United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 is a resolution adopted near the end of the 1947–1949 Palestine war. The Resolution defines principles for reaching a final settlement and returning Palestine refugees to their homes. Article 11 of the resolution resolves that  The resolution also calls for the establishment of the United Nations Conciliation Commission to facilitate peace between Israel and Arab states, continuing the efforts of UN Mediator Folke Bernadotte, following his assassination.

Of the 58 members of the United Nations at that time, the resolution was adopted by a majority of 35 countries, with 15 voting against and 8 abstaining. The six Arab League countries then represented at the UN, who were also involved in the war, voted against the resolution. The other significant group which voted against comprised the Communist bloc member countries, all of which had already recognized Israel as a de jure state. Israel was not a member of the United Nations at the time, and objected to many of the resolution's articles. Palestinian representatives likewise rejected Resolution 194.

The resolution, especially Article 11, was cited in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 302 establishing the UNRWA and other UN resolutions. It has been argued that the resolution enshrines a right of return for the Palestinian refugees, a claim that Israel disputes.

Background
During the 1948 Palestine war, around 700,000 Palestinian Arabs or 85% of the total population fled or were expelled from the territory Israel conquered. The UN Mediator for Palestine, Count Folke Bernadotte, believed that the Palestinians displaced had a right to return to their homes and wrote several UN reports to that effect. On June 28, 1948, during a truce he had arranged, he presented a series of suggestions for a peaceful settlement of the Palestine dispute. One of them was that the UN should recognize "the right of residents of Palestine who, because of conditions created by the conflict there have left their normal places of abode, to return to their homes without restriction and to regain possession of their property." Another was to incorporate Jerusalem into Arab territory which angered the Israelis. In the report he presented on September 16, he wrote:

In the report, he argued that "[t]he right of Arab refugees to return to their homes in Jewish-controlled territory at the earliest possible date should be affirmed by the United Nations" and that the UN should supervise payment of "adequate compensation for the property" of those choosing not to return. Israel publicly rejected the report, but Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett acknowledged that "[i]t is not so nice or humanitarian to oppose something which is so basic, so simple: a person's right to return to the home from which he has been driven out by force."

While Bernadotte was assassinated by Jewish paramilitaries, his insistence on a right of return for the refugees formed the basis of resolution 194.

Views

Several organizations and individuals believe that resolution 194 enshrines a right for the Palestinian refugees to return to their homes in territory that Israel occupied in the 1948 war. The UN General Assembly has reaffirmed Resolution 194 every year since 1949 and other UN resolutions have reaffirmed the right of return, including General Assembly Resolution 169 in 1980.

Joshua Muravchik does not believe that resolution 194 enshrines a right of return, pointing out that the text states that the refugees "should be permitted" to return to their homes at the "earliest practicable date" and this recommendation applies only to those "wishing to... live at peace with their neighbors".

Palestinian and Arab views
The Arab states originally voted against resolution 194, but they began to reverse their position by spring 1949 and soon became its strongest advocates. The 2002 Arab Peace Initiative softened their stance by calling for "a just solution which must also be accepted by Israel."

Palestinian representatives initially rejected resolution 194 because they viewed it as being based on the illegality of the state of Israel. By their reasoning, Israel had no right to prevent the return of the "indigenous Arab people of Palestine". Later, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and other Palestinian organizations has come to view resolution 194 as one source of legal authority for the right of return. In an address in 2009, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas stated:

Abbas has on other several occasions referred to a "just solution" to the Palestinian refugees "on the basis of Resolution 194". Hanan Ashrawi, a member of the PLO Executive Committee has similarly declared that resolution 194 enshrines a non-negotiable right of return:

The Palestinian-led BDS movement asserts that Israel must comply with international law by, among other things, "[r]especting, protecting and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties as stipulated in UN Resolution 194."

Israeli view

Israel does not believe that it has an obligation to let the refugees return, a view was promulgated by the Israeli leadership even before resolution 194 was adopted. In a cabinet meeting in June 1948 Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion stated: "They [the Palestinians] lost and fled. Their return must now be prevented.... And I will oppose their return also after the war." Ben-Gurion's words were echoed by Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir who in 1992 declared that the return of the Palestinian refugees "will never happen in any way, shape or form. There is only a Jewish right of return to the land of Israel."

Israel also argued that it did not have to compensate refugees for land and property that they had abandoned. In a press conference in 1949, Sharett stated:

In the debates about UN resolution 273 in 1949 about Israel's admittance to the UN, Israel's UN representative Abba Eban promised that the state would honor its obligations under resolution 181 and resolution 194. El Salvador's representative asked:

Eban replied:

Israel was thus admitted to the United Nations in May 1949 on condition that it "unreservedly accepts the obligations of the UN Charter and undertakes to honour them from the day when it becomes a member of the UN." But Israel didn't comply with the right of return as reaffirmed in resolution 194.

Israel has, however, offered to repatriate refugees as part of negotiations. At the Lausanne Conference Israel offered to repatriate 100,000 refugees in exchange for a comprehensive peace treaty with the Arab states and for annexation of all territories it had captured up until the 1949 Armistice Agreements. The number would have included 50,000 refugees who had already found their way back to their homes in Israel. The offer was quickly withdrawn by Ben-Gurion. Another offer came during the 2000 Camp David negotiations in which Israel offered to allow a maximum of 100,000 refugees to return, on the basis of humanitarian considerations or family reunification.

Polling
The Palestinian people have demonstrated strong support for a right of return based on resolution 194. In a 1999 poll by Elia Zureik, some 61.4% of the Palestinians in Israel said that a proper solution to the refugee issue should be based on resolution 194 and about half found such a solution feasible; in the occupied Palestinian territories, over 80% of the Palestinians considered resolution 194 to be a just solution to the refugee problem, and about 50% thought implementing 194 was feasible. In contrast, fewer than 5% of Jewish Israeli respondents thought resolution 194 was either just or feasible.

Voting results
The result of the voting was the following:

In Favor

Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Liberia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Against

Afghanistan, Byelorrusian SSR, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, Yemen, Yugoslavia.

Abstaining

Bolivia, Burma, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, India, Iran, Mexico.

Related resolutions
Adopted in the aftermath of the Six-day war in 1967, Security Council Resolution 237 called upon Israel "to facilitate the return of those inhabitants who have fled the areas [occupied by Israel] since the outbreak of hostilities".

Full text

See also
 Jewish refugees
 Lausanne Conference of 1949
 List of the UN resolutions concerning Israel
 List of the UN resolutions concerning Palestine
 Palestinian refugees
 United Nations Conciliation Commission
 UNRWA

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

United Nations General Assembly resolutions concerning Israel
0194
1948 in law
Israeli–Palestinian peace process
20th century in Jerusalem
1948 in the United Nations
December 1948 events
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight


Topallı, Aladağ - Adana ili Aladağ ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Topallı, Aksu - Antalya ili Aksu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Topallı, Elbistan - Kahramanmaraş ili Elbistan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Topallı, Ereğli - Zonguldak ili Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı köy

Topallı


Canas de Santa Maria Portekiz'de Tondela belediyesine bağlı olan, 14,08 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 2.020 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Tondela

Canas de Santa Maria


Foundas ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Giorgos Foundas (1924–2010), griechischer Schauspieler
 Taxiarchis Foundas (* 1995), griechischer Fußballspieler

Foundas


Le parc paysager Hachinger Tal est un parc paysager de 126 hectares située au sud de Munich, dans la zone administrative de Neubiberg, Ottobrunn et Unterhaching. Il a été construit sur le site de l'ancienne base aérienne de Neubiberg (sans bâtiment).

En 1997, la communauté d'Unterhaching près de Munich a acheté une grande partie de l'aérodrome abandonné et a commencé à le réaménager progressivement à partir de 2001. Le design vient du bureau d'architecture paysagiste Atelier Loidl de Berlin.

Utilisation récréative
Le parc paysager est divisé en différentes zones : Alors que la partie sud/sud-est est en grande partie réservée à la nature, les zones de sports et d'aventures se trouvent à l'ouest du pont autoroutier et au nord-est, dans la partie appartenant à Neubiberg.

L'ancienne piste de l'aérodrome, qui forme l'axe central du parc, est aujourd'hui destinée aux patineurs et kitesurfeurs. Les chiens sont autorisés à courir librement sur le « dog mile » à la limite nord du parc, mais doivent être tenus en laisse sur le reste du site.

Les autres installations de loisirs incluent un parc d'attractions, des terrains de beach-volley et de football et une aire de jeux aquatiques au Hachinger Bach.

Nature

La zone comprend des restes de l'ancien « Perlacher Haid », une bruyère d'herbe extensive qui a été créée au cours de nombreuses années de pâturage. Les prairies deviennent des prairies riches en espèces, et à certains endroits aussi des pelouses calcaires. Les espèces qui figurent sur la liste rouge des espèces menacées se trouvent dans ces zones, dont l'accès est pour cette raison temporairement interdit .

Dans les zones périphériques, des buissons ont été plantés, qui servent de lieux de reproduction pour la pie-grièche écorcheur, l'ictérine et la fauvette grise. De plus, le lézard des souches est présent.

Plusieurs frayères pour les amphibiens ont été créées par la communauté d'Unterhaching et la ville de Munich. Elles servent à la reproduction du menacé crapaud vert, à la rainette et au triton alpestre.

Des vergers ont été plantés à l'ouest de l'autoroute. Le ruisseau Hachinger Bach, qui traverse la zone à l'ouest, a été renaturé et une forêt alluviale a été plantée.

Les citoyens d'Unterhaching sont impliqués dans la conception et l'entretien du parc paysager. Le groupe de travail « Obstwiese », permet à ses membres de prendre en charge la plantation et l'entretien du verger sur la base du volontariat. Le groupe de travail « Sensibilisation Parc paysager » s'occupe de l'information des visiteurs, notamment des informations sur la faune et la flore et les zones de protection des espèces menacées .

Le parc paysager Hachinger Tal fait partie de la ceinture verte de Munich.

Anciens bunkers
Il y a plusieurs bunkers comblés sur le site.

Vues

Liens web

 Site web d'Unterhaching : Landschaftspark
 Oiseaux dans le parc paysager Hachinger Tal

Références

Parc ou jardin public à Munich
Fondation en 2001
Unterhaching
Ottobrunn

Parc paysager Hachinger Tal


Phan Thị Kim Phúc (n. 2 aprilie 1963) este o persoană originară din Vietnam și de cetățenie canadiană, devenită celebră în copilărie, datorită unei fotografii care a obținut Premiul Pulitzer.
Imaginea a fost realizată la 8 iunie 1972, în timpul Războiului din Vietnam și conține un grup de copii care fug din calea războiului, iar în centru tânăra apare complet dezbrăcată, cu o expresie facială ce sugerează spaima și durerea.
Este vorba de un atac cu napalm, în urmă căruia ea fost arsă pe o mare suprafață a corpului.

Fotografia a fost intens mediatizată, iar Phan Thị Kim Phúc a devenit un exponent al victimelor războiului.

La 10 noiembrie 1994, Kim Phúc a fost numită Ambasador al Bunăvoinței UNESCO.
Biografia ei cu titlul Fata din imagine ("The Girl in the Picture") a fost scrisă de Denise Chong și publicată în 1999.

În septembrie 2015 a fost tratată la o clinică din Miami pentru reducerea efectelor încă persistente ale arsurilor de piele.

Legături externe
  Povestea impresionantă a lui Kim Phuc, simbolul viu al Războiului din Vietnam

Nașteri în 1963

Oameni ai Războiului din Vietnam
Vietnamezi în viață
Abuz asupra copilului
Oameni în viață
Nașteri pe 2 aprilie

Phan Thi Kim Phuc


Biologia Centrali-Americana (abreviado Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot.) es un libro con descripciones e ilustraciones botánicas que fue escrito por el botánico inglés William Botting Hemsley y publicado en cinco volúmenes en los años 1879-1888 on el nombre de Biologia Centrali-Americani; or, Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fauna and Flora of Mexico and Central America edited by F. Ducane Godman and Osbert Salvin. Botany.

Es una enciclopedia de la historia natural de México y América Central, publicado privadamente en 215 partes 1879-1915 por los editores Frederick DuCane Godman y Osbert Salvin, del Museo de Historia Natural de Londres.

Este trabajo sigue siendo fundamental para el estudio de las plantas y los animales neotropicales, ya que contiene casi todo lo que se sabía de la biodiversidad de México y América Central en el momento de su publicación. Destacados científicos de la época fueron los autores de los volúmenes. La serie consta de 63 volúmenes con 1.677 placas litográficas  (más de 900 de las cuales están en color) que representa 18.587 sujetos. En total, 50.263 especies son tratadas, de los cuales 19.263 se describen como nuevas. La arqueología esta en el proyecto ya monumental debido a los nuevos descubrimientos en la región.

Desde que la Biología Centrali-Americana fue publicada, varios volúmenes han sido reimpresos, pero en general la serie es rara en las bibliotecas y en su mayoría ausentes de los laboratorios de investigación de América Latina donde más se necesita. Los volúmenes originales fueron impresos en papel ácido y han sufrido por el manejo de las páginas, ahora quebradizos.

La Institución Smithsonian está digitalizando toda la obra para su distribución a través de Internet.

Publicación
 Volumen nº 1: 1879-80;
 Volumen nº 2: 1881-82;
 Volumen nº 3: 1882-86;
 Volumen nº 4: 1887-1888;
 Volumen nº 5: of plates

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Descripción en IPNI
Digital Version of Biologia Centrali-Americana

Libros de botánica de Reino Unido del siglo XIX
Libros de 1879
Libros de 1888
Reino Unido en 1879
Reino Unido en 1888
Ciencia de 1879
Ciencia de 1888

Biologia Centrali-Americana


Ganonema može označavati:
 Ganonema (alge) K.-C.Fan & Yung-C.Wang, rod algi iz porodice Liagoraceae.
 Ganonema (Animalia) R. McLachlan, 1866, rod kukaca iz porodice Calamoceratidae.

Ganonema


Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. The bird life of Sri Lanka is very rich for its size and 528 species have been recorded. In addition to the many resident birds, a considerable number of migratory species winter in the country to escape their northern breeding grounds.

34 species are confirmed as endemic. The other resident species are also found in the nearby Indian mainland, but over 80 have developed distinct Sri Lankan races. Some of these races are very different in their plumage characteristics from the related forms in India. 26 species are globally threatened.

Bird distribution in Sri Lanka is largely determined by its climatic zones. The dry zone is largest of the three, covering more than half of the island, with a prolonged dry and hot period and only one monsoon (the north east monsoon from October to January).

The wet zone, with two monsoons, is in the south western quarter of the island, where the few remaining rain forests are found and humidity is high.

The central hill zone rises to over 2450 m (8-10,000 ft) and has a cool temperate climate. Most of the 34 endemic species are confined to the wet and the hill zones, with only a few extending into the dry zone as well.

Recent updates and sighting information can be obtained through the Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka website. The following list is prepared according to An Illustrated Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka on 2010 by Sarath Kotagama and Gamini Ratnavira. Supplemental updates and taxonomy follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition.

The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.

 (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Sri Lanka
 (E) Endemic - a species native or restricted to Sri Lanka
 (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Sri Lanka as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions

Ducks, geese, and waterfowl
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae

The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.

Pheasants, grouse, and allies
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae

The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump and have broad, relatively short wings.

Flamingos
Order: PhoenicopteriformesFamily: Phoenicopteridae

Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually  tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

Grebes
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae

Grebes are small to medium-sized diving birds. They breed on fresh water, but often visit the sea whilst migrating and in winter. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers; however, their feet are placed far back on their bodies, making them quite ungainly on land.

Pigeons and doves
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

Cuckoos
Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. Many are brood parasites.

Frogmouths
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Podargidae

The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the nightjars. They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to take insects.

Nightjars and allies
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.

Swifts
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Apodidae

Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

Treeswifts
Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Hemiprocnidae

The treeswifts, or crested swifts, are closely related to the true swifts. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage.

Rails, gallinules, and coots
Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

Thick-knees
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae

Thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.

Stilts and avocets
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

Oystercatchers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae

The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.

Plovers and lapwings
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

Painted-snipes
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Rostratulidae

Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.

Jacanas
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Jacanidae

The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.

Sandpipers and allies
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

Buttonquail
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Turnicidae

The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship.

Crab-plover
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Dromadidae

The crab-plover is related to the waders. It resembles a plover but with very long grey legs and a strong heavy black bill similar to a tern. It has black-and-white plumage, a long neck, partially webbed feet and a bill designed for eating crabs.

Pratincoles and coursers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae

Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.

Skuas and jaegers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae

The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.

Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls and terns. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.

 Slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei (A)
 Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
 Brown-headed gull, Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
 Sooty gull, Ichthyaetus hemprichii (A)
 Pallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
 Herring gull, Larus argentatus
 Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
 Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
 Black noddy, Anous minutus (A)
 Lesser noddy, Anous tenuirostris
 Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus
 Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
 Little tern, Sternula albifrons
 Saunders's tern, Sternula saundersi
 Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
 Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
 Black tern, Chlidonias niger (A)
 White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
 Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
 Roseate tern, Sterna dougalli
 Black-naped tern, Sterna sumatrana (A)
 Common tern, Sterna hirundo
 White-cheeked tern, Sterna repressa (A)
 Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii
 Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
 Lesser crested tern, Thalasseus bengalensis
 White tern, Gygis alba (A)

Tropicbirds
Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.

Southern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae

Southern storm-petrels are small birds which spend most of their lives at sea, coming ashore only to breed. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering or pattering across the water. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.

Northern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae

Northern storm-petrels are small birds which spend most of their lives at sea, coming ashore only to breed. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering or pattering across the water. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.

Shearwaters and petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

Storks
Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are virtually mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.

Frigatebirds
Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. None are resident.

Boobies and gannets
Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae

The gannets and boobies in the family Sulidae are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

Anhingas
Order: SuliformesFamily: Anhingidae

Anhingas or darters are often called "snake-birds" because they have long thin necks, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape, and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage, especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.

Cormorants and shags
Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies; the majority of species have mainly dark plumage, but some are pied black and white, and a few are more colourful.

Pelicans
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

Herons, egrets, and bitterns
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills, members of this family fly with their necks retracted.

Ibises and spoonbills
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae

Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which comprises the ibises and spoonbills. Its members have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary flight feathers. They are strong fliers and, despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.

Osprey
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae

The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.

Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.

Barn owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae

Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

Owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae

The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

Trogons
Order: TrogoniformesFamily: Trogonidae

The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.

Hoopoes
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Upupidae

Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.

Hornbills
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Bucerotidae

Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.

Kingfishers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.

Bee-eaters
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Meropidae

The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.

Rollers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Coraciidae

Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.

Asian barbets
Order: PiciformesFamily: Megalaimidae

The Asian barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.

Woodpeckers
Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

Falcons and caracaras
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

Old World parrots
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittaculidae

Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from  to  in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.

Pittas
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pittidae

Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.

Cuckooshrikes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Campephagidae

The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.

Old World orioles
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae

The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.

Woodswallows, bellmagpies, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Artamidae

The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings.

Vangas, helmetshrikes, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vangidae

The Vangidae comprises a group of often shrike-like medium-sized birds distributed from Asia to Africa. Many species in this family were previously classified elsewhere in other families.

Ioras
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Aegithinidae

The ioras are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, ioras are sexually dimorphic, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens.

Fantails
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Rhipiduridae

The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.

Drongos
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Dicruridae

The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.

Monarch flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Monarchidae

The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.

Shrikes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.

Crows, jays, and magpies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

Fairy flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Stenostiridae

Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers".

Tits, chickadees, and titmice
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paridae

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

Larks
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.

Cisticolas and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cisticolidae

The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.

Reed warblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acrocephalidae

The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.

Grassbirds and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Locustellidae

Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.

Swallows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

Bulbuls
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pycnonotidae

Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.

Leaf warblers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Phylloscopidae

Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.

Bush warblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Scotocercidae

The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families.

Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sylviidae

The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Many species are difficult to identify by appearance, but many have distinctive songs.

White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Zosteropidae

The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.

Tree-babblers, scimitar-babblers, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Timaliidae

The babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.

Ground babblers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pellorneidae

These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus Illadopsis are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands.

Laughingthrushes and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Leiothrichidae

The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus Argya tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.

Nuthatches
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sittidae

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.

Starlings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

Thrushes and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

Old World flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae

Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.

Flowerpeckers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Dicaeidae

The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.

Sunbirds and spiderhunters
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Nectariniidae

The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.

Fairy-bluebirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Irenidae

The fairy-bluebirds are bulbul-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub. The males are dark-blue and the females a duller green.

Leafbirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Chloropseidae

The leafbirds are small, bulbul-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows.

Weavers and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ploceidae

The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.

Waxbills and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Estrildidae

The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.

Old World sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae

Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

Wagtails and pipits
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.

Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

Old World buntings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Emberizidae

The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.

See also
List of endemic birds of Sri Lanka
List of resident birds of Sri Lanka
Lists of birds by region

References

Collinson, Martin (June 2006). "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists". British Birds. 99: 306–323.

Further reading
 A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka by John Harrison and Tim Worfolk
 Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka by G. M. Henry

 01
Birds
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka

List of birds of Sri Lanka


Orchidinae, podtribus orhideja dio tribusa Orchideae u potporodici Orchidoideae. Sastoji se od 33 rodova (uključujući hibridne).

Rodovi

 Neotinea Rchb. fil. (5 spp.)
 Chamorchis Rich. (1 sp.)
 Steveniella Schltr. (1 sp.)
 Himantoglossum W. D. J. Koch (10 spp.)
 ×Orchimantoglossum Asch. & Graebn. (0 sp.)
 Ophrys L. (84 spp.)
 Serapias L. (20 spp.)
 ×Serapicamptis Godfery (3 spp.)
 ×Serapirhiza Potucek (0 sp.)
 Anacamptis Rich. (21 spp.)
 Orchis L. (26 spp.)
 Traunsteinera Rchb. (2 spp.)
 Pseudorchis Ség. (2 spp.)
 ×Pseudorhiza P. F. Hunt (0 sp.)
 ×Pseudanthera McKean (0 sp.)
 ×Pseudinium P. F. Hunt (0 sp.)
 Platanthera Rich. (149 spp.)
 Galearis Raf. (11 spp.)
 ×Dactylanthera P. F. Hunt & Summerh. (1 sp.)
 Dactylorhiza Neck. (53 spp.)
 ×Dactyloglossum P. F. Hunt & Summerh. (0 sp.)
 ×Gymnoglossum Rolfe (0 sp.)
 Gymnadenia R. Br. (8 spp.)
 xGymnigritella E. G. Camus (0 sp.)
 Nigritella Rich. (12 spp.)
 ×Dactylodenia Garay & H. R. Sweet (3 spp.)
 ×Orchigymnadenia E. G. Camus (0 sp.)
 ×Pseudadenia P. F. Hunt (1 sp.)
 ×Gymnotraunsteinera Cif. & Giacom. (0 sp.)
 ×Gymplatanthera E. G. Camus (0 sp.)
 ×Pseuditella P. F. Hunt (0 sp.)
 Sirindhornia H. A. Pedersen & Suksathan (3 spp.)
 Hemipilia Lindl. (72 spp.)

Izvori

Orchideae

Orchidinae


Survivor ist das dritte Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen R&B-Girlgroup Destiny's Child. Es wurde im Mai 2001 bei ihrem Plattenlabel Columbia Records veröffentlicht.

Geschichte
Im Dezember 1999 versuchten sich LeToya Luckett und LaTavia Roberson vom Manager Mathew Knowles zu trennen, Beyoncés Vater, der nach Meinung von Luckett und Roberson zu viel des Gewinns einbehielt und zudem Beyoncé Knowles und Kelly Rowland bevorzugte. Im Februar 2000 wurden Luckett und Roberson durch Michelle Williams und Farrah Franklin ersetzt, wobei letztere die Gruppe im Juli 2000 wieder verließ, da sie nach Meinung der Gruppe Promo-Termine verpasst hatte – selbst gab sie die negative Stimmung in der Gruppe als Grund an.

Das folgende Album wurde dann von Leadsängerin Beyoncé Knowles gemeinsam mit J. R. Rotem produziert, weitere Produzenten waren Poke & Tone, Cory Rooney und Mark J. Feist. Aus Survivor wurden fünf Singles ausgekoppelt, darunter Bootylicious und Independent Women Part 1. Zum Erfolg wurde auch das Titelstück. Zudem entschied man sich, die Ballade der Bee Gees, Emotion zu covern und als Single auszukoppeln.

Erfolg und Auszeichnungen
Das Album stieg auf Platz eins der Billboard-200-Albumcharts ein und blieb dort für vier Wochen. Für das Album Survivor wurden Destiny's Child für drei Grammys nominiert, für die Kategorien "Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals", "Best R&B Song" und "Best R&B Album". Survivor wurde durch die RIAA am 7. Januar 2002 mit Vierfachplatin ausgezeichnet. Das Billboard-Magazin listete Survivor auf Platz 70 der Top 200 Albums of the Decade.

Titelliste
 Originalausgabe
 "Independent Women Part I" – 3:44(B. Knowles, S. Barnes, C. Rooney, J. C. Olivier)
 "Survivor" – 4:13(B. Knowles, A. Dent, M. Knowles)
 "Bootylicious" – 3:28(B. Knowles, R. Fusari, F. Moore, S. Nicks)
 "Nasty Girl" –  4:18(B. Knowles, A. Dent, M. Bassi N. Hacket)
 "Fancy" – 4:13(B. Knowles, D. Wiggins, J. Rotem)
 "Apple Pie à la Mode" –  2:59(B. Knowles, R. Fusari, F. Moore)
 "Sexy Daddy" –  4:07(B. Knowles, D. Elliott)
 "Independent Women Part II" –  3:46(B. Knowles, R. Stewart, E. Seats, B. Knowles, F. Comstock, D. Donaldson)
 "Happy Face" – 4:20(R. Fusari, C. Gaines, B. Knowles, B. Lee, F. Moore)
 "Emotion" – 3:56(B. Gibb, R. Gibb)
 "Brown Eyes" – 4:49(W. Afanasieff, B. Knowles)
 "Dangerously in Love" – 4:53(B. Knowles, E, McCalla Jr.)
 "The Story of Beauty" – 3:25(B. Knowles, K. Fambro) 3:32
 "Gospel Medley" (Dedicated to Andretta Tillman) (B. Knowles, K. Franklin, R. Smallwood)
 "You've Been So Good"
 "Now Behold the Lamb"
 "Jesus Loves Me"
 "Total Praise"
 "Outro (DC-3) Thank You" – 4:03(B. Knowles, K. Rowland, M. Williams, R. Fusari, B. Lee, C. Gaines)

Einzelnachweise

Nummer-eins-Album
Destiny's Child
Album (Contemporary R&B)
Album 2001
Album (Pop)
Mehrfach-Platin-Album (Vereinigte Staaten)
Mehrfach-Platin-Album (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Mehrfach-Platin-Album (Europa)

Survivor (Album)


Jan Swerts (født 25. december 1825 i Antwerpen, død 11. august 1879 i Marienbad) var en belgisk maler.

Swerts var elev af akademiet i sin fødeby og af Nicaise de Keyser. Han indgik arbejdsfællesskab med Godfried Guffens, propagerede sammen med denne, efter at de 1850 sammen havde foretaget en rejse til Italien og Tyskland og var blevet begejstrede for Overbecks, Cornelius' og andre tyske maleres kunst, for kendskab i hans fædreland til den moderne Münchenkunst; de støttedes af den belgiske regering og fik 1859 arrangeret en udstilling (der i de følgende år greb stærkt ind i belgisk kunstliv) af de vigtigste repræsentanter for tysk freskomaleri. I forening med sin kunstfælle udførte Swerts større vægmalerier i Antwerpen og omegn; på egen hånd udsmykkede han blandt andet rådhuset i Kortrijk. I 1874 blev Swerts direktør for Prags Kunstakademi; hernede malede han blandt andet vægbilleder til den hellige Annas kapel i Prags Domkirke. Han har også malet en del staffelibilleder (historie og genre).

Kilder

Malere fra Belgien
Personer fra Antwerpen

Jan Swerts


Exilicrusta, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz potporodice Melobesioideae, dio porodice Hapalidiaceae. Jedina vrsta je morska alga E. parva uz englesku obalu (Isle of Wight)

I rod i vrsta taksonomski su priznati

Izvori

Hapalidiaceae

Exilicrusta


Bu değişkenler Python Programlama Diline aittir. Bu kodlar ileri programcılık bilgisi gerektirir.

Sayılar
 >>> 1+1
 2

 >>> 3*3
 9

 >>> 10/2
 5.0

Stringler
 Stringler için ilk önce anahtar sözcük yazılır. Sonra eşittir (=) yazılıp tırnak işareti (") ya da tek tırnak içinde (') cümle yazılır.

 >>> Die="Ich liebe dich."
 >>> Die
 'Ich liebe dich.'

 >>> a="Ich habe einen "
 >>> b="Bruder."
 >>> a+b
 'Ich habe einen Bruder.'

len() İşlevi
 String uzunluğunu hesaplar. Boşluklar da sayılır.

 >>> a="Ich habe einen "
 >>> b="Bruder."
 >>> a+b
 'Ich habe einen Bruder.'
 >>> len(a)
 15

 len() yerine __len__() metodu da kullanılabilir.

 >>> x = "Python güzeldir."
 >>> x.__len__()
 16

Listeler
 Listeleri oluştururken [ ve ] köşeli parantezlerini kullanırız.
 İndeksler ise 0'dan başlar.
 >>> program1=['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240']
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240']
 program1'in 2. elemanının ne olduğunu merak edersek şu uygulamayı kullanırız:
 >>> program1[2]
 'sg240'
Unutmayınız ki indeksler 0'dan başlar. Bu yüzden bu örnekte son eleman ikincidir.

 Yeni eleman eklerken bu uygulamayı kullanırız:
 >>> program1=program1+['retaliation']
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240', 'retaliation']
 program1'in sondan birinci elemanını öğrenmek için bu uygulamayı kullanırız:
 >>> program1[-1]
 'retaliation'

append() Metodu
 Genellikle + işareti yerine append tercih edilir.
Listeye sondan eleman ekler.
 >>> program1.append('python')
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240', 'retaliation', 'python']

count() Metodu
 Bir liste içindeki nesnenin kaç kere tekrarlandığını hesaplar.
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240', 'retaliation', 'python']
 >>> program1.append('python')
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240', 'retaliation', 'python', 'python']
 >>> program1.count('python')
 2
 >>> program1.count('tenderness')
 1
 >>> program1.count('emptiness')
 0

index() Metodu
 Bir liste içindeki elemanın kaçıncı sırada olduğunu gösterir.
 >>> program1.index('retaliation')
 3
 Birden fazla eleman varsa ilk sıradakini gösterir.
 >>> program1.index('python')
 4

insert() Metodu
 Bir listenin içindeki herhangi bir yere yeni eleman eklemeye yarar.
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240', 'retaliation', 'python', 'python']
 >>> program1.insert(3,'pressure')
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240', 'pressure', 'retaliation', 'python', 'python']

pop() Metodu
 Listedeki son elemanı listeden çıkartır.
 >>> program1.pop()
 'python'
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240', 'pressure', 'retaliation', 'python']
 >>>

remove() Metodu
 Herhangi bir elemanı listeden çıkartır.
 >>> program1.remove('retaliation')
 >>> program1
 ['curbstone', 'tenderness', 'sg240', 'pressure', 'python']

reverse() Metodu
 Liste elemanlarını sondan başa doğru sıralar.
 >>> program1.reverse()
 >>> program1
 ['python', 'pressure', 'sg240', 'tenderness', 'curbstone']

sort() Metodu
 En çok kullanılan işlevlerden biridir. Listedeki elemanları alfabetik sıraya dizer. Sayılar önce gelir.
 >>> program1.append('1.618')
 >>> program1
 ['python', 'pressure', 'sg240', 'tenderness', 'curbstone', '1.618']
 >>> program1.sort()
 >>> program1
 ['1.618', 'curbstone', 'pressure', 'python', 'sg240', 'tenderness']

len() İşlevi
 Cümle değişkenlerinde olduğu gibi bu işlev, liste değişkenlerinin uzunluğunu hesaplar.
 >>> len(program1)
 6
 Bir listeyi çarpabiliriz:
 >>> program1*2
 ['1.618', 'curbstone', 'pressure', 'python', 'sg240', 'tenderness', '1.618', 'curbstone', 'pressure',
 'python', 'sg240', 'tenderness']

Demetler
 Demetlerde ( ve ) parantezlerini kullanırız.
 Demetler listelere benzerler; ama asıl kullanılma amaçları içeriklerinin değiştirilmesini önlemektir. Demetlerin içeriği her zaman sabittir. Yanlışlıkla da olsa değerinin değiştirilmesini istemediğiniz bir değişkene gereksiniminiz varsa demetleri kullanırsınız.
 >>> program2=('aa11','permanent')
 >>> program2
 ('aa11', 'permanent')
 Örneğin; permanent elemanını silmeye çalışalım:
 >>> program2.remove('permanent')
 Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in <module>
     program2.remove('permanent')
 AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'remove'
 Bu şekilde bir hata iletisi ekrana gelecektir. permanent bir demet değişkeni içinde olduğu için silinememiştir.
 Demetlere ekleme de yapamayız:
 >>> program2.append('addition')
 Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "<pyshell#27>", line 1, in <module>
     program2.append('addition')
 AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'
 Ama uzunluğunu ölçebiliriz:
 >>> len(program2)
 2
 Demetlere değer de yükleyebiliriz:
 >>> (z45,aa23)=('deneme','not')
 >>> z45
 'deneme'
 >>> aa23
 'not'

Sözlükler
 Sözlükleri tanımlarken { ve } işaretlerini kullanırız.
 Veritabanı uygulamalarında sık kullanılan bir değişken türüdür.
 anahtar={'değer'} şeklinde bir yazılımı vardır.
 >>> sifreler={'hotmail':'123456','yahoo':'abcdef','gmail':'123456abcdef'}
 >>> sifreler
 {'hotmail': '123456', 'yahoo': 'abcdef', 'gmail': '123456abcdef'}
 >>> sifreler['gmail']
 '123456abcdef'
 Bir sözlükte herhangi bir anahtarın değerini değiştirmek için şu uygulamayı kullanırız:
 >>> sifreler['hotmail']='654321'
 >>> sifreler
 {'hotmail': '654321', 'yahoo': 'abcdef', 'gmail': '123456abcdef'}
 Sadece bir anahtarın değerini öğrenmek için şu uygulamayı kullanırız:
 >>> sifreler['hotmail']
 '654321'

keys() Metodu
 Sözlüklerdeki anahtarları gösterir.
 >>> sifreler.keys()
 ['hotmail', 'yahoo', 'gmail']

has_key() Metodu
 Sözlüğün içinde aranan anahtarın olup olmadığını sorgular.
 >>> sifreler.has_key('hotmail')
 True
 >>> sifreler.has_key('mynet')
 False

values() Metodu
 Sözlükteki değerleri gösterir.
 >>> sifreler.values()
 ['123456', 'abcdef', '123456abcdef']

items() Metodu
 Sözlükteki anahtarları ve değerleri aynı anda gösterir.
 >>> sifreler.items()
 [('hotmail', '123456'), ('yahoo', 'abcdef'), ('gmail', '123456abcdef')]

del xxx['x'] Deyimi
 Sözlükteki herhangi bir anahtarı siler.
 >>> del sifreler['hotmail']
 >>> sifreler
 {'yahoo': 'abcdef', 'gmail': '123456abcdef'}

clear() Metodu
 Sözlüğün tamamını siler.
 >>> sifreler.clear()
 >>> sifreler
 {}

update() Metodu
 Seçilen sözlüğü bir başka sözlüğün içine aktarır.
 >>> sifreler1={'hotmail':'sifre1'}
 >>> sifreler2={'gmail':'sifre2'}
 >>> sifreler1.update(sifreler2)
 >>> sifreler1
 {'hotmail': 'sifre1', 'gmail': 'sifre2'}
 >>> sifreler2
 {'gmail': 'sifre2'}

Dosyalar
 C:\\ komutu kısaca \\ şeklinde yazılabilir. Python, harddisk'in hangi sürücüsüne yüklendiyse orayı kaynak kabul edecektir.

Dosya Açma - Yazma - Okuma
 deneme.txt adında bir dosya oluşturalım ve içine "Bu bir denemedir." yazdıralım.
 'w' yazmayı, 'r' ise okumayı simgeler.
 >> # yazma
 >> file = open("deneme.txt", "w")
 >> file.write("Bu bir denemedir.")

 >> # okuma
 >> file2 = open("deneme.txt", "r")
 >> print(file2.read())

Python

Python değişkenleri


إبراهيم ناصر إبراهيم الصولة (1935- 4 أكتوبر 2016)؛ ملحن وباحث موسيقي كويتي من مواليد 1935 يعتبر من مؤسسين الفن الموسيقي الكويتي.

عنه
ولد في حي القبلة (جبلة). نشأ في عائلة فنية ومحبة للسامري مما كان له الأثر الكبير في إبداع الفنان إبراهيم الصولة. حاصل على الدبلوم العالي في الآلات الموسيقية من المعهد العالي للموسيقى العربية في القاهرة.

أعماله
عمل في بداياته الفنية في المركز الثقافي العمالي 1960 وثم في مركز رعاية الفنون الشعبية 1961. وعمل مشرفاً في أستديو إذاعة الكويت وعين رئيساً لقسم الموسيقى 1981.

كانت أول أغنية مسجلة له أغنية يا رسول الزين من كلمات الفنان بدر بورسلي ولحن وغناء الفنان سعود الراشد، وأول لحن سامري له كان لأغنية سلمولي غناء الفنان غريد الشاطئ.

كما قدم العديد من الأعمال الفنية لكبار الفنانيين، ويعد النشيد الكويتي الوطني ابرز لحن قدمه في طوال مسيرته الفنية.

وفاته
توفي في مستشفى مبارك الكبير في الكويت، صباح يوم الثلاثاء الموافق 4 أكتوبر 2016، عن عمر ناهز 81 عاماً، وذلك بعد صراع مع المرض.

روابط خارجية

المصادر

كويتيون حازوا جائزة الدولة التقديرية
ملحنون كويتيون
مواليد 1935
مواليد في الكويت
وفيات 1438 هـ
وفيات 2016
وفيات في الكويت

إبراهيم الصولة


Dario Jagić (4. siječnja 1979., Tuzla) je bivši hrvatski juniorski reprezentativac, športski direktor RK Rovinj i potpredsjednik RK Medulin.

Životopis
Rođen u Tuzli. Završio studij hotelijersko-turističkog managementa na Nikozijskom sveučilištu. Prvi strijelac 1. Hrvatske rukometne lige u sezoni 2003./04. s Crikvenicom. Dobitnik priznanja Najbolji športaš Grada Crikvenice 2003. godine. Glavni tajnik udruge Akademija dobro življenja.

Pokretač projekta "Youth Movement Power", višešportske manifestacije s preko 3000 natjecatelja svake godine u Rovinju, Poreču i Puli te "Special Power League" () športske lige za djecu i osobe s teškoćama u razvoju u koji su se uključili vrhunski športski kolektivi poput GNK Dinamo Zagreb, NK Istra 1961 Pula, NK Osijek, NK Međimurje Čakovec, HNK Hajduk Split, NK Slaven Belupo, HNK Gorica, RK PPD Zagreb, RK Koprivnica, RK Rovinj, Handball Special Wien, Handball Special Graz, FC München 1860.

Afirmirao se u Metkoviću u kojem su kalili igrači koji su stekli afirmaciju tj. razvili se kao igrači kao Ivano Balić, Petar Metličić, Renato Sulić, Blaženko Lacković, Valter Matošević, Mario Kelentrić, Gyorgy Zsigmond, Ivan Vukas, Nenad Kljaić, Ivan Markovski, Marko Kopljar, Dario Jagić, Luka Raković, Igor Karačić, Sandro Uvodić, Stanko Sabljić.
Bio je član Metkovića kad je 2000. igrao završnicu Kupa EHF u kojem su svladali Flensburg. Igranjem rukometa bavi se i danas i na vrhunskoj razini. Na utakmici 2. HMRL Zapad, igrajući za Rovinj postigao je 12 pogodaka protiv pričuvne momčadi hrvatskog prvaka Zagreba koju je Rovinj dobio 33:30.

Igračka karijera
1989. – 1992. RK Budućnost Banovići  (Bosna i Hercegovina)
1992. – 1994. RK Koprivnica
1994. – 1995. RK Zrinski Tuzla ( Bosna i Hercegovina )
1995. – 1996. RK Zamet Rijeka
1996. – 1997. RK Senj
1997. – 1999. RK Zadar
1999. – 2000. RK Metković Jambo
2000. – 2001. RK Rudar Labin
2001. – 2002. HC Aris Nikeas (Grčka)
2002. – 2003. RK Metković Jambo
2003. – 2005. RK Crikvenica
2005. – 2006. HC Djurgarden (Švedska)
2006. – 2007. Pfadi Winterthur (Švicarska)
2007. – 2009. HC Intercollege Nikozija (Cipar)
2009. – 2011. HC SPE Strovolos  (Cipar)
2011. – 2011. HC El-Entag El Harby (Egipat)
2011. – 2013. RK Medveščak Zagreb
2013. -       RK Rovinj

Trenerska karijera
RK Crikvenica (trener mlađih dobnih skupina )
RK Medveščak Zagreb(trener mlađih dobnih skupina )
RK Rovinj (trener seniora)

Izvori
European Handball Federation Dario Jagic

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvatski rukomet

Hrvatski rukometaši iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Životopisi, Tuzla
Životopisi, Rovinj

Dario Jagić


An Epipactis flava in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gunnar Seidenfaden. An Epipactis flava in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epipactis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epipactis

Epipactis flava


Barinas () je jedna od 23 savezne države Venezuele, koja se nalazi na zapadu zemlje.

Administrativno središte države je istoimeni grad Barinas, do kojeg vodi većina državnih cesta.

Geografske karakteristike

Barinas se najvećim dijelom prostire po ravnicama Llanosa, osim na sjeverozapadu gdje leže posljednji obronci Anda.
U njemu živi 816,264 stanovnika na površini od 35,200 km²-

Barinas graniči sa sljedećim saveznim državama; Méridom i Táchirom sa zapada, Apurom s juga, Guáricom i Cojedesom s istoka, Portuguesom sa sjeveroistoka i sa sjevera s Trujillom.

Povijest

Početkom 17. stoljeća taj kraj postao je poznat izvrsnom duhanu, pa su njegovi stanovnici na trgovini njime (legalnoj i ilegalnoj jer je on bio kraljevski monopol) gradili svoj prosperitet. To je potrajalo sve do početka 19. stoljeća, kad je izbio Venezuelanski rat za neovisnost.

Barinas je dugo bio vodeći među venezuelskim državama u stočarstvu uz nešto poljoprivrede.
Svojevremeno je često trpio zbog velikih suša, ali i poplava za kišne sezone (od svibnja do listopada) kad su se razlile rijeke po savanama Llanosa. Nakon provođenja mjera za kontrolu malarije, brzog rasta naftne industrije te velikih državnih ulaganja po Llanos, naročito na navodnjavanju sjeverozapada, privreda Barinasa razvila se i proširila izvan svoje izvorne baze - stočarstva.

Gospodarstvo

Danas se po Baranasu pored tradicionalnog duhana, sadi grah, suncokret, pamuk, kukuruz, kavu, banane, sezam i riža.
Najveće promjene u ekonomiji Barinasa, desile su se nakon otkrića nafte 1948. Danas se nafta naftovodom transportira do 320 km udaljenih rafinerija na sjeveru u Moronu, nedaleko od luke Puerto Cabella.

Barinas je poznat po nacionalnom parku Sierra Nevada kojeg dijeli s Državom Mérida, on se prostire po planinama sjeverozapada.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Estado Barinas na portalu Venezuelatuya
 Barinas na portalu Encyclopedia Britannica

Savezne države Venezuele

Barinas (država u Venezueli)


Honigsee Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 11,27 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 467 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 41 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Kiel'in 7 km güneyinde kalan belediyenin Belediye Başkanlığı Alexander Nicolaisen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtpreetzland.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Honigsee


An edit decision list or EDL is used in the post-production process of film editing and video editing. The list contains an ordered list of reel and timecode data representing where each video clip can be obtained in order to conform the final cut.

EDLs are created by offline editing systems, or can be paper documents constructed by hand such as shot logging. These days, linear video editing systems have been superseded by non-linear editing (NLE) systems which can output EDLs electronically to allow autoconform on an online editing system – the recreation of an edited programme from the original sources (usually video tapes) and the editing decisions in the EDL.

They are also often used in the digital video editing world, so rather than referring to reels they can refer to sequences of images stored on disk.

Some formats, such as CMX3600, can represent simple editing decisions only. Final Cut Pro XML, the Advanced Authoring Format (AAF), and AviSynth scripts are relatively advanced file formats that can contain sophisticated EDLs.

B-Roll
Linear editing systems cannot dissolve between clips on the same video tape. Hence, one of these clips will need to be dubbed onto a new video tape. EDLs designate these occurrences by marking such dissolves' source reels as B-roll of "b-reels". For example, the EDL will change the 8th character of the reel name to the letter B.

However, sometimes editors will (confusingly) use the letter B to designate time code breaks on a video tape. If there is broken time code on a video tape, there will be two (or more) instances of a particular time code on the video tape. When re-capturing, it can be ambiguous as to which timecode is the right one. The letter B may indicate that the right time code is from the second set of timecode on the video tape.

Incompatibilities and potential problems
EDL formats such as CMX, GVG, Sony, Final Cut Pro, and Avid are similar but can differ in small (but important) ways.  Particular attention should be paid to reel naming convention. On the Avid, reel names can be up to 32 characters, but user should be aware that these EDLs don't adhere to online editing machine control specifications. These are used by systems that have modified the import/export code to handle file-based workflows as tape acquisition formats wane. On FCP, in CMX3600 format, only eight characters are allowed. Particular attention should be paid towards b-reels.  If the EDL handles dissolves to the same reel, reel names should be limited to 7 characters since the 8th character may be replaced.

EDLs can use either drop-frame (DF) or non drop-frame timecode (NDF), running at 24fps (non drop-frame only), 25fps (non drop-frame only), and 30fps (drop-frame and non drop-frame).

Overall, EDLs are still commonly used as some systems do not support other more robust formats such as AAF and XML.

Systems known to support EDL to some extent
Almost any professional editing system and many others support some form of XML/EDL saving/processing.

Some that make the list:
 Adobe Premiere Pro
 Avid Media Composer
DaVinci Resolve
 Blender supports EDL in versions 2.4x and versions from 2.66
 Cinelerra
 Digital Vision Nucoda and Phoenix
 Thydrjs Dream II and Xynergi systems
 Final Cut Pro
 Lightworks
 MediaCoder
 Shotcut
 The Foundry HIERO
Rally Access

Systems supporting EDL playback, not just EDL cutting
Probably most of the above, plus any professional editing system, plus

 Avidemux project files.
 Bs.player
 MPlayer (EDL specifies what to skip or mute; only one source file per EDL; see also http://linuxgazette.net/178/brownss.html)
 MPlayer2 (EDL specifies what to show from which file)
 mpv (EDL specifies what to show from which file; different from MPlayer and MPlayer2)
 MythTV cut list
 SageTV
 SMPlayer automatically loads and applies a matching EDL file to the current movie being played
 VLC media player with xspf files that specify start and end times, or with movie content editor
 Kodi/XBMC
 Zoom Player Max
 mrViewer with reels files, which are plain ASCII files.

See also
AES31
Keykode (Film editing)
Commercial skipping sometimes uses EDLs to track commercial blocks.
Magisto

External links
  The CMX 3600 EDL specification
 Guide to EDL Management - Brooks Harris
 OpenTimelineIO - An open-source data model, file format, and API implementing reading and writing of many EDLs types.
 Sensible cinema A "universal" EDL player.
 edledit A Python-based GUI program to create MPlayer EDL v1 files.
 EDL Ease A program that parses EDL files, converts to Excel and CSV formats and summarizes durations of all sources and filenames used in a project sequence.

References

Film and video technology
Film editing
Television terminology
Film and video terminology

Edit decision list


The Mummy este un film de groază britanic din 1959, regizat de Terence Fisher, cu actorii Christopher Lee și Peter Cushing în rolurile principale. A fost scris de Jimmy Sangster și produs de Michael Carreras și Anthony Nelson Keys pentru Hammer Film Productions. Filmul a fost distribuit în SUA în 1959, fie împreună cu filmul cu Vincent Price The Bat fie cu filmul Universal Curse of the Undead.

Cu toate că titlul filmului sugerează că este o refacere a filmului omonim Universal Pictures din 1932, filmul se bazează de fapt pe scenariile și personajele a două filme Universal din anii 1940, The Mummy Hand și The Mummy's Tomb, cu punctul culminant împrumutat direct din The Mummy's Ghost. Numele personajului Joseph Whemple, folosirea unui sul sacru și câteva elemente minore ale narațiunii sunt singurele legături cu versiunea din 1932.

Prezentare

În Egipt, în 1895, arheologii John Banning (Cushing), tatăl său Stephen (Felix Aylmer) și unchiul său Joseph Whemple ( Raymond Huntley) caută mormântul prințesei Ananka, înalta preoteasă a zeului Karnak. John are un picior rupt și nu-i poate însoți pe tatăl și pe unchiul său atunci când aceștia deschid mormântul. Înainte de a intra, un egiptean numit Mehemet Bey (George Pastell) îi avertizează să nu intre, ca nu cumva să cadă asupra lor blestemul fatal împotriva profanatorilor de morminte. Stephen  și Joseph îl ignoră și descoperă sarcofagul Anankei. După ce Joseph pleacă să-i spună lui John veștile bune, Stephen descoperă Cartea Morților și citește din ea. Afară, membrii echipei arheologice îl aud țipând și se grăbesc în mormânt doar pentru a-l găsi pe Stephen într-o stare catatonică.

Trei ani mai târziu, în Anglia, Stephen Banning iese din starea sa la spitalul pentru tulburări mintale din Engerfield și îl cheamă pe fiul său. El îi spune că atunci când a citit din Cartea Morților, el l-a readus la viață, fără să vrea, pe Kharis (Lee), marele preot mumificat din Karnak. Marele preot fusese condamnat să fie înmormântat de viu pentru a servi drept păzitor al mormântului prințesei Ananka: Kharis a iubit-o în secret pe prințesă și a încercat să o readucă la viață după ce a murit; când a fost descoperit, viața eternă și mumificarea au fost pedeapsa lui. Acum, Stephen îi spune fiului său necredincios că Kharis îi va vâna și îi va ucide pe toți cei care au profanat mormântul lui Ananka.

Între timp, Mehemet Bey, un închinător devotat al lui Karnak, vine la Engerfield sub numele Mehemet Atkil pentru a se răzbuna pe familia Banning. El angajează doi cărăuși bețivi, Pat și Mike, pentru a-l aduce pe Kharis ascuns într-o ladă în locuința sa închiriată, dar cei doi bețivi au un accident cu lada lui Kharis care cade și se scufundă într-o baltă. Mai târziu, folosind Cartea Morților, Mehemet îl face pe Kharis să se ridice din noroi, apoi îl trimite să-l ucidă pe Stephen Banning. Când Kharis îl ucide pe Joseph Whemple noaptea următoare, John este martor. Trage asupra lui Kharis cu un revolver, dar fără niciun efect.

Inspectorul de poliție Mulrooney este desemnat să rezolve crimele, dar, pentru că este sceptic și se ocupă doar de "fapte reci, dure", el nu crede povestea incredibilă a lui John despre o mumie ucigașă, chiar și atunci când John îi spune că este probabil să ajungă a treia victimă a lui Kharis.  În timp ce Mulrooney investighează, John observă că soția sa Isobel are o asemănare neobișnuită cu prințesa Ananka. Adunând dovezi ale altor indivizi din comunitate, Mulrooney începe să se întrebe treptat treptat dacă mumia este reală.

Mehemet Bey trimite mumia în casa familiei Banning pentru a-l ucide pe John. Cu toate acestea, când Isobel sare în ajutorul soțului ei, Kharis o vede, îl eliberează pe John și pleacă. Mehemet Bey consideră greșit că Kharis și-a îndeplinit sarcina și se pregătește să se întoarcă în Egipt. John, bănuind că Mehemet Bay este cel care controlează mumia, îi face o vizită, spre surprinderea lui.

După ce John pleacă, Mehemet Bey îl pune din nou pe Kharis să-l ucidă pe John. Mumia îl lasă pe Mulrooney inconștient, în timp ce Mehemet Bey se ocupă de un alt polițist care păzește casa. Kharis îl găsește pe John în camera sa de studiu și începe să-l sufoce. Alertat de strigătele lui John, Isobel fuge în casă fără Mulrooney; la început, mumia nu o recunoaște, dar John îi spune să-și dezlege părul, iar mumia îl eliberează pe John. Când Mehemet poruncește lui Kharis s-o ucidă pe Isobel, acesta refuză; Mehemet încearcă s-o omoare pe Isobel el însuși, dar în schimb este ucis de Kharis. Mumia o duce pe Isobel, care este inconștientă, în mlaștină, fiind urmărit de John, Mulrooney și alți polițiști. John o strigă pe Isobel; când aceasta își recâștigă conștiința, îi spune lui Kharis să o lase jos. Mumia se supune cu reticență. Când Isobel s-a îndepărtat de el, polițiștii deschid focul, făcându-l pe Kharis să se afunde în mlaștină, luând cu el Cartea Morților.

Distribuție

 Peter Cushing ca John Banning
 Christopher Lee ca Kharis / Mumia
 Yvonne Furneaux ca Isobel Banning / Prințesa Ananka
 Eddie Byrne ca inspector Mulrooney
 Felix Aylmer ca Stephen Banning
 Raymond Huntley ca Joseph Whemple
 George Pastell ca Mehemet Bey
 Michael Ripper ca Poacher
 George Woodbridge ca P. C. Blake
 Harold Goodwin ca Pat
 Denis Shaw ca Mike
 Gerald Lawson - client irlandez
 Willoughby Gray ca Dr. Reilly
 John Stuart ca medic legist
 David Browning ca sergent de poliție
 Frank Sieman în rolul lui Bill
 Stanley Meadows ca servitor
 Frank Singuineau ca șef Porter

Producție
Inițial scenele în care limba lui Kharis a fost tăiată și cu înmormântarea au fost mai grafice, dar au fost cenzurate de cenzorul britanic.

În Flesh and Blood: The Hammer Heritage of Horror, Peter Cushing susține că  filmul i-a sugerat scena în care se aruncă o suliță prin mumie. El a fost inspirat de afișul premergător lansării  care arată mumia cu o rază de lumină care trece prin ea.

Recuzită

O replică din fibră de sticlă a unui sarcofag creat pentru film se află în colecția Muzeului și Galeriei de Artă din Perth.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Filme de groază din anii 1950
Filme relansate
Filme Universal Pictures
Filme cu mumii
Filme regizate de Terence Fisher
Filme britanice
Filme fantastice din anii 1950
Filme din 1959
Filme în limba engleză

Mumia (film din 1959)


Masato Fue (født 22. februar 1973) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masato Fue


Središte kiralnosti je atom u konfiguracijskom stereoizomeru na koji su vezana četiri liganda (atoma ili skupine atoma).

Izvori

Kemija

Središte kiralnosti


وام  هي فرقة غنائية بريطانية لموسيقى البوب تأسست في أوائل الثمانينات عام 1981 وتتألف من عضوين هما جورج مايكل وأندرو ريدجيلي.انفصل افراد الفريق في عام 1986م .
من أشهر أغانى الفريق: 1983 Club Tropicana,Young Guns

1984 Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go,Everything She Wants,Fredoom,Careless Whisper
1986 The Edges Of Heaven,Different Corner

روابط خارجية

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 1986 في إنجلترا
تأسيسات سنة 1981 في إنجلترا
جورج مايكل
حائزون على جائزة بريت
فرق فتيان
فرق موسيقى بوب إنجليزية
فرق موسيقى بوب ثنائية
فرق موسيقية
فرق موسيقية انحلت في 1986
فرق موسيقية أسست في 1981
فرق موسيقية ثنائية إنجليزية
فرق موسيقية من لندن
فرق موسيقية من هيرتفوردشاير
فنانو تسجيلات كولومبيا
موسيقيون من هيرتفوردشاير

وام!


ශ්‍රී ලංකා රන්ජන ආචාර්ය සරත් ගුණපාල (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Sarath Gunapala) (තවද: සරත් ඩේවිඩ් ගුණපාල) යනු ඇමරිකන් නාසා අයතනයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ ප්‍රධාන විද්‍යාඥ ආචාර්ය අභ්‍යාවකාශ විද්‍යාඥයෙක් වන අතර ඝනත්ව පිළිබඳ (සොලිඩ් ස්ටේට්) භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයෙක් ද වෙයි.

මොහු 1979 දී කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයයෙන් පළමු පෙළ ගෞරව සමාර්ථයක් හා භෞතික විද්‍යා උපාධිය, ඇමෙරිකාවේ පීටර්ස්බර්ග් සරසවියෙන් විද්‍යාව විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විෂය සමත් වී ආචාර්ය උපාධියත් ලබාගෙන තිබේ. කලක් ඇමෙරිකාවේ ATNT ආයතනයේ පර්යේෂණ නිලධාරියකු ලෙස සේවය කළ ආචාර්ය ගුණපාල නාසා ආයතනයට එක්වී ඇත්තේ 1991 දී ය.

1994 දී නාසා ආයතනයෙන් අඟහරු ලොවට යැවු ටෙරස්ටිසල් ප්ලැනට් ෆයින්ඩර් යානයටත් ස්පෙස් ඉන්ටෆෙරෝ මීටර් (PATHFINDER යානය) නම් චන්ද්‍රිකාවටත් අධෝරක්ත කිරණ කැමරාවේ නිර්මාතෘවරයා, ආචාර්ය සරත් ගුණපාලය.

2012 දී නාසා ආයතනය විසින් අඟහරු ග‍්‍රහයා වෙත ගොඩ බස්වනු ලැබූ කියුරියෝසිටි රොබෝ යානයට සෑම් නම් උපකරණයේ ඇති ලේසර් නිර්මාණය කර ඇත්තේ සරත් ගුණපාලගේ නායකත්ව කණ්ඩායම විසිනි.

වසර 2006 දී ඔහු ඉගෙන ගත් නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලය ඔහුට නාලන්දාවේ වැදගත්ම ආදි සිසුවාට පිරිනමන නාලන්දා කීර්ති ශ්‍රී සම්මානය පිරිනැමුවේය.

සරත් ගුණපාල  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

  ආචාර්ය සරත් ගුණපාලයන්ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව

 නාලන්දියයන්ගේ ආඩම්බරය - නාලන්දා කීර්තී ශී‍්‍ර ගෞරව සම්මානය

 අඟහරුගේ ජීවය ගැන සොයන්න මිනිස්සු තුන්දෙනෙක් අඟහරුට

  බ්‍රහස්පතිගේත් සෙනසුරුගේත් චන්ද්‍රයන් මත ජීවීන් ඉන්න පුළුවන්

 Dr.Sarath Gunapala -Nalanda Keerthi Sri 2006

 LIFE BEYOND THE STARS

 National Honours – 2017

 PRESIDENT AT NATIONAL HONOURS-2017 CEREMONY

 National Honours after 12 years

  Interview With Dr.Sarath Gunapala

 Pinbara Udesana (පින්බර උදෑසන) | 2017-02-12 | 8.30 AM (නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලය (කොළඹ 10))

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලංකීය විද්‍යාඥයන්

සරත් ගුණපාල


Gaetano Alemani, né à Bologne en 1728 et mort dans la même ville le , est un peintre architectural, scénographe et ornemaniste italien, actif dans la seconde moitié du .

Biographie
Gaetano Alemani naît en 1728. Il devient élève de  et de Mauro Antonio Tesi. Avec Antonio Galli da Bibiena, il apprend la peinture théâtrale. Il s'est spécialisé dans l'ornement et la peinture d'architecture.

Alemani est membre de l'Accademia Clementina. Il meurt le .

Œuvres
Son style d'ornement fait preuve de considération du milieu scénographique, Alemani alternant les effets de lumières et d'ombres dans ses œuvres. Selon Oretti, de toutes ses œuvres, il ne reste plus que la décoration effectuée à la  chapelle du sanctuaire Madonna di San Luca à Bologne et dans le bas de l'arc de triomphe, le chœur et le presbytère de l'.

Parmi les œuvres disparues, on compte la chapelle de la Nativité de la Vierge de San Biagio, la chapelle principale de l'église de Pizzocalvo (aujourd'hui San Lazzaro di Savena) ou l'autel saint Roch à la basilique San Petronio de Bologne. Il a aussi travaillé sur plusieurs théâtres comme en réalisant des scènes avec Vincenzo Martinelli au théâtre communal en 1775. Avec Bibiena et Pietro Scandellari, il décore le théâtre du  de Bologne.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste de peintres italiens

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

Peintre italien du XVIIIe siècle
Peintre d'architecture
Scénographe italien
Peintre ornemaniste
Naissance en 1728
Naissance à Bologne
Naissance dans les États pontificaux
Décès en décembre 1782
Décès à Bologne
Décès dans les États pontificaux
Décès à 54 ans

Gaetano Alemani


Cene Prevc (Kranj, 12. ožujka 1996.), slovenski skijaš skakač

Karijera
Dolazi iz velike obitelji i najmađi je od petero djece. Mlađi je brat Petera i stariji brat Domena Prevca. Osim njih ima dvije mlađe sestre. Član SK Triglav Kranj. Osobni rekord mu je skijaški let od 199 metara koji je postigao 19. ožujka 2015. godine.

U Kontinentalnom pokalu prvi je put na postolje došao 9. rujna 2012. kad je u Lillehammerju osvojio drugo mjesto. Sezone 2013./14. u istom natjecanju še je tri puta popeo es na postolje.
18. veljače 2013. u pojedinačnoj konkurenciji pobijedio je na Olimpijskom festivalu europske mladeži (EYOF) u Braşovu s ukupno osvojenim 261 bodom. Ovom je pobjedom nastavio stazom brata Petra koji je također pobijedio na EYOF-u 2009. godine. Zlato je osvojio i u momčadskoj konkurenciji na istom festivalu. Na Svjetskom juniorskom prvenstvu 2013. u Liberecu osvojio je sa Slovenijom zlato u momčadskoj konkurenciji. S njim su skakali Anže Semenič, Ernest Prišlič i Jaka Hvala. 1. kolovoza 2014. prvi je put pobijedio na kontinentalnom pokalu na natjecanju u poljskoj Wisłi.

U Svjetskom kupu debitirao je 21. ožujka 2014. na Planici, na Bloudkovoj velikanci i osvojio prve bodove 16. mjestom. Sezone 2013./14. bio je ukupno 70., 2014./15. bio je ukupno 59., 2015./16. bez plasmana, a 2016./17. je trenutno 33. mjesto. Najbolji plasman na nekom natjecanju u Svjetskom kupu ostvario je u Oberstdorfu 30. prosinca 2016. s 8. mjestom. Na Turneji četiri skakaonice bio je 24.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Cene Prevc, Međunarodna skijaška federacija

Slovenski skijaši skakači

Cene Prevc


The Hobbit is a 1977 American animated musical television special created by Rankin/Bass and animated by Topcraft. The film is an adaptation of the 1937 book of the same name by J. R. R. Tolkien; it was first broadcast on NBC in the United States on Sunday, November 27, 1977. The teleplay won a Peabody Award. The Tolkien scholar Douglas A. Anderson called the adaptation "execrable".

Plot

A Hobbit named Bilbo Baggins lives in his hobbit-hole. The wizard Gandalf informs him he is looking for someone to share an adventure, and introduces thirteen dwarves led by Thorin Oakenshield. They invite themselves in, eat dinner, and play music. The magic in the music makes Bilbo suddenly long for adventure.

Thorin explains Bilbo is to be a lucky number fourteen for them, and tells how his dwarves were driven out of the Lonely Mountain by the dragon Smaug, who stole their treasure. Gandalf accepts the mission before the Hobbit can speak.

The company discovers a camp of three trolls, who capture all but Gandalf and Bilbo. Bilbo hides while Gandalf uses his magic to bring the sunrise, which turns the trolls to stone. In the troll's cave, Bilbo discovers some stolen treasure, which the dwarves claim. They find two swords, and a dagger for Bilbo.

Gandalf shows Thorin a map of the Lonely Mountain and a key, given to him by Thorin's father. The map shows a secret passage.

Travelling through the Misty Mountains, all but Gandalf are captured by goblins. Gandalf kills the Great Goblin, and the dwarves escape. Bilbo loses the group; he finds an underground lake, where he discovers a ring, and meets the monster Gollum, who hunts him. Bilbo, discovering the ring grants invisibility, follows Gollum to the door, and escapes.

The goblins, riding Wargs, pursue the company into a pine forest, setting it ablaze. The Lord of the Eagles rescues the company, and carries them to Mirkwood; Gandalf leaves. Bilbo and the dwarves are captured by giant spiders, but Bilbo puts on his ring and drives off the spiders with his dagger. The dwarves are apprehended by the wood elves. Bilbo escapes using his ring. After weeks of searching, Bilbo pilfers a sleeping guard's keys, and floats the dwarves in barrels down the river into Laketown.

The people of Laketown nurse the company back to health. The fourteen reach the Lonely Mountain, and follow the map's instructions to enter. Bilbo goes in first, and meets Smaug, using the ring to hide. He and Smaug converse; the dragon assumes Bilbo must be a Laketowner. Bilbo discovers a patch of skin on Smaug not covered by protective scales. When Smaug attacks him for stealing, he escapes, mocking the dragon. In a rage, Smaug flies off to take revenge on Laketown. Bilbo sends a thrush to tell Bard about the bare patch, and Bard shoots Smaug with his family's black arrow. Smaug destroys Laketown in his death throes.

The Dwarves reclaim their treasure, only to find that the Lakemen and the Elves have arrived, wanting recompense for Smaug's many damages over the years. Thorin refuses to share, and declares war. Bilbo rebukes him, as they are outnumbered; Thorin is angered. Thorin's cousin, Dain, brings more dwarves. Gandalf arrives, warning that the Goblins are coming. Men, elves, and dwarves unite, and Bilbo uses his ring to hide as battle rages. The Eagles join the fight.

Bilbo finds a wounded Bombur who informs him that the battle has been won. Only seven of the thirteen dwarves are left. Bilbo is led by Gandalf to the dying Thorin, who forgives him. Bilbo accepts two small chests of gold and his dagger as payment. Gandalf escorts him home. Gandalf warns him that the adventure is only just beginning, thanks to the ring he has found.

Voice cast
The voice actors for the characters were:

 Orson Bean – Bilbo Baggins
 Richard Boone – Smaug
 Hans Conried – Thorin Oakenshield
 John Huston – Gandalf / Narrator
 Otto Preminger – The Elvenking
 Cyril Ritchard – Elrond
 Brother Theodore – Gollum
 Paul Frees – Bombur, Troll #1
 Jack DeLeon – Dwalin, Fíli, Kíli, Óin, Glóin, Ori, Nori, Bifur, Bofur, Troll #2
 Don Messick – Balin, Goblin, Lord of the Eagles, Troll #3
 John Stephenson – Dori, Bard, Great Goblin
 Glenn Yarbrough – The Balladeer
 Thurl Ravenscroft – Goblin (singing voice), Background voice

Production
The film was produced and directed by Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass of Rankin/Bass Productions in New York City, and was adapted for the screen by Romeo Muller, with Rankin taking on the additional duties of production designer. When interviewed for the film, Rankin declared that he would add nothing to the story that wasn't in the original.  The New York Times reported that The Hobbit cost $3 million to produce.

In a 2003 interview, Rankin stated, "I love the Tolkien work," and explained that he was able to make the film because The Hobbit was still in the public domain at the time, despite claims to the contrary from the copyright holders.

The story's protagonist, Bilbo Baggins, is voiced by Orson Bean, backed up by noted Hollywood director and actor John Huston as the voice of Gandalf. In supporting roles, the comedian and performance artist Brother Theodore was chosen for the voice of Gollum, and Thurl Ravenscroft performed the baritone singing voices of the goblins. The gravelly voice of the dragon Smaug was provided by Richard Boone, with Hans Conried as Thorin Oakenshield, rounding out the cast of primarily American voice actors. The film was the final Rankin/Bass project to star the Australian actor Cyril Ritchard, here playing the voice of Elrond.

The Hobbit was animated by Topcraft in Tokyo, a now-defunct Japanese animation studio whose animation team re-formed as Studio Ghibli under Hayao Miyazaki, while some of the animators went to establish Pacific Animation Corporation. Topcraft successfully partnered with Rankin/Bass on several other productions in traditional animation, including 'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974), The Stingiest Man in Town (1978) and The Last Unicorn (1982). According to Rankin, the visual style of the film took its basic cue from the early illustrations of Arthur Rackham.

While Topcraft produced the animation overseas, the concept artwork was completed at the Rankin/Bass studio under the direction of Arthur Rankin. Rhode Island artist Lester Abrams did the initial designs for most of the characters; Rankin had seen Abrams' illustrations to an excerpt from The Hobbit in Children's Digest. Principal artists included coordinating animator Toru Hara; supervising animator/character designer Tsuguyuki Kubo; character and effects animators Hidetoshi Kaneko and Kazuko Ito; and background designer Minoru Nishida. The same studio and crew members were also used for The Return of the King.

Harry N. Abrams published a large, illustrated coffee table edition of the book featuring concept art and stills.

Jules Bass primarily adapted Tolkien's original lyrics for the film's musical interludes, drawn primarily from the songs that feature prominently in the book. He also assisted Maury Laws, Rankin/Bass's composer and conductor-in-residence, in the composition of an original theme song, "The Greatest Adventure (The Ballad of the Hobbit)", sung by Glenn Yarbrough as the sole original song written for the film. This folk ballad came to be associated with Yarbrough, who reprised it in the soundtrack to 1980 animated film The Return of the King.

Critical reception
In 1978, Romeo Muller won a Peabody Award for his teleplay for The Hobbit. The film was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, but lost to Star Wars. A few days before its first airing, John J. O'Connor wrote in The New York Times that "Rankin and Bass Productions have now carefully translated The Hobbit into film. The result is curiously eclectic, but filled with nicely effective moments. … The drawings frequently suggest strong resemblances to non-Tolkien characters… The goblins could have stepped out of a Maurice Sendak book. But … the Dragon and Gollum the riddle aficionado bring some clever original touches… Whatever its flaws, this television version of The Hobbit warrants attention."

Criticism primarily focused on adaptation issues, including the unfamiliar style of artwork used by the Japanese-American co-production team, whereas some Tolkien fans questioned the appropriateness of repackaging the material as a family film for a very young audience. Douglas A. Anderson, a Tolkien scholar, called the adaptation "execrable" in his own introduction to The Annotated Hobbit, although he did not elaborate; and a few critics said it was confusing for those not already familiar with the plot.  The author Baird Searles criticized the adaptation, calling it an "abomination" and an attempt that had "failed miserably". He singled out the quality of animation, the omission of key plot points such as Beorn and the Arkenstone, and the soundtrack.

IGN gave the film 7 out of 10 recommending it to fans of the novel.

Sequel
Before The Hobbit aired on NBC, Rankin/Bass and its partner animation houses began preparing a sequel.  Meanwhile, United Artists released J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings in 1978, an animated adaptation directed by Ralph Bakshi, originally intended as the first part in a two-part film. United Artists's sequel would soon be  cancelled after a disagreement with Bakshi.

Taking elements from the last volume of The Lord of the Rings, they developed the musical film The Return of the King, featuring most of the same voice artists and production team as The Hobbit. The Return of the King used a framing device in which both The Hobbit and The Return of the King begin and end with Bilbo's stay at Rivendell.

The Return of the King is often mistaken as a sequel to Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings. After Rankin/Bass became defunct in 1987, Warner Bros. acquired the rights to King for home video distribution and chose to market the film, along with The Hobbit, as instalments of an animated Tolkien trilogy, with The Lord of the Rings (by then also owned by Warner Bros., from United Artists) acting as the middle chapter. This false promotion led to rumours that Rankin/Bass had originally decided to produce The Return of the King upon hearing that Bakshi's sequel to The Lord of the Rings had been cancelled. However, Rankin/Bass had always planned on making The Return of the King as a follow-up to their production of The Hobbit, even before the release of Bakshi's film.

Release
The Hobbit first aired as an animated television special in 1977 with the goal of producing an accompanying tie-in storybook and song recordings for children, as in other Rankin/Bass productions.

The Hobbit was released on LP with the soundtrack and dialogue from the film was also released in 1977 by Disney through its Buena Vista Records label, and an edited version, along with accompanying "storyteller read-alongs", was later issued for the Mouse Factory's Disneyland Records imprint.

The Hobbit was released by ABC Video Enterprises in the early 1980s on Betamax and VHS by Sony, and CED by RCA. Warner Home Video released the film on VHS in 1991, again in 1996 (as part of the Warner Bros. Classic Tales VHS line), and on DVD in 2001 (through Warner Bros. Family Entertainment). Parade Video released the film on DVD and VHS in 2004. The earlier 1980s and 1990s videocassette releases contain sound effects that were edited out of the 2001 DVD without explanation.

The film was released on DVD by Warner Bros. as part of the DVD trilogy boxed set, which includes Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings and the Rankin Bass production of The Return of the King. A remastered deluxe edition DVD was released on July 22, 2014.

See also

 The Hobbit film series (live action)
 The Last Unicorn (film)
 List of animated feature films
 The Hobbit (1967 film) a short film by Gene Deitch
 The Hobbit (1985 film) a USSR film

Notes

References

External links

1977 films
1977 animated films
1977 in American television
1977 television films
1977 television specials
1970s American animated films
1970s fantasy films
American animated fantasy films
1970s animated television specials
1970s children's fantasy films
Films scored by Maury Laws
Animated films based on children's books
Television shows directed by Jules Bass
Television shows directed by Arthur Rankin Jr.
Television shows written by Romeo Muller
Musical theatre television specials
NBC television specials
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
Television shows based on British novels
Films based on The Hobbit
Topcraft
Japanese animated fantasy films
Rankin/Bass Productions films
1970s American television specials
1970s children's animated films
Anime films based on novels
Animated films based on British novels

The Hobbit (1977 film)


Goodwood Heights  est une banlieue de la cité d'Auckland, située dans l'île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
Elle est localisée à approximativement  au sud-est de Auckland CBD; au nord de la banlieue de Totara Heights, à l'est de Manukau Central et au sud de Chapel Downs.
C'était autrefois une partie de Manukau City jusqu'à la fusion de tous les conseils de la région d'Auckland dans le conseil de la super cité d'Auckland en 2010.

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Banlieue d'Auckland

Goodwood Heights


Modest Mavrikievici Koniar (în ) a fost un om de stat rus și guvernator al Basarabiei între anii 1881 – 1883.

Referințe

Guvernatori ai guberniei Basarabia
Anul nașterii lipsă
Anul decesului lipsă
Nașteri în 1827
Decese în 1890

Modest Koniar


Gandžačaj ili Gjandžačaj (azerski: Gəncəçay, ruski: Гянджачай) je rijeka u Azerbajdžanu. Duga je 99 km. Površina porječja iznosi 752 km2. Izvire na Murovdagu, a ulijeva se u Mingečaursko jezero. Prolazi kroz grad Gandža.

Vanjske poveznice

Rijeke u azijskom dijelu Azerbajdžana
Porječje Kure

Gandžačaj


Njoki Ndung'u (* 1965) ist eine kenianische Juristin, Politikerin und Richterin am Obersten Gericht Kenias.

Leben

Sie wuchs als Tochter einer Familie der Mittelklasse auf und besuchte die Kenya High, von der sie 1983 mit Abschluss abging. Es folgte der Besuch des Valley Secretarial College, bevor sie die Universität Nairobi besuchte, um dort Rechtswissenschaft zu studieren. Nachdem sie dort einen juristischen Abschluss erzielte studierte sie noch an der Kenya School of Law, bevor sie an die Universität Leicester ging, um dort den Grad eines Masters of Laws zu erhalten.

1993 begann sie ihre juristische Karriere nach einem Australien-Aufenthalt im State Law Office unter Attorney General Amos Wako. Ende 1993 wechselte sie zum Institute for Education in Democracy. Dieses Institut befasst sich damit, Personen und Institutionen in der Lage zu versetzen an demokratischen Wahlen teilzunehmen. Ndung'u befasste sich während ihrer zweijährigen Tätigkeit für das Institut vor allem mit der Bildung für weibliche Wähler. Es folgte eine Beschäftigung beim Hohen Flüchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen (UNHCR). Es schloss sich eine Tätigkeit für Women in Law and Development In Africa (WILDAF) an, für die sie das Büro in Nairobi gründete. In dieser Zeit begann sie sich nicht nur für Frauenrechte, sondern verstärkt auch für Menschenrechte einzusetzen. Sie war dann als Beraterin für die Organisation für Afrikanische Einheit tätig.

2002 kandidierte sie für das kenianische Parlament. Als Abgeordnete brachte sie unter anderem ein Gesetz gegen sexuelle Belästigung (Sexual Offences Act 2006) und ein Gesetz zu elterlichen Rechten und Pflichten (Maternity and Paternity Act 2007) ein. Von 2003 bis 2007 gehörte sie auch dem Panafrikanischen Parlament an. Ferner war sie Mitglied des Expertengremiums zur Erarbeitung der Kenianischen Verfassung, die mit dem Verfassungsreferendum in Kenia 2010 angenommen wurde.

2011 wurde sie zur ersten weiblichen Richterin am Supreme Court of Kenya gewählt.

Weblinks
 The Hon. Justice Njoki Ndung'u, Corporates Eprofiles

Richter (Supreme Court of Kenya)
Frauenrechtler (Kenia)
Abgeordneter (Kenia)
Frau
Geboren 1965
Kenianer

Njoki Ndung'u


Det Konservative Parti (islandsk: Íhaldsflokkurinn) var et konservativt politisk parti i Island grundlagt i Reykjavík den 24. februar 1924.

Partiet blev etableret af hovedparten af Borgerpartiets altingsgruppe, mens tre tingmænd fra partiets liberale fløj under tidligere statsminister Sigurður Eggerz ledelse genoptog navnet Selvstændighedspartiet (den ene af Borgerpartiets to forløbere) og i 1927 stiftede Det Liberale Parti.

I 1929 dannede Det Konservative Parti sammen med Det Liberale Parti et nyt borgerligt samlingsparti, der fik det historiske navn Selvstændighedspartiet, og lige siden har været Islands dominerende politiske parti.

Det Konservative Parti var det første egentlige højrefløjsparti i Island. Dets partiavis var Morgunblaðið, der gik med over til det nye Selvstændighedspartiet.

Partiets eneste leder var den senere statsminister Jón Þorláksson.

Se også
 Politiske partier i Island

Tidligere politiske partier i Island

Det Konservative Parti (Island)