كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية  أو كما عرفت بعدها كأس أبطال الكؤوس الأوروبية  هي مسابقة كرة قدم للأندية الأوروبية أنشئت في عام 1960، وتم الاعتراف بها بعد سنتين من تأسيسها من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم، واستمر بتنظيمها إلى أن تم إلغائها في عام 1999، ودمجها مع بطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي تحت مسمى دوري أوروبا . وكانت الأندية الفائزة بالكؤوس المحلية (مثل بطل كأس إنجلترا وكأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي في إنجلترا) تتأهل لتخوض منافسات هذه البطولة.

اعتبرت كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية كثاني أفضل بطولة كرة قدم أوربية بعد بطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا. على الرغم من تكبير الصحافة لحجم هذه البطولة إلا أن مستوى البطولة بشكل عام كان أقل من كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي. خلال تاريخ البطولة، لم يستطع أي فريق أن يحافظ على لقبه، فكانت كل نسخة تشهد بطلاً جديداً. في موسم 1985-1986، تم حظر مشاركة الأندية الإنجليزية في بطولات الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم، بعد أحداث كارثة ملعب هيسل، الأمر الذي حال دون مشاركة نادي إيفرتون في بطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا على الرغم من فوزه بثنائية الدوري وكأس الكؤوس الأوروبية في عام 1985.

منذ موسم 1972، كان الفائز باللقب يلاقي بطل كأس الأندية الأوروبية البطلة (حالياً دوري أبطال أوروبا) على لقب كأس السوبر الأوروبي. لكن بعد إلغاء المسابقة في 1999، حل بطل كأس الاتحاد الاوروبي بدلاً لبطل كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية للمنافسة على لقب كأس السوبر الأوروبي.

منذ تأسيسها في 1960 ولغاية انحلالها في 1999، كانت البطولة تلعب بنظام خروج المغلوب، وكانت المباراة النهائية تلعب مباراة واحدة في ملعب محايد. لكن النسخة الأولى للبطولة كانت الاستثناء الوحيد حيث لعبت المباراة النهائية من جولتين، وفاز بها نادي فيورنتينا الإيطالي على نادي رينجرز الإسكتلندي بنتيجة 4-1 بمجموع المباراتين، وكان ذلك في نهائي عام 1961. ومثلما كان أول فريق يفوز باللقب من إيطاليا، كذلك كان نادي لاتسيو الإيطالي آخر فريق فاز باللقب في عام 1999 عندما تغلب على ريال مايوركا بنتيجة 2-1.

التاريخ

أرقام قياسية

 أول فريق فاز بلقب كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية هو نادي فيورنتينا الإيطالي عام 1961.
 أول فريق فاز بلقب كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية (من مبارتين) هو نادي فيورنتينا الإيطالي عام 1961.
 أول فريق فاز بلقب كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية (من مباراة واحدة على ملعب محايد) أتلتيكو مدريد الإسباني عام 1962.
 أكثر الفرق فوزاً بلقب كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية هو نادي برشلونة الإسباني (برصيد 4 ألقاب).
 أكثر الفرق مشاركةً بنهائي كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية هو نادي برشلونة الإسباني (برصيد 6 مشاركات).
 أكثر الأندية خسارة للنهائي (مرتين) هم نادي برشلونة وريال مدريد وأتلتيكو مدريد الإسبان ونادي أرسنال الإنجليزي ونادي رويال أندرلخت البلجيكي ونادي فيورنتينا الإيطالي ونادي رينجرز الإسكتلندي ورابيد فيينا النمساوي.
 الأندية الإنجليزية هي الأكثر تتويجاً بـ 8 بطولات، تليها الأندية الإيطالية و الإسبانية برصيد 7 بطولات.
 بوروسيا دورتموند الألماني هو أول نادي فاز بلقب البطولة بالأشواط الإضافية في عام 1966، أمام نادي ليفربول الإنجليزي وبنتيجة 2-1.
 نادي فالنسيا الإسباني هو أول نادي فاز بلقب البطولة بواسطة ضربات الجزاء في عام 1980، أمام نادي أرسنال الإنجليزي وبنتيجة 5-4.
 أتلتيكو مدريد الإسباني هو أول نادي فاز بلقب البطولة بإعادة المباراة النهائية (بعدما انتهى اللقاء الأول بالتعادل 1-1)، ضد نادي فيورنتينا الإيطالي بنتيجة 3-0 عام 1962.
 المدربين الإنجليز هم أكثر المدربين المتوجين باللقب برصيد 6 بطولات، يليهم المدربين الإيطاليين بخمس مرات، ثم المدربين الألمان بخمس مرات.
 أكثر المدربين فوزاً بالكأس هم:
 الإيطالي نيريو روكو مرتين مع إيه سي ميلان.
 الهولندي يوهان كرويف مرة مع نادي برشلونة ومرة مع أياكس أمستردام.
 الأسكتلندي أليكس فيرغسون مرة مع نادي أبردين ومرة مع مانشستر يونايتد.
 السوفييتي فاليري لوبانوفسكي مرتين مع دينامو كييف
 أكثر المدربين فوزاً بالكأس لأكثر من مرة مع ناديين مختلفين هما:
 الهولندي يوهان كرويف مرة مع نادي برشلونة ومرة مع أياكس أمستردام.
 الأسكتلندي أليكس فيرغسون مرة مع نادي أبردين ومرة مع مانشستر يونايتد.
 لم يستطع أي مدرب الفوز بلقب البطولة لمرتين متتاليتين.

ترتيب الأبطال

للأندية

حسب الدول

ملاحظات

المراجع

أحداث رياضية دورية أسست في 1960
تأسيسات سنة 1960 في أوروبا
منافسات كرة قدم دولية للأندية في أوروبا
منافسات يويفا للأندية بائدة
أحداث رياضية دورية انحلت في 1999

كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية


Francisco Gomes de Amorim (* 13. August 1827 in Averomar, Kreis Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal; † 4. November 1891 in Lissabon) war ein portugiesischer Schriftsteller. Der Vertreter der portugiesischen Romantik war als Romancier, Lyriker und Dramatiker tätig.

Leben
Francisco Gomes de Amorim wurde als Sohn armer Landarbeiter geboren. Mit zehn Jahren wanderte er, in der Hoffnung auf ein besseres Leben, nach Brasilien aus. Er arbeitete zunächst in Pará bei einem Kaufmann, später war er als Handelsgehilfe und Kassierer in Belém, ebenfalls Pará, tätig.

Durch die Lektüre des Gedichtbandes Luís de Camões von Almeida Garrett wurde der Autodidakt erstmals mit Literatur konfrontiert und begann – davon angeregt – im Alter von 15 Jahren seine ersten Gedichte zu schreiben. Später verband ihn eine lebenslange und tiefe Freundschaft mit Almeida Garrett sowie mit Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins.

Sein Aufenthalt in Brasilien prägte ihn stark und floss auch mittel- oder unmittelbar in seine Literatur ein: Von den Indianervölkern am Amazonas erlernte er einige indigene Sprachen, er war von der Natur Amazoniens fasziniert und oft auch im Sertão (Hinterland) zu finden, um die dortigen Tiere und Pflanzen zu beobachten und zu erforschen.

Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Portugal 1846 arbeitete er in diversen kaufmännischen Berufen, bevor er 1859 als Bibliothekar des Marineministeriums seine Lebensstellung erhielt. Während dieser Zeit begann er, regelmäßig an seinem literarischen Werk zu arbeiten, das der Romantik verpflichtet ist. Im Zuge der Europäischen Revolutionen 1848/1849 schrieb er mehrere politische Gedichte, die es so in dieser Form in Portugal noch nicht gab: A liberdade (Die Freiheit), A queda  da Hungria (Der Untergang Ungarns) und  Garibaldi über den italienischen Freiheitskämpfer. Die bekanntesten Magazine, für die er schrieb, waren O Panorama und Revista Universal Lisbonense. Sein Theaterstück Ghigi von 1852 war bei seiner Aufführung in Lissabon ein Erfolg und machte ihn in Portugal bekannt. Die Hauptthemen seiner Literatur waren neben Brasilien und der Sehnsucht des Exilanten, die Liebe und die Freiheit.

In seinen späten Jahren widmete er sich der Herausgabe der Memoiren seines Freundes Almeida Garrett, die 1881 erschienen. Für sein Engagement für Almeida Garrett erhielt er den Premio Dom Fernando der Akademie der Wissenschaften von Lissabon. 1882 wurde er zum Mitglied der Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique gewählt.

Francisco Gomes de Amorim war mit Maria Luisa da Silva Barbosa verheiratet und Vater von sechs Kindern. Am Ende seines Lebens gehörte er zu den wenigen gesellschaftlichen Aufsteigern der portugiesischen Gesellschaft im 19. Jahrhundert.

Werk (Auswahl)
 Ghigi. 1852, Theaterstück.
 Os Selvagens. 1852, Roman.
 Ódia de Raça. 1854, Theaterstück.
 O cedro vermelho. 1856, Theaterstück.
 Cantos Matutinos. 1858, Lyrik.
 Fígados de Tigre. 1857, Theaterstück.
 Efémeros. 1866, Gedichte.
 Aleijões sociais. 1870, Theaterstück.
 O remorso vivo. 1876, Roman.
 Frutas de Vario Sabor. 1876, Erzählungen.
 Amor da Pátria. 1878, Roman.
 Garrett. Memórias Biográficas. 1881–1884,  Almeida Garrett, Memoiren (als Herausgeber).

Quellen

 Francisco Gomes de Amorim. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Bd. 6. New York 1909 (englisch)
 Biografia: Francisco Gomes de Amorim. Biblioteca Municipal, Póvoa de Varzim (portugiesisch)

Weblinks
 A madrugada, Lisboa, 1913, in der Nationalbibliothek von Portugal
 Garrett: memórias biographicas, Lisboa, 1881-1884, in der Nationalbibliothek von Portugal

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Mitglied der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Schönen Künste von Belgien
Literatur (Portugal)
Literatur (Portugiesisch)
Geboren 1827
Gestorben 1891
Portugiese
Mann

Francisco Gomes de Amorim


Inamschon Busrukowitsch Usmanchodschajew (, ; * 21. Mai 1930 in Fergana, damals Usbekische SSR, Sowjetunion; † 17. März 2017 ebenda) war ein sowjetischer bzw. usbekischer Politiker und von 1983 bis 1988 Erster Sekretär des ZK der Kommunistischen Partei Usbekistans.

Leben
Usmanchodschajew wurde 1930 in Fergana geboren. Nachdem er seine Schulausbildung abgeschlossen hatte, begann er am Polytechnischen Institut in Taschkent ein Ingenieursstudium, das er 1955 erfolgreich abschloss. Anschließend arbeitete er in der Bauwirtschaft. 1958 trat er der KPdSU bei. Von 1965 bis 1969 war er Sekretär des Parteikomitees der Oblast Syr-Darja. Von 1969 bis 1972 arbeitete er im Apparat des ZK der KPdSU. Von 1972 bis 1974 war er Vorsitzender des Exekutivkomitees des Sowjets der Oblast Namangan. Von 1974 bis 1978 wirkte er als Erster Sekretär des Parteikomitees der Oblast Andischan und von 1978 bis 1983 als Vorsitzender des Präsidiums des Obersten Sowjets der Usbekischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik. Von 1981 bis 1988 war er Mitglied des ZK der KPdSU.

1983 folgte schließlich seine Ernennung zum Ersten Sekretär des ZK der KP seiner Heimatrepublik. Er löste Scharaf Raschidow ab, der nach der Aufdeckung eines schwerwiegenden Skandals in der Baumwollindustrie gestorben war und sich vermutlich das Leben genommen hatte. 1984 wurde Usmanchodschajew in den Obersten Sowjet der UdSSR gewählt und Mitglied des Präsidiums des Obersten Sowjet der UdSSR. Im Zuge der Perestroika wurde er jedoch wiederum selbst der Korruption beschuldigt und 1988 aus seinen politischen Ämtern entlassen. Als Erster Sekretär wurde er durch Rafik Nischanow ersetzt.

Noch 1989 wurde er wegen seiner Verstrickung in den Baumwollskandal, in den bereits sein Amtsvorgänger verwickelt gewesen war, zu 12 Jahren Haft verurteilt. 1990 wurde er jedoch wieder aus der Haft entlassen und 2016 rehabilitiert. Er starb am 17. März 2017 in seiner Heimatstadt.

Sonstiges
Der im September 2016 verstorbene Präsident Usbekistans Islom Karimov verdankte seinem politischen Aufstieg Usmanchodschajew. Auf seine Initiative wurde Karimov 1983 zum Finanzminister, später zum Vorsitzenden der staatlichen Planungskommission, zum stellvertretenden Vorsitzenden des Ministerrates und schließlich zum Ersten Sekretär des Regionalkomitees der Provinz Qashqadaryo der Usbekischen SSR berufen. Doch die Rehabilitierung Usmanchodschajews erfolgte erst nach Karimovs Tod.

Weblinks
 Усманходжаев, Инамжон Бузрукович (Kurzbiographie, russisch).

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter (Oberster Sowjet der Usbekischen Sozialistischen Sowjetrepublik)
Abgeordneter (Oberster Sowjet der UdSSR)
KPdSU-Mitglied
Usbeke
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 2017
Mann

Inamschon Usmanchodschajew


Concorde () is a station on lines 1, 8, and 12 of the Paris Métro. Serving the Place de la Concorde in central Paris, it is located in the 1st arrondissement.

History
The station opened on 13 August 1900, almost a month after trains began running on the initial section of line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900. The station was the site of the first accident on the métro. On 19 October 1900, a current capture fault between the contact shoe on the train and the third rail resulted in a short circuit that started a fire. It caused a collision with the following train, injuring 29 passengers and 1 driver. Ezra Pound's famous 1913 Imagist poem, "In a Station of the Metro", was inspired by this station.

Line 12's platforms opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette.

Line 8's platforms opened on 12 March 1914 as part of the initial section of the line from Beaugrenelle (now Charles Michels on Line 10) to Opéra, seven months after the opening of the initial section of the line on 12 July 1913 as the platforms at Concorde and Invalides were not completed at the time.

On 27 March 1931, line A became line 12 when It was taken over by its competitor, the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), incorporating it into the Paris Métro.

The original Nord-Sud decor of line 12's station was removed in 1991 when it was redecorated by a new artwork by the artist Françoise Schein. It consisted of blue letters set on a white square tile that form the text of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The name of the station was also inscribed using the same letters albeit on navy blue tiles. The platforms' vault are covered with horizontal and vertical bands of navy blue tiles and have a speckled-grey tiling on its floors. Numerous metro stations around the world have also been designed with the same theme in mind by the same artist such as: Luz in São Paulo, Parvis de Saint-Gilles in Brussels, Parque in Lisbon, and Westhafen in Berlin.

Up until 1997, line 8's station had a single dead-end track alongside the platform towards Pointe du Lac. It was removed to create offices.

Over the weekend of 13–14 June 2009, line 1's platforms were closed to raise its platform levels for the installation platform screen doors to improve passenger safety and for its eventual automation; it was installed in October 2010.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, between 11 April to 30 June 2016, line 8's platforms and lighting were renovated and modernised, requiring a closure of its platforms during that time.

In 2019, the station was used by 6,115,023 passengers, making it the 58th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,617,251 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 75th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 3,401,219 passengers, making it the 86th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

Passenger services

Access
The station has seven accesses:

 Access 1: Jeu de Paume Jardin des Tuileries
 Access 2: rue de Rivoli
 Access 3: rue Saint-Florentin
 Access 4: Musée de l'Orangerie Jardin des Tuileries
 Access 5: rue Cambon
 Access 6: rue Royale
 Access 7: avenue Gabriel

Station layout

Platforms
All three lines have a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms, although the lower portion of the side walls on line 12's platforms are vertical instead of elliptical, as with the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13).

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 42, 45, 72, 73, 84, and 94 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N11 and N24 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby
 The Place de la Concorde is on the right bank of the Seine opposite the French National Assembly, which sits in the Palais Bourbon.
  To the east of the Place is the western end of the Tuileries Gardens, including Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume and the Musée de l'Orangerie.

Gallery

References

 Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro: D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

External links

Paris Métro stations in the 1st arrondissement of Paris
Paris Métro stations in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900

Paris Métro line 1
Paris Métro line 8
Paris Métro line 12

Concorde station


Pascal Wehrlein (Sigmaringen, Njemačka, 18. listopada 1994.) je bivši njemački vozač Formule 1.

Karijera
S 9 godina počinje nastupati u karting natjecanjima. Prvak u ADAC Formel Masters seriji postaje 2011. godine. Od 2013. do 2015. nastupa u DTM (Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters) seriji, gdje 2014. s 19 godina postaje najmlađi vozač koji je pobijedio u DTM-u, a sljedeće godine postaje najmlađi vozač koji je osvojio naslov u toj seriji. Nastupao je i u Formuli 3 2012. i 2013. godine.

U rujnu 2014. postaje test vozač Mercedesa, a iste sezone testira u Barceloni, vozeći za Mercedes i Force Indiju. U veljači 2016., Wehrelin potpisuje za momčad Manor. Tijekom cijele sezone pokazuje talentirane vožnje, a na VN Austrije osvaja 1 bod. Sljedeće sezone prelazi u Sauber.

Naslovi
 ADAC Formel Masters 2011.
 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters 2015.

Rezultati u Formuli 1

Izvori
 http://www.gp1.hr/wehrlein-novi-vozac-manora/
 http://www.gp1.hr/wehrlein-potvrden-u-sauberu-za-2017/

Vanjske poveznice
Pascal Wehrlein na racing-reference.com
Pascal Wehrlein F1 statistika na statsf1.com

Njemački vozači Formule 1

Pascal Wehrlein


Thiago Silva (Rio de Janeiro, 22. rujna 1984.) brazilski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji  braniča. Trenutačno igra za Chelsea.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil, Chelsea

Brazilski nogometaši
Nogometaši Fluminensea
Nogometaši moskovskog Dinama
Nogometaši A.C. Milana
Nogometaši Paris Saint-Germaina
Nogometaši Chelseaja
Aktivni nogometaši

Thiago Silva


15 (cincisprezece) este un număr natural precedat de 14 și urmat de 16.

În matematică

 Este un număr compus, având divizorii 1, 3, 5, 15.
 Este un număr prim Mersenne.
 Este un număr semiprim.
 Este un număr briliant. deoarece este un produs de numere prime având același număr de cifre.
 Este un număr Størmer.
 Este un număr dublu factorial.
 Este un număr hexagonal.
 Este un număr centrat tetraedric.
 Este un număr pentatopic.
 Este un număr repdigit în sistemul binar (11112) și în sistemul cuaternar (334).
 Este constanta magică a unui pătrat magic normal de ordinul 3:
 Este rezultatul adunării numerelor de la 1 la 5: 15 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5.
 Deoarece 15 este produsul a două prime Fermat distincte (mai exact 3 și 5), se poate construi cu rigla și compasul un poligon regulat cu 15 laturi.

În știință
 Este numărul atomic al fosforului.
 Grupa a 15-a din tabelul periodic al elementelor este grupa pnictogenilor și conține elementele chimice azot, fosfor, arsen, stibiu, bismut și moscoviu.

Astronomie
 NGC 15 este o galaxie inelară în constelația Pegas.
 Messier 15 este un roi globular din constelația Pegas.
 15 Eunomia este o planetă minoră.
 15 Arietis este o stea din constelația Berbecul.
 15 Andromedae este o stea din constelația Andromeda.
 15P/Finlay este o cometă periodică din sistemul solar.

În cultura populară
 În serialul TV LOST: Naufragiații, 15 este unul dintre cele 6 numere recurente (4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42) care apar frecvent pe tot parcursul emisiunii.

Alte domenii
 Codul pentru departamentul francez Cantal.
 După 15 ani de căsătorie este aniversată nunta de cristal.
 Vârsta de consimțământ sexual în unele state.
 Fifteen (15), un cântec de Taylor Swift.
 DN15, DN15A, DN15B, DN15C, DN15D, DN15E, drumuri naționale din România.

Note

Legături externe

  The Positive Integer 15
  Prime Curios: 15
  VirtueScience: 15
  Numbers aplenty: 15

Numere naturale

15 (număr)


Turhal Kervansarayı Tokat'ta Turhal-Pazar karayolu üzerinde bulunur. Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Alaeddin Keykubad devrinde 1237'de yapılmıştır. Günümüzde restorasyon çalışmalarıyla birlikte restaurant olarak hizmete sunulmuştur.

Selçuklu kervansarayları
Kervansaray
Anadolu Selçuklu kervansarayları

Turhal Kervansarayı


Kuća Kodl u Glagoljaškoj 1 u Splitu
Kuća Kodl u Tršćanskoj ulici u Splitu

Kuća Kodl u Splitu


Cvetelina Yaneva (en búlgaro: Цветелина Янева; 5 de octubre de 1989, Plovdiv), también puede aparecer escrito como Tsvetelina Yaneva o Ianeva, es una cantante búlgara de pop-folk y chalga. Comenzó su carrera musical en 2008 y en 2010 lanzó su primer álbum de estudio, Na pŭrvo myasto, a través de Payner. En su año debut en la industria musical fue consagrada como "Debut del año" en los premios Planeta TV y "Descubrimiento del año" en los premios Nov Folk.

Biografía
Cvetelina Yaneva nació el 5 de octubre de 1989 en Plovdiv. Antes de comenzar su carrera como solista en mayo de 2008, Yaneva estuvo dos años como cantante en una orquesta famosa junto a su padre Georgi Yanev y su madre Pepa Yaneva. La cantante cuenta, además, con un hermano y una hermana mayores que ella. La familia Yaneva vive en Plovdiv, pero pasan más tiempo en Belashtitza, a 5 km de la ciudad, donde tienen una casa y un estudio de grabación. En cuanto a sus influencias musicales, la cantante Desi Slava fue la artista favorita de la joven Cvetelina.

Carrera profesional
Su carrera comenzó estrechamente ligada a las canciones populares, pese a que en su adolescencia diversificó sus actividades en el pop y el jazz, pero se inclinó por la música pop-folk debido al poco desarrollo del jazz en Bulgaria. Asistió a clases de canto en Radio Zaduma en la Casa Sindical en Plovdiv y se enroló en la orquesta Orfeo, donde era la cantante principal.

Mientras grababa y ofrecía conciertos con Orfeo, Cvetelina fue preparando su primer álbum en solitario. Debutó en julio de 2008 con su balada hit "Otkradnata lyubov", que le valió el reconocimiento de cantantes más asentados en la música búlgara como Azis, quien admitió abiertamente que es la mejor voz que jamás había escuchado. Su segundo sencillo, "Trite imena", sirvió a la joven cantante para entrar en el complejo Payner Music y la cadena de televisión Planeta en Dimitrovgrad. La tercera canción, "Ranyavaĭ me", fue lanzada en invierno de 2008 y nuevamente en 2009. Cvetelina fue invitada al séptimo aniversario de la cadena de televisión Planeta el 9 de diciembre en la que interpretó su éxito "Otkradnata lyubov".

A comienzos de 2009 Planeta presentó el cuarto sencillo de Cvetelina Yaneva, "Avtorŭt e drug", y recibió sus dos primeros galardones en la música: "Debut del año" en los premios Planeta TV y "Descubrimiento del año" en los premios de la revista Nov Folk. Durante ese año lanzó los videoclips de los sencillos "Kato virus" y "Predi da svikna", esta última una balada que formaba parte del programa de Navidad de Planeta.

Cvetelina Yaneva comenzó en 2010 su primer gran gira por Europa del Este, Planeta Derby 2010, con la ayuda de Nikolai Nankov. y fue un éxito comercial. Tras unas semanas de descanso, Cvetelina grabó una canción con el niño prodigio rumano Ionut Cercel. Su canción a dúo "Vlez" logró un importante éxito en Rumania y Bulgaria. El 5 de octubre de 2010, coincidiendo con el 21 cumpleaños de la cantante, Cvetelina Yaneva lanzó su álbum debut Na pŭrvo myasto a través de Payner Music, en el que se incluyeron 16 canciones con dos nuevos sencillos y que fue producido por Costi Ioniță.

La cantante anunció en julio de 2011 que se encontraba preparando la grabación de su segundo álbum de estudio y adelantó que se trataría de un disco diferente al de su debut. Además, a diferencia de su primer álbum, Cvetelina no se excedió en la promoción de su segundo álbum y únicamente lanzó un sencillo en los últimos siete meses, "Pritesnyavaĭ me". El 7 de noviembre lanzó el sencillo "Broĭ me" junto a Rida Al Abdullah, una canción y videoclip con marcados tintes árabes, pero que consiguió un gran éxito. El 1 de enero de 2012 lanzó el videoclip de su balada "Nikoga i nikŭde", canción compuesta por Georgi Simeonov.

En segundo Álbum de Cvetelina llegaría en mayo del año 2012, titulado "Dǎšterja na pesenta". Se trata de un álbum folclórico, alejado del sonido algo más comercial de sus singles anteriores. Las canciones que conforman este álbum, son canciones tradicionales. Como nota a tener en cuenta, cabe destacar que en el proceso de producción participaron parientes cercanos, entre ellos, su madre, Pepa Janeva, y su tío, Georgi Janev, miembro de la orquesta "Orfej". Este disco, fue publicado con Payner Music, y fue anunciado a través del Facebook de la propia cantante.

Discografía
 Na pârvo mjasto (На първо място, 2010)
 Dâšterja na pesenta (Дъщеря на песента, 2012)
 Moga pak (МОГА ПАК, 2012)

Singles / Videos musicales
 2008: Открадната любов (Otkradnata Ljubov).
 2008: Ранявай ме (Ranjavaj Me).
 2009: Три минути  (Tri Minuti).
 2009: Авторът е друг (Avtorâr E Drug).
 2009: На първа среща (Na Pârva Srešta).
 2009: Като вирус (Kato Virus).
 2009: Искаш война (Iskaš Vojna).
 2010: Момиче за всичко (Momiče Za Vsičko).
 2010: Всичко (Vsičko).
 2010: Празна стая (Prazna Staja).
 2010: За контакти (Za Kontakti).
 2010: Влез (Vlez).
 2010: Давай, разплачи ме (Davaj, Razplači Me).
 2011: Какво правим сега (Kakvo Pravim Sega).
 2011: Притеснявай ме (Pritesnjavaj Me).
 2011: По-страшно (Po-Strašno).
 2011: Брой ме (Broj Me).
 2012: Никога и никъде (Nikoga i Nikâde).
 2012: Мога пак (Moga Pak).
 2012: Две черти (Dve Čerti).
 2012: Бонбони (Bonboni).
 2012: С какъвто се хванах (S Kakâvto Se Hvanah).
 2013: Още ли (Ošte Li).
 2013: Безопасна (Bezopasna).
 2013: Ще се гордееш (Šte Se Gordeeš).
 2013: Счупени неща (Sčupeni Nešta).
 2013: В твоя стил (V Tvoja Stil).
 2013: За господина (Za Gospodina).
 2013: Без думи (Bez Dumi)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cvetelina Yaneva en novfolk.bg

Cantantes de Bulgaria
Cantantes en búlgaro
Cantantes de pop folk
Nacidos en Plovdiv

Cvetelina Yaneva


Callicarpa može označavati:
 Callicarpa (Animalia) Fewkes, 1881, rod žarnjaka iz porodice Plumulariidae
 Callicarpa (Plantae) L., biljni rod iz porodice Lamiaceae

Callicarpa


USS Sicily (CVE-118) was a  in the United States Navy. She was named in honor of the island of Sicily, which was the site of a major invasion during World War II. Sicily was laid down on 23 October 1944 by Todd-Pacific Shipyards, Tacoma, Washington, as Sandy Bay; launched on 14 April 1945; sponsored by Mrs. Julius Vanderwiele; renamed Sicily on 5 June 1945; and commissioned on 27 February 1946, Capt. B. W. Wright in command.

Operational history
 Sicily fitted out at Portland, Oregon, loaded supplies at Seattle, and then sailed for San Diego where she held shakedown training during April and May. On 15 May, she was ordered to proceed to New York City, via the Panama Canal and Norfolk, Virginia. The carrier entered the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 6 June and remained there until 30 September when she sailed to NS Argentia, Newfoundland, to conduct cold weather training.

During the remainder of 1946 and until 3 April 1950, Sicily operated with the U.S. Atlantic Fleet out of her home port of Norfolk. At that time, she was reassigned to the Pacific Fleet with San Diego as her home port, arriving there on 28 April. The carrier was scheduled to conduct antisubmarine warfare exercises during the summer, but the invasion of South Korea by the North Koreans, on 25 June, caused a radical change in her operating plans. Sicily was notified on 2 July that she was needed in the Far East; and she sailed, two days later, for the first of three deployments to Korean waters. Sicily was designated flagship of Carrier Division (CarDiv) 15 and on 3 August launched aircraft of VMF-214 on their first air strike in support of Allied ground forces. During this tour, she supported ground operations at Pohang, the Inchon landing, the advance to Seoul, and the withdrawal of the marines from the Chosin Reservoir to Hungnam before returning to San Diego on 5 February 1951. On her second tour with the 7th Fleet, from 13 May to 12 October 1951, Sicily operated on both the east and west coast of Korea. Her last tour during the Korean War was from 8 May to 4 December 1952, and she served with the United Nations Escort and Blockading Force. Sicily was deployed to the Far East again from 14 July 1953 to 25 February 1954.

Honors and awards

Decommissioning
Upon her return to the United States West Coast, Sicily was placed in reserve, out of commission, with the Pacific Reserve Fleet. She was struck from the Navy List on 1 July 1960 and sold to the Nicolai Joffe Corporation on 31 October 1960 for scrap.

Gallery

See also
 VS-931, antisubmarine squadron

References

Commencement Bay-class escort carriers
1945 ships
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United States
Korean War escort carriers of the United States
Korean War aircraft carriers of the United States

USS Sicily


Das Naturschutzgebiet Heeseberg liegt auf dem namensgebenden Heeseberg in den niedersächsischen Gemeinden Beierstedt und Jerxheim in der Samtgemeinde Heeseberg im Landkreis Helmstedt.

Das aus drei Teilflächen bestehende Gebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG BR 008 ist 51 Hektar groß. Es ersetzt das zum 16. Januar 1973 ausgewiesene, gleichnamige Naturschutzgebiet. Benachbarte Bereiche sind als Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Heeseberg" ausgewiesen. Das Naturschutzgebiet ist vollständig Bestandteil des FFH-Gebietes "Heeseberg-Gebiet". Das Gebiet steht seit dem 18. November 1986 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Helmstedt.

Beschreibung
Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt im Ostbraunschweigischen Hügelland innerhalb des Geoparks Harz – Braunschweiger Land – Ostfalen auf dem zwischen Watenstedt im Westen, Jerxheim im Osten und Beierstedt im Süden liegenden Heeseberg. Der nördliche, größte Teilbereich des Naturschutzgebietes wird von ehemaligen Kalk- und Buntsandsteinbrüchen geprägt. Hier kommen, ebenso wie im südöstlich liegenden Teilbereich, Halbtrockenrasen und Steppenrasen vor. Der südlich liegende Teilbereich ist verbuscht.

Das Naturschutzgebiet ist Lebensraum für zahlreiche gefährdete Tier- und Pflanzenarten. In den ehemaligen Steinbrüchen sind als Artenhilfsmaßnahme teilweise kleine, flache Tümpel als Lebensräume für Amphibien angelegt worden.

Geologische Besonderheiten
Der westlichste und größte der aufgelassenen Steinbrüche im Naturschutzgebiet, der auch begangen werden kann, vermittelt entlang einer rund 60 Meter langen und 10 Meter hohen Wand einen Einblick in die Rogensteinzone des Unteren Buntsandsteins. Am Heeseberg vergab Ernst Kalkowsky 1908 bei der Erstbestimmung des hier vorkommenden Sedimentgesteins den Namen Stromatolith, wodurch der Heeseberg zur Typlokalität wurde. Der Steinbruch wurde am 12. Mai 2006 von der Akademie der Geowissenschaften zu Hannover e. V. mit dem Prädikat "Nationaler Geotop" gewürdigt.

Tourismus
Durch einen Teil des Naturschutzgebietes verläuft ein Teilstück eines rund 3,5 Kilometer langen Geologie- und Naturerlebnispfades. Der Erlebnispfad führt unter anderem an anstehendem Buntsandstein, einem Fundort eiszeitlicher Geschiebe und einem Trockenrasen vorbei.

Etwas außerhalb des Naturschutzgebiets im östlichen Teil des Heesebergs befindet sich ein Aussichtsturm, von dem aus ein Rundblick möglich ist, und eine Gaststätte sowie ein Parkplatz.

Literatur
 Geotope im Spannungsfeld zwischen Schutz und Nutzung, Ein Pilotprojekt des Freilicht- und Erlebnismuseums Ostfalen (FEMO), Abschlussbericht, Mai 2008, S. 56–58 (PDF-Datei, 8,1 MB).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Helmstedt
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Steinbruch in Niedersachsen
Beierstedt
Jerxheim

Heeseberg (Naturschutzgebiet)


أرَيُولُس أو أرَّيُولُس أو (نقحرة: أَرَايُولُوس) (ب: Arraiolos) بلدية برتغالية، مساحتها 683.0 كيلومتر مربع ويبلغ مجموع سكانها 7389 نسمة. بلدة أرَيُولُس الصغيرة سكانها 3351 نسمة.

تقع في بلدية مقاطعة إيفورا.

معرض صور

مراجع

أرايولوس
بلدات البرتغال
بلديات محافظة إيفورا

أريولس


Hoya bordenii ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung der Wachsblumen (Hoya) aus der Unterfamilie der Seidenpflanzengewächse (Asclepiadoideae). Die Verbreitung der Art ist auf die philippinische Insel Luzon beschränkt.

Merkmale
Hoya bordenii besitzt windende und wenig beblätterte Triebe. Die Triebe sind fadenförmig und kahl. Die Blätter besitzen 1,5 bis 2 cm lange fleischige Stiele. Die lederigen, kahlen Blattspreiten sind länglich-lanzettlich bis schmal-elliptisch, und am äußeren Ende lang zugespitzt. Sie sind 11 bis 18 cm lang und 2,5 bis 4,5 cm breit. Die Oberflächen sind dunkelgrün und matt glänzend. Unter intensiver Sonnenstrahlung können sie rötlich-orangefarben werden. Deutlich hervortretend ist die Blattäderung.

Der Blütenstand besteht aus 6 bis 15 (bis zu 20) locker angeordneten, hängenden Blüten. Er hat einen Durchmesser von bis zu 12 cm. Der Stiel des Blütenstands ist 3 bis 5 cm lang, im Querschnitt rund und kahl. Die Blüten sind sternförmig ausgebreitet und haben einen Durchmesser von etwa 1 cm. Die fadenförmigen, kahlen Blütenstiele werden bis zu 2,7 cm lang. Die Kelchblätter sind eiförmig, 1,5 mm lang und stumpf endend. Sie sind an der Basis flaumig behaart. Die Blütenkrone ist hellrot bis dunkelrot gefärbt, mit eiförmigen, spitz auslaufenden und stark zurück gebogenen Kronzipfeln. Die staminalen Nebenkronzipfel sind schmal elliptisch und spitz auslaufend. Sie sind flach und besitzen in der Mitte einen länglichen Rücken. Die Farbe variiert von dunkelrot bis gelb. Der Fortsatz der Staubblätter besitzt eine schmal-sichelförmige Gestalt. Die Pollinien sind zylindrisch und länglich. Der Translator ist relativ kurz, das winzige Corpuculum rhombisch geformt. Die Blüten duften nicht oder nur sehr wenig. Sie sind nur wenige Tage geöffnet.

Geographische Verbreitung und Habitat
Hoya bordenii ist bisher nur auf der philippinischen Insel Luzon gefunden worden. Der Holotyp wurde in der Prov. Bataan gesammelt. Weitere Funde stammen aus den Provinzen Benguet, Laguna (Berg Makiling), Quezon/Laguna (Banahaw), Bulacan, Cavite, Pangasinan und Sorsogon (Mt. Bulusan). Sie kommt von den niederen Küstenwäldern bis in etwa 1000 m über Meeresspiegel vor.

Taxonomie
Hoya bordenii wurde von Rudolf Schlechter 1906 im Philippine Journal of Science erstmals beschrieben. Das Typusexemplar wurde von einem Sammler namens Borden im Juni 1904 in Wäldern am Berg Mariveles (Prov. Bataan, Luzon, Philippinen) in 650 m über dem Meeresspiegel gefunden. Synonyme existieren bisher keine.

Belege

Literatur
 Focke Albers, Ulli Meve (Hrsg.): Sukkulenten-Lexikon. Band 3: Asclepiadaceae (Seidenpflanzengewächse). Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3982-0, S. 149–150.
 Dale Kloppenburg, Ann Wayman: The World of Hoyas - a pictorial guide. Orca Publishing, Central Point, Oregon 2007, ISBN 0-9630489-4-5, S. 64–65.
 Anders Wennström, Katarina Stenman: The Genus Hoya - Species and Cultivation. Botanova, Umeå 2008, ISBN 978-91-633-0477-4, S. 30.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 www.myhoyas.com

bordenii
Bordenii

Hoya bordenii


Den ufuldendte er en dansk kortfilm fra 1991, der er instrueret af Nikolai Østergaard.

Handling
En ung mand opsøger sin mor, for at få historien om faderen en gang til. Sømandsfaderen, der døde i rum sø, da sønnen var dreng. Filmen skildrer sønnens oplevelse af erindring og opgøret med løgn og svigt i familien.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1991

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Den ufuldendte


Die Tisch School of the Arts (auch NYU Tisch) ist eine von 15 Fakultäten der New York University. Sie wurde nach Laurence und Preston Tisch benannt.

Studiengänge
Die Tisch School of the Arts bietet unterschiedliche Abschlüsse an, darunter Bachelor, Master und Doktor. Diese werden in 14 Abschlussprogrammen in fünf Abteilungen angeboten.

The Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film, Television, & New Media
 Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film, Television, & New Media, Undergraduate
 Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film, Television, & New Media, Graduate
 Department of Photography and Imaging
 Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP)
 Rita & Burton Goldberg Department of Dramatic Writing

The Institute of Performing Arts
 Graduate Acting Program
 Department of Dance
 Department of Design for Stage & Film
 Department of Drama, Undergraduate
 Graduate Musical Theatre Writing Program
 Department of Performance Studies

Department of Art and Public Policy
 Graduate Program

Emerging Media Group
 Fotografie und Bildgebende Verfahren
 Interaktive Telekommunikation
 Tonaufnahme
 Game Design

Persönlichkeiten

Professoren
 Anna Deavere Smith (* 1950), Schauspielerin und  Dramatikerin
 Mark Wing-Davey (* 1948), Schauspieler und Theaterregisseur

Alumni
Musiker
 Lady Gaga (* 1986), Sängerin, Songwriterin und Schauspielerin

 Schauspieler
 Alec Baldwin (* 1958), Schauspieler, Synchronsprecher und Filmproduzent
 Kristen Bell (* 1980), Filmschauspielerin
 Bridget Fonda (* 1964), Schauspielerin
 Elizabeth Olsen (* 1989), Schauspielerin
 Matthew Gray Gubler (* 1980), Schauspieler, Synchronsprecher, Regisseur, Filmemacher, Fotomodell und Maler
 Michael C. Hall (* 1971), Schauspieler
 Wood Harris (* 1969), Schauspieler
 Simon Helberg (* 1980), Schauspieler und Komiker
 Marin Hinkle (* 1966), Schauspielerin
 Philip Seymour Hoffman (1967–2014), Theater- und Filmschauspieler
 Bryce Dallas Howard (* 1981), Schauspielerin und Filmregisseurin
 John McGinley (* 1959), Schauspieler
 Danny Pino (* 1974), Schauspieler
 Aubrey Plaza(* 1984), Komikerin, Schauspielerin und Filmproduzentin
 Josh Radnor (* 1974), Schauspieler, Filmregisseur, Musiker und Drehbuchautor
 Alberto Rosende (* 1993), Schauspieler
 Adam Sandler (* 1966), Schauspieler, Komiker, Produzent und Drehbuchautor
 Rainn Wilson (* 1966), Schauspieler
 Andy Samberg (* 1978), Stand-Up-Comedian, Schauspieler und Filmproduzent
 Cole Sprouse
 Dylan Sprouse
 Camila Mendes (* 1994), brasilianisch-US-amerikanische Schauspielerin

 Regisseure
 Joel Coen (* 1954), Filmregisseur, Drehbuchautor, Filmproduzent und Filmeditor
 Marc Forster (* 1969), deutsch-schweizerischer Filmregisseur, Filmproduzent und Drehbuchautor
 Jim Jarmusch (* 1953), Autorenfilmer, Schauspieler und Filmproduzent
 Ang Lee (* 1954), taiwanischer Filmregisseur, Drehbuchautor und Produzent
 Spike Lee (* 1957), Filmregisseur, Drehbuchautor, Produzent und Schauspieler
 Michael Mayer (* 1960), Theater-, Musical- und Filmregisseur
 Todd Phillips (* 1970), Regisseur, Produzent und Drehbuchautor
 Martin Scorsese (* 1942), Regisseur, Drehbuchautor, Filmproduzent und Schauspieler
 Oliver Stone (* 1946), Regisseur, Drehbuchautor und Produzent
 Stina Werenfels (* 1964), Schweizer Filmemacherin

 Kameraleute
 Lisa Rinzler  (* 1955), Kamerafrau und Fotografin

 Autoren
 Meredith Averill (* 1982), Drehbuchautorin und Fernsehproduzentin
 Jonathan Collier
 Suzanne Collins (* 1962), Autorin von Cartoons, Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
 Sara Cooper
 Liz Flahive
 Geoffrey Fletcher (* 1970), Drehbuchautor und Professor
 Vince Gilligan (* 1967), Drehbuchautor, Fernsehproduzent und Regisseur
 Donald Glover (* 1983), Schauspieler, Komiker, Drehbuchautor, Musiker und Regisseur
 Alexa Junge
 Charlie Kaufman (* 1958), Drehbuchautor, Filmregisseur und Romanautor
 Grace Randolph (* 1987), Comicautorin und Moderatorin

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

 Tisch Undergraduate Student Council

Einzelnachweise

Hochschule in New York City
Filmhochschule
Gegründet 1965
Organisation (Manhattan)
New York University

Tisch School of the Arts


Jun-Muk Hwang (en coréen  ; né le 27 octobre 1963) est un mathématicien  sud-coréen, spécialiste de géométrie algébrique et de géométrie différentielle complexe.

Biographie

Hwang est le fils aîné du musicien gayageum Hwang Byungki et de la romancière Han Malsook.

Hwang fait des études de physique à l'Université nationale de Séoul jusqu'à la licence, puis à l'Université de Harvard . En 1993, il termine son Ph. D. sous la direction de Yum-Tong Siu avec une thèse intitulée Global nondeformability of the complex hyper quadric. De 1993 à 1996, il est professeur assistant à l'Université de Notre-Dame-du-Lac, de 1995 à 1996 chercheur postdoctoral à l' Institut de recherche en sciences mathématiques, puis professeur assistant à l'Université nationale de Séoul. Depuis 1999, il est professeur au Korea Institute for Advanced Study.

En 2020, il devient directeur fondateur du Center for Complex Geometry de l'Institute for Basic Science

Recherche
Avec Ngaiming Mok, il a développé une théorie des variétés de tangentes rationnelles minimales, qui combine des méthodes de géométrie algébrique et de géométrie différentielle dans l'étude des courbes rationnelles sur les variétés algébriques. Il a appliqué cette théorie pour résoudre un certain nombre de problèmes sur les variétés algébriques couvertes par des courbes rationnelles.

Prix et honneurs

En 2006, il est conférencier invité au Congrès international des mathématiciens (ICM) à Madrid  (titre de sa conférence : Rigidity of rational homogene spaces) et en 2014 il est conférencier plénier, avec une conférence intitulée  Mori geometry meets Cartan geometry: Varieties of minimal rational tangents au ICM à Séoul .

 2012 : Fellow de American Mathematical Society
 2009 : Prix Ho-Am en sciences de la The Ho Am Foundation
 2007 : Fellow de l'Académie coréenne des sciences et de la technologie
 2006 : Meilleur ingénieur-scientifique de Corée, ministère des Sciences et de la Technologie
 2006 : Prix du scientifique de l'année, Assemblée nationale coréenne
 2001 : Prix scientifique coréen, ministère des Sciences et de la Technologie
 2000 : Prix pour un excellent article de la Société mathématique coréenne

Publications (sélection)

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes
Vidéos de présentation :

  ( « Mori geometry meets Cartan geometry: Varieties of minimal rational tangents » )

Naissance en octobre 1963
Membre de l'American Mathematical Society
Étudiant de l'université Harvard
Mathématicien du XXe siècle
Mathématicien du XXIe siècle
Professeur de mathématiques
Mathématicien sud-coréen
Universitaire sud-coréen
Scientifique sud-coréen du XXe siècle
Scientifique sud-coréen du XXIe siècle

Jun-Muk Hwang


Alfred Heinrich Ilg (født 30. marts 1854 i Frauenfeld, Thurgau, død 7. januar 1916 i Zürich) var en  schweizisk ingeniør.

Ilgens kom 1878 til Abessinien og kom i forbindelse med negus Menelik, hvis tillid han vandt. Han udførte en række vigtige ingeniørarbejder, navnlig ved vej- og brobygning, for den abessiniske regering og udrettede på forskellige måder et ikke ringe civilisatorisk arbejde i Abessinien, ligesom Menelik benyttede ham til vigtige politiske missioner. Negus belønnede hans fortjenester ved at give ham titelen Ras og gøre ham til en af sit riges højeste dignitarer.

Kilder

Ingeniører fra Schweiz

Alfred Ilg


Marcello Grottesi (* 8. März 1939 in Rom) ist ein italienischer Maler und Filmschaffender.

Leben
Grottesi hatte früh Kontakt zur italienischen Filmszene, lebte einige Zeit in Nizza und hatte als Künstler 1965 seine erste Ausstellung in Rom. Dort untersuchte er mit befreundeten Künstlern auch zahlreiche Formen darstellender Kunst: Malerei, Bildhauerei, Fotografie, Kino und Theater. 1968 entstand der Kurzfilm "Zoomtrack" über die Künstlergruppe, die sich 1969 auflöste.

1968 und 1971 entstanden zwei Spielfilme mit stark experimentellem Charakter unter Grottesis Regie, die in Cannes und beim Filmfest Mannheim gezeigt wurden. Der als zweites erschienene Il gesto erhielt 1972 den "Titano d'Oro". Zahlreiche Kurzfilme folgten.

Grottesi konnte 1976 in Venedig ausstellen, im Jahr darauf und öfters erneut in Rom, wo er bis 2010 immer wieder in Galerien und Museen seine Werke präsentieren konnte. In den 1990er Jahren fand eine Reihe von Ausstellungen in Deutschland statt, wo er drei Jahre lang lebte. 2006 präsentierte er seine Erinnerungen in Buchform.

Filmografie
 1968: Time
 1971: Il gesto

Veröffentlichung
 2006: Vita e arte sul filo della memoria

Weblinks
 Webauftritt des Künstlers

 Grottesi bei mymovies

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Italien)
Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Italiener
Geboren 1939
Mann

Marcello Grottesi


Balladen om Bolette er en kortfilm instrueret af Peter Hagelund efter eget manuskript.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Balladen om Bolette


Dragonierul (Dracaena draco) este un arbore asemănător cu un palmier, de dimensiuni mari, răspândit în insulele Canare, Capul Verde, Madeira și în vestul Marocului; în România se cultivă ca specie ornamentală în sere. Unii arbori trăiesc până la vârsta de 7-9 mii ani. Are o înălțime de până la 20 m, cu circumferință a trunchiului de până la 4 m și o tulpină ramificată, la vârful ramurilor sunt adunate frunzele ensiforme (de forma unei săbii), lungi până la 60 cm, de culoare verde-închis, formând un buchet. Inflorescența este densă, extinsă, racemoasă. Perigonul alb. Fructul este o bacă portocalie, sferică. Rezina obținută din dragonier are o culoare închis-purpurie și este numită sângele dragonului fiind comercializată;  este folosită ca pigment la prepararea vopselelor și cernelurilor și în medicina populară ca astringent.

Note

Legături externe

 Dragon tree (Dracaena draco). ARKive
 Albert Leroy. Dracaena draco, une part de l'histoire des îles Canaries. Succulentopi@ n°9 avril 2014

Asparagaceae

Dragonier


Kuluncak, Malatya iline bağlı bir ilçedir.

Tarih
İlçenin yerleşim tarihi 100 veya 120 yıl öncesine dayanmaktadır. Yıllar önce yayla hayatı sürdüren Bıyıkbogazı, Başören, Konaktepe ve Karıncalık mahallesi sakinleri, kışın sığınak olarak kullanılan Kuluncak'ta sürüleriyle birlikte barınmak amacıyla ilçeye de kışı geçirmek üzere yerleşmişlerdir. Özellikle Konaktepe ve Başören köyleri yaylalarında oturanlar zamanla su kıyısı olan kuytu yerde yerleşik düzene geçerek Kuluncak'ın oluşmasına zemin hazırlamışlardır. İlçenin adı, kuytu bir alanda olduğu için kuytucak kelimesinden geldiği sanılmaktadır. Daha sonra Kuluncak olarak değişmiştir.

Coğrafi durum
Kuluncak ilçesi Malatya iline 110 km. mesafede olup il merkezinin kuzey batısında bulunmaktadır. Kuluncak İlçesi sınırları mülki taksimata göre belirlenmiş olup, kuzeyde Sivas ili Kangal İlçesi ile 25 km., doğuda Malatya ili Hekimhan ilçesi ile 46 km, güney ve güneybatıda Malatya ili Darende ilçesi ile 22 km., batıda Sivas ili Gürün İlçesi ile 26 km'lik mülki sınırlar ile çevrilmiş olup, toplam 119 km'lik mülki sınırlara sahiptir. Hekimhan ilçesine 27 km, Darende ilçesine 47 km, Sivas'ın Kangal ilçesine 110 km, Gürün ilçesine de 80 km mesafede bulunmaktadır.

Arazinin büyük bölümü dağlık ve engebelidir. Ortalama rakım 1250-1350m civarında olup ortalama eğim 40 derecedir. İlçe genel olarak vadi içerisine kurulu olup Tohma Çayı üzerinde konuşlanmıştır.

İdari yapı
Önceleri Darende ilçesine bağlı bir kasaba olan Kuluncak 1972 yılında belde ve  20 Mayıs 1990 tarihinde ilçe statüsünü almıştır.

30 Mart 2014 Mahalli İdareler Seçimleriyle birlikte yeni büyük şehir yasasından dolayı köylerin tamamı mahalle statüsü kazanmış olup, ilçeye bağlı olan Sofular Belediyesi tüzel kişiliği sona erdirilerek mahalleye dönüştürülmüştür. Bu nedenle ilçeye bağlı toplam 28 idari birim (mahalle) mevcuttur.

Nüfus

Yeraltı kaynakları
İlçe yer altı kaynakları bakımından oldukça zengin bir yapıdadır. Başta toryum, demir, çinko, altın, manganez olmak üzere birçok maden sondajı yapılmaktadır. İlçede faal bir mermer ocağı bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Alvar köyünde bulunan termal suyun sondaj çalışmaları yapılmaktadır.

Kültürel miras
Eşref Höyük, Kabak Abdal Türbesi, Genç Roma Dönemi'ne ait olan zemin üzerine Mozaik Sütunlar ve Bicir köyü taşlı tarla mevkiinde bulunan Bicir Yamaç Yerleşimi sayılabilir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kuluncak Kaymakamlığı
 YerelNET

Kuluncak


Çam ist ein türkischer Familienname mit der Bedeutung Kiefer; Föhre.

Namensträger
 Mertcan Çam (* 1995), türkischer Fußballspieler
 Ninel Çam (* 1974), türkisch-deutsche Choreografin und Performance-Künstlerin
 Serdar Çam (* 1966), türkischer Manager und Politikberater
 Sertaç Çam (* 1992), türkischer Fußballspieler

Varianten
 Çamoğlu = Sohn (-oğlu) des Çam

Einzelnachweise

Familienname
Türkischer Personenname

Çam


Damaščanska crnjika (mačkov brk,  čupava kata, crnika modrasta, lat. Nigella damascena), biljna vrsta u rodu crnjika, porodica žabnjakovki. Raste po južnoj Europi (uključujući i Hrvatsku) i sjeveru Afrike, a uvezena je i u neke zemlje Sjeverne Amerike i drugdje.

U biljci je pronađen otrovni alkaloid damascenin.

Izvori

Crnjika

Damaščanska crnjika


was a village located in Ōchi District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

Description
As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,965 and a density of 26.54 persons per km². The total area was 74.03 km².

History
On October 1, 2004, Hasumi, along with the towns of Iwami and Mizuho (all from Ōchi District), was merged to create the town of Ōnan.

Dissolved municipalities of Shimane Prefecture
Ōnan, Shimane

Hasumi, Shimane


Polypótamo, en , ou Polypótamos (), auparavant appelé Neréti (), est un village du dème de Flórina, district régional de Flórina, en Macédoine-Occidentale, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Occidentale

Polypótamo (Flórina)


භූගෝලවේදයේ දී කලාප () යනු, ප්‍රථිවිය මතුපිට භෞතික (භෞතික භූගෝලවේදය), මානව බලපෑම් (මානව භූගෝලවේදය), සහ මිනිසා සහ පරිසරය අතර අන්තර්ක්‍රියාකාරකම් (පාරිසරික භූගෝලවේදය) අනුව පුළුල් ලෙස බෙදා දක්වා ඇති ආකාර වෙයි.

ගෝලීයකරණය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 Autonomous region
 Committee of the Regions
 Continent
 Continental fragment
 Euroregion
 Field (geography)
 Latin names of regions
 Military district
 Regional district
 Regionalism (disambiguation)
 Regional municipality
 Subcontinent
 Submerged continents
 Subregion
 Supercontinent
 United Nations geoscheme

සටහන්

භාහිර සබැඳි
 Map and descriptions of hydrologic unit regions of the United States
 Federal Standards for Delineation of Hydrologic Unit Boundaries
 Physiographic regions of the United States

භූගෝල විද්‍යාව
Geography terminology
Regional geography

කලාප


Jane's Fighting Ships by Janes Information Services is an annual reference book of information on all the world's warships arranged by nation, including information on ships' names, dimensions, armaments, silhouettes and photographs, etc. Each edition describes and illustrates warships of different national naval and paramilitary forces, providing data on their characteristics. The first issue was illustrated with Jane's own ink sketches—photos began to appear with the third volume in 1900. The present title was adopted in 1905.

It was originally published by Fred T. Jane in London in 1898 as Jane's All the World's Fighting Ships, in order to assist naval officers and the general public in playing naval wargames. Its success eventually launched a number of military publications carrying the name "Jane's". It is a unit of Jane's Information Group, which is now owned by IHS.

Ten early editions of Jane's (those of 1898, 1905–06, 1906–07, 1914, 1919, 1924, 1931, 1939, 1944–45, and 1950–51) were reissued in facsimile reprints by Arco Publishing starting in 1969. All of these appeared in the oblong or "landscape" format that characterized the series until the 1956/57 edition, while from 1957/58 the present "portrait" layout was adopted, thus matching the sister Jane's publication on aircraft.

Beginning in the early 2000s, Jane's has also been published online, on CD and microfiche.

Editors
1898–1915: Fred T. Jane
1916–1917: Maurice Prendergast
1918–1922: Oscar Parkes with Maurice Prendergast
1923–1929: Oscar Parkes with Francis E. McMurtrie
1930–1934: Oscar Parkes
1935–1948: Francis E. McMurtrie
1949–1973: Raymond Blackman
1974–1988: Capt. John Moore (RN)
1988–2000: Capt. Richard Sharpe (RN)
2000–2017: Commodore Stephen Saunders (RN)
2018–present: Alex Pape

See also
 Brassey's Naval Annual: competing publication
 Combat Fleets of the World: competing publication

References

Brooks, Richard. Fred T. Jane: An Eccentric Visionary. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group, 1997.

External links

1898 non-fiction books
1898 establishments in the United Kingdom
Book series introduced in 1898
Publications established in 1898
Books of naval history
Nautical reference works

Jane's Fighting Ships


Elvillar  İspanya'nın kuzeyinde otonom bölgelerinden biri olan Bask Özerk Bölgesi'nin Alava eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. Nüfusu 367 kişidir. (2002)

Álava'nın belediyeleri

Elvillar


This is a list of notable mathematical conjectures.

Open problems
The following conjectures remain open.  The (incomplete) column "cites" lists the number of results for a Google Scholar search for the term, in double quotes .

Conjectures now proved (theorems)

The conjecture terminology may persist: theorems often enough may still be referred to as conjectures, using the anachronistic names.

 Deligne's conjecture on 1-motives
 Goldbach's weak conjecture (proved in 2013)
 Sensitivity conjecture (proved in 2019)

Disproved (no longer conjectures)
The conjectures in following list were not necessarily generally accepted as true before being disproved.
 Atiyah conjecture (not a conjecture to start with)
 Borsuk's conjecture
 Chinese hypothesis (not a conjecture to start with)
 Doomsday conjecture
 Euler's sum of powers conjecture
 Ganea conjecture
 Generalized Smith conjecture
 Hauptvermutung
 Hedetniemi's conjecture, counterexample announced 2019
 Hirsch conjecture (disproved  in 2010)
 Intersection graph conjecture
 Kelvin's conjecture
 Kouchnirenko's conjecture
 Mertens conjecture
 Pólya conjecture, 1919 (1958)
 Ragsdale conjecture
 Schoenflies conjecture (disproved 1910)
 Tait's conjecture
 Von Neumann conjecture
 Weyl–Berry conjecture
 Williamson conjecture

In mathematics, ideas are supposedly not accepted as fact until they have been rigorously proved. However, there have been some ideas that were fairly accepted in the past but which were subsequently shown to be false. The following list is meant to serve as a repository for compiling a list of such ideas.

The idea of the Pythagoreans that all numbers can be expressed as a ratio of two whole numbers. This was disproved by one of Pythagoras' own disciples, Hippasus, who showed that the square root of two is what we today call an irrational number. One story claims that he was thrown off the ship in which he and some other Pythagoreans were sailing because his discovery was too heretical.
Euclid's parallel postulate stated that if two lines cross a third in a plane in such a way that the sum of the "interior angles" is not 180° then the two lines meet. Furthermore, he implicitly assumed that two separate intersecting lines meet at only one point. These assumptions were believed to be true for more than 2000 years, but in light of General Relativity at least the second can no longer be considered true. In fact the very notion of a straight line in four-dimensional curved space-time has to be redefined, which one can do as a geodesic. (But the notion of a plane does not carry over.) It is now recognized that Euclidean geometry can be studied as a mathematical abstraction, but that the universe is non-Euclidean.
Fermat conjectured that all numbers of the form  (known as Fermat numbers) were prime. However, this conjecture was disproved by Euler, who found that
The idea that transcendental numbers were unusual. Disproved by Georg Cantor who showed that there are so many transcendental numbers that it is impossible to make a one-to-one mapping between them and the algebraic numbers. In other words, the cardinality of the set of transcendentals (denoted ) is greater than that of the set of algebraic numbers ().
Bernhard Riemann, at the end of his famous 1859 paper "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude", stated (based on his results) that the logarithmic integral gives a somewhat too high estimate of the prime-counting function. The evidence also seemed to indicate this. However, in 1914 J. E. Littlewood proved that this was not always the case, and in fact it is now known that the first x for which  occurs somewhere before 10317. See Skewes' number for more detail.
Naïvely it might be expected that a continuous function must have a derivative or else that the set of points where it is not differentiable should be "small" in some sense. This was disproved in 1872 by Karl Weierstrass, and in fact examples had been found earlier of functions that were nowhere differentiable (see Weierstrass function). According to Weierstrass in his paper, earlier mathematicians including Gauss had often assumed that such functions did not exist.
It was conjectured in 1919 by George Pólya, based on the evidence, that most numbers less than any particular limit have an odd number of prime factors. However, this Pólya conjecture was disproved in 1958. It turns out that for some values of the limit (such as values a bit more than 906 million), most numbers less than the limit have an even number of prime factors.
Erik Christopher Zeeman tried for 7 years to prove that one cannot untie a knot on a 4-sphere. Then one day he decided to try to prove the opposite, and he succeeded in a few hours.
A "theorem" of Jan-Erik Roos in 1961 stated that in an [AB4*] abelian category, lim1 vanishes on Mittag-Leffler sequences. This "theorem" was used by many people since then, but it was disproved by counterexample in 2002 by Amnon Neeman.

See also
 Erdős conjectures
 Fuglede's conjecture
 Millennium Prize Problems
 Painlevé conjecture
 Mathematical fallacy
 Superseded theories in science
 List of incomplete proofs
 List of unsolved problems in mathematics
 List of disproved mathematical ideas
 List of unsolved problems
 List of lemmas
 List of theorems
 List of statements undecidable in ZFC

References

External links
Open Problem Garden

Conjectures|Disproved mathematical ideas

List of conjectures


Jörmungand, İskandinav mitolojisinde Loki'nin karısı olan dişi dev Angrboda'dan olan çocuklarından biri olup Ragnarok sırasında Thor tarafından öldürülen ve zehri sayesinde Thor'u öldüren yılandır.
Jormungadr'ın anlamı "dünya / midgard yılanı" demektir.Kendisi dünyanın etrafına dolanmıştır ve Ragnarok'a kadar uyku halinde büyümüştür

İskandinav mitolojisi
Cermen mitolojisi yaratıkları
Avrupa ejderhaları
Efsanevi yılanlar
Mitolojik canavarlar
İskandinav mitolojisi yaratıkları
Thor

Jörmungandr


An Taeniophyllum aggregatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Taeniophyllum aggregatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Taeniophyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Taeniophyllum

Taeniophyllum aggregatum


Flora Suecica, (abreviado Fl. Suec.), es un libro con ilustraciones y descripciones botánicas que fue escrito por Carlos Linneo en el año de 1745 con el nombre de Flora Suecica, Editio Secunda Aucta et Emendata. La segunda edición fue terminada en 1755.

Este fue el primer relato completo de las plantas que crecen en Suecia y uno de los primeros ejemplos de la flora en idioma moderno. Se publicó con el nombre completo de ''Flora Svecica: Enumerans Plantas Sueciae Indígenas Cum Synopsi Classium Ordinumque, Characteribus Generum, Differentiis Specierum, Synonymis Citationibusque Selectis - Locis Regionibusque Natalibus - Descriptionibus Habitualibus Nomina Incolarum Et Qualitat.

Los detalles bibliográficos
Todos los detalles bibliográficos, incluyendo las fechas exactas de publicación, paginación, ediciones facsímiles, breve resumen del contenido, la ubicación de las copias, fuentes secundarias, traducciones, reimpresiones, manuscritos, diarios de viajes, y los comentarios se dan en Stafleu and Cowan's Taxonomic Literature.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas
Obras de Carlos Linneo
Ciencia de 1745
Libros sobre Suecia
Libros de 1745

Flora Suecica


Tatlı Hayat, Medyapım imzalı, 2001-2004 yılları arasında Show TV'de yayımlanan komedi türündeki Türk yapımı televizyon dizisidir. Toplam 3 sezondan oluşan dizi, 106. bölümü ile sona erdi. ABD yapımı The Jeffersons adlı sitcom dizisinin Türkiye uyarlamasıdır.

Konusu
İhsan ve eşi Sevinç, İhsan'ın kuru temizleme işinden bolca para kazanmış ve sınıf atlamaya karar vermişlerdir. İhsan'ın hayatta yükselme çabaları dâhilinde Gültepe'de bir gecekondudan Etiler'deki yeni lüks evlerine taşınmışlardır. Üst kat komşuları Türk-Rum çifti Feraye ile Yorgo, kızları Pelin, yan komşuları kitapkurdu İrfan ve İhsan'ın annesi Cevriye Hanım (dizinin ilerleyen bölümlerinde ölmüştür) ile alışık olmadıkları bu yeni "Tatlı Hayat" hem onları yeni ufuklara taşıyacak hem de yepyeni sorunlarla karşı karşıya bırakacaktır. Feraye ve Yorgo'nun gündelikçisi olduğunu öğrenen İhsan, Sevinç için de bir hizmetçi tutmak istemektedir. Fakat Sevinç bu fikre şiddetle karşıdır, çünkü Sevinç geldiği yeri bilmekte ve böyle bir ihtiyaç görmemektedir. İhsan Sevinç'i sosyetik hayata alıştırmaya çalışmaktadır. Bunun üzerine bir hizmetçi tutulmaktadır (Menekşe). Ancak Menekşe (Asuman Dabak), İhsan'la sürekli zıtlaşan, tembel ancak bunu örtebilen ve hazırcevap biridir. Yani bir nevi İhsan Yıldırım'a benzemekte ve onunla sürekli zıtlaşmaktadır.

Uyarlandığı özgün dizi
"Tatlı Hayat", ABD yapımı sitcom dizisi "The Jeffersons"ın Türkiye uyarlamasıdır. 1975-1985 yılları arasında ABD'de CBS televizyon kanalında gösterilen komedi dizisi 11 sezon boyunca 22-24'er dakikalık 253 bölüm hâlinde yayınlandı. "The Jeffersons"ın başrollerini siyahi oyuncular Isabel Sanford ve Sherman Hemsley üstlenmişti. Türkçe uyarlamanın aksine özgün versiyonunda oyuncular ağırlıklı olarak zencilerden oluşuyordu. Zaten "The Jeffersons" siyahi oyuncuların ağırlıklı olarak yer aldığı diziler arasında en uzun ömürlü dizi olma rekorunu elde ederek Amerikan yayın tarihine geçmiştir.

"Tatlı Hayat"ın uyarlaması yapılırken özgün formatından fazlaca sapmalar olmamıştır. Siyahi karakterlerin mecburen Türk karakterlere çevrilmesi ve konunun İstanbul'da geçmesi dışında, ana tema, bölüm konuları, mekânlar, kamera hareketleri, çekim tekniği, kişilerin davranışları, karakterlerin toplumdaki konumları, kişilik çatışmaları vb. neredeyse tıpatıp aynı kalmıştır. Zaten "Tatlı Hayat"ın her bölümünün sonunda jenerik yazıları akarken hangi orijinal "The Jeffersons" bölümünün uyarlaması olduğu ve ilişkili bilgiler verilmiştir. İki dizi arasındaki ufak tefek farklardan biri "The Jeffersons"ta 'siyah-beyaz' çatışması üzerine kurulu espriler, "Tatlı Hayat"ta 'Türk-Yunan' (Neco'nun canlandırdığı Yorgo karakteri Rum asıllı bir Türk vatandaşıdır) çatışması üzerine oluşturulmuştur.

Oyuncu kadrosu ve karakterler

Yayın takvimi

Kaynakça

Türk durum komedisi televizyon dizileri
Show TV dizileri
2001'de başlayan Türk televizyon dizileri
2004'te sona eren Türk televizyon dizileri
Uyarlama televizyon dizileri
Medyapım dizileri
İstanbul'da çekilmiş televizyon dizileri
2000'lerde Türkçe televizyon dizileri

Tatlı Hayat (dizi)


The  evaluates one's knowledge of kanji. The test is more commonly known as the , or the shorter . The test is administered by the .

Overview
There are 12 levels (levels 10 through 3, pre-2, 2, pre-1 and 1) with level 10 being the easiest and level 1 the most difficult. The test examines not only one's ability to read and write kanji, but also one's ability to understand their meanings, to use them correctly in sentences, and to identify their correct stroke order. Although the test was originally developed for native Japanese speakers, non-native speakers may also take the tests and pass it.

Native speakers pass levels 10 through 7 at better than an 80% rate, whereas level 1 is so difficult that fewer than two thousand people take it each time it is offered, and fewer than 20% of those pass.

For levels 10 through 8, the test is 40 minutes long; for levels 7 through 1, it is 60 minutes long. A minimal score of 70% is required to pass levels 7 through pre-2, and a score of 80% is required for levels 10 through 8, 2, pre-1, and 1.

Levels 10 through 4 are primarily taken by kindergarten to elementary school age (up to 12 years old) children. Levels 3 and above are typically taken by high-school students and adults.

Level 2 is as high as many Japanese, even those with higher education degrees, tend to go. Passing level 2 can be used as leverage when applying for jobs, etc. Passing levels pre-1 and 1 is especially rare even among native speakers.

Test levels and skills

Level 10
 Pass rate for this level: 95.0% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the 80 kanji learned in the first grade of elementary school (age 7); see Level 10 kanji.
Specifically:
 Tests knowledge of proper readings of kanji in context
 Tests knowledge of proper readings of two-character compound words, given two choices
 Tests knowledge of proper character stroke order and stroke count
 Tests ability to correctly identify and write kanji, given character reading and context

Level 9
 Pass rate for this level: 90.1% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the 240 kanji learned up to the second grade of elementary school (age 8); see Level 9 kanji.
Specifically:
 Tests knowledge of proper readings of kanji in context
 Tests knowledge of proper character stroke order and stroke count
 Tests ability to correctly identify and write kanji, given character reading and context
 Tests knowledge of proper endings of kanji strokes (for example, whether a hook is drawn or not, and in which direction)

Level 8
 Pass rate for this level: 84.8% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the 440 kanji learned up to the third grade of elementary school (age 9), including writing ability and the ability to use in sentences.
Specifically:
 Tests knowledge of proper readings of kanji in context
 Tests knowledge of proper character stroke order and stroke count
 Tests ability to correctly identify and write kanji, given character reading and context. This includes knowledge of antonyms, the ability to differentiate between homonyms: different kanji with the same reading, and the ability to correctly write characters when given the character radical
 Tests knowledge of okurigana

Level 7
 Pass rate for this level: 86.3% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the 642 kanji learned up to the fourth grade of elementary school (age 10), including writing ability and the ability to use in sentences.
Specifically:
 Tests knowledge of proper readings of kanji in context. This includes knowledge of different readings of the same kanji
 Tests knowledge of proper character stroke order and stroke count
 Tests ability to distinguish between on and kun readings of characters
 Tests ability to correctly identify and write kanji, given character reading and context. This includes knowledge of antonyms, the ability to differentiate between homonyms: different kanji with the same reading, and the ability to correctly write characters when given the character radical
 Tests knowledge of okurigana
 Tests knowledge of two-character compound words

Level 6
 Pass rate for this level: 79.2% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the 835 kanji learned up to the fifth grade of elementary school (age 11), including writing ability and the ability to use in sentences.
Specifically:
 Tests knowledge of proper readings of kanji in context
 Tests knowledge of okurigana
 Tests knowledge of character radicals and radical names
 Tests knowledge of proper character stroke order and stroke count
 Tests knowledge of two-character compound words, including the various methods by which compound words have been formed
 Tests ability to correctly identify and write kanji, given character reading and context. This includes knowledge of three-character compound words, knowledge of two-character compound antonyms and synonyms, and the ability to differentiate between homonyms: different kanji with the same reading
 Tests ability to distinguish between on and kun readings of characters in compound words (with the compound reading provided)

Level 5
 Pass rate for this level: 72.2% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the 1026 kanji learned up to the sixth grade of elementary school (age 12) (i.e.,the kyōiku kanji), including writing ability and the ability to use in sentences.
Specifically:
 Tests knowledge of proper readings of kanji in context
 Tests knowledge of character radicals and radical names
 Tests knowledge of proper character stroke order and stroke count
 Tests knowledge of okurigana
 Tests ability to distinguish between on and kun readings of characters in compound words
 Tests knowledge of two-character compound words, including the various methods by which compound words have been formed, and the ability to identify compound words based on the word definition
 Tests ability to correctly identify and write kanji, given character reading and context. This includes knowledge of four-character compound words, knowledge of two-character compound antonyms and synonyms, and the ability to differentiate between homonyms: different kanji with the same reading

Level 4
 Pass rate for this level: 50.1% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the kanji learned up to the sixth grade of elementary school, plus an additional 313 daily use kanji (常用漢字 jōyō kanji)
 Tests on readings and kun readings, and the ability to use kanji in sentences
 Requires the ability to read about 1300 characters, and write about 900
 Tests knowledge of synonyms and antonyms
 Tests ability to differentiate between homonyms
 Tests idiomatic phrases and four-kanji compound words
 Tests knowledge of radicals required to use a kanji dictionary

Level 3
 Pass rate for this level: 46.8% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the kanji learned up to the sixth grade of elementary school, plus an additional 597 daily use kanji (a total of 1623 characters)
 Tests on readings and kun readings, and the ability to use kanji in sentences
 Requires the ability to read about 1600 characters
 Tests special or unusual kanji readings
 Tests ateji (当て字), phonetic readings of characters
 Tests knowledge of synonyms and antonyms
 Tests ability to differentiate between homonyms
 Tests idiomatic phrases and four-kanji compound words
 Tests knowledge of radicals required to use a kanji dictionary

Level Pre-2
 Pass rate for this level: 31.8% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the kanji learned up to the sixth grade of elementary school, plus an additional 925 daily use kanji (a total of 1951 characters)
 Tests on readings and kun readings, and the ability to use kanji in sentences
 Tests special or unusual kanji readings
 Tests ateji
 Tests knowledge of synonyms and antonyms
 Tests ability to differentiate between homonyms
 Tests special compound words
 Tests complex radicals

Level 2
 Pass rate for this level: 21.2% (in 2016-17)
 Requires the ability to read and write all of the 2136 daily use kanji (jōyō kanji)
 Tests on readings and kun readings, and the ability to use kanji in sentences
 Tests special or unusual kanji readings
 Tests ateji
 Tests knowledge of synonyms and antonyms
 Tests ability to differentiate between homonyms
 Tests special compound words
 Tests complex radicals and composition of kanji

Level Pre-1
 Pass rate for this level: 19.1% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the ability to read and write all 2965 kanji in level 1 of JIS X 0208, with their on readings and kun readings (jōyō kanji and jinmeiyō kanji).
 Requires the ability to use the kanji in sentences and to choose the most appropriate kanji for a given context
 Tests special or unusual kanji readings
 Tests ateji
 Tests knowledge of synonyms and antonyms
 Tests ability to differentiate between homonyms
 Tests special compound words
 Tests complex radicals
 Tests kanji unique to the Japanese language (kokuji)
 Tests knowledge of abbreviated kanji forms (ryakuji) such as 餠→餅, 摑→掴
 Tests classical Japanese proverbs and idiomatic expressions

Level 1
 Pass rate for this level: 10.4% (in 2016-17)
 Tests the ability to read and write all kanji that have their dedicated entries in the Kanken Kanji Jiten (about 6300), with their on readings and kun readings
 Requires the ability to use the kanji in sentences and to choose the most appropriate kanji for a given context
 Tests special or unusual kanji readings
 Tests ateji
 Tests knowledge of synonyms and antonyms
 Tests ability to differentiate between homonyms
 Tests special compound words
 Tests complex radicals
 Tests kanji unique to the Japanese language
 Tests classical Japanese proverbs and idiomatic expressions
 Tests place and country names
 Tests the ability to recognize the relationship between modern and ancient or old character forms

Locations
Besides testing locations in Japan, there are testing locations in countries worldwide, including: Canada, the United States, France, Germany, Australia, Thailand, and Korea.

Certification

Certificates of passing are awarded for each level of the test, and contain such information as the test taker's name, level, year, as well as the sequential number of the test (a single digit designator for regular paper tests held 3 times a year, or two digits for computer-based tests (CBT) held with higher frequency at more than 150 testing sites across Japan).

A serial number for a paper based Kanji Kentei test consists of 11 digits, while the one for a CBT test - of 12, written in kanji characters:
2 digits for the year (taken from the last two digits of the current year according to the Gregorian calendar, i.e. 2022 -> 二二), 1 or 2 digits for the sequential number of the test, 2 digits for the level, 6 digits for the individual number).

Kanji Kentei results are accepted by some educational institutions giving applicants / students additional bonus points for admission / credits.

References

Further reading
 漢字検定 (2009).  平成21年度 日本漢字能力検定協会 (Heisei 21 Kanji Kentei registration form and information packet).

See also

Business Japanese Proficiency Test, administered by the same organization
Chinese character
Japanese Language Proficiency Test
Japanese language education
Learning kanji
J-Test

External links
Official page
Online kanji kentei test
FAQ
Test schedule
Kanji list by level

Japanese language tests
Testing and exams in Japan
Kanji

Kanji Kentei


Yao Ming (; d. 12 Eylül 1980, Şangay), Çinli eski NBA basketbolcusudur. En son Houston Rockets takımında oynamıştır.  boyuyla NBA tarihinin en uzun oyuncuları arasında yer alır. Babası boyunda, annesi  boyundadır. Yao'nun anne ve babası Çin'deki en uzun eştiler. Çin'de Shangai Sharks adlı takımda oynamıştır. 2002 yılında NBA Draft'ında Houston Rockets tarafından 1. sıradan seçilmiştir. 4 yıl All-Star olma başarısını göstermiştir. Boyu 2.29 olan Yao Ming'in Kilosu 141 kg'dir. Pozisyonu Pivot'tur. Lakabı "The Dynasty" dir.

2 senedir basketbol oynamasına mani olan sakatlığından dolayı - 30 yaşında - basketbolu bırakma kararı almıştır. Yao, 2009-2010 yılında hiçbir maçta forma giyememiştir, 2010-2011 yılında ise sadece 5 maçta forma giyebilmiştir.

NBA istatistikleri

Normal Sezon

|-
| align="left"| 2002-03
| align="left"| Houston
| 82||72||31.0||.498||.500||.811||8.2||1.7||.4||1.8||13.5
|-
| align="left"| 2003-04
| align="left"| Houston
| 82||82||32.8||.522||.000||.809||9.0||1.5||.3||1.9||17.5
|-
| align="left"| 2004-05
| align="left"| Houston
| 80||80||30.6||.552||.000||.783||8.4||.8||.4||2.0||18.3
|-
| align="left"| 2005-06
| align="left"| Houston
| 57||57||34.2||.519||.000||.853||10.2||1.5||.5||1.6||22.3
|-
| align="left"| 2006-07
| align="left"| Houston
| 48||48||33.8||.516||.000||.862||9.4||2.0||.3||2.0||25.0
|-
| align="left"| 2007-08
| align="left"| Houston
| 55||55||37.2||.507||.000||.850||10.8||2.3||.4||2.0||22.0
|-
| align="left"| 2008-09
| align="left"| Houston
| 77||77||33.6||.548||1.000||.866||9.9||1.8||.4||2.0||19.7
|-
| align="left"| 2010-11
| align="left"| Houston
| 5||5||18.2||.486||.000||.938||5.4||.8||.0||1.6||10.2
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left"| Kariyer
| align="left"|
| 486||476||32.5||.524||.200||.833||9.2||1.6||.4||1.9||19.0
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left"| All-Star
| align="left"|
| 5||5||18.2||.531||.000||.667||4.2||1.6||.2||.2||8.0

Playofflar

|-
| align="left"| 2003-04
| align="left"| Houston
| 5||5||37.0||.456||.000||.765||7.4||1.8||.4||1.4||15.0
|-
| align="left"| 2004-05
| align="left"| Houston
| 7||7||31.4||.655||.000||.727||7.7||.7||.3||2.7||21.4
|-
| align="left"| 2006-07
| align="left"| Houston
| 7||7||37.1||.440||.000||.880||10.3||.9||.1||.7||25.1
|-
| align="left"| 2008-09
| align="left"| Houston
| 9||9||35.9||.545||.000||.902||10.9||1.0||.4||1.1||17.1
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left"| Kariyer
| align="left"|
| 28||28||35.3||.519||.000||.833||9.3||1.0||.3||1.5||19.8

Kaynakça

1980 doğumlular
Şanghay doğumlu basketbolcular
Houston Rockets basketbolcuları
Pivot basketbolcular
2000 Yaz Olimpiyatları basketbolcuları
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları basketbolcuları
2008 Yaz Olimpiyatları basketbolcuları
Houston Rockets seçimleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Laureus Dünya Spor Ödülü sahipleri
2002 Asya Oyunları basketbolcuları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Çinli gurbetçiler
Çinli erkek seslendirme sanatçıları
Çinli Olimpiyat basketbolcuları
Shanghai Sharks basketbolcuları
NBA All-Star'ları
Basketball Hall of Fame basketbolcuları

Yao Ming


Old Boys & Old Girls Club, simplemente conocido como Old Boys, es un club uruguayo multideportivo, ubicado en Carrasco, en Montevideo y fundado por exalumnos del colegio British el 19 de abril de 1914. Afiliado a la Unión de Rugby del Uruguay

Es muy conocido por su equipo de rugby, pero en el club además se practica tenis, squash, hockey sobre césped y fútbol.

Historia
El colegio The British Schools de Montevideo fue fundado en 1908. Los primeros alumnos egresados decidieron crear un club deportivo y social: el Old Boys Club, fundado el 14 de abril de 1914. Las alumnas hicieron lo mismo unos años después y fundaron el Old Girls Club en 1937. Ambos clubes se fusionaron en 2005.

Hoy en día, el club se encuentra en el barrio de Carrasco, en las instalaciones de la escuela.

Rugby

Después de un partido amistoso de rugby contra los exjugadores de los británicos CC en Montevideo en 1948, Old Boys decidió iniciar una sección de rugby. Sólo dos años más tarde, Los azulgranas ganaron el primer título nacional en 1950.

El Rugby pronto se convertiría en el deporte principal del club, siendo uno de los mejores del Uruguay y habiendo ganado el Campeonato Uruguayo de Rugby 15 veces.

Los principales rivales de Old Boys son Old Christians, considerado el superclásico del rugby uruguayo por historia y Carrasco Polo por su arrollador juego a partir de la década de 1990.

El club creó el Seven de Punta del Este, se trata del torneo más importante del Uruguay en la modalidad de rugby 7 y que ha adquirido fama internacional por ser etapa del Circuito de Seven de IRB. La primera edición se celebró en 1989 cuando era un torneo solo de clubes y fue ganado por Los Cotorras, en 2003 levantó nuevamente la copa.

Palmarés
 Campeonato Uruguayo de Rugby (16): 1950, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1975, 2010, 2013, 2021 2013 URU - Campeones</ref>
 Seven de Punta del Este (2): 1989 y 2003

Jugadores destacados
Joaquín "El Tanque" Añón
Justino Ameglio
Juan Manuel Gaminara
 Juan Andrés Pérez
 Juan Carlos Bado
 Alejo Corral
 Joaquín Pastore
 Alfonso Cardoso
 Juan Campomar
 Juan Buccino
 José Viana
 Santiago Vilaseca
 Andrés Vilaseca
 Sebastián Salveraglio
 el comisarió
 Juan Manuel Cat
 Santiago Civetta
 Aram Nerguizian
 Tiago García Ferrari
 Martin Bartesaghi
 el Araña

Referencias

Equipos de rugby de Uruguay
Deporte en Montevideo
Organizaciones fundadas en 1914
Carrasco (Montevideo)

Old Boys Club


In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher identified by Claude Shannon in his 1945 classified report A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography.  These properties, when present, work together to thwart the application of statistics and other methods of cryptanalysis.

Confusion in a symmetric cipher is obscuring the local correlation between the input (plaintext) and output (ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by spreading it over a larger area of ciphertext. Although ciphers can be confusion-only (substitution cipher, one-time pad) or diffusion-only (transposition cipher), any "reasonable" block cipher uses both confusion and diffusion. These concepts are also important in the design of cryptographic hash functions and pseudorandom number generators, where decorrelation of the generated values is the main feature, diffusion (and its avalanche effect) is also applicable to non-cryptographic hash functions.

Definition

Confusion

Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two.

The property of confusion hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key.

This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key is changed, the calculation of  most or all of the bits in the ciphertext will be affected.

Confusion increases the ambiguity of ciphertext and it is used by both block and stream ciphers.

In substitution–permutation networks, confusion is provided by substitution boxes.

Diffusion

Diffusion means that if we change a single bit of the plaintext, then about half of the bits in the ciphertext should change, and similarly, if we change one bit of the ciphertext, then about half of the plaintext bits should change. This is equivalent to the expectation that encryption schemes exhibit an avalanche effect.

The purpose of diffusion is to hide the statistical relationship between the ciphertext and the plain text. For example, diffusion ensures that any patterns in the plaintext, such as redundant bits, are not apparent in the ciphertext. Block ciphers achieve this by "diffusing" the information about the plaintext's structure across the rows and columns of the cipher.

In substitution–permutation networks, diffusion is provided by permutation boxes (a.k.a. permutation layer). In the beginning of the 21st century a consensus had appeared where the designers preferred the permutation layer to consist of linear Boolean functions, although nonlinear functions can be used, too.

Theory
In Shannon's original definitions, confusion refers to making the relationship between the ciphertext and the symmetric key as complex and involved as possible; diffusion refers to dissipating the statistical structure of plaintext over the bulk of ciphertext. This complexity is generally implemented through a well-defined and repeatable series of substitutions and permutations. Substitution refers to the replacement of certain components (usually bits) with other components, following certain rules. Permutation refers to manipulation of the order of bits according to some algorithm. To be effective, any non-uniformity of plaintext bits needs to be redistributed across much larger structures in the ciphertext, making that non-uniformity much harder to detect.

In particular, for a randomly chosen input, if one flips the i-th bit, then the probability that the j-th output bit will change should be one half, for any i and j—this is termed the strict avalanche criterion. More generally, one may require that flipping a fixed set of bits should change each output bit with probability one half.

One aim of confusion is to make it very hard to find the key even if one has a large number of plaintext-ciphertext pairs produced with the same key. Therefore, each bit of the ciphertext should depend on the entire key, and in different ways on different bits of the key. In particular, changing one bit of the key should change the ciphertext completely.

Practical applications
Design of a modern block cipher uses both confusion and diffusion,
with confusion changing data between the input and the output by applying a key-dependent non-linear transformation (linear calculations are easier to reverse and thus are easier to break).

Confusion inevitably involves some diffusion, so a design with a very wide-input S-box can provide the necessary diffusion properties, but will be very costly in implementation. Therefore, the practical ciphers utilize relatively small S-boxes, operating on small groups of bits ("bundles"). For example, the design of AES has 8-bit S-boxes, Serpent − 4-bit, BaseKing and 3-way − 3-bit. Small S-boxes provide almost no diffusion, so the resources are spent on simpler diffusion transformations. For example, the wide trail strategy popularized by the Rijndael design, involves a linear mixing transformation that provides high diffusion, although the security proofs do not depend on the diffusion layer being linear.

One of the most researched cipher structures uses the substitution-permutation network (SPN) where each round includes a layer of local nonlinear permutations (S-boxes) for confusion and a linear diffusion transformation (usually a multiplication by a matrix over a finite field). Modern block ciphers mostly follow the  confusion layer/diffusion layer model, with the efficiency of the diffusion layer estimated using the so-called branch number, a numerical parameter that can reach the value  for  input bundles for the perfect diffusion transformation. Since the transformations that have high branch numbers (and thus require a lot of bundles as inputs) are costly in implementation, the diffusion layer is sometimes (for example, in the AES) composed from two sublayers, "local diffusion" that processes subsets of the bundles in a bricklayer fashion (each subset is transformed independently) and  "dispersion" that makes the bits that were "close" (within one subset of bundles) to become "distant" (spread to different subsets and thus be locally diffused within these new subsets on the next round).

Analysis of AES
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has both excellent confusion and diffusion. Its confusion look-up tables are very non-linear and good at destroying patterns. Its diffusion stage spreads every part of the input to every part of the output: changing one bit of input changes half the output bits on average. Both confusion and diffusion are repeated multiple times for each input to increase the amount of scrambling. The secret key is mixed in at every stage so that an attacker cannot precalculate what the cipher does.
None of this happens when a simple one-stage scramble is based on a key. Input patterns would flow straight through to the output. It might look random to the eye but analysis would find obvious patterns and the cipher could be broken.

See also
 Algorithmic information theory
 Avalanche effect
 Substitution–permutation network

References

Sources
 Claude E. Shannon, "A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography", Bell System Technical Memo MM 45-110-02, September 1, 1945.
 Claude E. Shannon, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 28–4, pages 656–715, 1949.
 Wade Trappe and Lawrence C. Washington, Introduction to Cryptography with Coding Theory. Second edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.

Symmetric-key cryptography

Confusion and diffusion


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