Haluk Yıldırım (d. 25 Haziran 1972), en son Türkiye Basketbol Ligi takımlarından Galatasaray'da forvet pozisyonunda oynayan, Adana Anadolu Lisesi mezunu millî basketbolcudur. 2012'de basketbolu bırakmıştır.

Kariyeri
Ülkerspor'un kurulduğu 1993'ten itibaren bu takımda oynayan ve adeta bu kulüple özdeşleşmiş ve bu kulüpte iken 200'den fazla millî formayı giymiştir. 10 yıl boyunca Ülker'in geniş kadrosu içinde ve aynı takımda oynadığı Harun Erdenay gibi yıldız oyuncuların yanında skor açısından pek görünmese de özellikle savunma açısından yeteneğiyle ve sonradan girdiği oyunlardaki katkısıyla birçok antrenörün önemli oyuncusu oldu. Hucüm yönü arka planda kalsa bile % 40'a yakın üçlük yüzdesiyle her an skora da etki edebilecek bir oyuncu oldu.

Haluk Yıldırım 10 yıllık Ülkerspor kariyerini 2003/2004 sezon ortasında Hodgkin Lenfoma hastalığı geçirerek sonlandırdı. Ülkerspor yönetimi Haluk'un kendi isteğiyle takımı bıraktığını açıkladı. Ancak Haluk Yıldırım, Ülkerspor'u kendi rızasıyla bırakmamıştı. Kanser olduğu için antlaşması 10 yıllık kariyerine ve iyileşme olasılığına rağmen tek bir mektupla feshedildi! Sporcu bu haberi eşinden öğrendi.

2004-05 sezonu başında kısa süre Türk Telekom ile anlaşsa da son anda Beşiktaş'la anlaştı. Beşiktaş gibi görünürde Ülkerspor'a göre daha kısıtlı kadrosu olan bir takımda tekrar basketbola döndü ve takımın en önemli oyuncularından biri oldu. Lig maçlarında ve play off'ta iki kere Ülkerspor'un yenilmesinde büyük pay sahibi oldu ve takımını finale taşıyan oyunculardan biri oldu.

Haluk Yıldırım 2005-06 sezonu başında Ankara takımı Türk Telekom'a transfer oldu. Bu kulüpte iki sezon oynradıktan sonra 2007 yazında anlaşmasını bir sezon daha uzattı. 2008-09 sezonunda tekrar Beşiktaş'ta görev aldı. 2010-11 sezonu dahil 2 yıllığına Galatasaray Cafe Crown ile anlaşmaya vardı. 2012 yılında da basketbol kariyerini noktaladı.

2012-13 sezonundan itibaren Beşiktaş basketbol şubesinde genel menajerlik görevinden 2014-2015 sezonu sonunda Türkiye A Millî Erkek Basketbol Takımı Menajerliği görevine getirilmiştir.

Kariyeri
 1994-1995: Ülkerspor
 1995-1996: Ülkerspor
 1996-1997: Ülkerspor
 1997-1998: Ülkerspor (TBL : 8.6 sayı ort., 3.7 reb ort., 2.4 ast.ort.)
 1998-1999: Ülkerspor (TBL : 6.9 sayı ort., 3.3 reb.ort.)
 1999-2000: Ülkerspor (TBL : 6.8 sayı ort., 2.5 reb.ort.)
 2000-2001: Ülkerspor (TBL : 8.6 sayı ort., 3.8 reb.ort., 2.6 ast.ort.)
(Suproleague: 7.7 sayo ort., 3.3 reb.ort., 2 ast.ort.)
 2001-2002: Ülkerspor (TBL : 9.3 sayı ort., 2.4 reb.ort., 3.5 ast.ort., 0.9 top ç.ort.)
 2002-2003: Ülkerspor (TBL: 7.7 sayı ort., 2.9 reb.ort, 2.6 ast.ort.)
(EuroLeague: 5.2 sayı ort., 2.4 reb.ort., 2.1 ast.ort.)
 2003-2004: Ülkerspor (Hastalandığı Şubat 2004'e kadar yarı sezon)
(TBL: 6.8 sayı ort., 2.8 reb.ort, 2.4 ast.ort.)
(Euroleague: 7.0 sayı ort., 2.3 reb.ort., 1.9 ast.ort.)
 2004-2005: Beşiktaş (TBL: 7.9 sayı ort., 4.2 reb.ort., 3.3 ast.ort.)
(FIBA Avrupa Ligi: 6.4 sayı ort., 2.9 reb.ort, 2.8 ast.ort.)
 2005-2006: Türk Telekom
 2010-2012: Galatasaray Cafe Crown

Başarılar
 1995 Türkiye Ligi Şampiyonluğu
 1998 Türkiye Ligi Şampiyonluğu
 2000 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası Finali
 2001 Türkiye Ligi Şampiyonluğu
 2001 Avrupa Basketbol Şampiyonası Finali
 2002 Türkiye Kupası Yarı final
 2002 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası
 2003 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası
 2003 Türkiye Kupası Şampiyonluğu
 2002 Türkiye Ligi Normal Sezon Şampiyonluğu
 2005 FIBA Avrupa Kupası Çeyrek final
 2005 Türkiye Ligi Finali

Dış bağlantılar
 TurkSports.Net Profil
 TBLStat.net Oyuncu Profili

Türk Telekom GSK basketbolcuları
Galatasaray SK basketbolcuları
1972 doğumlular
Türk erkek basketbolcular
Beşiktaş JK basketbolcuları
Ülkerspor basketbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Kısa forvet basketbolcular

Haluk Yıldırım


Gramofon (eski Yunanca fone, ses ve grammein, "yazmak") veya fonograf kelimelerinden kaynaklanıyor. Bu makine ile ses ve müzik kayıtı veya dinleme olanakları bulunmaktadır. İlk patenti, 8 Kasım 1887 tarihinde Alman bilim insanı Emile Berliner tarafından alındı.

Taş plak veya silindir üzerine ses kayıtları

Gramofon bir yuvarlak ince taş plak ile, fonograf ise bir silindir ile çalışır. Fonografı ilk tasarlayanlardan biri ünlü Thomas Alva Edison'dur. İlk müzik çalar kutusu, günümüzde hâlâ dinlenmektedir.

Plaklar üzerine tespit edilmiş olan esasları tekrarlamaya yarayan alet. Gramofon iki bölümden ibarettir: Plâk ve makine.

Plâk, gomalaka ve mumlu maddelerle (son yıllarda plastik maddelerle) yapılan bir disktir. İki yüzünde helezon şeklinde oyuklar vardır. Bu oyuklar, girintili çıkıntılıdır, özel olarak yapılmış olan gramofon iğnesi, bu oyuklar arasında dolaşırken, meydana gelen titreşimler, plâğa alınan sesin tekrar duyulmasını sağlar.

Makine, plâğın devamlı olarak ve aynı hızda dönmesini sağlayan bir motor ile, sesi yansıtan bir bölümden ibarettir. Motor, zemberek ya da elektrikle çalıştırılabilir. Her iki şekilde de dakikada ortalama olarak 78 devir yapılır. Elektrikle çalışan gramofonlara pikap adı verilir.

İğne, plâk üzerinde dolandıkça, oyukların girinti ve çıkıntısına göre meydana gelen titreşimler, iğnenin bağlı bulunduğu diyagrama yansır, ses titreşimleri, diyagram ve ses kutusu yardımı ile büyütülerek aksettirilmiş olur.

Gramofon 1877 yılında Edison tarafından icat edilmiş olan fonografın geliştirilmiş şeklidir.

Plâk doldurulması

Balmumundan yapılmış düz ve daire biçimli kalıplar, gramofona benzeyen bir makineye konur. Bu makine, balmumundan kalıbı, belli bir hızla döndürür. Kalıbın üzerine bir iğne konmuştur. Bu iğne bir diyagrama bağlıdır.

Makinenin karşısında yapılan bir konuşma ya da söylenen bir şarkı, havayı titreştirir, hava da diyagramda titreşimler meydana getirir. Bunun sonucu olarak, diyagrama bağlı olan iğnede de titreşmeler olur. İğne, titreşerek, dönmekte olan balmumu kalıbı üzerinde, titreşme durumuma göre inişli çıkışlı çizgiler çizer. Böylece, bir kalıp elde edilmiş olunur. Bu kalıptan nikel kalıplar çıkarılır. Sonra da bu nikel kalıptan, bildiğimiz gramofon plâkları çoğaltılır. İlk müzik çalar kutusu. Günümüzde hala dinlenmektedir. Ancak bu bilindiği gibi Edison'un icadı değildir. Gramofon Edison'dan yaklaşık 50 sene öncesinde dedesi tarafından tasarlanmıştır.

Jean Michel Jarre'nin Büyükbabası André Jarre, ilk kez ses miksaj masasını icat etmiş ve bunu Radyo Lyon'da kullanmıştır. Ayrıca ikinci dünya savaşından sonra ilk taşınabilir fonograf (Teppaz)  cihazını yapmış, daha sonra bunu torunu Jean-Michel'e hediye etmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

  Phonogalarie "Paris Phono Müzesi" websitesi

Makineler
Thomas Edison
Alman icatları

Gramofon


Emilia Schneider Videla (Santiago, ) est une femme politique, militante et féministe chilienne. Elle est élue députée en 2021, et devient la première parlementaire transgenre du Chili. Elle a été représentante au niveau universitaire. En 2018 elle a été porte-parole de l'Assemblée Féministe 8M pendant les manifestations féministes au Chili qui ont lieu la même année. En 2019, elle devient la première présidente transgenre de la Fédération d'Étudiants de l'Université du Chili (Fech). Elle est militante du parti Comunes, qui fait partie de la coalition du Front large.

Biographie
Née en 1996 à Santiago, Emilia Schneider est la petite-fille du général René Schneider, commandant en chef de l'Armée du Chili entre 1969 et 1970, année durant laquelle il est assassiné afin d'éviter l'arrivée au pouvoir d'Allende, alors que Schneider défend la Constitution (ce qui est connu comme la « doctrine Schneider ».

Elle réalise ses études primaires et secondaires au , un établissement proche de la gauche politique chilienne. Elle entre ensuite à la faculté de droit de l'Université du Chili. Elle est porte-parole lors de l'occupation féministe de la faculté de droit pendant les manifestations féministes au Chili de 2018, et est la première femme trans porte-parole de l'Assemblée Féministe 8M.

En 2019, pendant les élections de la Fédération d'Étudiants de l'Université du Chili (Fech), réalisées les 29 et 30 avril, elle obtient la première majorité avec  votes. Cependant, en raison du manque de quorum et de la faible participation électorale (seul 25,8% des personnes inscrites sur les listes électorales ont voté, en-dessous du minimum de 40%), un groupe de direction intérimaire est mis en place, dont elle est la présidente, ce qui permet que la coalition du Front large obtienne la présidence intérimaire de cette faculté.

En 2019 après le début des manifestations au Chili, elle représente la jeunesse universitaire favorable à la rédaction d'une nouvelle constitution, au sein du groupe d'unité sociale. Outre son militantisme politique, Schneider est une militante pour les droits des personnes LGBT, en particulier pour les personnes transgenres et pour l'égalité des droits des minorités sexuelles chiliennes.

Pendant la pandémie de Covid-19 au Chili, Schneider appelle à une « grève en ligne » étudiante en mars 2020, comme une forme de protestation au niveau national face à l'absence de garanties dans les mesures prises par le Ministère d'Éducation pour mettre en place l'éducation en ligne afin de maintenir les confinements et la distanciation physique.

Elle s'inscrit comme candidate du parti Communs au sein de la liste Approbation dignité aux élections constituantes de 2021, dans le district n°10 (correspondant aux communes de Santiago, Ñuñoa, Macul, La Granja, Providencia et San Joaquín), mais n'est pas élue.

Par la suite elle est élue députée pour le district n°10 aux élections parlementaires de 2021, et devient la première députée transgenre de l'histoire du Chili.

Controverses
Une fuite de fichiers numériques des Carabiniers du Chili réalisée par des hackers montre qu'Emilia Schneider figurait dans une liste de personnes aux côtés d'autres dirigeants de sa faculté pour être l'objet d'enquêtes et de rapports d'intelligence policière. En conséquence, le vice-rectorat de l'Université du Chili dépose plainte pour espionnage contre l'institution en novembre 2019.

Historique Électoral

Élections constituantes de 2021

 Élections constituantes de 2021, pour le district 10 (La Granja, Macul, Ñuñoa, Providencia, San Joaquín, Santiago)

Élections parlementaires de 2021

 Élections parlementaires de 2021 comme députée pour le district 10 (La Granja, Macul, Ñuñoa, Providencia, San Joaquín et Santiago)

Références

Femme politique trans
Femme politique chilienne
Naissance à Santiago
Naissance en octobre 1996
Étudiant de l'université du Chili
Militant pour les droits LGBT au Chili

Emilia Schneider


Robert Kelly Slater (born February 11, 1972) is an American professional surfer, best known for being crowned World Surf League champion a record 11 times. Slater is widely regarded as the greatest professional surfer of all time, and holds 56 Championship Tour victories. Slater is also the oldest surfer still active on the World Surf League, winning his 8th Billabong Pipeline Masters title at age 49.

Early years
Slater grew up in Cocoa Beach, Florida, where he still lives. He is the son of Judy Moriarity and Stephen Slater.  He has two brothers, Sean and Stephen.

The son of a bait-store proprietor, Slater grew up near the water, and he began surfing at age five.  By age 10 he was winning age-division events up and down the Atlantic coast, and in 1984 he won his first age-division United States championship title. Two years later he finished third in the junior division at the world amateur championships in England, and he won the Pacific Cup junior championship in Australia the following year. Kelly attended Cocoa Beach High School.

Professional career
Kelly turned pro in 1990 and qualified for the Bud Pro Tour (The World Surf League's qualifying tour at the time). He then immediately won his first contest on the Bud Pro Tour, The Body Glove Surf Bout in Trestles, California. At the end of the year he qualified for the World Surf League Championship Tour for the 1991 season. After qualifying for 1991, Slater struggled during his first year on the Championship Tour and was 43rd out of 44 in the world rankings. In 1992 he secured podium (top 3) finishes in three of his first five events before winning his first professional tour event, the Rip Curl Pro, in France. His win in that year's prestigious Pipeline Masters in Hawaii secured his first World Title, and at age 20 he became the youngest surfing world champion ever. Slater finished sixth in the 1993 rankings but came back to win 5 world titles in a row from 1994–1998, during which time televised surfing events had become increasingly popular. He then took a break from competitive surfing at the end of 1998, before returning to the world pro tour in 2002.

Sponsors and equipment

Slater historically and exclusively rode Channel Islands Surfboards equipped with his own signature series of FCS fins. As the media hype grew around Slater's lack of board stickers in 2015, Slater had been seen riding unlabelled Firewire surfboards, acquiring the company in 2014. In 2016 Slater released his own line of boards.   there are four Slater Designs models in the Firewire range: the Gamma, Cymatic, Omni and Sci-fi.

Since 1990 Slater had been sponsored primarily by surfwear industry giant Quiksilver until his departure on April 1, 2014.  After Leaving Quiksilver, Slater, in collaboration with Kering, established the eco-friendly and sustainable apparel company 'Outerknown'.

Accomplishments

Surfing
Slater, having grown up in Florida, was never truly comfortable in waves of consequence until a trip to Oahu in 1987. A giant northwest swell was pounding the coast, closing out breaks from Waimea to Sunset.  He drove to Makaha, where he was greeted with 40' (Hawaiian scale) waves breaking across the bay.  Slater parked and saw Brandon "Big Wave" Davis waxing up his 11' board.  Big Wave Davis simply gave Slater a wink and they paddled out, trading waves all afternoon.  Slater credits Davis in his biography stating "Brandon's knowledge and poise in large surf had a huge impact on my career. Anytime I'm dropping in to a big wave, I think back to that wink in the Makaha parking lot and I push myself over the edge." Some of his favorite surf spots include Lower Trestles in San Clemente, California, US, Pipeline in Hawaii, Kirra in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, Jeffreys Bay in South Africa, Taghazout in Morocco, Soup Bowls in Barbados, and Sebastian Inlet near his home in Florida.

In 2022, Slater won his eighth Pro Pipeline surfing title at the Pipe Masters in Hawaii, 30 years after his first win. In 2023, he announced his intention to qualify for the 2024 Olympics in Paris.

Musical appearances and collaborations
Slater plays guitar and ukulele, and has performed with Jack Johnson and Angus Stone. In the mid 1990's Kelly Slater joined Rob Machado and Peter King in a band called The Surfers.The trio released an album in 1998 titled Songs from the Pipe, a reference to the famous surf spot Pipeline on Oahu, Hawaii. Slater toured Australia with his band, performing in venues such as the Opera House and Parliament House.

Slater performed a song with Ben Harper during Harper's concert in Santa Barbara on August 1, 2006. He also performed Rockin' in the Free World with grunge band Pearl Jam on July 7, 2006, in San Diego.

In 1999, he appeared alongside Garbage singer Shirley Manson in the promotional video for the band's single "You Look So Fine". He played a man washed up on a seashore, then rescued by Manson.

Mixed media
Slater played the recurring character Jimmy Slade on seven episodes of the popular TV show Baywatch in the early 1990s. He appeared in an episode of the reality show The Girls Next Door, and has starred in many surf films during his career.

A video game named Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer by Treyarch and published by Activision was released in 2002. Slater also appeared as a playable character in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 prior to this, complete with a surfboard.

In addition to the ASP tour, Slater competed in the X-Games in 2003 and 2004 winning back to back gold medals.

Environmentalism and philanthropy
Slater is an advocate of a sustainable and clean living lifestyle. Slater is also a fundraiser and spokesperson for suicide prevention awareness. He has surfed in celebrity events for Surfers Against Suicide, telling sports website 'Athletes Talk': "I've lost a couple of friends myself to suicide and it's just a horrible thing that can be prevented. People get in this dark place and they don't know what to do so it's always nice to see a non-profit that isn't turning into anything else other than just trying to help people."

Slater is passionate about preserving oceans globally and protecting temperate reefs in California through his relationship with Reef Check.

In February 2017, Slater and fellow competitive surfer Jérémy Florès called for a daily cull of bull sharks by French authorities on Réunion following eight shark-related fatalities over the preceding six years.  Environmentalists criticized the proposal, with Ken Collins of the University of Southampton describing it as "insane".

On May 8, 2010, the United States House of Representatives honored Slater in H. Res. 792 for his "outstanding and unprecedented achievements in the world of surfing and for being an ambassador of the sport and excellent role model." This resolution, sponsored by Florida representative Bill Posey and sponsored by 10 representatives, passed without objection by a voice vote.

Slater is on the Board of Advisors (the Ocean Advocacy Advisory Board) of ocean conservation organization Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

Other ventures

In 2014, Slater launched the beverage company Purps in collaboration with RVCA founder Pat Tenore and Dr. Chris Schaumburg. Since 2013, Slater has been a brand ambassador for The Chia Company, based in western Australia.

Wave Pool

Wave Pool was a ten-year 'experiment' to create the perfect inland wave pool situated in inland California. Kelly modeled the wave after a combination of Lower Trestles, California, a tubing wave on Oahu, Hawaii, and a secret right in Micronesia in the Marshall Islands. The project was a success and the surfing world was abuzz with the possibilities, mostly due to the wave's perfect shape and speed.  In 2016 the World Surf League (WSL) acquired a majority stake in the Kelly Slater Wave Company (KSWC) for an undisclosed sum.

Kelly Slater Surf Ranch
The WSL held a test event for professional surfers, including Filipe Toledo, Mick Fanning, Kanoa Igarashi, Gabriel Medina and others, at the Kelly Slater Surf Ranch (located at ) on Tuesday, September 19, 2017. The Surf Ranch also hosted the WSL Founders Cup on May 5–6, 2018. The contest featured five teams - US, Brazil, Australia, Europe and World - made up of men's and women's surfers from the WSL Championship Tour. The WSL Surf Ranch was constructed outside of Lemoore, California and has remained private and exclusive.

Surf Ranch Florida
There were previously plans to develop Surf Ranch Florida, a man-made surfing lake in Palm Beach County.  County commissioners unanimously approved plans for the county to evaluate the proposed surf facility in 2017.  Brian Waxman, project leader for Surf Ranch Florida, said the World Surf League was considering bringing the wave lake to the Sunshine State for its weather and heritage of world-class surfers.  It would have encompassed an 80-acre lot east of Jupiter Farms, near the Pine Glades natural area. Despite acquiring the 80-acre property for $6.5 million dollars in November 2017, WSL announced that plans to develop the surf facility at this location were cancelled in 2019 due to "unforeseen challenges" related to an unexpectedly high groundwater table elevation.

La Quinta, California
Coral Mountain is a proposed $200-million complex on  in La Quinta, California that would include a hotel and housing built around a surfing basin created by Kelly Slater Wave Co.

Competitive achievements
Slater has been crowned World Surf League Champion a record 11 times, including five consecutive titles in 1994–98. He is the youngest (at age 20) and the oldest (at age 39) to win the WSL men's title. On winning his fifth world title in 1997, Slater passed Australian surfer Mark Richards to become the most successful male champion in the history of the sport. In 2007 he also became the all-time leader in career event wins by winning the Boost Mobile Pro event at Lower Trestles near San Clemente, California. The previous record was held by Slater's childhood hero, three-time world champion Tom Curren. After earlier being awarded the title prematurely as a result of a miscalculation by the Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP), on November 6, 2011, Slater officially won his eleventh ASP world title at the Rip Curl Pro Search San Francisco, by winning his fourth round heat.

In May 2005, in the final heat of the Billabong Tahiti Pro contest at Teahupo'o, Slater became the first surfer ever to be awarded two perfect scores for a total 20 out of 20 points under the ASP two-wave scoring system (fellow American Shane Beschen made the first perfect score under the previous three-wave system in 1996).

Slater did it again in June 2013 at the quarter finals at the Volcom Fiji Pro with two perfect ten waves, only the fourth person in history to do so.

Slater is also the oldest surfer to perform a ten-point ride in World Surf League competition at the age of 47 at the 2019 Billabong Pipe Masters.

2013 stats and results
World ranking: 2nd
Points: 54,150

Event results in 2013
Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia): 1st
Rip Curl Pro  (Bells Beach, Victoria, Australia): 13th
Volcom Fiji Pro (Tavarua/Namotu, Fiji): 1st
Oakley Pro Bali (Keramas, Bali, Indonesia): 9th
Billabong Pro Teahupoo (Teahupoo, Taiarapu, French Polynesia): 2nd

Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 1st

He also won many other surfing titles.

2012 stats and results
World ranking: 2nd
Points: 55,450

Event results in 2012
Quiksilver Pro presented by Land Rover (Gold Coast, Snapper Rocks, Australia): 5th
Rip Curl Pro presented by Ford Ranger (Bells Beach, Victoria, Australia): 2nd
Billabong Rio Pro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): INJ
Volcom Fiji Pro (Tavarua/Namotu, Fiji): 1st
Billabong Pro Tahiti (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 13th
Hurley Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, US): 1st
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor-Landes, France): 1st
Rip Curl Pro (Peniche, Portugal): 13th
O'Neill Coldwater Classic Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, California, US): 9th
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 3rd

2011 stats and results
World ranking: 2011 Champion
Points: 68,100

Event results in 2011
Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast (Snapper Rocks, Australia): 1st
Rip Curl Pro, Bells Beach, (Victoria, Australia): 5th
Billabong Rio Pro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): 13th
Nike Pro US Open (Huntington Beach, California, US): 1st
Billabong Pro Teahupoo (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 1st
Quiksilver Pro New York (Long Beach, New York, US): 2nd
Hurley Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, US): 1st
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor, France): 5th
Rip Curl Pro Portugal (Peniche, Portugal): 2nd
Rip Curl Search (Ocean Beach, San Francisco, US): 5th
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 3rd

2010 stats and results
World ranking: 2010 Champion
Points: 69000

Event results in 2010
Quiksilver Pro, Gold Coast (Snapper Rocks, Australia): 9th
Rip Curl Pro, Bells Beach (Australia): 1st
Hang Loose Pro (Santa Catarina, Brasil): 2nd
Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa): 17th
Billabong Pro Teahupoo (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 3rd
Hurley Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, US): 1st
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor, France): 2nd
Rip Curl Pro Portugal (Peniche, Portugal): 1st
Rip Curl Pro Search 2010 (Middles Beach, Isabela, Puerto Rico): 1st
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 3rd

2009 stats and results
World ranking: 6th.
Points: 6136

Event results in 2009
Quiksilver Pro, Gold Coast (Snapper Rocks, Australia): 17th
Rip Curl Pro, Bells Beach (Australia): 17th
Billabong Pro, Tahiti (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 17th
Hang Loose Pro (Santa Catarina, Brasil): 1st
Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa): 9th
Hurley Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, US): 3rd
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor, France): 5th
Billabong Pro, Mundaka (Mundaka, Spain): 3rd
Rip Curl Search (Peniche, Portugal): 17th
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 2nd

2008 stats and results
World ranking: 2008 Champion
Points: 8832

Event results
Quiksilver Pro, Gold Coast (Snapper Rocks, Australia): 1st
Rip Curl Pro, Bells Beach (Australia): 1st
Billabong Pro, Tahiti (Teahupoo, Tahiti): 17th
Globe Pro, Fiji (Tavarua, Fiji): 1st
Billabong Pro, J-Bay (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa): 1st
Rip Curl Search (Bali, Indonesia): 17th
Boost Mobile Pro (Lower Trestles, San Clemente, California, US): 1st
Quiksilver Pro France (Hossegor, France): 2nd
Billabong Pro, Mundaka (Mundaka, Spain): 9th
Hang Loose Pro (Santa Catarina, Brasil): DNS
Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii): 1st

History of wins
2022

 Billabong Pro Pipeline (Oahu, Hawaii)

2019
 Triple Crown of Surfing (Specialty-Hawaii)
2016
 Billabong Pro (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT

2014
 Volcom Pipe Pro (Pipeline, Hawaii) - QS 5-Stars
2013
 Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
 Volcom Fiji Pro (Tavarua/Namotu, Fiji) - WT
 Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii) - WT
2012
 Volcom Fiji Pro (Tavarua, Fiji) - WT
 Hurley Pro (Trestles, California, US) - WT
 Quiksilver Pro France (South West Coast, France) - WT
2011

 Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
 Billabong Pro (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT
 Hurley Pro (Trestles, California, US) - WT
 Nike US Open of Surfing (Huntington Beach, California, US) - QS Prime
2010
 Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Australia) - WT
 Hurley Pro (Trestles, California, US) - WT
 Rip Curl Pro (Peniche, Portugal) - WT
 Rip Curl Search (Middles, Isabela, Puerto Rico) - WT
2009
 Hang Loose Santa Catarina Pro (Santa Catarina, Brasil) - WT
2008
 Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
 Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Australia) - WT
 Globe Pro (Tavarua, Fiji) - WT
 Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa) - WT
 Boost Mobile Pro (Trestles, California, US) - WT
 Billabong Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii) - WT
2007
 Boost Mobile Pro (Trestles, California, US) - WT
2006
 Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
 Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Australia) - WT
2005
 Billabong Pro (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT
 Globe Pro Fiji (Tavarua, Fiji) - WT
 Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa) - WT
 Boost Mobile Pro (Trestles, California, US) - WT
2004
 X-Games SRF The Game
 Snickers Australian Open - QS
 Energy Australia Open - QS
2003
 X-Games SRF The Game
 Billabong Pro (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT
 Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa) - WT
 Billabong Pro (Mundaka, Spain) - WT
 Nova Schin Festival (Santa Catarina, Brazil) - WT
2002
 Quiksilver in Memory of Eddie Aikau (Specialty-Hawaii)
2000
 Gotcha Pro Tahiti (Teahupoo, Tahiti) - WT
1999
 Mountain Dew Pipeline Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii) - WT
1998
 Billabong Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
 Triple Crown of Surfing (Specialty-Hawaii)
1997
 Coke Surf Classic (Manly Beach, Australia) - QS 6-Stars
 Billabong Pro (Gold Coast, Australia) - WT
 Tokushima Pro (Tokushima, Japan) - WT
 Marui Pro (Chiba, Japan) - WT
 Kaiser Summer Surf (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) - WT
 Grand Slam (Specialty-Australia)
 Typhoon Lagoon Surf Challenge (Specialty-US)
1996
 Coke Surf Classic (Narrabeen, Australia)
 Rip Curl Pro Saint Leu (Saint Leu, Reunion Island)
 CSI presents Billabong Pro (Jeffreys Bay, South Africa)
 U.S. Open of Surfing (Huntington Beach, California, US)
 Rip Curl Pro Hossegor (Hossegor, France)
 Quiksilver Surfmasters (Biarritz, France)
 Chiemsee Gerry Lopez Pipe Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii)
 Sud Ouest Trophee (Specialty-France)
 Da Hui Backdoor Shootout (Specialty-Hawaii)
1995
 Quiksilver Pro (Grajagan, Indonesia)
 Chiemsee Pipe Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii)
 Triple Crown of Surfing (Specialty-Hawaii)
1994
 Rip Curl Pro (Bells Beach, Australia)
 Gotcha Lacanau Pro (Lacanau, France)
 Chiemsee Gerry Lopez Pipe Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii)
 Bud Surf Tour Seaside Reef (WQS-US)
 Bud Surf Tour Huntington (WQS-US)
 Sud Ouest Trophee (Specialty-France)
1993
 Marui Pro (Chiba, Japan)
1992
 Rip Curl Pro Landes (Hossegor, France)
 Marui Pipe Masters (Pipeline, Hawaii)
1990
 Body Glove Surfbout (Trestles, California, US)

Career victories

Wins by country

Personal life
Slater is an avid golfer and practices the sport of Brazilian jiu-jitsu. His biggest surfing inspiration is 3x WSL champion Tom Curren. Curren was the first American surfer to win a World Title. Kelly got his chance to compete against him when Kelly became a full time tour competitor in 1991. Big wave surfers Todd Chesser and Brock Little were also mentors to him when he was a teenager.

Kelly dated Pamela Anderson for several years in the early 1990s, sometimes not exclusively, meeting her on the set of Baywatch. Kelly was also in a relationship with Gisele Bündchen from 2005-2006, and Cameron Diaz in 2007.

Slater has a daughter, Taylor (b. 1996), from a previous relationship with Tamara Mitchell.

Kelly's long-term girlfriend is Kalani Miller.

Filmography

Films
 Surfers – The Movie (1990)
 Kelly Slater in Black and White (1991)
 Momentum 1 (1992)
 Focus (1994)
 Endless Summer II (1994)
 Factory Seconds (1995)
 Momentum 2 (1996)
 Good Times (1996)
 Kelly Slater In Kolor (1997)
 The Show (1997)
 Loose Change (1999)
 Hit & Run (2000)
 Thicker than Water (2000)
 One Night at McCool's (2001)
 September Sessions (2002)
 Step into Liquid (2003)
 Campaign 1 (2003)
 Riding Giants (2004)
 Doped Youth 'Groovy Avalon' (2004)
 Young Guns 1, 2 & 3 (2004–2008)
 Campaign 2 (2005)
 Burn (2005)
 Letting Go (2006)
 Surf's Up (2007)
 Down the Barrel (2007)
 Bra Boys: Blood is Thicker than Water (2007)
 Bustin' Down the Door (2008)
 One Track Mind (2008)
 Kelly Slater Letting Go (2008)
 Waveriders (2008)
 The Ocean (2008)
 A Fly in the Champagne (2009) (featuring Kelly Slater and Andy Irons)
 Cloud 9 (2009)
 Keep Surfing (2009)
 Ultimate Wave Tahiti (2010)
 Fighting Fear (2011)
 Wave Warriors 3
 View from a Blue Moon (2015)
 Andy Irons: Kissed by God (2018)
 Momentum Generation (2018)

Cameo appearances
"You Look So Fine" - Garbage music video (1999)
'"Surf's Up" (2007)
View From A Blue Moon (2015)

Television
 Baywatch, 7 episodes (1992–1996)
 The Jersey, surfing episode 18 (2001)
 The Girls Next Door, "Surf's Up" (one episode)
 The Ultimate Surfer, "Kelly-vision" cameos
 Kelly Slater: Lost Tapes, 11 episodes (2022)
 Make or Break, 2 Seasons (2022-2023)

See also
Wave pool
Wavegarden

Books
 Pipe Dreams: A Surfer's Journey (2003),
 Kelly Slater: For the Love (2008),

References

External links

 Official website

1972 births
American surfers
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
Living people
People from Cocoa Beach, Florida
Sportspeople from Brevard County, Florida
Sportspeople from Florida
World Surf League surfers
X Games athletes

Kelly Slater


Gauck ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Alexander Wassiljewitsch Gauck (1893–1963), ukrainischer Dirigent und Komponist
 Joachim Gauck (* 1940), deutscher Pfarrer, erster Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen und elfter Bundespräsident Deutschlands
 Ralf Gauck (* 1965), deutscher Bassist
 Thomas Gauck (* 1968), deutscher Fotograf

Siehe auch:

 Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen, umgangssprachlich ehemals "Gauck-Behörde"

Gauck (Begriffsklärung)


كارل دونيتز؛  (16 سبتمبر 1891 -24 ديسمبر 1980)، أميرال ألماني خلال الحقبة النازية، خلف لفترة وجيزة أدولف هتلر كرئيس للدولة الألمانية في عام 1945. لعب دورًا رئيسيًا في في الحرب العالمية الثانية. أُدين بارتكاب جرائم حرب في محاكمات نورمبرغ عام 1946.

بدأ حياته المهنية في البحرية الإمبراطورية الألمانية قبل الحرب العالمية الأولى، وفي بداية الحرب العالمية الثانية، كان ضابط الغواصة الأقدم في كريغسمارين، كان دونيتز العدو الرئيسي لقوات الحلفاء البحرية في معركة المحيط الأطلسي. منذ عام 1939 وحتى عام 1943، قاتلت الغواصات بشكل فعال لكنها خسرت في مايو 1943. أمر دونيتز غواصاته بالدخول في المعركة حتى عام 1945 لتخفيف الضغط عن الفروع الأخرى للقوات المسلحة. فُقدت 648 غواصة من طراز يو-429 بدون ناجين. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، قُتل نحو 30,000 من 40,000 رجل خدموا في تلك الغواصات.

في 30 أبريل 1945، بعد وفاة أدولف هتلر ووفقًا لإرادة هتلر الأخيرة ووصيته، سُمّي دونيتز خليفة لهتلر كرئيس للدولة، مع لقب رئيس ألمانيا والقائد الأعلى للقوات المسلحة. في 7 مايو 1945، أمر ألفريد غودل، رئيس أركان العمليات، بالتوقيع على أدوات الاستسلام الألمانية في ريمس، فرنسا. ظل دونيتز على رأس حكومة فلنسبورغ، كما أصبحت معروفة، حتى حُلّت من قبل قوات الحلفاء في 23 مايو.

باعترافه الشخصي، كان دونيتز نازيًا مخلصًا ومؤيدًا لهتلر. كان يحمل معتقدات معادية للسامية وأصر على أن ضباط الكريغسمارين يلتزمون بآرائه السياسية. بعد الحرب، وُجهت لائحة من الاتهامات إلى دونيتز كمجرم حرب رئيسي في محاكمات نورمبرغ في ثلاث تهم: التآمر لارتكاب جرائم ضد السلام، وجرائم حرب، وجرائم ضد الإنسانية. التخطيط والشروع وشن الحروب العدوانية. حكم عليه بالسجن عشر سنوات، وبعد إطلاق سراحه عاش في قرية بالقرب من هامبورغ حتى وفاته عام 1980. معليش ع التاخير لاحد الحين يهايطون علي ويغيرون اسمي ويحطون لناس اسمي ولغابي ومسكوني انت انا هذا انا انتم كتبه العراقي تيار زعيم زعيم خلاص

حياته المبكرة ومهنته
وُلد دونيتز في غروناو بالقرب من برلين، ألمانيا، لآنا باير وإميل دونيتز، وهو مهندس، في عام 1891، كان لكارل أخ أكبر. في عام 1910، جُنّد دونيتز في البحرية الإمبراطورية.

في 27 سبتمبر 1913، كُلّف دونيتز بصفته ملازم أول بالوكالة. عندما بدأت الحرب العالمية الأولى، خدم في منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط. في أغسطس 1914، بدأوا العمل تحت قيادة الأدميرال فيلهلم سوشون، واشتبكوا مع القوات الروسية في البحر الأسود. طلب دونيتز نقله إلى قوات الغواصة، والتي أصبحت سارية المفعول في 1 أكتوبر 1916. التحق بمدرسة الغواصة في فلنسبورغ-مورفيك. شغل منصب ضابط مراقبة في يو-39، ومن فبراير 1918 أصبح قائد يو سي-25. في 2 يوليو 1918، أصبح قائد يو بي-68، الموجودة في البحر الأبيض المتوسط. قبض البريطانيون عليه وسُجن في معسكر ريدميير بالقرب من شيفيلد، وظل أسير حرب حتى عام 1919 وفي عام 1920 عاد إلى ألمانيا.

في 27 مايو 1916، تزوج دونيتز من ممرضة تدعى إنغبورغ ويبر (1894-1962)، ابنة الجنرال الألماني إريك ويبر (1860-1933). أنجبا ثلاثة أطفال نشأوا على أنهم مسيحيون بروتستانتيون: الابنة أورسولا (1917-1990) والأبناء كلاوس (1920-1944) وبيتر (1922-1943). قُتل ولدا دونيتز خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية.

كان هتلر قد أصدر سياسة تنص على أنه إذا فقد ضابط كبير مثل دونيتز ابنًا في المعركة وكان له أبناء آخرون في الجيش، فيمكن لهذا الأخير الانسحاب من القتال والعودة إلى الحياة المدنية.  بعد وفاة بيتر، مُنع كلاوس من القيام بأي دور قتالي وسُمح له بمغادرة الجيش لبدء الدراسة ليصبح طبيبًا بحريًا. لكنه عاد إلى البحر وقُتل في 13 مايو 1944.

الحرب العالمية الثانية
في 1 سبتمبر 1939، غزت ألمانيا بولندا. سرعان ما أعلنت بريطانيا وفرنسا الحرب على ألمانيا، وبدأت الحرب العالمية الثانية. يوم الأحد 3 سبتمبر، ترأس دونيتز مؤتمرًا في فيلهلمسهافن. في الساعة 11:15 صباحًا، أرسلت الأميرالية البريطانية إشارة، اعترض بي-دانست الرسالة وأُبلغ دونيتز على الفور. تجول دونيتز في أرجاء الغرفة وسمعه موظفوه يقول مرارًا وتكرارًا: يا إلهي! إنها الحرب مع إنجلترا مرة أخرى!.

تخلى دونيتز عن المؤتمر ليعود في غضون ساعة رجلاً أكثر اتزانًا، وأعلن لضباطه: نحن نعرف عدونا، لدينا اليوم السلاح والقيادة التي يمكنها مواجهة هذا العدو، ستستمر الحرب لفترة طويلة، ولكن إذا قام كل منا بواجبه، فسننتصر. كان لدى دونيتز 57 قاربًا فقط، كان 27 منهم فقط قادر على الوصول إلى المحيط الأطلسي من القواعد الألمانية. كان هناك بالفعل برنامج بناء صغير قيد التنفيذ ولكن عدد غواصات يو لم يرتفع بشكل ملحوظ حتى خريف عام 1941.

كان أول عمل رئيسي لدونيتز هو التستر على غرق سفينة الركاب البريطانية أثينيا في وقت لاحق من نفس اليوم، بالإضافة إلى مقتل أكثر من 100 مدني، وأخفى دونيتس حقيقة أن الغواصة الألمانية غرقت السفينة. قبل تفسير القائد بأنه يعتقد حقًا أن السفينة كانت مسلحة، أمر دونيتز بحذف الحادثة من سجل الغواصة، لم يعترف دونيتس بالتستر حتى عام 1946.

في 23 سبتمبر 1939، وافق هتلر، بناءً على توصية من الأدميرال، على أن جميع السفن التجارية التي تستخدم شبكاتها اللاسلكية عند إيقافها بواسطة غواصات يو يجب إغراقها أو أسرها. شكّل هذا الأمر الألماني خطوة كبيرة نحو حرب غير مقيدة. وفي 2 أكتوبر، مُنحت الحرية الكاملة لمهاجمة السفن التي تواجدت قبالة السواحل البريطانية والفرنسية. في 17 أكتوبر، أعطى طاقم البحرية الألمانية الإذن لمراكب يو للهجوم جميع السفن التي اعتُبرت أنها معادية دون تحذير مُسبق. وُسعت المنطقة التي يمكن فيها مهاجمة السفن بحرية كاملة إلى 20 درجة غربًا في 19 أكتوبر. من الناحية العملية، كانت القيود الوحيدة المفروضة على غواصات يو تتعلق بالهجمات على سفن الركاب، وفي 17 نوفمبر، سُمح لها أيضًا بالهجوم عليها دون سابق إنذار إذا كان من الواضح أنها معادية.

بحلول نوفمبر 1939، كانت غواصات يو تمارس حربًا غير مقيدة. حذر الألمان من دخول المنطقة التي كان فيها قانون الحياد الأمريكي محظورًا على الملاحة الأمريكية، ومن التحرك بدون أضواء أو التعرج أو اتخاذ أي احتياطات دفاعية. لم تُطبّق الممارسة الكاملة للحرب غير المقيدة خوفًا من القوى المحايدة، وخاصة الأمريكيين. لطالما رغب كل من الأدميرال ودونيتز ورئيس الأركان البحرية الألمانية في شن حرب غير مقيدة بأسرع ما يمكن وإقناع هتلر بقبول العواقب المحتملة.

ضغط الأدميرال ودونيتز على هتلر لزيادة الإنتاج المخطط للغواصات إلى 29 على الأقل شهريًا. كانت العقبة المباشرة أمام المقترحات هي هيرمان غورينغ، رئيس الخطة الرباعية، والقائد العام والخلف المستقبلي لهتلر. لم يرضخ غورينغ، وفي مارس 1940، أُجبروا على تخفيض الرقم من 29 إلى 25، ولكن حتى هذه الخطة أثبتت أنها وهمية. في النصف الأول من عام 1940، أُضيف زورقين، وزاد العدد إلى ستة في النصف الأخير من العام. لم يبدأ عدد السفن في الزيادة بسرعة حتى أواخر عام 1941. من سبتمبر 1939 حتى مارس 1940، فُقدت 15 غواصة من طراز يو-9.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

الصلبان الكبرى لوسام الصليب الحرية
أشخاص أدينوا من قبل المحكمة العسكرية الدولية في نورنبيرغ
أشخاص في عملية أوفرلورد
أشخاص من برلين
أشخاص من مقاطعة براندنبورغ
أفراد الرايخ مارين
أفراد عسكريون من برلين
أفراد عسكريون من مقاطعة براندنبورغ
ألمان أدينوا بجرائم حرب
ألمان معادون للشيوعية
تاريخ الحرب العالمية الثانية العسكري البحري
حاصلون على النيشان المجيدي من الدرجة الأولى
حكام فاشيون
رؤساء ألمانيا
رؤساء ألمانيا القرن 20
رؤساء حكومات سجنوا لاحقا
سجناء ومعتقلون ألمان
سياسيون من برلين
صلبان الاستحقاق البحري
ضباط ألمانيا النازية
عسكريون ألمان في الحرب العالمية الأولى
عسكريون ألمان في الحرب العالمية الثانية
فرسان هاوس اوردر اوف هوهنزولرن
قادة الحرب العالمية الثانية
قادة دول مدانون بجرائم حرب
قادة عسكريون ألمان
قادة نازيون
كتاب مذكرات ألمان
كتاب ومؤلفون ألمان في المجال العسكري
متقلدو صليب الفارس الحديدي مع أوراق البلوط
متقلدو مشبك الصليب الحديدي من الدرجة الأولى
مواليد 1891
نازيون خدموا في الحرب العالمية الأولى
وفيات 1980
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية

كارل دونيتز


Frederiksberg Stadsarkiv er en institution under Frederiksberg Kommunes Kultur- og fritidsafdeling og ligger på Frederiksberg Rådhus. Stadsarkivet er Frederiksberg byhistoriske institution, som har til opgave at sikre og udbrede Frederiksberg Kommunes historie.
Frederiksberg Stadsarkiv rummer arkivalier, billeder, film, kort og litteratur om Frederiksberg indsamlet siden Stadsarkivets åbning i 1953.

Stadsarkivets samling
I uddrag af den komplette samling indeholder Stadsarkivet:

17 hyldekilometre arkivalier fra:

- Sognekommunale enheder for Frederiksberg og Hvidovre 1765-1858

- Frederiksberg Kommunes forvaltninger, herunder kontorer og afdelinger 1858 og frem

- Frederiksberg Kommunes institutioner 1803 og frem

- Foreninger, andre institutioner, virksomheder og personer med tilknytning til Frederiksberg 1750 og frem.

- 70.000 fotos

- 2.000 enheder med film, lydbånd, plader m.m.

- 80.000 kort, tegninger, planer m.m.

- 10.000 titler fra 1826-2013 med trykte kilder til Frederiksbergs historie og litteratur om Frederiksberg, bl.a. en udklipssamling

- Frederiksbergs lokalaviser 1932 og frem

Stadsarkivets opgaver
Stadsarkivet sikrer aflevering af bevaringsværdige arkivalier, både papirbaserede og digitale, fra Frederiksberg Kommunes forvaltninger og institutioner, samt aktivt sikrer aflevering fra foreninger, institutioner, virksomheder og personer med tilknytning til Frederiksberg. Stadsarkivet ordner, registrerer og gør disse tilgængelige.
Stadsarkivet sikrer desuden at arkivdannelse i Frederiksberg Kommunes forvaltninger og institutioner lever op til såvel Arkivlovens som lokalt fastsatte bestemmelser for bevaring, kassation, håndtering og senere aflevering af kommunens arkivalier. Udover arkivalier sørger Stadsarkivet også for at indsamle, ordne og gøre trykte kilder og litteratur om Frederiksberg tilgængelig.
Stadsarkivet stiller deres samlinger til rådighed for borgere, myndigheder og forskere på læsesalen, ligesom de besvarer på forespørgsler på email og telefon. Stadsarkivet vejleder i denne forbindelse også med at finde og benytte arkivalierne, samt behandler sager og dispensation vedrørende benyttelse af ikke umiddelbart tilgængelige arkivalier. På Stadsarkivet varetages også ind- og udlån af arkivalier til og fra andre anerkendte offentlige samlinger.
Stadsarkivet har også til opgave at forske og formidle Frederiksbergs byhistorie gennem artikel- og bogudgivelser, udstillinger, foredrag, byvandringer, borgerarrangementer og digitale formidlingsformer. Stadsarkivet repræsenterer desuden Frederiksberg Kommune i organisationer, der arbejder med arkivforhold samt by- og lokalhistorie. Stadsarkivet er projektansvarlig for digitaliseringen af Frederiksbergs kulturarv på Frederiksbergmuseerne og Stadsarkivet, og endvidere ansvarlig for Frederiksberg Kommunes kunstsamling.

Stadsarkivets historie
Frederiksberg Stadsarkiv blev oprettet i 1953 og er landets næstældste Stadsarkiv.

Stadsarkivarer:
 1953-1966: Johann Boisen Schmidt
 1995-2020: Henning Bro
 2020-Nu: Caspar Christiansen

I den mellemliggende periode fra 1966 til 1995 blev stadsarkivarstillingen nedlagt, og stadsarkivet sorterede under Rådhusinspektørens Kontor, hvis chef var den daglige leder af stadsarkivet.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Frederiksberg Stadsarkivs hjemmeside
 Stadsarkivets historie
 Stadsarkivets samlinger

Stadsarkiv
Danmarks arkiver og arkivalier

Frederiksberg Stadsarkiv


Cayenne (; ; ) is the capital city of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America.  The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast.  The city's motto is "fert aurum industria", which means "work brings wealth". Cayenne is the largest Francophone city of the South American continent.

In the 2020 census, there were 151,887 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 65,956 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper.

History

Ignored by Spanish explorers who found the region too hot and poor to be claimed, the region was not colonized until 1604, when the French founded a settlement. However, it was soon destroyed by the Portuguese, determined to enforce the Treaty of Tordesillas. French colonists returned in 1643 and founded Cayenne, but were forced to leave once more following the Amerindian attacks.  In 1664, France finally established a permanent settlement at Cayenne. Over the next decade the colony changed hands between the French, Dutch, and English, before being restored to France.  It was captured by an Anglo-Portuguese force in 1809 and administered from Brazil until 1814, when it was returned to French control. It was used as a French penal colony from 1854 to 1938.

The city's population has grown dramatically over time, owing to high levels of immigration (chiefly from the West Indies and Brazil) as well as a high birth rate.

Geography

Cayenne is located on the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean.  The city occupies part of Cayenne Island. It is  from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and  from Kourou.

Distances to some cities:
 Paris: .
 Fort-de-France, capital of Martinique: .
 Nouméa, capital of New Caledonia (France) :
 Paramaribo, capital of Suriname:  to the northwest
 Macapá, capital of the state of Amapá, Brazil:  to the southeast
 Mexico City, capital of Mexico:  to the northwest
 San Diego, southwestern city in California, United States:  to the northwest

Administration

Cayenne is a commune of the French Republic and as such, administered by a mayor and a municipal council. The current mayor is Sandra Trochimara, who was 1st deputy mayor under the former mayor Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth, and succeeded her as mayor of Cayenne in October 2020 after Phinéra-Horth won the local Senate race the month before (under French law, members of the French Senate cannot exercise the mandate of mayor). Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth, a former member of the Guianese Socialist Party, daughter of a former president of the General Council of French Guiana, Stéphan Phinéra-Horth, from the Guianese Socialist Party, who governed the department of French Guiana from 1994 to 1998, was supported by various left-wing parties and had been mayor of Cayenne since 2010.

As in the rest of France, the small size of the commune of Cayenne does not cover the entire urban area of Cayenne. This has led to the creation of an intercommunal authority which groups Cayenne and five suburban communes: the communauté d'agglomération du Centre Littoral. The current president of the intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral since November 2020 has been Serge Smock, mayor of Matoury, who ran on a centrist platform affiliated with Emmanuel Macron's LREM party and defeated Sandra Trochimara, successor of Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth as mayor of Cayenne, who was also trying to succeed her as president of the intercommunal authority with the support of an array of Left-wing parties. It is the first time since 2001 that the intercommunal authority is not presided by the mayor of Cayenne. Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horthwas was president of the intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral from 2014 to 2020, and did not run for reelection due to her election to the French Senate in September 2020.

The intercommunal authority of Centre Littoral, which levies its own taxes, is in charge of refuse collection, water supply and sewage treatment, urban planning, and public transport for the  of Cayenne and its suburbs.

Until 2015, the commune of Cayenne was divided into six cantons, but these were abolished in 2015 when the department and the region of French Guiana were abolished and replaced by the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity.

Population

Demographics
The places of birth of the 121,490 residents in the Cayenne metropolitan area at the 2012 census were as follows:
56.5% were born in French Guiana
12.0% in Metropolitan France
3.0% in Martinique
1.4% in Guadeloupe
0.3% in other parts of Overseas France
26.7% in other foreign countries (notably Haiti and Brazil, followed by Suriname and Guyana); among these, 25.0% were immigrants and 1.7% were children of French citizens born abroad

These were the countries of birth of the immigrants living in the Cayenne metropolitan area at the 2009 census:
 born in Haiti: 12,184
 born in Brazil: 7,627
 born in Suriname: 2,691
 born in Guyana: 2,537
 born in China: 924
 born in other countries: 3,713

Health
Health conditions in Cayenne and French Guiana are generally good. The principal illnesses that cause mortality are circulatory, infectious and parasitic diseases, as well as cancer. A branch of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, located in Cayenne, conducts research on tropical and endemic local diseases and is renowned throughout Latin America. Life expectancy averages about 76 years for men and 83 years for women. The main hospital of the city is the Andrée-Rosemon Hospital which opened in 1992.

Economy

Cayenne is an important seaport in South America. The major port of Dégrad des Cannes is on the estuary of the river Mahury, replacing Larivot and the Îles du Salut. Timber, rosewood essence, rum, and gold are exported in small quantities. In the mid-1960s sugarcane and pineapple were planted around the city, and a pineapple cannery and a shrimp-processing plant were later built. A seafront avenue links Cayenne with the suburbs of Chaton and Montabo, where the French Institute of Tropical America and the Pasteur Institute are located. Historic landmarks include the Church of the Holy Saviour and a prefecture on the Place d'Armes. The Félix Eboué International Airport is the only international airport serving Cayenne.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Cayenne has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) bordering on an equatorial climate (Af). Average high and low temperatures are nearly identical throughout the course of the year, averaging about  and  respectively, although temperatures are somewhat cooler in the wet season than in the dry season. Cayenne sees copious precipitation during the year, with its weather being more strongly affected by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) than the trade winds. The city experiences a very lengthy wet season and a very short dry season - the dry season covers only August to October, while the wet season covers the remainder of the year. Some precipitation is seen even during the dry season, a trait common in tropical climates. Cayenne averages roughly  of rain each year.

Heritage

Saint-Sauveur Cathedral

In 1823 Father Nicolas Guiller and Baron , administrator of French Guiana, decided to replace the old church of Saint Nicolas on the current . Work began in 1825 and ended in 1833. The church was inaugurated in 1861 and is  registered as a French monument historique.

The high altar, the pulpit, and the confessional of the penitentiary  chapel on the Îlet la Mère were  transferred to the cathedral in 1876.

In 1933, the church was declared a cathedral. It was consecrated in November 1934 by monseigneur , the first bishop of Guyana. In 1952, construction workers discovered a lead case containing 21 coins, the oldest of which dated to the Napoleonic period, and 20 seals from the reign of Charles X.

Between 1952 and 1954, the ceiling, the windows, and the floors of the tribunal were replaced. The bell tower was renovated in 2000–01.

Fort Cépérou
Fort Cépérou, originally known as Fort Saint-Michel, is a 17th-century fortification on Mount Cépérou, named for the Amerindian chief who in 1643 sold the rock on which it stands to the Frenchman Charles Poncet de Brétigny, governor of Cayenne in 1644–1645.

Historic houses

In recent years the city has renovated a number of historic Creole houses in the city center.

Place des Palmistes

Initially it was a plaza to aerate the city after the demolition of the city walls in 1810. It was named Place de la Savane ("Savanna Square") after the grasses that grew there. Later some royal palms from the area of Guisanbourg were planted there, and the plaza was renamed Place des Palmistes ("Royal Palms' Square"). In 1880, a bronze column was erected bearing the bust of the Marianne, commemorating the seizure of the Bastille. Governor Gaston Gerville-Reache transformed the plaza into an English garden, with artificial hills, masses of flowers and ornamental plants. Because it regularly flooded in the rain, Governor Marc Chanel in 1925 bordered it with a network of cemented canals, still there to this day. A statue of Félix Éboué, an illustrious Guianan, stands at the Merlet fountain. Today it is a lively place where the residents meet. In the evening, food carts sell French fries, sandwiches, local juices and other street food, and bami and lassi (Javanese delicacies brought in by way of Suriname).

Botanical garden

In 1786, Louis XVI had a garden that served as a storehouse and nursery for various plants and trees from various locations. Louis Claude Richard, director of the garden, brought from India nutmeg trees, rattan, cardamom and black pepper vines. At this period, it was called King's Garden. In 1821 a house was built for the botanist. In 1879, the park changed its name and became the Botanical Garden, a floral park in the city center. It covers an area of three hectares. A statue of Gaston Monnerville stands in the garden's center.

Market and Place du Coq

These two adjoining buildings are located near the old port of Cayenne. As early as 1703, a Place du Port appears on a map of the city of Cayenne. It then became Place du Marché in 1842. In 1888, a covered market and a public garden were built there. In 1907 the municipal council led by mayor Eugène Gobert decided to remove the garden and build a new covered market, the one we know today. In 1920 the war memorial of the First World War was inaugurated on the site of the old market, surmounted by a rooster, which gave the place its current name.

Village Chinois
The village chionois (Chinese Village) in Cayenne is located on the edge of the city's center along the Cayenne River. Colloquially known as la Crique or Chikago, the neighborhood is reportedly a top destination for internal migration from elsewhere in French Guiana.

Culture

Carnival of Cayenne

The carnival is one of the major events of the capital. It takes place between Epiphany in early January and Ash Wednesday in February or March.

Description and origin

This festival is part of the Guianan Creole culture. It was originally a carnival as practiced in Europe. In early colonial times, the settlers held the carnival, but it was forbidden to slaves. Braving the ban, slaves Held clandestine festivals to regain some freedom, celebrate Africans, fertility and harvest, and make fun of the settlers.

The fat days close the carnival:
Fat Sunday: day of the grand parade, the biggest carnival parade, where groups compete for prizes for their performance.
Fat Monday: burlesque marriages; men dress up as brides and women as grooms.
Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday): carnival goers parade as Diab rouj (red devils), everyone dressed in red and black.
Ash Wednesday: she-devils dressed all in black and white bury Vaval, the king of the carnival.

Carnival of the streets
Groups disguised according to the theme of the year march to the rhythm of drums and brass in a parade around decorated floats. These groups prepare for months for to parade in front of thousands of spectators massed on the sidewalks and the stands erected for the occasion.

The  best-known groups are:
 Kassialata
 Reno Band
 OsBand
 les Belles de la Madeleine

Brazilian bands just like to those at the Rio Carnival are also appreciated for their alluring rhythms and costumes, and Asian community of Cayenne brings dragons to the parade as well.

Masked balls

Nightclubs, called "universities" in this context, organize masked balls in which men come to dance with Touloulous at soirées held on Friday and Saturday nights. This tradition is peculiar to French Guiana, and does not exist anywhere else.

The carnival dances are the polka, mazurka, biguine and . The Touloulou invite the men to dance, and the men cannot refuse. Only Touloulous have the right to dance, and if a undisguised woman tries to dance, the orchestra stops playing.

Since the 1990s, tololo parties have been held where men disguise themselves and play the role of the Touloulous, inviting undisguised women to dance. These evenings are more and more popular and take place several times during the carnival.

The family carnival

Families gather every week to eat king cake, a European tradition   observed throughout the carnival. The cake can be frangipane, cream, coconut or guava.

After the abolition of slavery in 1848, the economy of French Guiana was devastated, and much of the population lived by working the land in "habitations". People farmed and knew the value of working together. The tradition of the king cake was born in the Guiana of this period, or more precisely, "rend le bouquet". One couple organized the meal and celebration, and at its end designated the couple who would organize the following gathering by handing them the bouquet.

Main sights

Cayenne centres on its main commercial street, the Avenue Général de Gaulle. At the east end of the avenue near the coast is the Place des Palmistes and the Place de Grenoble (also known as the Place Léopold Héder). Most of the official buildings are located in this area: the Hôtel de Ville (the town hall) built by Jesuits in the 1890s, the Post Office, the Préfecture, residence of French Guiana's Préfect, and the Musée Départmental Franconie. To the west of this area lies Fort Cépérou, built in the 17th century, though now mostly in ruins. To the south lie the Place du Coq and Place Victor Schoelcher (named in honour of the anti-slavery activist) and a market.

To the south of this compact region is the Village Chinois (known as Chicago), separated from the rest of Cayenne by the Canal Laussat. It has a reputation for being a dangerous area.

Other buildings in the city include Cayenne Cathedral, municipal library, the municipal museum and a museum of French Guianese Culture (Musée des Cultures Guyanaise) and a scientific research institute (IRD or Institut de recherche pour le développement, formerly Orstom). The Jardin botanique de Cayenne is the city's botanical garden.

Transport
Cayenne is served by the Cayenne – Félix Eboué Airport, which is located in the neighbouring commune of Matoury.

French Guiana's main seaport is the port of Dégrad des Cannes, located on the estuary of the Mahury River, in the commune of Remire-Montjoly, a south-eastern suburb of Cayenne. Almost all of French Guiana's imports and exports pass through the port of Dégrad des Cannes. Built in 1974, it replaced the old harbour of Cayenne which was congested and could not cope with modern traffic.

Cayenne is connected to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni via the Route nationale 1, and to Saint-Georges via the Route nationale 2.

Education
Cayenne is home to the University of French Guiana, formerly a campus of the University of the French West Indies until a strike concerning university funding led to the creation of a separate institution in 2014.

In popular culture

In The Hardy Boys #12: Footprints Under the Window, the Hardys' investigations take them to Cayenne.

The 1955 film We're No Angels involves three prisoners who escaped from Devil's Island and settled incognito into a family store in Cayenne.

See also
 Cayenne (Dutch colony)
 Cayenne pepper
 Communes of French Guiana
 Îlet la Mère, island belonging to Cayenne
 List of colonial and departmental heads of French Guiana
 Suzanne Amomba Paillé

References

External links

 Préfecture de Guyane Official website

Capitals in South America
Communes of French Guiana
Populated places established in 1664
Port cities in South America
Prefectures in France
1664 establishments in the French colonial empire

Cayenne


Jay Lovestone (15 December 1897 – 7 March 1990) was an American activist. He was at various times a member of the Socialist Party of America, a leader of the Communist Party USA, leader of a small oppositionist party, an anti-Communist and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) helper, and foreign policy advisor to the leadership of the AFL–CIO and various unions within it.

Biography

Background and early life
Lovestone was born Jacob Liebstein (Яков Либштейн Yakov Libshtein) into a Lithuanian Jewish family in a shtetl called Moǔchadz in Grodno Governorate (then part of the Russian Empire, now in Grodno Region, Belarus). His father, Barnet, had been a rabbi, but when he emigrated to America he had to settle for a job as shammes (caretaker). Barnet came first, then sent for his family the next year. Lovestone arrived with his mother, Emma, and his siblings, Morris, Esther and Sarah at Ellis island on September 15, 1907. They originally settled on Hester Street in Manhattan's Lower East Side, but later moved to 2155 Daly Avenue in the Bronx. The family did not know their dates of birth precisely, but they assigned Jacob the date of December 15, 1897.

Young Liebstein was attracted to socialist politics from his teens. While imbibing all the ideological currents in the vibrant New York Yiddish and English radical press, he was particularly attracted to the ideas of Daniel De Leon. It is not known whether he ever joined de Leon's Socialist Labor Party, but he was one of the 3,000 mourners who attended his funeral on May 11, 1914.

Liebstein entered City College of New York in 1915. Already a member of the Socialist party, he joined its unofficial student wing, the Intercollegiate Socialist Society. He became secretary and then president of the CCNY chapter. He also met William Weinstone and Bertram Wolfe in ISS, who would go on to become his factional allies in the Communist Party. He graduated in June 1918. In February 1919 he had his name legally changed to Jay Lovestone, the surname being a literal translation of Liebstein. (During the early 20th century such name changes were a common practice for Jewish immigrants who encountered widespread antisemitism in American society.) That year he also began studying at NYU Law School, but dropped out to pursue a career as a full-time Communist party member.

The Communist years (1919–1929)
His first foray into what would become the American Communist movement began in February 1919, when the left wing elements in the Socialist Party in New York began to organize themselves as a separate faction. Lovestone was on the original organizing committee, the Committee of 15, with Wolfe, John Reed and Benjamin Gitlow. That June he attended the National Conference of the Left Wing. He sided with the Fraina/Ruthenberg faction that opted to create a National Left Wing Council that would attempt to take over the Socialist Party. He stayed with this group after it reversed its stance, and joined the National Organizing Committee in founding the Communist Party of America on September 1, 1919, at a convention in Chicago.

In 1921, Lovestone became editor of the Communist Party newspaper, The Communist, and sat on the editorial board of The Liberator, the arts and letters publication of the Workers Party of America.  Upon the death of Charles Ruthenberg in 1927 he became the party's national secretary. From about 1923, the CP developed two main factions, the Pepper–Ruthenberg group and the Foster–Cannon group. Lovestone was a close adherent of the Pepper–Ruthenberg tendency, which was to be centered in New York City and to favor united-front political action in a "class Labor Party", as opposed to the Foster–Cannon group, which tended to be centered in Chicago and were most concerned with building a radicalized American Federation of Labor through a boring from within policy.

In 1925 the leader of the Pepper–Ruthenberg faction, John Pepper, returned to Moscow for work in the apparatus of the Communist International, raising Lovestone's status to that of a chief lieutenant in a new Ruthenberg–Lovestone pairing. Foster and Cannon, on the other hand, parted ways, with Alexander Bittelman assuming the mantle as Foster's chief factional ally, while Jim Cannon built his power base in the party's legal defense mass organization, the International Labor Defense (ILD).

With the Soviet Bolshevik party riven by a succession struggle following Lenin's death in January 1924, the factions in the US eventually corresponded with factions in the Soviet leadership, with Foster's faction being strongly supportive of Joseph Stalin and Lovestone's faction sympathetic to Nikolai Bukharin. As a result of his trip to the Comintern Congress in 1928 where James P. Cannon and Maurice Spector accidentally saw Leon Trotsky's thesis criticizing the direction of the Comintern, Cannon became a Trotskyist and decided to organize his faction in support of Trotsky's position. Cannon's support for Trotsky became known before he had fully mobilized his supporters. Lovestone led the expulsion of Cannon and his supporters in 1928.

The Communist opposition years (1929–1941)

When Stalin purged Bukharin from the Soviet Politburo in 1929, Lovestone suffered the consequences. A visiting delegation of the Comintern asked him to step down as party secretary in favor of his rival William Z. Foster. Lovestone refused and departed for the Soviet Union to argue his case.  Lovestone insisted that he had the support of the vast majority of the Communist Party and should not have to step aside. Stalin responded that he "had a majority because the American Communist Party until now regarded you as the determined supporters of the Communist International. And it was only because the Party regarded you as friends of the Comintern that you had a majority in the ranks of the American Communist Party".

When he returned to the US, Lovestone was forced to pay for his insubordination and was expelled from the party for his support of Bukharin and the Right Opposition and for his theory of American exceptionalism, which held that capitalism was more secure in the United States and thus socialists should pursue different, more moderate strategies there than elsewhere in the world. That contradicted Stalin's views and the new Third Period policy of ultra-leftism promoted by the Comintern. Lovestone and his friends had thought that they commanded the following of the mass of party members and, once expelled, optimistically named their new party the Communist Party (Majority Group). When the new group attracted only a few hundred members they changed its name to the Communist Party (Opposition). They were aligned with the International Communist Opposition, which had sections in fifteen countries. The CP(O) later became the Independent Communist Labor League and then, in 1938, the Independent Labor League of America, before dissolving in 1941. The party published the periodical Workers' Age (originally The Revolutionary Age), which was edited by Bertram Wolfe, along with a number of pamphlets.

Union and anti-communist activities
In 1944, David Dubinsky arranged to place Lovestone in the AFL's Free Trade Union Committee, where he worked out of the ILGWU's headquarters. Along with Irving Brown he led the activities of the American Institute for Free Labor Development, an organization sponsored by the AFL which worked internationally, organizing free labor unions in Europe and Latin America which were not Communist-controlled.

In connection with that work he cooperated closely with the CIA, feeding information about Communist labor-union activities to James Jesus Angleton, the CIA's counterintelligence chief, in order to undermine Communist influence in the international union movement and provide intelligence to the US government. He remained there until 1963 when he became  director of the AFL–CIO's International Affairs Department (IAD), which quietly sent millions of dollars from the CIA to aid anti-communist activities internationally, particularly in Latin America.

In 1973, AFL–CIO president George Meany discovered that Lovestone was still in contact with Angleton of the CIA, who was conducting illegal domestic spying activities, despite being told seven years earlier to terminate this relationship.

Meany chose to force Lovestone out by issuing an instruction with which he knew Lovestone would not comply. On March 6, 1974, he informed Lovestone that he wanted to close his New York office, stop publication of Free Trade Union News, and transfer Lovestone and his library and archives to Washington, D.C. When Lovestone argued he could not relocate his library of 6,000 books, he was dismissed, effective July 1. Lovestone's successor, Ernie Lee, maintained a low profile during his tenure from 1974 through 1982 and significantly scaled back the AFL–CIO's aggressive advocacy of a hawkish, anti-détente foreign policy.

Death and legacy
Lovestone died on March 7, 1990, at the age of 92.

Jay Lovestone's massive accumulation of papers, today encompassing more than 865 archival boxes, were acquired by the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University in 1975, where they remained sealed for 20 years. The material was opened to the public in 1995 and was a source for author Ted Morgan, who published the first full-length biography of Lovestone in 1999. An associate, Louise Page Morris, later supplemented the collection with her correspondence—according to other reports, Morris "spent 25 years as Lovestone's lover."

Lovestone's Federal Bureau of Investigation file is reported to be 5,700 pages long.

Bibliography

Communist Party years

 The Government — Strikebreaker: A Study of the Role of the Government in the Recent Industrial Crisis. New York: Workers Party of America, 1923.
 Blood and Steel: An Exposure of the 12-Hour Day in the Steel Industry. New York: Workers Party of America, n.d. [1923]
 What's What About Coolidge? Chicago, Workers Party of America, n.d. [] alternate link
 The LaFollette Illusion: As Revealed in an Analysis of the Political Role of Senator Robert M. LaFollette. Chicago: Literature Department, Workers Party of America, 1924.
 American Imperialism: The Menace of the Greatest Capitalist World Power. Chicago: Literature Department, Workers Party of America, n.d. [1925]
 The Party Organization (Introduction). Chicago: Daily Worker Publishing Co., n.d. [1925]
  Our Heritage from 1776: A Working Class View of the First American Revolution. With Wolfe, Bertram D. and William F. Dunne, New York: The Workers School, n.d. [1926]  alternate link
 The Labor Lieutenants of American Imperialism. New York: Daily Worker Publishing Co., 1927.
 The Coolidge Program: Capitalist Democracy and Prosperity Exposed. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1927. (Workers library #2)
Ruthenberg, Communist fighter and leader (Introduction). New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1927.
 1928: The Presidential Election and the Workers. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928. (Workers library #4) Yiddish translation
 America Prepares the Next War. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928. (Workers library #10)
 Pages from Party History. New York: Workers Library Publishers, n.d. [February 1929].

Communist opposition years
 "Twelve Years of the Soviet Union," The Revolutionary Age, Vol. 1, no. 1 (November 1, 1929), pp. 7–8.
 The American Labor Movement: Its Past, Its Present, Its Future. New York: Workers Age Publishing Association, n.d. [1932].
 What Next for American Labor? New York: Communist Party of the United States (Opposition), n.d. [1934]
Marxian classics in the light of current history. New York City, New Workers School 1934
 Soviet Foreign Policy and the World Revolution. New York: Workers Age Publishers, 1935 alternate link
 People's Front Illusion: From "Social Fascism" to the "People's Front." New York: Workers Age Publishers, n.d. [1937].
 New Frontiers for Labor. New York: Workers Age Publishers, n.d. [1938]

Post-radical years
 The Big Smile: An Analysis of the Soviet "New Look." with Matthew Woll. New York: Free Trade Union Committee, American Federation of Labor, 1955.
 Communist and Workers' Parties' manifesto adopted November–December, 1960; Testimony of Jay Lovestone, January 26, February 2, 1961. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1961.

Citations and references

Cited sources and further reading
 Alexander, Robert J. (1981). The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
 Devinatz, Victor G. (2002). "Reassessing The Historical UAW: Walter Reuther's Affiliation with the Communist Party and Something of Its Meaning — A Document of Party Involvement, 1939." Le Travail.
 Hirsch, Fred (1974). An Analysis of Our AFL-CIO Role in Latin America or Under the Covers with the CIA. San Jose, CA: F. Hirsch.
 LeBlanc, Paul, and Tim Davenport, eds. (2015). The "American Exceptionalism" of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades, 1929-1940: Dissident Marxism in the United States, Volume 1. Leiden, NL: Brill.

 Wilford, Hugh (2008). The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

External links

 Grace M. Hawes (ed.), "Register of the Jay Lovestone Papers, 1906-1989," Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, 2008.
 Obituary from The New York Times

1897 births
1990 deaths
People from Baranavichy District
People from Slonimsky Uyezd
Belarusian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Socialist Party of America politicians from New York (state)
Communist Party USA politicians
Right Opposition
American trade union leaders
Former Marxists
International Ladies Garment Workers Union leaders
Jewish socialists
Jewish anti-communists
City College of New York alumni
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jay Lovestone


Emily Hancock Siedeberg-McKinnon ( - ) est une médecin et directrice d'hôpital néo-zélandaise. Elle a également été la première femme diplômée en médecine du pays.

Vie et carrière
Siedeberg est née en 1873 à Clyde, Otago, Nouvelle-Zélande. Elle était le troisième enfant de la quaker irlandaise Anna Thompson et de Franz David Siedeberg, un architecte juif allemand qui avait émigré en Nouvelle-Zélande en 1861 et s'était lancé dans l'exploitation minière. Quand Emily avait trois ans, la famille s'est installée à Dunedin, son père devenant un entrepreneur en bâtiment à succès. Emily a fait ses études à l'école normale et au , où elle a obtenu une bourse du conseil d'administration. Dès son plus jeune âge, elle a accepté le dicton de son père selon lequel elle devrait suivre une formation de médecin.

Encouragée par son père, elle étudie la médecine, devenant la première femme à entrer en faculté de médecine en 1891, à la faculté de médecine de l'Université d'Otago. Bien que le doyen, , ait hésité à admettre Siedeberg, le conseil de l'université a décidé que l'école était ouverte aux hommes et aux femmes. L'opposition à laquelle Siedeberg a été confrontée était mineure par rapport à celle reçue par les femmes essayant de s'inscrire à des diplômes de médecine à l'étranger. L'expérience de Siedeberg a été facilitée lorsqu'elle a été rejointe en deuxième année par Margaret Cruickshank.

Siedeberg est diplômée de la faculté de médecine de l'Université d'Otago en 1896. Elle a fait ses études supérieures en obstétrique, gynécologie et maladies infantiles à l'hôpital Rotunda de Dublin et à Berlin. Après une formation postdoctorale et une expérience professionnelle à l'étranger, elle s'est finalement inscrite en tant que médecin et a ouvert un cabinet privé à Dunedin, avec l'aide financière de son père. Elle a été nommée surintendante médicale à l' et a servi de 1905 à 1938.

Le Dr Siedeberg était active dans le travail communautaire et social. Membre fondatrice de la branche de Dunedin de la Société néo-zélandaise pour la protection des femmes et des enfants en 1899, elle a été présidente de la branche de Dunedin de 1933 à 1948 et est devenue présidente honoraire à vie en 1949.

Fondatrice
Siedeberg a également été membre fondateur de l'Association des femmes de l'Université d'Otago, de la Fédération néo-zélandaise des femmes universitaires, de la , du  (branche de Dunedin) (1918), de la New Zealand Medical Women's Association (1921) dont elle est également la première présidente, de l'Association commémorative des femmes pionnières d'Otago
Par ailleurs elle est déléguée à la première Conférence pan-pacifique des femmes.

Vie privée
Siedeberg a épousé James Alexander McKinnon à Los Angeles le  et s'est appellée EH Siedeberg McKinnon et Emily H. Siedeberg-McKinnon . Ils n'avaient pas d'enfants. Il est mort en 1949. En 1924, Siedeberg-McKinnon accouche de Janet Frame, l'auteure et scénariste néo-zélandaise.

Siedeberg est décédée au siège de la Presbyterian Social Service Association à Oamaru, en Nouvelle-Zélande, le 13 juin 1968, à l'âge de 95 ans.

Reconnaissance
Siedeberg a reçu le titre de membre à vie de la branche néo-zélandaise de la British Medical Association (1929) et de la New Zealand Registered Nurses' Association (1939), ainsi qu'une médaille du jubilé d'argent de George V (1935). Dans les , elle a été nommée Commandeur de l'Ordre de l'Empire britannique pour ses services dans le domaine de la médecine et du bien-être des femmes.

La rue Emily Siedeberg Place à Dunedin a été nommée en son honneur en 1993, dans le cadre de l'année du centenaire du droit de vote. Siedeberg Drive à Flat Bush, Auckland, a également été nommé en son honneur. En 2017, Siedeberg a été sélectionnée comme l'une des «  » de la Royal Society Te Apārangi, célébrant les contributions des femmes au savoir en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Références

Liens externes

 Archives Nouvelle-Zélande Biographie
 Liste de l'Encyclopédie Te Ara de la Nouvelle-Zélande

Étudiant de l'université d'Otago
Décès en juin 1968
Naissance en février 1873
Femme médecin du XIXe siècle
Femme médecin du XXe siècle
Médecin néo-zélandais du XIXe siècle
Médecin néo-zélandais du XXe siècle
Ordre de l'Empire britannique
Décès à 95 ans

Emily Siedeberg


Treibstoff ist ein Album der deutschen Band Rockhaus. Es erschien am 3. Februar 2012 bei Killingkilian Records im Musikverlag Buschfunk.

Produktion
Das Album wurde 2011 im 34. Jahr des Bestehens der Band produziert und in der Tonscheune Oleak von Rainer Oleak aufgenommen. Oleak fungierte als Musiker, Produzent und Mixing Engineer; Recording Engineer war Matthias Hahn. Die Titel Wie und Gold mischte Michael Zimmerling. Das Mastering führte Bo Kondren im CALYX Mastering Studio in Berlin durch.

Rezeption
Die Leipziger Internetzeitung findet, "das Album rockt schön durch".

Titelliste
 Wir – 3:41(Musik: Beathoven, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Leben – 3:28(Musik/ Text: Kilian)
 Blutrot – 3:44(Musik: Kilian, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Universum – 3:41(Musik: HeinzAngel, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Chaos – 5:01(Musik: Petereit, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Allein – 3:12(Musik: Petereit, Text: Kilian)
 Geh – 2:26(Musik/ Text: Kilian)
 Jahr – 3:45(Musik: Kilian, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Wo – 4:05(Musik: Petereit, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Wie – 4:40(Musik: Petereit, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Welt – 4:02(Musik: Kilian, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Gold – 3:39(Musik: Petereit, Text: Petereit/ Kilian)
 Besseres – 3:09(Musik/ Text: Kilian)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Website von Rockhaus

Album (Rock)
Album 2012
Rockhaus

Treibstoff (Album)


Uvertura 1812, sau Uvertura solemnă "Anul 1812", op. 49 (în ), este una dintre compozițiile muzicale ale lui Piotr Ilici Ceaikovski, în Mi bemol major. Compozitorul comemora expediția militară nereușită a Franței împotriva Rusiei. Înfrângerea Franței l-a forțat pe Napoleon I să iasă cu armata lui din teritoriile ruse. Momentul acesta a fost semnificativ în istorie, fiindcă războaiele lui Napoleon au luat o întorsătură, anul 1812 primind o importanță excepțională. Unul dintre fenomenele interesante ale piesei sunt tirurile cu tunuri, posibile numai la concertele organizate în aer liber, unde se folosesc tunuri reale. Premiera compoziției a avut loc în 20 august 1882, sub conducerea dirijorului Ippolit Al'tani, într-o catedrală neterminată, numită Hristos Mântuitorul în Moscova.

Structura muzicală
Uvertura 1812 a devenit una dintre cele mai populare piese ale lui Ceaikovski, alături de baletele Frumoasa din pădurea adormită și Lacul Lebedelor. Uvertura 1812 este considerată muzică programatică. Ea începe cu sonoritatea unei rugăciuni, care reamintește de bisericile ruse anunțând declarația de război din partea împăratului Napoleon. Momentul acesta este urmat de o melodie care accentuează succese din trecutul țării. Războiul este imortalizat și în romanul monumental Război și pace de Lev Tolstoi.

Tema introdusă în vocea cornilor prezintă plecarea armatei. Citarea imnului Franței, La Marseillaise, sugerează ocuparea Moscovei, în septembrie 1812. Dansul popular rus sugerează momentul opririi armatei lui Napoleon, iar retragerea ei din Rusia este exprimată prin diminuendo. La sfârșitul conflictului, compozitorul readuce melodia religioasă, interpretată de întreaga orchestră, cu clopotele care sărbătoresc eliberarea Rusiei. Între temele tunurilor și ieșirea Franței din Rusia, Ceaikovski introduce imnul național al Rusiei din vremea aceea, "Domnul să îl păzească pe țar" (în limba rusă: Боже, Царя храни!; transliterat: Boje, Țaria hrani!). Imnul rus este, de fapt, replica la imnul Franței, prezentat la începutul compoziției.

În timpul Uniunii Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste piesa lui Ceaikovski era cenzurată, fiind reformulată pentru concertele publice, prin schimbarea melodiei imnului rus.

În concertele simfonice, tunurile din Uvertură sunt înlocuite de timpani.

În anii 1960, orchestrația făcută de Igor Buketoff a introdus corul în uvertura lui Ceaikovski. Introducerea piesei a fost interpretată în cantata de ansamblu, evitând violoncelele și violele din partitură originală. Flautele și cornii englezi au fost completați de corul de copii.

Orchestrația
Uvertura 1812 este scrisă pentru orchestră simfonică

Suflători din lemn: 1 piccolo, 2 flaute, 2 oboaie, 1 corn englez, 2 clarinete în si bemol, 2 fagoturi.

Suflători de alamă: 4 corni în fa, 2 corneți în si bemol, 2 trompete, 3 tromboni (2 tenor, 1 bas), 1 tubă.

Percuție: timpani, tobă mare, tobă mică, cinele, trianglu, clopote. Gongul și tam-tam-ul sunt și ele folosite des în orchestrație în cazul concertelor ținute înăuntru.

Intrumente cu coarde: vioara I și II, viole, violoncele și contrabași.

Muzică simfonică
Compoziții de Piotr Ilici Ceaikovski
Compoziții din 1880
Cântece patriotice rusești

Uvertura 1812


An Lachnocaulon engleri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wilhelm Willy Otto Eugen Ruhland. An Lachnocaulon engleri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lachnocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lachnocaulon

Lachnocaulon engleri


Doğu Bloku, Sovyet Bloku ya da Demir Perde, Soğuk Savaş döneminde Sovyetler Birliği ve onun Doğu ve Merkez Avrupa'daki müttefiklerini tanımlamak üzere kullanılmış olan bir terimdir. 1947'de, başta Polonya Halk Cumhuriyeti, Romanya Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti, Bulgaristan Halk Cumhuriyeti, Macaristan Halk Cumhuriyeti Çekoslovak Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti ve Doğu Almanya olmak üzere komünist rejim altına giren birçok ülke Moskova'dan yönetilen bir blok hâline gelmiş bulunuyordu.

"Demir Perde" tanımı 5 Mart 1946 tarihinde Fulton'da bir konferansta Churchill tarafından yapılmıştır. Doğu Bloku terimi Varşova Paktı ve Comecon yerine de kullanılır.

Kuruluşu

II. Dünya Savaşının ardından başlayan Soğuk Savaş ile birlikte ABD önderliğinde başlatılarak özellikle Avrupa'da sosyalizmin önünü kesmek amacını taşıyan Marshall Planına cevap olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Sovyetler Birliği'ne yapılan tehditlere karşı koyarak uluslararası komünizm faaliyetlerini yeniden örgütlemek üzere, Avrupa'nın önde gelen komünist partileri Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi öncülüğünde Silezya'da bir konferansta toplandılar. Bu toplantının sonunda, 5 Ekim 1947'de Kominform'un kurulduğu ilan edildi.

Amacı
İşçilerin yegâne vatanı olarak kabul edilen Sovyetler Birliği'nin savunulması ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tarafından temsil edilen emperyalizme karşı mücadele edilmesi birliğin temel amaçları arasındadır. Kominform'un merkezi Belgrad şehri idi.

Bileşimi
Yugoslavya SFC hiçbir zaman Doğu Bloku veya Varşova Paktı'nın bir parçası olmamıştır. Yugoslavya komünist bir ülke olmasına rağmen, dönemin lideri Mareşal Tito II. Dünya Savaşı esnasında direnç gösteren bir partizan olarak yönetime geldi ve bu yüzden Sovyetler Birliği ülkeyi birliğe katamadı. Soğuk Savaş esnasında Yugoslavya hükûmeti kendisini iki cephe arasında tarafsız bir noktaya yerleştirdi ve Tarafsız Müttefikler Hareketi'nin kurucularından birisi oldu.

Buna benzer olarak, Arnavutluk Emek Partisi önderliğindeki Arnavutluk, II. Dünya Savaşı'nın sonucunda Sovyet Kızıl Ordu'dan bağımsız bir şekilde yönetime geldi. Arnavutluk, Sovyetler Birliği ile bağlarını 1960'ların başlarında Çin-Sovyet Ayrılığı sonucunda kopararak, Çin ile müttefik oldu.

Ekonomisi

Askeri müdahaleler

Doğu Bloku'ndaki ülkeler kimi zaman Sovyetler Birliği'nin etki küresinin içinde Kızıl Ordu sayesinde tutuluyordu. Macaristan, Sovyet kaynaklı hükûmetini devirip bunun yerine Moskova'dan bağımsız bir yol izleyen başka bir partiyi iktidara getirmesinin hemen ardından 1956 yılında Kızıl Ordu tarafından işgal edildi.

Çekoslovakya da benzer şekilde Prag Baharı olarak da bilinen liberalizasyon sürecinin ardından 1968 yılında işgal edildi. Sonraları, bu müdahaleler Sovyet resmî yaşantısında Brejnev Doktrini olarak anıldı.

Sonu
1980'lerde Sovyetler Birliği Doğu Bloku'ndaki ülkeler üzerindeki baskısını azaltarak, bu ülkelerin iç işlerindeki kararlarını belirlemesine izin verdi. Brejnev Doktrini'nin yürürlükten Sinatra Doktrini lehine kalkması Avrupa üzerinde dramatik bir etki yarattı. Doğu Bloku 1989 yılında Sovyet rejiminin Doğu Avrupa'da çökmesi ile birlikte sona ermiş oldu.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Barış içinde bir arada yaşama
 Doğu Bloku ekonomileri

Sovyetler Birliği'nin dış ilişkileri

Doğu Bloku


Svanhildur Hólm Valsdóttir (f. 11. október 1974) er íslenskur lögfræðingur og framkvæmdastjóri Viðskiptaráðs Íslands. Áður starfaði Svanhildur við fjölmiðla og sem aðstoðarmaður Bjarna Benediktssonar ráðherra.

Foreldrar Svanhildar eru Valur Hólm Sigurjónsson vélfræðingur og Fjóla Stefánsdóttir starfsmaður skattsins á Akureyri. Systir Svanhildar heitir Margrét Hólm Valsdóttir (f.1967) Svanhildur er alin upp við Laxárvirkjun í Aðaldal en þar starfaði faðir hennar. Svanhildur er í hjónabandi með Loga Bergmanni Eiðssyni fjölmiðlamanni og eiga þau saman tvær dætur. Fyrir átti Logi fjórar dætur og Svanhildur einn son.

Menntun og störf
Svanhildur lauk stúdentsprófi frá Menntaskólanum á Akureyri árið 1994, útskrifaðist sem lögfræðingur frá Háskóla Íslands árið 2009 og hefur lokið MBA-gráðu frá Háskólanum í Reykjavík.

Fjölmiðlaferill Svanhildar hófst árið 1995 er hún varð blaðamaður á dagblaðinu Degi á Akureyri. Þaðan fór hún yfir til svæðisútvarps RÚV á Akureyri auk þess sem hún var umsjónarmaður Morgunútvarps Rásar 2 um tveggja ára skeið. Hún var stigavörður í Gettu betur árið 2003, var einn umsjónarmanna Kastljóss um tíma og síðar einn af umsjónarmönnum Íslands í dag á Stöð 2. Svanhildur var framkvæmdastjóri þingflokks Sjálfstæðisflokksins frá 2009-2012, hún varð aðstoðarmaður formanns Sjálfstæðisflokksins, Bjarna Benedikssonar árið 2012 og var aðstoðarmaður hans sem ráðherra í fjármálaráðuneytinu og um tíma í forsætisráðuneytinu frá 2013-2020. Í október árið 2020 var tilkynnt að Svanhildur hefði verið ráðin framkvæmdastjóri Viðskiptaráðs Íslands og hóf hún störf þar 1. desember sama ár.

Hún hefur sinnt ýmsum öðrum trúnaðarstörfum fyrir Sjálfstæðisflokkinn og var m.a. annar varaformaður Sambands ungra sjálfstæðismanna (SUS) frá 1997-2001. Svanhildur kom fram sem fulltrúi íslenskra kvenna í spjallþætti Oprah Winfrey árið 2005.

Tilvísanir
Fólk fætt árið 1974
Stúdentar úr Menntaskólanum á Akureyri
Íslenskir lögfræðingar
Íslenskt fjölmiðlafólk

Svanhildur Hólm Valsdóttir


Villanueva de los Castillejos, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden en çok nüfusa sahip olan, ülkenin güneybatı köşesindeki Endülüs otonom bölgesinin 8 eyaletinden Portekiz ve Atlas Okyanusu'na kıyısı bulunan Huelva eyaletine bağlı belediyesi. Villanueva de los Castillejos belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 2.720 kişidir.

Villanueva de los Castillejos


Çomaklar, Beydağ - İzmir ili Beydağ ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çomaklar, Meram - Konya ili Meram ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çomaklar, Gediz - Kütahya ili Gediz ilçesine bağlı köy
 Çomaklar, Devrek - Zonguldak ili Devrek ilçesine bağlı köy

Çomaklar


مرط الجفنين أو فقدان شعر الحاجبين والأهداب أو الطرط (Madarosis) هو فقدان أهداب الأجفان. قد يكون الطرط معزولا أو ناشئا عن التهاب الجفن (Blepharitis) أو الأمراض المناعية أو الأورام أو الاضطرابات الغدية أو بسبب تعاطي بعض الأدوية.

الأسباب

أسباب جهازية
 الجذام

انظر أيضًا
 انحراف الأهداب

مراجع

مراجع إضافية
 Jack J. Kanski, Clinical Ophthalmology, fourth edition

عين

مرط الجفنين


La saison 2020 de l'équipe cycliste Direct Énergie est la vingt-et-unième de cette équipe.

Préparation de la saison 2020

Sponsors et financement de l'équipe
Le principal sponsor de l'équipe est Direct Énergie. Le conseil départemental de la Vendée continue à soutenir l'équipe, ainsi que Harmonie mutuelle et Akéna Vérandas.

Arrivées et départs

Objectifs

Déroulement de la saison

Effectif

Stagiaires
À partir du

Encadrement

Bilan de la saison

Victoires

Sur route

|-
|26 jan. ||  du Tropicale Amissa Bongo ||  || 2.1 ||  Lorenzo Manzin
|-
|05 fév. ||  du Tour d'Arabie saoudite ||  || 2.1 ||  Niccolò Bonifazio
|-
| ||  de Paris-Nice ||  || 2.UWT ||  Niccolò Bonifazio
|}

Résultats sur les courses majeures
Les tableaux suivants représentent les résultats de l'équipe dans les principales courses du calendrier international dans lesquelles l'équipe bénéficie d'une invitation (les cinq classiques majeures et les trois grands tours). Pour chaque épreuve est indiqué le meilleur coureur de l'équipe, son classement ainsi que les accessits glanés par Direct Énergie sur les courses de trois semaines.

Classiques

Grands tours

Classement UCI

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Équipe cycliste en France
Équipe cycliste en 2020
Cyclisme en France en 2020

Saison 2020 de l'équipe cycliste Total Direct Énergie


Monstruos (titlu original: Cloverfield) este un film american de înregistrare recuperată, de groază, cu monștri din 2008 regizat de Matt Reeves. Este produs de J. J. Abrams și Bryan Burk, scenariul este scris de Drew Goddard. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Lizzy Caplan, Jessica Lucas, T. J. Miller, Michael Stahl-David, Mike Vogel, Odette Yustman și Blake Lively. Este primul film din franciza Cloverfield, fiind urmat de 10 Cloverfield Lane (Strada Cloverfield 10) în 2016. La un buget de 25 de milioane $ a avut încasări de peste 170 de milioane $.

Prezentare

Filmul prezintă întâmplări din viața a cinci new-york-ezi din perspectiva unei camere video de mână. Monstruos are exact lungimea unei casete DV și un sub-scenariu este stabilit prin afișarea octeților și a fragmentelor video înregistrate anterior pe banda peste care s-a înregistrat din nou. Filmul începe cu un monstru de origine necunoscută care distruge o clădire. În timp ce cei cinci încep să investigheze, părți ale clădirii și capul statuii Libertății se prăbușeșc.

Distribuție
 Michael Stahl-David - Robert "Rob" Hawkins
 Odette Yustman - Elizabeth "Beth" McIntyre
 T. J. Miller - Hudson "Hud" Platt
 Jessica Lucas - Lily Ford
 Lizzy Caplan - Marlena Diamond
 Mike Vogel - Jason Hawkins
 Ben Feldman - Travis
 Billy Brown - Staff Sergeant Pryce
 Chris Mulkey - Lieutenant General Graff
 Brian Klugman - Charlie
 Theo Rossi - Antonio

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Invazie extraterestră

Filme din 2008
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Matt Reeves
Filme cu invazii extraterestre
Filme SF din anii 2000
Filme cu monștri
Filme Paramount Pictures
Filme Bad Robot Productions
Filme de înregistrare recuperată

Monstruos (film)


1946  සිට යුද්ධ  ුැති  ළුීම  හා  හ්  පිලිබසව  ාමයින්  විස්තර  ඉදිරිපත්  ෙව්

1946 සිට ලෝකයේ සිදුවුණු යුද්ධ


Die Carretera Nacional N-II ist eine Nationalstraße in Spanien. Sie war mit einer Gesamtlänge von 780 Kilometern die längste der sechs sternförmig von Madrid ausgehenden und bis zur äußeren Begrenzung Spaniens führenden Nationalstraßen. Heute existiert die Strecke nur noch auf ca. 266 Kilometer langen Abschnitten parallel zu den Autobahnen AP-2 und AP-7.

Verlauf
Die Carretera Nacional N-II führte von der Hauptstadt Madrid aus über Saragossa, Lleida, Barcelona, Girona zur französischen Grenze, wo sie an die Départementstraße 900 angebunden war, welche bis 2006 als französische Nationalstraße 9 beschildert war. Festgelegt wurde diese Streckenführung um 1940. Bei dieser Festlegung wurde sie östlich von Barcelona über Granollers geführt; erst später erfolgt die Verlegung auf die heutige Trasse durch die Mittelmeerküstenorte.

Auf vielen Abschnitten wurde die Nationalstraße bereits durch die Autobahn A-2 ersetzt bzw. zu dieser ausgebaut. Dies sind die Abschnitte Madrid – Saragossa und Lleida – Barcelona. Zwischen Saragossa und Lleida verläuft die noch bestehende N-II parallel zu der Autobahn AP-2, zwischen Barcelona und der französischen Grenze parallel zur Autobahn AP-7.

Die Abschnitte, die nicht zur Autobahn A-2 ausgebaut wurden, wurden zur Carretera Nacional N-IIa umwidmet. Dies sind die Abschnitte bei Castellnou de Seana, Cervera sowie die Strecken Castellolí-Els Hostalets de Pierola und Barcelona-Montgat.

Siehe auch
 Autovía A-2
 Autopista AP-2
 Autopista AP-7

Einzelnachweise

Nationalstraße in Spanien
Verkehrsbauwerk in Aragonien
Verkehrsbauwerk in Katalonien
Straße in Europa

Carretera Nacional N-II


Listă de dramaturgi norvegieni:

A
 William Butler Yeats

B
John Banim
Sebastian Barry
Samuel Beckett
Brendan Behan
Dermot Bolger
Dion Boucicault (1820–1890)
Colm Byrne

C
Marina Carr
Paul Vincent Carroll
Anne-Marie Casey(1965-)
Austin Clarke
Padraic Colum
William Congreve
Máirín Cregan
Geraldine Cummins

D
Suzanne R. Day (1876-1964)
 Hamilton Deane
Anne Devlin
Roddy Doyle
Gary Duggan
Lord Dunsany

E
St. John Greer Ervine

F
Padraic Fallon
George Farquhar
Bernard Farrell
George Fitzmaurice
Gerard Mannix Flynn
Brian Friel

G
Miriam Gallagher (1940-)
Ewen Glass
Oliver Goldsmith
Lady Augusta Gregory
Gerald Griffin

H
Michael Harding
Seamus Heaney
Declan Hughes

J
Denis Johnston
Jennifer Johnston
Henry Jones
Marie Jones
James Joyce

K
Patrick Kavanagh
John B. Keane
Thomas Kilroy

M
Walter Macken
Micheál MacLiammoir
Edward Martyn
Martin McDonagh
Frank McGuinness
Conor McPherson
Paul McSwiney
M. J. Molloy
George Moore
Jimmy Murphy
John Murphy
Tom Murphy
T. C. Murray
Janet McNeill

N
Áine Ní Ghlinn (n. 1955)

O
Sean O'Casey
Joseph O'Connor
Mary Devenport O'Neill
Sean O'Rourke
Mark O'Rowe
Cathal Ó Searcaigh

R
Lennox Robinson
Billy Roche

S
George Bernard Shaw
Peter Sheridan
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
George Shiels
John Millington Synge

T
Colin Teevan
Colm Tóibín
Joseph Tomelty
Mervyn Wall

W
Enda Walsh
Oscar Wilde (1854–1900)

Y
William Butler Yeats

Vezi și

 Listă de piese de teatru irlandeze
 Listă de dramaturgi
 Listă de scriitori irlandezi

Literatură irlandeză

Listă de dramaturgi irlandezi


Knossos Minos Uygarlığı'na başkentlik yapmış antik şehirdir. Girit'in kuzeyinde, Kandiye şehri yakınlarındadır. Knossos Sarayı, antik kentin en önemli yapısıdır. Antik kazı alanından çıkan objelerin birçoğu Kandiye Arkeoloji Müzesi'nde sergilenmektedir. Çıkan objelerden en ünlüsü tüm Girit ile özdeşleştirilen yılanlı ana tanrıça figürüdür. Knossos Sarayı'nı ortaya çıkaran arkeolog Arthur Evans, sarayın sanatı ve mimarisi hakkında değerli bilgilerin günyüzüne çıkarılmasında büyük rol oynamıştır. Burada sarayın temellerinde neolitik çağa kadar giden yerleşim tabakaları bulunmaktadır. Ancak Knossos'taki sarayın ilk olarak milattan önce 1900 yılı civarında inşa edilmeye başlandığı bilinmektedir. Knossos Sarayı çok sayıda avlu ve odalardan oluştuğu için labirenti andırmaktaydı. Bu nedenle Theseus ve Minotor canavarı efsanesine konu olmuştur.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yunan Kültür Bakanlığı
 British School at Athens Knossos Pages
 Aegean Prehistory Online at Dartmouth
 Knossos foto galerisi

Tunç Çağı'nda Yunanistan
Girit coğrafyası
Şehir devletleri
Yunanistan'da turizm
Girit'teki arkeolojik sitler
Yunanistan'daki Antik Yunan sitler
Kandiye (il)
Girit uygarlığı
Miken uygarlığı

Knossos


Radu Panamarenco () a fost un actor român. A jucat în peste 350 de roluri principale în teatru, televiziune sau film.

Filmografie

 Înainte de tăcere (1978)
 Dragostea mea călătoare (1980)
 Stop cadru la masă (1980) - Savel Solacolu
 Bună seara, Irina! (1980) - ofițerul de marină Valeriu
 Vînătoarea de vulpi (1980)
 Învingătorul (1981)
 Probleme personale (1981)
 De ce trag clopotele, Mitică? (1981)
 Semnul șarpelui (1982)
 Înghițitorul de săbii (1982)
 Un echipaj pentru Singapore (1982)
 Năpasta (1982)
 Scopul și mijloacele (1983)
 Secretul lui Bachus (1984)
 Vreau să știu de ce am aripi (1984)
 Aripi de zăpadă (1985)
 Cuibul de viespi (1987)
 Întîmplări cu Alexandra (1991)
 Vinovatul (1991)
 Stare de fapt (1995)
 Aici nu mai locuiește nimeni (film TV, 1995)
 Frumoșii nebuni ai marilor orașe (film TV, 1997)
 Roberta (2000)
 Detectiv fără voie (serial, 2001)
 Ambasadori, căutăm patrie (2003) - un tată supărat
 Second Hand (2005)

Note

Legături externe
 https://www.cinemagia.ro/actori/radu-panamarenco-5864/

Vezi și
 Listă de actori români

Nașteri în 1938
Decese în 2007
Actori români

Radu Panamarenco


Lipping Å, Lepping Å (dansk) eller Lippingau (tysk) er en 13,7 km lang å beliggende i det nordøstlige Angel i Sydslesvig. Administrativt ligger åen i Slesvig-Flensborg kreds i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten i det nordlige Tyskland. Åen udspringer et sted ved Sørupskov, Skovby og Mølmark, løber nord om Sterup og passerer bl. a. Kalvevad (Kallewatt), Østerholm, Skadelund (Schadelund) og Stubdrup, løber nordvest om Nisvrå, drejer ved Lipping mod øst, passerer Snogholm (Schnogholm), inden den munder mellem Østergård og Udmarkhav (Ohrfeldhaff) ud i Gelting Bugt/Østersøen. En strækning på 2,3 km mellem Sørupskov go Berristoft er rørlagt. Åen har tilløb af Sterupbæk, Boltoft Å, Boddeskule, Eskeris Møllestrøm, Stavsmark Å og Sydstenbjerg Å. Den danner delvis kommunegrænsen mellem Sterup og Stenbjergkirke samt sognegrænsen mellem Stenbjerg og Eskeris Sogn.

Åens navn er første gang dokumenteret 1574. Navnet henviser til en forhenværende landsby syd for åen. På samme sted er der nu en enkel gård. Navnet forekommer som bebyggelsesnavn både paa svensk og nederlandsk område (Lippinge) samt som forhenværende flodnavn i England (i Leicestershire). Navnet kan være afledt af oldn. leppr (≈klud, lap) eller gada. lippa (≈læbe) som betegnelse for et buede vandløb, bugtede løb eller kan være en tidligere betegnelse for en nærliggende sø. En afledning af personnavnet Lippæ er usandsynlig.

Vandløbet kaldtes tidligere også for Svensbæk (Swensbeck). Under Treårskrigen løb demarkationslinjen syd om Lipping Å og hen imod Tønder.

Noter

Angel
Vandløb i Sydslesvig

Lipping Å


ŽNL Primorsko-goranska (također kao Županijska nogometna liga Primorsko-goranska, Prva nogometna liga Primorsko-goranske županije) u sezoni 1996./97. je predstavljala prvi stupanj županijske lige u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Sudelovalo je 10 klubova, a prvak je bio "Cres".

Sustav natjecanja
10 klubova je igralo dvokružnu ligu (18 kola), no do kraja prvenstva su tri kluba odustala od natjecanja.

Ljestvica

 "Goranka" Ravna Gora – odustali nakon jesenskog dijela

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

1996-97
Primorsko-goranska-1

ŽNL Primorsko-goranska 1996./97.


Le  est un temple bouddhiste Shingon situé sur le mont Goken, à Takamatsu dans la préfecture de Kagawa au Japon. C'est le  des 88 temples de la route du pèlerinage de Shikoku. Il aurait été fondé en 829 ( année de l'ère Tenchō) par le prêtre Kūkai.

Voir aussi

 Pèlerinage de Shikoku

Notes et références

Source de la traduction

Temple bouddhiste dans la préfecture de Kagawa
Bien culturel important dans la préfecture de Kagawa

Yakuri-ji


An Pitcairnia corcovadensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wawra. An Pitcairnia corcovadensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia corcovadensis