Epic theatre () is a theatrical movement that arose in the early to mid-20th century from the theories and practice of a number of theatre practitioners who responded to the political climate of the time through the creation of new political dramas. Epic theatre is not meant to refer to the scale or the scope of the work, but rather to the form that it takes.  Epic theatre emphasizes the audience's perspective and reaction to the piece through a variety of techniques that deliberately cause them to individually engage in a different way. The purpose of epic theatre is not to encourage an audience to suspend their disbelief, but rather to force them to see their world as it is.

History

The term "epic theatre" comes from Erwin Piscator who coined it during his first year as director of Berlin's Volksbühne (1924–27). Piscator aimed to encourage playwrights to address issues related to "contemporary existence." This new subject matter would then be staged by means of documentary effects, audience interaction, and strategies to cultivate an objective response. Epic theatre incorporates a mode of acting that utilises what Brecht calls gestus. One of Brecht's most-important aesthetic innovations prioritised function over the sterile dichotomous opposition between form and content. Epic theatre and its many forms is a response to Richard Wagner's idea of "Gesamtkunstwerk", or "total artwork", which intends each piece of art to be composed of other art forms. Since epic theatre is so focused on the specific relationship between form and content, these two ideas contradict each other, despite the fact that Brecht was heavily influenced by Wagner. Brecht discussed the priorities and approach of epic theatre in his work "A Short Organum for the Theatre".  Although many of the concepts and practices involved in Brechtian epic theatre had been around for years, even centuries, Brecht unified them, developed the approach, and popularised it.

Near the end of his career, Brecht preferred the term "dialectical theatre" to describe the kind of theatre he pioneered. From his later perspective, the term "epic theatre" had become too formal a concept to be of use anymore. According to Manfred Wekwerth, one of Brecht's directors at the Berliner Ensemble at the time, the term refers to the "'dialecticising' of events" that this approach to theatre-making produces.

Epic theatre is distinct from other forms of theatre, particularly the early naturalistic approach and later "psychological realism" developed by Konstantin Stanislavski. Like Stanislavski, Brecht disliked the shallow spectacle, manipulative plots, and heightened emotion of melodrama; but where Stanislavski attempted to engender real human behaviour in acting through the techniques of Stanislavski's system and to absorb the audience completely in the fictional world of the play, Brecht saw this type of theatre as escapist. Brecht's own social and political focus was distinct, too, from surrealism and the Theatre of Cruelty, as developed in the writings and dramaturgy of Antonin Artaud, who sought to affect audiences viscerally, psychologically, physically, and irrationally. While both produced 'shock' in the audience, epic theatre practices would also include a subsequent moment of understanding and comprehension.

Techniques

Verfremdungseffekt
While not invented by Brecht, the Verfremdungseffekt, known in English as the "estrangement effect" or the "alienation effect", was made popular by Brecht and is one of the most significant characteristics of epic theatre.

Some of the ways the Verfremdungseffekt can be achieved is by having actors play multiple characters, rearrange the set in full view of the audience, and "break the fourth wall" by speaking to the audience. The use of a narrator in The Caucasian Chalk Circle is another example of Verfremdungseffekt at work. Lighting can also be used to emulate the effect. For example, flooding the theatre with bright lights (not just the stage) and placing lighting equipment on stage can encourage the audience to fully acknowledge that the production is merely a production instead of reality.

As with the principle of dramatic construction involved in the epic form of spoken drama amalgamated or what Brecht calls "non-Aristotelian drama", the epic approach to play production utilizes a montage technique of fragmentation, contrast and contradiction, and interruptions. While the French playwright Jean Genet articulates a very different world view in his dramas from that found in Brecht's, in a letter to the director Roger Blin on the most appropriate approach to staging his The Screens in 1966, he advises an epic approach to its production:

Historicisation
Historicization is also employed in order to draw connections from a historical event to a similar current event. This can be seen in the plays Mother Courage and Her Children and The Good Person of Szechwan, both written by Brecht, which comment on a current social or political issue using historical contexts.

Brecht, too, advised treating each element of a play independently, like a music hall turn that is able to stand on its own.
Common production techniques in epic theatre include a simplified, non-realistic scenic design offset against a selective realism in costuming and props, as well as announcements or visual captions that interrupt and summarize the action. Brecht used comedy to distance his audiences from the depicted events and was heavily influenced by musicals and fairground performers,  putting music and song in his plays.

Acting in epic theatre requires actors to play characters believably without convincing either the audience or themselves that they have "become" the characters. This is called Gestus when an actor takes on the physical embodiment of a social commentary. Actors frequently address the audience directly out of character ("breaking the fourth wall") and play multiple roles. Brecht thought it was important that the choices the characters made were explicit, and tried to develop a style of acting wherein it was evident that the characters were choosing one action over another. For example, a character could say, "I could have stayed at home, but instead I went to the shops." This he called "fixing the Not / But element".

Famous practitioners

 Erwin Piscator
 Vladimir Mayakovsky
 Vsevolod Meyerhold
 Bertolt Brecht
 Friedrich Dürrenmatt

See also

 7:84
 Augusto Boal
 Howard Brenton
 Caryl Churchill
 Distancing effect
 David Edgar (playwright)
 Epic Theatre Ensemble
 Experimental theatre
 Dario Fo
 French New Wave
 Gestus
 Joan Littlewood
 John McGrath (playwright)
 Modernism
 Political drama
 Franca Rame
 Theatre of the Oppressed
 Theatre Workshop

References

Sources

 Gordon, Robert. 2017. "Brecht, interruptions, and epic theatre".
 Brecht, Bertolt. 1949. "A Short Organum for the Theatre". Trans. John Willett. In Brecht (1964, 179–205).
 Brecht, Bertolt. 1964. Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic. Ed. and trans. John Willett. British edition. London: Methuen. . USA edition. New York: Hill and Wang. .
 Brecht, Bertolt. 1965. The Messingkauf Dialogues. Trans. John Willett. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry, Prose Ser. London: Methuen, 1985. .
 Genet, Jean. 1966. Letters to Roger Blin. In Reflections on the Theatre and Other Writings. Trans. Richard Seaver. London: Faber, 1972. 7–60. .
 Innes, Christopher 1972. Erwin Piscator's Political Theatre: The Development of Modern German Drama. New edition. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1977. .
 Wiles, Timothy 1980. The Theatre Event. Chicago: Chicago University Press. .
 Willett, John. 1964. Editorial notes. In Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic, by Bertolt Brecht. London: Methuen. . New York: Hill and Wang. .

External links
 Epic Theatre – University of Southern Queensland Artsworx Resources on The Good Woman of Setzuan.

Bertolt Brecht theories and techniques
Metafictional techniques
Modernist theatre
Political theatre forms

Epic theatre


Troon (Scottish Gaelic: An Truthail / An t-Sròn) is a town and sea port in South Ayrshire, situated on the west coast of Ayrshire in Scotland, about  north of Ayr and  northwest of Glasgow Prestwick Airport.

Troon has a port with freight services and a yacht marina. Up until January 2016, P&O operated a seasonal ferry service to Larne. In May 2006, a ferry service to Campbeltown was added, although this was withdrawn the following year.

In the 2001 census the population of Troon, not including the nearby village of Loans but including the Barassie area, was estimated at 14,766, a 4.77% increase on the 1991 estimate of 14,094.

Name
The name Troon is likely from a Brythonic or Pictish name cognate with Welsh  ("nose, cape"). When Scottish Gaelic became the main language, it is possible that the Gaelic form  (; "the nose") was used for the name Troon. Since the words sròn and trwyn are cognate, it could have been easily adapted from one language to the other. This is similar to the Gaelic name of Stranraer (An t-Sròn Reamhar, the fat nose), which lies further south on the coast. However, it is not certain if An t-Sròn was the Gaelic name, as its usage cannot be traced back any further than Johnston's Place-names of Scotland (1932). It is more likely that a gaelicized respelling, such as An Trùn, was used.

The name An Truthail was used by Gaelic speakers on nearby Arran Island up until the 20th century.

History

The Duke of Portland added docks to the existing natural harbour on the north side of the headland. Later improvements increased the protection afforded by the headland with an artificial "ballast bank" made from the dumped ballast of incoming merchant ships.

Troon Harbour played a notable part in the development of the town for many years. It was home to the Ailsa Shipbuilding Company, which constructed many vessels for worldwide customers but mainly small passenger and various merchant vessels. The fishing fleet from Ayr moved to Troon Harbour and a revitalisation of the abandoned section of the harbour started. An approach road was constructed to connect to a P&O terminal which operates a service to Ireland. The Seacat high speed ferry service briefly operated from Troon Harbour. It is now a fishing port, yachting marina, seasonal passenger ferry port and Ro-Ro ferry terminal for timber and containers. Shipbuilding at Troon Harbour ended in 2000.

From 1812 Troon was the terminus of a horse-drawn railway connecting it to the Duke's coal mines around Kilmarnock. This was not licensed for passengers, a minor technicality evaded by weighing those wishing to travel and charging them freight rates. Troon (old) railway station was one of the first passenger stations in Scotland, as part of the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway formed when the horse-drawn line from Kilmarnock was upgraded to run steam locomotives. The town is now served by Troon railway station.

Troon is the birthplace of C. K. Marr, who left a fund to the people of Troon which was used to construct Marr College, the town's secondary school.

Extension of Troon
The artist's impression and the theoretical master plan for Troon that the Duke of Portland had drawn up was almost on as grand a scale, relative to its size, as that of Edinburgh's New Town. The broad streets with a grid network and ample space for civic amenities created for a thriving community built around the industry of the harbour. Troon's prosperity allowed this confident plan to be proposed. The drawing shows two spires, the taller spire was of that proposed by Troon Parish Church. Although the new building was erected in 1895 the spire was never completed. To the right a smaller spire indicates Portland Street United Free Church, which sat behind where WH Smith is today.

The first railway in Scotland (Troon to Kilmarnock 1811) is clearly showing in the background. It was the Glasgow and South Western Railway in 1892 who altered this plan by building a loop to bring passengers closer to the beach and town. The park never came to pass but public spaces on the promenade, (where the bandstand was built), The Ballast Bank and Fullarton ground allow residents and visitors scope for leisure. The industrial units to the right of the harbour line towards Barassie were the Gas Works and Slaughter House.

Politics
Troon is part of the Ayr Scottish parliamentary constituency which has been represented by Scottish National Party (SNP) MSP Siobhian Brown since the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. The constituency also incorporates the towns of Ayr and Prestwick. At Westminster, Troon has formed part of the Central Ayrshire constituency since 2005. It is represented by SNP MP Philippa Whitford: the constituency extends south into Prestwick and rural South Ayrshire and north into Irvine and part of Kilwinning.

Councillors

Four Councillors currently represent the Troon ward as part of South Ayrshire Council:

Troon Town Hall, which is the meeting place of Troon Community Council, was completed in 1932.

Independence referendum
On 18 September 2014 a referendum was held on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. The South Ayrshire Council area voted against Scotland becoming an independent country at 58% No 42% Yes whilst Troon (which was counted with the rest of South Ayrshire) voted overwhelmingly against independence at 65% No 35% Yes.

Demographics

Economy

Troon is home to the Royal Troon golf course, one of the hosts of the Open Golf Championship. The course is chosen to host this annual event roughly every seven years.

SeaCat opened passenger services from Troon in 1999, with catamaran ferries to Ireland. They were followed by P&O Irish Sea in 2003. SeaCat closed the following year. Up until 2015, P&O Ferries operated seasonal sailings with the high speed catamaran HSC Express: the term 'SeaCat' is often used to refer to the P&O service.

P&O announced on 13 January 2016 that the Troon–Larne service was to close with immediate effect.

The former SeaCat terminal is currently fenced off and is being used as log storage.

Education

Troon has five primary schools. Four (Troon Primary School, Muirhead Primary School, Struthers Primary School and Barassie Primary School) are non-denominational, and one primary school provides Catholic educational provision: St. Patrick's Primary School. Early years education is provided with a mix of private establishments and local authority establishments attached to primary schools which are operated by South Ayrshire Council. Troon is served by one secondary school, Marr College, which is operated by South Ayrshire Council. Pupils who access Catholic educational provision usually transfer to Queen Margaret Academy in nearby Ayr as Troon currently has no separate secondary school that accommodates this provision.

After school care provision in Troon is again a mix of private establishments and one local authority operated after school care club, which is based in and operated from Muirhead Care Club in the Muirhead area of the town.

Early Years Centres
Troon Early Years Centre
Barassie Early Years Centre
Muirhead Early Years Centre
Struthers Early Years Centre
Granny Smiths Nursery (private establishment which is in partnership with South Ayrshire Council)
Meadowgreen Pre-School (private establishment which is in partnership with South Ayrshire Council)
Marina View Nursery

Primary schools

Troon Primary School
Barassie Primary School
Muirhead Primary School
Struthers Primary School
St. Patrick's Primary School

Secondary schools

Marr College

Sport and culture
Troon is perhaps most famous for its golf courses, but there is also a healthy sporting culture in other disciplines such as windsurfing and kitesurfing.

Troon Handball Club is a handball club that is located in Troon. The club was Founded in 2008 when Ayrshire Handball Club disbanded into Ayr HC, Belmont HC, Grange HC (formerly Kilmarnock HC), Kyle Academy HC and Troon Handball Club. The club has two senior teams; a mens team and a woman's team both Coached by head coach Stephen Neilson: Former Scottish and British handball player. Both the men and woman's team compete in the top tier of the Scottish Handball Association league system. The club also has a thriving junior section that is coached by mens first team player Chris Kerr. The club also works closely with Marr College the local secondary school and has been crowned Scottish schools and junior Scottish Cup champions on several occasions.

Troon F.C. is the senior football side in the area, representing the town in the West of Scotland Football League and play at Portland Park, close to the town's heart in Portland Street.

The prominent sports team in the village is Troon Dundonald A.F.C. The club was formed in 1983 by 3 'ageing' players, at which time they were named Troon Burns A.F.C., and have now surpassed their 30th season in the Ayrshire Amateur Football Association. During this time they have had a few name changes, sometimes due to sponsorship commitments, but in 1998/99 season, they settled on Troon Amateurs Football Club. The club President, Stuart Urquhart, still remains from the original founders of the club and he is as passionate as ever about everything that goes on within the club, as well as with Amateur football in general.

In the years since their formation, they have enjoyed three promotions in back to back seasons, 1983-1984 through 1985-1986, which saw them go from the fourth division to the first of Ayrshire's Amateur Leagues, which is one of the largest and toughest amateur leagues in Scotland.

Notable people
Margaret Allan, racing driver
Ronni Ancona, actress
Tom Brighton, footballer
Gordon Brown, rugby player
George Brown, professional footballer and businessman
Gordon Burns, footballer
Robert Carrick, cricketer
Fiona Caldicott (1941-2021),  psychiatrist and psychotherapist, former Principal of Somerville College, Oxford, and Chair of the Caldicott Committee
Neill Collins, footballer
Andrew Cotter, BBC Sports broadcaster
George Hunter, footballer
Scott Manley, science communicator.
Duncan Lunan, writer
Thomas O'Ware, footballer
Dick McTaggart, boxer
Colin Montgomerie, golfer
Jamie Ness, footballer
Steve Nicol, footballer
D'Arcy Rae, rugby player
Bill Thomson, right winger for the Detroit Red Wings
Brian Whittle, athlete
Susannah York, actress

Fullarton House

Fullarton House was built by William Fullarton of that ilk in 1745 and altered by his son, however it was demolished in 1966 by the council who had been unable to maintain the building after purchasing it in 1928.

The entrance route had been changed by the Duke of Portland and the house design altered so that the back became the front, with grand views opened up of the Isle of Arran and Firth of Clyde. After centuries of occupation the Fullarton lines possession had thus come to an end when the Duke of Portland purchased the property in 1805. He lived here for a while as his principal residence in Scotland, however he had a greater interest in developing Troon harbour and the Kilmarnock and Troon Railway.

The grounds are now a park with some signs of the old house still apparent, such as the magnificent stable block, the ornamental pediments, walled gardens, doocot and an ice house. Reed Loch was located near Lochgreen House and was used latterly as a curling pond.

The Fullarton family

The name is thought to come from the office of 'Fowler to the King', the purpose of which was to supply wild-fowl to the King as required. The dwelling which came with the post was called Fowlertoun and the family may have eventually adopted the name. The Fullarton's of Angus had been required by Robert I to supply him with wild-fowl at his castle of Forfar.

Alanus de Fowlertoun was in possession of the lands shortly before his death in 1280 and the family continued in a nearly unbroken line from father to son. William Fullarton, the builder of the house, inherited the estate from his grandfather in 1710, he having inherited it from his brother in turn. Colonel Fullarton died in 1808, the last Fullarton of that Ilk laird. He wrote in 1793 the seminal A General View of the Agriculture in the County of Ayr and was one of the few on record to praise Robert Burns's skills as a farmer, commenting favourably on a method of dishorning cattle which the poet had demonstrated. Burns is said to have visited Fullarton.

Crosbie Castle

Robert II granted the old Crosbie estate to the Fullartons in 1344 and by the 18th century the old castle was partly demolished and converted into an ice house for Fullarton House, with a doocot nearby. In 1969 more of the ice house was demolished to make it safe. The building had been known as Crosby Place and later became Fullarton House, not long before the new building of the same name replaced it.

Over the centuries the castle was rebuilt three times, in the same typical square design as seen at  Dundonald Castle. The remains today mainly represent the Castle's dungeon. Many of Crosbie Castle's stones were used in the construction of the first Fullarton House. The dungeon, had an underground stream, making it the ideal cold storage cellar or ice house.

Crosbie church and cemetery

First recorded in 1229, the present structure dates from 1691. Tradition claims that the roof blew off on the day in 1759 that Robert Burns was born and it was left to become a ruin. One of the graves is that off David Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, son of James, alleged assassin of the Regent Moray, bastard son of James V. This event occurred in 1570 and David died in 1619. David Fullarton of that Ilk had married David's sister.

Constructed on the site of the original chapel, the name comes from the Anglo-Saxon word 'Crossbye', signifying the dwelling of the cross; a fairly common placename. The cemetery dates from circa 1240 and was held in secular times by Fullarton of Crosbie in the 14th century after being passed on from relatives. Records indicate that this ground was used by a holy order before the Fullartons arrived in the area. The chapelry of Crosbie, together with that of Richardstoun (Riccartoun) were attached to Dundonald and were granted by the second Walter Stewart to the short-lived Gilbertine Convent which he had founded at Dalmulin before 1228. The convent was dis-established in 1238 and the chapel passed to the monks of Paisley Abbey.

The cemetery was the burial ground for Troon until 1862 and family lairs were still in use until after the First World War. On the other side of the road, the remains of the church manse can still be seen (2009). The 'Wrack Road' was the Fullarton Estate estate road used by tenants who took their carts down to the shore to collect seaweed or wrack as fertilizer and it was the main road from Troon for funerals going to Crosbie.

International relations

Twin towns - sister cities

  Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France

See also
 James Logan—footballer
 Laigh Milton viaduct—the Kilmarnock and Troon railway or tramway
 Mike Russell—politician
 WinterStorm - an annual classic rock music festival held in Troon Town Hall

References

Further reading
 Blair, Anna (1983). Tales of Ayrshire. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. .
 MacIntosh, I. M. (1969). Old Troon.
 McPherson, I. (2000). Old Troon.
 Wylie, Stewart C., and Wilson, James (1991). Troon in Old Picture Postcards.

External links

 South Ayrshire Council

Firth of Clyde
Port cities and towns in Scotland
Towns in South Ayrshire

Troon


زلمان شازار  (24 نوفمبر 1889- 5 أكتوبر 1974) سياسي إسرائيلي تولى منصب الرئيس الثالث لدولة إسرائيل من عام 1963 إلى 1973.

مولده
ولد في روسيا لعائلة من الحاخامين من أتباع حركة حباد.

نشأته
في صباه كان نشيطا في حركة «عمال صهيون». وقد تعلم في كل من سان بيترسبورغ وبرلين وسويسرا.

حياته
هاجر إلى إسرائيل في عام 1924, حيث بدأ في النشاط العام كأحد زعماء «أحدوت هعفوداه»
(وحدة العمل) ومن ثم في مباي (حزب عمال أرض إسرائيل). وقد كان نشيطا في كل من اللجنة التنفيذية للهستدروت العامة، والهستدروت الصهيونية العالمية كما شارك في كنغرسات (مؤتمرات) صهيونية عديدة. في عام 1944، بعد وفاة السيد برل كتسنلسون عين محررا لجريدة «دفار».

وبعد قيام الدولة أنتخب عضوا في الكنيست الأولى، فقد شغل في السنوات 1949-1950 منصب وزير المعارف والثقافة. ولقد تم انتخابه بعد أن استقال من الحكومة للجنة التنفيذية للجنة التنفيذية في الوكالة اليهودية حيث رأس دائرة المعارف والثقافة الخاصة بها. وفي السنوات ما بين 1957-1961 شغل منصب رئيس اللجنة التنفيذية الصهيونية بالوكالة

رئيس إسرائيل
وفي عام 1963 أنتخب رئيسا للدولة. وفي عام 1968 أنتخب لفترة ولاية ثانية.

روابط خارجية

المصادر

موقع الكنيست الإسرائيلي.

يهود أشكناز في فلسطين الانتدابية
يهود أرثوذكس إسرائيليين
أعضاء الكنيست الأولى (1949–51)
أعضاء الكنيست الثالثة (1955–59)
أعضاء الكنيست الثانية (1951–55)
الوكالة اليهودية
حاصلون على وسام مونو
رؤساء الوكالة اليهودية
رؤساء إسرائيل
شعراء باللغة اليديشية
مهاجرون بولنديون إلى فلسطين الانتدابية
مواليد 1889
وزراء تعليم إسرائيل
وزراء حكومة إسرائيل
وفيات 1974
وفيات في القدس
يهود في فلسطين الانتدابية
أشخاص من محافظة مينسك
مدفونون في جبل هرتزل
إسرائيليون من أصل يهودي بيلاروسي
يهود من الإمبراطورية الروسية

زلمان شازار


An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene.  Expression vectors are the basic tools in biotechnology for the production of proteins.

The vector is engineered to contain regulatory sequences that act as enhancer and promoter regions and lead to efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector. The goal of a well-designed expression vector is the efficient production of protein, and this may be achieved by the production of significant amount of stable messenger RNA, which can then be translated into protein. The expression of a protein may be tightly controlled, and the protein is only produced in significant quantity when necessary through the use of an inducer, in some systems however the protein may be expressed constitutively. Escherichia coli is commonly used as the host for protein production, but other cell types may also be used. An example of the use of expression vector is the production of insulin, which is used for medical treatments of diabetes.

Elements

An expression vector has features that any vector may have, such as an origin of replication, a selectable marker, and a suitable site for the insertion of a gene like the multiple cloning site. The cloned gene may be transferred from a specialized cloning vector to an expression vector, although it is possible to clone directly into an expression vector. The cloning process is normally performed in Escherichia coli. Vectors used for protein production in organisms other than E.coli may have, in addition to a suitable origin of replication for its propagation in E. coli, elements that allow them to be maintained in another organism, and these vectors are called shuttle vectors.

Elements for expression

An expression vector must have elements necessary for gene expression. These may include a promoter, the correct translation initiation sequence such as a ribosomal binding site and start codon, a termination codon, and a transcription termination sequence. There are differences in the machinery for protein synthesis between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, therefore the expression vectors must have the elements for expression that are appropriate for the chosen host.  For example, prokaryotes expression vectors would have a Shine-Dalgarno sequence at its translation initiation site for the binding of ribosomes, while eukaryotes expression vectors would contain the Kozak consensus sequence.

The promoter initiates the transcription and is therefore the point of control for the expression of the cloned gene. The promoters used in expression vector are normally inducible, meaning that protein synthesis is only initiated when required by the introduction of an inducer such as IPTG. Gene expression however may also be constitutive (i.e. protein is constantly expressed) in some expression vectors. Low level of constitutive protein synthesis may occur even in expression vectors with tightly controlled promoters.

Protein tags

After the expression of the gene product, it may be necessary to purify the expressed protein; however, separating the protein of interest from the great majority of proteins of the host cell can be a protracted process. To make this purification process easier, a purification tag may be added to the cloned gene. This tag could be histidine (His) tag, other marker peptides, or a fusion partners such as glutathione S-transferase or maltose-binding protein. Some of these fusion partners may also help to increase the solubility of some expressed proteins. Other fusion proteins such as green fluorescent protein may act as a reporter gene for the identification of successful cloned genes, or they may be used to study protein expression in cellular imaging.

Other Elements
The expression vector is transformed or transfected into the host cell for protein synthesis. Some expression vectors may have elements for transformation or the insertion of DNA into the host chromosome, for example the vir genes for plant transformation, and integrase sites for chromosomal integration .

Some vectors may include targeting sequence that may target the expressed protein to a specific location such as the periplasmic space of bacteria.

Expression/Production systems
Different organisms may be used to express a gene's target protein, and the expression vector used will therefore have elements specific for use in the particular organism. The most commonly used organism for protein production is the bacterium Escherichia coli. However, not all proteins can be successfully expressed in E. coli, or be expressed with the correct form of post-translational modifications such as glycosylations, and other systems may therefore be used.

Bacterial

The expression host of choice for the expression of many proteins is Escherichia coli as the production of heterologous protein in E. coli is relatively simple and convenient, as well as being rapid and cheap. A large number of E. coli expression plasmids are also available for a wide variety of needs. Other bacteria used for protein production include Bacillus subtilis.

Most heterologous proteins are expressed in the cytoplasm of E. coli. However, not all proteins formed may be soluble in the cytoplasm, and incorrectly folded proteins formed in cytoplasm can form insoluble aggregates called inclusion bodies. Such insoluble proteins will require refolding, which can be an involved process and may not necessarily produce high yield. Proteins which have disulphide bonds are often not able to fold correctly due to the reducing environment in the cytoplasm which prevents such bond formation, and a possible solution is to target the protein to the periplasmic space by the use of an N-terminal signal sequence. Another possibility is to manipulate the redox environment of the cytoplasm. Other more sophisticated systems are also being developed; such systems may allow for the expression of proteins previously thought impossible in E. coli, such as glycosylated proteins.

The promoters used for these vector are usually based on the promoter of the lac operon or the T7 promoter, and they are normally regulated by the lac operator. These promoters may also be hybrids of different promoters, for example, the Tac-Promoter is a hybrid of trp and lac promoters. Note that most commonly used lac or lac-derived promoters are based on the lacUV5 mutant which is insensitive to catabolite repression. This mutant allows for expression of protein under the control of the lac promoter when the growth medium contains glucose since glucose would inhibit gene expression if wild-type lac promoter is used. Presence of glucose nevertheless may still be used to reduce background expression through residual inhibition in some systems.

Examples of E. coli expression vectors are the pGEX series of vectors where glutathione S-transferase is used as a fusion partner and gene expression is under the control of the tac promoter, and the pET series of vectors which uses a T7 promoter.

It is possible to simultaneously express two or more different proteins in E. coli using different plasmids. However, when 2 or more plasmids are used, each plasmid needs to use a different antibiotic selection as well as a different origin of replication, otherwise one of the plasmids may not be stably maintained. Many commonly used plasmids are based on the ColE1 replicon and are therefore incompatible with each other; in order for a ColE1-based plasmid to coexist with another in the same cell, the other would need to be of a different replicon, e.g. a p15A replicon-based plasmid such as the pACYC series of plasmids. Another approach would be to use a single two-cistron vector or design the coding sequences in tandem as a bi- or poly-cistronic construct.

Yeast
A yeast commonly used for protein production is Pichia pastoris. Examples of yeast expression vector in Pichia are the pPIC series of vectors, and these vectors use the AOX1 promoter which is inducible with methanol. The plasmids may contain elements for insertion of foreign DNA into the yeast genome and signal sequence for the secretion of expressed protein. Proteins with disulphide bonds and glycosylation can be efficiently produced in yeast. Another yeast used for protein production is Kluyveromyces lactis and the gene is expressed, driven by a variant of the strong lactase LAC4 promoter.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is particularly widely used for gene expression studies in yeast, for example in yeast two-hybrid system for the study of protein-protein interaction. The vectors used in yeast two-hybrid system contain fusion partners for two cloned genes that allow the transcription of a reporter gene when there is interaction between the two proteins expressed from the cloned genes.

Baculovirus
Baculovirus, a rod-shaped virus which infects insect cells, is used as the expression vector in this system. Insect cell lines derived from Lepidopterans (moths and butterflies), such as Spodoptera frugiperda, are used as host. A cell line derived from the cabbage looper is of particular interest, as it has been developed to grow fast and without the expensive serum normally needed to boost cell growth. The shuttle vector is called bacmid, and gene expression is under the control of a strong promoter pPolh. Baculovirus has also been used with mammalian cell lines in the BacMam system.

Baculovirus is normally used for production of glycoproteins, although the glycosylations may be different from those found in vertebrates. In general, it is safer to use than mammalian virus as it has a limited host range and does not infect vertebrates without modifications.

Plant
Many plant expression vectors are based on the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In these expression vectors, DNA to be inserted into plant is cloned into the T-DNA, a stretch of DNA flanked by a 25-bp direct repeat sequence at either end, and which can integrate into the plant genome. The T-DNA also contains the selectable marker. The Agrobacterium provides a mechanism for transformation, integration of into the plant genome, and the promoters for its vir genes may also be used for the cloned genes.  Concerns over the transfer of bacterial or viral genetic material into the plant however have led to the development of vectors called intragenic vectors whereby functional equivalents of plant genome are used so that there is no transfer of genetic material from an alien species into the plant.

Plant viruses may be used as vectors since the Agrobacterium method does not work for all plants. Examples of plant virus used are the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus X, and cowpea mosaic virus. The protein may be expressed as a fusion to the coat protein of the virus and is displayed on the surface of assembled viral particles, or as an unfused protein that accumulates within the plant. Expression in plant using plant vectors is often constitutive, and a commonly used constitutive promoter in plant expression vectors is the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter.

Mammalian
Mammalian expression vectors offer considerable advantages for the expression of mammalian proteins over bacterial expression systems - proper folding, post-translational modifications, and relevant enzymatic activity. It may also be more desirable than other eukaryotic non-mammalian systems whereby the proteins expressed may not contain the correct glycosylations. It is of particular use in producing membrane-associating proteins that require chaperones for proper folding and stability as well as containing numerous post-translational modifications. The downside, however, is the low yield of product in comparison to prokaryotic vectors as well as the costly nature of the techniques involved. Its complicated technology, and potential contamination with animal viruses of mammalian cell expression have also placed a constraint on its use in large-scale industrial production.

Cultured mammalian cell lines such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), COS, including human cell lines such as HEK and HeLa may be used to produce protein. Vectors are transfected into the cells and the DNA may be integrated into the genome by homologous recombination in the case of stable transfection, or the cells may be transiently transfected. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include the adenoviral vectors, the pSV and the pCMV series of plasmid vectors, vaccinia and retroviral vectors, as well as baculovirus. The promoters for cytomegalovirus (CMV) and SV40 are commonly used in mammalian expression vectors to drive gene expression. Non-viral promoter, such as the elongation factor (EF)-1 promoter, is also known.

Cell-free systems
E. coli cell lysate containing the cellular components required for transcription and translation are used in this in vitro method of protein production. The advantage of such system is that protein may be produced much faster than those produced in vivo since it does not require time to culture the cells, but it is also more expensive. Vectors used for E. coli expression can be used in this system although specifically designed vectors for this system are also available. Eukaryotic cell extracts may also be used in other cell-free systems, for example, the wheat germ cell-free expression systems. Mammalian cell-free systems have also been produced.

Applications

Laboratory use
Expression vector in an expression host is now the usual method used in laboratories to produce proteins for research. Most proteins are produced in E. coli, but for glycosylated proteins and those with disulphide bonds, yeast, baculovirus and mammalian systems may be used.

Production of peptide and protein pharmaceuticals
Most protein pharmaceuticals are now produced through recombinant DNA technology using expression vectors. These peptide and protein pharmaceuticals may be hormones, vaccines, antibiotics, antibodies, and enzymes.  The first human recombinant protein used for disease management, insulin, was introduced in 1982. Biotechnology allows these peptide and protein pharmaceuticals, some of which were previously rare or difficult to obtain, to be produced in large quantity. It also reduces the risks of contaminants such as host viruses, toxins and prions. Examples from the past include prion contamination in growth hormone extracted from pituitary glands harvested from human cadavers, which caused Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in patients receiving treatment for dwarfism, and viral contaminants in clotting factor VIII isolated from human blood that resulted in the transmission of viral diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS. Such risk is reduced or removed completely when the proteins are produced in non-human host cells.

Transgenic plant and animals

In recent years, expression vectors have been used to introduce specific genes into plants and animals to produce transgenic organisms, for example in agriculture it is used to produce transgenic plants. Expression vectors have been used to introduce a vitamin A precursor, beta-carotene, into rice plants. This product is called golden rice. This process has also been used to introduce a gene into plants that produces an insecticide, called Bacillus thuringiensis toxin or Bt toxin which reduces the need for farmers to apply insecticides since it is produced by the modified organism. In addition expression vectors are used to extend the ripeness of tomatoes by altering the plant so that it produces less of the chemical that causes the tomatoes to rot. There have been controversies over using expression vectors to modify crops due to the fact that there might be unknown health risks, possibilities of companies patenting certain genetically modified food crops, and ethical concerns. Nevertheless, this technique is still being used and heavily researched.

Transgenic animals have also been produced to study animal biochemical processes and human diseases, or used to produce pharmaceuticals and other proteins. They may also be engineered to have advantageous or useful traits. Green fluorescent protein is sometimes used as tags which results in animal that can fluoresce, and this have been exploited commercially to produce the fluorescent GloFish.

Gene therapy

Gene therapy is a promising treatment for a number of diseases where a "normal" gene carried by the vector is inserted into the genome, to replace an "abnormal" gene or supplement the expression of particular gene. Viral vectors are generally used but other nonviral methods of delivery are being developed. The treatment is still a risky option due to the viral vector used which can cause ill-effects, for example giving rise to insertional mutation that can result in cancer. However, there have been promising results.

See also
 Cloning vector
Host cell protein

References

External links
GST Gene Fusion System Handbook

Genetics techniques
Molecular biology
Biotechnology

Expression vector


El Pueblo Gallego est un journal espagnol publié à Vigo entre 1924 et 1979. Propriété de Manuel Portela Valladares dans ses premiers années, il fait ensuite partie du groupe de presse  pendant la dictature franquiste.

Histoire
Le quotidien est fondé en 1924 par l'homme politique Manuel Portela Valladares qui en est le propriétaire à ses débuts. Le premier numéro du Pueblo Gallego a été publié le .

Ramón Fernández Mato en a été le directeur de 1924 à 1927. Dans sa première étape, le quotidien suit une ligne éditoriale républicaine libérale et centriste,[1] et maintient quelques liens avec le PSOE. Le quotidien acquiert une certaine importance en Galice. Sous la Seconde République, le quotidien s'identifie au nouveau régime et défend ouvertement la constitution républicaine.[5] Au cours des premières années de la République et jusqu'en 1933, le quotidien soutient le Parti galléguiste,[8]. Des écrivains et personnalités issus du milieu culturel et littéraire tels que Castelao, Jesús Bal y Gay, Ramón Otero Pedrayo et Valentín Paz-Andrade, collaborent avec le journal.[10] Quelques articles en galicien sont publiés.

Le poète García Lorca a publié dans les pages du quotidien ses Seis poemas galegos en 1932.

Lors de la Guerre civile, les installations du quotidien sont confisquées par les forces insurgées.[13] Avec une autorisation militaire, le leader phalangiste Manuel Hedilla utilise une partie des installations du Pueblo Gallego pour fonder le 21 octobre 1936 le quotidien Arco à Ourense. Le [14] El Pueblo Gallego devient la propriété de la FET et des JONS.[15] Pendant la Dictature franquiste, le quotidien intègre la Chaîne de Presse du Mouvement. La direction du journal est confiée à Jesús Suevos, José María Castroviejo,[17] Félix Morales Pérez[17], José Luis Banús Aguirre. Après la mort de Franco, le quotidien est incorporé dans l'organe des médias et communication de l'État. Il est clôturé le [18][19] pour des raisons économiques.

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Titre de presse créé en 1924
Titre de presse disparu en 1979
Presse écrite disparue en Espagne

El Pueblo Gallego


Charlot și Mabel la plimbare (în ) este un film american de comedie din 1914 produs de Mack Sennett și scris și regizat de Charlie Chaplin. În alte roluri interpretează actorii Mabel Normand,  Phyllis Allen și Mack Swain.

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Charles Chaplin - Mr. Sniffels
 Mabel Normand - Ambrose's wife
 Phyllis Allen - Mrs. Sniffels
 Mack Swain - Ambrose
 Harry McCoy  - Flirt in park
 Edgar Kennedy - Policeman
 Cecile Arnold - Mary

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1914 în film
 Listă de filme de comedie din anii 1910
 Listă de filme americane de comedie
 Listă de filme americane din 1914
 Keystone Studios

Filme din 1914
Filme regizate de Charlie Chaplin
Filme de comedie din anii 1910
Filme Keystone Studios
Filme americane
Filme alb-negru
Filme mute
Filme de scurt metraj

Charlot și Mabel la plimbare


The Stars, Like Dust is a 1951 science fiction mystery book by American writer Isaac Asimov.

The book is part of Asimov's Galactic Empire series and takes place before the actual founding of the Galactic Empire, before even Trantor becomes important. It starts with a young man attending the University of Earth. Biron Farrill is the son of the greatest nobleman on the planet Nephelos, one of the Nebula Kingdoms. The story starts with the news that his father has been caught conspiring against the Tyranni.

The Tyranni, who come from the planet Tyrann, rule a minor empire of 50 planets near the Horsehead Nebula.  Tyrann suppressed science and space navigation training in the kingdoms to help maintain control over its subject worlds. The ruler of Tyrann in the story is called the "Khan," suggesting that Asimov took the Mongol dominion over the Russian principalities as a model, much as he used the declining Roman Empire for his Foundation series. (See the "Golden Horde" for the real-world history that Asimov drew upon and adapted.)

Asimov once called it his "least favorite novel."

Publication history
The story was first published with the title Tyrann in Galaxy magazine. It was serialised in three parts in the January, February, and March 1951 issues. It was published as a novel on February 15 of that year by Doubleday with the title The Stars, Like Dust. It was first published as a paperback in 1954 with the title The Rebellious Stars: but this version of the story was heavily cut without Asimov's permission and was bound together with An Earth Gone Mad by Roger Dee.

Context
The story is set long before Pebble in the Sky, but it was written one year later. The Trantorian Empire is not directly mentioned; it would be located far away, having been settled not long beforehand and before its first great wave of territorial expansion. Earth's radioactivity is explained as the result of an unspecified nuclear war.

That contradicts what Asimov later wrote in Robots and Empire. One could suppose that history has become muddled over the intervening centuries since the final Robot novel: "many of the inhabitants of the planets near the Horsehead Nebula now believe it was named after an explorer called Horace Hedd." Other theories exist, and when Biron pretends on Rhodia that he comes from Earth, the Earth is not recognized, and he has to identify it as "a small planet of the Sirian Sector."

In contemporary terms, however, Asimov wrote the Empire series in the early years of the Cold War, when a nuclear World War Three seemed a realistic future; its widespread and enduring radioactive contamination might be remembered, at least in folklore, for thousands of years. By the time he wrote Robots and Empire, that was no longer so.  However, in the intervening years, he had mentioned the contamination and the resulting abandonment of Earth in many stories. He therefore retained both elements but gave a different cause than nuclear war.

Plot

Biron Farrill, about to complete studies at the University of Earth, is told by Sander Jonti that his father, a rich planetary leader who is known as Lord Rancher of Widemos, has been arrested and killed by the Tyranni and that his own life may be in danger. On Jonti's advice, he travels to Rhodia, the strongest of the conquered planets. There, from the Director of Rhodia's cousin Gillbret, he hears rumours of a world on which rebellion against the Tyranni is secretly being plotted.

Escaping with Artemisia oth Hinriad, the daughter of the Director of Rhodia, and her uncle Gillbret in a Tyranni spaceship, they travel to the planet Lingane. It is not part of the Tyranni conquests but maintains "peaceful" relations with them.

There, they meet the Autarch of Lingane, who is revealed to be Sander Jonti, the man who sent Farrill to Rhodia from Earth, who seems to possess knowledge of a rebellion world. With him and his followers, the group travel to the heart of the Horsehead Nebula as they believe that for any rebellion world to exist and not be known to the Tyranni, it must be located in a place like the Horsehead Nebula.

The Tyranni spaceship that was stolen by Farrill is being tracked by a fleet of Tyranni vessels led by Simok Aratap, the Tyrannian Commissioner. With him is the Director, who is shown to be nervous about the well-being of his daughter and his brother. They keep themselves at a distance for fear of discovery until Farrill lands on one planet in the heart of the nebula.

The Autarch believes that the planet is the rebellion world. However, there is no sign of life anywhere. When the Autarch and Farrill leave the spaceship, apparently to set up a radio transmitter, Farrill faces the Autarch and accuses him of getting his father killed at the hands of the Tyranni. The Autarch affirms the accusation, and Farrill adds that the Autarch feared his father's growing reputation and so caused Farrill's father's death.

In a fight, Farrill subdues the Autarch with help from the Autarch's aide, Tedor Rizzet, who reveals that he is ashamed of the Autarch for killing a great man like Farrill's father. Later, as Farrill and Rizzet try to explain everything to the rest of the crew they picked up from Lingane, the Tyranni fleet arrives and takes them prisoner. Aratap interrogates Farrill, Artemisia, Gillbret, and Rizzet to ascertain the co-ordinates of the rebellion world, but they do not know where it is. However, the Autarch reveals the information to Aratap. Rizzet kills the Autarch with a blaster in anger.

While Aratap interrogates Farrill, Gillbret manages to escape to the engine room of the spaceship and short the hyperatomics. Farrill, realizing the danger, manages to contact Aratap. The engines are repaired, but Gillbret is injured and later dies.

The space jump is made with the co-ordinates given to them by the late Autarch. However, they find a planetless system with only a white-dwarf star. Aratap lets Farrill and the others go, believing that there is no rebellion world. Aratap makes it clear that he will never be chosen as Director. Biron and Artemisia are allowed to marry.

It is eventually revealed that there is indeed a rebellion in the making, on Rhodia itself, with the Director as its leader; he deliberately took on the persona of a nervous and timid old man to throw off suspicion from himself and his planet.

It is further revealed that the Director, who possesses a collection of ancient documents, has searched for and has found a document that will help a future empire, likely Trantor, govern the galaxy. The document is eventually revealed to be the United States Constitution.

Reception
Asimov noted in his autobiography that the genesis of the Constitution subplot lay with H. L. Gold, the editor of Galaxy magazine. Asimov felt that Gold's judgment was at fault by attributing too much power to the Constitution as a document. Asimov later considered the premise highly improbable and became annoyed at Gold for having persuaded him to insert the subplot into the novel. Whatever Asimov's opinion of the novel, he never actually withdrew it from publication.

Galaxy reviewer Groff Conklin termed the novel "a first-rate piece of imaginative story-telling". The magazine's Floyd C. Gale told readers "Don't miss" it and the other Empire novels. In Astounding Science Fiction, Villiers Gerson declared the novel successful despite its "unidimensional" characters because of "Asimov's skill as a story-teller of suspense." The New York Times found the novel "a rousing adventure story of the remote future."

Reviewer Jane Fowler noted, "Making the re-discovery of the United States Constitution into the climax of the plot implies that the space civilization depicted is going to take up this Constitution as a model for building a new political structure, that the "space feudalism" which dominates the political system depicted in the book will be transformed into some kind of a federal, representative democracy. That could have worked fine if this was a stand-alone novel. As part of a series, it does not work because we know that galactic civilization is not going to develop in this way. Trantor will expand and expand, until the entire galaxy is included in its empire. Trantor and its empire have many points in their favor, but it is not a democratic federation. So, the re-discovery of the US Constitution led nowhere, it did not shape a new political reality, and in the end probably ended up right back in a collection of old documents. Of course, the fact is that when Asimov wrote this he probably did not yet fully realize that this was going to be an integral part of a comprehensive long series."

References

External links

 Tyrann parts 1, 2, 3 at the Internet Archive

1951 American novels
1951 science fiction novels
Foundation universe books
Fiction about the Horsehead Nebula
Science fiction novels by Isaac Asimov
Doubleday (publisher) books

The Stars, Like Dust


سير الغربية هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء النبطية في محافظة النبطية.

تبعد سير الغربية 83 كلم (51.5762 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع 320 م (1049.92 قدم - 349.952 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة 624 هكتاراً (6.24 كلم²- 2.40864 مي²).

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة النبطية
قرى جبل عامل
مدن لبنان
منطقة النبطية
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء النبطية

سير الغربية


El Aeródromo de Santo Tomé del Puerto,  es un aeródromo privado español situado en el municipio de Santo Tomé del Puerto (provincia de Segovia). El aeródromo es gestionado por la sociedad SENASA.

El aeródromo dispone de una pista de aterrizaje de asfalto y de dos pistas de aterrizaje de tierra.

Es un aeródromo principalmente usado para vuelo sin motor, teniendo un club de vuelo a vela (que también es escuela de vuelo y realiza vuelos de divulgación) llamado Club Loreto de Vuelo Sin Motor

Se trata de un aeródromo no controlado cuya frecuencia aire-aire es 123.550. Hay dos circuitos de tráfico, uno para aviones con motor y otro para aviones sin motor

Referencias

Véase también
 Aeropuertos de España
 Aeropuerto de Madrid-Cuatro Vientos
 Planeador
 Vuelo a vela
 Aviación general

Santo Tomé del Puerto

Aeródromo de Santo Tomé del Puerto


In the 1859 United Kingdom general election returned no party to a majority of seats in the House of Commons. The Earl of Derby's Conservatives formed a minority government, but  despite making overall gains, Derby's government was defeated in a confidence vote by an alliance of Palmerston's Whigs together with Peelites, Radicals and the Irish Brigade. Palmerston subsequently formed a new government from this alliance which is now considered to be the first Liberal Party administration.

There is no separate tally of votes or seats for the Peelites. They did not contest elections as an organised party but more as independent Free trade Conservatives with varying degrees of distance from the two main parties.

It was also the last general election entered by the Chartists, before their organisation was dissolved. As of , this is the last election in which the Conservatives won the most seats in Wales, as well as being the last election to date in which the Conservative Party took less than a third of the vote in England.

The election was the quietest and least competitive between 1832 and 1885, with most county elections being uncontested. The election also saw the lowest number of candidates between 1832 and 1885, with Tory gains potentially being the result of a lack of opposition as much as a change in public opinion.
According to A.J.P. Taylor:
 the government which Palmerston organized in June 1859 was a coalition of a different kind : not a coalition of groups which looked back to the past, but a coalition which anticipated the future. Had it not been for Palmerston himself—too individual, too full of personality to be fitted into a party-pattern—it would have been the first Liberal government in our history. Everything that was important in it was Liberal—finance, administrative reform, its very composition: the first government with unmistakable middle-class Free Traders as members.

Results

|}

Regional results

Great Britain

England

Scotland

Wales

Ireland

Universities

See also
 List of MPs elected in the 1859 United Kingdom general election
 1859 United Kingdom general election in Ireland

References

Sources

External links
Spartacus: Political Parties and Election Results

1859 elections in the United Kingdom
General election
1859
April 1859 events
May 1859 events
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

1859 United Kingdom general election


AWS (ah-vi-esh) este o trupă Metalcore și Post-hardcore din Ungaria. Ei au câștigat concursul A Dal 2018 și au reprezentat Ungaria la Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2018, din Lisabona, cu piesa Viszlát nyár.
 A nu se confunda cu Amazon Web Services.

Discografie

Albume de studio

Albume live

EP-uri

Single-uri

Note

Formații metalcore
Formații post-hardcore
Eurovision 2018

AWS


أم أذينة أحد أحياء منطقة زهران جنوب غربي العاصمة الأردنية عمّان  ومن أشهر معالم المنطقة أبراج بوابة الأردن وسوق أم أذينة ومركز أم اذينة القرآني. يحيط بالمنطقة شارع مكة شمالاً وشارع زهران جنوباً ويجاور أحياء الصويفية وعبدون والدوار السادس والرابية. كما تقع فيه بعض أهم الفنادق  فندق كراون بلازا المعروف سابقاً باسم فندق عَمْرة. ويعتبر سوق أم أذينة من أغلى الأسواق في عمان لاحتضانه محلات الذهب والألماس. كما يوجد بها سوق قريب من سوق الذهب يقع به محلات تجارية نظيفة ومرتبة ومتكاملة تحتوي على مكتبة ام اذينة وصيدلية والعديد من شركات الادوية والمكاتب والمحلات التجارية.

مراجع

أحياء مدينة عمان

أم أذينة


Djeca ponoći, roman britansko-indijskog književnika Salmana Rushdieja, prvi put objavljen 1981. Opsežna alegorijska priča o rođenju suvremene indijske nacije, s naglašenim elementima magijskog realizma, te elementima komičnog, tragičnog, nadrealnog i mitskog. Roman je proslavio autora u svjetskim razmjerima. Priča se kreće od Kašmira do Agre i Bombaya (danas Mumbai) pa sve do Lahorea i Dhake, i smještena je u kontekst stvarnih povijesnih događaja zbog prelaska Indije iz britanske kolonije u samostalnu naciju, te podjele Britanske Indije na indijski i pakistanski dominion.

Roman je 1981. dobio Nagradu Booker i nagradu James Tait Black Memorial. Nagradu Najbolji Booker osvaja 1993. i 2008. Uvršten je na BBC-jevu listu najomiljenijih britanskih romana, i na Penguinovu listu istaknutih knjiga 20. stoljeća.

Radnja
Roman je podijeljen u tri cjeline. Pripovjedač i glavni lik Saleem Sinai rađa se u istom trenutku kad Indija postaje nezavisna zemlja. Ima telepatske sposobnosti, kao i ostali iz skupine djece rođene na Dan neovisnosti Indije i Pakistana. Roman prati njihovu sudbinu kroz Saleemovo pripovijedanje, uz brojne reference na ljude te društvena i politička zbivanja toga vremena.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Miljenko Jergović, Preporuke: Rushdie, Jergovic.com, Zagreb, 23. kolovoza 2010.

Knjige
Britanska književnost

Djeca ponoći


Otomatik Kontrol Sistemleri, ait olduğu sistemi insan müdahalesi gerektirmeksizin arzu edilen değerlerde tutmayı amaçlayan sistemlerdir. İlk örneklerini Cizre'li El-Cezeri vermiştir. Oda sıcaklığını, ayarladığımız değerde sabit tutan klimalar otomatik kontrol sistemlerine örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Otomatik kontrol sistemleri mekanik prensiplere göre çalışabilecekleri gibi (örneğin araçlarda bulunan karbüratörler), programlanmış bir mikroişlemci tarafından da yönetilebilirler.

Kontrol Tarzına Göre Otomatik Kontrol Sistemleri

 Açık Çevrim Kontrol: Bu çeşit kontrol sistemlerinde, sistemin mevcut durumuyla âlâkalı herhangi bir bilgi denetleyiciye gelmemektedir. Bunu, kadranı olmayan bir arabada, hızını saatte yüz kilometreye sabitlemek isteyen bir sürücüye benzetebiliriz. Sürücü, pedala belirli bir miktarda bastığında yüz kilometre hıza geleceğini tahmin etmektedir, lâkin aracın gerçek hızına dair kesin bir veriye sahip değildir.
 Kapalı Çevrim (Geri beslemeli) Kontrol: Bu çeşit kontrol sistemlerinde denetleyiciye sensörler aracılığı ile sistemin mevcut durumu hakkında bilgi gönderilmekte (geribesleme) ve denetleyici çıkıştaki hataya bağlı olarak girişi düzeltmektedir. Yukarıdaki araba örneğine bir kadran eklersek kapalı çevrim elde ederiz. Sürücü kadrana bakarak hızı saatte yüz kilometrenin altına indiğinde gaza basabilir veya üzerine çıktığında gazdan ayağını çekebilir. Bu örnekte kadran otomatik kontrol sistemlerindeki sensörlere karşılık gelmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Pnömatik
 Hidrolik

Otomatik kontrol


قناة شام الفضائية هي أول قناة فضائية خاصة في سورية، يملكها رجل الأعمال وعضو مجلس الشعب السوري السابق محمد أكرم الجندي استمرت القناة لمدة 8 أشهر، ثم تم إقفالها في عام 2006 بدعوى عدم حصولها على تصريح مكتوب يسمح لها بممارسة نشاطها. ثم عاودت البث (مؤقتا) من مدينة القاهرة في سبتمبر 2007 قبل أن تتوقف نهائيا.

المقر
 دبي

الإعلام في دمشق
تأسيسات سنة 2005 في سوريا
قنوات تلفزيونية سورية
قنوات فضائية
محطات تلفزيونية باللغة العربية
قنوات وشبكات تلفزيونية أسست في 2005

قناة شام الفضائية


Dereova, Tunceli ilinin Nazımiye ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün Maltümü mevkiinde bulunan höyükte gözlemlenen bulgulardan, burada Tunç Çağından Roma ya da Geç Antik Çağ'a kadar yerleşimin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. 1936 yılından itibaren Büyükyurt bucağının merkez köyü olmuş ve bucak teşkilatı kaldırılana kadar da merkez köy statüsünü sürdürmüştür.

Coğrafya
Köy; Tunceli il merkezine 47 km, Nazımiye ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Nazımiye belde ve köyleri

Dereova, Nazımiye


Til vi falder er en dansk spillefilm fra 2018 instrueret af Samanou Acheche Sahlstrøm.

Handling
'Til vi falder' er en film om, hvordan et par reagerer på et traume. Adam og Louise vender tilbage til Tenerife, hvor de 5 år forinden har mistet deres 10-årige dreng i en formodet drukneulykke. Da liget aldrig er blevet fundet, kæmper de begge – på hver deres måde - med at acceptere deres tab. I takt med at nye informationer om Lucas dukker op til overfladen, bevæger parret sig tættere og tættere på afgrunden'

Medvirkende

 Dar Salim
 Lisa Carlehed
 Francesc Garrido
 Martin Greis-Rosenthal

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Spillefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2018

Til vi falder


රංගනය
ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා
ශ්‍රියානි අමරසේන
හරිස් ජයරත්න
සබීතා පෙරේරා
දමිත් ප්‍රනාන්දු (ළමා)
ශිරාණි නුගේරා
ශාන්ති ලේඛා
හියුගෝ ප්‍රනාන්දු
විමල් කුමාර් ද කොස්තා
රිචඩ් වීරක්කොඩි
නන්ද ජයමාන්න
ටිරෝන් මයිකල්
ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර
සිසිර කුමාරතුංග
ඊ. ඒ. වීරසිංහ
මිල්ටන් මල්ලවආරච්චි
චන්ද්‍රලේඛා පෙරේරා

ගීතයන්

නිෂ්පාදනය
සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – කුමාරදාස වාගිස්ට
කැමරා සහාය – ජී. නන්දසේන
සංස්කරණ සහාය – උපාලි අමරතුංග
කාර්මික සහාය – ඇන්. සේනාරත්න, උපාලි අලවත්තේගම, ජී. ඇස්. පී. ගුණතිලක, අශෝක ශ්‍රීලාල්, එස්. බන්දුල, එස්. ප්‍රේමදාස, ප්‍රමිකි රුද්‍රිගෝ, ජනක විජේතුංග, ඩබ්ලිව්. සෙල්වරාජා
කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සරත් රණවක
නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සිරිල් අමරසිංහ
ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය – ලීලා සමරසිංහ
කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන
කාර්මික උපකරණ - සමරසිංහ
චිත්‍රපට ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය – ඩිල් ෆිල්ම්ස්, ප්‍රසාද් චිත්‍රාගාරය, සරසවි චිත්‍රාගාරය
නාමාවලිය – ඒ. ඩී. රංජිත් කුමාර
නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - සිරිල් අමරසිංහ
නිෂ්පාදන අධිකාරී – නන්ද ජයමාන්න

ප්‍රදර්ශනය
ආරම්භක සිනමාශාලා - අශෝකා - ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්පාස්, ඕඩියන් – ගල්කිස්ස, රත්නාවලී – ජාඇල, ඉම්පාලා - රාජගිරිය, නිව් මිනර්වා - කළුතර, නිව් සිනමා - කුරුණෑගල, එමෙස් - මොරටුව, නිව් සිනමා - මාතර, පබ්ලික් හෝල් - ගම්පහ, අනුර – අම්බලන්ගොඩ, වේල්ස් - මහනුවර

යළි හමුවෙන්නයි


Alexander Juel Andersen, né le  à Viborg au Danemark, est un footballeur danois qui évolue au poste de défenseur central à l'Aalesunds FK.

Biographie

Débuts professionnels
Né à Viborg au Danemark, Alexander Juel Andersen est formé au Viborg FF. Le , il fait sa première apparition en professionnel lors d'une rencontre de championnat contre le Randers FC. Il entre en jeu à la place de Petter Furuseth Olsen lors de cette rencontre remportée par son équipe (0-2 score final). En août 2008, il est promu en équipe première.

Le , il s'engage avec l'AC Horsens, qu'il rejoindra à l'été 2011 à expiration de son contrat au Viborg FF.

AGF Aarhus
Le , il s'engage en faveur de l'AGF Aarhus pour un contrat de quatre ans. Il joue son premier match face au FC Midtjylland le  suivant, lors de la première journée de la saison 2013-2014. Il entre en jeu à la place de Martin Jørgensen lors de cette rencontre perdue par son équipe (0-2). Il inscrit son premier but pour l'AGF le 30 août 2013, lors d'une victoire en championnat face à l'Odense BK. Son équipe l'emporte lors d'un match prolifique (3-6).

Le 5 mai 2016, il est titulaire lors de la finale de la Coupe du Danemark contre le FC Copenhague. Son équipe s'incline sur le score de deux buts à un ce jour-là.

Vendsyssel FF

Odense BK
Le , il est prêté à l'Odense BK.

Le 7 janvier 2020, il signe définitivement avec l'Odense BK, s'engageant pour un contrat de deux ans et demi.

Aalesunds FK
Le 31 mars 2022, Alexander Juel Andersen est prêté en Norvège, à l'Aalesunds FK, juste après avoir prolongé de six mois son contrat avec l'Odense BK.

Le 29 juillet 2022, Andersen rejoint définitivement l'Aalesunds FK. Il signe un contrat courant jusqu'en décembre 2023.

Palmarès

En club
 AGF Aarhus
 Coupe du Danemark :
 Finaliste : 2015-16.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur danois
Joueur du Viborg FF
Joueur de l'AC Horsens
Joueur de l'AGF Aarhus
Joueur du Vendsyssel FF
Joueur de l'Odense BK
Joueur de l'Aalesunds FK
Naissance en janvier 1991
Naissance à Viborg

Alexander Juel Andersen


This is a list of cities where trolleybuses operate, or operated in the past, as part of the public transport system. The original list has been divided to improve user-friendliness and to reduce article size. Separate lists—separate articles in Wikipedia—have been made for the following countries:

Americas
Brazil
Canada
United States
Europe (Note: countries not listed here are included in this article; see Contents table below)
France
Germany
Italy
Russia
Spain
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom

This page also provides references that are applicable to all parts of the complete list.

Bold typeface for a location city indicates an existing trolleybus system, currently in operation (temporary suspensions not counted), or a new system currently under construction.

Africa

Algeria

Egypt

Morocco

South Africa

Tunisia

Americas

Argentina

Brazil

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Cuba

Note: Tests began 18 September 1949 along tramway lines using "all-service vehicles" (dual-mode buses) purchased secondhand from Newark, New Jersey, US. The tests did not involve building new or converting existing supply because Havana's tramway had twin-wire overhead. Regular service was not operated.

Ecuador

Mexico

Note: The Mexico City trolleybus system was long thought to have opened in April 1952, but is now known to have opened more than a year earlier, in March 1951. Previous to that, there was an experimental line, for testing without passengers, in 1947 or 1948.

Peru

Trinidad and Tobago

United States

Uruguay

Venezuela

Asia

Afghanistan

Armenia

Azerbaijan

China

Georgia

India

 Note: In Kolkata (Calcutta), trial operation with a single trolleybus on a short test line took place in 1977.

Iran

Japan

Notes for the two tunnel trolleybus lines:
 The 6.1 km Kanden Tunnel Trolleybus line operated almost entirely in tunnel, through a mountain, and connected Ōgizawa Station with Kurobe Dam, for tourists and hikers. The transport service continues to operate, but no longer uses trolleybuses. Ōgizawa Station is in Ōmachi city, Nagano Prefecture.
 The affiliated 3.6 km Tateyama Tunnel Trolleybus line, similarly, operates entirely in tunnel and connects Daikanbo with Murodō. The line is located in Tateyama town, Toyama Prefecture.

Both lines are part of the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route. This passes through Chūbu-Sangaku National Park (also known in English as "Japan Alps National Park").

Kazakhstan

Note: A Russian-language source  states that system in the city of Turkistan became an unrealised project.

Kyrgyzstan

Malaysia

Mongolia

Myanmar

Nepal

North Korea

Note: Due to the incredibly limited streetview in North Korea and limited information, the main sources for trolleybus systems are national articles, tourist-related media, or satellite images. Some previously speculated systems in the central areas of Hyesan, Sunchon, Rajin-guyok (Sonbong county), Songrim, Kusong, and Haeju were largely disproven by available photos and videos, which show no trolleybuses of any kind. Some smaller systems may still be undiscovered. There is some unverified evidence of trolleybuses in the following towns:
Yonsan County images depict something similar to a trolleybus overhead.

Philippines

Saudi Arabia

Singapore

Sri Lanka

Tajikistan

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Note: A Russian-language source  states that systems were under construction in the following locations:
Angren
Chirchiq
Guliston
Qarshi
Kokand
Navoiy
Termez
Yangiabad

Vietnam

Europe

Austria

Goods (freight) line (trolleytruck):

Belarus

Note: Plans were announced in 2001 for new systems in:

Baranovichi

Barysaw

Lida

Molodechno

Novopolotsk

Orsha

Pinsk

Polotsk

Soligorsk

(Trolleybus Magazine)

Belgium (by province)

Antwerp (Antwerpen)

Brussels

 Note: The Brussels-Capital Region is not a province. Neither does it belong to one, nor does it contain any.

East Flanders (Oost-Vlaanderen)

Liège

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Croatia

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

The Netherlands

Gelderland

Groningen

South Holland (Zuid-Holland)

Note for Rotterdam: Trolleybus overhead installed in the Maas tunnel in 1941, on instructions from German military authorities. Not used.

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

First trolleybus system in Romania opened in Chernivtsi on 1 February 1939. Today, the city is part of Ukraine.

Russia

Serbia

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey
See Asia section of list, above.  Although trolleybuses served the European part of Istanbul, the country's three other trolleybus systems (and a fourth under construction currently) were or are all located in the Asian part of Turkey.

Ukraine

United Kingdom

Oceania

Australia

New South Wales

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Western Australia

New Zealand

United States (territories only, in Oceania)

Hawaii (Territory of)

Note: The trolleybus system existed only in the period before Hawaii became a U.S. state. For convenience, it is also included in List of trolleybus systems in the United States.

See also

Trolleybus usage by country
List of light-rail transit systems
List of town tramway systems
List of rapid transit systems

References

Books
Gregoris, Paolo; Rizzoli, Francesco; and Serra, Claudio. 2003. "Giro d'Italia in filobus" (). Cortona: Editore Calosci.
Jones, David. Australian Trolleybuses. Wellington: City Tramway Publications.
Mackinger, Gunter. 1979. "Obus in Österreich" (). (Eisenbahn-Sammelheft Nr. 16.) Wien: Verlag Slezak.
Millar, Sean. 1986. "Trolleybuses in New Zealand" (). Auckland: Millar Publishing.
Murray, Alan. 2000. "World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia" (). Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks.
Pabst, Martin. 1989. "Tram & Trolley in Africa" (). Krefeld: Röhr Verlag GMBH.
Peschkes, Robert. "World Gazetteer of Tram, Trolleybus, and Rapid Transit Systems."
Part One, Latin America (). 1980. Exeter, UK: Quail Map Company.
Part Two, Asia+USSR / Africa / Australia (). 1987. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
Part Three, Europe (). 1993. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
Part Four, North America (). 1998. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1974. "The Trolley Coach in North America" (Interurbans Special 59). Los Angeles: Interurbans.
Stock, Werner. 1987. "Obus-Anlagen in Deutschland" (). Bielefeld: Hermann Busch Verlag.
"Straßenbahnatlas ehem. Sowjetunion" / "Tramway Atlas of the former USSR" (). 1996. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London.
"Straßenbahnatlas Rumänien" (compiled by Andreas Günther, Sergei Tarkhov and Christian Blank; ). 2004. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn.
Tarkhov, Sergei. 2000. "Empire of the Trolleybus: Vol 1 - Russia" (). London: Rapid Transit Publications.
吉川文夫 (Yoshikawa, Fumio). 1995. 日本のトロリーバス (Nippon no "trolleybus") (). Tokyo: kk Denkisha-kenkyûkai.

Periodicals
 "Trolleybus Magazine" (ISSN 0266-7452). National Trolleybus Association (UK). Bimonthly.
 Tarkhov, Sergei and Dmitriy Merzlov. "North Korean Surprises - Part 3". (Trolleybus Magazine No. 246, November–December 2002).

External links

All Time List of North American Trolleybus Systems (David Wyatt)
Bibliography of the Electric Trolleybus (Richard DeArmond)
 (Elektrotransport v gorodakh byvshego SSSR, Dmitry Zinoviev)
World tram and trolleybus systems (рус., en.)
Latin American Trolleybus Installations (Allen Morrison)
The Tramways of Cuba (Allen Morrison)
TrolleyMotion
Progetto Città Elettriche (Italy)
Tram.nu Atlas (Bruse LF Persson)
UK Trolleybus Systems & Museums (Bruce Lake)
Wires of Faded Glory (Richard A. Bílek)
World Trolleybus List - Systems Closed
Tom's North American Trolley bus Pix
TRANSIRA Association (Romanian Trolleybuses)
Trolleybus in Europe (public-transport.net)
World Map of Trolleybus systems in operation (TransPhoto)

Trolleybus systems
Trolleybus systems

List of trolleybus systems


Sayı - Matematik terimi
 Sayılar (Tevrat) - Tevrat'ın dördüncü kitabı

Sayılar


Sigillo ist eine italienische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Perugia in der Region Umbrien.

Geografie

Die Gemeinde erstreckt sich über rund 26 km². Sie liegt etwa 38 km nordöstlich von Perugia an der Grenze zur Region Marken in der klimatischen Einordnung italienischer Gemeinden in der Zone E, 2 287 GR/G. Der Ort liegt nahe dem Monte Cucco (1566 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel) an der historischen Via Flaminia sowie der heutigen Strada Statale 3 Via Flaminia und ist Teil der Comunità montana dell'Alto Chiascio.

Zu den Ortsteilen (Frazioni) gehören Fontemaggio, Val di Ranco und Scirca (auch Villa Scirca genannt, , ca. 100 Einwohner, liegt am gleichnamigen Fluss).

Die Nachbargemeinden sind Costacciaro, Fabriano (AN), Fossato di Vico und Gubbio.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde von den Römern Suillium genannt. Er war Municipium im Regio VI Umbria (6. Region Umbrien) der Regioni dell'Italia augustea. Während der Gotenkriege wurde der Ort von Totila fast vollständig zerstört und danach von den Langobarden wieder aufgebaut. In der Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts wurde Sigillo Teil des Byzantinischen Reiches, nach deren Niederlage gelangte der Ort 751 unter die Herrschaft der Grafen aus Spoleto. Ab 996 gehörte der Ort zum Lehnswesen von Otto III., der den Ort an die Grafen Conti Vico di Fossato di Vico aus Fossato di Vico zur Verwaltung gab. Im 13. Jahrhundert stand der Ort unter dem Einfluss von Gualdo Tadino, Gubbio und Perugia, wobei sich Perugia 1274 durchsetzte, den Ort führte und die Festung errichtete. Nach dem Frieden von Bologna 1370 unterstand der Ort dem Kirchenstaat, kehrte aber bald unter die Herrschaft von Perugia zurück, wo die Gemeinde bis ins 18. Jahrhundert verblieb und am Anfang des 15. Jahrhunderts an dessen Seite gegen Braccio da Montone antrat. Von 1809 bis 1814, der Zeit unter Napoleon Bonaparte, gehörte es zum Département Trasimène und kam danach 1816 wieder zum Kirchenstaat, bei dem es bis zum 16. September 1860 verblieb und danach im Zuge des Risorgimento zu Italien stieß.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Chiesa Parrocchiale di Sant'Andrea Apostolo, Kirche im Ortszentrum.
 Chiesa di Sant'Agostino, Kirche im Ortszentrum, entstand von 1788 bis 1791 über der älteren Kirche Chiesa di Santa Caterina, von der noch die Krypta existiert. Enthält das Leinwandgemälde Annunciazione dell'Insigne des hier geborenen Künstlers Ippolito Borghesi, der das Werk 1616 erschuf.
 Palazzo Comunale, Rathaus im Ortszentrum (12. Jahrhundert).
 Chiesa di Sant'Anna, auch Oratorio di Sant'Anna oder Chiesa del Cimitero (Friedhofskirche) genannt. Entstand in der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts kurz außerhalb des Ortskerns und enthält Fresken von Matteo da Gualdo. Die Fassade stammt von 1507. Der anliegende Friedhof entstand im 20. Jahrhundert.
 Chiesa della Madonnella del Prato, von 1694 bis 1704 entstandene Kirche kurz außerhalb des Ortskerns.
 Chiesa della Madonnella del Ponte Spiano, kleine Kirche nahe der Ponte Spiano.
 Ponte Romano (meist Ponte Spiano genannt), 32 Meter lange und 3,2 Meter breite römische Brücke über den Fluss Fonturci, liegt 2 km nördlich der Stadt an der Via Flaminia nahe dem Ortsteil Scirca. Die Brücke entstand im 1. Jahrhundert.
 Chiesa di Santa Maria Assunta (auch Santuario della Madonna Assunta in Cielo und Santa Maria di Montecupo genannt), Kirche im Ortsteil Villa Scirca. Die Kirche wurde erstmals im 13. Jahrhundert erwähnt und gehörte zur Abtei Santa Maria di Sitria bei Isola Fossara (Ortsteil von Scheggia e Pascelupo), der Campanile wird auf das Jahr 1250 datiert. Enthält Fresken von Matteo da Gualdo (unter anderen: Madonna del Gonfalone, Sant'Anna, Madonna in trono con Gesù Bambino).
 Ponte Etrusco (auch Ponte dei Pietroni genannt), römische Brücke und heutige Ruine, liegt 2,5 km nördlich der Stadt im Ortsteil Villa Scirca an der Via Flaminia und entstand im 3. Jahrhundert. Die Brücke war 34 Meter lang und hatte eine Höhe von 9,5 Meter. Der Name entstammt der früheren Auffassung, dass die Brücke in der Zeit der Etrusker entstand. Der heute zu sehende Zustand entstand am 13. Juli 1944, als deutsche Truppen die Brücke sprengten.

Literatur
 TCI: Umbria. Mailand 1999, ISBN 88-365-2542-3, S. 258 f.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite der Gemeinde Sigillo (italienisch)
 Daten und Informationen zu Sigillo bei Comuni Italiani (italienisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Umbrien

Sigillo


Solingen, Almanya'nın kuzeybatı kesiminde, Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde (Land) bir kent.

Konum
Ruhr bölgesinin ve Wuppertal şehrinin güneyindedir. Wupper ırmağı kıyısında yer alır. Nüfusu 162.174'tür (2016).

Tarihçe
Tarihsel kayıtlarda ilk kez 965'te Solagon adıyla geçer. 1374'te berat aldı. Aynı ölçüde eski olan Ohligs, Wald, Grafrath ve Hohscheid kasabaları 1929'daki düzenlemeyle sınırları içine alındı.

Solingen katliamı

Solingen'in adı, 29 Mayıs 1993'te düzenlenen bir saldırıyla tüm dünyada duyuldu. Hülya Genç (9), Gülüstan Öztürk (12) ve Hatice Genç (18) olay yerinde, Gürsün İnce (27) ile Saime Genç (4) ise kaldırıldıkları hastanede yaşamını yitirdi. Mevlüde Genç, olay sırasında 2 kızını, 1 yeğenini ve 2 torununu kaybetti. Oğlu Bekir'in vücudunun yüzde 36'sı yandı.

Genç ailesinin evini kundaklayan ve çeşitli hapis cezalarına çarptırılan dört aşırı sağcıdan Christian B. ve Felix K. adlı sanıklar, "iyi halden" serbest bırakıldı. Aşırı sağcılar, Bekir Genç'e 250 bin mark acı parası ödemeye mahkûm edildi. Ancak iki aşırı sağcının hala hapiste bulunmaları, Christian B'nin parasının olmaması, Felix K'nın da nerede olduğunun bilinmemesinden dolayı karar uygulanamadı.

Ekonomi
Orta Çağ'da kılıç imalatıyla tanınan Solingen; çatal-bıçak yapımında Thiers (Fransa) ve Sheffield (İngiltere) ile birlikte uluslararası üne sahip bir merkezdir. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında büyük hasar gören kent merkezi yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Deutsches Klingenmuseum (Kılıç Müzesi), kesici âletlerin tarihî gelişimini sergiler. Kentte metalürji, kimyevî madde üretimi, şekerleme imalatı gibi sanayi dalları da gelişmiştir.

Kardeş şehirler
 Gouda, Hollanda
 Chalon-sur-Saône, Fransa
 Cramlington, Birleşik Krallık
 Jinotega, Nikaragua
 Ness Ziona, İsrail
 Thiès, Senegal
 Aue, Almanya

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Resmi web sitesi

Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya'daki şehirler
Hansa Birliği üyeleri

Solingen


An Xanthosoma sagittifolium in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Xanthosoma sagittifolium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xanthosoma, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Xanthosoma

Xanthosoma sagittifolium


الحصان هو اسم لعدة وحدات غير قياسية لحساب القدرة. نادراً ما تستخدم وحدة الحصان في السياق العلمي وذلك بسبب تعدد تعريفاتها ولوجود وحدة الواط القياسية. ومع ذلك فإن وحدة الحصان ما زالت مستخدمة في العديد من الصناعات لأسباب تاريخية خصوصاً في قياس القدرة القصوى لماكينات الاحتراق الداخلي للسيارات والشاحنات والحافلات والسفن.

التعريفات الموجودة بالجدول أدناه هي التعريفات ذات الاستخدام الشائع لوحدة الحصان:

قدرة السيارة

إذا كانت قدرة السيارة 50 حصان ، تكون قدرتها بالكليوواط 37 .

هذه سيارة ذات 4 أسطوانات، وتستهلك في المتوسط 7و7 لتر بنزين/100 كيلومتر

وتنتج 175 جرام ثاني أكسيد الكربون / كيلومتر .

سيارة ديزل

قدرة السيارة 258 حصان  وهذه القدرة تعادل 190 كيلوواط

هذه سيارة ذات 6 أسطوانات، وتستهلك في المتوسط 8و6 لتر ديزل/100 كيلومتر

وتنتج 179 جرام ثاني أكسيد الكربون / كيلومتر .

ملحوظة: التحويل بين الوحدات لا يعتمد على عدد أسطوانات السيارة ولا على إذا كان الوقود بنزينا أو ديزلا. وكما نجد في القائمة أعلاه فالحصان الميكانيكي = 0,74 كيلوواط

اقرأ أيضا
 سيارة
 سيارة كهربائية
 محرك احتراق داخلي

مراجع

جيمس واط
وحدات بريطانية
وحدات قدرة
وحدات قياس عرفية أمريكية
وحدات قياس ليست في النظام الدولي

حصان (وحدة قدرة)


They Were Expendable is a 1945 American war film directed by John Ford, starring Robert Montgomery and John Wayne, and featuring Donna Reed. The film is based on the 1942 novel of the same name by William Lindsay White, relating the story of the exploits of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three, a United States PT boat unit defending the Philippines against Japanese invasion during the Battle of the Philippines (1941–42) in World War II.

While a work of fiction, the book was based on actual events and people. The characters John Brickley (Montgomery) and Rusty Ryan (Wayne) are fictionalizations of PT-Boat Squadron Three Commander John D. Bulkeley, a Medal of Honor recipient, and his executive officer Robert Kelly, respectively. Both the film and the book, which was a best-seller and excerpted in Reader's Digest and Life, depict certain combat-related events that were believed to have occurred during the war, alongside those which did not;  nonetheless, the film is noted for its relatively accurate and detailed depiction of naval combat for the era in which it was made.

Plot

In December 1941, Lt. John "Brick" Brickley (Robert Montgomery) commands a squadron of agile but small and unproven U.S. Navy PT boats based at Cavite in the Philippines. He puts on a demonstration of their maneuverability and seakeeping capabilities for the senior area commander, Admiral Blackwell (Charles Trowbridge), who remains unimpressed by their diminutive size and lightweight construction. Lt. J.G. "Rusty" Ryan (John Wayne), Brick's executive officer and friend, is hot on getting into combat. He becomes disgusted at the admiral's close-minded dismissal and is writing his request for transfer to destroyer duty when news of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor arrives by radio bulletin.

Japanese forces descend on the Philippines and wreak havoc. Bypassed by local brass, Brick's squadron is kept out of combat and marginalized to menial mail and messenger duty. Frustration, particularly with Rusty, grows and threatens to boil over. Following a devastating attack on their base, the desperate admiral relents and orders them to attack a large Japanese cruiser shelling U.S. troop emplacements ashore. After initially choosing Rusty to skipper the second boat on the sortie, Brick discovers that his exec has blood poisoning from a previous combat wound and orders him to sick bay, selecting another boat and crew to take his place.

After accusing his CO of glory hogging, and resisting evacuation to a military hospital on Corregidor, Rusty arrives there still hissing and spitting, only to reluctantly admit to the severity of his life-threatening condition. There he meets another patient, "Ohio" (Louis Jean Heydt), who chides him to cool off and get in line. Once he does, Rusty begins a romance with strong-willed Army nurse Sandy Davyss (Donna Reed), so attractive, kind, and wholesomely appealing Ohio cracks, "Eleven-thousand men can't be wrong" about her.

Brick's attack sinks the cruiser. Rusty returns and the squadron is unleashed, achieving increasing success, though at the cost both of boats and men. Still, it is only a matter of time before the Philippines fall. Sandy attends a dinner in her honor at the PT Base, reigniting the flame between her and Rusty.

The squadron is marooned on the Philippine island of Corregidor in Manila Bay, just Southeast of the large Northern-most Philippine island of Luzon after the Japanese onslaught against the doomed American defenders at the Bataan.  Corregidor stands as the last American stronghold against the advancing Japanese invaders. The PT Squadron are then assigned to evacuate the commanding general of the Pacific Theatre, Douglas MacArthur, his entourage, and Admiral Blackwell to the Southern-most Philippine island of Mindanao, where they will be flown South to Australia. Rusty manages to make a last phone call to Sandy, now on Bataan, to explain he has been ordered out, but before they can say goodbye the connection is cut off.

The small PT flotilla successfully carries the commanders across spans of open ocean to their rendezvous. It then resumes its attacks against the Japanese, who gradually whittle the squadron down too small to function effectively. Crews without boats are sent to link up with the Army and fight as infantry. After Rusty's boat is damaged, the last two PTs pull into a small shipyard run by crusty "Dad" Knowland (Russell Simpson) for repairs. As the boats leave in haste ahead of an imminent Japanese assault, Dad refuses to flee, bidding his poignant farewell with a rifle folded in his arms and a whisky jug tucked securely at his feet.

In a final assault that destroys another threatening cruiser, Rusty's boat is sunk, after which Brick's is turned over to the US Army, once again reduced to messenger duty. Brick, Ryan and two ensigns are ordered by Navy command to be airlifted out on the last plane, assigned stateside to train PT crews, the small, inexpensive wood-hulled boats having proved their worth in combat. While waiting for the plane, Rusty runs into Ohio. Neither knows what happened to Sandy, trapped behind on Bataan. Each helps the other to hope she escaped to the hills rather than meet her likely dark fate. When the ensigns finally arrive late, Rusty bolts for the aircraft's exit, but is brought to heel by Brickley, who reminds him his duty comes first. Ohio is forced to give up his seat on the plane and is left behind to face certain death or capture.

The surviving enlisted men, led by Chief Mulcahey (Ward Bond), shoulder rifles and march off to continue the resistance with the remnants of the U.S. Army and Filipino guerrillas, as expendable in the fight as their PT boats had been before them.

Cast

 Robert Montgomery as Lieutenant John Brickley (as Robert Montgomery Comdr. U.S.N.R.)
 John Wayne as Lieutenant (junior grade) "Rusty" Ryan
 Donna Reed as 2nd Lieutenant Sandy Davyss
 Jack Holt as General Martin
 Ward Bond as BMC "Boats" Mulcahey
 Marshall Thompson as Ensign "Snake" Gardner
 Paul Langton as Ensign "Andy" Andrews
 Leon Ames as Major James Morton
 Arthur Walsh as Seaman Jones
 Donald Curtis as Lieutenant (J.G.) "Shorty" Long/Radio Announcer
 Cameron Mitchell as Ensign George Cross
 Jeff York as Ensign Tony Aiken
 Murray Alper as TM1c "Slug" Mahan
 Harry Tenbrook as SC2c "Squarehead" Larsen
 Jack Pennick as "Doc"
 Alex Havier as ST3c "Benny" Lecoco
 Charles Trowbridge as Admiral Blackwell
 Robert Barrat as The General
 Bruce Kellogg as Elder Tompkins MoMM2c
 Tim Murdock as Ensign Brant
 Louis Jean Heydt as "Ohio"
 Russell Simpson as "Dad" Knowland
 Vernon Steele as Army Doctor

Production
Following the acquisition of the film rights to White's They Were Expendable, MGM asked Ford to direct a film based on the book; Ford repeatedly refused due to his conflicting service in the Navy Field Photographic Unit. While he was serving in the Photographic Unit, Ford met Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley during the preparation of the Normandy Invasion and later signed Bulkeley's D-Day executive officer Robert Montgomery.

According to Turner Classic Movies host Ben Mankiewicz, Ford, a notoriously tough taskmaster who had received a commission as a commander in the U.S. Navy Reserve in his late 40s during WWII, was especially hard on Wayne, who had been turned down by the armed forces. During production, Ford fell from scaffolding and broke his leg. He turned to Montgomery, who had actually commanded a PT boat, to temporarily take over for him as director. Montgomery did so well that within a few years he made the transition from actor to directing films.

The film, which received extensive support from the Navy Department, was shot in Key Biscayne, Florida and the Florida Keys. This region of sandy islands and palm trees around 25° North latitude sufficiently approximated the Philippines between approximately 10° and 15° North where the film's action took place in the South West Pacific Theater of World War II. Two actual U.S. Navy 80-foot Elco PT boats (hull numbers PT-139 and 141), and four 78-foot Higgins PT boats, (hull numbers PT-98, 100, 101, 102), were used throughout filming, given hull numbers in use in late 1941 and early 1942 for the film. Additional U.S. aircraft from nearby naval air stations in Miami, Fort Lauderdale and Key West were temporarily re-marked and used to simulate Japanese aircraft in the film.

Ford's onscreen directing credit reads, "Directed by John Ford, Captain U.S.N.R."; Frank Wead's onscreen credit reads: "Screenplay by Frank Wead Comdr. U.S.N., Ret"; Montgomery's onscreen credit reads: "Robert Montgomery Comdr. U.S.N.R."

Depiction of PT boats' effectiveness
The movie likely exaggerated the actual effectiveness of the PT boats in the war, and in at least one instance loosely referenced Commander Bulkeley's own exaggerated statements.   Lt. Brickley, the character most closely based on the real Commander John Bulkeley, declares at one point in the movie that PT Boats had "sunk two converted cruisers, an auxiliary aircraft carrier, a 10,000-ton tanker, a large freighter, a flock of barges and numerous sons of Nippon!" This statement is very similar to a claim made by the real Commander Bulkeley himself during the war that "Our little half squadron sank one Jap cruiser, one plane tender, and one loaded transport, badly damaged another cruiser, set a tanker on fire and shot down four planes".  According to William Doyle, the  author of PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy, "after the war, when Japanese Naval loss records were examined by U. S. Naval Intelligence experts, it was learned that these claims were inaccurate and exaggerated".  Contemporary historians of President John F. Kennedy, William Doyle, and Fredrik Logevall noted that one of the primary problems of the PT boats were the accuracy and relatively slow speed of their Mark 8 torpedoes.  Added to the problem of inaccuracy at reaching target, as many as 50% failed to explode on contact with enemy ships due to faulty calibration by the Navy in the early years of the war.

Awards and honors
Douglas Shearer was nominated for the Oscar for Best Sound Recording, while A. Arnold Gillespie, Donald Jahraus, R. A. MacDonald and Michael Steinore were nominated for Best Effects. It was also named in the "10 Best Films of 1945" list by The New York Times.

In his Movie and Video Guide film critic and historian Leonard Maltin awarded They Were Expendable a four-star rating, describing it as a "moving, exquisitely detailed production" that is "one of the finest (and most underrated) of all WW2 films."

See also
 Battle of Corregidor
 Bataan Death March – The fate of many captured by the Japanese on Bataan
 Patrol torpedo boat PT-109
 Philippines campaign (1944–1945)
 Douglas MacArthur
 Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf, Background

Notes

References

Further reading
 Blank, Joan Gill. Key Biscayne. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 1996. .

External links
 At Close Quarters – PT Boats in the United States Navy by Captain Robert J. Bulkley, Jr., USNR (Retired)

 They Were Expendable: A Critique of John Ford's 1945 War Film

1945 films
1945 war films
American black-and-white films
American war films
1940s English-language films
Films scored by Herbert Stothart
Films directed by John Ford
Films set in the Philippines
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Pacific War films
Films about the United States Navy in World War II
World War II films made in wartime
Films set in 1941

They Were Expendable