La gare de Dison est une ancienne gare ferroviaire belge de la ligne 38A, de Battice à Verviers-Ouest située à Dison, ville et commune de la province de Liège, en Région wallonne.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de Dison était établie au  (PK) 6,2 de la ligne 38A, de Battice à Verviers-Ouest, entre les gares de Chaineux et de Lambermont.

Histoire
La gare de Dison est mise en service le  par la Compagnie des chemins de fer des Plateaux de Herve qui inaugure le même jour la ligne de Battice à Verviers qui ne dispose alors que de deux gares intermédiaires : Dison et Chaineux.

Le trafic marchandises escompté ne se manifeste pas et celui des voyageurs régresse à partir du début du , victime notamment de la concurrence des tramways de Verviers puis des autobus. Les dégâts, jamais réparés, de la Seconde Guerre mondiale font de la ligne 38A une ligne en impasse réservée au trafic des marchandises.

Le dernier client, une usine de déchets textiles sur les hauteurs de Dison, cesse d'être raccordé au réseau ferré en 1961. La ligne perd ses rails peu après puis, en 1963, c'est toute l'infrastructure (talus, ponts, tunnels) d'une bonne partie de la ligne désaffectée qui doit disparaître pour céder la place à l'autoroute A27-E42. La section de ligne en courbe de part et d'autre de la gare n'est pas concernée et son bâtiment reste utilisé comme dépôt pour le service communal des travaux publics jusque dans les années 1970.

Il finira néanmoins par disparaître au profit d'une maison de retraite ; le tracé de la rue de la station étant rectifié grâce à la création d'un talus recoupant partiellement le tracé des voies. Une partie du mur de soutènement de la gare des marchandises et de l'ancienne rue de la station sert d'appui et de parking aux immeubles de la maison de retraite.

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le bâtiment des recettes, dont rien ne subsiste, était d'un plan proche de ceux des gares de Marchienne-au-Pont et Enghien, reprenant les cadres de pierre sculptés où est inscrit le nom de la gare. Il s'en distingue cependant par ses portes et fenêtres au sommet en arc en plein cintre et par la transition entre les façades et la toiture, dont les corniches en bois sont plus simplifiées, mais avec une frise en briques à motifs de bandes lombardes sur les pignons latéraux et transversaux.

Les maisons de la place de la gare et le mur de soutènement en pierre sont les seuls vestiges de l'ancienne ligne 38A à cet endroit. Les deux ponts à arc routiers ont disparu lors du réaménagement de la rue de la station.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ligne 38A (Infrabel)
 Ligne 38 (Infrabel)
 Liste de gares en Belgique

Liens externes

Gare
Ligne 38A (Infrabel)
Gare disparue dans la province de Liège
Gare mise en service en 1879

Gare de Dison


Ebot Ebot Enaw  est un universitaire spécialiste en Sécurité des Systèmes d'information et Haut fonctionnaire camerounais né en 1966. Il est le premier et actuel Directeur Général de l'Agence Nationale des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication.

Biographie

Formation initiale
Ebot Ebot Enaw a étudié à l'Université de Liverpool où il obtient un Bachelor of Engineering en Électronique en 1989. Il poursuit ensuite son cursus à l'Université de Manchester où il obtient un Master of Engineering en Télécommunications en 1991.

Carrière académique
Il retourne ensuite au Cameroun où il est recruté à l'Université de Yaoundé I comme Chargé de Cours assistant. Il poursuit parallèlement ses études et obtient un PhD en Informatique de l'École Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Yaoundé où il est actuellement Maître de Conférences.

Il est l'auteur de nombreuses contributions scientifiques, notamment sur les CERT , les protocoles d'échanges de clé cryptographiques, la Cryptanalyse, les audits de Sécurité des Systèmes d'Information, les Infrastructures à clés publiques (PKI)et la Transformation Digitale en Afrique.

Directeur Général de l'ANTIC
Le 24 janvier 2006, il est nommé par le Président de la République à la tête de l'Agence Nationale des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication en tant que Directeur Général.

Il préside depuis aux destinées de cette Institution Étatique qui a pour missions la promotion des TIC et la sécurisation du Cyberespace National.

En 2007, il dirige une Task Force internationale qui fera du Cameroun le premier pays Africain  disposant d'académies CISCO dans chaque Université d'État.

Sous sa houlette, l'ANTIC impulse la Transformation Digitale au Cameroun, notamment grâce à:

 L'élaboration des référentiels nationaux tels que la Stratégie Nationale de Développement des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication.
 La formation régulière des acteurs du Secteur des TIC ainsi que de l'Administration Camerounaise.
 L'audit des Systèmes d'Informations de plusieurs d'entreprises d'envergure et d'Infrastructures critiques chaque année.
 Une surveillance permanente du Cyberespace National avec le CIRT.
 La gestion des certificats électroniques (PKI nationale) et l'homologation des moyens de cryptographie avec le CNCCE.
 La gestion des ressources de nommage (. cm) et d'adressage (Adresses IP) au niveau national.

Notes et références

Personnalité politique camerounaise
Haut fonctionnaire camerounais

Ebot Ebot Enaw


Rhoio (), auch Strymo () genannt, ist eine Gestalt der griechischen Mythologie.

Sie war eine Tochter des Flussgottes Skamandros und Gemahlin des Laomedon, des zweiten Königs von Troja. Als ihre Kinder werden Tithonos und Priamos genannt.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Person der griechischen Mythologie

Rhoio (Tochter des Skamandros)


Michele Abbruzzo (* 29. Dezember 1904 in Sciacca; † 17. November 1996 in Catania) war ein italienischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Abbruzzo begann als Darsteller im Varieté und gründete Ende Oktober 1938 mit Rosina Anselmi eine eigene Theatertruppe, die sich vor allem dem sizilianischen Dialekttheater verschrieb und auch durch das Repertoire in der Nachfolge von Angelo Musco stand. In den 1950er Jahren setzte er diese Aufgabe mit einer nun nur noch unter seinem Namen firmierenden Gruppe fort und spielte und inszenierte an zahlreichen Orten und zahlreiche Stücke. Sehr gelegentlich nahm er auch Filmangebote wahr.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1920: `A Legge
 1975: Il fidanzamento

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Person (Sizilien)
Italiener
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1996
Mann

Michele Abbruzzo


DMC may refer to:

Computer science and information technology

 Data Matrix Code, laser etched square code, often used for marking products in the production area
 Diffusion Monte Carlo method
 Digital Media Controller, a category within the DLNA standard (for sharing digital media among multimedia devices) tasked with finding content on digital media servers
 Discrete memoryless channel
 Dynamic Markov Compression algorithm
 Dynamic Mesh Communication, a mesh-based intercom system developed for motorcycle communication

Media and entertainment

 Digital mixing console, used in audio mixing
 Darryl McDaniels, a member of hip hop group Run–DMC
 Devil May Cry, a Japanese video game series
 Devil May Cry (video game), the first game in the series
 DmC: Devil May Cry, a reboot of the series
 Detroit Metal City, a manga franchise
 Disco Mix Club, a remix label
 Dhammakaya Media Channel, a Thai television channel
 Deathmatch Classic, a Half-Life mod
 Drummond Money-Coutts, an English magician
 DMC (Egyptian TV channel), an Arabic-language channel

Motor vehicles
 DeLorean Motor Company, former American automobile manufacturer (1975-1982)
 DeLorean Motor Company (Texas), company founded in 1995 supplying parts and services to owners of DeLoreans
 Daelim Motor Company, a South Korean motorcycle, motorscooter and ATV manufacturer

Organizations
 Damak Multiple Campus, Jhapa, Nepal
 Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh
 Diabetes Management Center, Services Hospital Lahore
 Divisional Model College in Pakistan
 Deseret Management Corporation, LDS Church company
 Destination management company, organizing events
 Detroit Medical Center, Michigan, US
 Dipolog Medical Centre Foundation College, Inc, Dipolog City, Philippines
 Data monitoring committee for a clinical trial

Other uses
 Detailed marks certificate, a detailed report of academic performance
 Digital Media City, Seoul, South Korea
 Disaster Monitoring Constellation of imaging satellites
 DMC International Imaging, operator of satellites
 Dimethyl carbonate, a chemical compound
 Dissimilar metal corrosion
 Domestic material consumption, measurement of material used
 Double monocable, a type of ropeway technology
 Dubai Maritime City
 DMC (Company) (Dollfus-Mieg et Compagnie) a textile company in Mulhouse, France
 2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (CAS Number 37091-73-9) a chemical reagent, similar to 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride for coupling reactions
  4,4'-dimethoxychalcone

DMC


O Campeonato Mundial de Natação em Piscina Curta de 2022 foi a 16ª edição da competição organizada pela Federação Internacional de Natação (FINA). Foi realizada em Melbourne, na Austrália, entre os dias 13 a 18 de dezembro. Contou com a participação de 731 competidores representando 153 territórios.

Pela primeira vez em um Campeonato Mundial de Natação de Piscina Curta da FINA, os 800 metros livres foram disputados para homens e os 1.500 metros livres para mulheres, com qualificação para a competição determinada com base nos tempos avaliados pelo sistema de pontos da FINA.

Quadro de medalhas

Calendário
Um total de 48 eventos foram disputados:

M = Sessão da manhã (início às 11:00), N = Sessão da noite (início às 19:30)Horário local (UTC+11)

Medalhistas

Masculino

 Nadadores que participaram das eliminatórias e só receberam medalhas.

Feminino

 Nadadoras que participaram das eliminatórias e só receberam medalhas.

Misto

 Nadadores que participaram das eliminatórias e só receberam medalhas.

Ligações externas

!
2022 na natação
Natação
Desporto na Austrália em 2022
N


Edith Wharton () a fost o scriitoare, romancieră, poetă și traducătoare americană, câștigătoare a unui Premiu Pulitzer și de trei ori nominalizată la Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură în 1927, 1928 și 1930.

Cărți

Romane
 The Valley of Decision, 1902
 The House of Mirth, 1905
 The Fruit of the Tree, 1907
 The Reef, 1912
 The Custom of the Country, 1913
 Summer, 1917
 The Marne, 1918
 The Age of Innocence, 1920 (a câștigat Pulitzer Prize)
 The Glimpses of the Moon, 1922
 A Son at the Front, 1923
 The Mother's Recompense, 1925
 Twilight Sleep, 1927
 The Children, 1928
 Hudson River Bracketed, 1929
 The Gods Arrive, 1932
 The Buccaneers, 1938 (neterminată)

Nuvele și povestiri
 The Touchstone, 1900
 Sanctuary, 1903
 Madame de Treymes, 1907
 Ethan Frome, 1911
 Bunner Sisters, 1916
 Old New York, 19241. False Dawn; 2. The Old Maid; 3. The Spark; 4. New Year's Day
 Fast and Loose: A Novelette, 1938 (scrisă in 1876–1877)

Poezie
 Verses, 1878
 Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse, 1909
 Twelve Poems, 1926

Colecții de povestiri
 The Greater Inclination, 1899, include  Souls Belated.
 Crucial Instances, 1901
 The Descent of Man and Other Stories, 1904
 The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other Stories, 1908
 Tales of Men and Ghosts, 1910
 Xingu and Other Stories, 1916
 Old New York, 1924
 Here and Beyond, 1926
 Certain People, 1930
 Human Nature, 1933
 The World Over, 1936
 Ghosts, 1937
 Roman Fever and Other Stories, 1964
 Madame de Treymes and Others: Four Novelettes, 1970
 The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton, 1973
 The New York Stories of Edith Wharton, 2007
 The Other Two, 1904

Non-fiction
 The Decoration of Houses, 1897
 Italian Villas and Their Gardens, 1904
 Italian Backgrounds, 1905
 A Motor-Flight Through France, 1908 (de călătorii)
 Fighting France, from Dunkerque to Belfort, 1915 (de război)
 French Ways and Their Meaning, 1919
 In Morocco, 1920 (de călătorii)
 The Writing of Fiction, 1925 (eseuri)
 A Backward Glance, 1934 (autobiografie)
 Edith Wharton: The Uncollected Critical Writings, Editată de Frederick Wegener, 1996
 Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920, 1995, Edited by Sarah Bird Wright

Ca editoare
 The Book of the Homeless, 1916

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1862
Nașteri pe 24 ianuarie
Scriitoare americane
Laureați ai premiului Pulitzer
Cavaleri ai Legiunii de onoare
Decese în 1937
Editori americani

Edith Wharton


Brooke Scullion, parfois connue sous son seul prénom Brooke, est une chanteuse irlandaise née le  en Irlande du Nord. Elle a été révélée lors de sa participation à la neuvième saison de The Voice UK, où, coachée par Meghan Trainor, elle arrive à la troisième place de la finale.
Elle a représenté l'Irlande au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022, à Turin en Italie, avec sa chanson intitulée That's Rich. Elle arrive en 15e position lors de la seconde demi-finale avec 47 points, ce qui n'est pas assez suffisant pour se qualifier en finale.

Brooke Scullion a également sortie quelques autres titres comme Tongues apparu le 27 mai 2022 et Heartbreaker le 26 août 2022.

Brooke a sortie son premier EP intitulé Chaotic Heart le 30 septembre 2022 et sort de cet EP son nouveau single Enough.

Le 1 décembre 2022, elle est annoncée candidate à la sixième saison de Dancing With The Stars, la version irlandaise.

Carrière

2020: The Voice UK
Brooke Scullion est remarquée lors de son passage au télé-crochet The Voice UK, lors de la neuvième saison. Lors de son audition à l'aveugle, elle interprète Bruises de Lewis Capaldi, faisant se retourner les quatre coaches et devenant la première candidate de la saison à y parvenir. Son choix de coach se porte alors sur Meghan Trainor, avec laquelle elle va jusqu'en finale. Elle interprète à cette occasion une reprise de la chanson Edge of Seventeen de Stevie Nicks. Le public la porte enfin jusqu'à la troisième place.

2022: Concours Eurovision de la chanson
En janvier 2022, Brooke est annoncée comme faisant partie des six finalistes retenus par RTÉ pour représenter l'Irlande au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022. La sélection s'effectue lors d'une édition spéciale du Late Late Show. Elle finit par remporter la sélection avec sa chanson intitulée That's Rich. Elle a donc représenté l'Irlande au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022, à Turin en Italie.

À l'Eurovision
Brooke présente sa chanson lors de la seconde demi-finale, et est la dixième des dix-huit participants à passer sur scène.
Elle reçoit 47 points (12 du jury et 35 du télévote, dont les 12 points du public britannique) et se classe quinzième, ce qui ne lui permet pas de se qualifier pour la finale.

Vie privée
Brooke est la troisième-née d'une famille de quatre enfants; elle a deux grandes sœurs et un petit frère.
En dehors de la musique, elle travaille en tant qu'assistante d'agent immobilier à Toome, dans le comté d'Antrim. Elle est végétarienne.

Notes et références

Naissance en mars 1999
Naissance dans le comté de Londonderry
Chanteuse irlandaise
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson pour l'Irlande
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022

Brooke Scullion


Ömer Celâl Kavur (18 Haziran 1944, Ankara - 12 Mayıs 2005, İstanbul), Türk film yönetmeni, yapımcısı ve senaristtir.

Eğitimi
1944'te Ankara'da orta üst sınıf bir ailenin çocuğu olarak doğan Ömer Kavur, ilkokulu İstanbul Kızıltoprak'ta bitirdi. Orta okulu Robert Kolej'de, liseyi Kabataş Erkek Lisesi'nde okuduktan sonra üniversite eğitimi için Paris'e gitti. Conservatoire Libre du Cinéma Français'de sinema, Sorbonne Haute École du Journalisme'de gazetecilik okudu. Teknik-pratik sinema eğitimini Paris Üniversitesi'nde gerçekleştirdiği sinema tarihi yüksek lisansıyla bütünleyen Kavur, bu dönemde çektiği kısa filmlerle ilgi çekti ve çeşitli ödüller kazandı. Fransa yıllarında Alain Robbe-Grillet'nin yardımcılığını yapan Kavur, Türkiye'ye döndükten sonra Boğaziçi Köprüsü ile ilgili bir belgesel çekti.

Sinemaya girişi
1974'te, bir teklifle Refik Halit Karay'ın aynı adlı eserinden uyarlama Yatık Emineyi Necla Nazır'la filme çekti. Sansür baskısından kaçamamış, farklı ve başarılı bu ilk film, Kavur'un Türk sinemasındaki kendine özgü kariyerinin habercisi olduysa da sanatçı ikinci filmini çekebilmek için beş yıl beklemek durumunda kaldı.

1979'da çektiği Yusuf ile Kenan, dönemin standart "toplumcu-gerçekçi" filmlerine alternatif oluşturan bir eserdi. Onat Kutlar ve Kavur'un etkileyici senaryosu uzerine kurulu, Kavur'un toplumun itilmişleri arasından çekip çıkardığı iki çocuğun hikâyesini yalın ve etkili bir sinema diliyle anlattığı bu eser uluslararası arenada da kabul gördü (Milan Film Festivali büyük ödülü).

Kavur'un üçüncü filmi, roman ve hikâye yazarı Firuzan'ın Kuşatma  adlı öykü kitabındaki hikâyesinden aynı adla filme uyarladığı Ah Güzel İstanbul'dur. Film fahişe rolünü kabul eden Müjde Ar'ı gündeme taşıyacak ve onun seksenlerde sürdüreceği parlak kariyerini başlatacaktı. Kavur, Göl filmiyle, daha sonra sıklıkla ele alacağı türden psikolojik motiflere eğilmeye başladı.

1985'te çektiği Amansız Yol, Kavur'un sinemasının ana motiflerinden "yolculuk" temasının en belirgin olduğu ilk dönem filmidir. Körebe ise, Göl'''e benzer psikolojik bir gerilimi ele alır.

1987'de ise Kavur'un ilk başyapıtı Venedik Film Festivali'nde ses getirdi: Yusuf Atılgan'ın Anayurt Otelini Macit Koper ve Serra Yılmaz'ın da yer aldığı bir kadroyla sinemaya aktardı.Paris'te sinema eğitimi yaparken üç yıl bir otelde çalıştım, gece bekçiliği yaptım. Tabii Zebercet'in duygularıyla kendi duygularım arasında bir örtüşme söz konusu değil. Ama ben beklemek nedir, gelen müşteriyle ilgili tahminler kurmak nedir bilirdim. Hayal kurmanın ne olduğunu bilirdim. Yusuf beyin yazdığı ile benim düşündüklerim, duyumsadıklarım iyice örtüştü.Bir yıl sonra Kayaköy'de çektiği ve "yolculuk" temasına bu kez hem içsel hem de dışsal anlamda geri döndüğü Gece Yolculuğu, Cannes Film Festivali'nde gösterilmiş ve beğenilmişti.

1991'de Orhan Pamuk'un "Kara Kitap" romanındaki öykülerden birinden hareketle çekilen Gizli Yüz, Kavur'un ve Türk sinemasının başyapıtlarından biri kabul edilir. Kavur'un esrarlı, içe dönen yolculuk arayışının, yolculuğunun doruğu olan bu filmi, 1996'da Kavur'un "kendini tekrarladığı" eleştirilerini aldığı Akrebin Yolculuğu izledi. Bu film de Cannes Film Festivali'nin "Un certain regard" adlı bölümüne kabul edildi. Kavur'un sinema kariyeri bu filmden sonra durakladı.

2000'de Melekler Evi, 2003'te Karşılaşma'' filmlerini yönetti.

Kavur, genellikle uluslararası yapımlar gerçekleştiren Alfa Film'in kurucusu ve sahibiydi. Uzun süre Lenfoma kanseri sebebiyle tedavi gören Ömer Kavur, 12 Mayıs 2005'te Teşvikiye'deki evinde öldü.

Çalışmaları

Ödüller
 1980: Uluslararası Milano Film Festivali, Yusuf İle Kenan, Büyük Ödül - Yusuf ile Kenan
 1982: 19. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen - Kırık Bir Aşk Hikayesi
 1987: 24. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen - Anayurt Oteli
 1988: 25. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen - Gece Yolculuğu
 1991: Fribourg Festival - Halk Jürisi En İyi Film Ödülü - Gizli Yüz
 1991: Montreal Film Festivali - En İyi Film - Gizli Yüz
 1992: 4. Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali - En İyi Film - Gizli Yüz
 1992: 4. Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen - Gizli Yüz
 1997: 9. Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen - Akrebin Yolculuğu
 2003: 15. Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali - Mahmut Tali Öngören Özel Ödülü - Karşılaşma
 2003: 15. Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen - Karşılaşma
 2003: 36. Sinema Yazarları Derneği Ödülleri - En İyi Film - Karşılaşma
 2003: 36. Sinema Yazarları Derneği Ödülleri - En İyi Yönetmen - Karşılaşma
 2003: 40. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - Halk Jürisi Ödülü - Karşılaşma
 2003: 40. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Senaryo - Karşılaşma
 2003: 40. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Yönetmen - Karşılaşma
 2003: Orhon Murat Arıburnu Ödülleri - Derya Arbaş Özel Ödülü - Karşılaşma
 2003: Orhon Murat Arıburnu Ödülleri - En İyi Yönetmen - Karşılaşma

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Beyazperde'de Ömer Kavur
 IMDb'de Ömer Kavur
 Sinemalar.com'da Ömer Kavur
 SinemaTürk'te Ömer Kavur
 TSA'de Ömer Kavur
Ömer KAVUR'un Gizemli Dünyası, Atilla DORSAY Avrupa Filmleri Festivali Katalogu. 2002
Ömer Kavur | Sedef Kabaş ile Portreler 1997
Ömer Kavur'la Yola Çıkmak - Rıza Kıraç
Sinemamızda Bir 'Auteur': Ömer Kavur Şükran K. Esen 2002 İstanbul Alfa Yayınları ISBN 975-297-229-2
Auteur Sinema Bağlamında Türkiye'de Yönetmen Sineması Kitapları Literatürü: Bir Tasnif Denemesi, Havva YILMAZ, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, Cilt 18, Sayı 36, 2020/2, 643-670
Akpınar, Ertekin. 10 Yönetmen ve Türk Sineması: Tür - Anlayış - Farklılık. İstanbul: Hayalet Kitap, 2009. ISBN 978-605-5942-07-6
Ömer Kavur ve Zuhal Olcay, "Gizli Yüz" filmini konuşuyorlar(1991)
Sinemamıza Hayat Verenler 1. Bölüm | Ömer Kavur

1944 doğumlular
Ankara doğumlu yönetmenler
2005 yılında ölenler
Girit Türkleri
Türk film yapımcıları
Türk film yönetmenleri
Türk senaristler
Kabataş Erkek Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Robert Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Altın Portakal En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Lenfomadan ölenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali Ödülü sahibi yönetmenler
Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali Ödülü sahibi senaristler
Altın Portakal En İyi Film Ödülü kazanan yapımcılar
20. yüzyıl Türk senaristleri

Ömer Kavur


Ediție a 32-a Cupei Mondiale de Scrimă s-a desfășurat din octombrie 2001 până la Campionatul Mondial de la Lisabona.

Spadă individual

Floretă individual

Sabie individual

Spadă pe echipe

Floretă pe echipe

Sabie pe echipe

Referințe
  Raportul anual 2002, Federația Internațională de Scrimă
  Clasamentul FIE

2003 în scrimă
2004 în scrimă
Cupa Mondială de Scrimă

Cupa Mondială de Scrimă din 2001-2002


فيلق بولوي () كان تشكيلة بولندية عسكرية في الحرب العالمية الأولى، كجزء من الجيش الإمبراطوري الروسي. تم إنشاؤه في أواخر عام 1914 من المتطوعين الذين تجمعوا بسبب العديد من المبادرات، وأبرزها تلك التي كانت من مؤيدي اللجنة الوطنية الروسية البولندية، بدعم من الديمقراطيين الوطنيين البولنديين. وكان من المفترض التصدي لمبادرة مكافحة فيالق جوزيف بيلسودسكي البولندية التي شكلت في إطار الجيش النمساوي المجري. انتهت تنظيم التشكيل في كانون الثاني 1915 ؛ في ذلك الوقت كان يبلغ عددهم حوالي 1,000 جندي وكتيبة من الجيش الروسي. استخدم التشكيل في القتال ضد الإمبراطورية الألمانية. في نهاية المطاف، تم حل الفيلق في تشرين الأول عام 1915 وأعيد تنظيمه في كتيبة البندقية البولندية.

التاريخ
في عام 1795 قسمت بولندا بين مملكة بروسيا، والإمبراطورية النمساوية والإمبراطورية الروسية. في عام 1914، مع بداية الحرب العالمية الأولى، تلك القوى وجدت نفسها على طرفين منفصلين، وحاولت تجنيد جميع البولنديين في صفوفها، واعدة زيادة الحكم الذاتي بعد الحرب. في الإمبراطورية الروسية، الجهود التي تبذلها فيتولد استوجا-غورسزينكي، وبدعم من قيادة الجبهة الجنوبية الغربية، أسفرت عن مجموعة متزايدة من المتطوعين البولنديين في أكتوبر ونوفمبر 1914 أولا في شيلم وبريست وبولوي في وقت لاحق. هذه المبادرة، وبدعم من الديمقراطيين الوطنيين البولنديين، كانت تهدف أيضا إلى مواجهة (في نهاية المطاف الأكثر نجاحا) مبادرة جوزيف بيلسودسكي، الذي كان قد شكل الألوية البولندية تحت إشراف الجيش النمساوي المجري.

التنظيم والتشكيل تأخر بسبب مشاكل لوجستية. في يناير 1915 اللجنة الوطنية البولندية دعمت هذه المبادرة، ورشح الكولونيل انتوني روت ليكون قائد المنظمة. كما أن أعدادا متزايدة من المتطوعين، أنشئ الفيلق الثاني في لوبلين (فيلق لوبلين). وتم تشكيل سلاح الفرسان كما يجري إنشاؤه. تم تشكيل المعروف رسميا باسم الفيلق البولندي، وكانت تابعا للواء التاسع والخمسين للجنرال بيوتر زيمانوفسكي. في وقت لاحق، في عملية إعادة التنظيم، تم تسمية الفيالق (فيلق بولوي إلى الفريق 739 الكسندروف الجديد (Druzyna) وفيلق لوبلان إلى 740 فرقة لوبلان).

بحلول شهر يناير 1915 انتهى تنظيم الفيلق، في ذلك الوقت وعددهم حوالى 1,000 من المتطوعين ؛ ما يعادله من الجيش الإمبراطوري الروسي كتيبة المشاة (في شباط / فبراير ستقسم إلى أربع سريات). بيد أنه لا يزال تعاني من مشاكل لوجستية (على سبيل المثال، فإنه لم يحصل على وعد المدفعية والرشاشات التي استولى عليها النمساويون—دون ذخيرة). كانت هناك أيضا مشاكل في نقل المتطوعين من الإمبراطورية الروسية الأخرى تشكيل (الطلبات كانت شائعة النفي)، ومشروع تجنيد المتطوعين من أسرى الحرب البولنديين من الجيش النمساوي المجري رفض.

فيلق بولوي تم نشره في الخطوط الأمامية في يوم 20 مارس 1915 ؛ في ذلك الوقت أخرج من تحت قيادة زيمانوفسكي وكان مخصصا لرماة قنابل موسكو فيلق تحت قيادة مروزوسكي. لم ينشر فيلق لوبلان في الخطوط الأمامية، بدلا من ذلك كان يستخدم لتجديد الخسائر في فيلق بولوي. استخدم التشكيل في عمليات قتالية ضد الإمبراطورية الألمانية، ولكن المعنويات تأثرت بشائعات أنه يمكن أن يستخدم ضد الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية وفيالقها البولندية.

قاتل التشكيل في معارك عدة :
 19 مايو : في باكوسلاو (حيث أصيب العقيد روت، وتم تمرير القيادة إلى العقيد جان رادوسكي)
 يونيو 16 : في ميشالو
 17 يوليو : في لاديسلاوو
 يوليو 21 : في كولونيا شيشيلسكا
 يوليو 22 : في بولاوسكا غورا
 أغسطس 14 : في كاركزواكا
 أغسطس 20 : في نورزك
 أغسطس 23 : في اوباكا
 سبتمبر 5 : في ايزابلين
 9 سبتمبر : في زيلوا

خلال تلك الفترة، تلقى الفيلق خسائر فادحة—415 قتيلا وجرح 1,016 (92 ٪ من الأعداد الأولية).

في نهاية المطاف، تم حل الفيلق في تشرين الأول 1915 ؛ بعض القوات انضمت كتيبة البندقية البولندية (Brygada Strzelców Polskich). إعادة التنظيم كانت نتيجة للجهود التي يبذلها العقيد Rządkowaski وغيرها تهدف إلى زيادة حجم القوات البولندية في الجيش الروسي.

القادة
 عقيد انتوني روت—من 17 يناير 1915
 كولونيل يان رزادوسكي—من 19 مايو 1915

انظر أيضاً
 الامبراطورية الروسية
 القوات المسلحة البولندية

ملاحظات

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بولندا في الحرب العالمية الأولى
تأسيسات سنة 1914 في بولندا
تاريخ بولندا
تاريخ بولندا العسكري
جيش الإمبراطورية الروسية
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية أسست في 1914
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية انحلت في 1915

فيلق بولوي


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Discovery, in the law of common law jurisdictions, is a pre-trial procedure in a lawsuit in which each party, through the law of civil procedure, can obtain evidence from the other party or parties by means of discovery devices such as interrogatories, requests for production of documents, requests for admissions and depositions.  Discovery can be obtained from non-parties using subpoenas.  When a discovery request is objected to, the requesting party may seek the assistance of the court by filing a motion to compel discovery.

History
Discovery evolved out of a unique feature of early equitable pleading procedure before the English Court of Chancery: among various requirements, a plaintiff's bill in equity was required to plead "positions". These were statements of evidence that the plaintiff assumed to exist in support of his pleading and which he believed lay within the knowledge of the defendant. They strongly resembled modern requests for admissions, in that the defendant was required to plead only whether they were true or false. At some point between the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) and the late seventeenth century, positions were gradually replaced by interrogatories: written questions which the defendant was required to truthfully respond to under oath in his answer to the bill, based on information within his own personal knowledge as well as documents in his possession. But back then, interrogatories could only elicit admissible evidence (not the broader modern standard of "reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence") and could only request evidence in support of the plaintiff's case, not either side's case (that is, they could not ask for evidence which the defendant intended to use in support of his defenses and was otherwise entirely irrelevant to the plaintiff's case). Even worse, this was purely a one-way procedure, because interrogatories could only be pleaded as part of a bill (a pleading initiating a suit in equity). A defendant who needed to obtain evidence in support of his defenses had to file a cross-bill against the plaintiff to plead his own interrogatories.

Discovery did not exist at common law, but its availability in equity attracted litigants in actions at law (legal proceedings in the common law courts). They began to file bills in equity to obtain discovery in aid of actions at law. This led to another innovation in the mid-15th century: the bill to perpetuate testimony of a potential witness. This was for witnesses whose advanced age or poor health implied they would not survive to testify at the trial of an action at law.

In this type of proceeding, the parties merely pleaded written interrogatories which were read out loud to the witness in a closed proceeding without parties or counsel present. The witness's attendance was secured by service of a subpoena ad testificandum at least 14 days before the date of the examination. In London, the examinations took place before a master or an examiner in Chancery Lane. Outside of London, the parties' attorneys were supposed to jointly stipulate to a group of lay commissioners (typically four, though only two were needed for a quorum) who could not be interested persons (i.e., parties or their lawyers) and were usually country gentlemen. Once agreed upon, the court would grant them authority to examine witnesses by way of dedimus potestatem.

The person(s) examining the witness would appoint a clerk, whom under their supervision would write down the witness's oral answers under oath in summary form on paper, as if they had been spontaneously delivered as a single continuous third-person narrative, rather than as responses given in the first person to discrete questions.  In other words, the actual sequence of questions and answers was not transcribed verbatim like a modern deposition. For example, the surviving narratives of multiple witnesses to a 16 May 1643 riot in Whittlesey reveal striking similarities which imply the witnesses probably gave "yes" and "no" answers to the same set of interrogatories.  In London, the witness usually signed or marked the narrative at its end (and occasionally would sign at the bottom of each page), while outside of London, the clerk engrossed the narrative on parchment (in plain English, copied the text from paper to parchment in clearly legible handwriting). Either way, the resulting document (paper in or near London, parchment outside London) was filed under seal with the court, and was not revealed or "published" (in the terminology of the time) to parties or counsel until shortly before the trial in which it was to be used.  An 1899 treatise on evidence law explained the rationale for this method of examining a witness in equity: it allowed a witness "ample time" for "calm recollection" as they answered questions read by a neutral person and an opportunity to correct the record at the end before it was submitted to the court as evidence.  In contrast, at trial in a common law court, the witness might be subject to "severe and rapid cross-examination" without sufficient time for reflection or deliberation, thereby causing them to "misrepresent facts, from infirmity of recollection or mistake".

This procedure for ex parte out-of-court pretrial examinations under the authority of courts of equity came to be called a "deposition". It continued to be used as an evidence preservation device in aid of actions at law, but it also became the standard method for developing the factual record to be used in courts of equity as derived from the knowledge of third-party witnesses (not merely those who were old or dying). The process of summarizing testimony in narrative form, to be relied upon by the Lord Chancellor in lieu of live testimony in open court, was a kind of factfinding process in its own right. As implied by the secret nature of the proceedings and the absence of parties and counsel, equity's factfinding process was fundamentally inquisitorial (i.e., driven by the court), and not adversarial (i.e., driven by the parties). It is generally believed that this came about because the early Chancellors and the masters who assisted them were clerics with training in Roman and canon law, and therefore had some knowledge of the inquisitorial system as it functioned in ecclesiastical courts. The secrecy of the proceedings was thought to be absolutely essential to prevent perjury and witness tampering; the witnesses would thereby be forced to testify from memory alone, and the parties could not use the facts disclosed in testimony to guide their discovery or litigation strategy. Consistent with these inquisitorial views, there were also prohibitions on repeat testimony and on additional testimony after publication. Rather, the witnesses would testify independently of each other before publication, then at the moment of publication, all would be revealed, and the parties would make their arguments to the Chancellor on that cold record.  It is this procedure to which the United States Congress was referring in an 1802 law providing that "in all suits in equity, it shall be in the discretion of the court, upon the request of either party, to order the testimony of the witnesses therein to be taken by depositions."

The next major development (which would remain a unique feature of American and Canadian discovery) occurred under the supervision of Chancellor James Kent of the New York Court of Chancery during the early 19th century. He was trying to respond to the obvious defect of traditional depositions: since parties could not adjust their questions on the fly, they had to propound broadly drawn interrogatories, and in turn elicited "long and complicated accounts" of the facts that were difficult for masters to summarize in writing. Therefore, Kent allowed New York masters to actively engage in oral examination of witnesses (in the sense of formulating questions in real time and narrowing their scope based on the witnesses' answers), and he also allowed parties and counsel to be present when such examinations were conducted. Kent's innovations spread into American federal practice in 1842 when the U.S. Supreme Court amended the Federal Equity Rules to allow masters in equity suits in federal courts to conduct oral examinations of witnesses. However, with the parties and counsel now present to help guide the course of the master's oral examination of the witness, it was inevitable that counsel would insist on taking over the examination itself. Also, their presence meant the proceedings were no longer secret.

Major reforms enacted in New York in the late 1840s and in England in the early 1850s laid the foundation for the rise of modern discovery by imposing a clear separation between pleadings and discovery as distinct phases of procedural law. Discovery devices could now be invoked independently of the pleadings. The New York reforms went much farther, by directly merging common law and equity procedure (which would also happen in England in the early 1870s), and by expressly authorizing pretrial oral examinations of both opposing parties and third-party witnesses, the basis of the modern deposition.  (Up to that point, discovery from able-bodied opposing parties was still limited to interrogatories.) In fact, the New York code of civil procedure (brought about by David Dudley Field II) went so far as to abolish written interrogatories.  A major flaw, though, of the New York code of civil procedure was that it only allowed parties to seek discovery on issues on which they would have the burden of proof at trial.  This caused lawyers for defendants to plead fictional defenses in answers, because they still could not directly pursue discovery into the plaintiff's claims.

In 1861, Rule 67 of the Federal Equity Rules was amended to make deposition by oral examination the regular method of taking evidence in equity in federal courts; taking witness testimony by written interrogatories was now the exception.  Although depositions were still taken in front of court-appointed examiners, their role had been reduced to the preparation of summary narratives to be relied upon as evidence by the court. In 1892, Rule 67 was again amended to require the preparation of an exact transcript. Subsequent amendments in 1893 and 1912 eliminated the deposition's traditional role as an equitable factfinding device by first allowing and then requiring oral testimony in open court in trials of federal suits in equity, thereby reducing the deposition to its modern role in American civil procedure as a discovery and evidence preservation device.

In England, discovery finally became available in the common law courts by the mid-1850s, after Parliament enacted the Evidence Act 1851 and the Common Law Procedure Act 1854.  The right to discovery in the common law courts was "exercised somewhat more narrowly" than in chancery, but the point was that a litigant at common law no longer needed to file a bill of discovery in chancery just to obtain any discovery.  The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 merged together various trial courts, including the Court of Chancery, to form what is now known as the High Court of Justice.  Although discovery by then had been available at common law for almost two decades, the new court generally looked to the older and broader form of discovery in chancery as the basis of its discovery rules.

In 1938, the promulgation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) (pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act) created for the first time a comprehensive discovery system in U.S. federal courts. The FRCP authorized broad discovery into "any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter in the pending action, whether relating to the claim or defense of" either party.  Due to the influence of progressive law professor Edson R. Sunderland, an enthusiastic proponent of broad discovery, the FRCP expressly authorized the complete family of discovery methods familiar to American litigators today.  What made the FRCP so revolutionary was that although many state governments had regularly allowed one or more methods of discovery, no one state nor the federal government had ever attempted to allow litigators to use all of them, as Sunderland frankly admitted to the Advisory Committee that drafted the FRCP. As a result, the United States has the broadest discovery system in the world.

After American discovery became the subject of harsh criticism for many decades (as separately summarized below), the United States retreated somewhat from broad discovery in the federal courts by expressly incorporating a proportionality requirement into the scope of discovery in the version of the FRCP that went into effect on December 1, 2015.

Electronic discovery

Electronic discovery, also known as ediscovery, involves the discovery of electronic data and records. It is important that data obtained through ediscovery be reliable, and therefore admissible.

Currently the two main approaches for identifying responsive material on custodian machines are:

(1) where physical access to the organisations network is possible - agents are installed on each custodian machine which push large amounts of data for indexing across the network to one or more servers that have to be attached to the network or

(2) for instances where it is impossible or impractical to attend the physical location of the custodian system - storage devices are attached to custodian machines (or company servers) and then each collection instance is manually deployed.

In relation to the first approach there are several issues:
       In a typical collection process large volumes of data are transmitted across the network for indexing and this impacts normal business operations
       The indexing process is not 100% reliable in finding responsive material
       IT administrators are generally unhappy with the installation of agents on custodian machines
       The number of concurrent custodian machines that can be processed is severely limited due to the network bandwidth required
New technology is able to address problems created by the first approach by running an application entirely in memory on each custodian machine and only pushing responsive data across the network. This process has been patented  and embodied in a tool that has been the subject of a conference paper.

In relation to the second approach, despite self-collection being a hot topic in eDiscovery, concerns are being addressed by limiting the involvement of the custodian to simply plugging in a device and running an application to create an encrypted container of responsive documents.

United States

Under the law of the United States, civil discovery is wide-ranging and may seek disclosure of information that is reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.  This is a much broader standard than relevance, because it contemplates the exploration of evidence which might be relevant, rather than evidence which is truly relevant.  (Issues of the scope of relevance are taken care of before trial with motions in limine and during trial with objections.) Certain types of information are generally protected from discovery; these include information which is privileged and the work product of the opposing party. Other types of information may be protected, depending on the type of case and the status of the party.  For instance, juvenile criminal records are generally not discoverable, peer review findings by hospitals in medical negligence cases are  generally not discoverable and, depending on the case, other types of evidence may be non-discoverable for reasons of privacy, difficulty or expense in complying and for other reasons. (Criminal discovery rules may differ from those discussed here.) Electronic discovery or "e-discovery" refers to discovery of information stored in electronic format (often referred to as Electronically Stored Information, or ESI).

In practice, most civil cases in the United States are settled after discovery. After discovery, both sides often are in agreement about the relative strength and weaknesses of each side's case and this often results in either a settlement or summary judgment, which eliminates the expense and risks of a trial.

Discovery is also available in criminal cases. Under the rule set forth in Brady v. Maryland, the prosecutor is obligated to provide to the defendant any information that is exculpatory or potentially exculpatory, without any request by the defense. Further discovery is available if initiated by the defendant. For example, a discovery demand might be for production of the names of witnesses, witness statements, information about evidence, a request for opportunity to inspect tangible evidence, and for any reports prepared by expert witnesses who will testify at trial.

If a defendant in a criminal case requests discovery from the prosecution, the prosecutor may request reciprocal discovery. The prosecutor's right to discovery is deemed reciprocal as it arises from the defendant's request for discovery. The prosecutor's ability to obtain discovery is limited by the defendant's Fifth Amendment rights, specifically the defendant's constitutional protection against self-incrimination.

Federal law

Discovery in the United States is unique compared to other common law countries. In the United States, discovery is mostly performed by the litigating parties themselves, with relatively minimal judicial oversight. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure guide discovery in the U.S. federal court system. Most state courts follow a similar version based upon the FRCP, Chapter V "Depositions & Discovery" Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

According to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the plaintiff must initiate a conference between the parties after the complaint was served to the defendants, to plan for the discovery process. The parties should attempt to agree on the proposed discovery schedule, and submit a proposed Discovery Plan to the court within 14 days after the conference. After that, the main discovery process begins which includes: initial disclosures, depositions, interrogatories, request for admissions (RFA) and request for production of documents (RFP). In most federal district courts, the formal requests for interrogatories, request for admissions and request for production are exchanged between the parties and not filed with the court. Parties, however, can file motion to compel discovery if responses are not received within the FRCP time limit. Parties can file a motion for a protective order if the discovery requests become unduly burdensome or for purpose of harassment.

In federal criminal prosecutions, discovery rights originate from a number of important Supreme Court decisions and statutes, the most important of which are,
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), which requires a prosecuting attorney to disclose to a defendant any material which is potentially exculpatory or that would impeach the credibility of a prosecution witness.  Brady also applies to evidence that would mitigate the defendant's sentence if a defendant is convicted.
Jencks v. United States, 353 U.S. 657 (1957), and the Jencks Act, which requires federal prosecutors to produce any witness statement in the government's possession that relates to the subject of the witness' testimony, if that witness will testify against the defendant.
Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972) and the resulting Giglio rule, which requires that any deal with a witness that might call the witness's credibility into question must be disclosed in court. As a consequence, any plea bargain or deal made by the prosecutor with a witness in exchange for testimony should be disclosed to the defense as part of the discovery process.
The formal discovery process for federal criminal prosecutions is outlined in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 16.

District of Columbia

The District of Columbia follows the federal rules, with a few exceptions.  Some deadlines are different, and litigants may only resort to the D.C. Superior Court.
Forty interrogatories, including parts and sub-parts, may be propounded by one party on any other party.
There is no requirement for a "privilege log": federal Rule 26(b)(5) was not adopted by the D.C. Superior Court.
Where above is stated "litigants may only resort to the D.C. Superior Court" upon correction is found according to the District of Columbia Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure Section 73(b)Judicial Review and Appeal which states: "Judicial review of a final order or judgment entered upon direction of a hearing commissioner is available on motion of a party to the Superior Court judge designated by the Chief Judge to conduct such reviews...After that review has been completed, appeal may be taken to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals."  This rule basically implies that in a civil action, if a hearing commissioner is authorized by all parties to conduct the proceedings instead of a judge, upon a request for a review or appeal, the motion must first be reviewed by a Superior Court judge to the same standard as a motion for appeal on a Superior Court Judge to the Court of Appeals, but the right to appeal to the higher courts still remains.

State law

Many states have adopted discovery procedures based on the federal system; some closely adhere to the federal model, others not so closely.  Some states take an entirely different approach to discovery. Many states have adopted the Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act to provide uniform process when discovery is to be done out of state.

Alaska

In Alaska criminal courts, discovery is governed by Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 (Cr.R.16). The scope of discovery is broad and includes much more than is required by Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). The discovery process is intended to provide adequate information for informed pleas, to expedite trial, minimize surprise, afford an opportunity for effective cross-examination, and meet the requirements of due process. To the extent possible, discovery prior to trial should be as full and free as possible, consistent with protection of persons, effective law enforcement, and the adversarial system.

A prosecuting attorney is required to disclose to the accused the following material, and to make it available for inspection and copying: (i) names and addresses of witnesses, (ii) written or recorded statements of the accused, (iii) written or recorded statements of a co-defendant, (iv) any books, papers, documents, photographs or tangible objects with the prosecutor intends to use at trial, (v) any prior criminal convictions of the defendant or any witness. In practice, this means that criminal defendants in Alaska are able to review any police report, lab report, audio/video recordings, witness statements, and more, before they proceed to trial. Most defendants will also have this material far enough in advance to have reviewed it before making a decision about any possible plea deal.

California

In California state courts, discovery is governed by the Civil Discovery Act of 1986 (Title 4 (Sections 2016-2036) of the Code of Civil Procedure), as subsequently amended.  A significant number of appellate court decisions have interpreted and construed the provisions of the Act.

California written discovery generally consists of four methods: demands for inspection (the formal statutory name for requests for production of documents), form interrogatories, special interrogatories, and requests for admissions. The duty to respond to California discovery requests is not a continuing duty: the responding party only needs to respond with the facts as known on the date of the response, and is under no obligation to update its responses as new facts become known. This causes many parties to reserve one or two interrogatories until the closing days of discovery, when they ask if any of the previous responses to discovery have changed, and then ask what the changes are.  Historically, California depositions were not limited in length until the Legislature enacted reforms in 2012.  Another key difference is that most objections must be made in detail on the record at deposition or they are permanently waived. A party may only propound thirty-five written special interrogatories on any other single party unless the propounding party submits a "declaration of necessity". No "subparts, or a compound, conjunctive, or disjunctive question" may be included in an interrogatory. However, "form interrogatories" which have been approved by the state Judicial Council do not count toward this limit.  In addition, no "preface or instruction" may be included in the interrogatories unless it has been approved by the Judicial Council; in practice, this means that the only instructions permissible with interrogatories are the ones provided with the form interrogatories.

Criticism

The use of discovery has been criticized as favoring the wealthier side in a lawsuit, by enabling parties to drain each other's financial resources in a war of attrition. For example, one can make information requests that are potentially expensive and time-consuming for the other side to fulfill; respond to a discovery request with thousands of documents of questionable relevance to the case; file requests for protective orders to prevent the deposition of key witnesses; and take other measures that increase the difficulty and cost of discovery. In 1983, the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules attached a Committee Note to Rule 26 of the FRCP that cautioned federal courts to "prevent use of discovery to wage a war of attrition or as a device to coerce a party, whether financially weak or affluent", then had to repeat and stress that exact same text in the 2015 Committee Note.

It has been argued that although the goal of discovery is to level the playing field between the parties, the discovery rules instead create a multi-level playing field that favors the party that is in control of the information needed by the other party. Instead of encouraging discovery, the rules are described as encouraging lawyers to find new ways to manipulate and distort or conceal information.

Some tort reform supporters make a similar accusation, that discovery is used by plaintiffs' lawyers to impose costs on defendants in order to force settlements in unmeritorious cases to avoid the cost of discovery. However, others argue that discovery abuse is an exaggerated concept, that discovery works well in most cases, and exaggeration of American litigiousness and its cost result in confusion within the justice system.

As implemented in 1938, the modern American discovery scheme granted powers directly to private parties and their counsel which are "functionally equivalent" to the power to issue self-executing administrative subpoenas.  This is why civil law countries strongly dislike and oppose American discovery: they regard broad discovery in the hands of private parties as destructive of the rule of law because from their perspective, the result amounts to "a private inquisition." Civil law countries see the underlying objectives of discovery as properly monopolized by the state in order to maintain the rule of law: the investigative objective of discovery is the prerogative of the executive branch, and insofar as discovery may be able to facilitate the creation of new rights, that is the prerogative of the legislative branch.

England and Wales

The discovery process in England and Wales is known as 'disclosure'. This process occurs in both civil and criminal cases.

Criminal Disclosure

Criminal disclosure is the process by which the Crown, typically through the Crown Prosecution Service, provides the defence with relevant information discovered during the course of a criminal investigation. The disclosure process helps protect the right to a fair trial. Every accused person has a right to a fair trial. This right is a fundamental part of our legal system and is guaranteed by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

The test for what information should be provided during disclosure is set by section 3 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (CPIA). This requires the Crown to provide all information which might be reasonably capable of undermining the prosecution case or assisting the defence case. This standard is an ongoing obligation throughout the lifespan of a criminal investigation and trial. While the majority of disclosure will likely take place at the outset of a trial - usually at or before the Pre-trial Preparation Hearing (PTPH), multiple disclosures may occur throughout a case as required.

Detailed guidance on the manner in which disclosure is undertaken is offered by the Code of Practice for the CPIA 1996 and the Attorney General's Disclosure Guidelines.

The Attorney General's Disclosure Guidelines provide:

Third Party Material

Third party material is a specific class of material identified by the fact that it originates outside the activity of the criminal inquiry or prosecution. Typically, third party material includes mobile device data; CCTV; and medical, therapeutic or local authority records. This material may reveal important information to the inquiry which may become evidence in the case. Where information from third party sources does not form part of the evidence, it may still need to be disclosed if it meets the disclosure test.

Access to third party material is governed by the Attorney General's Guidelines on Disclosure. These require that third party material must be relevant to a reasonable line of inquiry in order to be obtained. As such, third party material should never be accessed speculatively. It must always be based on a clear set of pre-existing reasons.

Access to third party material, especially in rape and serious sexual assault cases (RASSO), has come under heavy criticism from groups representing victims of these crimes. They argue that requests for material from victims has become excessive and that 'requests often go far beyond simply seeking contemporaneous records, or records known to contain evidence that relates to the incident: indeed, often records are sought which span many years, and in circumstances where the victim/survivor is not aware of any relevant material existing within the records.'

The invasive nature of improper or excessive access to third party material has been accepted by the government in the end-to-end rape review, which sets out actions to be taken to reform the approach of the CPS and police to third party material.

Recent guidance and legal judgments, including the Court of Appeal case of R v Bater-James & Anor [2020] EWCA Crim 790 and the mobile phone extraction report by the Information Commissioner's Office have set out detailed principles for accessing third party material - especially in the case of mobile and digital information. These balance the rights to privacy of victims and witnesses with the right to fair trial for defendants.

Civil Disclosure
The discovery process in the jurisdiction of England and Wales has been known as "disclosure" since the reforms to civil procedure introduced by Lord Justice Woolf in 1999.

For many types of cause of action (but not for example personal injury claims, which have their own additional parts of procedure rules to follow) disclosure is governed by Part 31 of the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR), and its linked Practice Direction (PD) 31B on disclosure of electronic documents, adopted in October 2010. The purpose of the Practice Direction is "to encourage and assist the parties to reach agreement in relation to the disclosure of Electronic Documents in a proportionate and cost-effective manner". As in the United States, certain documents are privileged, such as letters between solicitors and experts.

The usual forms of discovery are general discovery and specific discovery since parties in issue are unlikely to reach agreements as to what ought to be disclosed. This reflects in the current discovery rules which put emphasis on compliance of time limit, rules on service, proper list of documents and rules on privileges set out in Part 31 of CPR and PD 31B. Once a party properly conducts general discovery in accordance with discovery rules and procedures, documents are deemed discoverable, i.e. documents are available for inspection. Inspectionability refers to procedural and legal elements: the former concerns clerical production of documents; the latter concerns the relevance test (Peruvian Guano v Financiaso Compagneiage (1881) 10 EWR 125) and linkage test.

A mandatory disclosure pilot was introduced on 1 January 2019 for use in relation to a range of claims handled by the Business and Property Courts, in order to support a more co-operative approach to disclosure, the scope of the documents to be disclosed being "not wider than is reasonable and proportionate ... in order fairly to resolve [the] issues".

See also
 Early case assessment
 Second request
 subpoena ad testificandum
 subpoena duces tecum

References

External links
 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: Depositions and Discovery

Information governance
Records management

Discovery (law)


ශුද්ධවූ සෙහොන් ගැබෙහි දේවස්ථානය යනු,  ජෙරුසලෙමෙහි පැරණි නගරයේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි පාර්ශවයෙහි පිහිටි දේවස්ථානයකි.

ශුද්ධවූ සොහොන් ගැබෙහි දේවස්ථානය


Charles Waterton (3 de junho de 1782 - 27 de maio de 1865) foi um naturalista inglês, supervisor de plantações e explorador mais conhecido por seu trabalho pioneiro em matéria de conservação.

Família e religião
Waterton era de uma família da nobreza católica romana descendente de Reiner de Waterton. Os Waterton permaneceram católicos após a Reforma Inglesa e, consequentemente, a grande maioria de suas propriedades foi confiscada. O próprio Charles Waterton era um católico devoto e asceta, e mantinha fortes ligações com o Vaticano.

Início da vida
"Squire" Waterton nasceu em Walton Hall, Wakefield, Yorkshire filho de Thomas Waterton e Anne Bedingfield.

Ele foi educado no Stonyhurst College em Lancashire, onde seu interesse pela exploração e vida selvagem já era evidente. Em uma ocasião Waterton foi pego pelo superior jesuíta da escola escalando as torres na frente do prédio; quase no topo, o superior ordenou-lhe que descesse por onde subira.

América do Sul
Em 1804 viajou para a Guiana Inglesa para se encarregar das plantações de escravos de seu tio perto de Georgetown. Em 1812 começou a explorar o sertão da colônia, fazendo quatro viagens entre então e 1824, chegando ao Brasil andando descalço na estação chuvosa. Ele descreveu suas descobertas em seu livro Waterton's Wanderings in South America, que inspirou estudantes britânicos como Charles Darwin e Alfred Russel Wallace.

Waterton era um taxidermista habilidoso e preservou muitos dos animais que encontrou em suas expedições. Ele empregou um método único de taxidermia, embebendo os espécimes no que chamou de "sublimação de mercúrio". Ao contrário de muitos animais preservados ("empalhados"), seus espécimes são ocos e realistas. Ele também exibiu seu senso de humor anárquico em algumas de suas taxidermias: um quadro que ele criou (agora perdido) consistia de répteis vestidos como famosos protestantes ingleses e intitulado "A Reforma Inglesa Demonstrada Zoológicamente". Outro espécime foi o fundo de um macaco bugio que ele transformou em um rosto quase humano e simplesmente rotulou "O Indescritível". Este espécime ainda está em exibição no Museu Wakefield, junto com outros itens da coleção de Waterton.

Enquanto estava na Guiana Britânica, Waterton ensinou suas habilidades a um dos escravos de seu tio, John Edmonstone.

Waterton é creditado por trazer o agente anestésico curare wourali para a Europa.

Legado
Waterton é lembrado principalmente por sua associação com o curare e por seus escritos sobre história natural e conservação. David Attenborough o descreveu como "uma das primeiras pessoas em qualquer lugar a reconhecer, não apenas que o mundo natural era de grande importância, mas que precisava de proteção à medida que a humanidade fazia mais e mais demandas sobre ele".

Referências

Fontes

 Charles Waterton em Our Heritage Acessado em 24 de novembro de 2008.

Leitura adicional

Links externos

 Waterton and Wouralia
 Waterton at Wakefield Museum
 Charles Waterton, Squire of Walton Hall

Naturalistas do Reino Unido

Charles Waterton


Vicky Knudsen (født 6. august 1986 i Helsingør) er en dansk biolog, ornitolog og naturvejleder.

Hun har været kåret som Danmarks bedste naturformidler, og medvirket i flere tv- og radioprogrammer om dyr og natur. Desuden har hun udgivet en bog.

Baggrund
Vicky Knudsen blev født i Helsingør, og er opvokset på Bornholm, hvor familien flyttede til, da hun var 10 år.

Som 10-årig var hun med på den første tur for at kigge på fugle.

Uddannelse og karriere
Efter studentereksamen begyndte hun at læse biologi på Københavns Universitet. Efterfølgende blev hun ansat som caretaker, naturfaglig assistent og biolog hos Dansk Ornitologisk Forening. Her var hun ansat indtil 1. april 2017, hvorefter hun blev selvstændig naturformidler, foredragsholder mv. Det var også i 2017 at Vicky Knudsen afsluttede sine syv år som forkvinde for Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings ungdomsafdeling, kaldet DOF UNG.

I kategorien "formidling for voksne" blev hun ved Naturmødet i 2017 som den anden nogensinde, kåret som Danmarks bedste naturformidler.

I 2018 var hun i juryen bag Danmarks Naturkanon.

Udover deltagelse i radioprogrammer på blandt andet P3 og P6, direkte tv hos DR, har hun medvirket i 18 afsnit af tv-programmet 1 døgn, 2 hold, 3 dyr på TV 2 sammen med Sebastian Klein, Bjørli Lehrmann og Morten D.D. Hansen.

I september 2018 afsluttede hun sammen med Sebastian Klein og Anders Kofoed optagelserne til det sidste af fire afsnit af serien Vores vilde vej, som fik premiere 12. august 2019 på TV 2. Under optagelserne til første afsnit, der fandt sted på Sandbjergvej nær Årslev Engsø i Brabrand, gjorde Vicky Knudsen i en villahave det hidtidig eneste verificerede fund af arten Langhornet Torngræshoppe registreret i Danmark.

Efter at der i foråret og sommeren 2019 var gjort observationer af en puma i et større område i Øst- og Midtjylland, deltog Vicky Knudsen i september 2019 sammen med et tv-hold fra TV 2 i jagten på kattedyret. Det skete ud fra en opslået lejr ved Fuglsang Sø. Efter undersøgelser af billeder og lokation, kunne historien om pumaen afvises, da det blot var en rødhåret hankat der var blevet set.

Sammen med Johan Olsen fik Vicky Knudsen den 20. februar 2020 på DR P1, deres eget ugentlige naturvidenskabelige radioprogram med titlen Vildt Naturligt.

Vicky Knudsen deltog i 2020 i sæson 17 af Vild med dans, hvor hun dansede med den professionelle danser Martin Parnov Reichardt. De røg ud som det tredje par.

Udmærkelser
 Danmarks bedste naturformidler (2017)
 Bedste Birder Ambassadør (2020)

Filmografi
 1 døgn, 2 hold, 3 dyr (2017–2021)
 Vores vilde vej (2019)
  Vild med dans (2020, sæson 17)

Radio
Vildt Naturligt (2020-nu)

Bibliografi
 Vickys vilde verden (2020)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Vicky Knudsens websted – fuglemandssnak.dk

Personer fra Helsingør
Biologer fra Danmark
Ornitologer fra Danmark
Alumni fra Københavns Universitet

Vicky Knudsen


FK Banga (Futbolo klubas "Banga") je profesionalni nogometni klub iz Gargždai u Litvi. Natječe se u A ligi.

Povijest
Osnovan je 1966. godine.

Uspjesi
Nacionalni kup
Finalist (3): 2011, 2014, 2019.

Sezoni

Boje kluba

Stadion
FK Banga domaće utakmice igra na gradski stadionu (lt. Gargždų miesto stadionas), čiji je kapacitet 3.250 sjedećih mjesta.

Značajni igrači
  Andrius Jokšas
  Arminas Narbekovas
  Tomas Tamošauskas
  Darius Žutautas
  Giedrius Žutautas
  Raimondas Žutautas
  Vaidas Žutautas

Treneri
 Fabio Lopez (2008.)
 Valdas Ivanauskas (2008. – 2009.)
 Vytautas Jančiauskas (2009. – 2010.)
 Arminas Narbekovas (2009. – 2012.)
 Vaidas Žutautas (2012. – 2013.)
 Vaidas Žutautas (2013. – 2014.)
 Maksim Tiščenko (2014. – 2015.)
 Vaidas Žutautas (2015. – 2016.)
 Tomas Tamošauskas (2017. – 2021.)
 David Afonso (2021.–)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 FK Banga oficialna str. (lt)
 A lyga of. str.

Banga Gargždai

FK Banga


The Orville este o serie americană de comedie-drama science-fiction creată de Seth MacFarlane. Seria a avut premiera duminică, 10 septembrie 2017.

Distribuție și personaje
 Seth MacFarlane - Căpitanul Ed Mercer
 Adrianne Palicki - Comandantul Kelly Grayson
 Penny Johnson Jerald - Doctorul Claire Finn
 Scott Grimes - Locotenentul Gordon Malloy
 Peter Macon - Comandantul locotenent Bortus
 Halston Sage - Locotenent Alara Kitan
 J. Lee - Locotenent (mai târziu locotenent-comandant) John LaMarr
 Mark Jackson - Isaac
 Jessica Szohr - Talla Keyali

Note

Legături externe

Seriale de televiziune din 2017
Seriale de televiziune științifico-fantastice
Seriale de comedie
Seriale de film dramatic
Seriale de televiziune americane

The Orville


Palas, Kayseri ilinin Sarıoğlan ilçesine bağlı mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Palas kayseri il merkezine 56 km, Sarıoğlan ilçe merkezine 17 km. uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Ekonomi
belli başlı ekonomik uğraş tarım ve hayvancılığa dayanmaktadır.

Tarla tarımı en temel uğraş olup,  sadece hayvancılıkla geçinen yerleşim birimi bulunmamaktadır.

Bitkisel ürün olarak tarla ürünleri olan arpa, buğday, ayçiçeği, çavdar, yulaf, fiğ, korunga, yonca, yem malzemesi, aspir, burçak, sorgum sudan otu, üzüm, mısır, nohut, mercimek, patates, şekerpancarı, ceviz, badem, karışık meyve ve karışık sebze üretilmektedir.

İklim
karasal iklimin özelliklerini taşır. Yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları soğuk ve  kar yağışlıdır.

bitki örtüsü bozkırdır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kayseri'nin mahalleleri

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNet

Sarıoğlan'ın mahalleleri

Palas, Sarıoğlan


An Festuca imbaburensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stancík. An Festuca imbaburensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca imbaburensis


Inverurie dans l'Aberdeenshire était un Burgh royal qui a élu un Commissaire au Parlement d'Écosse et à la Convention des États.

Après les Actes d'Union de 1707, Banff, Cullen, Elgin, Inverurie et Kintore ont formé le district de Elgin, envoyant un membre à la Chambre des communes de Grande-Bretagne.

Liste des commissaires de burgh

 1669–74: James Elphinstone
 1681–82, 1685–86, 1689 (convention), 1689–93: John Anderson, bailli (déclaré inéligible 1693)
 1693–1702: Robert Forbes, avocat
 1702–07: Sir Robert Forbes de Learnie

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Politique dans le comté d'Aberdeen

Inverurie (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


Marie Margaretha Philippine von Kleist, geborene von Gualtieri (* 24. Oktober 1761 in Bernau; † 17. Juni 1831 in Manze, Kreis Nimptsch) war sowohl Hofdame und Freundin der Königin Luise von Preußen als auch bedeutsamste Förderin und Vertraute Heinrich von Kleists.

Leben

Familie
Die in Preußen beheimateten Gualtieri stammten ursprünglich aus Lyon. Sie ließen sich zunächst um 1700 in der Grafschaft Solms-Tecklenburg nieder, wo in Daubhausen, wie man einer Urkunde von 1703 entnehmen kann, "Aldebert gualtiery de lion en france" als Prediger wirkte. Aldeberts Sohn, Samuel Melchisedek war von 1744 bis 1765 Prediger an der Vorgängerkirche des Französischen Doms in Berlin. Die Gualtieri gehörten wie die Ancillon, die Erman, die Formey oder die Théremin zu den herausragenden Familien unter den Hugenotten, aus denen die Prediger kamen. 1769 bestätigte und anerkannte Friedrich II. den Adel für den Vater von Marie von Kleist, da dessen Vorfahren, einer Überlieferung zufolge, dem italienischen Adel des Herzogtums Orvieto angehört haben sollen.

Marie war die Tochter des Bernauer Hugenottenpredigers und späteren Geheimen Rates Albert Samuel von Gualtieri (1729–1778) und dessen Ehefrau Margaretha, geborene Bastide. Sie wurde von ihrem Großvater, Samuel Melchisedek, in Berlin getauft. Der Vater, der sich nicht zu evangelischer Schlichtheit berufen fühlte, Predigerkragen und -perücke ablegte und als eleganter Laie nach Berlin kam, hielt sich gern in der Gesellschaft des Prinzen Heinrich auf.

Ihr älterer Bruder, Peter Albert Samuel (Pierre) von Gualtieri (1763–1805), eine schillernde Figur bei Hofe, Flügeladjutant Friedrich Wilhelm II., Freund des Prinzen Louis Ferdinand und der Rahel Varnhagen, war in einer Welt herangewachsen, wo wenig verehrt und geglaubt wurde, was nicht der Klugheit und dem Vortheil diente, und wo die Ueberzeugung galt, daß das Leben der großen Welt sich nach anderen Gesetzen entwickeln müsse, als in den Lehrbüchern der Sittenlehre aufgestellten. Als Günstling der Prinzessin Lichtenau mit dem Regierungsantritt Friedrich Wilhelms III. in Ungnade gefallen, wurde Gualtieri 1805 als diplomatischer Vertreter Preußens ins abgelegene Spanien entsandt, wo er nach kurzer Zeit verstarb.

Maries jüngere Schwester, Amalie Henriette von Gualtieri (1767–1827), heiratete 1788 in Potsdam den königlich-preußischen Oberst und Militärschriftsteller Christian Reichsfreiherrn von und zu Massenbach.

Die Rangliste von 1806 nennt (...) noch zwei Kapitäne, einen Stabskapitän und einen Premierleutnant v. Gualtieri, die nach der Annahme der Adelslexika sämtlich zur Deszendenz des 1769 in den preußischen Adel aufgenommenen Albert Samuel gehören müssen. Neuere Untersuchungen kommen hingegen zu dem Ergebnis, dass lediglich Charles von Gualtieri, ebenfalls zum Freundeskreis der Gräfin Lichtenau gehörig, zu den direkten Nachkommen Albert Samuels zu zählen ist.

1792 verehelichte sich Marie von Gualtieri in Potsdam mit dem preußischen Stabskapitän Friedrich Wilhelm Christian von Kleist (1764–1820), dem ältesten Sohn des preußischen Oberst Peter Christian von Kleist (1727–1777) auf Groß Tychow und der Marie Charlotte, geborene von Retzow († 1781), der in Dessau gemeinsam mit dem Erbprinzen Friedrich erzogen worden war. Am 2. November 1812 wurde die Ehe geschieden. Aus ihr entstammten insgesamt vier Kinder: die 1798 am gleichen Tage verstorbenen Töchter 1.) Wilhelmine und 2.) Friederike, der Sohn 3.) Adolph von Kleist (1793–1866) sowie 4.) Luise Wilhelmine Amalie Franziska – genannt Lulu – von Kleist (* 18. November 1802 in Potsdam; † 2. Mai 1855 in Manze), welche am 25. Oktober 1825 den Grafen Georg von Stosch (1793–1863), Landschaftsdirektor der Fürstentümer Breslau und Brieg, Herrn auf Manze, Reysau, Roßwitz etc., heiratete.

Persönlichkeit
Marie wurde von den Zeitgenossen allgemein als temperamentvolle, geistreiche, ungewöhnlich warmherzige Frau beschrieben. Ihren auffallenden Enthusiasmus, die überschwängliche Herzlichkeit und ausgeprägte Empathie gegenüber ihren Mitmenschen, hat man gern auf ihre südländische Herkunft zurückgeführt. Doch hat Marie von Kleist ihre natürlichen Charaktereigenschaften wie ihr gesamtes Bildungs- und Tugendstreben ganz bewusst als Gegenentwurf zur damals vorherrschenden Sitten- und Herzlosigkeit besonders unter der höfischen Aristokratie, die unter der Herrschaft (ab 1786) des verschwenderischen und bigotten Friedrich Wilhelm II. bislang nicht bekannte Ausmaße angenommen hatte, zu kultivieren versucht. Sie distanzierte sich damit auch von den Lebensentwürfen ihres Vaters und ihrer Brüder. Kalter Rationalismus oder berechnende Schläue widersprachen ihrem Bildungsideal. Zur wahren Klugheit gehörte für sie die Durchbildung des ganzen Menschen: Der Begriff von Geist und Herz konnte bei ihr nicht getrennt werden; ihre Gedanken waren von der Wärme und Innigkeit gütevoller Gefühle, und diese Gefühle von der Besonnenheit und Klarheit ihres Verstandes durchdrungen. So heißt es bezeichnenderweise in ihrem Aufsatz Über die Töchter-Erziehung höherer Stände: Erziehen heißt bey den meisten Menschen Verbieten, Befehlen und sagen, das muß man thun, das muß man lassen. Ach! sie ahnen nicht, daß das Haupt-Erziehungsprinzip ist: Sein … Sieht der Zögling nichts als Vortreffliches, so wird er vortrefflich, ohne es zu ahnen, ohne es zu wissen, und das ist die wahre Erziehung. Durch ihr Sein hat sie auf ihre Mitwelt gewirkt und dadurch – meist ohne es zu beabsichtigen – starken Einfluss genommen.

Potsdamer Jahre

Vertraute der Königin Luise

Seit ihrer Hochzeit lebte Marie von Kleist in der Residenz- und Garnisonstadt Potsdam, wo ihr Mann im vornehmen Regiment des Kronprinzen und nachmaligen Königs Friedrich Wilhelm III. diente. Hier lernte sie die junge Kronprinzessin Luise kennen, die in der ihr noch fremden Welt des preußischen Hofes nach geistiger Anregung und menschlicher Zuwendung suchte. Bald entwickelte sich eine Freundschaft zwischen beiden Frauen, die sich nach Luisens Thronbesteigung noch inniger gestaltete (...). So oft die Königin in Potsdam lebte, ließ sie Frau von Kleist zu sich rufen, um sich bisweilen stundenlang mit ihr einzuschließen. Beide verband zunächst ein gemeinsames literarisches Interesse. So mahnte Luise ihre Freundin: Lassen Sie es sich nicht einfallen, anders zu mir zu kommen als mit einem dicken Buche. Doch in zunehmendem Maße wurde Marie für Luise zum Urbild eines neuen Frauenideals. Die zuvor wegen ihrer Leichtlebigkeit gerügte Kronprinzessin entwickelte sich im Umgang mit Marie von Kleist zu jener hochverehrten Königin, als die Luise in die Geschichte eingegangen ist. Ich bitte Sie inständig, mir zu sagen wo ich etwa fehle und was ich tun muß, um von Tag zu Tage besser zu werden, fähig die gute Meinung aufrecht zu erhalten, die man von mir hat, würdig des großen Namens: Gattin und Mutter.

Das Kleistsche Haus in der Potsdamer Lindenstraße 43 war zum geselligen Mittelpunkt der Stadt geworden. Tausend und tausend Dank, meine theure Kleist (...) Ihrem Gatten und Ihnen für die ganz göttliche und köstliche Soirée, die ich gestern mit Ihnen verlebt habe. Nein, sie können sich nicht denken, wie glücklich und zufrieden ich war, ordentlich kindlich froh! Die Erinnerung daran wird mir lange bleiben und wird mir immer süß und kostbar sein, da ich meine Freude nur in so harmlosen und so einfachen Dingen gefunden habe, in einer so angenehmen und so auserlesenen Gesellschaft; ich bin noch heute ganz übermütig und heiter darüber!, schrieb Luise an ihre Freundin.

Neben Mitgliedern der königlichen Familie, der Hofgesellschaft und hohen Militärs verkehrte dort auch eine Anzahl junger, bildungshungriger Offiziere, die dem eintönigen Garnisonleben zu entfliehen trachteten und bei den Kleists ihren literarischen und musischen Interessen nachgingen. In Christian von Massenbach, dem Schwager der Marie von Kleist, hatten sie ihren geistigen Mentor gefunden. Zu diesem Kreis gehörte neben Otto August Rühle von Lilienstern, Ernst von Pfuel, Johann Georg Emil von Brause, Hartmann von Schlotheim (1772–1810) und Karl Heinrich von Gleißenberg (1773–1813) auch der spätere Dichter Heinrich von Kleist.

Im Laufe der Jahre wurde Marie von Kleist zur engagiertesten Förderin und seelenverwandten Vertrauten des jungen Dichters. Ihr sandte er seine Manuskripte zu, ihr schrieb er seine inhaltsreichsten und schönsten Briefe. Sie stellte Kleist und seine Werke immer wieder bei Hofe als auch im Freundeskreis vor und unterstützte den weitgehend mittellosen Verwandten durch eine als Pension der Königin bezeichnete monatliche Geldsumme. Auf ihre Vermittlung durfte Heinrich von Kleist am 13. März 1810 der Königin sein Geburtstagssonett vortragen, was diese zu Tränen rührte.

Vertraute Heinrich von Kleists

Mit der unglückseligen Epoche, den Napoleonischen Kriegen, begann für Marie von Kleist auch persönlich eine schicksalsschwere Zeit. 1806 fiel der von ihr verehrte Prinz Louis Ferdinand in der Schlacht von Jena und Auerstedt. Ihrem Schwager Massenbach, Generalstabschef im Korps Hohenlohe, gab man die Hauptschuld an der Niederlage von Jena. Durch die am 28. Oktober 1806 erfolgte Kapitulation von Prenzlau, die Massenbach befürwortet hatte, um einen sicheren und sinnlosen Tod der verbliebenen Soldaten zu vermeiden, wurde seine bisherige glänzende militärische Karriere beendet und sein gesellschaftliches Ansehen dauerhaft ruiniert.

Für Marie, in deren Ehe es bereits zu kriseln begann, folgte eine Zeit unsteten Wanderlebens. Im Dezember 1807 und August 1809 hielt sie sich auf dem Gut ihrer Freundin Karoline Friederike von Berg in Bahrensdorf bei Beeskow auf. 1807 laborierte die überzeugte Anhängerin der Homöopathie an einer Krankheit auf dem Massenbachschen Gut Bialokosch bei Posen. Dort lebte sie auch in der Zeit von September 1809 bis April 1810. Im Juli starb, an die Brust der Frau von Berg gelehnt, ihre geliebte Königin Luise. Und Ende des Jahres 1811 ereignete sich mit dem Tod Heinrich von Kleists die furchtbar Katastrofe, die ihr Leben am nachhaltigsten prägen sollte.

Nachdem ihre alte Freundschaft zu dem sechzehn Jahre jüngeren Dichter in den Monaten November 1810 bis April 1811 eine neue Intensität erfahren hatte, entwickelte sie im September, während eines Kurzbesuchs in Berlin, mit Kleist eine Strategie, die dem Freund, der seit dem Zusammenbruch der Berliner Abendblätter in Existenznot geratenen war, eine neue Lebensgrundlage verschaffen sollte. Kleist sollte, so war der Plan, in einer Audienz beim König um Wiederanstellung in der Armee bitten, zugleich bei Gneisenau, der in Berlin geheime Pläne für eine Volkserhebung gegen Napoleon Bonaparte entwickelte, mit militärischen Aufsätzen vorstellig werden und bei Marwitz die allgemeine politische Lage sondieren. Sie selbst setzte dabei auf ihre stets engen Kontakte zum preußischen Hof und ließ ein Dedikationsexemplar von Kleists vaterländischem Stück Prinz Friedrich von Homburg auf ihre Kosten für die seit Luisens Tod erste Dame Preußens, Prinzessin Marianne, herstellen. Dies übersandte sie mit einem Begleitschreiben, in dem sie eindringlich um eine Pension für den Verfasser des Stückes bat, an den Prinzen Wilhelm, jüngeren Bruder des Königs und Gemahl der Prinzessin Marianne. Wenige Tage darauf schrieb sie einen ergreifenden Brief an den König, in welchem sie sich, unter geschickter Anwendung ihrer intimen Kenntnisse über die Psyche des Herrschers, für eine Aufnahme Kleists in die preußische Armee einsetzte. Unmittelbar nach Abfassung des Briefes an den König vom 9. September 1811 muß Marie Berlin verlassen haben.

Bereits seit Juni 1811 hatte sie sich in Groß Gievitz, bei der Gräfin Voß, einer Tochter ihrer alten Freundin Karoline von Berg, aufgehalten. Dorthin war sie nun zurückgekehrt. Und hier glitten ihr, aufgrund einer schweren Erkrankung die Fäden aus den Hand. Für den in Berlin zurückgebliebenen Kleist, der ihr am 17. September geschrieben hatte: Ich bin schon so gewohnt, alles auf Ihre Veranlassung und Ihren Anstoß zu tun, daß ich die Kraft, mich selbst zu entscheiden, fast ganz entbehre, schien die Strategie seiner Freundin, trotz anfänglich hoffnungsvoller Anzeichen, allem Anschein nach nicht aufzugehen. Er folgte deshalb nun seinem eigenen, lange gehegten Plan, sich gemeinsam mit einem Menschen zu töten. Ursprünglich war Marie jene Seelenfreundin, mit der der Dichter diesen Schritt gehen wollte. Da sie seinem ihr gegenüber mehrfach geäußerten Ansinnen widerstand, hinterging er sie – nach eigenen Worten – mit Henriette Vogel. Noch als Siebzigährige erinnerte sich Marie von Kleist an diese dramatische Zeit: Gewaltsam war ich aus meinem Geleise gerißen, mit blutigem Herzen suchte ich die Spuhr meines verlornen Lebens, strebte nach Haltung. Der Verlust des einzigen Freundes, der mich durch und durch kannte, wäre schon hinreichend gewesen, ein Gemüth wie das Meine gänzlich zu zerreißen. Welchen Eindruck muste ein so bisares tragisches Ende auf meinen Geist, auf mein Herz, auf meiner Individualität machen. Ich war verloren ohne meine Kinder und sehr liebe Freunde, bey denen mir dieses unglaubliche Schicksal traf. Ich lebte still und eingezogen in meinem Zimmer. Das Lesen und wieder Lesen der letzten Briefe, geschrieben in den letzten augenblicken seines Daseins, war eine Art Trost durch den heftigen Schmerz, den sie in mir verursachten. Ich hofte, kein Sterblicher könnte den überleben, und so nährte ich mich von diesen Briefen.

Den vorläufigen Schlusspunkt dieser dramatischen Ereignisse im Leben der Marie von Kleist bildete die Trennung von ihrem Mann, von dem sie am 2. November 1812 schuldlos geschieden wurde. Fortan lebte sie mit ihren Kindern Adolph und Lulu in Berlin.

Berliner Jahre

Marie von Kleist gehörte zu den wenigen von Kleists ehemaligen Weggefährten, die die tragischen wie skandalträchtigen Umstände von Kleists Tod differenziert betrachteten und sich weiter unbeirrt zu ihm und seinem Werk bekannten. In ihrem Berliner Freundeskreis hielt sie die Erinnerung an den Dichter wach. Clemens Brentano, der zu den regelmäßigen Gästen ihres Berliner Salons gehörte, schrieb 1816 an Achim von Arnim: Zur Kleist gehe ich alle Freitag, Pfuhl, und Schütz Lacrimas sind immer da (...). Wir haben Kleists Hermann dort gelesen (...). Übrigens ist es recht schön und ehrlich bei der guten Kleist.

1816 befreundete sich Marie von Kleist mit Hedwig von Olfers, der Tochter ihrer alten Bekannten Friedrich August und Elisabeth von Staegemann. Mit ihr fühlte sie sich seelenverwandt und beide Familien pflegten einen geselligen Verkehr: Bei Frau von Kleist ebenso wie bei Fräulein von Wildermeth hatte sich oft eine kleine auserwählte, geistig lebendige Gesellschaft zusammengefunden (...). Hedwig erzählte noch im Alter von den herrlichen vergnügten Abenden bei Mutter Kleist und dem Abendbrot von Kalbsbraten mit Backobst und Klößen als Hochgenuß, an dem auch die jungen Prinzen teilgenommen hatten.

Eine besonders herzliche Freundschaft verband Marie von Kleist mit Prinzessin Luise Radziwill und deren Familie. Dieses Verhältnis übertrug sich auch auf die Kinder. Tochter Lulu von Kleist war ab 1820 die engste Vertraute von Elisa Radziwill. Mittels Briefen und wiederholten vielwöchigen Besuchen bei den Radziwills in Posen, auf deren Familiensitz Schloss Antonin oder deren Sommersitz Schloss Ruhberg im Hirschberger Tal nahmen Mutter und Tochter Kleist Anteil am berühmt gewordenen Drama um die unglücklich geendete Jugendliebe zwischen Elisa und Prinz Wilhelm, dem Sohn der Königin Luise. Besonders während der Zeit der vom Hof verordneten Trennung des Brautpaares wurden die Kleists zu einem wichtigen Bindeglied zwischen Prinz Wilhelm und Elisa.

Im Frühjahr 1817 unterstützte Marie Ludwig Tieck bei Erstausgabe der Kleistschen Werke, indem sie ihrem alten Freund Wilhelm von Schütz gestattete, Auszüge aus den in ihrem Besitz befindlichen Kleist-Briefen anzufertigen.

Im Sommer 1820 hielt sich Marie von Kleist mit Tochter Lulu bei ihrer alten Potsdamer Freundin Charlotte von der Marwitz, geborene Gräfin von Moltke (1780–1848), in Friedersdorf auf. Die ehemalige Hofdame der Königin Luise hatte 1809 Friedrich August Ludwig von der Marwitz geheiratet.

Im März 1826 befand sich Marie von Kleist mit Tochter in Frankfurt am Main, wo sie freundschaftlich im Hause Franz Dominicus Brentanos verkehrte.

Letzte Jahre in Schlesien

Aufgrund der Versetzung ihres Sohnes Adolph an das Oberlandesgericht in Breslau und der Verheiratung ihrer Tochter Lulu mit dem Grafen Stosch auf Manze beschloss Marie, ihren Kindern nach Schlesien zu folgen. 1826 ließ sie sich in Breslau nieder.

Nach der Bekanntgabe der negativen Entscheidung in der Frage der Ebenbürtigkeit Elisas mit dem Haus Hohenzollern reiste Marie von Kleist noch im Juli von dort nach Schloss Antonin, um den Radziwills in dieser schwierigen Situation beizustehen.

Auf ausdrücklichen Wunsch der Familie Radziwill nahm Marie mit Lulu im Juni 1830 an den Königstagen in Fischbach und Ruhberg teil. Prinz Wilhelm traf dort erstmals seit seiner im November 1829 erfolgten Eheschließung wieder mit Elisa zusammen.

Trotz ihrer vielfältigen Kontakte vermisste Marie von Kleist in der schlesischen Provinz ihre Berliner Freunde und klagte darüber häufig in ihren Briefen. Hedwig von Olfers antwortete auf diese Beschwerden salomonisch: Der Stille wird in den Tumult der Welt verwickelt, der Gesellige in Einsamkeit verwiesen, der Phantastische muß sich praktischen Blick erwerben, Frau von Kleist muß in Breslau leben, fern von ihren enthusiastischen Freunden, und Mittelmäßigkeit schmecken und ertragen lernen, wenigstens für den Werkeltag, wenn dann auch einmal ein Sonntagsgericht wie Willisens dazwischen kommt.

Bald darauf verstarb nach kurzer Krankheit Marie von Kleist während eines Aufenthalts bei ihrer Tochter in Manze an den Folgen eines Schlaganfalls. Sie wurde in Grünhartau, dem evangelischen Pfarrdorf von Manze, begraben.

Über Marie von Kleist
 Sie war eine hochgebildete Frau, die Wissen und Geschmack der jungen Majestät förderte (...). Ihr nun, dieser weitläufigen, anderthalb Jahrzehnte älteren Verwandten, die er schon seit seiner Potsdamer Zeit gut kannte, trat Heinrich von Kleist jetzt wieder nahe, und ihr hat er sich nächst der Schwester Ulrike in den folgenden Jahren am weitesten und tiefsten geöffnet.

 Und doch war Marie von Kleist eine lebensvolle, nach Betätigung drängende Persönlichkeit, die, mitten im reich bewegten geistigen und Hof-Leben der preußischen Hauptstadt stehend, in diesem Kreise gerade den Besten ihrer Zeit genug getan hat wie wenige: die nahe Freundin Luises, die zuerst der preußischen Königin die Welt der Literatur erschloß und damit den Grund legen half zu der folgenreichen Verbindung preußischen Hof- und deutschen Geisteslebens; Heinrich v. Kleists vertrauteste, allein ebenbürtige und – trotz Henriette Vogel – letzte Freundin und Geliebte; und in ihrem Alter wieder als mütterliche Freundin Elisa Radziwills, deren Trost und Beistand in schweren Herzenskämpfen.

 Trugen wir nicht alle Ihre Kokarde angesteckt, und wurde nicht bei Ihnen und Lulu der Gezierte natürlich, der Mokante harmlos, der Kalte warm und bekam nicht jeder so viel Verstand als er des irgend Meister werden konnte? Wieviel Liebenswürdigkeit, denke ich, so oft ich ein Gesicht aus jenem Kreise sah, trägt der nun still mit sich herum, und man hat nichts davon.

Literatur
 Hedwig Abeken (Hrsg.): Hedwig von Olfers, geb. v. Staegemann 1799–1891. Ein Lebenslauf, Bd. 1: Elternhaus und Jugend 1799–1815., Mittler und Sohn, Berlin 1908; Bd. 2: Erblüht in der Romantik, gereift in selbstloser Liebe. Aus Briefen zusammengestellt. 1816–1891, Mittler und Sohn, Berlin 1914
 Paul Bailleu: Königin Luise. Ein Lebensbild, Giesecke und Devrient, Leipzig und Berlin 1908
 Horst Häker: Überwiegend Kleist. Vorträge, Aufsätze, Rezensionen 1980–2002, Kleist-Archiv Sembdner, Heilbronn 2003
 Bruno Henning: Elisa Radziwill. Ein Leben in Liebe und Leid. Unveröffentlichte Briefe der Jahre 1820-1834, Mittler und Sohn, Berlin 1912
 Bruno Hennig: Marie von Kleist. Ihre Beziehungen zu Heinrich von Kleist (nach eigenen Aufzeichnungen), in: Sonntagsbeilage zur Vossischen Zeitung (Berlin), 12. September 1909, 291–293 und 19. September 1909, 301f.
 Kurt Jagow (Hrsg.): Jugendbekenntnisse des Alten Kaisers. Briefe Kaiser Wilhelm I. an Fürstin Luise Radziwill Prinzessin von Preußen 1817 bis 1829, Koehler und Amelang, Leipzig o. J.
 Heinrich Kypke: Geschichte des Geschlechts von Kleist. Dritter Theil. Dritte Abteilung; enthaltend die Biographien der Muttrin-Damenschen Linie, Trowitzsch und Sohn, Berlin 1885
 Rudolf Loch: Kleist. Eine Biographie, Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2003
 Sigismund Rahmer: Heinrich von Kleist als Mensch und Dichter. Nach neuen Quellenforschungen, Reimer, Berlin 1909
 Roland Reuß, Peter Staengle in Zusammenarbeit mit Arno Pielenz und Renate Schneider: H. v. Kleist. Dokumente und Zeugnisse. Biographisches Archiv I / A – K; in: Brandenburger Kleist-Blätter, Bd. 13, Stroemfeldt, Frankfurt am Main 2000, S. 29–455
 Gerhard Schulz: Kleist. Eine Biographie, C. H. Beck, München 2011
 Eberhard Siebert: Heinrich von Kleist. Eine Bildbiographie, Kleist Archiv Sembdner, Heilbronn 2011
 Helmut Sembdner: In Sachen Kleist. Beiträge zur Forschung, 3. Aufl., Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1994
 Helmut Sembdner (Hrsg.): Heinrich von Kleists Lebensspuren. Dokumente und Berichte der Zeitgenossen, Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1996
 Albrecht Weber: Kleist. Brennlinien und Brennpunkte, Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg 2008

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Brandenburger Kleistausgabe: Bruno Hennig: Marie von Kleist. Ihre Beziehungen zu Heinrich von Kleist
 Brandenburger Kleistausgabe: Sigismund Rahmer: Heinrich von Kleist als Mensch und Dichter

 Bilder von Schloss Manze im Kreis Strehlen
 Bilder von Kirche und Kirchhof in Grünhartau
 Geschichte des Geschlechts v. Kleist. Muttin-Damensche Linie. Der Muttriner Ast (PDF-Datei; 6,36 MB)

Hofdame (Königreich Preußen)
Heinrich von Kleist
⚭Marie
Salonnière (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1761
Gestorben 1831
Frau

Marie von Kleist


මැනිතෝ (;  Manéthōn, gen.: Μανέθωνος) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මුල්කාලීන ක්‍රි.පූ. තුන්වන සියවසේ හෙලනිස්තික යුගයේ ටොලමයික රාජධානියේ සෙබෙනිටොස් () ප්‍රදේශයේ විසූ ඊජිප්තු පූජකයෙකි. ඔහු විසින් ග්‍රීක බසින් රචනා කරන ලද ඊජිප්ටියකා (ඊජිප්තුවේ ඉතිහාසය) ග්‍රන්ථය පුරාතන ඊජිප්තු රජවරුන්ගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයයන් හඳුනාගැනීම සඳහා වන ප්‍රධාන කාලානුක්‍රම මූලාශ්‍රයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. කෙසේනමුත් ඔහු මෙම රාජාවලිය රචනා කරන ලද්දේ ටොලමි I සෝටර් සහ ටොලමි II ෆිලඩෙල්ෆෝස් යන පාරාවෝවරුන් දෙදෙනාගෙන් කවර රාජ්‍ය සමයේද යන්න අපැහැදිලි ය. එසේවුවද එය ටොලමි III යුවර්ගිටිස් රාජ්‍ය සමයට පෙර ලියැවුණකි.

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

Chronologie de Manéthon showing the names given by Manetho and the names used now
Manetho: History of Egypt, Sacred Book, etc.
Who's Who in Ancient Egypt: Manetho
"The First Egyptian Narrative History: Manetho and Greek Historiography", ZPE 127 (1999), pp.93-116 by J. Dillery

ක්‍රි.පූ. 3වන සියවසේ උපත්
ක්‍රි.පූ. 3වන සියවසේ මරණ

මැනිතෝ


Bergsfjorden (også kaldt Nordre Bergsfjorden) er en fjord på østsiden af øen  Silda i Loppa kommune i Troms og Finnmark fylke  i Nordnorge. Fjorden har indløb mellem Ivervær i vest og Lørsnes i øst og går 12 kilometer mod sydvest til bygden  Bergsfjord, som ligger på østsiden af fjorden. Herfra fortsætter fjorden som Langfjorden.

De eneste bebyggelser ved fjorden ligger på østsiden helt mod syd i fjorden. Her ligger bygden Bergsfjord og et par andre bebyggelser. Fylkesvej 71 (Finnmark) går her langs en lille del af fjorden.

På vestsiden af Silda ligger Sandlandsfjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Troms og Finnmark
Loppa

Bergsfjorden (Loppa)


Cascada Abshir Ata es una reserva geológica en el río Abshir Say en el distrito de Nookat en la provincia de Osh en Kirguistán. Fue establecida en 1975. La cascada es está vinculada a un río subterráneo. El agua cae en cascada en dos pasos (de 15 m y 12 m respectivamente) a través de una cueva de 1,5 m en un acantilado.

Véase también
Geografía de Kirguistán
Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Abshir Ata
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1975

Cascada Abshir Ata