Couboulambou à Paris, op. 135, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1930.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose Couboulambou à Paris pour voix moyenne et piano sous le pseudonyme de Jacques Normandin en 1930. Le texte est anonyme. L'œuvre est encore inédite.

Analyse
Cette mélodie fait partie des genres légers et humoristiques.

Réception

Références

Sources

Liens externes
Mel Bonis, site officiel: les mélodies

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Mélodie française
Œuvre réalisée en 1930

Couboulambou à Paris


Hiroto Muraoka (født 19. september 1931, død 13. marts 2017) var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

 Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroto Muraoka


Rika "Rixi" Markus OIB (n. 27 iunie 1910 – d. 4 aprilie 1992) a fost o jucătoare austriacă și britanică de bridge născută în Bucovina. Ea a câștigat cinci titluri mondiale, și a fost prima femeie care a devenit Mare Maestră în cadrul Federației Mondiale de Bridge. "Într-o carieră de 60 de ani", Alan Truscott a scris la 15 săptămâni după moartea ei, că "ea a obținut mai multe victorii cu adversari de mai multe naționalități decât oricine altcineva." Ea a fost numită Membră a Ordinului Imperiului Britanic în 1974, pentru contribuțiile sale la jocul de bridge.

Biografie
Rixi Markus s-a născut ca Erika Scharfstein într-o familie prosperă de evrei austrieci din Gura Humorului, Bucovina. Acum în România, Bucovina a fost un ducat în Imperiul Austro-Ungar între 1775 și 1918.

În 1916 familia ei a plecat din țară pentru a scăpa de primul război mondial, stabilindu-se în Viena. După terminarea școlii în Dresda s-a întors la Viena, unde și-a făcut pentru prima oară un renume la masa de bridge. O căsătorie nefericită în tinerețe a facut-o să se dedice bridge-ului în totalitate.

Note

Bibliografie
 Rixi Markus, David Mountfield, A Vulnerable Game: The Memoirs of Rixi Markus, ISBN 0004123085

Nașteri în 1910
Decese în 1992
Evrei bucovineni
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Cetățeni naturalizați în Regatul Unit
Oameni din Viena
Oameni din Gura Humorului

Rixi Markus


AB Gigantic, hrvatska neovisna diskografska kuća iz Splita. Na prvom je izdanju iz 1995. godine nosila ime Lunatic Fanzine, fanzinu koji je izdavala AB Gigantic. Djelovali su do 1997. godine, promijenivši ime. Objavili su jednu traku i tri CD-a, među kojima su Why Stakla i Supermarket (No Comment). Sjedište je u Vukovarskoj 171, Split.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(eng.) Lunatic Fanzine Discogs
(eng.) AB Gigantic Discogs

Glazba u Splitu
Diskografske kuće u Hrvatskoj

AB Gigantic


هو فيلم مصري كوميدي لـعادل إمام.

وقصته مستوحاة من الفيلم الأمريكي البعض يفضلونها ساخنة.

القصة
يتنكر الطالبان الجامعيان زغلول وحسونة في ملابس النساء،
لكي يوافق حمدي على تأجير غرفة لهما في الفيلا التي لا يؤجرها الا للفتيات،
و يخفي وراء ذلك غرضه الخبيث وهو اصطياد الفتيات الجميلات.
يتعرف الصديقان على نزيلات الفيلا بيسة ونجوى وناهد،
يربط الحب بين بيسة وحمدي، وتعجب نجوى بزغلول وناهد تعجب بحسونة،
فهما زملائهما بالجامعة، تكتشف بيسة سلوك حمدي ولكنه يعاهدها على الاستقامة،
ويحدد موعدا لزواجهما. يكتشف الجميع حقيقة زغلول وحسونة.

الممثلين

فريق العمل
تصوير:

ملاحظات

وصلات خارجية

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1980
أفلام رشدي أباظة
أفلام عادل إمام
أفلام يسرا
أفلام سمية الألفي
لبسة الجنس الآخر في الأفلام
أفلام أخرجها نيازي مصطفى

أذكياء لكن أغبياء (فيلم)


Sturmfrei ist eine deutsche Comedy-Serie für Kinder und Jugendliche der Autorin Tanja Sawitzki, die ab 2011 in Prag gedreht wurde und seit 2011 im Programm des KiKa zu sehen ist. Entwickelt wurde die Serie von Wolfgang Lünenschloß (Redaktionsleiter Unterhaltung) und dem Autor Sebastian Colley.

Handlung
Die Serie handelt von Lea, deren Eltern ständig keine Zeit für sie haben. Daher wird sie zusammen mit ihrem Bruder Paul im Grunde von ihrem Onkel erzogen. Da dieser meist mit Paul rumalbert und Lea keine Ruhe findet, ist sie oft ziemlich genervt, schließlich hat sie selbst genug Probleme: Sie versucht in der Schule ihren Schwarm Finn zu beeindrucken, muss sich jedoch gleichzeitig mit der zickigen Kim rumschlagen. Dass Lea all dies übersteht, hat sie ihrer besten Freundin Nelli zu verdanken, sie ist immer für Lea da.

Figuren
 Lea (Katharina Wolfert): Der nachdenklichen perfektionistisch veranlagten Schülerin wachsen die Pubertäts-Probleme über den Kopf. Ihr wird alles zu viel. Ihr Bruder nervt, auf den Onkel ist kein Verlass und dann hat auch noch ihr Schwarm Bandprobe in der Garage unter ihrer Wohnung. Da gibt es nur eine Lösung: Nelli!
 Nelli (Fanni Pantförder): Als beste Freundin von Lea ist Nelli immer dann zur Stelle, wenn Lea mal wieder eine persönliche Krise durchlebt. Sie behält immer einen kühlen Kopf und hat für Lea immer eine Lösung parat.
 Onkel (Bürger Lars Dietrich): Der Onkel zeigt sich häufig für die Erziehung von Lea und Paul zuständig, obwohl er eigentlich schon mit seinem Leben und Beruf stark beschäftigt ist. Ständig hat er einen neuen skurrilen Job und sorgt auch sonst meist für viel Chaos.
 Paul (Nick Julius Schuck): Für Lea ist er der nervigste Bruder der Welt.
 Finn (Lukas Sperber): Lea ist in ihn verliebt.
 Kim (Milena Tscharntke): Lea kann sie gar nicht leiden.
 Josha (Gregor Bauer): Lea ist ab Staffel 2 mit ihm zusammen.
 Lehrerin Frau Riedel (Daniela Preuß): Klassenlehrerin von Lea, Leas Onkel Lars ist in sie verliebt.

Hintergrund
Die Serie wird seit dem 24. September 2011 auf KiKA ausgestrahlt. Die Hauptrolle spielt die Nachwuchsschauspielerin Katharina Wolfert. Die erste Staffel wurde im Sommer 2011 in Prag gedreht. Weitere Schauspieler waren Milena Tscharntke, Fanni Pantförder, Nick Julius Schuck, Bürger Lars Dietrich und Lukas Sperber.

Auffallend in der Serie ist die grafische Gestaltung, in vielen Szenen kommen künstlerische 2D- und 3D-Effekte zum Einsatz.

Seit der zweiten Staffel führt Regisseur Martin Busker Regie, der für seine Kinderfilme unter anderem mit dem Prix Jeunesse und dem Goldenen Spatz ausgezeichnet wurde.

Episodenliste

Staffel 1

Staffel 2

Staffel 3

Weblinks

 Offizielle Seite

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehserie (Deutschland)
Kinder- und Jugendfernsehserie
Comedy-Fernsehsendung
KiKA
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre

Sturmfrei


A try is a way of scoring points in rugby union and rugby league football. A try is scored by grounding the ball in the opposition's in-goal area (on or behind the goal line). Rugby union and league differ slightly in defining "grounding the ball" and the "in-goal" area. In rugby union a try is worth 5 points, in rugby league a try is worth 4 points.

The term "try" comes from "try at goal", signifying that grounding the ball originally only gave the attacking team the opportunity to try to score with a kick at goal.

A try is analogous to a touchdown in American and Canadian football, with the major difference being that a try requires the ball be simultaneously touching the ground and an attacking player, whereas a touchdown merely requires that the ball enter the end zone while in the possession of a player. In both codes of rugby, the term touch down formally refers only to grounding the ball by the defensive team in their in-goal.

A try is scored in wheelchair rugby following a change in terminology in an effort to become more aligned to Rugby Union "tries" (Tries are worth 1 point each, and, unlike tries in rugby union and rugby league, there is no subsequent conversion attempt). Wheelchair rugby league gives tries the same number of points as the normal game (four) and conversions are taken and are worth two points.

Scoring a try

Aspects common to both union and league
There are differences in the fine detail of the laws and their interpretation between the two rugby codes. These are the common aspects, while the differences are treated below.

The player holding the ball to score a try and the ball itself must not be in touch or touch-in-goal (including on or over the dead ball line). The touchline, touch-in-goal lines and dead ball lines count as being 'out'. There has to be contact with the ground by a player or the ball for it to be ruled in touch or touch-in-goal. Parts of the body in the air above the lines and outside the field of play or in-goal are not touch, and it is common to see players who are partly in the air over the lines still grounding the ball successfully.
The in-goal area in which the ball must be grounded includes the goal line, but not the touch-in-goal and dead ball lines.
Grounding the ball in both codes means either holding it and touching it to the ground in-goal, or placing hand, arm or front of body between waist and neck (the front torso) on top of the ball which is on the ground in-goal.
A player does not need to be holding the ball to ground it. If the ball is on the ground or just above it, it can be touched to the ground with a hand, arm or front torso. Match officials interpret dropping the ball in-goal as a knock-on, and disallow a try. For a try to be awarded, they consider whether the player had the intention to ground the ball and was in control of the ball when he did. Grounding of the ball can be instantaneous, it does not matter if the player immediately lets go and the ball then bounces forward.
An attacking player who falls to the ground before reaching the goal line scores a try if momentum carries the player so that the ball touches the in-goal, including the goal line.

Variations specific to rugby union
A player may ground the ball in one of two ways: 1) if the ball is held in the hand(s) or arm(s), merely touching the ball to the ground in-goal suffices and no downward pressure is required; 2) if the ball is on the ground in-goal, downward pressure from the hand(s), arm(s) or upper body (waist to neck) is required. For a try to be awarded, an attacking player must ground the ball before a defender does so. If there is doubt about which team first grounded the ball, the attacking team are awarded a 5-metre scrum.
A player who is in touch or touch-in-goal, but who is not carrying the ball, may score a try by grounding the ball in-goal.
Since May 2020 the goal-posts and padding at ground level are not considered part of the goal line. A try may not be scored by grounding the ball at the foot of the posts.
A player may ground the ball in a scrum as soon as the ball reaches or crosses the goal line. (A scrum can only exist in the field-of-play, so as soon as the ball touches or crosses the line, the scrum is over and players may unbind and ground the ball.)
If an attacking player is tackled short of the goal-line but immediately reaches out and places the ball on or over the goal-line, a try is scored. (This is a direct contrast to rugby league, which would award a penalty for "double movement", see below. There is occasionally confusion amongst spectators and players at community levels of the game and an incorrect protest of "double movement" is a common one at English rugby union matches. A "double movement" in rugby union involves movement of the torso, rather than arms only.)
If a television match official (TMO, or video referee) has been appointed, the referee may ask for advice before deciding whether to award a try. The referee is first required to specify the officials' on-field decision (try or no try) before specifying what matters are in doubt. This can include circumstances related to the scoring of the try, such as whether the ball was grounded properly or the scorer's foot was in touch, as well as matters that happened prior to the try, such as whether a pass was forward or a player committed an obstruction. The TMO is not confined to the matters the referee specified and can offer advice to the referee on other things that have happened. The TMO is, however, confined to looking back no further than the last two phases of play. If the officials determine that the on-field decision was clearly wrong, it will be reversed and another decision substituted. Otherwise, the on-field decision stands.

Variations specific to rugby league

The laws of rugby league still refer to the need for "downward pressure" to be exerted in grounding the ball with hand or arm.
The laws of rugby league specify that a try is scored if an attacker grounds the ball simultaneously with a defender.
An attacking player whose momentum does not allow the ball to reach the try-line or in-goal after their ball-carrying arm touches the ground may not reach out to score if a defender is in contact with them; this is disallowed by interpretation as a "double movement".
Players who are in touch-in-goal and not carrying the ball may not score a try by pressing a loose ball still in play to the ground.
A try may not be scored in a scrum which crosses the goal line, but when the ball comes out of scrum a player may pick it up and 'bore through' their own scrum to score a try.
Video referees in rugby league are given a wider scope to look at the validity of a try. If the onfield referee is unsure or needs clarification, they may refer to the video referee to award a possible try. This referral must also be sent with the onfield referee's opinion on whether the play is a 'Try' (signaled by forming a 'T' with their forearms) or 'No Try' (signaled by folding their arms across the shoulders). The video referee must then find evidence to support the opinion, or conclusive evidence against the opinion. In the event the video referee cannot prove or deny the opinion, the original opinion is upheld.

Point value
In rugby union, a try is worth five points; in rugby league, four (except in Nines, where a try between the goal posts is worth 5).

Although a try is worth less in rugby league, it is more often the main method of scoring due to the smaller value of a goal kick and surety of possession - penalties are worth 2 points and drop-goals are worth 1 point (2 points in the NRL if beyond 40 metres) whereas in rugby Union they are worth 3 points each. In rugby union, there is heavier reliance placed on goals to accumulate points at elite levels due to the significant value of goals and the defending team's skills.

In rugby union, the value of a try has varied over time, from none to five points. In rugby league, the original value was three; this was increased to four in 1983.

For the 2015–16 Welsh Premier Division season, World Rugby and the Welsh Rugby Union experimented with the awarding of six points for a try, along with other scoring changes. The intended result of a faster, more running-focussed game was not realised and the changes were reverted the following year.

In the NRL and NRLW Nines competitions, a try is normally worth 4 points, but is sometimes worth 5 points when the ball carrier enters the "try zone" between the uprights.

In some rugby union competitions, a 9 point try, or power try, is awarded if attacks are launched within 22 meters of the scoring team's own try line. Global Rapid Rugby was the most popular competition to implement this.

Penalty try
In both rugby league and rugby union, if the referee believes that a try has been prevented by the defending team's misconduct, he may award the attacking team a penalty try. Penalty tries are always awarded under the posts regardless of where the offence took place. In rugby union, the standard applied by the referee is that a try "probably" would have been scored. The referee does not have to be certain a try would have been scored. In rugby league, the referee "may award a penalty try if, in his opinion, a try would have been scored but for the unfair play of the defending team".

In rugby union, before 1 January 2017 a conversion had to be attempted following the award of a penalty try. From that date, no conversion is attempted and the attacking team is awarded 7 points. The offending player must be temporarily suspended or sent off.

In rugby league, a possible 8-point try is awarded if the defending team commits an act of foul play as the ball is being grounded. The try is awarded, and is followed by a conversion attempt, in-line from where the try was scored, and then a penalty kick from in front of the posts. In rugby union, foul play after a try being scored results in a penalty being awarded on the half way mark, in lieu of a kick off.

A penalty try and a possible 8 point try are two separate results with the latter being scarcely seen in today's game.

Conversion

In both codes, when a try is scored, the scoring team gets to attempt a conversion, which is a kick at goal to convert the try from one set of points into another larger set of points. The kick is taken at any point on the field of play in line with the point that the ball was grounded for the try, and parallel to the touch-lines. If successful, additional points are scored. For the conversion to be successful, the ball must pass over the crossbar and between the uprights. In both codes, the conversion may be attempted as either a place kick (from the ground) or a drop kick. Most players will nevertheless opt for a place kick, this being generally regarded as the easier skill. Note, however, that in both rugby sevens (usually, but not always, played under union rules) and rugby league nines, conversions may only take place as drop kicks.

In rugby league, the game clock continues during preparation and execution of a conversion, with the institution of a 25-second shot clock at certain tournaments from the moment the try is awarded by the referee, within which time the conversion kick must be taken, hence a team may decline a conversion attempt if recommencing play as quickly as possible is advantageous to them. An example of this occurred in the 2020 NRL Grand Final, when the Penrith Panthers scored a try with 20 seconds remaining in the match, bringing them to within 6 points of the Melbourne Storm. Penrith declined the conversion in order to give themselves time to try to draw level on the last play; had the team chosen to take the conversion, the remaining time on the clock would have elapsed, ending the match with a certain Panthers loss.

In rugby union the clock is not stopped during the conversion and the kicker has to attempt the conversion within 90 seconds. The try scorer has the right to decline the conversion attempt by saying to the referee "no kick" after scoring.

To make the conversion easier, attacking players will try to ground the ball as close to the centre of the in-goal area as possible. The attacking player will, however, generally ground the ball when confronted by a defender rather than risk losing the ball by being tackled or passing it to a teammate.

In both rugby union and rugby league, a conversion is worth two points; a successful kick at goal thus converts a five-point try to seven for rugby union, and a four-point try to six for rugby league.

Past to present

In early forms of rugby football, the point of the game was to score goals. A try [at goal] was awarded for grounding the ball in the opponents' in-goal area. The try had zero value itself, but allowed the attacking team to try a kick at goal without interference from the other team. This kick, if successful, converts a try into a goal.

Modern rugby and all derived forms now favour the try over a goal and thus the try has a definite value, that has increased over time and has for many years surpassed the number of points awarded for a goal. In rugby league and rugby union, a conversion attempt is still given, but is simply seen as adding extra 'bonus' points. These points, however, can mean the difference between winning or losing a match, so thought is given to fielding players with good goal-kicking skill.

Since 1979, in rugby union, the "try" and "conversion goal" have been officially considered as separate scores.  Before then, the converted try was officially a single score called a "goal from a try" which replaced the score of the (unconverted) "try". The change allowed the player who touched down for the try and the player who kicked the conversion to be credited separately for their portions of the score.

See also
Try celebration
Tambo rugby

References

"Laws of the Game: Rugby Union 2007." International Rugby Board, Dublin, 2007. Online version retrieved 22 October 2007.
The ARL Laws of the Game, 2007. The Australian Rugby Football League. Online version retrieved 22 October 2007.

Rugby union terminology
Rugby league terminology

Try (rugby)


Sage Moonblood Stallone (født 5. maj 1976, død 13. juli 2012) var en amerikansk skuespiller, instruktør, filmproducer og manusforfatter.

Sage Stallone var født i Los Angeles, California som ældste søn af Sasha Czack og Sylvester Stallone. Han var bror til Seargeoh Stallone og halvbror til Sistine, Sophia, og Scarlet Stallone.

Stallone blev funnet død i Studio City, sandsynligvis som følge af et uheld.

Af film han medvirkede i kan nævnes Rocky V (1990) og Dagslys (1996) de mest kendte. I begge film spillede far Sylvester hovedrollen.

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra USA
Skuespillere fra USA

Sage Stallone


Olaylar
 Tabgaç (To–ba) Türk Devleti'nin kurulması.

Doğumlar
 Nestorius, Konstantinopolis Patriği (ö. 450)

Ölümler

 Yeruşalim'li Kiril, Erken Kilise'nin bir teoloğuydu (d. 313)

386


Shaw–Universidad Howard es una estación subterránea en la línea Amarilla en los horarios no tan transitados y la línea Verde todo el tiempo del Metro de Washington, administrada por la Autoridad de Tránsito del Área Metropolitana de Washington. La estación se encuentra localizada en el barrio Shaw en el cuadrante noroeste de Washington D. C..

Conexiones
WMATA Metrobus

Lugares de interés
 Universidad Howard

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 WMATA: Shaw-Howard Univ Station
 StationMasters Online: Shaw-Howard Univ
 The Schumin Web Transit Center: Shaw-Howard Univ Station

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1991
Estaciones de la línea Amarilla (Metro de Washington)
Estaciones de la línea Verde (Metro de Washington)

Shaw–Universidad Howard (Metro de Washington)


Amin al-Khuli (en arabe أمين الخولي) est un écrivain égyptien né en 1895 et mort en 1966.

Il est considéré comme un pionnier dans l'approche littéraire en matière d'exégèse du Coran : malgré son caractère sacré, le Texte peut faire l'objet du même type d'analyse que toute œuvre littéraire.

Biographie
Il est né le 1er mai 1895 à Shushay puis a vécu au Caire. Très tôt, il connaît le Coran par cœur. Il étudie à la madrasa al Qada al-Sha'i, où il se familiarise avec les enseignements de Mohamed 'Abduh. En 1919, il s'engage dans la lutte contre le colonialisme britannique. Il obtient un poste d'enseignant en 1920 puis voyage en Europe : à Rome et Berlin. De retour en Égypte, il enseigne à l'université Al-Azhar. Puis il prend la succession de Ṭaha Ḥusayn à la chaire de littérature arabe de la faculté de lettres de l'Université Fouad 1er, devenue depuis Université du Caire. Il est cofondateur de la revue littéraire Al-Adab.

Analyse littéraire du Coran
Il est tenu pour l'un des principaux réformateurs de ce genre qu'est la balaghah (rhétorique islamique).

Il préconise une approche du Coran qui considère le texte comme un tout, évite de le morceler en une étude verset par verset qui fait perdre de vue la cohérence de l'ensemble, et conseille au contraire de rapprocher les versets qui portent sur des thèmes semblables.

Son approche du texte sacré de l'islam en tant qu'œuvre littéraire s'inscrit dans la continuité d'un questionnement sur la nature inimitable (iʿjaz) du Coran, tiré du texte lui-même : « si les hommes et les jinns étaient assemblés avec le dessein de produire un livre tel que le Coran, ils ne pourraient en produire un semblable, même s'ils s'aidaient les uns les autres.» (XVII, 88) Certains considèrent que le Coran, étant la Parole même de Dieu, ne peut être soumis à la même analyse qu'un texte d'origine humaine. Mais, loin de discréditer le texte, Al-Khuli tient le Coran pour « le plus grand texte arabe ». Il prend au sérieux l'affirmation du caractère inégalable du Coran et se lance dans l'étude des moyens rhétoriques mis au service de la diffusion du message prophétique. Cette approche littéraire est féconde en termes de compréhension, puisqu'il nous apprend par exemple que le style et le lexique employés pour parler des esclaves soulignent leur dimension humaine et révèlent une désapprobation implicite de cette pratique.

À la suite d'al-Jurjani, Khuli souligne la nécessité de l'approche littéraire pour bien comprendre ce qui fait du Coran une œuvre unique en son genre. Mais il faut selon lui ajouter à l'étude de la rhétorique les méthodes de la critique littéraire et l'analyse psychologique des effets du texte sur le lecteur. Il faut aussi tenir compte du contexte, c'est pourquoi l'exégète doit connaître l'histoire de l'établissement du Texte et celle de la langue arabe.

En revanche, il récuse l'exégèse dite scientifique, qui consiste à vouloir prouver la valeur du Coran en y découvrant les prémices de découvertes scientifiques modernes. Lors d'un congrès au Caire en 1957, dont le sujet est de savoir si le Coran contient l'annonce du lancement du satellite Spoutnik, il affirme que le livre saint de l'islam est avant tout destiné à guider les croyants dans le domaine spirituel.

La thèse de khalafallah
Il a pour disciple , qui publie en 1947, sous sa direction, une thèse sur «L'art du récit dans le saint Coran» (al-fann al-qasasî fî al-qur'ân al-karîm). Le scandale suscité par ce travail auprès des plus conservateurs coûte à Al-Khuli sa carrière.

Muhammad Khalafallah met en application les recommandations de son maître. Il s'inspire aussi des vues de Mohamed 'Abduh sur la valeur des récits coraniques : les histoires qui figurent dans le Coran ne valent pas en tant que documents historiques, mais par leur signification éthique et spirituelle. C'est pourquoi les faits y sont rapportés sans souci de précision de dates et de lieux : l'essentiel n'est pas là, ce qui compte c'est l'effet produit sur l'auditeur ou le lecteur. Abu Zayd explique en ces termes l'idée de Khalafallah :  « Les récits coraniques sont des œuvres littéraires servant des objectifs éthiques, spirituels et religieux. C'est donc une méprise méthodologique fatale que de prétendre lire les récits du Coran comme des faits purement historiques. » Khalafallah replace les récits dans le contexte de leur révélation, afin de discerner ce qui, dans le Coran, a valeur universelle, ou relative au contexte de l'époque. Par exemple, les références à la sorcellerie, ou aux anges, sont selon lui des concessions faites aux superstitions des Bédouins, destinées à leur rendre le message prophétique plus convaincant. Khalafallah prend en compte aussi dans la compréhension du texte la psychologie du Prophète et son évolution, en fonction notamment de la réception de son message par ses auditeurs.

Mais il ne met pas en question l'authenticité de la Révélation. Il reprend plutôt le thème traditionnel de l'inimitabilité du Coran, comme en témoigne le titre de la première version de sa thèse - Min asrar al-iʿjaz (« Les secret de l'inimitabilité du Coran »).

Les détracteurs de la thèse arguent du fait que son auteur traite du Coran comme s'il s'agissait d'une œuvre humaine, et non de la parole divine. Une lettre est publiée, qui réclame que Khalafallah et son directeur de thèse al-Khuli soient traduits en justice pour crime contre le Coran. La thèse est refusée. Khalafallah est muté, et al-Khuli n'est plus autorisé à enseigner les études coraniques. La chaire qu'il occupait restera vacante jusqu'en 1972, quand Abu Zayd prendra sa succession. Khalafallah obtiendra finalement un doctorat, mais avec une thèse sur Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, un sujet moins sensible. Cependant, il choisit d'en confier la direction à celui qui l'a soutenu lors de la polémique, Amin al-Khuli.

Al-khuli a inspiré un autre disciple, 'Aicha Abd al-Rahman, qui est devenue son épouse. Elle a mis en œuvre les principes de celui qui a été son professeur pour écrire un commentaire du Coran, le Tafsīr al-Bayānī, où elle applique les méthodes de la critique littéraire à l'exégèse.

Islam et protestantisme
Lors d'une conférence sur « l'islam et la Réforme protestante » au Congrès de l'histoire des religions en 1935, il avance une thèse audacieuse sur l'influence de l'islam dans la naissance du mouvement protestant. Au-delà de son caractère discutable, cette théorie vaut par l'étude des relations inter-religieuses sur laquelle elle s'appuie. La Réforme du christianisme et sa relation avec l'islam exprime sa vision de l'unité des religions.

Œuvres

 al-Aʻmāl al-kāmilah (« Œuvres complètes ») ;
 al-Balāghah al-ʻArabīyah wa-athar al-falsafah fīhā (sur la rhétorique et la langue arabe) ;
 al-Imām Mālik ibn Anas
 Al-moghani in monotheism and equity
 al-Mujaddidūn fī al-Islām (« Les rénovateurs de l'islam »)
 Al-ǧundiyyaẗ wa-al-silm
 Manāhiǧ al-taǧdīd fī al-naḥw wa-al-balāġaẗ wa-al-tafsīr wa-al-adab (« Nouveau programme en grammaire, rhétorique, interprétation et littérature »)
 Kitāb al-ẖayr : dirāsaẗ mawsūʿiyyat li-l-falsafaẗ al-adabiyyaẗ (« Le grand livre : étude encyclopédique de la philosophie littéraire »)
 Dirāsāt luġawiyyaẗ (« Études linguistiques »)
 Fī al-adab al-miṣrī (sur la civilisation égyptienne).

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Taha Hussein

Liens externes
Mohammed Ahmad Khalafallah. al-fann al-qasasî fî al-qur'ân al-karîm, en arabe, sur archive.org.

Autorités

Écrivain de langue arabe au XXe siècle
Écrivain égyptien du XXe siècle

Amin al-Khuli


El XLIX Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón se celebró en la localidad de Nové Město (República Checa) entre el 6 y el 17 de febrero de 2013 bajo la organización de la Unión Internacional de Biatlón (IBU) y la Federación Checa de Biatlón.

Resultados

Masculino

Femenino

Mixto

Medallero

Véase también
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Sprint masculino
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Persecución masculina
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Individual masculino
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Salida en grupo - masculina
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Relevos masculino
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Sprint femenino
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Persecución femenina
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Individual femenino
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Salida en grupo - femenina
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Relevos femenino
Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013 – Relevos mixto

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web del evento (en inglés)
 Resultados oficiales (en inglés)

2013
Biatlón en 2013
República Checa en 2013

Campeonato Mundial de Biatlón de 2013


Shimon Watanabe (født 10. december 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Azul Claro Numazu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shimon Watanabe


John Mann may refer to:

Entertainment
John Mann (British actor), British radio actor
John Mann (engineer), guitar engineer
John Mann (musician) (1962–2019), Canadian folk-rock musician and actor
Johnny Mann (1928–2014), American composer and recipient of multiple Grammy Awards

Sports
John Mann (Australian cricketer) (1919–1969), Australian cricketer
John Mann (English cricketer) (born 1983), English cricketer
John Mann (water polo) (born 1985), American water polo player
J. J. Mann (born 1991), American basketball player
John Pelham Mann (1919–2002), English cricketer and British Army officer
Johnny Mann (baseball) (1898–1977), American baseball player

Politicians
John Mann (Australian politician) (1869–1939), Australian politician
John Mann, Baron Mann (born 1960), British politician
John Mann (New Hampshire politician)

See also
Jackie Mann (1914–1995), British fighter pilot
John Man (author) (born 1941), British author
John Man (1512–1569), English churchman and diplomat
Jonathan Mann (disambiguation)
Mann (surname)

John Mann


Louis X may refer to:

 Louis X of France, "the Quarreller" (1289–1316).
 Louis X, Duke of Bavaria (1495–1545)
 Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (1753–1830).
 Louis Farrakhan (formerly Louis X), head of the Nation of Islam

Louis X


A formula editor is a computer program that is used to typeset mathematical formulas and mathematical expressions.

Formula editors typically serve two purposes:
 They allow word processing and publication of technical content either for print publication, or to generate raster images for web pages or screen presentations.
 They provide a means for users to specify input to computational systems that is easier to read and check than plain text input and output from computational systems that is easy to understand or ready for publication.

Content for formula editors can be provided manually using a markup language,e.g. TeX or MathML, via a point-and-click GUI, or as computer generated results from symbolic computations such as Mathematica.

Typical features include the ability to nest fractions, radicals, superscripts, subscripts, overscripts and underscripts together with special characters such as mathematical symbols, arrows and scalable parentheses.

Some systems are capable of re-formatting formulae into simpler forms or to adjust line-breaking automatically, while preserving the mathematical meaning of a formula.

Available systems

See also
 TeX, a typesetting system designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth
 LaTeX, a document markup language and document preparation system for the TeX typesetting program
 MathML, an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content. It aims at integrating mathematical formulae into World Wide Web pages and other documents. It is a recommendation of the W3C math working group

References

Formula editor


An Triticum aethiopicum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Moisej Markovič Jakubziner. An Triticum aethiopicum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Triticum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Triticum

Triticum aethiopicum


Mazurka dragostei (titlul original: în ) este ecranizarea DEFA a unei operete de către Hans Müller din anul 1957. Conținutul se bazează pe opereta lui Carl Millöcker, Studentul cerșetor (Der Bettelstudent).

Rezumat

Distribuție
 Christiane Kubrick – Laura
 Albert Garbe – colonelul Ollendorf
 Bert Fortell – Simon
 Eberhard Krug – Jan
 Katharina Mayberg – Bronislawa
 Jarmila Kšírová – contesa Kowalska
 Michael Günther – Von Rochow
 Kurt Mühlhardt – Von Henrici
 Otto Eduard Stübler – Enterich
 Charles-Hans Vogt – Onouphrie
 Jochen Diestelmann – un protestatar
 Hans Wehrl – Roman
 Manfred Krug – bărbatul tânăr
 Rolf Bergmann – un ofițer
 Herbert Köfer – vânzătorul de miere
 Curt Lucas – primarul
 Maximilian Larsen – un cerșetor orb

Note

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1957
Filme regizate de Hans Müller
Filme din Republica Democrată Germană
Filme în limba germană
Filme DEFA
Filme muzicale
Filme de operetă

Mazurka dragostei (film)


An Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller. An Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sarcochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sarcochilus

Sarcochilus fitzgeraldii


The Tarim River (; ), known in Sanskrit as the Śītā, is an endorheic river in Xinjiang, China.  It is the principal river of the Tarim Basin, a desert region of Central Asia between the Tian Shan and Kunlun Mountains.  The river historically terminated at Lop Nur, but today reaches no further than Taitema Lake before drying out.

It is the longest inland river in China. The Tarim River originates from the Karakoram Mountains and flows into Lop Nur along the northern edge of the Taklimakan Desert. It has a total length of 2,327 kilometers and a drainage area of 1.02 million square kilometers. Its main tributaries include the Hotan River, the Aksu River, and the Kashgar River. The course of the Tarim River swings from north to south in history, and its migration is uncertain. The last major river change occurred in 1921, when the main stream was diverted to the east and flowed into Lop Nur through the Kongque River. In 1952, a dam was built near Yuli County, separated from the Kongque River, and the river water returned to Taitma Lake and Lop Nur through the old road of Tieganlik.

Etymology
The Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD called the Tarim River the Oichardes River in his book "Geography". "Shui Jing Zhu" is called the South River. In the Northern dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties, the Tarim River was called Ji-style water, Ji-shu water and Ji-shou water. The Qing dynasty's "Map of the Western Regions" called it "Erse Gol", which means "flowing water" in Mongolian. According to the "Draft of Qing History", the name of the river Tarim means "horse without reins", which describes the river's frequent diversion. In the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Jiaqing of the Qing dynasty (1819), Xu Song wrote in "The Record of the Waterways of the Western Regions": "The Hui language (Uyghur language) refers to the 'cultivable land' called Tarim, and it is said that the people living in the riverside are farming for their business."

Geography and climate
The total length of the Yarkand-Tarim river system is , although, as the Tarim frequently changes its channel, the length tends to vary over the years.
It is shallow, unsuitable for navigation, and because of its heavy silt load, forms a braided stream near its terminus.  The area of the Tarim River Basin is about . A considerable part of the Tarim's course is unformed, following no clearly defined riverbed. The water volume of the lower course of the river diminishes as a result of extensive evaporation and water-diversion schemes.

The Tarim River Basin belongs to the inland river basin, which originates from the inland rivers in the mountains around the Tarim Basin and flows into the basin, forming a centripetal water system. The river system of the Tarim River Basin is composed of 144 rivers originating from the Tianshan Mountains, the Pamir Plateau, the Karakoram Mountains, the Kunlun Mountains and the Altun Mountains around the Tarim Basin. River system, Weigan river system, Aksu river system, Kashgar river system, Yarkand river system, Hotan river system, Keriya river system, Cheerchen river system.

The water source of the Tarim River completely comes from the tributaries originating from the surrounding mountainous areas, and the sediment content is very high. The average annual water volume of the Tarim River at the confluence of the three major sources is 4.299 billion cubic meters, of which the Aksu River is 3.358 billion cubic meters, the Yeerqiang River is 23 million cubic meters, and the Hotan River 918 million cubic meters. In the downstream, 212 million cubic meters are introduced from the Kongque River, and the total water volume of the main stream is 4.511 billion cubic meters. At the same time, the amount of water varies greatly due to seasonal differences. In summer, snow and glaciers melt, which increases the amount of water and decreases in winter. The Tarim River is a naturally dissipative river in history, with an average annual water consumption of 1.669 billion cubic meters in the upper reaches, 2.296 billion cubic meters in the middle reaches, and only 633 million cubic meters of water entering the downstream. The distribution of glacier runoff is uneven throughout the year. The water inflow from June to September accounts for 70%-80% of the annual runoff, and most of them are floods; the irrigation season from March to May only accounts for about 10% of the annual runoff. is likely to cause spring drought.

Precipitation in the Tarim Basin is extremely scant, and in some years it is nonexistent. In the Taklamakan Desert and in the Lop Nur basin, the average annual total of precipitation is about . In the foothills and in several other areas of the river's basin, the precipitation amounts to from  a year. In the Tian Shan it is much wetter, precipitation often exceeding . Maximum temperatures in the Tarim Basin are about 40 °C (104 °F). The Tarim River freezes over every year from December through March.

Course
The Tarim River and most of its tributaries originate in the Karakorum and Kunlun Mountains. The name Tarim is applied to the river formed by the union of the Aksu River, flowing from the north, and Yarkand River, coming from the southwest, near the Aral City in western Xinjiang. A third river, the Khotan River, comes to the same junction area from the south but it is usually dry at this location, having crossed the Taklamakan Desert to get here.  Another river of western Xinjiang is the Kashgar River, which flows into the Yarkand River during the rainy season about  upstream from the Yarkand's confluence with the Aksu.

The main source is the Yarkand River, which originates from the southeastern foot of the Telim Kanli Peak in the Karakoram Mountains. The source is divided into four branches, namely the Yeerqiang River, the Aksu River, the Kashgar River, and the Hotan River. The four rivers converge near Xiaojia in Awati County. In the "Heyuan Jilue" of the Qing dynasty, it is recorded as "the meeting place is connected by four rivers. Shaped like a bullpen." Xiao Jacket is hereinafter referred to as the Tarim River. According to the calculation of the main source Yeerqiang River, the total length is 2327 kilometers. The main stream winds from west to east along the northern edge of the Tarim Basin at 41 degrees north latitude, and turns eastward to the southeast at 87 degrees east longitude, passing through the eastern part of the Taklimakan Desert, and finally injecting into Lop Nur, with a drainage area of 1.02 million. square kilometer. The main stream of the Tarim River is divided into upper, middle and lower sections: the upper section above Yangji Baza is the upper section, where the river bed is not bifurcated, the side erosion is strong, the meandering flow is developed, and the river bed is unstable; the middle section from Yangji Baza to Qunke, There are many forks, lakes and swamps here. During the flood period, the water flow overflows and disperses, and the main flow is often diverted; the lower section below Qunke, the river channel is restored and unified. The Daxihaizi Reservoir was built between Tieganlik, so only a small amount of river water could flow to Yingsu, and only during the flood period did water leak into Taitma Lake.

The Tarim flows in an eastward direction along the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert. It receives another tributary, the  Muzat River from the north; however, out of these  four rivers (Aksu, Yarkand, Khotan, and Muzart), only the Aksu flows into the Tarim year-round It is the Tarim's most important tributary, supplying 70–80 percent of its water volume.  Prior to the completion of reservoirs and irrigation works in the mid-20th century, the Tarim's waters eventually reached Lop Nur (now a salt-encrusted lake bed). The
river's waters now drain intermittently into Taitema Lake, which is located about  southwest of Lop Nur.

Flora and fauna

Vegetation in the Tarim Basin is mainly located along the river and its branches. There, at the edge of the sands, shrubs like vegetation and stunted trees, especially wormwood, are found. Tugay poplar forest grows in the Tarim River valley. Underbrush consists of willows, sea buckthorn, and dense growths of Indian hemp and Ural licorice.The river is rich in fish, and animal life on the river and the surrounding desert is varied. At the time of Sven Hedin's visit in 1899, tigers were still being hunted and trapped along the rivers of the region and near Lop Nur. The valley and lakes of the Tarim are a stopover for many migratory birds.

The Tarim River is frequently diverted, the river has a large sediment content, and the erosion and deposition change frequently. The Tarim River Basin is a corridor-like distribution of the largest primitive Populus euphratica forest in the world. There are many sandy plants such as Haloxylon, licorice, tamarisk and camel thorn in the forest. Hundreds of wild animals such as Tarim red deer, wild Bactrian camels, goose-throated antelopes, whooper swans and egrets are raised. At present, the Populus euphratica forest belt in the lower reaches is disappearing continuously due to the cut-off of the Tarim River and the decrease of water volume. The Tarim River all flows through the desert area, and the riverbed is generally silt and sandy loam, which is easily washed away. The upper and middle reaches of the river bed are generally more than 1 km wide, the widest is nearly 4 km, and the downstream river bed is generally 200–300 meters wide. The Tarim River is a primitive river with few dikes along the river, and it is allowed to overflow during flood periods. Wild plants grow densely in the floodplain area, mainly including Populus euphratica, red willows and various pastures. In the middle reaches of the river, the terrain is gentle and there are many depressions, the water flow is scattered, interspersed with each other, the water network is disordered, the meanders are developed, and the water and grass lakes are connected.

Human use
The water quality at the outflow mountain pass of the four major sources of the Tarim River is grade 1-2, which can meet the requirements of living, agricultural irrigation and fishery. Due to the influence of geographical environment factors and farmland drainage, the water quality of the main stream is poor in non-flood seasons, and the salinity of the river water has exceeded the standard of saline-alkali areas, and the water quality category is inferior to 5. Floods generally occur in summer, and the period from May to September in high mountains is the period of melting snow in glaciers and high mountains. The annual average natural runoff of the Tarim River Basin is 39.83 billion cubic meters, mainly recharged by glaciers and snowmelt, the unique groundwater resources are 3.07 billion cubic meters, and the total water resources in the basin is 42.9 billion cubic meters. Since the 1950s, the natural runoff of the four major source and outflow mountain passes has shown an increasing trend. However, due to the increase in the irrigation area and water consumption in front of the source area, the amount of water supplied to the main stream of the Tarim River has decreased from 6 billion cubic meters in the 1950s to The 4.4 billion cubic meters at the beginning of the 21st century have decreased by an average of 320 million cubic meters per decade. From the 1980s to the beginning of the 21st century, the amount of water entering the Tarim River has been less than the average for many years.

Since the 1950s, although the natural inflow of water in each tributary has increased, due to the continuous increase in water consumption in the source area and the upper and middle reaches of the main stream, the water source of each tributary in the upper reaches of the Tarim River has been decreasing day by day, and the Kashgar River stopped inflow in the late 1950s; After the construction of the Bachu Xiaohaizi Reservoir in the 1960s, the discharge of the Yarkand River decreased sharply; except for the discharge of the Hetian River during the flood period, there was no water discharge in other periods. In the upper reaches of the lower reaches, the five farms of the Second Agricultural Division of the Production and Construction Corps rely on the sluices that block the river to bring all the water into the plains and reservoirs. As a result, the lower reaches of the lower reaches have become a desert. Taitma Lake is seasonally dry, and Lop Nur is completely dry. Since 2001, "ecological water supply" has been regularly implemented downstream to partially restore and maintain the downstream vegetation and ecological environment.

History
Some Chinese originally considered the Tarim to be the upper course of the Yellow River but, by the time of the Former Han dynasty (125 BCE–23 CE), it was known that it drains into Lop Nur, a series of salt lakes.

Footnotes

See also
 Geography of China
List of rivers of China
Ruo Shui
Shule River

References
 Hedin, Sven (1925): My Life as an Explorer. First published Boni & Liveright, New York. Republished: National Geographic Adventure Classics. Washington, D.C. 2003.
 Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. .
Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.
Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980.

Suggested reading
Baumer, Christoph. 2000. Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.

Mallory, J.P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Thames & Hudson. London.

External links
Information and a map of the Tarim's watershed
 Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full text historical texts)
Satellite Image Based Map of the Tarim River Basin and Taklamakan Desert + Surrounding Mountain Ranges
 Photos of the Tarim River (from a Xinjiang blog)

Rivers of Xinjiang
Sites along the Silk Road

Tarim River


SCP may refer to:

Organizations

Political parties
 Soviet Communist Party, the leading political party in the former Soviet Union
 Syrian Communist Party
 Sudanese Communist Party
 Scottish Christian Party

Companies
 Seattle Computer Products, an American computer company
 Smyrne Cassaba & Prolongements, a defunct Ottoman railway company
 Sociedad Comercial del Plata, an Argentine real estate and tourist attraction developer

Schools
 School for Command Preparation, part of the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth
 Stanton College Preparatory School, a high school in Jacksonville, Florida, United States

Other organizations
 Salisbury City Police, a defunct city police force in Wiltshire, England operational between 1838–1943
 Sporting Clube de Portugal, a sports club in Lisbon, Portugal, often known outside Portugal as "Sporting Lisbon."
 Society of Catholic Priests, a community of priests in the Anglican Communion
 Society of Christian Philosophers
 Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists
 Spiritual Counterfeits Project, a Christian evangelical parachurch organization

Mathematics and technology
 Secure copy protocol, an outdated network protocol
 SCP, a UNIX-family OS command for securely copying files across networks using Secure copy protocol
 Service control point, a component of an intelligent network architecture for managing telephony networks
 Softcore processor or soft microprocessor, a processor-implemented through a hardware definition language on a programmable logic device
 Service class provider, in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine standard
 Short circuit protection in power supplies
 Single User Control Program, an East-German CP/M derivative by Robotron
 Sun Certified Professional, a professional certification program by Sun Microsystems
 Set cover problem, a classical problem in computer science and complexity theory
 Save Cursor Position (ANSI), an ANSI X3.64 escape sequence
 Smart, connected products, jargon for products with sensors and software and the ability to connect to a network allowing the product to transmit and receive data
 SAP Cloud Platform, platform as a service by SAP SE

Arts and entertainment
 Super Caesars Palace, a 1993 video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System
 SCP Foundation, a collaborative writing website and fictional universe centered around a top-secret organization for the containment of paranormal phenomena
 SCP – Containment Breach, a 2012 survival horror PC game, based on the SCP Foundation universe
 FreeSpace 2 Source Code Project, a collaborative fan project to create an upgraded engine of the computer game FreeSpace 2

Natural sciences
 Single-cell protein
 Sterol carrier protein
 Stromal cell protein
 Superior cerebellar peduncle
 South celestial pole, an imaginary point in the southern celestial hemisphere, directly above the geographic South Pole
 Supernova Cosmology Project, one of the physics research teams discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating

Other uses
 Simple commodity production, independent producers trading their own products
 South Caucasus Pipeline
 Strathclyde Country Park
 Structure–conduct–performance paradigm, a model of industrial organization
 Supreme Court of Pakistan
 Sustainable consumption, and production

SCP


පිඟන් භාණ්ඩ වර්ගීකරණය
 පෝසිලේන්
 අස්ථි මුසු පිඟන් භාණ්ඩ
 වෙනත් පිඟන් භාණ්ඩ වර්ග

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 මැටි භාණ්ඩ

පිඟන් භාණ්ඩ

පිඟන් භාණ්ඩ


زبيدة ثروت (14 يونيو 1940 - 13 ديسمبر 2016)، ممثلة مصرية راحلة، بدأت مسيرتها الفنية عام 1956 في فيلم دليلة ثم شاركت في بطولة فيلم (يوم من عمري) مع عبد الحليم حافظ والذي كان بداية نجوميتها وشهرتها.

عن حياتها

ولدت عام 1940 والدها كان ضابطاً، أمها حفيدة السلطان حسين كامل، زبيدة هي ثاني شقيقاتها التوأم حكمت، وأخت صلاح، والتوأم علاء و كمال  نجحت في (مسابقة ملكة جمال الشرق) التي أقامتها مجلة الجيل و (مسابقة أجمل عشرة وجوه للسينما) التي أقامتها مجلة الكواكب المصرية، اختارها حسين حلمي المهندس لجمال عيونها ومثلت مع الفنان يحيى شاهين فيلم الملاك الصغير، وهي صاحبة أجمل عيون في السينما المصرية.

كان أول فيلم سينمائي لها هو (دليلة) عام 1956، والذي ظهرت فيه لبضع دقائق مع شادية، وعبد الحليم حافظ، وأجمل افلامها مع عبد الحليم حافظ بطولة فيلم (يوم من عمري)، أطلق عليها بعض النقاد لقب (ملكة الرومانسية) بعد عرض فيلم (يوم من عمري) مع عبد الحليم حافظ.قدمت مجموعة كبيرة من الأفلام مثل (إني أتهم) مع صلاح ذو الفقار إخراج حسن الإمام وأيضًا (نساء في حياتي) مع رشدي أباظة وهند رستم إخراج فطين عبد الوهاب وكذلك (الملاك الصغير) مع يوسف وهبي ويحيى شاهين و (بنت 17) مع أحمد رمزي وزوزو ماضي و (شمس لا تغيب) مع كمال الشناوي إخراج حسين حلمي المهندس، و (في بيتنا رجل) مع عمر الشريف وحسين رياض وحسن يوسف وزهرة العلا وفيلم (زمان يا حب) مع الموسيقار فريد الأطرش.
آخر عمل شاركت فيه كان مسرحية اسمها (عائلة سعيدة جدا) مع الفنان أمين الهنيدي والمنتصر بالله تأليف وإخراج السيد بدير، ومثلت أيضا مسرحية (20 فرخة وديك) وقررت الاعتزال في أواخر السبعينيات بعد فيلم المذنبون إخراج سعيد مرزوق، فازت في (مسابقة أجمل مراهقة) وهي مسابقة نظمتها مجلة الجيل بفارق خمسة آلاف صوت عن الفتاة التي حصلت على المركز الثاني، ونشرت المجلة صورتها على مساحة كبيرة فلفتت أنظار المخرجين والمنتجين بعد بضع سنوات على عملها بالفن التحقت بكلية الحقوق جامعة الإسكندرية.

(لا شيء يهم) عام 1968 مع نور الشريف وتوفيق الدقن إخراج حسين كمال و (زوجة غيورة جدا) مع حسن يوسف إخراج حلمي رفلة وفيلم (أنا وزوجتي والسكرتيرة) مع أحمد رمزي إخراج محمود ذو الفقار، وفيلم (الرجل الآخر) مع صلاح ذو الفقار إخراج محمد بسيوني و (المذنبون) عام 1976 مع سهير رمزي وحسين فهمي وصلاح ذو الفقار إخراج سعيد مرزوق. و (الحب الضائع) مع سعاد حسني ورشدي أباظة ومحمود المليجي إخراج هنري بركات.

زواجها
زبيدة ثروت تزوجت سنة 1960 ضابطا في البحرية المصرية اسمه إيهاب الغزاوي ثم المنتج السوري صبحي فرحات الذي أنجبت منه بناتها الأربع ثم محمد إسماعيل وآخر أزواجها الممثل عمر ناجي وهي آخر زيجاتها  وصرحت في حوارها الأخير أنها لم تكن تعرف بأن عبد الحليم حافظ قد تقدم لطلب يدها للزواج سوى بعد زيجتها الثانية بفترة، وأوصت بأن تدفن بجوار عبد الحليم حافظ. وبعد اعتزالها الفن، كانت قد اتخذت قراراً بالهجرة إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وعاشت هناك لفترة، لكنها عادت مرة أخرى إلى مصر.

مع من
 إشتركت زبيدة ثروت مع عبد الحليم حافظ في فيلمين الأول في بداية حياتها الفنية عام 1956 وهو فيلم دليلة وادت بعض المشاهد القليلة والثانى يوم من عمري 1961.
 إلتقى الفنان صلاح ذو الفقار بالفنانة زبيدة ثروت في 3 أفلام هي: إني أتهم عام 1960، الرجل الآخر عام 1973، المذنبون عام 1975.
 تشارك الفنان رشدي أباظة والفنانة زبيدة ثروت الظهور في 5 أفلام هي: دليلة عام 1956، نساء في حياتي عام 1957، في بيتنا رجل عام 1961، سلوى في مهب الريح عام 1962، الحب الضائع عام 1970
 إلتقى الفنان حسن يوسف مع الفنانة زبيدة ثروت في 4 أفلام هي: في بيتنا رجل 1961، سلوى في مهب الريح 1962، زوجة غيورة جدا 1965، كيف تتخلص من زوجتك 1969.
 شاركت الفنانة زبيدة ثروت الفنان كمال الشناوى 4 أفلام هي: شمس لا تغيب 1959، عاشت للحب 1959، الرجل الآخر 1973، المذنبون 1975.
 شارك الفنان يوسف شعبان الفنانة زبيدة ثروت 5 أفلام هي: في بيتنا رجل 1961، حادثة شرف 1971، زهرة البنفسج 1972، شمس وضباب 1973، المذنبون 1975.
 غنى لزبيدة ثروت المطرب ماهر العطار في فيلم احترسي من الحب عام 1959 كما غنى لها المطرب عبد الحليم حافظ في فيلم يوم من عمري عام 1961 وغنّى لها المطرب محرم فؤاد في فيلم نصف عذراء عام 1961 وغنّى لها الموسيقار فريد الأطرش بفيلم زمان يا حب عام 1973.

شاركت الفنانة زبيدة ثروت بفيلمين في قائمة أفضل 100 فيلم في ذاكرة السينما المصرية حسب إستفتاء النقاد عام 1996 هما في بيتنا رجل 1961 والمذنبون 1976.

آخر أعمالها الفنية
تعتبر مسرحية عائلة سعيدة جدا آخر عمل فني شاركت فيه النجمة زبيدة ثروت قبل اعتزالها الفن.

وفاتها
توفيت ليلة الثلاثاء في 13 ديسمبر 2016، عن عمر ناهز الـ76 عاماً، بعد معاناة مع المرض، حيث كانت تتلقى العلاج بأحد المستشفيات بالقاهرة.

أعمالها

الأفلام

المسرحيات
 مين يقدر علي ريم - 1987 - مسرحية
 عائلة سعيدة جدًا - 1985 - مسرحية
 شهرزاد و 8 ستات - 1978 - مسرحية
 أنا وهي ومراتي - 1978 - مسرحية

المسلسلات التليفزيونية
 وفاء بلا نهاية

السهرات التليفزيونية
 حكاية أمام الكاميرا - 0 - سهرة تليفزيونية

المسلسلات الإذاعية
 رد قلبي - 0 - مسلسل إذاعي
 أفواه وأرانب - 0 - مسلسل إذاعي

البرامج
 بوضوح - 2014 - برنامج (ضيفة)

المراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص من الإسكندرية
توائم من مصر
خريجو جامعة الإسكندرية
رواد السينما
مصريون من أصل شركسي
ممثلات أداء صوتي مصريات
ممثلات أفلام مصريات
ممثلات تلفزيون مصريات
ممثلات مسرح مصريات
ممثلات مصريات
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 20
ممثلات من الإسكندرية
مواليد 1359 هـ
مواليد 1940
مواليد في الإسكندرية
وفيات 1438 هـ
وفيات 2016
وفيات السرطان في مصر
وفيات بعمر 76
وفيات في القاهرة

زبيدة ثروت


Kalaycık, İslahiye - Gaziantep ili İslahiye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kalaycık, Elbistan - Kahramanmaraş ili Elbistan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kalaycık, Kızıltepe - Mardin ili Kızıltepe ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kalaycık, Turhal - Tokat ili Turhal ilçesine bağlı köy

Kalaycık


An Cynorkis parviflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Cynorkis parviflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cynorkis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha R�union. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cynorkis

Cynorkis parviflora


هنيفان (Гнівань) هي مدينة في منطقة تيفريف في محافظة فينيتسا في أوكرانيا.

مراجع

مواقع هولوكوست في أوكرانيا
مدن مقاطعة فينيتسا

هنيفان


Tachymarptis é um género de aves da família Apodidae.

Lista de espécies
O género Tachymarptis compreende duas espécies:

 Andorinhão-real, Tachymarptis melba
 Andorinhão-malhado, Tachymarptis aequatorialis

Tachymarptis
Apodidae

Tachymarptis


Paranormal terimi, "normal dışı", "normal ötesi" anlamına gelmekte olup, telepati, psikokinezi gibi psişik fenomenleri, bilinen fizikokimyasal yasalarla açıklanamayan olayları ve bu olaylarda söz konusu olan psişik yetenekleri belirtmek üzere Parapsikoloji'de kullanılan bir terimdir. Supranormal teriminin yerini almak üzere, İngiliz psişik araştırmacı Walter Whately Carington (1884-1947) tarafından ortaya atılmıştır.

Paranormal yeteneklere yoga terminolojisinde Siddhiler adı verilir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Metafizik
 Spiritüalizm
 Parapsikoloji

Kaynakça

 The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology, Martin Ebon
 Encyclopedia of The Unexplained, Richard Cavendish

Paranormal


Mariam Dembélé Kallé est une femme politique malienne.

Elle est élue députée à l'Assemblée nationale dans le cercle de Kita aux élections législatives maliennes de 2020. L'Assemblée nationale est dissoute le 19 août 2020 après un coup d'État.

Références

Député malien
Femme politique malienne

Mariam Dembélé Kallé


Athletic may refer to:
 An athlete, a sportsperson
 Athletic director, a position at many American universities and schools
 Athletic type, a physical/psychological type in the classification of Ernst Kretschmer
 Athletic of Philadelphia, a baseball team of the 1870s

Football clubs
 Annan Athletic F.C., a Scottish football club
 Alloa Athletic F.C., a Scottish football club
 Athletic Club, a Spanish football club based in Bilbao
 Athletic Club Femenino, women's team of the above
 Bilbao Athletic, men's reserve team of the above
 Athletic Club Ajaccio, a French football club.
 Athletic FC, a Swedish football club
Athletico SC, a Lebanese association football academy
Athletico SC Women, women's team of the above
 Atlético Madrid, a Spanish football club
 Charlton Athletic F.C., an English football club
 Carshalton Athletic F.C., an English football club
 AFC Croydon Athletic, an English football club
 Dunfermline Athletic F.C., a Scottish football club
 Forfar Athletic F.C., a Scottish football club
 Oldham Athletic A.F.C., an English football club
 Senglea Athletic F.C., a Maltese football club
 Wigan Athletic F.C., an English football club

See also
Athlete (disambiguation)
Athletic club (disambiguation)
 Athletic Park, Wellington, New Zealand, a former sports ground mainly used for rugby union
Athletics (disambiguation)
The Athletic, sports website
Atlético (disambiguation)

Athletic


يشكل ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر مشكلة حقيقية للحياة على سطح الكرة الأرضية، حيث يؤدي هذا الارتفاع إلى انغمار عدد كبير من المدن البحرية بالمياه، ويحدث هذا الارتفاع أساساً من ازدياد درجة حرارة الأرض والتي تؤدي إلى ذوبان الكتل الجليدية نتيجة ما يسمى بالاحتباس الحراري أو غازات الدفيئة، وتظهر دراسات قياس منسوب سطح البحر زيادة بنسبة 20 سم في كل قرن ، أو 2 ملم في السنة.

ارتفع متوسط منسوب سطح البحر في العالم منذ بداية القرن العشرين على الأقل، إذ ارتفع في الفترة الممتدة بين عامي (1900 - 2016) بمقدار (16 – 21) سنتي مترًا (6.3 - 8.3 بوصةً)، ولكن البيانات الأكثر دقة التي جُمعت في الفترة الممتدة بين عامي (1993 - 2017) عن طريق قياسات الأقمار الصناعية تكشف عن ارتفاع متسارع في منسوب البحار يبلغ قدره نحو (7.5) سنتي مترًا (3.0 بوصةً)، أي ما يعادل (30) سنتي مترًا (12 بوصةً) في كل قرن. يعود هذا التسارع في ارتفاع منسوب البحار إلى الاحتباس الحراري الذي يسببه الإنسان، والذي يزيد من التمدد الحراري لمياه البحر، وذوبان الصفائح الجليدية الموجودة على اليابسة، والجليدة الثلجية. ساهم التمدد الحراري الحاصل للمحيطات في الفترة الممتدة بين عامي (1993 - 2018) في ارتفاع منسوب سطح البحر بنسبة 42 %، وذوبان الجليدة الثلجية المعتدلة بنسبة 21 %، وذوبان ثلوج جزيرة جرينلاند بنسبة 15 %، وذوبان ثلوج القارة القطبية الجنوبية بنسبة 8 %. يتوقع علماء المناخ ازدياد هذا المعدل خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين.

يُعد تحديد منسوب سطح البحر في المستقبل أمرًا صعبًا، وذلك نظرًا لتعقيد العديد من جوانب نظام المناخ. ارتفعت القدرة على التنبؤ بالظروف المناخية نظرًا لأن أبحاث علم المناخ المتعلقة بمناسيب البحار والتي أُجريت في الماضي والحاضر قد حسنت من عملية النمذجة الحاسوبية في هذا المجال. على سبيل المثال، تنبأت اللجنة الدولية للتغيرات المناخية (IPCC) في عام 2007، بارتفاع في منسوب البحار يبلغ قدره نحو 60 سنتي مترًا (2 قدمًا) بحلول عام 2099، ورفع أيضًا تقريرها الذي نشرته عام 2014 هذا الرقم إلى نحو 90 سنتي مترًا (3 قدمًا).

خلص عدد من الدراسات اللاحقة إلى أن ارتفاع منسوب سطح البحر من (200 إلى 270) سنتي مترًا (6.6 إلى 8.0 قدمًا) هذا القرن «ممكن الحدوث طبيعيًا». تُشير تخمينات مُتحفظة للتنبؤات طويلة الأمد إلى أن ارتفاع كل درجة مئوية واحدة من درجات الحرارة، يؤدي إلى ارتفاع منسوب سطح البحر بنحو (2.3) مترًا (4.2 قدمًا / درجة فهرنهايت) على مدى ألفي عام: وهو مثال على انخفاض النشاط المناخي «الخمول المناخي».

تنص هذه الأبحاث على أن منسوب سطح البحر لن يرتفع بشكل منتظم في كل مكان في الكرة الأرضية، بل وسينخفض قليلًا في بعض المواقع، مثل المنطقة القطبية الشمالية. تشمل العوامل المحلية تأثيرات حركة التكتونيات، وانخساف الأرض، والمد والجزر، والتيارات والعواصف. يمكن أن يؤثر ارتفاع منسوب البحار بشكل كبير على السكان الموجودين في المناطق الساحلية والجزرية. من المتوقع حدوث فيضانات ساحلية واسعة النطاق مع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة على مدى آلاف السنين، وأيضًا حدوث عرام العواصف وتسونامي بشكل أكبر وأكثر خطورة، وتهجير السكان، وفقدان الأراضي الزراعية وتدهورها. تتأثر أيضًا البيئات الطبيعية مثل النظم البيئية البحرية، إذ تفقد الأسماك والطيور والنباتات أجزاءً من بيئاتها.

يمكن أن تستجيب المجتمعات لارتفاع منسوب سطح البحر من خلال ثلاث طرق مختلفة: التراجع، والتكيف، والحماية. تسير استراتيجيات التكيف هذه على التوازي، ولكن يجب اتخاذ الخيارات بين الاستراتيجيات المختلفة في أوقات أخرى، وقد لا تكون النظم البيئية التي تتكيف مع ارتفاع منسوب سطح البحر عن طريق الزحف نحو اليابسة قادرة دومًا على التكيف والزحف، بسبب وجود الحواجز الطبيعية أو الصناعية.

مستوى سطح البحر منذ نهاية آخر حلقة الجليدية
سجل العلماء زيادة في متوسط نسبة ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر بحدود 1.8 ملم سنوياً وذلك في المئة سنة الماضية، إن هذه النسبة ارتفعت إلى 3.1 مم / سنة في الفترة الواقعة ما بين 1993 و 2003.
تعود هذه الزيادة أساساً إلى النشاطات البشرية المختلفة والمتمثلة بزيادة انبعاث الغازات في الجو من عوادم السيارات والمصانع وحرق الغابات ... إلخ. ونتيجة لهذه النشاطات، ستشهد البحار ارتفاعاً متزايداً في نسبة المياه في القرن القادم على الأقل، ويصعب التنبؤ بهذه الزيادة نتيجة غياب المعطيات اللازمة للنشاطات البشرية وتطورها في الفترة القادمة.

ويتوقع العلماء زيادة في ارتفاع سطح البحر تقدر بـ 1.3 م في القرن المقبل بينما يرى المعتدلون بأن هذه الزيادة قد تنخفض إلى 80 سم في حال تحكم الإنسان بطريقة استخدام الطاقة واعتماده على الطاقة النظيفة.

التغيرات السابقة في منسوب البحار
يُعتبر فهم المناسيب السابقة للبحار أمرًا مهمًا لتحليل التغيرات الحالية والمستقبلية، إذ كانت التغيرات الحاصلة في الأراضي الجليدية، والتمدد الحراري الناتج عن ارتفاع درجات الحرارة في الماضي الجيولوجي القريب، هي الأسباب الرئيسية في ارتفاع منسوب البحار.

ارتفعت مناسيب سطح البحر نحو خمسة أمتار على الأقل (16 قدمًا) عن الآن، وذلك عند آخر ارتفاع لدرجات الحرارة سُجل بمقدار درجتين مئويتين (3.6 فهرنهايتًا)، إذ تشكل هذا الارتفاع في درجات الحرارة نتيجة الاحتباس الحراري الناتج بدوره عن التغيرات في كمية أشعة الشمس، والتي حصلت بدورها أيضًا بسبب التغيرات البطيئة في حركة مدار الأرض مُسببةً فترة بين الجليديين الأخيرة.

استمر الاحتباس الحراري على مدى آلاف السنين، إذ ينطوي مقدار ارتفاع منسوب البحر على مساهمة الصفائح الجليدية في القارة القطبية الجنوبية وجرينلاند.

ارتفع منسوب سطح البحر أكثر من (125) مترًا (410 قدمًا) منذ الذروة الجليدية الأخيرة التي حصلت قبل نحو 20 ألف عامًا، بمعدل يختلف من عام لآخر من 1 ميلي مترًا وحتى 40 ميلي مترًا في السنة الواحدة، وذلك تبعًا لذوبان الصفائح الجليدية الموجودة فوق كندا وأوراسيا.

أدى التفكك السريع للصفائح الجليدية إلى تشكل ما يُسمى فترة «نبضات المياه الذائبة» (MWP1a)، وهي الفترات التي ارتفع فيها منسوب سطح البحر بسرعة. تباطأ معدل ارتفاع منسوب سطح البحر منذ نحو 8200 عامًا من الوقت الحاضر؛ كان منسوب سطح البحر ثابتًا تقريبًا خلال 2500 عام الماضية، وذلك قبل التصاعد الأخير الذي بدأ في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر أو في بداية القرن العشرين.

قياس منسوب سطح البحر
يمكن تفسير التغير الحاصل في منسوب سطح البحر إما نتيجةً لتغير كمية المياه في المحيطات أو تغير حجم المحيط أو تغير منسوب اليابسة بالمقارنة مع منسوب سطح البحر.

لا تقيس التقنيات المختلفة المُستخدمة لقياس التغيرات الحاصلة في منسوب سطح البحر بنفس الطريقة تمامًا، إذ يمكن لأجهزة قياس المد قياس منسوب البحر النسبي، بينما يمكن للأقمار الصناعية قياس التغيرات المطلقة لمنسوب سطح البحر. ولكن من أجل الحصول على قياسات دقيقة لمنسوب سطح البحر، يقوم الباحثون الذين يدرسون الجليد والمحيطات على كوكبنا، بدراسة عامل التشوهات المستمر للأرض الصلبة، لا سيما أن الكتل الأرضية ما تزال ترتفع نتيجة ذوبان الكتل الجليدية السابقة (الارتداد بعد الجليدي)، وكذلك دوران الأرض والجاذبية الأرضية.

الأقمار الصناعية
تسجل أقمار المناسيب الصناعية التغيرات الحاصلة في منسوب سطح البحر منذ إطلاق «توبكس / بوسيدون» في عام 1992. يمكن لهذه الأقمار الصناعية قياس مناسيب المرتفعات والمنخفضات المُتشكلة في البحر نتيجة التيارات، واكتشاف اتجاهات هذه المرتفعات.

لقياس المسافة إلى سطح البحر، ترسل الأقمار الصناعية نبضة كهرومغناطيسية إلى سطح المحيط وتسجل الزمن الذي تستغرقه للعودة مرة أخرى. تعمل أجهزة قياس الإشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي على تصحيح التأخير الإضافي الناجم عن بخار الماء الموجود في الغلاف الجوي. يُعتبر جمع هذه البيانات مع تحديد موقع القمر الصناعي بدقة، هي الطريقة لتحديد منسوب سطح البحر بدقة عدة سنتي مترات (نحو بوصة واحدة). قدرت قياسات أقمار المناسيب الصناعية الحالية لمنسوب سطح البحر تغيرًا بمقدار «3.0 ± 0.4» ميلي مترًا (0.118 ± 0.016) بوصةً سنويًا للفترة الممتدة بين عامي (1993 - 2017).

خالفت قياسات الأقمار الصناعية السابقة في بعض الأحيان قياسات المد والجزر، وقد حُدد خطأ صغير في معايرة القمر الصناعي «توبكس / بوسيدون»، كان هو السبب في التقدير المُغالى فيه بشكل طفيف لمناسيب سطح البحر في الفترة الممتدة بين عامي (1992 - 2005)، والسبب أيضًا في إخفاء تسارع ارتفاع منسوب سطح البحر المستمر.

تُعتبر الأقمار الصناعية مفيدة لقياس التباينات الإقليمية في منسوب سطح البحر، مثل الارتفاع الكبير الذي حصل في منطقة غرب المحيط الهادئ الاستوائية في الفترة الممتدة بين عامي (1993 - 2012).

انظر أيضاً

 تأثيرات التغير المناخي على البشر
 تغير المناخ
 تعتيم عالمي
 تدمير البيئة
 الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخ

مراجع

تأثيرات الاحترار العالمي
تغير المناخ
تكيف مع تغير المناخ
جغرافيا ساحلية
علم المحيطات
مستوى سطح البحر

ارتفاع منسوب البحار


90937 Josefdufek este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
90937 Josefdufek este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Lenka Šarounová. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,40 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 0,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 90001-91000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

90937 Josefdufek


James Valoue (numit și Valouë, Valoué sau Valouè în diverse referințe, ) a fost un inventator, ceasornicar din secolul al XVIII-lea. Este cunoscut în principal pentru designul sonetei din 1737, operată de cai, care a fost folosită în construcția podului Westminster. În 1738, Royal Society of London i-a acordat lui Valoue Medalia Copley pentru invenția sa. Muzeul Științei din Londra deține un model al sonetei lui Valoue construit de Stephen Demainbray.

Note

Anul nașterii lipsă
Britanici din secolul al XVIII-lea
Ceasornicari
Inventatori englezi
Laureați ai Medaliei Copley

James Valoue


Girolamo Francesco Cristiani (Bréscia,  – Verona, ) foi um engenheiro e economista italiano.

Foi apreciado por Voltaire e inspirou novos estudos sobre o rio Brenta.

Obras

Economistas da Itália
Engenheiros da Itália do século XVIII
Engenheiros da Itália do século XIX

Girolamo Francesco Cristiani


Koog aan de Zaan () is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Zaanstad, and lies about 11 km northwest of Amsterdam.

History
Koog aan de Zaan developed in the 16th century on the western bank of the Zaan River from Westzaan. In 1867, the Koog aan de Zaan railway station opened and in the 1870s, it started to industrialise and fill-in the area before the river and the station.

The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless cruciform church which was built in 1685. The tower burnt down in 1920, and the church was restored between 1920 and 1922.

Koog aan de Zaan was a separate municipality until 1974, when the municipality of Zaanstad was created. Koog aan de Zaan is one of the smallest submunicipalities in Zaanstad, having a surface area of 320 hectare.

A8ernA, an urban renewal project for the space under the A8 motorway as it passes through Koog aan de Zaan, was a joint winner of the 2006 European Prize for Urban Public Space.

Trains

There are two small stations within the borders of Koog aan de Zaan. These are:

 Koog aan de Zaan railway station, which serves Koog aan de Zaan itself.
 Zaandijk Zaanse Schans railway station, which mainly serves Zaandijk and the Zaanse Schans, an open-air museum nearby in Zaandijk.

Zaandam railway station is the nearest main station. For Purmerend, Hoorn and Enkhuizen use Zaandam Kogerveld railway station.

References

Zaanstad
Former municipalities of North Holland
Populated places in North Holland

Koog aan de Zaan


8410 Hiroakiohno este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8410 Hiroakiohno este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kushiro de Seiji Ueda și Hiroshi Kaneda. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,23 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 2,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

8410 Hiroakiohno


Özbekistan'ın önceki para birimleri: Buhara tengesi, Hokand tengesi ve Harezm tengesi.

Özbekistan Somu (Özbekçe: soʻm, сўм, ISO 4217 kodu: UZS)

Özbekistan'da, 1991 yılında Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılması sonrasında 1992 yılına kadar Ruble kullanılmaya devam edilmiş, daha sonra Som Kupon olarak adlandırılan para biriminin kullanılmasına başlanmıştır. O yıllarda yeni yapılanmakta olan bağımsız ekonomi nedeniyle hızla değer kaybeden Som Kupon banknotlar dolaşımdan kaldırılarak yerlerine yeni Som banknotlar dolaşıma verilmiştir.

Özbekistan Cumhurbaşkanı İslam Kerimov'un 16 Haziran 1994 ve 870 sayılı kararı esasında, Som Kupon yerine 1 Temmuz 1994 tarihinden itibaren Som kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Etimoloji
Som kelimesi Kırgızca, Uygurca ve Özbekçe ile diğer birçok Türk dillerinde "saf" anlamına gelir.

İlk so'm
Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılması sonrası diğer eski Sovyet ülkeleri gibi gibi Özbekistan da bağımsızlığını ilan ettikten sonra Rus rublesi kullanmaya devam etti. 15 Kasım 1993'te Özbekistan'ın yeni para birimi olan So'm tanıtıldı.

Banknotlar
1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 ve 10.000 değerlerine sahip yeni banknotlar tedavüle çıkarıldı. Tüm banknotların ön yüzünde Özbekistan arması, arka yüzünde ise Semerkant'ın simgelerinden olan Registan yapısının bir görseli vardı.

Madeni paralar
İlk seride madeni paralar bulunmamaktadır.

İkinci so'm
1 Temmuz 1994'te 1 yeni so'm = 1000 eski so'm oranıyla tanıtıldı. Ayrıca bu seride alt birim olan 100 tiyin tedavüle çıkarılmıştır.

Madeni paralar

Dış bağlantılar
 Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası

Kaynakça

Asya para birimleri
Özbekistan ekonomisi

Özbekistan somu


زهير بن سليمان بن هبة بن جماز بن منصور  أمير المدينة المنورة ما بين (865هـ- 874هـ) الملقب بالجيوشي.

ولي المدينة بعد زبيري بن قيس بن ثابت في آخر سنة 865هـ، فاستمر إلى شوال سنة 865هـ لمدة أربعة أشهر بضيغم بن خشرم، ثم أعيد وظل والياً على المدينة حتى وأعيد بعده ضيغم بن خشرم أميراً على المدينة، توفي في صفر سنة 874 هـ.

نسبه
زهير بن هبة بن سليمان بن جماز بن منصور بن جماز بن شيحة بن هاشم ابن قاسم بن مهنا بن الحسين بن مهنا بن داود بن قاسم بن عبيد الله بن طاهر بن يحيى بن الحسين بن جعفر بن عبد الله بن الحسين بن زين العابدين بن الحسين بن علي بن أبي طالب.

المراجع

أمراء المدينة المنورة
هاشميون
وفيات 874 هـ

زهير بن سليمان


Bárid mac Oitir (nórdico antiguo: Barðr Óttarsson, m. 914) caudillo hiberno-nórdico del reino vikingo de Mann que encabezó la defensa de la isla y se enfrentó en batalla naval contra los vikingos invasores de Ragnall ua Ímair, donde cayó en combate. Los anales citan que su flota fue prácticamente aniquilada.

La batalla se considera la primera meción indiscutible de la presencia vikinga en Mann.

Algunos historiadores han querido identificar a Bárid como hijo de Ottir Iarla, pero la mayoría lo considera improbable por la estrecha vinculación de Ottir con Ragnall ua Ímai.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Jean Renaud Les Vikings et les Celtes Ouest-France Université Rennes 1992 ISBN 2-7373-0901-8.

Guerreros vikingos
Historia de la Isla de Man
Vikingos de la Isla de Man

Bárid mac Oitir


Barun Eugen (Eugen Freiherr von Albori) von Albori (27. rujna 1838. – 4. rujna 1915.), austrijski vladin namjesnik. Bio je austro-ugarski namjesnik Bosne i Hercegovine od 8. prosinca 1903. do 25. lipnja 1907. godine.
Barun von Albori na položaju je naslijedio Johanna von Appela. Poslije von Alborija namjesnik je bio Anton von Winzor.

Počasni građanin Čajniča. Njemu u čast uređen je gradski park Albori.

Izvori

Austrijski političari
Bosanskohercegovački političari 1878. – 1918.
Austrijsko plemstvo

Eugen von Albori