.

Commenting on the use of 'psychological warfare broadcasts' and military tactics in Haifa, Benny Morris wrote:
Throughout the Haganah made effective use of Arabic language broadcasts and loudspeaker vans. Haganah Radio announced that 'the day of judgement had arrived' and called on inhabitants to 'kick out the foreign criminals' and to 'move away from every house and street, from every neighbourhood occupied by foreign criminals'. The Haganah broadcasts called on the populace to 'evacuate the women, the children and the old immediately, and send them to a safe haven'... Jewish tactics in the battle were designed to stun and quickly overpower opposition; demoralisation was a primary aim. It was deemed just as important to the outcome as the physical destruction of the Arab units. The mortar barrages and the psychological warfare broadcasts and announcements, and the tactics employed by the infantry companies, advancing from house to house, were all geared to this goal. The orders of Carmeli's 22nd Battalion were 'to kill every [adult male] Arab encountered' and to set alight with fire-bombs 'all objectives that can be set alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic; disperse on route'.

Jon Kimche also describes the "psychological blitz on Arab quarters" until "the Arab nerve broke and the flight from the town assumed panic proportions".

The first attack was on the Rushmiyya Bridge area cutting the Arab areas off. Prior to the main thrust from the higher ground of the Palestinian Jewish neighbourhood, Hadar HaCarmel, the Arab Muslim neighborhood of Khalisa came under mortar bombardment. The 3,500–5,000 Arab irregulars could not mount a real defense. The following day the Arab National Committee of Haifa were prepared to ask for a truce via Stockwell. Stockwell agreed to meet with the Israelis, and returned 15 minutes later. However, the terms proposed by the Haganah – complete disarmament, surrender of weapons, and a curfew – were not accepted by the Arab leadership.

After the release of prisoners from Haifa lock-up, the Arab legion took over the building. By 10:15 Arab casualties had been admitted to the Amin Hospital. Hospital staff and casualties were then evacuated to the Government Hospital in the city. Towards midday the fighting slackened. The Jews had complete control of the Khamra square and Stanton Street and were firing from positions in the Suq (market) area. They had also appeared in strength in the eastern quarter of the town from Wadi Husimiyah Bridge to Tel Amal. Arab women, children and others were still being evacuated from the Suq area through the port of Haifa and other safe areas. Arabs were by this time suing for a truce and the Jews replied that they were prepared to consider it if the Arabs stopped shooting. At 17:00 general Arab resistance had ceased in the eastern area with the exception of a few isolated spots and the Jews were in possession of the Suq as far as the eastern gate. In the Wadi Nisnas area the battle was still going on. Arab casualties in this area are believed to have been considerable. At 18:00 the Arab leaders met to consider the terms laid down at a joint meeting of Arab and Jews.

That afternoon a meeting was held in the town hall to discuss terms of the truce. Due to the inability of the National Committee (Haifa) to guarantee that no incidents would occur, the Arab delegation declared their inability to endorse the proposed truce and requested protection for the evacuation of Haifa's Palestinian Arab citizens. It was noted by The Times that the Haganah had made use of Arabic language broadcasts using Haganah Radio and loudspeaker vans calling on the inhabitants to "kick out the foreign criminals". Similarly the Haganah had broadcast that the Palestinian Arab population should "evacuate the women, the children and the old immediately and sent them to a safe haven".

By 22April 1948 the British were only in control of the Haifa port area. The rest of the city was in the hands of the Carmeli Brigade of the Haganah, commanded by Moshe Carmel.

Rashid al-Haj Ibrahim, a Palestinian Arab municipal leader, described the panic as being influenced by the 9 April 1948 Deir Yassin massacre, where 107 Palestinian Arab villagers were massacred by Zionist groups Irgun and Lehi:

The banner headlines of the Palestine Post on 23April 1948 announced "Haifa Pivotal Points fall to Haganah forces in 30-hour battle...". The report continued that "Haganah crushed all resistance, occupied many major buildings forcing thousands of Arabs to flee by the only open route-the sea". The report was written up on 21April but not printed until 30April, presumedly for security reasons. Estimates of the number of Arabs killed vary; one Jewish source puts the number at 300.

Aftermath

On 23April Moshe Carmel declared Martial Law in the town. On the same day units from the Irgun moved into parts of downtown Haifa. Two days later the Haganah forced them to withdraw in a confrontation that resulted in some Irgun casualties. Some reports speak of looting and attacks on civilians. Moshe Dayan was appointed to administer abandoned Arab property in the city. He instituted a policy of collecting anything the army could use and storing it in Zahal warehouses, with the rest distributed among Jewish agricultural settlements. Golda Meir, who was consulted, agreed with this policy.

15,000 civilians were evacuated from Haifa during 21–22 April. Leaving some 30–45,000 non-Jewish citizens. By mid-May only 4,000 from the pre conflict population estimate of 65,000 Palestinian Arabs remained. These were concentrated in Wadi Nisnas and Wadi Salib whilst the systematic destruction of Arab housing in certain areas was implemented by Haifa's Technical and Urban Development departments in cooperation with the IDF's city commander Ya'akov Lublini.

"general situation Palestine deteriorating rapidly stop government departments closing daily stop and normal activities country coming to a stand still stop the Jewish agency is action as a general organizing body for Palestinian Jewish areas and attempting to replace suspended governmental activities stop Arab areas are depending on municipal authorities within townships and villages without any central authority stop telegraph facilities ceased in most areas as have telephone trunk lines stop telephones still work locally but with decreasing efficiency stop Lydda airport is out of operation and regular air communication and airmail service in and out of country have stopped stop intensity of fighting is increasing steadily stop camps and other important areas vacated by British forces immediately become battle grounds stop operations on larger and more important scale than Haifa expected shortly stop rumors tending to increase the nervous tension in the county.

See also
 List of battles and operations in the 1948 Palestine war
 Avraham Avigdorov  (1929–2012), Palmach fighter and hero of the 17 March 1948 battle

Footnotes

External links

 Google Books Benny Morris, Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. (2004)
 Shay Fogelman, Port in a Storm, Ha'aretz, 3 June 2011.  The battle and its historiography.

Haifa
History of Haifa
April 1948 events in Asia
Plan Dalet

Battle of Haifa (1948)


Bourbon County is the name of two counties and one former county in the United States:

Bourbon County, Georgia (1785-1788)
Bourbon County, Kansas
 Bourbon County, Kentucky, originally Bourbon County, Virginia (1785–1792)

Bourbon County


CKLW (800 AM) is a commercial radio station in Windsor, Ontario, serving Southwestern Ontario and Metro Detroit. CKLW has a news/talk format. It features local hosts in morning and afternoon drive times, with syndicated Canadian hosts in middays and evenings. Evening newscasts are simulcast from CHWI-DT Channel 16 CTV Windsor.

CKLW is a 50,000-watt Class B station, using a five-tower array directional antenna with differing patterns day and night. Despite its high power, it must protect Class A clear-channel station XEROK in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, and other Canadian and U.S. stations on 800 AM. The transmitter is off County Road 20 West in southern Essex County, between Amherstburg and Harrow, only a few kilometres from the Lake Erie shoreline.

History

Overview
CKLW was an internationally known Top 40 station in the 1960s and 1970s. During this era, CKLW used a tight Top 40 format known as Boss Radio, devised by radio programmer Bill Drake. However, CKLW never actually used the handle "boss" on the air, just the style. Rather than a Boss 30, CKLW's weekly music survey was known as a Big 30. And instead of calling itself Boss Radio, CKLW called itself The Big 8.

During this period it was the top-rated radio station not only in Windsor, but across the river in Detroit, and even in cities as far away as Toledo and Cleveland.

Before the "Big 8": Gentile and Binge
CKLW first came on the air on June 2, 1932, as CKOK on 540 kilocycles, (which until 2013 was the long-time home of today's CBEF) with 5,000 watts of power. The station was built by George Storer and was sold to a group of Windsor-area businessmen led by Malcolm Campbell, operating as "Essex Broadcasters, Ltd." CKOK became CKLW (and moved to 840 kHz) in 1933, when Essex Broadcasters, Ltd. merged with the London Free Press and its station CJGC (now CFPL), and became "Western Ontario Broadcasting", which was co-owned by Essex Broadcasters, and the London Free Press. The "LW" in the callsign is said to have stood for "London, Windsor", considered the two chief cities in the station's listening area. When the station's power increased to 50,000 watts, its listening area increased accordingly. In 1934, when London Free Press's station CJGC pulled out of the agreement, the station became wholly owned by Western Ontario Broadcasters. CJGC later evolved into today's CFPL 980, while CKLW moved from 840 to 1030 kc. in 1934, before settling on its present frequency of 800 kHz in 1941, thanks to a shuffle of frequency allocations.

CKLW for most of its history had a distinctly American accent to its programming, and for a number of years served as the Detroit affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System, an affiliation that began with its switch from CBS to Mutual September 29, 1935, and which would last from then until its purchase by RKO General in 1963. When Mutual was restructured as a cooperative in 1940, CKLW was one of the major shareholders in the network. Alongside its affiliation with Mutual, it also gained a dual affiliation with the CBC in 1935, replacing its CBS Radio affiliation with that of Mutual/CBC. In 1948, it became an affiliate of the CBC's Dominion Network as well as the main network which became known as the Trans-Canada Network. The Trans-Canada Network affiliation would last until 1950, when CBE 1550 launched and the Dominion Network affiliation remained until 1962 when the network dissolved.  The Mutual System's owner, General Tire and Rubber Company, purchased a controlling interest in CKLW and its owner at the time, Western Ontario Broadcasting in 1956, along with RKO General (which had purchased a minority interest in 1954 and had controlled Mutual since 1952). RKO would later increase its stake to 100% in 1963.

In the late 1930s and early 1940s, CKLW was home to Happy Joe's Early Morning Frolic with Joe Gentile and Toby David, which was one of the first popular comedy-oriented radio morning shows in Detroit. The show continued strong after David left CKLW for Washington, D.C., in 1940, and was replaced by Ralph Binge.  The duo kept listeners entertained with an endless stream of comedic sketches and situations. The show's sponsors got in on the fun as well, as Gentile and Binge's trademark was their ability to turn a standard 60-second commercial announcement into a comedy sketch that could run for three minutes or longer. A typical three-and-a-half-hour Gentile and Binge show might feature such comedic commercials for as many as fifty legitimate products, and some imaginary ones as well. Sometimes listeners didn't get the joke. For example, according to popular legend, after promoting a miracle weight-loss aid called "Dr. Quack's Slim Jim Reducing Pills" with the story of an obese woman who got stuck in a telephone booth, Gentile and Binge received over $3,000 from listeners requesting a $1 trial of the pills as advertised, and the station had to hire a clerk to return the money.

Gentile and Binge were a fixture on CKLW until moving to WJBK radio (now WLQV) in 1948, attracting audience ratings as high as 80% at their peak. The duo disbanded their partnership in 1956, and Gentile returned to CKLW. Toby David also eventually returned to AM 800 to host the morning show in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Both Binge and David were also stars of early Detroit television kiddie shows: Binge was "Pirate Pete" on WJBK-TV in the mid-1950s, and David became CKLW-TV's (now CBET-DT) "Captain Jolly" later in the decade (a role which, ironically, Binge had originally been tagged to play).

As television's popularity boomed, CKLW, like many other stations, coped with the changes by replacing the dying network radio fare with locally-based disc-jockey shows. Throughout most of the 1950s and into the mid-1960s, CKLW was basically a "variety" radio station which filled in the cracks between full-service features with pop music played by announcers like Bud Davies, Ron Knowles (who had a rock-and-roll show on AM 800 as early as 1957), and Joe Van. For a few years in the early 1960s, CKLW also featured a country music program in the evenings called Sounds Like Nashville. This ended in 1963 when WEXL 1340 became Detroit's first 24-hour country station.

Glory years
After RKO General took over the station and its FM sister in 1963, CKLW began to shed the variety-format approach and, as "Radio Eight-Oh", began focusing more aggressively on playing contemporary hits and issuing a record survey.  Davies, Knowles, Dave Shafer, Tom Clay, Tom Shannon, Larry Morrow (as "Duke Windsor"), Terry Knight, and Don Zee were among the "Radio Eight-Oh" personalities during this time. The station did well thanks to its huge signal, and beat the local competition in Cleveland, Ohio, though in the local Detroit ratings CKLW still lagged well behind competing hit outlet WKNR.

However, on April 4, 1967, CKLW got a drastic makeover with Bill Drake's "Boss Radio" format, programmed locally by Paul Drew. Initially known as "Radio 8" with PAMS jingles, within a few months the station's final transformation into "The Big 8," with new jingles sung by the Johnny Mann Singers, was complete, and the station was on a rapid ratings upswing. In July 1967, CKLW claimed the number one spot in the Detroit ratings for the first time, and WKNR was left in the dust, switching to an easy listening format as WNIC less than five years later.

In addition to Dave Shafer and Tom Shannon, the lone holdouts from the "Radio Eight Oh" era, "Big 8" personalities during the late 1960s and through the mid-1970s included Gary "Morning Mouth" Burbank, "Big" Jim Edwards, "Brother" Bill Gable, Pat Holiday, Steve Hunter, "Super" Max Kinkel, Walt "Baby" Love, Charlie O'Brien, Scott Regen, Ted "The Bear" Richards, Mike Rivers, Duke Roberts, Charlie Van Dyke, Johnny Williams, and newsmen Randall Carlisle, Grant Hudson, Byron MacGregor (who had a three-and-a-half million-selling #1 hit single with his recording of Gordon Sinclair's commentary "The Americans" in 1973), and Dick Smyth.

The station had strong talent behind the scenes as well, most notably longtime music director Rosalie Trombley, who ascended to that position in 1968 after having worked as the station's music librarian for five years and became famous for her apparent hit record-spotting abilities. Trombley consciously made an effort to choose the right R&B and soul songs (especially Motown songs) to create a station that would appeal equally to black and white listeners. As a result, CKLW was sometimes referred to as "the blackest white station in America", and many believe the integrated music mix helped bring Detroiters closer together in racial harmony, especially after the riots of July 1967. The "Rosalie Trombley Award" honours women who have made their mark in broadcasting. Another female employee of CKLW who helped break down gender barriers was reporter Jo-Jo Shutty-MacGregor (the wife of Byron MacGregor), the first female helicopter traffic/news reporter in North America.

The Windsor-based station maintained a sales office in the Detroit suburb of Southfield, Michigan, where it picked up numerous sponsors for U.S. consumer products, some of which had to use the disclaimer and live announcer end-tag "Not available in Ontario". Possibly the best known of sponsors was Merollis Chevrolet, known for its comedic 30-second spots and the campy Al Jolson-styled jingle "Gene Merollis what a great great guy!"

Another feature of the "Big 8" was its "20/20 News", so-called because it was delivered at 20 minutes after the hour and 20 minutes before the hour - scheduling that allowed CKLW to be playing music while other stations were airing newscasts at the top of the hour or on the quarter-hour. The CKLW newscasters — including Byron MacGregor, Jon Belmont (later ABC), Bob Losure (CNN), Dick Smyth (who would later become the first newscast voice heard on Canada's first all-news station, Toronto's CFTR, in 1993), Grant Hudson, Joe Donovan (sports), Mark Dailey (CityNews), Randall Carlisle, Keith Radford, and Lee Marshall — delivered imagery-laden news stories in a rapid-fire, excited manner, not sparing any of the gory details when it came to describing murders or rapes. This was an attempt to make the news sound as exciting and gripping as the music. The "blood and guts" style began with Byron MacGregor's promotion to news director (replacing Smyth) in 1969. Another memorable feature of the 20/20 newscasts was the incessant clacking of the teletype in the background, which gave the newscasts a unique sound.

CKLW's newscasts were acknowledged for more than just their "flash," however; the station won an Edward R. Murrow Award for its coverage of the 1967 riots, helmed by Smyth. This was the first time that this particular award had ever been given to a Canadian broadcaster.

The decline and death of the Big 8
Some listeners believe that CKLW started to decline in popularity after Canadian content regulations went into effect in 1971. Although having to play 30% "CanCon" songs that generated little in the way of sales put the station at a competitive disadvantage compared to its U.S.-based competition, CKLW still managed to help break a number of Canadian songs and artists in the United States.  These included Anne Murray, The Poppy Family, Gordon Lightfoot, Joni Mitchell, The Guess Who, April Wine, the Five Man Electrical Band, and Bachman Turner Overdrive. Just as, if not more, responsible for the decline in CKLW's ratings as the 1970s wore on was the rise of FM radio as an outlet for contemporary music, as the station gained a direct FM Top 40 competitor, WDRQ, in 1972, and its listening audience was also fragmented between album-oriented rock outlets such as WWWW, WRIF and WABX and adult contemporary stations like WNIC and WMJC. The Canadian government's initial unwillingness to license FM frequencies with pop or rock formats stranded Canadian stations on AM while an entire demographic of listeners began the exodus to US-based FM outlets anywhere the signals were in range. For many younger listeners by 1978, CKLW was the station they listened to only if they had an AM-only radio in their cars.

As a result, like many other powerhouse AM Top 40 stations, CKLW evolved during the late 1970s into an Adult Top 40 direction. The station's music softened to the point where, by 1982, it gave no airtime to harder-rocking songs like Joan Jett's "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", and jingles were initially phased out, with new jingles and a new slogan ("The Great Entertainer") being introduced in 1979.

Dick Purtan joined the station for mornings in 1978, coming over from WXYZ.  Largely due to Purtan's popularity, CKLW remained a moderately popular station into the early 1980s, but after Purtan departed at the start of 1983 for FM competitor WCZY, the station quickly tumbled to the bottom of Detroit's Arbitron ratings (its last appearance in the Top 10 was in 1981). In an attempt to go after longtime "full service" powerhouse WJR, CKLW converted to AM stereo in 1982 and even got the rights to broadcast University of Michigan football and NASL soccer, but in this, it was also unsuccessful.

In 1984, Baton Broadcasting sold CKLW-AM-FM to Russwood Broadcasting Ltd. Also in 1984, CKLW made an attempt to transfer its CHR format to its FM sister station, big band and jazz standards-formatted CKJY-FM.  These hopes were dashed when the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) refused to approve the format change on anything more than an "experimental" basis, reasoning that FM was for "fine" music and that Top 40 music belonged on AM.

The final death knell for the "Big 8" came in October 1984, when the station fired 79 staffers (including most of the remaining announcers and Rosalie Trombley), closed its American sales office in the Detroit suburb of Southfield, Michigan, and announced that it would soon change format to Al Ham's "Music of Your Life" format of Jazz standards and big-band music and go completely automated. The "Big 8" was finally laid to rest on Tuesday, January 1, 1985, and the station soon dropped stereo since most of the big-band and jazz standards music in its new format was in mono anyway.  CKLW's FM sister adopted a beautiful music format with the callsign CKEZ. Briefly, it attempted to resurrect the glory years of the "Big 8" by playing oldies and the jingles from the AM legend's peak years in the late 1960s.  At this time, both stations were also sold to CUC Broadcasting, which would sell CKLW and CKEZ to CHUM Limited in 1993.  For a brief time under CUC Broadcasting ownership, it was a member of the NBC Radio network beginning in 1991 (which was by then a shell of its former self), and ending with the station's sale to CHUM Limited in 1993.

CKLW was known as K-800 during its "Music of Your Life" days and also became the radio home for the Detroit Pistons. Ratings improved dramatically, as the station shot back into the Top 10, although the demographics of the station's audience were now substantially older. Longtime CKLW jock and Detroit radio veteran Dave Shafer was the "K-800" program director during this time.

Modern history
CHUM Limited, which already owned CKWW and CIMX-FM in the Windsor/Detroit market, purchased CKLW-AM-FM in February 1993, and subsequently swapped the formats of CKWW and CKLW on March 1, moving the nostalgic music down to 580 on the AM dial and planting CKWW's news-talk format on 800, and thus ending the music on AM 800 for good.

Today, CKLW combines local talk radio with U.S.-based syndication programs and those produced by CHUM. The station now goes by the name AM 800, The Information Station (or as "AM 800 CKLW"). The station boasts a fully staffed local newsroom and also airs hourly newscasts from The Canadian Press radio network (formerly known as Broadcast News), primarily at night. CKLW is picked up clearly as far off as Toledo and Cleveland (where it was consistently a highly rated station during its Top 40 days), Lansing, Michigan, and even the outskirts of Cincinnati, Ohio, with reports of night-time reception as far off as Toronto/Oshawa, Ontario; Hartford, Connecticut; Pennsylvania; New York City; Little Rock; Des Moines, Iowa; and San Antonio, Texas. At one point, it was stated that CKLW could be heard in at least 23 states and 4 Canadian provinces.

For the station to be heard as far west as Arkansas, Iowa and Texas is impressive, given the station is not a "clear channel" Class A station, and has an extreme northward/eastward nighttime directional signal in order to protect stations on 800 kHz in Ciudad Juárez (clear channel XEROK-AM across the river from El Paso, Texas). A station in Bonaire in the Netherlands Antilles (PJB3, Trans World Radio), provided severe interference to CKLW during its Big 8 years and beyond, operating with 525,000 watts of power. CKLW was and is under no obligation to protect Bonaire, as PJB signed on long after North American allocations were settled and the Netherlands Antilles did not honour international agreements.

During CKLW's Top 40 heyday, because of its nighttime directional pattern, the station was frequently heard in Scandinavia, but was often rendered unlistenable just a few hundred miles to the west and south of Detroit because of interference from the Juarez and/or Bonaire stations. Nevertheless, the current news/talk format enjoys good ratings in Windsor, though it now hovers near the bottom of the Detroit Arbitron reports.

In May 2006, it was announced that CKLW would be a co-flagship station for University of Michigan football with Detroit radio station WOMC. CKLW had served as backup station to WJR previously for Michigan football when WJR was forced to broadcast Detroit Tigers games due to contractual obligations.

On July 12, 2006, it was announced that CHUM would be absorbed by Canadian media conglomerate CTVglobemedia (now Bell Media), the owner of Canadian television network CTV and the successor of CKLW's former owner, Baton Broadcasting. The transaction was consummated on June 22, 2007.

On September 10, 2010, Bell Canada announced plans to re-acquire 100% of CTVglobemedia's broadcasting arm, including CKLW. The deal was consummated on April 1, 2011.

CKLW-FM and CKLW-TV

In 1948, CKLW started CKLW-FM on 93.9 MHz (now CIDR-FM). Despite a powerful 100,000-watt signal, CKLW's FM sister has never been able to attract a sizeable audience, at least not on the American side of the border. In the 1970s, CKLW-FM programmed a country format, and then big band and jazz as CKJY in the early 1980s.

After the failed "Fox" format, the station became beautiful-music CKEZ in 1985, and then in 1986, the CKLW-FM calls were restored and the station made an attempt to mimic the sound of the classic "Big 8" formula with a playlist spanning the 1950s through 1980s and with many of the original jingles, features and personalities, but it lasted only a few years.

In the early 1990s, CKLW-FM again tried the "Big 8"-style oldies format, as 93.9 The Legend. Though the sound was again very faithful to the original CKLW, it once again did not last long, as there was a lot of competition for the oldies market in Detroit at the time, with WOMC (104.3) eventually emerging as the most popular oldies station. (As of November 19, 2020, CIDR-FM became known as "93.9 Virgin Radio", airing a Top 40 format.)

The operation also included CKLW-TV, Channel 9 (now CBET-DT). For years, one of the TV station's most popular shows was an American Bandstand-style show called Swingin' Time (and later, The Lively Spot), hosted by Robin Seymour (and also Tom Shannon for a time) and featuring performances by national and local recording artists and teenagers demonstrating the latest dances. In fact, as early as 1956, Bud Davies hosted a "bandstand"-style show on CKLW-TV called Top Ten Dance Party. For the most part, though, CKLW-TV was overshadowed by its powerhouse sister radio station and mainly aired low-budget local shows along with Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) (and also CTV) network fare.

When the Canadian government requested RKO General divest itself of its Canadian holdings in 1968, the stations were sold to a consortium of the CBC and Baton Broadcasting, which was finalized in 1970. Baton ran the radio station (and CKLW-TV) for several years (under its subsidiary, St. Clair Broadcasting), before selling to CHUM in 1975. When the CBC took full ownership of the television station (CKLW-TV), it changed its call letters to "CBET".

CKLW-AM-FM then moved from the TV station's 825 Riverside Drive West location to its own studios and offices at 1640 Ouellette Avenue. CBET continues as Windsor's CBC English affiliate to this day, although recent budget cuts at the CBC have meant less local programming and more simulcasting of programming from Toronto. The Riverside studios would be sold to London-based Clayland Developments Ltd. in September 2014, though the CBC will be leasing space for their local operations. The 1954 building is on Windsor's heritage registry, meaning that it could not be torn down without approval by the city government.

CHUM's successor, Bell Media, continues to own CKLW and CIDR-FM today, along with country station CIMX-FM (88.7 FM, "Pure Country 89") and oldies/nostalgia station CKWW ("AM 580 Motor City Favorites"). All four stations are located at the Ouellette Avenue address.

The 2004 film Radio Revolution: The Rise and Fall of the Big 8, produced by Michael McNamara and aired on History Television in Canada and PBS member stations WTVS in Detroit (2005) and WVIZ in Cleveland (2006), chronicles the history of CKLW's top 40 years. The film has been honoured in Canada with the Gemini Award (equivalent of an Emmy Award) for "Best History Documentary".

Echoes of the Big 8
In 2015, CKLW began airing its first music program, Hear + Now (pronounced "Hear and Now", formerly Into Tomorrow) in over twenty years (having switched formats with sister CKWW, becoming all-news in 1993). The station airs an alternative/independent local artists format, with some classic Canadian Rock songs with music from the 1960s to today sprinkled in. While not a full-time return to music, Here + Now airs, as of March 2021, on Saturday Mornings (it previously aired on Sunday Nights) making CKLW more of a full-service station again.

2017 transmitter fire
On May 1, 2017, a fire broke out at the transmitter site, located east of Amherstburg (south of Windsor), knocking the station off air. Programming was temporarily moved to sister station AM 580 CKWW, while both stations' internet feeds remained unaffected. The cause is currently unknown, though the station was able to return to the air on its own frequency by mid-afternoon the next day at reduced power.

See also
RKO General
Media in Detroit

References

Further reading
Morrow, Larry (2010). This is Larry Morrow. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers. .

External links
AM 800 CKLW

Radio-Locator information on CKLW
The Classic CKLW Page
Canadian Stations and History
CKLW Big 30 Hit Lists, 1967-1979
Boss 30 Gallery (including CKLW)

RKO-General's History, and its relationship with CKLW
Radio Revolution: The Rise and Fall of the Big 8 DVD site

KLW
KLW
KLW
RKO General
Radio stations established in 1932
1932 establishments in Ontario
KLW

CKLW


Inconscientes est un film espagnol réalisé par Joaquín Oristrell, sorti en 2004.

Synopsis
En 1913 à Barcelone, Alma enceinte de neuf mois, rentre chez elle et découvre que son mari, León, un éminent psychiatre, s'apprête à fuir le domicile conjugal et son cabinet. Il revient d'une séance avec le Dr. Sigmund Freud à Vienne qui l'a laissé désemparé.

Laissée seule avec son enfant, Alma décide de s'associer avec Salvador, le marie de sa sœur, également psychiatre, pour expliquer le mystère de départ de León.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Inconscientes
 Réalisation : Joaquín Oristrell
 Scénario : Dominic Harari, Joaquín Oristrell et Teresa Pelegri
 Musique : Sergio Moure
 Photographie : Jaume Peracaula
 Montage : Miguel Ángel Santamaría
 Production : Mariela Besuievsky et Gerardo Herrero
 Société de production : Canal+ España, EMC Assets, Madragoa Filmes, Messidor Films, Televisió de Catalunya, Televisión Española et Tornasol Films
 Pays : , ,  et
 Genre : Comédie romantique
 Durée : 100 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Leonor Watling : Alma
 Luis Tosar : Salvador
 Mercedes Sampietro : Mme. Mingarro
 Juanjo Puigcorbé : Dr. Mira
 Núria Prims : Olivia
 Àlex Brendemühl : Dr. León Pardo
 Ana Rayo : Tórtola
 Marieta Orozco : Violeta

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé pour cinq prix Goya.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film espagnol sorti en 2004
Film allemand sorti en 2004
Film italien sorti en 2004
Film portugais sorti en 2004
Comédie romantique espagnole
Comédie romantique allemande
Comédie romantique italienne
Comédie romantique portugaise
Film se déroulant dans les années 1910
Film se déroulant à Barcelone
Film sur la psychiatrie
Film en espagnol
Film allemand tourné en espagnol
Film italien tourné en espagnol

Inconscientes


Se llaman sacras o tablillas a cada una de las tres tablillas que de rúbrica deben ponerse en el altar para que el sacerdote pueda leer cómodamente algunas oraciones y otras partes de la misa integrantes, sin recurrir al Misal. Se colocan en medio y a los lados del altar (mirando hacia oriente en el lado derecho o de la epístola y el izquierdo, el lado del evangelio). Contienen ciertas oraciones comunes de la Misa para ayudar a la memoria del celebrante, agilizando la misa tridentina.

En la tablilla o sacra que debe existir al pie de la Cruz en el centro del altar, se tienen impresas las oraciones secretas para la mayor comodidad del celebrante. Para lo mismo se hallará en el lado de la Epístola, la que contiene el Lavabo y en el otro lado opuesto la correspondiente con el Evangelio de San Juan: In principio erat Verbum, etc.

Contenido
En la Sacra de la derecha o del lado de la epístola reza lo siguiente:

Y la del lado izquierdo, en la parte del evangelio, contiene los primeros 14 versículos del Evangelio según San Juan que están circunscritos a lo que comúnmente se conoce como el Prólogo:

In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum era apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum. Hoc erat in pricipio apud Deum. Omnia per ipsum facta sunt: et sine ipso factum est nihil, quod factum est: in ipso vita erat, et vita erat lux hominum: et lux in tenebris lucet, et tenebræ eam non comprehenderunt. Fuit homo missus a Deo, cui nomen erat Joannes. Hic venit in testimonium, ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine, ut omnes crederent per illum. Non erat ille lux, sed ut testimonium perhiberet de lumine. Erat lux vera, quæ illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum. In mundo erat, et mundus per ipsum factum est, et mundus eum non cognovit. In propria venit, et sui eum non receperunt. Quotquot autem receperunt eum, dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, is qui credunt in nomine ejus: qui non ex sanguinibus, neque ex voluntate carnis, neque ex voluntate viri, sed ex Deo nati sunt. (aquí dobla la rodilla) Et Verbum caro factum est, et habitativit in nobis: et vidimus gloriam ejus, gloriam quasi Unigeniti a Patre, plenum gratiæ et veritatis. Sólo está mandada la del medio del altar y deben quitarse durante la exposición del Santísimo y terminada la Misa.

Referencias

Misa de rito romano
Objetos litúrgicos

Sacras


Zagrebačka nogometna zona  je bila jedna od zona Prvenstva Hrvatske, te liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1964./65.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bila "Segesta" iz Sisak.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Poveznice
 Dalmatinska zona 1964./65.
 Međupodsavezna liga – Zapad 1964./65.
 Međupodsavezna liga – Istok 1964./65.

Izvori
 Miroslav Matovina: 80 godina NK Segesta : [1906-1986], Sisak, 1986., str. 227

1964-65 Zagreb
Zagreb
1964-65 zagreb

Zagrebačka nogometna zona 1964./65.


Two ships of the Royal Australian Navy have been named HMAS Jervis Bay, for Jervis Bay on the south coast of New South Wales.
, a roll-on/roll-off ferry acquired by the RAN in 1977, used as a logistics and training ship, and sold back into civilian service in 1994.
, a wave piercing catamaran acquired in 1999, used as a fast troop transport, and returned to civilian service in 2001.

Battle honours
One battle honour has been awarded to ships named HMAS Jervis Bay:
 East Timor 1999–2000

See also
, a British armed merchant cruiser operated during World War II

References

Royal Australian Navy ship names

HMAS Jervis Bay


pravda, idealno stanje društvenih međudjelovanja u kojim vlada poštena i nepristrana ravnoteža interesa i raspodjela dobara kao i mogućnosti između osoba ili skupina
 Pravda (novine)
 Pravda (votka)

Pravda (razdvojba)


Charlie Pedersen (født 26. december 1954) er en tidligere dansk fodboldspiller, der spillede højre wing for Holbæk, Køge Boldklub og HIK i 1970'erne og 1980'erne.

Han er uddannet cementstøber og var 1975-sæsonen central for Køges danmarksmesterskab med 22 mål.

Charlie Pedersen arbejder i dag for Vej & Park i Høje-Taastrup Kommune.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Køge Boldklub

Charlie Petersen


إدموند كارترايت  24 أبريل 1743 30 أكتوبر 1823 هو مخترع ورجل دين إنجليزي كان قد طور نولاً يعمل بطاقة البخار لنسج القطن، مما أدى إلى ابتكار أنوال آلية أكثر كفاءة، وإلى تطوير صناعة النسيج الحديثة.

حياته
ولد كارترايت في مارنهام في نوتينجهامشاير، وتخرج في جامعة أكسفورد، وأصبح راعيًا لأبرشية ريفية في غودباي ماروود في ليسترشاير. وفي عام 1784 علم كارترايت بأن هناك حاجة إلى آلة نسيج تستطيع أن تصنع الأقمشة بأسرع من النول اليدوي، ومن ثم، أصبح على قناعة بأنه يستطيع صنع نول آلي على الرغم من أنه لم يشاهد نولاً يعمل قط.

احتاجت أول آلة نسيج صنعها كارترايت، وهي تلك التي تم تسجيل براءة اختراعها في عام 1785، إلى رجلين قويين لتشغيلها لوقت قصير، ولم تكن أكثر كفاءة من النول اليدوي. غير أن كارترايت اخترع في عام 1786 نولاً يعمل بطاقة البخار. وفي العام التالي قام كارترايت باستخدام هذا النول في مصنع للغزل والنسيج افتتحه في دونكاستر في يوركشاير.

وفي عام 1791، طلب مصنع في مانشستر 400 من أنوال كارترايت. غير أن العمال الذين توقعوا أن تحرمهم الآلات من وظائفهم عمدوا إلى إحراق المصنع. وحاول مصنعون آخرون استخدام نول كارترايت، ولكن جهودهم باءت بالفشل، وأغلق كارترايت مصنعه في عام 1793. وعلى الرغم من أن أنوال كارترايت، لم تكن عملية تماما، إلا أن البرلمان اعترف بعمله الرائد في عام 1809 عندما كافأه بمبلغ يعادل حوالي 50 ألف دولار أمريكي. ابتكر كارترايت أيضًا آلة لتمشيط الصوف وأخرى ليستخدمها المزارعون في حصاد الذرة. غير أن أيًا من الاختراعين لم يحقق له عائدًا ماديًا كبيرًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من الثورة الصناعية
أصحاب أعمال إنجليز
أنجليكانيون
أنجليكانيون إنجليز
خريجو كلية أكسفورد الجامعية
خريجو كلية المجدلية
زملاء الجمعية الملكية
زملاء كلية المجدلية
شعراء إنجليز
مخترعون إنجليز
مواليد 1743
مواليد في نوتنغهام
وفيات 1823
وفيات في كنت

إدموند كارترايت


Churchill bir İngiliz özel ismi olup şuralarda geçer:

 Caryl Churchill, İngiliz oyun yazarı.
 Churchill, Manitoba, Kanada'da Hudson Körfezi kıyısında bir yerleşim yeri
 Churchill (tank). İngiliz yapımı ağır piyade tankı.
 Winston Churchill. İngiliz devlet adamı.

Churchill (anlam ayrımı)