الكلف أو قناع الحمل  هو سُمرة أو تبدل لون غامق يصيب البشرة، يعرف بقناع الحمل عندما يصيب الحوامل، يمكن أن يصيب الكلف أي شخص إلا أنه أكثر شيوعاً عند النساء وخاصة الحوامل أو اللائي يتناولن موانع الحمل الفموية، الكلف شائع لدى عرق الأمريكيين الأصليين ويظهر على الساعد كما أنه منتشر بين العرقية الألمانية الروسية وبعض الأعراق اليهودية حيث يظهر بشكل خاص على الوجه سُمرة أو تبدل لون غامق.

الأعراض
يظهر الكلف بشكل لطخات وبقع غير منتظمة مغايرة للون الجلد الطبيعي (عادة ما تكون أغمق من الجلد المحيط) وتظهر على الخدود والأنف والشفة العليا والجبهة، تتطور هذه البقع تدريجياً على مدى فترة طويلة من الزمن ولا تسبب أية أعراض أخرى ولا تعدو كونها عيباً تجميلياً.

السبب
يحدث الكلف نتيجة تحفيز الخلايا المصنعة لصبغة الميلانين (الخلايا الميلانينية) نتيجة زيادة في إفراز هرمون الاستروجين أو البروجسترون، مما يدفع هذه الخلايا إلى أفراز صبغة الميلانين بكمية كبيرة لدى تعرضها لأشعة الشمس. النساء ذوي البشرة البنية الكاشفة واللاتي يسكن مناطق مشمسة هن الأكثر عرضة للكلف. تلعب القابلية الجينية دوراً هاماً في تكون الكلف، كما تزيد احتمالية حدوث الكلف عند وجود أمراض الغدة الدرقية، ويعتقد أن زيادة إفراز الهرمون المحفز للخلايا الميلانينية الحاصلة نتيجة التوتر قد تسبب تفشيات الكلف. يمكن أن يظهر الكلف مرافقاً لداء أديسون (قصور قشر الكظر) ويحدث في الوجه وفي الأماكن التي تتعرض للرضح والاحتكاك من الجلد.

التشخيص
يمكن تشخيص الكلف عبر فحص البقع الجلدية تحت ضوء وود (طول موجي340 - 400 nm) حيث تظهر زيادة كمية الميلانين في البشرة أكثر منها في الأدمة.

العلاج
تختفي البقع عادة من تلقاء نفسها في غالبية الحالات، وتستغرق عدة شهور لكي تختفي كما أن وضع المولود وانتهاء الحمل أو وقف حبوب منع الحمل يساهم في اختفاء البقع.

توجد عدة مستحضرات وعقاقير تسرع في زوال البقع منها:
 كريم الهايدروكوينون  الموضعي (2% و4%) وهو هو مثبط لأنزيم التايرونيز الذي يساهم في تصنيع صبغة الميلانين.
 مستضرات التريتينوين  الفموية أو الموضعية التي هي مركبات شبيهة بفيتامين أ تزيد من تقشير الجلد، لا يمكن استخدام هذه العقاقير أثناء الحمل لما تحمله من خطر بالغ على الجنين.
 حمض الأزيليك : يخفف من نشاط الخلايا الميلانينية

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 خط أسود

اضطرابات تصبغ الإنسان
حمل
علامات طبية

كلف


An Octomeria irrorata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Octomeria irrorata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octomeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octomeria

Octomeria irrorata


La Banda de Cabecera del Nazareno de Linares

Orígenes

La tradición de bandas con la misma indumentaria que el resto de penitentes, es sin lugar a dudas algo característico de Linares. Documentos gráficos como la fotografía de la izquierda certifican que ya en 1962, la Cofradía contaba con un grupo de penitentes que portaban y tocaban instrumentos musicales.

Finalizando el desfile procesional de 1.975 de la Cofradía de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno de Linares, D. Antonio García Cabrera (exHermano Mayor de la cofradía) impulsó la idea de crear la Banda de Cabecera del Nazareno, lo que contó con la aprobación del entonces Hermano Mayor, D. Casto Tapias Tomás.

Así se establecieron contactos con D. José Luis Vilchez (batuta que fue de la Agrupación Musical de Linares), y Juan Valbuena (caja principal de dicha asociación). Esta sería la primera dirección de la Banda. A ellos se unió D. Tomás Arboledas, compañero musical, quien creó las primeras marchas de percusión y realizó las primeras adaptaciones de obras clásicas.

De esta manera, todo quedaba preparado para que al año siguiente, 1.976, comenzara a procesionar.

En 1976, la procesión se abriría con la Banda de Cabecera formada por unos 35 músicos (cinco trompetas, tres trombones, un bombardino y diez cornetas para el viento; ocho tambores cuatro timbales, un bombo y platillos en la percusión).

Los años siguientes se incorporaría la madera (clarinetes, saxofones, flautíes, lira, …), y crecería el viento (tubas, bombardinos, …).

Ya desde estos comienzos sorprendieron con marchas que se han convertido en señas de identidad de la banda: el Toque de Oración, y las adaptaciones de Aida y del Himno de la Alegría.

Coincidiendo con los veinte años de su fundación, es invitada por la Agrupación de Cofradías al pregón de la Semana Santa, donde interpretaron algunas de sus marchas más populares e identificativas.

Hoy la integran más de 150 músicos, una auténtica orquesta en movimiento, en cuatro secciones:
 Viento Metal.
 Viento Madera.
 Percusión afinada.
 Percusión no afinada.

Señas de Identidad

Para lograr una mayor vistosidad, la cofradía decidió que procesionaran con la misma indumentaria que los penitentes de la Niña (túnica y capiruz morados; capa blanca) reemplazando los cordones dorados por un fajín blanco. Esta circunstancia, una banda que emplea el mismo uniforme que los penitentes de su hermandad, y tapados con el mismo capiruz, es algo propio y exclusivo de la Semana Santa Linarense.

También se innova creando marchas de percusión. El hecho de contar con dos cajas principales (Valbuena y Arboledas) convirtió a la Banda de Cabecera del Nazareno en uno de los principales referentes de la percusión, creándose marchas propias que caracterizan e identifican a la Banda. Se interpretan marchas lentas y normales, a ritmo de contratiempos, contragolpes y respuestas / intercambios entre cajas, tambores, bombos, platos y timbales.

También se buscó un hecho personal y diferenciador en la forma de desfilar, o avanzar los penitentes. Al balanceo tradicional, oscilando el cuerpo de derecha a izquierda, se añadió el dejar atrás el pie contrario al lado en que apoya el cuerpo. Es realmente una imagen característica contemplar la Banda desde atrás, y la forma que adquieren las capas marcando estos pasos.

Quizás por esto, causó tanta admiración y fascinación durante el I Congreso Nacional de Bandas de Música Procesional "Ciudad de Sevilla" (junto a bandas de Hospitalet, Palma de Mallorca, Ferrol, León, Salamanca, ... ) del 1 al 8 de diciembre de 2009, en donde no es nada habitual ver procesionar a una banda de más de 120 penitentes interpretando no solo marchas de Semana Santa, sino adaptaciones de clásicos, bandas sonoras o música popular.

La Percusión

La percusión es un elemento fundamental de las Bandas de Cabecera, que cada año estrenan marchas normales y lentas. Sin lugar a duda, uno de los elementos más diferenciales, y que en gran medida proceden de los dos grandes cajas fundadores de la percusión del Nazareno: Juan Valbuena, y sobre todo, Tomás Arboledas.

La creación más popular, propia y característica es el golpe de aro, original de Tomás Arboledas como señal de introducción y comienzo del viento, y por tanto del comienzo de la marcha. Se trata de una referencia para la entrada del viento, metal y madera. Puente entre la marcha de percusión que se interpreta cuando no suenan el resto de instrumentos, y la llamada  para introducir la marcha a tocar. Hasta entonces, la entrada se hacía con un corte de bombo y platillos, que es lo que suelen emplear las bandas de cornetas y tambores (ya que así se introduce antes la marcha, que también es mucho más breve, reduciéndose y ajustándose a la duración de la chicotá o tiempo en el que el paso se mantiene levantado por los costaleros).

Otra muestra de la importancia y relevancia que se da a las marchas de percusión de la Banda son los trenes de percusión. Se trata de encadenamientos de diferentes ritmos e intensidades para romper la cadencia de las marchas y romper la repetición continua las mismas. Constituyen uno de los grandes deleites de las personas que acompañan a la Banda para escuchar sus interpretaciones, de manera similar, a quienes acompañan para escuchar las saetas.

El Desfile
Comienza con el pasacalles, que parte desde un punto neurálgico de la ciudad (calle Serrallo) sobre las dos de la madrugada. Serán momentos emotivos y de recuerdos, en especial de los amigos que acompañarán desde el cielo; precisamente de uno de ellos, se tomará el "Viva el Nazareno", "Viva la banda del Nazareno", que precede a la entrada de la primera marcha, por ejemplo, El Príncipe de Egipto.

Así se avanzará por Canalejas, la Corredera de San Marcos, e Isaac Peral, en donde tendrá lugar el encuentro y saludo con los Hermanos Trompeteros, quienes esperan con enteras la llegada de la Banda; aquí comenzarán a unirse marchas y enteras que anuncian al pueblo de Linares la inminente salida del Nazareno.

Se entrará a la plaza de San Francisco a través de las calles Hermanos Costaleros (que se subirá, por ejemplo, con Going Home), Esproceda y Viriato, donde se podrá ensayar por última vez el toque de Oración. Ya se respira un ambiente de impaciencia y nerviosismo, en espera de los golpes en la puerta de la iglesia de San Francisco, pidiendo "... abrid al Nazareno".

Así se llegará a la Plaza San Francisco, con los sones de la marcha más triunfal que se podría elegir y los aplausos de las personas que esperan impacientes la salida del Nazareno: Aida. La enorme sonoridad y majestuosidad de la marcha, adaptada en un crescendo tipo Escuela de Mannheim con toda la percusión sincronizada y reforzando el tiempo, crea un ambiente realmente especial.

Jesús Nazareno sale de la iglesia de San Francisco con el himno nacional; y la Bendición al pueblo de Linares tendrá lugar a continuación con el toque de Oración, que se inicia con un solo en la madrugada totalmente a oscuras, y con la cera del paso como única iluminación (al comienzo del segundo movimiento, se iniciará el ascenso de la Mano comenzando la Bendición).

En este momento, la Banda de Cabecera se dispondrá para colocarse al comienzo de la procesión, en la esquina de las calles Zabala y Sagasta, y en donde se espera la entrada de la primera marcha que iniará la procesión de ese año; es sin lugar a dudas uno de los momentos más aplaudidos.

A partir de aquí habrá todo un recorrido continuo entre marchas, y marchas de percusión; en donde no faltarán dedicatorias emotivas, como por ejemplo a titulares de otras cofradías o compañeros de otras bandas de cabecera.

Marchas
Al no acompañar a un paso, sino abrir la procesión, las bandas de cabecera interpretan marchas de mayor duración donde la amplia variedad de instrumentos aportan una musicalidad y solemnidad excepcional. Esto unido al hecho de que las marchas tradicionales de Semana Santa han sido creadas para bandas de cornetas, llevó adaptar composiciones de música clásica, bandas sonoras, e incluso populares.

Al margen de los contratiempos / contragolpes de las marchas de percusión, del golpe de aro, o de la indumentaria, lo realmente personal y característico de la Banda de Cabecera del Nazareno ha sido la cuidada selección, arreglo y adaptación de cada marcha.
Cada año, los linarenses esperan las nuevas marchas que se estrenan y que pasan a incorporase al repertorio o conjunto de interpretaciones de la Banda.
Es realmente una complicada labor de arreglo musical el seleccionar melodías clásicas o modernas, estructurarlas según los cánones de las marchas de Semana Santa, y adaptarlas a una casi orquesta que avanza mezclando sonidos, intensidades y tonalidades tan diversas.

Donde mejor se aprecia el resultado es en las calles estrechas y en las que abunden edificios de piedra. Aquí, a unos veinte / treinta metros de la cabecera, contemplando el lento desfile de sus penitentes, dejando el pie algo atrasado en el caminar, es donde se percibe la majestuosidad de cada interpretación.

Sería imposible relacionar aquí las más de 100 marchas que han podido interpretarse en este tiempo (Bohemian Rhapsody; Cirineo; España llora; Himno de la Alegría; Inch Allah; La China; Los Chicos del Coro; Marcha Eslava; No te olvido; Noches de Blanco Satén; Príncipe Igor; Rey de Reyes; Santo Entierro; …).

Solo es posible relacionar las más conocidas y recientes:

 Toque de Oración. Es una marcha militar que parece procede de la desolación del Gran Capitán en la Batalla de Ceriñola al presenciar las numerosas bajas de ambos bandos. La Banda del Nazareno ha realizado su adaptación personal, y solo la interpreta durante la ceremonia de la Bendición del Nazareno al pueblo de Linares; en su segundo movimiento, la mano de Jesús comienza a alzarse para bendecir a Linares, junto a las enteras de los Trompeteros.

 Aida. Siempre es la primera marcha, y con la que se entra en la Plaza de San Francisco. Es la Marcha Triunfal de la ópera Aida, y uno de los primeros arreglos de la Banda, especialmente en la percusión, por lo que se convirtió en una de sus marchas más representativas.

 El Último Mohicano. Tema principal de la banda sonora de Trevor Jones y Randy Edelman.

 Going Home. Tema de la banda Sonora del "Heroe Local" de Mark Knopfler y una de las marchas más características.

 El Príncipe de Egipto. Es la adaptación del tema principal, "When you believe", que popularizaran Mariah Carey y Whitney Houston.

 Tannhaüser. Obertura de la opera Tannhaüser, en donde sus crescendos / descrescendos se adaptan perfectamente a la madera y el viento de la Banda.

 Benedictus. Obra de Karl Jenkins, incluida en "The Armed Man: A mass por Peace", encargo del "Royal Armouries Museum" para las celebraciones del milenio y dedicado a las víctimas de Kosovo. Conjunto de cánticos pacifistas para coral con soprano. Se publicó el 10/9/2001, justo el día anterior al atentado de las Torres Gemelas.

 Titanic. Adaptación del tema principal de la banda sonora, "My heart will go on", que popularizara Celine Dion; obra de James Horner. Desde "Going Home", quizás no había habido un reto tan importante por adaptar un tema tan conocido; hoy es una de las marchas más solicitadas.

 Piratas del Caribe. Adaptación de la BSO de la película "Piratas del Caribe 3 , en el fin del mundo" (Hanz Zimmer, "Up is down").

En 2012 se estrenaron y añadieron dos marchas al repertorio:

 "El espíritu del Nazareno". Basada en la Suite "The Planets" de Gustav Holst (y en su movimiento "Júpiter"), entrelazándose con el tema que da título a la obra: el tema principal de "The Light of the Spirit" de Kitaro.

 "Hermanos Trompeteros". Marcha ligera dedicada a los Trompeteros, y para la que se hizo una encuesta en internet para seleccionar su nombre. Es una adaptación del tema "Empyrian" de la "Música de las Esferas" que estrenó en 2008 Mike Oldfield.

Enlaces externos

 Subdominio de la Banda de Cabecera del Nazareno desde el que se accede a la página oficial, redes sociales, etc.
 Banda de Cabecera del Nazareno
 Página en Facebook
 Grupo en Facebook
 Twitter oficial de la Banda
 Banda de Cabecera del Nazareno ivoox (PodCast)
 Sitio Oficial de la Cofradía
 Sitio No Oficial: www.nazarenolinares.org

Semana Santa en Linares


Hans Conrad Peyer (* 19. September 1922 in Schaffhausen; † 16. März 1994 in Zürich) war ein Schweizer Historiker.

Leben und Werk
Hans Conrad Peyer wurde als Sohn des in Schaffhausen geborenen Arztes Hermann Peyer (31. August 1874 – 21. Februar 1923) und der Hildegard Amsler (1895–1980) geboren, die in zweiter Ehe 1926 dessen Cousin Bernhard Peyer (1885–1963) heiratete. Dieser war Anatom und Paläontologe; das Paar hatte fünf weitere Kinder. Bernhard Peyer wurde 1943 Professor an der Universität Zürich. Das Tagebuch von Hans Hermann Peyer, der Chef der Schweizer Rotkreuzexpedition in Montenegro während des Zweiten Balkankrieges 1912/13 war, liegt im Stadtarchiv Schaffhausen. Er übernahm 1914 die Leitung des montenegrinischen Heeressanitätswesens. Ab 1917 besass er eine Arztpraxis in Schaffhausen.

Hans Conrad Peyer studierte ab 1941 in Zürich und Genf Geschichte, Wirtschaftsgeschichte und Germanistik. In den Nachkriegsjahren 1946 und 1947 recherchierte er in oberitalienischen Archiven für seine durch Karl Meyer betreute Dissertation Zur Getreidepolitik oberitalienischer Städte im Mittelalter, die er 1948 abschloss und 1950 veröffentlichte. Danach wurde er bei Leo Santifaller und Alphons Lhotsky Mitarbeiter an der Wiener Abteilung der Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1949/50) und war mit der Edition der Urkunden Friedrichs I. betraut.

In Rom befreundete er sich 1950/51 mit Reinhard Elze, der später Direktor des Deutschen Historischen Instituts wurde, und mit Heinrich Schmidinger, der später dem Österreichischen Kulturinstitut (forum austriaco di cultura) in Rom vorstand. 1951 heiratete Peyer Marianne Hefti, die Schwester des Glarner FDP-Ständerats Peter Hefti. Mit ihr hatte er drei Kinder.

Peyer ging nach der 1954 erfolgten Habilitation 1956 in den Archivdienst, zunächst als wissenschaftlicher Assistent. 1964 bis 1969 leitete er das Staatsarchiv Zürich als Staatsarchivar. 1963 wurde er Titularprofessor an der Universität Zürich, 1966 Extraordinarius mit dem Gebiet der Älteren Schweizer Geschichte (bis 1750). Auch lehrte er in Bern als nebenamtlicher Extraordinarius von 1964 bis 1965 und er erhielt Rufe nach Münster und Frankfurt. 1969 wurde er an der Universität Zürich zum Ordinarius für Schweizer Geschichte und allgemeine Wirtschaft- und Sozialgeschichte bis 1750 berufen. Im Jahr 1981/1982 war Peyer Forschungsstipendiat am Historischen Kolleg in München, wo er sein Opus Magnum zur Gastlichkeit im Mittelalter verfasste. 1982 bis 1984 war er an der Universität Zürich Dekan.

Peyer befasste sich weniger mit Methoden und Theorien als mit bis dahin nicht fassbaren historischen Vorgängen und Prozessen, vor allem der Mentalitäts- und Sozialgeschichte, wobei er sich von Fernand Braudels Vorstellung der "langen Wellen" der historischen Entwicklung inspirieren liess. Dabei arbeitete er unabhängig von der Grösse des Themas äusserst intensiv mit den Quellen, wie sich schon in seiner Dissertation erwies oder in seinen Werken über Die Entstehung der Landesgrenze in der Vallée de Joux, über Friedrich Barbarossa, Monza und Aachen oder Das Archiv der Feste Baden (1982).

Die beiden wichtigsten thematischen Schwerpunkte waren auch in den folgenden Arbeiten die Verfassungs- und die Wirtschaftsgeschichte. So setzte er sich mit dem Bankgewerbe, der Entwicklung des internationalen Handels und der Märkte, hier vor allem mit der Wollproduktion und dem Textilgewerbe, der Viehhaltung und dem Pferdemarkt auseinander. Verfassungsrechtlichen Fragen berührte er in seiner Habilitation, vor allem aber mit Blick auf die Schweiz um 1500 (Aristokratisierung und Solddienst). Er war Mitglied der Vereinigung für Verfassungsgeschichte.

Daneben veröffentlichte er Beiträge zur Zürcher Stadtgeschichte. Zudem lieferte er Überblicke zum Früh- und Hochmittelalter und zur Entstehungszeit der Eidgenossenschaft im Handbuch der Schweizer Geschichte (1972). Ein Überblickswerk schuf er mit der Verfassungsgeschichte der Alten Schweiz (1978). Peyer starb völlig überraschend einen "Sekundentod".

Werke
 Zur Getreidepolitik oberitalienischer Städte im 13. Jahrhundert, Diss., Wien 1950.
 Friedrich Barbarossa, Monza und Aachen, in: Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 8 (1951), S. 438–460.
 Die Entstehung der Landesgrenze in der Vallée de Joux. Ein Beitrag zur Siedlungsgeschichte des Juras, in: Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 1 (1951), S. 429–451 (doi:10.5169/seals-77720).
 Stadt und Stadtpatron im mittelalterlichen Italien, Europa Verlag, 1955.
 mit Alfred Schelling: Leinwandgewerbe und Fernhandel der Stadt St. Gallen. Von den Anfängen bis 1520. Unter Benützung der Vorarbeiten von Alfred Schelling und Hector Ammann, Zollikofer, 1959.
 Das Trecento. Italien im 14. Jahrhundert, Artemis, Zürich-Stuttgart 1960.
 Die Zweimann-Aktiengesellschaft, Bern 1963.
 Das Archiv der Feste Baden. Dorsualregesten und Archivordnung im Mittelalter, in: Festgabe Hans von Greyerz zum 60. Geburtstag, Bern 1967, S. 685–698, erneut in: Ludwig Schmugge, Roger Sablonier, Konrad Wanner (Hrsg.): König, Stadt und Kapital. Aufsätze zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Mittelalters, Zürich 1982.
 Von Handel und Bank im alten Zürich, Berichthaus, Zürich 1968.
 Zürich im Früh- und Hochmittelalter, in: Emil Vogt, Ernst Meyer, Hans Conrad Peyer: Zürich von der Urzeit zum Mittelalter, Zürich 1971, S. 165–221.
 Frühes und Hohes Mittelalter, in: Handbuch der Schweizer Geschichte, Bd. 1, Zürich 1972, S. 93–160.
 Die Entstehung der Eidgenossenschaft, in: Handbuch der Schweizer Geschichte, Bd. 1, Zürich 1972, S. 161–238.
 Verfassungsgeschichte der alten Schweiz, Zürich 1978.
 Die Schweizer Wirtschaft im Umbruch in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts, in: 500 Jahre Stanser Verkommnis. Beiträge zu einem Zeitbild, Stans 1981, S. 59–70.
 mit Ludwig Schmugge, Roger Sablonier: Könige, Stadt und Kapital, Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 1982.
 Gastfreundschaft und kommerzielle Gastlichkeit im Mittelalter (= Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Vorträge, Bd. 3), München 1983. (Digitalisat).
 (Herausgeber): Gastfreundschaft, Taverne und Gasthaus im Mittelalter (= Schriften des Historischen Kollegs. Kolloquien, Bd. 3), Oldenbourg, München 1983. ISBN 978-3-486-51661-6 (Digitalisat).
 Von der Gastfreundschaft zum Gasthaus, Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1987.
 Roche: Geschichte eines Unternehmens – 1896–1996, Basel 1996.

Literatur
 Hans Berger, Christoph H. Brunner, Otto Sigg (Hrsg.): Mundo multa miracula. Festschrift für Hans Conrad Peyer, Zürich 1992.

 Peter Stadler: Nekrolog. Hans Conrad Peyer. 1922–1994. In: Historische Zeitschrift. Bd. 260 (1995), S. 325–327.

Weblinks
 Stadtarchiv Schaffhausen, Sammlung Peyer

Anmerkungen

Hochschullehrer (Universität Zürich)
Mitglied der Vereinigung für Verfassungsgeschichte
Schweizer
Geboren 1922
Gestorben 1994
Mann

Hans Conrad Peyer (Historiker)


→Kilise sözcüğünün diğer anlamları için Kilise (anlam ayrımı) sayfasına bakınız

Protestanlık, Hristiyanlığın en büyük üç ana mezhebinden biridir. 16. yüzyılda Martin Luther ve Jean Calvin'in öncülüğünde Katolik Kilisesi'ne ve Papa'nın otoritesine karşı girişilen Reform hareketinin sonucunda doğmuştur (1529).

Papazlara ihtiyaç duymaksızın Kitab-ı Mukaddes'i okuyabildikleri için her vaftiz edilmiş inananın aracı bulunmadan rahiplik yetkisi olduğuna inanan Protestanlar, Kitab-ı Mukaddes'i Hristiyanlık için tek kaynak saymışlardır.

Reform sonrası ortaya çıkan dini akımlar öncelikle kendi içinde 3 ana kola ayrılmıştır. Bunlar:
 Lütercilik
 Kalvinizm (Presbiteryenizm ve Kongregasyonalizm yönetim şeklinde örgütlenir.)
 Anglikanizm (Genellikle Protestan mezhebi olarak sayılmamakta ve bağımsız bir Batı Kilisesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır.)

Diğer Protestan mezhepleri: Baptizm, Anabaptizm, Metodizm (Wesleyanizm), Adventizm ve Pentakostalizm

Protestanlık diğer Hristiyan mezheplerinden bazı ayrımlar gösterir. Katolik ve Ortodokslar gibi ruhanî başkanları yoktur. Protestanlık; Katolik ve Ortodoks kiliselerinin merkeziyetçi anlayışının tersine, çeşitli kiliseler veya mezhepler arasındaki kurumsallaşmamış bir topluluktur. Katolik inanç sisteminin çoğunluğunu korusalar da Katolik Kilisesi'nin Papa'ya verdiği geniş yorum ve uygulama yetkisini tanımama, dinî inançları daha kişisel düzeyde yaşama ve Katolik Kilisesi'nin dünyasallaşan ayin ve uygulamalarından uzaklaşma gerekçeleriyle Katolik Kilisesi'nden ayrılmışlardır.

Özellikle Jean Calvin'in öncülük ettiği Kalvinist (Reformist) yani Presbiteryenizm ve Kongregasyonalizm yönetim şeklinde örgütlenen kiliseler Eski Ahit'te On Emir'de yer alan Kendin için oyma put; yukarıda göklerde olanın ya da aşağıda yerde olanın ya da yerin altında sularda olanın suretini hiç yapmayacaksın, onlara eğilmeyeceksin ve onlara ibadet etmeyeceksin yasasına uyma gerekçesiyle kiliselerinde resim, heykel ve tasvir bulundurmazlar.

Lutherci kiliseler ise bu açıdan Katolik mirasa bağlı kalmış ve kilise binalarındaki süsleme ve dekoru bir ölçüde muhafaza etmişlerdir.

Lutherci akım daha çok Kuzey Avrupa'da yerleşmiş, Almanya'nın büyük bölümünde Evangelische Kirche adı altında ve İsveç, Norveç, Finlandiya ve Danimarka gibi İskandinav ülkelerinde ise ulusal devlet kilisesi temelinde kabul görmüştür.

Katoliklerin tersine Protestan rahipler evlenebilmektedir. Bazı Protestan mezheplerinde ise kadınların da rahip olabilme hakları vardır. Kitab-ı Mukaddes'in ana dilde okunabilmesi de Protestanlığın bir başka özelliğidir. Katolikler ve Ortodokslar kilise ayinlerinde Kitab-ı Mukaddes'i Yunanca ve Latince okumak zorundaydılar ancak İkinci Vatikan Konsülünün toplanmasının ardından Katolik kiliselerinde de ana dilde ayin yapma özgürlüğü Novus Ordo adı verilen yeni bir kilise yasası uyarınca kabul edildi.

Protestanlıkta azizlere ve Meryem Ana'ya dua edilmez ve dilekte bulunulmaz. Protestanlar Kitab-ı Mukaddes'in Katolik Kilisesi tarafından kabul edilen ama milattan önce sabitlenen Yahudi kanonunda (kanon: Kitab-ı Mukaddes'in bölümler listesi) yer almayan bazı kitapları apokrif olarak tanımlar ve "Tanrı Sözü" olarak kabul etmezler.

Anglikanizm ve Protestanlık

Katoliklikten ayrılan Anglikanizm ise diğer Reform hareketi sonrası çıkan mezheplerden farklılık göstererek piskoposluk sistemini muhafaza etmekte ve kendini diğer Katolik ve Ortodoks mezhepleriyle beraber Apostolik, yani kökenini Havarilere dayandıran olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bu açılardan Anglikanizmi Protestanlığın dışında Reforme edilmiş otonom/bağımsız bir Batı Kilisesi olarak tanımlamak daha doğrudur.

Dağılım

Dini coğrafya açısından Protestanlığın kıtalar arası dağılımdaki yeri Katoliklikten hemen sonradır. Dünyada en fazla Protestan Kuzey Amerika'da bulunmakta; ikinci sırada Avrupa ülkeleri gelmektedir. Protestanlık Kuzey Amerika ile Okyanusya'da en büyük din durumundadır. Dünyanın en büyük, protestan cemaatleri sırası ile ABD,  Çin, Hindistan, İngiltere, Almanya, Nijerya, Güney Kore, Kanada, Avustralya, Brezilya, Hollanda, İsveç, Danimarka, Finlandiya ve Endonezya'dır.

Toplamda tüm dünya çapında 590 milyon Protestan yaşamaktadır. Bunların 170 milyonu Kuzey Amerika'da, 160 milyonu Afrika'da, 120 milyonu Avrupa'da, 70 milyonu Güney Amerika'da, 60 milyonu Asya'da ve 10 milyonu ise Okyanusya'da yaşamaktadır. Toplam Hristiyan nüfusun %27'sini Protestan nüfus oluşturmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hristiyanlık

Hristiyanlık

Protestanlık


Little Dorrit (en español, La pequeña Dorrit) es una serie para televisión de 2008 dirigida por el británico Adam Smith, Dearbhla Walsh, y Diarmuid Lawrence. El guion televisivo de Andrew Davies se basa en la novela homónima de Charles Dickens, publicada originalmente entre 1855 y 1857.

La serie es una producción conjunta de la BBC y la estadounidense PBS miembro de la estación WGBH Boston. Originalmente fue transmitido por la BBC One y BBC HD, a partir del 26 de octubre de 2008 con un primer episodio de 60 minutos, seguido de 12 episodios de media hora y un final de 60 minutos. En los Estados Unidos, que salió al aire en cinco episodios, como parte de la serie de PBS obra maestra 'del 29 de marzo y 26 de abril de 2009. En Australia, los episodios se combinaron en siete partes en el ABC1 todos los domingos a las 8:30 p. m. del 27 de junio de 2010 y desde entonces se ha repetido en UKTV.

Sinopsis
La serie de 14 episodios, comienza con el nacimiento de Amy Dorrit (Claire Foy), dentro de la cárcel para deudores de Marshalsea.
Veinte años más tarde, Arthur Clennam (Matthew Macfadyen), regresa a Londres con su madre, después que estar fuera muchos años, tras la muerte de su padre. La madre de Arthur, una persona mala y que desprecia a su hijo, vive con sus sirvientes, Flintwinch y su esposa Affery, empleando como costurera a la "pequeña Dorrit". Arthur y Amy se conocen en la casa y ella pronto se enamora de él.
Intrigado por el interés y buen trato de su madre con la joven, Arthur conoce a William Dorrit y comienza a investigar el origen de la deuda. Mientras tanto, reanuda relación con su ex prometida y corteja a una señorita que había conocido en el camino de regreso a Inglaterra.
En casa de la jovencita, conoce a Daniel Doyce, un inventor en busca de capitales, con el que se hace socio.
Gracias al señor Pancks, descubre que el señor Dorrit es heredero de una fortuna que lo sacará de la cárcel. El carácter agradable del anciano, al liberarse y tener nuevo estatus, cambia. Se vuelve pedante, orgulloso y, el nivel social del señor Clennam le parece poca cosa, además de recordarle su pasado en la cárcel. Él y su familia, se irán al continente, separando a Amy de su amigo Arthur.

Mientras la historia se desarrolla, también crece la intriga sobre las últimas palabras del padre de Arthur, cartas que esconde su madre y, la aparición de un francés de oscuro pasado y malvado, que pretende extorsionar a la Sra. Clennam con la revelación de un secreto.

Después de un escándalo financiero, en el cual la compañía floreciente de Doyce & Clennam, pierde su capital, Arthur es llevado a la prisión de Marshalsea. Allí se enferma y Amy, que regresó luego de la muerte de su padre, va a cuidarlo. Arthur se da cuenta lo que siente por ella, pero no desea para ella una vida de pobreza y sufrimiento. Amy le informa que es pobre nuevamente porque su padre había invertido el dinero en el mismo banco que él. La Sra. Clennam le comunica a Amy el secreto que guarda, presionada por el francés que la chantajea. El socio de Arthur vuelve rico de su gira por Rusia y lo libera. Después de una vida de sufrimientos, Amy y Arthur se casan. Así concluye la historia.

Los aspectos técnicos de la serie están muy bien cuidados, el vestuario, los lugares, la presentación. Las actuaciones son muy buenas, especialmente, la Sra. Clennam (Judy Parfitt) y el Sr. Dorrit (Tom Courtenay).

Elenco
Claire Foy ..... Amy Dorrit
Matthew Macfadyen ..... Arthur Clennam
Judy Parfitt ..... Mrs. Clennam
Tom Courtenay ..... William Dorrit
Andy Serkis ..... Rigaud/Blandois
Eddie Marsan ..... Mr. Pancks
Emma Pierson ..... Fanny Dorrit
James Fleet ..... Frederick Dorrit
Arthur Darvill ..... Edward "Tip" Dorrit
Anton Lesser ..... Mr. Merdle
Amanda Redman ..... Mrs Merdle
Sebastian Armesto ..... Edmund Sparkler
Alun Armstrong ..... Jeremiah/Ephraim Flintwinch
Sue Johnston ..... Affery Flintwinch
Georgia King ..... Pet Meagles
Alex Wyndham ..... Henry Gowan
Bill Paterson ..... Mr. Meagles
Janine Duvitski ..... Mrs. Meagles
Ruth Jones ..... Flora Casby Finching
John Alderton ..... Christopher Casby
Annette Crosbie ..... Flora's Aunt
Zubin Varla ..... Daniel Doyce
Russell Tovey ..... John Chivery
Ron Cook ..... Mr. Chivery
Freema Agyeman ..... Tattycoram
Maxine Peake ..... Miss Wade
Jason Thorpe ..... Jean-Baptiste Cavalletto
Jason Watkins ..... Mr. Plornish
Rosie Cavaliero ..... Mrs. Plornish
Eve Myles ..... Maggy Plornish
Pam Ferris ..... Mrs. Hortensia General
Skye Bennett as Girl
Ian McElhinney as Mr. Clennam

Referencias

Series de televisión de Reino Unido
Pequenzza
Pequenzza

La pequeña Dorrit (serie de televisión)


Moja Ljiljo je hrvatski kratkometražni igrani film iz 2015. godine. Film je sugestivna slika redovničke duhovnosti. Prikazuje crticu iz života redovnice Ljilje. Ljilja započinje devetnica u čast svoga sveca zaštitnika kao pripremu za proslavu njegova blagdana. Odlučila je napraviti jedno malo odricanje. Shvatila je da ipak nije tako puno sebedarja kako je zamišljala, pa je to podijelila sa sestrom Anom.

2016. godine scenarist Hrvoje Župarić dobio je nagradu za scenarij kratkoga igranoga filma na Festivalu hrvatskog katoličkog filma Trsat.

Izvori

Hrvatski filmovi 2010-ih

Moja Ljiljo (2015.)


Georgi Iwanowitsch Schpak (; * 8. September 1943 in Ossipowitschi, Belarussische SSR) ist ein russischer Offizier.

Biographie
Nach dem Abschluss der Frunse-Militärakademie in Moskau 1978 mit Auszeichnung beteiligte sich Schpak ab 1979 an der sowjetischen Intervention in Afghanistan und befehligte dabei das 350. sowjetische Garde-Fallschirmregiment. In den folgenden Jahren war Schpak Stabschef und somit stellvertretender Kommandant der Luftlandedivision der Sowjettruppen in Afghanistan. Von 1988 bis 1989 war er zunächst stellvertretender Befehlshaber der kombinierten Waffenarmee der sowjetischen Bodentruppen im Militärbezirk Odessa, anschließend bis 1991 Kommandeur der kombinierten Waffenarmee der sowjetischen Bodentruppen in Karelien.

Von 1996 bis 2003 war er als Generaloberst Oberbefehlshaber der russischen Luftlandetruppen.

Von 2004 bis 2008 war Schpak Gouverneur der Oblast Rjasan als Mitglied der Partei Gerechtes Russland.

Weblinks

 Biographie

Einzelnachweise

Generaloberst (Russische Föderation)
Militärperson (Sowjetunion)
Person in den Tschetschenienkriegen
Oberhaupt eines Föderationssubjekts (Russland)
Person (Oblast Rjasan)
Träger des Verdienstordens für das Vaterland
Sowjetbürger
Russe
Geboren 1943
Mann

Georgi Iwanowitsch Schpak


Jalek Harupat Soreang Stadyumu, Endonezya'nın Bandung şehrinde çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum.

Çoğunlukla futbol müsabakalarının yapıldığı Jalek Harupat Soreang Stadyumu, 40.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Endonezya'daki stadyumlar

Jalek Harupat Soreang Stadyumu


22905 Liciniotoso este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
22905 Liciniotoso este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la observatorul astronomic din Farra d'Isonzo. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,22 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 22001-23000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

22905 Liciniotoso


Bilgisayarlarda kullanılan (manyetik veri depolama ortamları) disketler üzerinden okuma/yazma işlemi yapan aygıttır. İngilizce adı Floppy Disk Drive 'dır. Gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte kapasite ve hız olarak antika durumundadır. Fakat yine de en yeni bilgisayarlarda bile bulunur, çünkü bir bilgisayardan diğerine anlık dosya aktarımı veya az yer kaplayan dokümanların yedeğini alma, veya Sistem Açılış/Kurtarma Disketi olarak kullanıldığında hala işe yararlıdır

Disk sürücüler

Disket sürücü


O Espaço Europeu da Investigação (EEI) (em inglês: European Research Area, ERA) é um sistema de programas de investigação científica que integra os recursos científicos da União Europeia (UE). Desde a sua criação em 2000, a estrutura concentrou-se na cooperação europeia nos domínios da investigação médica, ambiental, industrial e socioeconómica. O EEI enquanto sistema de pesquisa e inovação pode ser comparado ao sistema equivalente do "mercado comum" europeu de bens e serviços. O seu objetivo é aumentar a competitividade das instituições de pesquisa europeias, reunindo-as e incentivando uma forma de trabalho mais inclusiva, semelhante ao que já existe entre as instituições da América do Norte e do Japão. O aumento da mobilidade dos trabalhadores do conhecimento e o aprofundamento da cooperação multilateral entre as instituições de pesquisa entre os estados-membros da União Europeia são objetivos centrais do EEI.

A secção 1 do artigo 179.º do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia afirma o seguinte:

História
A criação de um Espaço Europeu da Investigação (EEI) foi proposta pela Comissão Europeia na sua comunicação Rumo a um Espaço Europeu da Investigação (Towards a European Research Area) de janeiro de 2000. O objetivo de criar o EEI foi aprovado pela UE pouco tempo depois no Conselho Europeu de Lisboa de março de 2000.

Em 2002, o Conselho Europeu de Barcelona fixou uma meta de intensidade de investimento em I&D da UE de cerca de 3% do PIB. Subsequentemente, a Comissão propôs um plano de ação abrangente para aumentar e melhorar as despesas de I&D na Europa e todos os estados-membros estabeleceram metas nacionais de investimento em I&D ligadas ao objetivo geral de 3%.

A coordenação de políticas no EEI foi abordada pelo Conselho Europeu da Primavera de março de 2003 através do "Método Aberto de Coordenação, MAC" ("Open Method of Coordination, OMC"), introduzido pelo Conselho Europeu de Lisboa em 2000, quando concordou em aplicar o MAC às políticas relacionadas com o investimento na investigação, bem como aos recursos humanos e à mobilidade dos investigadores.

Em 2006, a UE adotou uma estratégia de inovação de base alargada destinada a melhorar as condições de enquadramento para a investigação e a inovação. Neste contexto, por exemplo, foi adotado em novembro de 2006 um quadro comunitário modernizado para os auxílios estatais à investigação e inovação e foram tomadas iniciativas para apoiar a emergência de «mercados líderes» europeus em setores promissores de elevada intensidade tecnológica.

Foram lançadas iniciativas para melhorar a coordenação das atividades e programas de investigação. Incluem as Plataformas Tecnológicas Europeias (European Technology Platforms), através das quais a indústria e outras partes interessadas desenvolvem visões partilhadas a longo prazo e agendas de investigação estratégica em áreas de interesse empresarial, e o ascendente esquema (scheme) EEI-Net (ERA-Net) que apoia a coordenação de programas nacionais e regionais.

Os Programas-quadro de investigação e desenvolvimento tecnológico da UE foram explicitamente concebidos para apoiar a criação do EEI. Novas iniciativas lançadas em conjunto com o 7.º Programa-Quadro (2007-2013), como o Conselho Europeu de Investigação (CEI), têm um impacto importante no cenário europeu de pesquisa. O Instituto Europeu de Inovação e Tecnologia (IET) também deve desempenhar um papel importante na criação de "comunidades de conhecimento e inovação" de classe mundial.

A política de coesão da UE e os seus instrumentos financeiros – os Fundos Estruturais – dão forte prioridade ao desenvolvimento das capacidades de investigação e inovação, especialmente nas regiões menos desenvolvidas. Juntamente com a prioridade atribuída às políticas internas da maioria dos estados-membros, isto pode ajudar toda a Europa a participar e a tirar pleno partido do Espaço Europeu da Investigação.

Instrumentos para parcerias público-públicas como as Iniciativas de Programação Conjunta (Joint Programming Initiatives), o Esquema (Scheme) EEI-Net (ERA-Net) e as Iniciativas do Artigo 185 foram desenvolvidos para promover a coordenação entre as organizações nacionais de financiamento de pesquisa. Isto resultou em atividades em rede e no lançamento de chamadas transnacionais conjuntas para projetos de pesquisa. Em 2017, mais de 100 países participaram em cerca de 90 redes de pesquisa P2P ativas.

A Comissão decidiu dar um novo impulso à construção do EEI em 2007. Publicou um Livro Verde sobre o EEI apelando ao fim da fragmentação do panorama europeu da investigação. Uma ampla consulta pública confirmou as principais orientações políticas estabelecidas no Livro Verde.

Na sequência disto, em 2008, os estados-membros e a Comissão lançaram uma nova parceria política, denominada "Processo de Liubliana", para ultrapassar a fragmentação e construir um EEI forte. O objetivo final do Processo de Liubliana era estabelecer "o papel fundamental do EEI como pilar primordial dos objetivos de Lisboa e como motor para impulsionar a competitividade da Europa". A adoção, em 2 de dezembro de 2008, da Visão 2020 do Espaço Europeu de Investigação pelo Conselho constitui um marco fundamental no Processo de Liubliana.

Na sua Resolução de 7 de dezembro de 2009 sobre a governação reforçada do EEI, o Conselho convidou a Comissão a prosseguir e a desenvolver consultas sistemáticas e estruturadas com os estados-membros e outras partes interessadas de forma transparente e lançou o processo de redefinição da missão do CREST (Scientific and Technical Research Committee).

Paralelamente, na sequência das propostas da Comissão, os estados-membros lançaram iniciativas de "parceria" para aumentar a cooperação em cinco áreas: carreiras, condições de trabalho e mobilidade dos investigadores; a conceção e operação conjunta de programas de pesquisa; a criação de infraestruturas europeias de investigação de craveira mundial; a transferência de conhecimento e a cooperação entre a pesquisa pública e a indústria e a cooperação internacional em ciência e tecnologia.

Ver também

 Estratégia de Lisboa
 Processo de Bolonha
 Programas-quadro de Investigação e e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico
 Sexto Programa-Quadro
 Sétimo Programa-Quadro
 Direcção-Geral do Centro Comum de Investigação
 Direcção-Geral da Investigação
 Rede ERAWATCH (EWN)
 EuroScience
 Conselho Europeu de Investigação (CEI)
 Infraestrutura em Grelha Europeia (European Grid Infrastructure, EGI)
 Instituto Europeu da Inovação e da Tecnologia (IET)
 Conselho Consultivo Europeu de Investigação (European Research Advisory Board, ERAB)
 Conselho Europeu de Ciências Aplicadas e Engenharia (European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Euro-CASE)
 Rede Europeia de Infraestruturas de Investigação Clínica (European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network, ECRIN)
 Espaço Europeu de Educação Superior (EEES)

Ciência e tecnologia na Europa

Espaço Europeu da Investigação


Musel bezeichnet:
 Gregory Musel (* 1990), österreichischer Handballspieler.

 Musel (Donau), zwei linke Zuflüsse der Donau im Stadtgebiet von Donaueschingen, Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg; flussabwärts:
 Stille Musel, Zufluss nach Donaueschingen
 Alte Stille Musel, Zufluss vor dem Stadtteil Pfohren

 Verkürzung von 'Muselmann', abwertend für einen Muslim

Siehe auch:
 Muzel

Musel


Pipistrel je slovenski proizvođač mikrolakih zrakoplova sa sjedištem u Ajdovščini. Ime Pipistrel potječe od Pipistrellus, znanstvenog imena roda Pipistrelle.

Povijest
Vlasnik i direktor je Ivo Boscarol, koji je preminuo 10. studenog 1987. kao prvi Jugoslaven koji je dobio privatnu licencu za proizvodnju zrakoplova. Pipistrel je odabran kao naziv tvrtke koja proizvodi ultralake zrakoplove. 1989. poletjela je prva ultralaka letjelica s kontrolom težine "Ajdovščina" koju su dizajnirali Ivo Boscarol i Bojan Sajovic. Ukupno 32 ovog modela su napravljena do 1992. Nakon još nekoliko letjelica, 1994. započeo je razvoj prvog aerodinamički kontroliranog mikrolakog Pipistrel Sinusa, koji je prvi put predstavljen 1995., a na prvi let poletio 1996. 2003. godine dovršeno je novo postrojenje na uzletištu Ajdovščina. Danas se tamo masovno proizvode modeli poput Pipistrel Virus.

Tvrtka je otvorila novi put s Pipistrel Taurus Electro, samolansirajućom, dvosjednom jedrilicom s motorom na uvlačenje, čija je trenutna verzija G2 opremljena električnim pogonom od 40 kW. Kapacitet ugrađene baterije omogućuje uspone do 2000 metara. U Njemačkoj, Taurus Electro G2 ima privremeno odobrenje kao ultralaki zrakoplov.

Tvrtka je također partner za suradnju na vodikovom zrakoplovu HY4.

S "Velis Electro", Pipistrel ima prvu električnu letjelicu u svijetu koju je odobrila EASA.

U ožujku 2022. objavljeno je da Textron namjerava kupiti tvrtku.

Budući projekti
U rujnu 2020. tvrtka je predstavila virtualni koncept bespilotnog teretnog zrakoplova s hibridnim pogonom. Dok se normalne letne operacije izvode pomoću motora s unutarnjim izgaranjem, okomito uzlijetanje i slijetanje izvodi se električno. Koristit će se osam vlastitih E-811 motora koji omogućuju uspon do 2440 m. Ovo su prvi potpuno električni zrakoplovni motori s općim odobrenjem za komercijalne letove u EU, koje je izdala EASA.  Najveći model, Nuuva V300, trebao bi moći primiti tri euro palete ukupne težine do 450 kg, koje se mogu utovariti viličarom nakon što se prednji nos preklopi. S teretom od 50 kg trebao bi biti moguć doseg do 2500 km. Drugi model pod nazivom V20 namijenjen je prijevozu manjih količina ispod 20 kg.

Zrakoplov će se kretati autonomno unaprijed određenim rutama koje se mogu ručno mijenjati sa zemlje u stvarnom vremenu. U usporedbi s prijevozom tereta helikopterom, proizvođač obećava uštedu energije do 90 %.

Isporuke V300 trebale bi početi u drugoj polovici 2023.

Počasti i nagrade
Godine 2011. Pipistrel USA pobijedio je na "NASA CAFE Green Flight Challenge" s dvotrupnim Taurs G4, kojim NASA potiče razvoj letjelica s učinkovitom potrošnjom goriva i želi promovirati zrakoplove s alternativnim motorima. Pobjednički zrakoplov morao je preletjeti 200 milja za manje od 2 sata uz potrošnju manje od jednog galona goriva po putniku ili ekvivalent električne energije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Web stranica proizvođača (engleski)
 Pipistrel u Flight Teamu  (njemačka distribucija)
 Predstavljamo Nuuva 3000 (AVweb.com, engleski)
 faz.net: Velis elektro

Proizvođači zrakoplova
Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima
Slovenski proizvođači vozila
Zrakoplovstvo u Sloveniji

Pipistrel


A deadly tornado outbreak occurred in Central Texas during the afternoon and evening of May 27, 1997, in conjunction with a southwestward-moving cluster of supercell thunderstorms. These storms produced 20 tornadoes, mainly along the Interstate 35 corridor from northeast of Waco to north of San Antonio. The strongest tornado was an F5 tornado that leveled parts of Jarrell, killing 27 people and injuring 12 others. Overall, 30 people were killed and 33 others were hospitalized by the severe weather.

Although the atmospheric conditions enabling the event were forecast to be conducive for strong winds and large hail, forecasters did not initially anticipate as much of a risk of strong tornadoes due to the lack of substantial wind shear over the region. Instead, the coalescence of several weather features—including a cold front, a dry line, and a gravity wave—provided locally favorable conditions for rotating thunderstorms and the formation of tornadoes. This peculiar evolution led to the unusual southwestward motion of the storms and the tornadoes they produced.

A tornado watch was first issued at 12:54 p.m. on May 27 for portions of East Texas and western Louisiana; the first tornado touched down at 1:21 p.m. in McLennan County while the final tornado lifted at 8:23 p.m. later that day in Frio County. The 20 tornadoes collectively inflicted at least $126.6 million in damage. The F5 Jarrell tornado was the outbreak's most powerful and deadliest tornado. It destroyed most of the 38-home Double Creek Estates subdivision west of Jarrell where the most extreme damage occurred. Residences were completely dismantled, swept away, and reduced to a concrete slab, while trees in the area were completely shredded and debarked. Fields were scoured to a depth of  and asphalt was torn from roads. Due to the tornado's intensity, the debris was often small in size and beyond recognition. There were four other tornadoes rated F3 or higher. One F3 tornado moved across Cedar Park, damaging parts of the business district and numerous homes in nearby neighborhoods. An F4 tornado struck areas near Lake Travis and caused one fatality. In addition to the tornadoes, the storms also produced large hail and strong straight-line winds; Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio recorded a  wind gust.

Meteorological synopsis

Atmospheric setup

The severity of the 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak was predicated on an unusual spatial and temporal alignment of weather features at highly localized scales. The broader environment was not particularly anomalous for the late springtime over Central and East Texas. Unlike conventional tornado outbreaks in Texas, the 1997 outbreak was not associated with a strong trough of low pressure and strong density gradients in the lower troposphere. Instead, the most prominent weather system over the central U.S. at the time was a distant upper-level low centered over Nebraska imparting little influence on atmospheric conditions over Texas.

Consequently, winds in the mid-levels of the troposphere over Texas on May 27 were weak and westerly, ranging from  over North Texas to below  over Central and South Texas. Winds closer to the surface were also quiescent; the average storm-relative winds within the lowest  of the atmosphere as measured in Del Rio, Texas, prior to the onset of storm development was only . Further aloft at the level of the jet stream, there were two nearby wind speed maxima over northern Mexico and the central Mississippi Valley; this led to strong divergence of air over Texas. Wind shear was negligible within the lowest  of the atmosphere contrary to typical tornado outbreaks.

Despite generally meager winds, the atmosphere was nonetheless thermally energetic. The combination of several days of onshore wind flow from the Gulf of Mexico and the persistence of a capping inversion aloft led to an accumulation of moist air over the state. Dew points soon exceeded  within the boundary layer, representing ample moisture in the lower levels of the troposphere. Radiosondes launched from Corpus Christi and Fort Worth on the morning of May 27 detected the presence of a robust "elevated mixed layer" of air aloft characterized by steep lapse rates—the change of temperature with height—near the dry adiabatic lapse rate. This contributed to high convective available potential energy (CAPE) exceeding 5,500 J/kg across most of Central and East Texas, denoting a highly unstable atmosphere. In some cases CAPE was as high as 6,500 J/kg. The lack of fronts moving across Texas in the 36 hours before the tornado outbreak allowed this instability to remain and spread across much of the state.

Although these conditions were regionally conducive to the development of thunderstorms capable of producing large hail and strong winds, the potential for supercell and tornado development was not initially clear given the lack of wind shear. Other metrics and indices used to diagnose tornado potential, such as the Energy Helicity Index, storm-relative helicity, supercell composite parameter, and the significant tornado parameter, were also lower than historically observed environments featuring tornadoes. For instance, the amount of storm-relative helicity within the lowest  of the atmosphere—a common measure quantifying the amount of wind shear—was measured as 70 m2/s2 at Corpus Christi and reached 117 m2/s2 according to data from the Rapid Update Cycle computer model; values below 300 m2/s2 are correlated with weak tornadoes. A study published in Monthly Weather Review in 2007 described the environment as being "marginally favorable for supercells and unfavorable for significant, supercellular tornadoes."

Instead, the factors that enabled the eventual tornado outbreak may have transpired at a mesoscale involving several features becoming juxtaposed over Texas. The dry line delineating the boundary between the moist maritime air mass over East Texas and the drier continental air mass farther west remained nearly stationary in the region through the morning of May 27. On the preceding evening, a mesoscale convective system developing along this dry line over eastern Oklahoma and Arkansas generated a well-defined gravity wave that traveled southwest across East Texas on the morning of May 27. Its progression was evidenced on satellite imagery as an advancing band of mid-level cumuli. A weak low-pressure area also developed along the dry line near Dallas and tracked southwest along the boundary. In the two days before May 27, a cold front associated with the upper-level low over Nebraska had swept slowly southeast across the central U.S. Prior to dawn on May 27, the front progressed across West Texas; by 7:00 a.m. on May 27, the front spanned from southeastern Oklahoma through the northwestern portion of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex southwestwards to near the Big Bend of Texas. This placed the cold front parallel and just to the west of the dry line along a northeast to southwest orientation. A swath of clear skies emerged between the two boundaries, maximizing surface heating during the daytime and contributing to the weak low-pressure area's southwestward movement through Central Texas.

Development of storms

At around 12:30 p.m., the gravity wave, cold front, dry line, and low-pressure area overlapped near Waco, Texas, with the faster cold front overtaking and merging with the nearly stationary dry line. The cold front and dry line were brought together in a northeast to southwest fashion resembling a zipper. Thunderstorms formed near Waco in tandem with this juxtaposition of features and within a local maximum of surface heating and convergence of moist air. While some storms had spawned along the cold front, the gravity wave's passage in the early afternoon hours coincided with a rapid intensification of the first thunderstorms. The arrival of the gravity wave and its perpendicular alignment relative to the orientation of the cold front and dry line may have enhanced wind shear locally despite weak wind shear at a broader, synoptic scale. This allowed the thunderstorms to rotate and become supercells.

However, the degree to which the wave contributed to the formation of supercells and eventually tornadoes remains a subject of disagreement among meteorologists. The development of new discrete supercells followed the advancing intersection of the cold front and dry line and the gravity wave as they continued southwest, though each individual storm was nearly stationary. Due to the westerly winds in the mid-levels of the troposphere, the outflow from each developing storm was directed east, allowing each new thunderstorm to develop and rotate without interference from the initial storms. The direction of the storms' expansion towards the southwest deviated over 100 degrees away from these westerly winds, representing an extreme and highly unusual motion. The southwestward generation of storms brought them towards increasingly unstable air with higher CAPE, allowing the storms to acquire strong inflow and the requisite rotation to produce tornadoes.

There were at least three families of thunderstorms that developed as part of the initial southwestward-moving complex of storms, composed of at least 16 distinct supercells; six of the cells formed along the cold front, five formed along the dry line, and five formed along the gust front imparted by previous storms. The gust fronts pushed outwards by the downdrafts of the thunderstorms served as foci for tornadogenesis; boundaries like gust fronts can provide low-level vorticity and rising air necessary for the formation of tornadoes. Some of the day's tornadoes were spun up by the gust front itself while others spawned from thunderstorms with preexisting mesocyclones aloft enhanced by the gust front underneath.

The day's first thunderstorm near Waco in McLennan County strengthened quickly in response to the highly unstable atmosphere. A severe thunderstorm warning—the first of the day—was issued for the county at 12:50 p.m. Weather radars showed increasing rotation within the storm, prompting the issuance of a tornado warning at 1:21 p.m. This storm produced the outbreak's first tornado  of southwest of Hewitt near Lorena. The same storm produced a second brief tornado near Bruceville followed by a third, intense F3 tornado in southwestern McLennan County that lasted for 20 minutes. A new thunderstorm developed along the flanking line associated with the first storm. This second storm spawned several tornadoes as it expanded towards the southwest, including an F3 tornado near Lake Belton beginning at 2:25 p.m. and the F5 Jarrell tornado beginning at 3:25 p.m. The NEXRAD radar in Granger used to monitor this storm suffered a power failure and went out of commission at 3:38 p.m. A control switch left in an improper position on a prior maintenance visit prevented its emergency power supply from activating. Thunderstorms developing to the southwest later in the afternoon and evening produced additional tornadoes, including the F3 tornado that struck Cedar Park and the F4 tornado that struck Lakeway. The Lakeway tornado was the first instance of an F4 tornado striking Travis County on record. The final tornado of the day touched down in Frio County and lifted at 7:23 p.m.

Farther south away from the southwestward-moving storm cluster, the cold front and dry line curved west, making them parallel to the advancing gravity wave; this triggered the development of numerous and intense storms between Austin and the Big Bend after 3:00 p.m. when the gravity wave intersected the front. The parallel orientations of the wave and the other boundaries precluded these storms' rotation. They tracked east and eventually merged with the southwestward-propagating complex of tornadic storms along the Pedernales River. This coalescence produced a south- and southeastward-moving squall line and ended the strong tornado activity. Nonetheless, strong and damaging winds were produced by the squall line for several hours. Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio documented a wind gust of , marking a record high wind velocity for the site.

Warnings and preparedness
The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) forecasted a moderate risk for severe thunderstorms over parts of East Texas in its severe weather outlook issued at 1:03 a.m. on May 27. The moderate risk region included Waco, the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood metropolitan area, and extended east towards Shreveport, Louisiana, and Fort Polk, Louisiana. Austin was located at the boundary between the moderate risk region and the slight risk region that encompassed most of East and South Texas, including the Hill Country. The SPC predicted that the gravity wave would be a focal point for storms capable of producing large hail and damaging winds given the unstable atmosphere. A subsequent outlook issued by the SPC at 10:16 a.m. continued to indicate a moderate risk for severe weather and mentioned the possibility of isolated and brief tornadoes. A tornado watch was later issued by the SPC at 12:54 p.m. for parts of eastern Texas and western Louisiana, citing the unstable airmass in place over the region. The Dallas/Fort Worth and Austin/San Antonio National Weather Service forecast offices also issued bulletins on the morning of May 27 noting the potential for severe weather. However, these early outlooks focused more on the threat of wind and hail rather than tornadoes due to the low wind shear present over the region.

The Dallas/Fort Worth National Weather Service forecast office ultimately issued 10 tornado warnings and 5 severe thunderstorm warnings between 1 and 5 p.m. on May 27. The Austin/San Antonio office issued 8 tornado warnings, 24 severe thunderstorm warnings, and 10 flash flood warnings during the afternoon and evening of May 27, with 80 percent of their issued products occurring after 5 p.m. in connection with the widespread storms that developed later in the day separate from the initial tornadic storms. In one case, a media outlet's decision to manually activate the Emergency Alert System rather than allow weather warnings to automatically trigger it resulted in a 25–30 minute delay in the dissemination of a warning. Interviews conducted by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration service assessment team found that many watched the approach of tornadoes prior to taking shelter due to their slow movement and high visibility. In the case of the F5 Jarrell tornado, some fled while others took shelter. Due to the strength of the tornado, some who stayed behind were killed despite taking appropriate safety measures.

Confirmed tornadoes

Jarrell, Texas

Parts of Jarrell, Texas, were struck by an extremely powerful F5 tornado on the afternoon of May 27. The tornado destroyed approximately 10 percent of the homes in Jarrell; at the time, the city had a population of about 450 people and had been previously struck by tornadoes in 1987 and 1989. Hardest-hit was the Double Creek Estates subdivision west of downtown Jarrell. The 1997 Jarrell tornado was the first and only known occurrence of an F5 tornado in Williamson County. It was also the deadliest tornado in Texas since the 1987 Saragosa tornado. The thunderstorm that spawned the Jarrell tornado began west of Temple along the flanking line of another thunderstorm earlier in the afternoon of May 27. The storm produced several tornadoes in Bell County, including the F3 tornado that impacted communities along Lake Belton. Weather radar observed a strengthening mesocyclone within the thunderstorm, with the speed of rotation rising above . As the storm moved into Williamson County, it produced two short-lived F2 tornadoes north of Jarrell at 3:25 p.m. and 3:35 p.m.; the latter of the two was a multiple-vortex tornado and lifted at 3:39 p.m. The Austin/San Antonio National Weather Service forecast office issued a tornado warning for Williamson County at 3:30 p.m. in response to the storm's approach; the warning was put into effect for one hour. This was the first tornado warning of the day issued for the office's warning area and warned that "the city of Jarrell is in the path of this storm." Local warning sirens went off about 10–12 minutes before the tornado struck.

The precise start of the Jarrell tornado was difficult to pinpoint. The most prominent and destructive part of the tornado's evolution was preceded by the apparition of short-lived, small, and rope-like funnel clouds. These may have been separate tornadoes or simply an earlier part of the Jarrell tornado's evolution. An aerial survey conducted by the Birmingham, Alabama, office of the National Weather Service included the damage caused by the earlier F2 tornadoes—mostly to trees and roads—as part of the overall Jarrell tornado path. Some reports also include the F1 tornado near Prairie Dell as an earlier continuation of the Jarrell tornado. The final, unambiguous apparition of the Jarrell tornado began as a narrow and rope-shaped funnel when it touched down at 3:40 p.m. just within the Williamson County line  north of Jarrell. Like the two F3 tornadoes earlier in the day, it developed along the gust front produced by its parent thunderstorm. This mechanism is typical of tornadogenesis not associated with supercell thunderstorms. Traffic along Interstate 35 came to a stop as the tornado descended nearby. The Texas Highway Patrol also stopped traffic on both sides of the interstate under the expectation that the tornado would cross the highway; it ultimately moved parallel to Interstate 35. Tracking south-southwest, the tornado quickly intensified and grew to a  in width, changing from its initial thin and white appearance to a blue and black color. F5 tornado damage was identified early in the tornado's path. Its intense winds scoured the ground and stripped pavement from roads. The tornado tore  of asphalt as it crossed County Roads 308, 305, and 307; the thickness of the asphalt pavement was roughly . A culvert plant at the corner of Country Roads 305 and 307 collapsed. Nearby, a similar plant and a mobile home sustained some damage, with the latter struck by a 2×4 piece of lumber. The occupants of a mobile home  north-northwest of the culvert plant fled to a frame house that the tornado later struck; the evacuees were killed while the mobile home sustained only minor damage. Some of the most extreme damage at this location was inflicted to a small metal-framed recycling plant that was obliterated, with little left of the structure besides a few twisted structural beams.

The tornado then slowly entered the Double Creek Estates subdivision where it exacted its most catastrophic impacts. Concurrently, the tornado expanded further to its maximum width of . Eyewitnesses indicated that the tornado's movement slowed to around  as it entered the neighborhood; this may have contributed to the resulting extreme destruction. The tornado destroyed the first home it encountered at the northwestern corner of the subdivision; a clock recovered from the remaining debris was stopped at 3:48 p.m., presumably marking the time the tornado entered the community. Much of the neighborhood was completely swept away with little debris remaining, with what was left being reducing to small and unrecognizable fragments that were dispersed over a wide area. The lack of large items that were recovered, and the granularity of the debris was indicative of the sheer strength of the tornado. Due to the tornado's slow movement, homes near the center of its path experienced tornadic winds for approximately three minutes. The mostly wooden-framed residences, some well-built and anchored, were completely obliterated and swept away, leaving behind concrete slab foundations swept clean of all debris. In some cases, parts of outbuilding and house foundations themselves in the subdivision were scoured away, and several were found missing all of their sill plates that connected the wood-frame homes to the foundations. Pieces of debris were found deposited in fields miles away from the subdivision, and extreme ground scouring occurred, reducing grassy fields into wide expanses of mud in the most severely affected areas. In some cases the ground was scoured out to a depth of . Vehicles in the neighborhood were tossed and mangled beyond recognition; at least six were found flattened in open areas and coated with mud and grass. Some were thrown as far as a  away, and others were torn into multiple pieces of unrecognizable metal. Trees in the neighborhood were completely denuded and stripped entirely clean of all bark as well, including one that was found with an electrical cord impaled through the trunk.

All 27 fatalities associated with the Jarrell tornado occurred at Double Creek Estates, which at the time consisted of 131 residents living in 38 single-family homes and several mobile homes. Entire families were killed at Double Creek, including all five members of the Igo Family, all four members of the Moehring family, and all three members of the Smith family. Bodily remains were later found at 30 locations, and the physical trauma inflicted to some of the tornado victims was so extreme, that first responders reportedly had difficulty distinguishing human remains from the remains of animals at the site. Most of the deaths were attributed in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report to multiple trauma, though one death was attributed to asphyxia. The high intensity of the Jarrell tornado left those in its path with little recourse; most homes in Double Creek Estates were built on cement slab foundations and few had a basement or any form of storm shelter; nineteen people sought refuge in a single storm cellar. Some residents who followed prescribed safety measures nonetheless perished. One survivor holed up in a bathtub and was flung several hundred feet from her house onto a road. The walls of some homes along the periphery of the tornado path remained intact, protecting some of those who survived the tornado. Others chose to evacuate ahead of the approaching tornado. Forty structures were obliterated in Double Creek Estates. Three businesses adjacent to Double Creek Estates were also destroyed. In total, the tornado dealt $10–20 million in damage to the neighborhood. Around 300 cattle grazing in a nearby pasture were killed and some were found  away. Hundreds of cattle were also dismembered and a few cows were also skinned by the tornado.

The tornado turned slightly towards the south-southwest after traversing Double Creek Estates. The damage in these outlying areas was somewhat scattershot; in one case, a mobile home suffered only minor damage while an adjacent house lost half of its roof. Metal buildings were unroofed along County Road 305 south of Jarrell. The road's guardrail was impaled by wooden planks thrown by the strong winds. The tornado then again crossed County Road 305 and entered a forest of cedar trees. Some of the damage to the trees suggested that the tornado may have been a multiple-vortex tornado, which was documented by Scott Beckwith, receiving a nickname as a "dead man walking". The path of damage left behind by the tornado ended abruptly shortly after entering this forested area, with the National Centers for Environmental Information indicating that it lifted at 3:53 p.m. after remaining on the ground for 13 minutes and . Other government accounts of the tornado list a total path length of  after incorporating the preceding tornadoes north of Jarrell and near Prairie Dell. Between May 29 and June 1, the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research carried out aerial and ground surveys of the tornadic damage in Texas in coordination with the Texas Wing Civil Air Patrol. The Jarrell tornado damage was classified as F5 severity throughout most of the tornado's path. However, a critique of the Fujita scale published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology suggested that winds between , corresponding to an F3 rating on the scale, were sufficient to explain the damage wrought by the Jarrell tornado. The critique noted that some of the homes at Double Creek Estates, although built within the preceding 15 years, exhibited structural weaknesses in their design such as the lack of anchor bolts and steel straps in their foundations. Approximately $40 million in damage was inflicted upon property with another $100,000 inflicted upon crops. Twelve people were injured by the storm in addition to the twenty-seven killed.

Due to the unusual southwestward motion of the thunderstorm that caused the tornado, the sequence of weather events experienced by those affected was in the opposite order of typical tornadic events: the tornado arrived first, followed by the hail, wind, and rain of the parent thunderstorm. Despite the violence of the tornado and the presence of its associated mesocyclone aloft, the thunderstorm did not exhibit a distinct hook echo on weather radar typically associated with such tornadoes. This may have also been caused by the unusual southwestward motion of the thunderstorm, resulting in the tornado's placement in an atypical position relative to the thunderstorm's motion.

Non-tornadic effects
In addition to the tornadoes, there were 12 reports of large hail in Central Texas received by the National Weather Service during the late afternoon and evening. The largest hail—measuring nearly  in diameter—was recorded in Cedar Park in conjunction with the F3 tornado that hit the city. Damaging hail was also reported in Georgetown beginning at 3:55 p.m. Severe thunderstorms also generated damaging straight-line winds across the Hill Country and South-Central Texas. Much of these winds were associated with the eventual, non-tornadic line of storms that resulted from the coalescence of the day's earlier storms. Wind gusts ranging between  were recorded in Austin, with the peak  wind gust occurring at Robert Mueller Municipal Airport at 4:20 p.m. There were also unofficial reports of winds reaching as high as  to the west of Austin near Lake Travis. Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio registered a gust of  at 8:03 p.m. Gusts reached  in Del Rio and overturned a plane at an airport near Seguin. The storms knocked out power to 60,000 electricity customers in Austin and as many as 21,000 electricity customers serviced by Texas Utilities. Telephone service for more than 3,000 residents in the Pedernales Valley was disrupted. The thunderstorms also produced heavy rain that triggered floods in Blanco, Gonzales, Karnes, and Travis counties. An official rainfall total of  was documented in Austin, though  of rain fell in nearby Round Rock. The rains caused Brushy Creek to flood beyond its banks as far east as Thorndale. One person drowned in floodwaters along Shoal Creek in Austin. Another person died in Cedar Park of cardiac arrest likely induced by storm-related stress. The Southwestern Insurance Information Service estimated that the totality of the storms' effects inflicted $25–40 million in insured losses; most insured claims originated from Cedar Park.

Aftermath

Law enforcement officers from the Texas Department of Public Safety, four municipal police departments, and two county sheriff's offices aided search-and-rescue efforts in the aftermath of the Jarrell tornado. The Texas National Guard and other volunteers from around Central Texas joined in the search. The Scott & White Blood Center facilitated blood donations. A temporary shelter was established by the American Red Cross at Jarrell High School for those displaced by the tornado, providing food and accepting clothes donations. The agency's relief operations, covering residents of 211 homes, cost an estimated $250,000; community donations covered at least $200,000 of the expenses. The Jarrell Volunteer Fire Department organized a temporary morgue; the deceased were later brought to the Travis County Forensic Center for identification. Although a death toll of 30 people was initially reported, that figure was later revised to 27; the inflated count was attributed to the dispersion of remains that led some fatalities to be tallied twice. Carcasses of livestock were buried at Double Creek Estates.

Texas Governor George W. Bush declared Williamson County a disaster area; Bush visited Jarrell on May 28 and described the tornadic damage as the worst he had ever witnessed. U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison also visited Jarrell and Cedar Park. Bush later requested federal aid for Williamson and Bell counties with support from Hutchinson. The Federal Emergency Management Agency elected not to provide federal aid, citing the contributions from private and state sources. Instead, the Small Business Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture made available loans for the rebuilding of homes, farms, and ranches. The U.S. Congress approved a relief bill allocating $5.4 billion for 35 states affected by natural disasters, including Texas. However, the bill also included other provisions that led President Bill Clinton to veto the bill. A drive-through donation line was established at Auditorium Shores in Austin. Local musicians organized and performed at a benefit concert at Austin Music Hall, attracting an audience of 2,800 and raising about $94,000. Businesses also donated to the relief efforts.

First responders representing Cedar Park, Austin, Leander, Round Rock, and Williamson and Travis counties arrived in Cear Park shortly after the city was hit by a tornado. Texas A&M University supplied equipment for search-and-rescue operations in the aftermath of the Cedar Park tornado. These operations were the first test of the 186-member Texas Urban Search and Rescue Team, which was created following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Vouchers were distributed by the American Red Cross to storm victims in the Buttercup Creek subdivision for clothing, food, and other supplies. Texas State Troopers blocked areas of Buttercup Creek to prevent looting.

A memorial was erected in downtown Jarrell bearing the names of the 27 people killed by the Jarrell tornado. The Jarrell Memorial Park was established near Double Creek Estates on the land of the former Igo family, who perished in the tornado. The park contains 27 trees planted in honor of the victims. In 2019, the memorial was relocated to the park along with the city's historical marker. The events and survivor accounts of the tornado were profiled in television documentaries such as the 1999 episode of HBO's America Undercover series titled "Fatal Twisters: A Season of Fury", the 1999 BBC television series titled Twister Week (also known as Tornado Diary in the United States) in an episode titled "Tornado Alley", the seventh episode of the Discovery Channel program Storm Warning, produced by GRB Entertainment, and the 2006 documentary Ultimate Disaster (also known as Mega Disaster) on National Geographic Channel.

See also

 List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
 1922 Austin twin tornadoes – also featured southwestward-tracking tornadoes that struck the Austin, Texas, area
 Tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998 – produced the official first F5 tornado after the Jarrell tornado
 1953 Waco tornado – the deadliest tornado in Texas history

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Aerial Damage Survey of the Central Texas Tornadoes of May 27, 1997 (PDF) (National Weather Service), includes discussion and map of the tornado's track
 Texas Tornadoes (National Climatic Data Center)
 Satellite imagery (University of Wisconsin–Madison)
 Stormtrack Magazine Nov/Dec 1997: Jarrell, Texas Tornado Expanded Edition (PDF)

F5 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 1997
Tornadoes in Texas
Central Texas Tornado Outbreak, 1997
May 1997 events in the United States

1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak


El síndrome aórtico agudo (SAA) describe una serie de alteraciones graves, dolorosas y potencialmente mortales de la aorta. Esto incluye la disección aórtica, trombo intramural y úlcera penetrante aórtica aterosclerótica. El síndrome puede ser causado por una lesión en la pared de la aorta que involucra la túnica media, con frecuencia en la aorta descendente. Es posible que el síndrome aórtico agudo lleve al síndrome coronario agudo. El término fue introducido en 2001.

Causas
Las causas pueden incluir la disección aórtica, el hematoma intramural, una úlcera aterosclerótica penetrante o un aneurisma torácico que se ha vuelto inestable. Las causas potenciales del SAA amenazan la vida y se presentan con síntomas similares, por lo que es difícil distinguir la causa definitiva, aunque la tomografía computarizada de alta resolución puede utilizarse.

Diagnóstico
La condición puede ser imitada por un quiste roto de pericardio, un aneurisma aórtico roto y el síndrome coronario agudo. El diagnóstico erróneo se estima en 39% y se asocia con retraso del diagnóstico correcto y un tratamiento inadecuado con anticoagulantes que produce sangrado excesivo y largas estancias hospitalarias.

Tratamiento
El SAA pone en peligro la vida, tiene una alta tasa de mortalidad si aparece de forma aguda, la cual reduce sólo cuando se diagnostica a tiempo y es tratado por un cirujano con una pericia considerable. Si los pacientes sobreviven a la presentación aguda, dentro de tres a cinco años el 30% presenta complicaciones y requiere de un seguimiento cercano. El diagnóstico precoz es esencial para la supervivencia y el manejo es un reto, aunque un mayor conocimiento del síndrome y una mejoría de las estrategias de manejo están mejorando los resultados de los pacientes.

Referencias

Síndromes
Enfermedades vasculares
Causas de muerte

Síndrome aórtico agudo


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Ankyralı Klementos, Ankyra episkoposluğu yapan Hristiyan aziz (d. 258)
 Antakyalı Lukianos, Hristiyan teolog (d. 240)
 Diocletianus, Roma İmparatoru (d. 245)
 Maxentius, Roma İmparatoru (d. 278)

312


Bahçeli, Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Bağçeli olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 70 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Bahçeli, Alaca


John Andrew Young (* 10. November 1916 in Corpus Christi,  Texas; † 22. Januar 2002 in Arlington, Virginia) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1957 und 1979 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
John Young besuchte die Incarnate Word Academy und die Corpus Christi College-Academy. Danach studierte er bis 1937 an der St. Edward's University in Austin. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der University of Texas und seiner 1940 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges diente er zwischen 1941 und 1945 in der US Navy. Zwischen 1946 und 1952 arbeitete er in verschiedenen Positionen als Staatsanwalt. Von 1953 bis 1956 amtierte er als Bezirksrichter im Nueces County. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1956 wurde Young im 14. Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Januar 1957 die Nachfolge von John J. Bell antrat. Nach zehn Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. Januar 1979 elf Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. In diese Zeit fielen der Vietnamkrieg, der Höhepunkt der Bürgerrechtsbewegung und die Watergate-Affäre. Am 22. November 1963 war Young in der Wagenparade zur Begleitung von Präsident John F. Kennedy, als dieser in Dallas ermordet wurde. Im Jahr 1977 geriet er wegen eines Sexskandals in die Schlagzeilen. In diesem Zusammenhang beging seine Frau, mit der er fünf Kinder hatte, Selbstmord. Diese Affäre kostete ihn im Jahr 1978 auch die erneute Nominierung seiner Partei zur Wiederwahl in den Kongress.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus war John Young als Lobbyist und Berater tätig.  Er starb am 22. Januar 2002 in Arlington und wurde auf dem dortigen Nationalfriedhof beigesetzt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Vereinigte Staaten)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 2002
Mann

John Andrew Young


Muzkent, Antalya ilinin Gazipaşa ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledır.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin eski ismi Kıcık (Kıyıcak)'tır.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 182 km, Gazipaşa ilçesine 12 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Gazipaşa'nın mahalleleri

Muzkent, Gazipaşa


Elias Jelert, né le  à Virum au Danemark, est un footballeur international danois qui joue au poste d'arrière droit au FC Copenhague.

Biographie

En club
Né à Virum au Danemark, Elias Jelert est formé par le FC Copenhague, club avec lequel il entame sa carrière professionnelle. Il signe son premier contrat professionnel le , le liant au club jusqu'en juin 2024.

Le , Jelert fait sa première apparition en professionnel lors d'une rencontre de championnat contre SønderjyskE. Il entre en jeu à la place de William Bøving et les deux équipes se neutralisent (1-1 score final).

Il est sacré champion du Danemark lors de la saison 2021-2022. Après avoir été titularisé lors des derniers matchs de la saison au poste d'arrière gauche, lui qui est habitué à jouer à droit, le jeune défenseur de 18 ans prolonge son contrat avec le FC Copenhague le 24 mai 2022, étant alors lié au club jusqu'en juin 2026. Il est également définitivement promu en équipe première à partir de la saison suivante.

Jelert est sacré champion du Danemark une deuxième fois pour sa participation à la saison 2022-2023, le FC Copenhague glanant le quinzième titre de son histoire.

En équipe nationale
Depuis 2021, Elias Jelert représente l'équipe du Danemark des moins de 19 ans. Il joue son premier match contre la Norvège, contre qui son équipe s'impose largement par six buts à un.

Palmarès

En club
 FC Copenhague
 Championnat du Danemark (2) :
 Champion : 2021-22 et 2022-23.
 Coupe du Danemark (1) :
 Vainqueur : 2022-23.

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur international danois
Joueur du FC Copenhague
Naissance en juin 2003
Naissance à Virum

Elias Jelert


Lisboa e Vale do Tejo (; ) was one of the five regions of Portugal (NUTS II subdivisions). Today two of the subregions are in the new Lisboa Region, two in the Centro Region and one in the Alentejo Region.

The region still exists as the area of intervention of the CDDR planning region.

It had 3,447,173 inhabitants (2001), and its area was 11,930 km².

NUTS II region and area of intervention of the CCDR-LVT

"Despite the territorial configuration for statistical purposes (National Statistical System in Portugal), in force since 2007, matching the NUTS II the Lisbon, Region Greater Lisbon (AML) - composed only NUTSIII Greater Lisbon and Setúbal Peninsula - the area of intervention of the CCDRLVT - Steering Committee and Regional Development, abbreviated to CCDR - (the Lisbon and the Tagus Valley), continues to be composed of 5 NUTSIII (Sub-regions: Greater Lisbon, Setúbal Peninsula, Middle Tagus, and Lezíria West Coast).

For the Regional Funds, management responsibilities under the policy of the European Union in Portugal, this regions it's the region of Lisbon that consists of Grande Lisboa and Península de Setúbal, for regional planning (Run, monitor and evaluate, at regional level, policies on environment, nature conservation, land management and city) the region is called Lisbon and the Tagus Valley (LVT), composed by 5 NUTSIII (Sub-regions: Greater Lisbon, Setúbal Peninsula, Middle Tagus, and Lezíria West Coast)." (Talk:Lisboa Region)

Sub-regions

The region includes five sub-regions (NUTS III subdivisions):
 Grande Lisboa
 Lezíria do Tejo
 Oeste
 Península de Setúbal

About NUTS II only: since 2002, the subregion Lezíria do Tejo was reinstated to the Alentejo Region and Oeste were reinstated to the Centro Region.  The region changed the name from Lisboa e Vale do Tejo to Lisboa, its current designation.

Other subdivisions
The five subregions together contain 51 municipalities, which have a combined total of 525 parishes.

External links
 Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo  — Coordination Commission of Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region

Regions of Portugal
Geography of Lisbon
History of Lisbon

Lisboa e Vale do Tejo


Zagórki (deutsch Sagerke) ist ein Dorf im Powiat Słupski der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern. Zum Schulzenamt gehört das Dorf Zbyszewo.

Geographische Lage
Zagórki liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa 14 Kilometer südsüdöstlich der Stadt Słupsk (Stolp) und 17 Kilometer östlich der Stadt Sławno (Schlawe).

Geschichte
Das Rittergut Sagerke war ehemals ein altes Lehen der Familie Boehn, die es bereits vor 1470 in Besitz hatte. Um 1784 gab es dort ein Vorwerk, einen Bauern, zwei Kossäten und zusammen mit dem auf der Feldmark des Dorfs gelegenen Katen, der Fichtenkaten genannt wurde, insgesamt 17 Haushaltungen. Im Jahr 1925 standen im Dorf 28 Wohnhäuser, und es wurden 244 Einwohner gezählt.

Vor 1945 gehörte das Dorf, das 1937 in Brackenberg umbenannt worden war, zum Amtsbezirk Kulsow im Landkreis Stolp, Regierungsbezirk Köslin, der Provinz Pommern. Im Jahr 1939 betrug die Gemeindefläche 972 Hektar, und es wurden 55 Haushaltungen und 237 Einwohner gezählt. Letzter Gutsbesitzer in Brackenberg war Ernst von Boehn († 1965 in Bevensen).

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde Brackenberg am 7. März 1945 von der Roten Armee besetzt und bald drauf unter polnische Verwaltung gestellt. Zwar hatten die Bewohner versucht zu fliehen, doch ihr Treck wurde überrollt, und sie mussten zurückkehren. Anschließend wurden die Bewohner von den Polen nach und nach in Richtung Westen deportiert. Das Dorf wurde von in Zagórki umbenannt. Nach Kriegsende wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 106 und in der DDR 62 aus Brackenberg vertriebene Dorfbewohner ermittelt.

Nach dem Krieg wurde ein staatlicher Landwirtschaftsbetrieb (Państwowe Gospodarstwo Rolne) errichtet, der Anfang der 1990er Jahre aufgelöst wurde.
Im Jahr 2010 hatte Zagórki 211 Einwohner.

Persönlichkeiten: Söhne und Töchter des Ortes
 Constantin von Boehn (1856–1931), Gutsherr auf  Kuslow und königlich-preußischer Kammerherr
 Siegfried von Boehn (1865–1945), Gutsherr auf Deutsch Buckow und Mitglied des Deutschen Reichstags

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 407–410 (Download Ortsbeschreibung Brackenberg) (PDF; 786 kB)
 Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Teil II, Band 2, Stettin 1784, S. 999–1000, Nr. 119. und S. 956, Nr. 25.

Weblinks
 Gunthard Stübs und Pommersche Forschungsgemeinschaft: Der Wohnort Sakerke im ehemaligen Kreis Stolp (2011).

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Gmina Kobylnica

Zagórki (Kobylnica)


An Hyparrhenia mobukensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Emilio Chiovenda, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Emilio Chiovenda. An Hyparrhenia mobukensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hyparrhenia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hyparrhenia

Hyparrhenia mobukensis


A fase final da Copa Libertadores da América de Futebol Feminino de 2022 compreendeu as disputas de quartas de final, semifinal e final e foi disputada entre 22 e 28 de outubro. As equipes se enfrentam em jogos eliminatórios de mata-mata em cada fase, e a que saiu vencedora se classificou para as fases seguintes.

Critério de desempate
Em caso de igualdadade de pontos ao final das quartas de finais, semifinais e/ou final, será executado uma série de cobranças de pênaltis de acordo com as regras estipuladas pela FIFA para a definição do vencedor.

Equipes classificadas
Ao final da segunda rodada da fase de grupos já haviam seis equipes classificadas para as quartas de finais do torneio, sendo elas: América de Cali, Boca Juniors, Deportivo Cali, Ferroviária, Palmeiras e Universidad de Chile. As duas últimas vagas foram decididas após a terceira rodada, uma ficando com o Corinthians e a outra com o Santiago Morning.

Esquema

Quartas de final

América de Cali venceu por 4–2 na disputa de pênaltis.''

Semifinal

Terceiro lugar

Final

Fase final da Copa Libertadores da América de Futebol Feminino de 2022


Agnes Miegel (Königsberg, 9 de março de 1879 – Bad Salzuflen, 26 de outubro de 1964)  foi uma escritora, jornalista e poetisa alemã.

Suas obras mais conhecidas são baladas escritas na tradição clássica e poemas sobre sua terra, Prússia Oriental.

Biografia
Agnes nasceu em março de 1879 na Konigsberg, (leste da Prússia), em uma família protestante. Seus pais eram o comerciante Gustav Adolf Miegel e Helene Hofer.

Miegel frequentou a Girl's High-School em Königsberg, depois viveu entre 1894 e 1896 em uma casa de hóspedes em Weimar, onde escreveu seus primeiros poemas. Em 1898 passou três meses em Paris. Em 1900 ela treinou como enfermeira em um hospital infantil em Berlim . Entre 1902 e 1904 ela trabalhou como professora assistente em um internato para meninas em Bristol (Inglaterra). Em 1904 estava em Berlim. Em 1906 ela teve que retornar a Königsberg para cuidar de seus pais doentes, mas a mãe faleceu em 1913 e o pai em 1917.

Ainda em 1900 suas primeiras publicações chamaram a atenção do escritor Börries von Münchhausen, que graças ao seu apoio financeiro ela publicou seu primeiro pacote de poemas.

Ela viveu em Königsberg até pouco antes de ser capturado em 1945, e escreveu poemas, contos e reportagens jornalísticas. Ela também fez algumas viagens. Durante o Terceiro Reich, ela se revelou uma fervorosa defensora do regime. Ela assinou a Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft, a declaração de 1933 na qual 88 autores alemães juraram fidelidade a Adolf Hitler . No mesmo ano, ela se juntou à NS-Frauenschaft, a ala feminina do Partido Nazista. Em 1940, ela se juntou ao próprio partido nazista. Em agosto de 1944, nos estágios finais da Segunda Guerra Mundial, ela foi nomeada por Adolf Hitler como um "ativo nacional excepcional" na lista especial dos artistas alemães mais importantes que foram liberados de todas as obrigações de guerra.

Em fevereiro de 1945, ela fugiu de navio do Exército Vermelho que se aproximava e chegou à Dinamarca . Após a libertação da Dinamarca em 5 de maio de 1945, ela permaneceu no campo de refugiados de Oksbøl até novembro de 1946. Em 1946, ela retornou à Alemanha, onde estava sob proibição de publicação até 1949. Nesse ano, um comitê de desnazificação emitiu uma declaração de não objeção.

A princípio, ela ficou em Apelern com parentes de seu antigo patrono Börries von Münchhausen, que havia cometido suicídio em 1945. Em 1948, sendo refugiada, foi designada para uma casa em Bad Nenndorf, onde continuou escrevendo até sua morte.

Agnes Miegel agora escrevia principalmente poemas e contos sobre a Prússia Oriental, a terra de sua juventude. Ela era considerada a voz dos Heimatvertriebene, o povo de língua alemã que viveu antes da guerra na Tchecoslováquia e na Polônia e em partes da Alemanha anexadas pela Polônia e pela União Soviética após a guerra, que tiveram que sair quando a Alemanha nazista foi derrotada. Miegel recebeu o título honorário Mutter Ostpreußen ("Mãe da Prússia Oriental") de seus admiradores.

Ela faleceu em outubro de 1964, em um hospital em Bad Salzuflen.

Prêmios
Prêmio Kleist de poesia em 1913;

Prêmio Herder em 1936;

Prêmio Goethe da Cidade de Frankfurt em 1940;

prêmio de literatura da Academia Bávara de Arte (Literaturpreis der Bayerischen Akademie der Künste) em 1959;

Prêmio Cultural da Prússia Ocidental em 1962.

Membro da Academia Alemã de Poesia (Deutsche Akademie der Dichtung)

Doutora honoris causa pela Universidade de Königsberg;

Obras

Poemas e contos

 1901: Gedichte, Cotta, Stuttgart.
 1907: Balladen und Lieder, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1920: Gedichte und Spiele, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1925: Heimat: Lieder und Balladen, Eichblatt, Leipzig.
 1926: Geschichten aus Alt-Preußen, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1926: Die schöne Malone: Erzählungen, Eichblatt, Leipzig.
 1927: Spiele, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1928: Die Auferstehung des Cyriakus: Erzählungen, Eichblatt, Leipzig.
 1930: Kinderland: Erzählungen, Eichblatt, Leipzig.
 1931: Dorothee: Erzählungen, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1932: Der Vater: Erzählungen, Eckhart, Berlin.
 1932: Herbstgesang: Gedichte, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1933: Weihnachtsspiel, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1933: Kirchen im Ordensland: Gedichte, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1934: Gang in die Dämmerung: Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1935: Das alte und das neue Königsberg, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1935: Deutsche Balladen, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1936: Unter hellem Himmel: Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1936: Kathrinchen kommt nach Hause: Erzählungen, Eichblatt, Leipzig.
 1936: Noras Schicksal: Erzählungen, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1937: Das Bernsteinherz: Erzählungen, Reclam, Leipzig.
 1937: Audhumla: Erzählungen, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1937: Herden der Heimat: Erzählungen mit Zeichnungen von Hans Peters, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1938: Und die geduldige Demut der treuesten Freunde: Versdichtung, Bücher der Rose, Langewiesche-Brandt, Schäftlarn.
 1938: Viktoria: Gedicht und Erzählung, Gesellschaft der Freunde der deutschen Bücherei, Ebenhausen.
 1939: Frühe Gedichte (reissue of the 1901 collection), Cotta, Stuttgart.
 1939: Herbstgesang, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1939: Die Schlacht von Rudau: Spiel, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1939: Herbstabend: Erzählung, published by herself in Eisenach.
 1940: Ostland: Gedichte, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1940: Im Ostwind: Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1940: Wunderliches Weben: Erzählungen, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1940: Ordensdome, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1944: Mein Bernsteinland und meine Stadt, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg in Preußen.
 1949: Du aber bleibst in mir: Gedichte, Seifert, Hameln.
 1949: Die Blume der Götter: Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Köln.
 1951: Der Federball: Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Köln.
 1951: Die Meinen: Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Köln.
 1958: Truso: Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Köln.
 1959: Mein Weihnachtsbuch: Gedichte und Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Köln (a new, extended edition appeared in 1984).
 1962: Heimkehr: Erzählungen, Eugen Diederichs, Köln.

Seleções e coleções

 1927: Gesammelte Gedichte, Eugen Diederichs, Jena.
 1952: Ausgewählte Gedichte, Eugen Diederichs, Köln.
 1952-1955: Gesammelte Werke, Eugen Diederichs, Köln (six volumes).
 1983: Es war ein Land: Gedichte und Geschichten aus Ostpreußen, Eugen Diederichs, München (reprinted by Rautenberg, Leer in 2002).
 1994: Spaziergänge einer Ostpreußin, Rautenberg, Leer (journalism 1923-1924).
 2000: Wie ich zu meiner Heimat stehe, Verlag S. Bublies, Schnellbach (journalism 1926-1932).
 2002: Die Frauen von Nidden: Gesammelte Gedichte von unserer 'Mutter Ostpreußen', Rautenberg, Leer.
 2002: Wie Bernstein leuchtend auf der Lebenswaage: Gesammelte Balladen, Rautenberg, Leer.

\\\nm

Alemãs do século XX
Mulheres jornalistas da Alemanha
Escritoras da Alemanha
Naturais de Königsberg
Escritores da Prússia
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Agnes Miegel