Complexo argilo-húmico (ou complexo organomineral) é a designação dada nas ciências do solo à formação de uma estrutura química supramolecular de agregados de fragmentos orgânicos, especialmente de substâncias húmicas, com partículas inorgânicas, especialmente minerais argilosos, através do estabelecimento de pontes de hidrogénio e pela intercalação de catiões metálicos. Tanto os minerais argilosos quanto as substâncias húmicas são coloides do solo que, em conjunto com a matéria orgânica presente em diversos estados de decomposição e os quelatos entre estes materiais e os iões presentes na solução do solo, dão origem ao quimismo típico dos solos e são em boa parte responsáveis pela sua fertilidade.

Descrição
Nas condições ambientais normais dos solos, as substâncias orgânicas húmicas ligam-se com partículas minerais do solo para formar aglomerados micelares que estabilizam a estrutura do solo. Tais agregados são formadas a partir de soluções coloidaiss de minerais de argila através do estabelecimento de pontes de cálcio com as substâncias húmicas presentes nos solos. Enquanto os minerais de argila e os resíduos de ácido húmico (dipolos orgânicos) das partículas de húmus são carregados negativamente, os iões de Ca2+ ou outros catiões multivalentes, por exemplo Mg2+, atuam como ponte neutralizante funcionando como ligação entre a fração orgânica e a fração mineral. Os compostos organominerais resultantes deste processo são referidos como o «complexo argilo-húmico» ou «complexo cálcio-argila-húmus» do solo.

Uma mistura particularmente intensa de substâncias orgânicas e minerais ocorre no intestino das minhocas (Lumbricina), onde os agregados são estabilizados pela mucilagem secretada pelas paredes do tubo digestivo. O complexo organo-húmico resultante é posteriormente processado pelas bactérias e fungos presentes no biota do solo. Esta construção viva só ocorre com forte atividade da vida do solo em solos superficiais ricos em húmus e nutrientes, nos quais se forma uma estrutura sob a camada humífera que resulta numa manta de húmus em aerobiose designada por húmus doce (por vezes referido por mull).

O complexo formado estabiliza o solo contra erosão e assoreamento, cria condições favoráveis para o equilíbrio de ar e água no volume de poros do solo e, assim, permite uma maior fertilidade do solo. Ao ligar os iões de sais nutrientes carregados positivamente, essas substâncias, que são importantes para as plantas, não podem ser arrastadas para as camadas mais profundas do solo pela infiltração das águas da chuva, permanecendo assim biodisponíveis para as plantas. Estes iões são posteriormente libertados do complexo argilo-húmico pelos sistemas radiculares da plantas e pelas estruturas fúngicas associadas por meio de troca iónica e utilizados nos seus processos vitais.

A presença destes agregados confere elasticidade à estrutura do solo afetando de forma favorável a agregação do solo. A sustentabilidade da camada arável do solo é promovida pela vida do solo com a formação de complexos argilo-húmicos. As estruturas fisicamente condicionadas do solo são favoráveis apenas para o cultivo por um curto período relativamente curto porque rapidamente perdem sua função através de fendilhação e posterior deterioração. O cultivo excessivo, no entanto, leva à desintegração de todas as estruturas promovidas pela formação de complexos argilo-húmicos, sendo que em horticultura, esse erro cultural é chamado de "moagem morta" de um solo.

Características
O complexo argilo-húmico (CAH) é uma associação de coloides de matéria orgânica (húmus) e de matéria inorgânica mineral ou mineraloide (argilas), carregados negativamente, com iões carregados positivamente (catiões). Estas estrutura supramoleculares unem o húmus às argilas, formando boa parte dos agregados constituintes dos solos.

É um complexo adsorvente que tem a propriedade de reter os catiões presentes no solo (Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, H+, Na+, NH4+, entre outros) por interações eletrostáticas e formação de pontes de hidrogénio. Esses elementos carregados positivamente podem então atrair aniões ou grupos aniónicos, em particular fosfatos (PO43−). A capacidade de troca de catiónica corresponde à soma dos catiões que que podem ser trocados com a solução do solo e com as estruturas radiculares e micorrízicas presentes.

Essa ligação «argila + elementos minerais + húmus» é um dos muitos fenómenos que contribuem para a pedogénese. A profundidade e a importância da formação dos complexos variam de acordo com a natureza das argilas e do húmus, bem como do tipo de ligação envolvida na formação do complexo e factores ambientais como o pH e o clima também entram em jogo determinando a intensidade de formação e as características e estabilidade dos complexos formados.

A floculação promovida pela presença dos complexos argilo-húmicos leva à formação de agregados com estabilidade suficiente para promover uma estrutura arejada e aumentar a capacidade de retenção de água do solo. A presença destes complexos também limita o arrastamento pelas águas de infiltração de iões, coloides e outros materiais em solução ou suspensão para o fundo do perfil pedológico. No que respeita ao escoamento superficial, também limita o arrastamento para as águas vizinhas (rios, lagos) de argilas superficiais por lessivagem dos materiais coloidais em suspensão na solução do solo ou daqueles que sejam dispersos (especialmente se faltarem catiões) nas águas. Esse mecanismo é essencial à manutenção da biodisponibilidade de sais minerais essenciais às plantas, reduzindo a lixiviação de catiões, o que representa um factor essencial de fertilidade do solo.

Modalidades de de formação de complexos
Na solução do solo, os coloides de argila e de húmus são constantemente agitados por movimento browniano, repelindo-se devido às suas cargas negativas. Em consequência, as partículas são tendencialmente mantidas na condição de coloides dispersos, mas podem agregar-se através de processos de floculação devido a reacções de sorção e de dessorção que vão ocorrendo entre a solução do solo e a fracção sólida. Estes processos de floculação e de dispersão, são em maior ou menor escala reversíveis no contexto das oscilações das condições físico-químicas normais dos solos, especialmente no que respeita à variação do teor de água no solo, do seu pH e do seu potencial redox.

Tendo e conta a distribuição de electronegatividade nas frações orgânica e mineral, e a distribuição de iões na solução do solo e nos coloides presentes nas diversas fracções do solo, conhecem-se pelo menos três modalidades de agregação (ver figura acima):

 Formação de pontes catiónicas entre as argila e os coloides húmicos — Estas ligações resultam, dependendo das condições do solo, da formação de pontes iónicas resultantes de catiões bivalentes hidratados como Ca2+ e Mg2+. Os complexos mais fortes observados são baseados em pontes de cálcio formadas em solos calcários ou que tenham sido sujeitos a calagem. A presença destes complexos ricos em pontes de cálcio conferem ao solo resistência à dispersão pela água e à mineralização do húmus em geral. Nestes casos, apenas o catião Mg2+ consegue ter tendência em dispersar estes coloides, pois, com efeito, o catião Mg2+ é mais hidratado do que o catião Ca2+. A neutralização das cargas positivas transportadas pelo Mg2+ pelas moléculas de água reduz o poder floculante destes catiões na presenção dos iões de cálcio. Em consequência, quando associado ao Ca2+ que se encontra em maior quantidade na maioria dos solos, o Mg2+ causa floculação. Finalmente, a contribuição privilegiada de cálcio que é trazida para os solos pelos uso de corretivos agrícolas cálcicos ou calco-magnesianos é explicada pelo facto de este elemento ser pouco biodisponível e ter reduzida interferência nas raízes das plantas e sobre a microfauna do solo.
Ligação por intermédio de hidróxidos de ferro ou de alumínio carregados positivamente em meio ácido — Este modo de fixação, menos estável que as pontes de cálcio, envolve catiões trivalentes hidratados, como o Fe3+ e o Al3+ (catiões resultantes essencialmente da alteração de minerais ferromagnesianos). Este é o mecanismo dominante de formação de complexos argilo-húmicos observados nos solos castanhos das regiões temperadas, nos quais, ao fim de largos períodos, a lixiviação causa o seu progressivo empobrecimento em cálcio, ião que vai sendo substituído pelos iões de ferro e de magnésio, menos solúveis, libertados pela meteorização da rocha-mãe.
 Adsorção por fixação direta de coloides húmicos carregados negativamente nos pontos de quebra de folhas de argila — Quando a fratura de uma folha de sílica ou uma folha de alumina revela uma carga positiva, estes locais passam a ser pontos de ligação para estruturas húmicas negativamente carregadas. Os pontos de descontinuidades da estrutura cristalina da fracção argílica, particularmente numerosos em situações de ordenamento de curto alcance, como ocorre nos mineraloides, passam a ser locais privilegiados de formação dos complexos argilo-húmicos.

O envelope protetor formado pela água mantida por coloides de húmus ao redor das argilas impede a dispersão de partículas de argila em caso de precipitação intensa e promove a retenção desses complexos nas camadas mais superficiais do solo. Com efeito, os iões de elementos metálicos e seus sais são facilmente combinados com a matéria orgânica (MO) para formar complexos organometálicos. Contudo, a sua presença e atividade dependem da natureza geoquímica dos constituintes geológicos presentes e do seu estado de ionização nas condições edáficas existentes. Além do ferro, os metais mais abundantes no solo são o alumínio e o manganês. As suas combinações com a matéria orgânica do solo (MO) são menos interessantes do que as baseadas no ferro para o quimismo do solo porque, por um lado, a ligação com o alumínio é muito forte e causa um bloqueio da MO e, por outro lado, a ligação com o manganês é muito instável e sensível à lixiviação, pouco contribuindo para a sustentabilidade dos complexos organo-húmicos formados. Os iões metálicos são ainda mais móveis e fortemente biodisponíveis, especialmente quando o ambiente seja ácido, pelo que a sua superabundância é causa problemas de toxicidade para a atividade microbiana e para o crescimento das plantas. Além disso, o filme húmus que se forma em torno das partículas minerais ricas em catiões também impede a dissolução dos agregados de argila, enquanto os complexos argilo-húmicos preservam a degradação da matéria orgânica.

Propriedades dos complexos argilo-húmicos
Os complexos argilo-húmicos com a sua muito elevada superfície específica têm a propriedade de ser fortemente adsorventes, o que permite fixar muitos minerais fortemente solúveis, que de outra forma seriam rapidamente lixiviados, na estrutura do solo. A formação dessa ligação argila + mineral + húmus é chamada complexólise porque pode retirar os iões de alumínio ou ferro da superfície dos minerais presentes na fracção inorgânica do solo e promover a sua transferência para a fracção coloidal. É um dos muitos fenómenos que participam no processo de pedogénese, sendo que a profundidade e a importância desse mecanismo varia de acordo com o clima, o pH do solo e a qualidade das argilas e húmus em presença.

As propriedades de adsorção desses complexos são agronomicamente interessantes e até vitais, porque apenas esses complexos são capazes de fixar no solo catiões que são nutrientes essenciais para a vegetação, o que os deixaria móveis no solo e por isso facilmente mobilizáveis para serem arrastados pelas águas de infiltração, pelo vento em condições de secura e por todos os restantes processos propiciadores da lixiviação dos solos. Entre os iões que ficariam vulneráveis à mobilização para fora das camadas superiores do solo contam-se o Fe3+, Al3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+ e os protões H+, que podem mobilizar conjuntamente os grupos aniónicos aos quais estejam ligados, em particular o fosfato (PO43−), que, por este mecanismo formam compostos insolúveis, resultando, entre outros, em problemas de assimilabilidade do fósforo no solo. Nos casos em que a ligação iónica é feita atraves de iões de cálcio (Ca2+), a estrutura resultante é designada por ponte cálcica (ou ponte de cálcio).

Essa mesma propriedade tem um grande valor do ponto de vista ecotoxicológico, já que esses complexos podem realmente fixar, ou pelo menos temporariamente inertizar por redução da biodisponibilidade no solo, catiões tóxicos como metais pesados, outros metais tóxicos ou radionuclídeos, que ficando sequestrados fora da fracção solúvel em água ou mobilizável pelo vento.

O complexo argilo-húmico quando hidratado funciona melhor como estrutura de retenção de iões do que isoladamente se comportam as micelas de argilas ou de materiais húmicos, com grandes vantagens para a fauna e microfauna e para a microflora do solo, tanto mais que o biota do solo para além dos benefícios que colhe deste complexo é também parte impostante na sua produção e sustentabilidade, num ciclo virtuso que contribui para a sustentabilidade e fertilidade do solo. A hidratação mínima também é necessária para a estabilidade desse complexo (desertificação é acompanhada pela destruição desses complexos).

Atividade biológica
A ligação entre as argilas (carga negativa) e o húmus (também carga negativa) é feita por iões positivos. No entanto, essa ligação é instável, principalmente na presença de água, pelo que um complexo argilo-húmico que só dependesse das das pontes electrostáticas criadas pela presença de iões positivos não duraria muito. Seria um complexo argilo-húmico muito instável.

A atividade biológica reveste os elementos «argila + húmus + iões» em uma estrutura húmica designada por glomalina, estabilizando assim o complexo e tornando-o resistente à degradação pela água. A formação desta estrutura húmica é realizada principalmente no trato digestivo de minhocas, mas também, provavelmente, por organismos da fauna do solo (e também da componente fúngica) pertencentes a outros grupos taxonómicos. Aqui, jogam fungos (especialmente fungos micorrízicos da ordem Glomerales) porque são produtores de glomalina. Daí a grande importância do fornecimento de madeira ramial fragmentada e do cultivo de plantas com micorrizas para promover a produção de colas húmicas e estabilizar os agregados, daí a importância da acumulação de materiais sobre o solo.

Os solos que permitem a criação de CAH devem, portanto, ter:
 um bom teor de argila de boa qualidade (montmorilonites ou alofanas);
 serem ricos em matéria orgânica fresca com degradação lenta e rápida (ricos em húmus);
 um bom teor em iões positivos com capacidade floculante (Ca > H > Mg > K > Na);
 ter um biota do solo ativo (pedofauna, plantas simbióticas) capaz de promover uma boa mistura no seio do solo;
 ter um bom sistema de drenagem permitindo que a água esteja presente sem ser em excesso, evitando a asfixia do solo e a consequente anaerobiose.

A capacidade dos solos de formar complexos argilo-húmicos e constituir um reservatório de nutrientes para as plantas pode ser demonstrada por uma experiência que consiste em despejar diferentes amostras de solo em dois funis munidos de um filtro (no primeiro funil adicionamos eosina que deve sua cor à presença de aniões, no segundo uma solução de azul de metileno que deve sua cor a catiões). O filtrado vermelho na saída do primeiro funil mostra que os aniões não são fixados pela terra. O filtrado incolor a azul transparente (dependendo da amostra) na saída do segundo funil mostra que o CAH liga mais ou menos os catiões. Se for adicionada uma solução de cloreto de cálcio, o filtrado é azul mais escuro que o anterior, sugerindo que os catiões fixados no CAH são trocáveis.

Ver também
 Química do solo
 Húmus
 Calagem
 Turbação
 Queluviação (complexólise)
 Iluviação
 pH

Bibliografia
 D. Schroeder: Bodenkunde in Stichworten. Unterägeri 1984, ISBN 3-266-00192-3, S. 62.

Referências

Ligações externas
 « Guide des analyses en pédologie » par Denis Baize
 Claude Bourguignon explique le complexe argilo-humique.

Ciência dos materiais
Pedologia
Meio ambiente

Complexo argilo-húmico


Daniel Fernando Sturla Berhouet (Montevideo, 4 de julio de 1959), sacerdote salesiano uruguayo y cardenal prelado de la Iglesia católica.

Familia
Es el menor de cinco hermanos. Su padre falleció cuando él tenía trece años, y su madre tres años después.

Uno de sus hermanos, Martín, tuvo destacada actuación política a fines del .

Carrera eclesiástica
Su vocación salesiana comenzó a desarrollarse cuando tenía diecisiete años, y era estudiante de segundo año de bachillerato en el Instituto Preuniversitario Salesiano Juan XXIII. Durante el primer año de Derecho en la Universidad de Montevideo, a los diecinueve años, decidió entrar en el noviciado salesiano.

Sturla fue ordenado sacerdote el 21 de noviembre de 1987. Ejerció varios cargos en el seno de la congregación salesiana: Talleres Don Bosco, Movimiento Tacurú, Liceo Juan XXIII, hasta llegar al máximo cargo, inspector para Uruguay.

El 10 de diciembre de 2011 fue nombrado obispo titular de Phelbes y obispo auxiliar de Montevideo por el papa Benedicto XVI.

A fines de 2013, su antecesor, Nicolás Cotugno, presentó renuncia por razones de edad. Se manejaron varios nombres para reemplazarlo, entre otros, los obispos Alberto Sanguinetti, Arturo Fajardo y Carlos Collazzi. El 11 de febrero de 2014 Sturla fue nombrado arzobispo de Montevideo por el papa Francisco.

El 9 de marzo de 2014 se celebró una misa en la que asumió oficialmente el cargo de arzobispo. Se convirtió así en el séptimo sacerdote en ocupar este cargo. La misa, celebrada en la Catedral de Montevideo, contó con la presencia de varias figuras destacadas en el ámbito de la política, como el entonces presidente de la República, José Mujica, el expresidente Luis Alberto Lacalle, el senador Pedro Bordaberry y la intendenta de Montevideo, Ana Olivera. También asistieron miembros reconocidos de las fuerzas armadas y feligreses de otros credos, como la Iglesia Evangélica y la Comunidad Judía.

El 4 de enero de 2015 se anunció su designación como cardenal de la Iglesia católica, el segundo uruguayo después de Mons. Antonio María Barbieri. Fue creado cardenal por el papa Francisco en el consistorio del 14 de febrero de ese mismo año.

El 17 de marzo de 2015 fue nombrado miembro de la Congregación para los Institutos de Vida Consagrada y Sociedades de Vida Apostólica y del Pontificio Consejo para la Promoción de la Nueva Evangelización.

El 16 de julio de 2015 fue nombrado miembro de la Pontificia Comisión para América Latina.

El 10 de marzo de 2020 fue nombrado miembro de la comisión cardenalicio de la Administración del Patrimonio de la Sede Apostólica ad quinquennium.

El 17 de marzo de 2020 fue nombrado miembro de la Congregación para los Institutos de Vida Consagrada y las Sociedades de Vida Apostólica in aliud quinquennium.

El 7 de diciembre de 2020 fue nombrado miembro de la Pontificia Comisión para América Latina  in aliud quinquennium.

El 3 de mayo de 2022 fue nombrado miembro de la Congregación para el Culto Divino y la Disciplina de los Sacramentos.

En el seno de la Iglesia uruguaya se lo considera un moderado, y se destacan su juventud y su compromiso social. Diversas colectividades religiosas invitan a Sturla a sus festividades, haciendo que lleve una agitada agenda de actividades. Por esta razón, se lo logra ver comúnmente convocado a populares iglesias de Montevideo, y no tanto ejerciendo como párroco De la Catedral Metropolitana.

Controversias
En 2018, al ser preguntado sobre el escándalo de abusos sexuales a menores en el seno de la Iglesia Católica, Sturla reconoció la existencia de dichos abusos y los calificó como una tragedia, para posteriormente matizar su postura declarando que en general no ha sido un tema con niños sino con adolescentes menores y que si bien no le quita gravedad al tema, una cosa es la letra grande y otra cosa es la letra chica.

El 23 de mayo de 2021, Sturla concurrió al multitudinario velatorio del recientemente fallecido Jorge Larrañaga a la espera de un resultado de hisopado, el cual confirmaría luego era positivo de COVID-19. Por estas acciones, el cardenal fue multado con 30 unidades reajustables (aproximadamente 40.000 pesos uruguayos) por el Ministerio de Salud Pública.

Obras
 1916-1917: Separación de la Iglesia y el Estado en el Uruguay, Instituto Teológico del Uruguay Mariano Soler, Libro Anual, 1993
 ¿Santa o de Turismo? Calendario y secularización en el Uruguay, Instituto Superior Salesiano, colección Proyecto Educativo, 2010

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Obispo Daniel Sturla
 Daniel Sturla (en Catholic Hierarchy)
 Daniel Sturla asumió oficialmente como nuevo arzobispo de Montevideo. El País (Montevideo, 9 de marzo de 2014)
 Sturla sobre abusos: "En general no ha sido con niños sino con adolescentes menores". Pantallazo (Montevideo, 16 de noviembre de 2018)
 Sturla confesó que rompió la cuarentena para ir a rezarle a Larrañaga sabiendo que podía tener covid. El Observador (Montevideo, 15 de junio de 2021)
 El MSP multó a Sturla con más de $ 40 mil por "incumplimiento de cuarentena". El Observador (Montevideo, 15 de junio de 2021)

Nacidos en Montevideo
Obispos de Uruguay
Obispos salesianos
Arzobispos de Uruguay
Salesianos de Uruguay
Cardenales de Uruguay
Obispos nombrados por Benedicto XVI
Cardenales creados por Francisco
Arzobispos nombrados por Francisco
Cardenales salesianos
Obispos católicos del siglo XXI
Arzobispos del siglo XXI

Daniel Sturla


STS-87 was a Space Shuttle mission launched from Launch Complex 39B of the Kennedy Space Center on 19 November 1997. It was the 88th flight of the Space Shuttle and the 24th flight of Columbia. The mission goals were to conduct experiments using the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-4), conduct two EVAs, and deploy the SPARTAN-201 experiment. This mission marked the first time an EVA was performed from Columbia. An EVA from Columbia was originally planned for STS-5 in 1982 but was canceled due to spacesuit problems. It also marked the first EVA conducted by a Japanese astronaut, Takao Doi.

Crew

Backup crew

Space walks
 Scott and Doi – EVA 1
EVA 1 Start: 25 November 1997 – 00:02 UTC
EVA 1 End: 25 November 1997 – 07:45 UTC
Duration: 7 hours, 43 minutes
 Scott and Doi – EVA 2
EVA 2 Start: 3 December 1997 – 09:09 UTC
EVA 2 End: 3 December 1997 – 14:09 UTC
Duration: 4 hours, 59 minutes

Mission highlights

STS-87 flew the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-4), Spartan-201, Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE), TEVA Demonstration Flight Test 5 (EDFT-05), the Shuttle Ozone Limb Sending Experiment (SOLSE), the Loop Heat Pipe (LHP), the Sodium Sulfur Battery Experiment (NaSBE), the Turbulent GAS Jet Diffusion (G-744) experiment, and the Autonomous EVA Robotic Camera/Sprint (AERCam Sprint) experiment. Mid-deck experiments included the Middeck Glovebox Payload (MGBX) and the Collaborative Ukrainian Experiment (CUE).

United States Microgravity Payload
The United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-4) was a Spacelab project managed by Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. The complement of microgravity research experiments was divided between two Mission-Peculiar Experiment Support Structures (MPESS) in the payload bay. The extended mission capability offered by the Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) kit provides an opportunity for additional science gathering time.

SPARTAN-201

Spartan 201-04 was a Solar Physics Spacecraft designed to perform remote sensing of the hot outer layers of the sun's atmosphere or solar corona. It was expected to be deployed on orbit 18 and retrieved on orbit 52. The objective of the observations was to investigate the mechanisms causing the heating of the solar corona and the acceleration of the solar wind that originates in the corona. Two primary experiments were the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the White Light Coronograph (WLC) from the High Altitude Observatory. Spartan 201 had three secondary experiments. The Technology Experiment Augmenting Spartan (TEXAS) was a Radio Frequency (RF) communications experiment that provided flight experience for components baselined on future Spartan missions, and a real-time communications and control link with the primary Spartan 201 experiments. This link was used to provide a fine-pointing adjustment to the WLC based on solar images downlinked in real-time. The Video Guidance Sensor (VGS) Flight Experiment was a laser guidance system that tested a key component of the Automated Rendezvous and Capture (AR&C) system. The Spartan Auxiliary Mounting Plate (SPAM) was a small equipment mounting plate that provided a mounting location for small experiments or auxiliary equipment of the Spartan Flight Support Structure (SFSS) It was a honeycomb plate using an experimental silicon carbide aluminum face sheet material with an aluminum core.

Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace
The Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF) was a sophisticated materials science facility used for studying a common method of processing semiconductor crystals called directional solidification. Solidification is the process of freezing materials. In the type of directional solidification used in AADSF, the liquid sample, enclosed in quartz ampoules, slowly solidified along the long axis. A mechanism moved the sample through varying temperature zones in the furnace. To start processing, the furnace melted all but one end of the sample towards the other. Once crystallized, the sample remained in the furnace to be examined post-flight. The solidification front was of particular interest to scientists because the flows found in the liquid material influence the final composition and structure of the solid and its properties.

Confined Helium Experiment
The Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX) provided a test of theories of the influence of boundaries on the matter by measuring the heat capacity of helium as it is confined to two dimensions.

Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) was a materials science solidification experiment that researchers used to investigate a particular type of solidification called dendritic growth. Dendritic solidification is one of the most common forms of solidifying metals and alloys. When materials crystallize or solidify under certain conditions, they freeze unstably, resulting in tiny, tree-like crystalline forms called dendrites. Scientists are particularly interested in dendrite size, shape, and how the branches of the dendrites interact with each other. These characteristics largely determine the properties of the material.

Designed for research on the directional solidification of metallic alloys, the Material pour l'Etude des Phenomenes Interssant la Solidification sur Terre et en Orbite (MEPHISTO) experiment was primarily interested in measuring the temperature, velocity, and shape of the solidification front (the point where the solid and liquid contact each other during solidification.) MEPHISTO simultaneously processed three identical cylindrical samples of bismuth and tin alloy. In the first sample, the temperature fluctuations of the moving solidification were measured electrically, disturbing the sample. The position of the solid to liquid border was determined by an electrical resistance technique in the second sample. In the third sample, the faceted solidification front was marked at selected intervals with electric current pulses. The samples were returned to Earth for analysis. During the mission, MEPHISTO data were correlated with data from the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS). By comparing data, scientists determined how accelerations aboard the shuttle disturbed the solid to the liquid interface.

Space Acceleration Measurement System
The Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS), sponsored by NASA Lewis Research Center (now NASA Glenn Research Center), was a microprocessor-driven data acquisition system designed to measure and record the microgravity acceleration environment of the USMP carrier. The SAMS had three triaxial sensor heads that were separate from the electronics package for remote positioning. In operation, the triaxial sensor head produced output signals in response to acceleration inputs. The signals were amplified, filtered, and converted into digital data. The digital acceleration data were transferred to optical disk memory for ground analysis and downlinked to the ground for near-real-time analysis. Each accelerometer had a mass suspended by a quartz element allowing movement along one axis only. A coil was attached to the mass and the assembly was placed between two permanent magnets. An applied acceleration displaced the mass from its resting position. This movement was sensed by a detector, causing SAMS electronics to send a voltage to the coil, producing exactly the magnetic field needed to restore the mass to its original position. The applied voltage was proportional to the applied acceleration and was output to the SAMS electronics as acceleration data.

Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment
While flying separately in the cargo bay, the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE), sponsored by NASA Lewis Research Center (now Glenn Research Center), was an integral part of USMP-04. It was a highly sensitive instrument designed to measure low-level aerodynamic acceleration along the orbiter's principal axes in the free-molecular flow regime at orbital altitudes and in the transition regime during re-entry. OARE data were also downlinked during the mission for near-real-time analysis in support of the USMP science experiments. OARE data supported advances in space materials processing by providing measurements of the low-level, low-frequency disturbance environment affecting various microgravity experiments. OARE data also supported advances in orbital drag prediction technology by increasing the understanding of the fundamental flow phenomena in the upper atmosphere.

Shuttle Ozone Limb Sounding Experiment
The objective of the Shuttle Ozone Limb Sounding Experiment (SOLSE) was to determine the altitude distribution of ozone in an attempt to understand its behavior so that quantitative changes in the composition of the atmosphere can be predicted. SOLSE was intended to perform ozone distribution that a nadir instrument can achieve. This was performed using Charged Coupled Device (CCD) technology to eliminate moving parts in a simpler, low-cost, ozone mapping instrument. The experiment was housed in a Hitchhiker (HH/GAS) canister with a canister extension ring and equipped with a Hitchhiker Motorized Door Assembly (HMDA). Instrumentation included an Ultraviolet (UV) spectrograph with a CCD array detector, CCD array and visible light cameras, calibration lamp, optics, and baffling. Once in orbit, a crew member activated SOLSE which performed limb and Earth viewing observations. Limb observations focuses on the region  to  altitude above the horizon for the Earth's surface. Earth viewing observations enabled SOLSE to correlate the data with other nadir viewing, ozone instruments.

Loop Heat Pipe
The Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) test advanced thermal energy management technology and validating technology readiness for upcoming commercial spacecraft applications. The LHP was operated with anhydrous ammonia as the working fluid to transport thermal energy with high effective conductivity in zero gravity. LHP was a passive, two-phase flow heat transfer device that was capable of transporting up to 400 watts over a distance of 5 meters through semiflexible, small-diameter tubes. It used capillary forces to circulate the two-phase working fluid. The system was self-priming and totally passive in operation. When heat was applied to the LHP evaporator, part of the working fluid vaporized. The vapor flowed through the vapor transport lines and condensed, releasing heat. The condensation returned to the evaporator via capillary action through the liquid transport lines.

Sodium Sulfur Battery Experiment
The Sodium Sulfur Battery Experiment (NaSBE) characterized the performance of four 40 ampere-hour sodium-sulfur battery cells, representing the first test of sodium-sulfur battery technology in space. Each cell was composed of a sodium anode, sulfur cathode, and solid ceramic sodium ion-conducting electrolyte and separator. The cells were heated to 350 degrees Celsius to liquefy the sodium and sulfur. Once the anode and cathode were liquefied, the cells started to generate electrical power. Once in orbit, a crewmember activated NaSBE, and then the experiment was controlled by the GSFC Payload Operations Control Center (POCC).

Turbulent Gas Jet Diffusion Flames
The Turbulent Gas Jet Diffusion Flames (TGDF) payload was a secondary payload that used the standard Get Away Special carrier. Its purpose was to gain an understanding of the fundamental characteristics of transitional and turbulent gas jet diffusion flames under microgravity conditions and to acquire data to aid in predicting the behavior of transitional and turbulent gas jet diffusion flames under normal and microgravity environments. TGDF imposed large-scale controlled disturbances on well-defined laminar microgravity diffusion flames. They were on axisymmetric perturbations to laminar flames. The variables for the proposed tests were the frequency of the disturbance mechanism, which was either 2.5 Hz, 5 Hz, or 7.5 Hz.

Get Away Special
The Get Away Special (GAS G-036) payload canister contained four separate experiments that hydrated cement samples, recorded configuration stability of fluid samples, and exposed computer discs, compact discs, and asphalt samples to exosphere conditions in the cargo bay of the orbiter. The experiments were the Cement Mixing Experiment (CME), the Configuration Stability of Fluid Experiment (CSFE), the Computer Compact Disc Evaluation Experiment (CDEE), and the Asphalt Evaluation Experiment (AEE).

Extended Duration Orbiter
The Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) Pallet was a 15-foot (4.6 m) diameter cryo-kit wafer structure. Weighing , it provided support for tanks, associated control panels, and avionics equipment. The tanks stored  of liquid hydrogen at −250 degrees Celsius, and  of liquid oxygen at −176 degrees Celsius. The total empty mass of the system was . When filled with cryogens, system mass was approximately . Oxygen and hydrogen were supplied to the orbiter's three electrical power generating fuel cells, where they were converted into sufficient electrical energy to support the average four family-member house for approximately six months. About  of pure drinking water was also produced by the fuel cells. With the EDO pallet, the orbiter could support a flight for a maximum of 18 days. Longer on-orbit missions benefit microgravity research, life sciences research, Earth and celestial observations, human adaptation to the zero-G environment, and support to the Space Station.

Middeck Glove Box

The mid-deck Glove Box (MGBX) was a facility designed for materials science and biological science experiment handling. It consisted of two primary systems; an Interface Frame (IF) and a Glovebox (GB). The MGBX facility (with associated electronics) provided an enclosed working area for experimental manipulation and observation on the shuttle mid-deck. The MGBX experiments on this flight were WCI – The objective of the Wetting Characteristics of Immiscibles was to investigate the influence of alloy/ampoule wetting characteristics on the segregation of immiscible liquids during microgravity processing. The Enclosed Laminar Flames (ELF) experiment objective was to validate the zero-gravity Burke-Schumann model and the gravity-dependent Hegde-Bahadori extension of the model, investigate the importance of the buoyancy-dependent flow field as affected by oxidizer flow on flame stabilization, examine the state relationships of co-flow diffusion flames under the influence of buoyancy conditions (gravity versus pressure), and study the flow vortex and diffusion flame interactions. The Particle Engulfment and Pushing by Solidifying Interfaces (PEP) experiment objectives were to generate an accurate value for the critical velocity in a convection-free environment, validate the present theoretical model, enhance fundamental understanding of dynamics of insoluble particles at liquid/solid interfaces, and improve understanding of the physics associated with the solidification of liquid metals-ceramic particles mixtures.

Collaborative Ukraine Experiment
The Collaborative Ukraine Experiment (CUE) was a mid-deck payload designed to study the effects of microgravity on plant growth. The CUE was composed of a group of experiments flown in the Plant Growth Facility (PGF) and in the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC). The experiments also required the use of a Gaseous Nitrogen (GN2) Freezer and the fixation hardware. Investigators in Ukraine and the United States (Kansas State University and Louisiana State University) selected the experiments as a model for scientific collaboration between the two countries. The PGF supported plant growth for up to 30 days by providing acceptable environmental conditions for normal plant growth. The PGF was composed of the following subsystems: Control and Data Management Subsystems (CDMS), Fluorescent Light Module (FLM), Atmospheric Control Module (ACM), Plant Growth Chambers (PGCs), Support Structure Assembly (SSA), and the Generic External Shell (GES). The complete PGF replaced one mid-deck locker and operated on 28 V direct current (dc) power. The plant specimen studied in the PGF was Brassica rapa (turnip).

Extra-vehicular activities
The Extravehicular Activity Development Flight Test – 05 (EDFT-05) consisted of the payload bay hardware elements of Detailed Test Objective (DTO) 671, EVA Hardware for Future Scheduled Extravehicular Missions. EDFT – 05's main objective was to demonstrate International Space Station (ISS) on-orbit, end-to-end EVA assembly, and maintenance operations. The other DTOs included in this test were DTO 672, Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Electrical Cuff Checklist and DTO 833, EMU Thermal Comfort, and EVA Worksite Thermal Environment. Another objective was to expand the EVA experience base for ground and flight crews. Two EVA's were performed on this mission to accomplish these DTOs.

Autonomous EVA Robotic Camera

The Autonomous EVA Robotic Camera/Sprint (AERCam/Sprint) was a small, unobtrusive, free-flying camera platform for use outside a spacecraft. The free-flyer had a self-contained cold gas propulsion system giving it the capability to be propelled with 6 degrees of the freedom control system. Onboard the free-flyer were rate sensors to provide data for an automatic attitude hold capability. AERCam/Sprint was a spherical vehicle that moved slowly and was covered in a soft cushioning material to prevent damage in the event of an impact. The design philosophy was to keep the energy low by keeping the velocities and mass low while providing a mechanism to absorb any energy from an impact. The free-flyer platform was controlled from inside the Orbiter by using a small control station. The operator input motion commands from a single, Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) device controller. The commands were sent from the control station to the free-flyer via a Radio Frequency (RF) modem link operating in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) range.

A comic character in space
The mission marked a lesser-known first for having a comic book character being created for a space-going mission, the first to actually fly into space, and the first to safely return to Earth. The sponsor and manager of the Enclosed Laminar Flames experiment, Lewis Stocker, noticed the experiment's abbreviation as ELF and, being an avowed reader of the comic book series Elfquest, asked the series' creators Richard and Wendy Pini to create a logo. Originally, he hoped the series' own stargazer, Skywise, could be used, but to avoid copyright issues, a unique character was created to accompany the experiment insignia, whose name was dubbed Starfire.

See also

List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-87 Video Highlights

Spacecraft launched in 1997
Space Shuttle missions
Kalpana Chawla

STS-87


Kale (♖ ♜), satranç oyununda kullanılan satranç taşlarından biridir. Bu taş satranç tahtası üzerinde uygun dizilişte en sağ ve en solda yer almak üzere bir oyuncuda iki tanedir (siyahta 2, beyazda 2 tane).

Kalenin hareketi
Kale ileri, geri, sağa ve sola gidebilir. Kale kendi taşları veya rakip taşlarının üzerinden atlayamaz. Ancak rok denilen hamlelerde sadece şahın üzerinden atlar.

Satranç taşları

Kale (satranç)


Joel Grey (born Joel David Katz; April 11, 1932) is an American actor, singer, dancer, photographer, and theatre director. He is best known for portraying the Master of Ceremonies in the musical Cabaret on Broadway as well as in the Bob Fosse directed 1972 film adaptation. He has won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Tony Award. He earned the Lifetime Achievement Tony Award in 2023.

Grey's Tony-nominated roles include for the musical George M! (1968), Goodtime Charley (1975), and The Grand Tour (1979). After portraying Amos Hart in Chicago (1996), and Moonface Martin in Anything Goes (2011) in Broadway revivals, he originated the role as Wizard of Oz in the musical Wicked (2003).
He directed the 2011 revival of Larry Kramer's The Normal Heart earning a Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play nomination.

He earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture nomination for his role in Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins (1985). His other film roles include in Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976), Kafka (1991), The Music of Chance (1993), The Fantasticks (2000), and Dancer in the Dark (2000). He earned an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for Brooklyn Bridge (1993). He also acted in Oz (2003), Alias (2005), House (2006), Nurse Jackie (2011), and The Old Man (2022).

Early life
Grey was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Goldie "Grace" (née Epstein) and Mickey Katz, an actor, comedian, and musician. Both his parents were Jewish. He attended Alexander Hamilton High School in Los Angeles, California.

Career

Early career

Grey started his career, at age 10, in the Cleveland Play House's Curtain Pullers children's theatre program in the early 1940s, appearing in productions such as Grandmother Slyboots, Jack of Tarts and a lead role in their mainstage production of On Borrowed Time. By 1952, at age 20, he was appearing as a featured performer at the Copacabana nightclub in New York.
He changed his last name from Katz to Grey early in his career due to the stigma associated with having a surname with an obvious ethnicity attached. Grey made his Broadway acting debut in Borscht Capades where he was credit as "Joel Kaye". He returned to Broadway in The Littlest Revue in 1956 and acted as a replacement in Neil Simon's Come Blow Your Horn in 1961 and the musicals Stop the World – I Want to Get Off in 1962, and Half a Sixpence in 1965.

He started his professional television career on The Colgate Comedy Hour from 1951 to 1954. He then took on roles in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Grey appeared in several TV westerns including Maverick (1959), Bronco (1960) and Lawman (3 times in 1960 and 1961).

1966–1979: Breakthrough
Grey gained his breakthrough performance originating the role of the Master of Ceremonies in the Broadway musical Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb in 1966. He received raves for his role as the malevolent and sinister emcee of the Kit Kat Club. He won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical.

Grey appeared as a panelist for the television game show What's My Line? in the 1967 season, as well as being the first Mystery Guest during its syndication in 1968. His followup role on Broadway was as George M. Cohan in the 1968 musical George M!. Grey was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical and received the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Performance.

Grey reprised his role as the Master of Ceremonies in the 1972 Bob Fosse directed film version of Cabaret. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in March 1973 for his performance. His victory was part of a Cabaret near-sweep, which saw Liza Minnelli win Best Actress and Bob Fosse win Best Director, although it lost the Best Picture Oscar to The Godfather. For that role, Grey also won a BAFTA award for "The Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles" and Best Supporting Actor awards from the Golden Globes, Kansas City Film Critics Circle, National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, National Society of Film Critics, and a Tony Award for his original stage performance six years prior, making him one of only ten people who have won both a Tony Award and an Academy Award for the same role.

He was the guest star for the fifth episode of The Muppet Show in its first season in 1976, singing "Razzle Dazzle" from Chicago and "Willkommen" from Cabaret. He has performed at The Muny in St. Louis, Missouri, in roles such as George M. Cohan in George M! (1970 and 1992), the Emcee in Cabaret (1971), and Joey Evans in Pal Joey (1983). At the Williamstown Theatre Festival, Grey played the title role in their production of Platonov (1977). He returned to Broadway in the play Goodtime Charley (1975), and the musical The Grand Tour (1979).

1980–1999
He also played Master of Sinanju Chiun, Remo's elderly Korean martial arts master in the movie Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins (1985), a role that garnered him a Saturn Award and a second Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Chiun's character was popular for the lines "Meat of cow kills", and "You move like a pregnant yak", from the movie. He then acted in Steven Soderbergh's mystery thriller Kafka (1991), starring Jeremy Irons, Theresa Russell and Ian Holm. In 1991, he played Adam, a devil, in the final episode of the television series Dallas (1991). That same year, Grey also appeared in the American Repertory Theatre's production of When We Dead Awaken at the Sao Paulo Biennale.

He narrated the animated film Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992), and made a cameo appearance as himself in the Robert Altman film The Player (1992). The following year he starred in the Philip Haas drama film The Music of Chance (1993) alongside James Spader, Mandy Patinkin, M. Emmet Walsh, and Charles Durning. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. Later that year he starred in New York Stage & Film's production of John Patrick Shanley's A Fool and Her Fortune and received an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series nomination for his recurring role as Jacob Prossman on the television series Brooklyn Bridge. In 1995, he made a guest appearance on Star Trek: Voyager as an aging rebel seeking to free his (deceased) wife from prison. In November 1995, he performed as the Wizard in The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True, a staged concert of the popular story at Lincoln Center to benefit the Children's Defense Fund. The performance was originally broadcast on Turner Network Television (TNT) in November 1995, and released on CD and video in 1996.

He returned to Broadway as Amos Hart in the revival of the Bob Fosse musical Chicago (1996). Set in Chicago in the jazz age, the musical is based on a 1926 play of the same title by reporter Maurine Dallas Watkins, about actual criminals and crimes on which she reported. The story is a satire on corruption in the administration of criminal justice and the concept of the "celebrity criminal". The revival was well received and Grey earned the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical.  In 1999, he starred in Brian Friel's Give Me Your Answer, Do! mounted by Roundabout Theatre Company.

2000–2010

In 2000, Grey played Oldrich Novy in the Lars von Trier film Dancer in the Dark and acted in the musical film The Fantasticks and in the dark comedy Choke (2008). During this time he also appeared extensively on television. He had a recurring role as  the evil reptilian demon Doc in The WB horror series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2001), Lemuel Idzik in the HBO prison drama Oz (2003) and as Another Mr. Sloane in ABC series Alias (2005). He played a wealthy, paroled ex-convict on Law & Order: Criminal Intent (episode "Cuba Libre", 2003). He also appeared on the shows House and Brothers & Sisters (2007), on the latter of which he played the role of Dr. Bar-Shalom, Sarah and Joe's marriage counselor. He appeared as Izzie's high school teacher who needs treatment for dementia in Grey's Anatomy (2009).

Grey originated the role of the Wizard of Oz in the Stephen Schwartz Broadway musical Wicked. Grey took over the role from Robert Morse who previously played the Wizard in the San Francisco tryout run at the Curran Theatre. It is based on the 1995 Gregory Maguire novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, in turn based on L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation. Grey acted alongside Idina Menzel and Kristin Chenoweth. The play received mixed reviews from critics but was an immediate financial hit. Grey was nominated for the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical.

2011–present
Grey returned to Broadway in spring 2011 as Moonface Martin in the Roundabout Theatre Company revival of Anything Goes at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre. Having previously portrayed Ned in the 1985 Off-Broadway production of Larry Kramer's The Normal Heart, he went on to co-direct the Tony Award-winning revival in 2011. The following year he made a guest appearance in the Showtime series Nurse Jackie opposite Edie Falco. He also acted in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2014), and Park Bench with Steve Buscemi (2014).

He returned to Broadway in the 2016 revival of the Anton Chekov play The Cherry Orchard starring opposite Diane Lane, and Chuck Cooper.
In 2018, Grey directed a Yiddish-language production of Fiddler on the Roof, which originated at the National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene, then transferred to Stage 42 Off-Broadway. The production became a surprise hit, running for over a year and winning the 2019 Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle awards for Best Musical Revival. He had a cameo role in the Lin-Manuel Miranda directed musical Tick, Tick... Boom! (2021). In 2022 he acted as Morgan Bote, a recurring character in the FX drama series The Old Man starring Jeff Bridges and John Lithgow.

Personal life

In 1958, Grey married Jo Wilder; they divorced in 1982. Together, they had two children: actress Jennifer Grey (star of the film Dirty Dancing) and chef James Grey.

He is a photographer; his first book of photographs, Pictures I Had to Take, was published in 2003; its follow-up, Looking Hard at Unexpected Things, was published in 2006. His third book, 1.3 – Images from My Phone, a book of photographs taken with his camera phone, was published in 2009.

An exhibition of his work was held in April 2011 at the Museum of the City of New York, titled "Joel Grey/A New York Life." His fourth book, The Billboard Papers: Photographs by Joel Grey, came out in 2013 and depicts the many-layered billboards of New York City.

In January 2015, Grey discussed his sexuality in an interview with People, stating: "I don't like labels, but if you have to put a label on it, I'm a gay man."

Grey writes about his family, his acting career, and the challenges of being gay in his 2016 memoir, Master of Ceremonies.

Acting credits

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and honors

For his continued support of Broadway, Grey was named a Givenik Ambassador.

He was presented with a lifetime achievement award on June 10, 2013, by The National Yiddish Theatre – Folksbiene.

Grey won the Oscar Hammerstein Award for Lifetime Achievement in Musical Theatre on December 5, 2016, presented by the York Theatre Company in New York City. The theatre said, in part: "we are thrilled to celebrate the extraordinary Joel Grey, whose artistry — for over half a century — has become an indelible part of Broadway history."

Grey was honored as The New Jewish Home's Eight Over Eighty Gala 2015 honoree.

Grey was presented with the Teddy Kollek Award by the World Jewish Congress in November 2019.

See also
 List of LGBT Academy Award winners and nominees

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Joel Grey papers, 1904-2001 (bulk 1949-2001), held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 Joel Grey – Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org
 TonyAwards.com Interview with Joel Grey

1932 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male actors
Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles) alumni
American gay actors
American gay musicians
American gay artists
American LGBT singers
American LGBT dancers
American LGBT photographers
American male dancers
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male singers
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American photographers
Audiobook narrators
BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles winners
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Dancers from Ohio
Drama Desk Award winners
Jewish American male actors
Gay dancers
Gay singers
Gay photographers
Gay Jews
LGBT people from Ohio
Living people
Male actors from Cleveland
Male actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Ohio
Tony Award winners

Joel Grey


Şemsi Baba Dergâhı, İzmir'de Yağhaneler semtindedir. Dergahı, Hacı Bektaş Veli halifelerinden, Eğriboz İstefesi göçmenlerinden Feyzullah oğlu Yusuf Şemseddin Baba yaptırmıştır. Dergâhın ilk postnişinidir. Dergâh, kitabesine göre 1865-66 yılında yapılmıştır. Vakfiyesi 1882'de hazırlanmıştır. Bu Bektaşi dergâhı, 15 dönümlük arazi içerisinde iki kattan oluşan bir yapıdır. Tekkedeki mezartaşları on iki dilimli (terkli) "Hüseyni taçlı" olarak Bektaşiliği yansıtırlar. Dergâhın mezarlığında birçok Bektaşi dervişi yatmaktadır.

Yusuf Şemsettin Baba, 1795'te Mora'da doğmuştur. Müderris Feyzullah Efendi'nin oğludur. Askerde tabur kâtipliğine kadar yükselir. Ayrıldıktan sonra İzmir'e yerleşir. Rüsumat memurluğu yapar. Karadutlu Dergâhı'nın postnişini olur. 1884'te ölmüştür. Dergâhına gömülür. Babalık icazetini ve halifeliği Mehmet Ali Hilmi Dedebaba'dan almıştır. Öldükten sonra posta önerisi üzerine torunu Fuat Bey Baba (öl. 1928) getirilir. Ondan sonra da dergâhın postnişinliğine jandarma subaylarından Kazım Baba atanır.

Şemsi Baba Dergâhı, İzmir'de Yağhaneler semtindedir. Dergahı; Hacı Bektaş Veli halifelerinden, Eğriboz İstefesi göçmenlerinden Feyzullah oğlu Yusuf Şemseddin Baba yaptırmıştır. Dergâhın ilk postnişinidir. Dergâh, kitabesine göre 1865 - 66 yılında yapılmıştır. Vakfiyesi 1882'de hazırlanmıştır. Bu Bektaşi dergâhı 15 dönümlük arazi içerisinde iki kattan oluşan bir yapıdır. Tekkedeki mezartaşları on iki dilimli (terkli) "Hüseyni taclı" olarak Bektaşiliği yansıtırlar. Dergâhın mezarlığında birçok Bektaşi dervişi yatmaktadır.

Yusuf Şemsettin Baba, 1795'te Mora'da doğmuştur. Müderris Feyzullah Efendi'nin oğludur. Askerde tabur kâtipliğine kadar yükselir. Ayrıldıktan sonra İzmir'e yerleşir. Rüsumat memurluğu yapar. Karadutlu Dergâhı'nın postnişini olur. 1884'te ölmüştür. Dergâhına gömülür. Babalık icazetini ve halifeliği Mehmet Ali Hilmi Dedebaba'dan almıştır. Öldükten sonra posta önerisi üzerine torunu Fuat Bey Baba (öl. 1928) getirilir. Ondan sonra da dergâhın postnişinliğine jandarma subaylarından Kazım Baba atanır.

Türkiye'deki tekkeler
İzmir ilindeki dinî yapılar
İzmir ilinde İslam

Şemsi Baba Dergahı


An Cyperus pallidicolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Georg Kükenthal, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gordon C. Tucker. An Cyperus pallidicolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus pallidicolor


روجر غرافا (26 أبريل 1922 في كلاوت – ) في تل سوبرجا)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي الجنسية إيطالي المولد راحل يجيد اللعب في مركز المهاجم .

لعب غرافا في أندية أميين (1942-1943) نانسي (1943) بوردو (1943-1945) روبيه توركوينغ (1945-1948) تورينو (1948-1949) .

توفي غرافا في حادثة الطائرة الشهيرة التي كانت تقل الجيل الذهبي لنادي تورينو .

ساهم غرافا في تتويج نادي روبيه توركوينغ ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى موسم 1946/1947 كما ساهم في تتويج نادي تورينو ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى موسم 1948/1949 .

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
إيطاليون مهاجرون إلى فرنسا
ضحايا حوادث الطيران
فرنسيون من أصل إيطالي
لاعبو أميين
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو تورينو
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو نانسي
مواليد 1922
وفيات 1949
وفيات في تل سوبرجا
لاعبو نادي روبيه توركوين
ضحايا حوادث طيران في 1949
ضحايا كارثة سوبرجا الجوية

روجر غرافا


Hundorp Station (Hundorp stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Dovrebanen, der ligger ved byområdet Hundorp i Sør-Fron kommune i Norge. Stationen ligger i nærheden af Dale-Gudbrands gard, hvis historie går tilbage til 1000-tallet.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 2. november 1896, da banen blev forlænget fra Tretten til Otta. Den blev fjernstyret 5. november 1967 og gjort ubemandet 29. maj 1983. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 7. januar 2001, og i dag fungerer den tidligere station som fjernstyret krydsningsspor.

Stationsbygningen, der er i to etager i gulmalet træ, blev opført til åbningen i 1896 efter tegninger af Paul Due. Den er senere blevet ombygget kraftigt med en forenklet facade og suppleret med en enetages tilbygning. Til gengæld er pakhuset, der var et af Dues typiske, revet ned.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Norske jernbanestasjoner om Hundorp Station

Stationer på Dovrebanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1896
Jernbanestationer i Oppland

Hundorp Station


Die 21. Internationale Sechstagefahrt war eine Motorrad-Rennveranstaltung, die vom 21. bis zum 26. August 1939 in Salzburg sowie den umgebenden Alpen, Oberösterreich, Ober- und Niederbayern und dem Böhmerwald stattfand. Die Nationalmannschaften des gastgebenden Deutschen Reichs konnte zum vierten Mal die World Trophy sowie zum dritten Mal die Silbervase gewinnen.

Am fünften Fahrtag zog der britische Motorsportverband auf Grund der drohenden Kriegsgefahr alle seine Mannschaften und die Begleitpersonen zurück und veranlasste deren schnellstmögliche Ausreise in die Schweiz. Es erfolgte kein abschließendes Meeting der Jury, da auch die beiden britischen Mitglieder der Jury abgereist waren. Somit wurden die Ergebnisse nicht bestätigt. – Der internationale Motorsportverband Fédération Internationale des Clubs Motocyclistes erkannte nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg die Ergebnisse der 21. Sechstagefahrt nicht an. Auch die beiden Siegerpokale gingen in den Kriegswirren verloren.

Wettkampf

Organisation

Ausrichter war die Oberste Nationale Sportbehörde für die Deutsche Kraftfahrt. Mit der Durchführung war die NSKK-Motorgruppe Alpenland beauftragt.

Für den Wettkampf waren 278 Fahrer von neun Motorsportverbänden der FICM gemeldet. Aus dem Deutschen Reich kamen 163, aus Großbritannien 61, aus Italien 30, aus den Niederlanden 13, aus Schweden sechs, aus Ungarn vier sowie ein Belgier.

Um die World Trophy fuhren die Teams aus dem Deutschen Reich, Großbritannien und Italien. In der Silbervasen-Wertung starteten jeweils zwei deutsche, italienische, britische und niederländische sowie eine schwedische Mannschaft.

Insgesamt waren 2365 Kilometer Strecke zu bewältigen.

1. Tag

Von den 278 gemeldeten Fahren nahmen 266 den Wettkampf auf. – Elf Maschinen erhielten keine positive Abnahme, ein Fahrer ist nicht gestartet.

Mit einer Gesamtlänge von 475 Kilometern war die erste Etappe die längste der Veranstaltung. Die so bezeichnete Sudetenlandstrecke führte nach dem Start in Salzburg nach Norden über Henndorf, Neumarkt, Straßwalchen, Friedburg, Lohnsburg, Ried, Andrichsfurt, Taiskirchen, Münzkirchen und Haibach nach Passau. Von dort weiter nach Nordosten und Osten über Thyrnau, Sonnen, Breitenberg, Ulrichsberg, Oberplan, Sonnberg, Ogfelderhaid und Höritz nach Wettern. Von dort nach Süden über Kirchschlag, Friedberg, Vorderweißenbach, Leonfelden und Altenberg nach Linz. Weiter nach Südwesten über Marchtrenk, Wels, Offenhausen, Ottnang, Ungenach, Ampflwang, Vöcklamarkt, Frankenmarkt nach Straßwalchen. Von dort ging es in entgegengesetzter Richtung auf selber Strecke wie nach dem Start zurück nach Salzburg. Es waren elf Zeitkontrollen zu passieren.

15 Fahrer schieden aus dem Wettbewerb aus.

2. Tag

Die so bezeichnete Salzkammergutstrecke des zweiten Fahrtags war 373 Kilometer lang. Sie verlief von Salzburg nach Nordosten über Ebenau, Faistenau, Thalgau, Mondsee, Oberwang, Attersee, Schörfling, Rutzenmoos und Desselbrunn nach Steinerkirchen. Von dort nach Südwesten über Vorchdorf, Linden, Gschwandt, Gmunden, Neukirchen, Seefeld, Unterach und Scharfling nach Sankt Gilgen. Von hier weiter nach Ost und Südost über Strobl und Bad Ischl nach Bad Aussee. Weiter nach Westen und Nordwesten über Obertraun, Hallstatt, Gosaumühle, Gosau, Rußbach durch das Lammertal, Sankt Koloman, Adnet und Krispl nach Ebenau. Von dort ging es in entgegengesetzter Richtung auf selber Strecke wie nach dem Start zurück nach Salzburg. Im Streckenverlauf waren neun Zeitkontrollen eingerichtet.

24 Fahrer schieden aus dem Wettbewerb aus, davon ist ein Fahrer nicht mehr gestartet.

3. Tag

Die Etappe des dritten Tages war 449 Kilometer lang. Nach dem Start in Salzburg führte die so bezeichnete Großglocknerstrecke in die Alpen über Hallein, Werfen, Bischofshofen, St. Johann, Sankt Veit, Taxenbach nach Bruck. Von dort nach Süden über die Großglockner-Hochalpenstraße, in deren Verlauf auch die maximale Höhe der Etappe mit  erreicht wurde, bis nach Heiligenblut und weiter nach Winklern. Von dort nach Osten durch das Tal der Möll, Spittal an der Drau, Millstatt und Radenthein nach Reichenau. Von dort über die Turracher Höhe (), Turrach, Predlitz, Tamsweg, Radstadt, Niedernfritz, St. Martin, Lungötz, Annaberg und Abtenau nach Golling. Folgend ging es in entgegengesetzter Richtung auf selber Strecke wie nach dem Start zurück nach Salzburg. Es waren neun Zeitkontrollen im Streckenverlauf zu passieren.

13 Fahrer schieden aus dem Wettbewerb aus.

4. Tag

Die so bezeichnete Tirolerstrecke des vierten Fahrtags war 466 Kilometer lang und damit die zweitlängste Tagesetappe. Nach Start in Salzburg führte die Strecke über Bad Reichenhall, den Pass Schwarzbachwacht, Weißbach bei Lofer, Leogang, den Grießenpass, Hochfilzen, St. Johann, Kitzbühel, den Pass Thurn, Mittersill, Neukirchen und den Gerlospass nach Zell am Ziller. Von dort nach Norden und später Westen über Uderns, Jenbach, den Achenpass, Bad Wiessee, Valepp, Fischbachau, das Sudelfeld, Kössen, Unterwössen, Ruhpolding und Anger ins Tal der Saalach. Von dort ging es in entgegengesetzter Richtung auf selber Strecke wie nach dem Start zurück nach Salzburg. Es waren zehn Zeitkontrollen im Streckenverlauf eingerichtet.

In der Trophy-Wertung führte die Mannschaft des Deutschen Reichs vor der britischen Mannschaft und der Mannschaft Italiens.

16 Fahrer schieden aus dem Wettbewerb aus.

5. Tag

Die Etappe des vorletzten Tages wurde als Bayerische Waldstrecke bezeichnet und führte über 421 Kilometer. Die Strecke verlief von Salzburg nach Norden über Obertrum am See, Seeham, Moosdorf, Braunau am Inn, Triftern, Egglham, Aidenbach, Vilshofen, Hofkirchen, Schwarzach, Deggendorf, Egg und Bernried nach Viechtach. Dort kehrte die kehrte die Strecke wieder nach Süden um und führte über Englmar, Bogen, Straubing, Straßkirchen, Eichendorf, Mariakirchen, Pfarrkirchen, Tann, Marktl, Haiming, Burghausen, Sankt Georgen, Laufen und Bergheim zurück nach Salzburg. Es waren sieben Zeitkontrollen im Streckenverlauf eingerichtet.

In der Trophy-Wertung führte die Mannschaft des Deutschen Reichs vor der Mannschaft Italiens und der britischen Mannschaft.

43 Fahrer schieden aus dem Wettbewerb aus, davon sind 29 Fahrer nicht mehr gestartet.

6. Tag

Die letzte Tagesetappe, als Reichsautobahnstrecke bezeichnet, führte über 181 Kilometer und war gleichzeitig die kürzeste Etappe der Veranstaltung.

Von Salzburg aus ging es auf die Reichsautobahn 8 in Richtung München bis nach Irschenberg. Dort wurde gewendet und die Richtungsfahrbahn nach Salzburg bis zur Anschlussstelle Siegsdorf gefahren. Ab Siegsdorf begann eine Geländeprüfung bis Bayerisch Gmain und die Strecke führte zum Zielort Salzburg.

Im Streckenverlauf waren drei Zeitkontrollen eingerichtet.

Neun Fahrer schieden aus dem Wettbewerb aus, davon sind acht Fahrer nicht mehr gestartet. Von 266 am ersten gestarteten Fahrern erreichten 146 das Ziel.

Endergebnisse

World Trophy

Silbervase

Einzelwertung

Literatur

Weblinks

 Technisches Museum.at: Motorsport in Österreich–Internationale Sechstagefahrt 1939
 Bericht über die britische Mannschaft und ihre Flucht aus dem Deutschen Reich
 Speed Track Tales ISDT 1939 – Germany
 Gesamtergebnisse, abgerufen am 21. Januar 2019

Einzelnachweise

Internationale Sechstagefahrt nach Austragung
Motorsportveranstaltung 1939
Motorsportwettbewerb in Österreich
Annullierte Sportveranstaltung

21. Internationale Sechstagefahrt


Lundtop (på ældre dansk også Topbjerget) er en 54 m høj bakke i Østerby (Medelby Sogn) beliggende på Medelby bakkeø på den slesvigske midtslette få kilometer syd for den dansk-tyske grænse i Sydslesvig i det nordlige Slesvig-Holsten i Tyskland. Den skovklædte bakke er den højeste bakke i sognet. I 1969 blev et 13 hektar stort område omkring Lundtoppen udpeget som naturfredet område. Det er en del af habitatområde Bøgslund gests egeskov (på tysk Eichenwälder der Böxlunder Geest). Skoven omkring Lundtoppen er overvejende løvskov, domineret af eg. Egnen er ellers domineret af landbrug.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Anordning vedr. oprettelsen af naturfredet område Lundtop fra 1967

Noter

Bakker i Sydslesvig
Naturbeskyttelse i Tyskland

de: Lundtop

Lundtop


Kalabríusnjáldra (fræðiheiti: Sorex samniticus) er tegund snjáldra.

Heimildaskrá

Eiginlegar snjáldrur

Kalabríusnjáldra


A Casa de Zecas () ou Zique (; ) foi uma das sete grandes casas do Império Sassânida que alegaram ter origem parta. Ao menos três de seus membros são conhecidos: Zecas, o dipnoclétoro de  ; Zecas, um general de  ; e Isdigusnas, um emissário de  .

Bibliografia

Casa de Zecas

Casa de Zecas


La West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and the Blind Dairy Barn est une grange américaine à Romney, en Virginie-Occidentale. Construite vers 1929-1930, elle est inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques depuis le .

Liens externes

Grange inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques
Registre national des lieux historiques en Virginie-Occidentale
Registre national des lieux historiques en 2022
Comté de Hampshire (Virginie-Occidentale)


Ľubomír Luhový (født 31. marts 1967) er en tidligere slovakisk fodboldspiller.

Slovakiets fodboldlandshold

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|1990||1||0
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|1993||1||0
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|1995||2||0
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|1996||1||0
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|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||4||0
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!Total||9||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Slovakiet

Ľubomír Luhový


Alþjóðafjarskiptasambandið (International Telecommunication Union eða ITU) er ein af aðildarstofnunum Sameinuðu þjóðanna sem fæst við upplýsinga- og fjarskiptatækni. Stofnunin var stofnuð árið 1865 sem Alþjóðlega ritsímasambandið og er því ein af elstu alþjóðstofnunum heims sem enn eru við lýði.

Upphaflegur tilgangur sambandsins var að tengja ritsímakerfi milli landa. Hlutverk þess hefur vaxið eftir því sem samskiptatækni hefur þróast. Sambandið tók núverandi nafn upp árið 1934 en þá höfðu talstöðvar- og símasamskipti bæst við sem viðfangsefni þess. Þann 15. nóvember 1947 gerði sambandið samkomulag við hinar nýstofnuðu Sameinuðu þjóðir um að gerast ein af aðildarstofnunum þeirra. Það tók formlega gildi 1. janúar 1949.

Alþjóðafjarskiptasambandið hefur eftirlit með alþjóðlegri notkun fjarskiptatíðnisviðsins, hefur milligöngu um samvinnu um gervihnattaferla, tekur þátt í þróun tæknilegra staðla og vinnur að bættum fjarskiptainnviðum í þróunarlöndum. Það fæst líka við breiðbandsnet, þráðlausa samskiptatækni, leiðarkerfi í flugi og siglingum, útvarpsstjörnufræði, veðurathuganir um gervihnött, sjónvarpsútsendingar og næstu kynslóðar net.

Aðildarríki Alþjóðafjarskiptasambandsins eru 193 talsins, auk um 900 fyrirtækja og stofnana. Ísland varð sjálfstæður aðili að sambandinu þegar landið varð sjálfstætt ríki árið 1918.

Alþjóðastofnanir
Sérstofnanir Sameinuðu þjóðanna

Alþjóðafjarskiptasambandið


"Supera" é uma canção do cantor e compositor brasileiro Hugo Del Vecchio, lançada como single em junho de 2018.

A música foi gravada com produção de Marcelo Rodriguez, que tinha trabalhado com vários artistas sertanejos, entre eles a dupla Rayssa & Ravel (no álbum Feliz Demais, 2017).

A versão original teve um desempenho modesto, sendo mais conhecida a versão de Marília Mendonça para o EP Todos os Cantos, em 2019.

Versão de Marília Mendonça

"Supera" é uma canção da cantora e compositora Marília Mendonça, lançada no EP Todos os Cantos Vol. 3 em 2019.

Composição
Assim como todas as canções do projeto Todos os Cantos, "Supera" não é uma música autoral. Também não é uma canção inédita, por ter sido gravada por seu compositor original, Hugo Del Vecchio. No entanto, Marília gostou tanto da música original que decidiu trazer para o álbum. No entanto, a cantora mudou um dos versos, que dizia "você é forte, mulher, supera" para "de mulher pra mulher, supera".

Na época de lançamento de "Supera", os jornalistas Braulio Lorentz e Rodrigo Ortega elogiaram a mudança feita por Marília nos versos da música de Del Vecchio:

Gravação
A canção foi gravada ao vivo em 8 de maio de 2019, no Largo São Sebastião, em Manaus, capital de Amazonas. Marília já tinha gravado o álbum Realidade (2017) na metrópole. A apresentação, segundo a cantora, foi um dos maiores públicos do projeto. A Polícia Militar estimou 13 mil pessoas na gravação.

Lançamento e recepção
"Supera" foi lançada em agosto de 2019 como parte do EP Todos os Cantos Vol. 3. Apesar de não ter sido lançada como single, encabeçou o registro de três faixas e se tornou imediatamente um dos maiores sucessos da carreira da cantora. A versão em vídeo da canção alcançou mais de 100 milhões de visualizações em cerca de três meses.

Prêmios e indicações
A canção foi premiada na categoria Hino de Karaoke em Casa no MTV Millennial Awards Brasil em 2020.

Canções de 2018
Canções gravadas por Marília Mendonça
Canções de música sertaneja
Canções em português
Canções produzidas por Eduardo Pepato

Supera (canção)


An Liparis lydiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.Z. Lucksom. An Liparis lydiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis lydiae


දන්ත අශ්මිය () යනු ඝන වූ දන්ත පථ නම් වූ තත්වයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 දන්ත පථ

මූලාශ්‍ර

දත්

දන්ත අශ්මිය


Torsten Frings (d. 22 Kasım 1976 Würselen, Almanya) Alman eski futbolcudur. Futbola 10 yaşında Alemannia Aachen'da 1986'da başlamıştır. Görevi ise ön liberodur. Tam 8 sene A.Aachen'nın altyapısında görev yapmıştır. Son 2 senesini ise A Takımın kadrosunda geçirmiştir. Fakat hiç maç yapmamıştır. 1996'da SV Werder Bremen yöneticilerinin gözüne girerek oraya transfer olmuştur.2002 yılına kadar burada oynamıştır. 162 maç yapıp 15 gol ve 27 asist yapmıştır. 2002 yılında Borussia Dortmund'a 3 milyon avroya transfer olur. B.Dortmund'da 47 maçta 10 gol ve 12 asist yapmıştır. Bayern Münih'te 2004-2005 senesinde 29 maçta 10 gol ve 8 asist yapmıştır. 2005'te eski takımı Werder Bremen'e 6 milyon avroya gelir. Takımın as oyuncusu olur.

29 Haziran 2011 tarihinde Major League Soccer takımlarından biri olan Toronto FC takımı ile sözleşme imzalamıştır.

Millî takım

Millî takıma ilk olarak 2001 Konfederasyon Kupasına çağrılır ve millî takımla o zaman tanışır. 64 maçta 8 gol ve 11 asist yapar. 2006 Dünya Kupasında da 8 numaralı formasıyla boy gösteren Frings, Almanya millî takımının yarı final oynamasında da çok etkili olmuştur.

Reklam hayatı

Frings, Nike T90 Laser ayakkabı giyen oyuncularından biri olduğu için, tanıtım reklamında oynamıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Web Sitesi
 Toronto FC - Torsten Frings sayfası

1976 doğumlular
Alman futbolcular
Almanya 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Almanya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2005 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Alman gurbetçi futbolcular
Alemannia Aachen futbolcuları
SV Werder Bremen futbolcuları
Borussia Dortmund futbolcuları
FC Bayern München futbolcuları
Toronto FC futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Bundesliga futbolcuları
Kanada'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Bundesliga teknik direktörleri
Orta saha futbolcuları

Torsten Frings


Miguel Induráin Larraya (; born 16 July 1964) is a retired Spanish road racing cyclist. Induráin won five Tours de France from 1991 to 1995, the fourth, and last, to win five times, and the only five-time winner to achieve those victories consecutively.

He won the Giro d'Italia twice, becoming one of seven people to achieve the Giro-Tour double in the same season. He wore the race leader's yellow jersey in the Tour de France for 60 days. He holds the record for the most consecutive Tour de France wins and shares the record for most wins with Jacques Anquetil, Bernard Hinault and Eddy Merckx. He is the most recent cyclist, and one of the very few cyclists, to have come close to cycling's 'Triple Crown' when in 1993, after having already won the Giro and the Tour, he finished just 0:19 behind in the World Championship.

Induráin's ability and physical size— and —earned him the nickname "Miguelón" or "Big Mig". He was the youngest rider ever to win the Spanish amateur national road championship, when he was 18, at 20 the youngest rider to lead the Vuelta a España, and at 20 he won a stage of the Tour de l'Avenir.

Early life and amateur career
Miguel Induráin was born in the village of Villava (now Villava – Atarrabia), which is now an outlying area of Pamplona. He has three sisters – Isabel, María Dolores and María Asunción – and a brother, Prudencio, who also became a professional cyclist. His first bicycle was a green secondhand Olmo given to him for his 10th birthday. It was stolen when he was 11 and he worked in the fields with his father to pay for a new one.

Induráin tried running, basketball, javelin and football from nine to 14. Then he joined the local CC Villavés and rode his first race in July 1978, an event for unlicensed riders in which he finished second. He won his second race and competed every week thereafter. His hero in cycling was Bernard Hinault. At 18 he was the youngest winner of the national amateur road championship.

Professional career
In 1984 he rode in the Olympic Games at Los Angeles and then turned professional on 4 September for . He won his first professional race a week later, a time trial in the Tour de l'Avenir. In 1985 he started the Vuelta a España and came second in the prologue, behind Bert Oosterbosch. Oosterbosch lost time on the second stage and Induráin became leader, the youngest rider to do so. He rode the Tour de France later that year, as he would do in each of the next 11 years, but dropped out in the fourth stage.

In 1986, Induráin again rode the Tour, dropping out on the 12th stage. He started the 1987 Vuelta a España with bronchitis from the Tour of Belgium. He rode the 1988 Tour de France as teammate of the winner Pedro Delgado. In 1989, he escaped during the ninth stage of the Tour de France. He won the stage and became leader of the mountains classification, wearing the polkadot jersey the next stage, the only time in his career. In 1990, Induráin rode the Tour de France again for Delgado, but Delgado could not win. Induráin finished 10th place, sacrificing several places by waiting for Delgado.

Induráin was a strong time trialist, gaining on rivals and riding defensively in the climbing stages. Induráin won only two Tour stages that were not individual time trials: mountain stages to Cauterets (1989) and Luz Ardiden (1990) in the Pyrenees. During his five consecutive Tour de France wins he never won a stage that was not a time trial. These superior abilities in the discipline fit perfectly with the TT heavy Tours of the era, with many featuring between 150 and 200 km of time trialling vs the more common 50–80 km today.

1991: First Tour win

In 1991, Greg LeMond was favourite for the Tour and while Induráin was a fine time trialist he was considered too large to be a good climber. LeMond led the race until the 12th stage but on the 13th he broke down on the Tourmalet, and lost more than seven minutes to Induráin, who became the leader and stayed leader to the end.

1992: Tour-Giro double
Induráin won the prologue at San Sebastián and seized the yellow jersey, only to lose it the next day. Induráin finished the time trial in stage nine, over 65 km, three minutes ahead of number two on the stage. Near the end he caught Laurent Fignon, who had started six minutes before him. The 1992 Tour was remarkable for a long breakaway by Claudio Chiappucci on a stage to Sestriere that included six mountains. Induráin seemed to crack on the final climb to Sestriere being passed by Franco Vona but managed to finish third, enough to claim the yellow jersey once more. From here Induráin would establish his racing style "crush rivals in the time trials and control them in the mountains"  His defensive tactic brought criticism from Induráin's boyhood hero, Bernard Hinault, who said: "Induráin is the best rider of his generation but he has won this Tour quietly, without great opposition. If the opposition continues to let him get away with it, his reign looks like lasting a long time".

He also won the Giro d'Italia in 1992. After winning the early time trial, Induráin gained a decisive advantage on stage 9 to Latina-Terminillo. There, on the first summit finish of the race, Induráin finished in the first group, dropping the main contenders, and gaining 30 seconds on Chiappucci. On his way to overall victory by 5mins 12secs over Chiappucci, Induráin also won the final stage 21 time trial.

1993: Second Tour-Giro double

Induráin rode the same way in the 1993 Tour. He won the prologue at Puy-du-Fou, in the Vendée region, and waited until the ninth stage, the 59 km time trial at Lac de Madine, to take control of the race. He won by 2m 11s. From then on, said Ollivier, he rode defensively, watching Tony Rominger, whom he considered a rival against the clock. Ollivier said Induráin's ride wasn't without effort but another historian, Pierre Chany, said it lacked audacity and that Induráin never "did anything unprovoked which would have allowed this exceptional rider to rise above the rest and excite the crowd".

He won the 1993 Giro d'Italia.

1994: Tour and hour record

Induráin again won the first time trial, the ninth stage from Périgueux to Bergerac, in the southwest. He beat Rominger by two minutes. He did, however, attack in the Pyrenees, accelerating at the foot of the 10 km climb to the ski station at Hautacam. Luc Leblanc, Richard Virenque, Marco Pantani and Armand de Las Cuevas stayed with him but other rivals, including Rominger, were left behind. Induráin lost the stage to Leblanc but kept the yellow jersey to the end.

In 1994 he set a world hour record of , beating Graeme Obree.

Induráin entered the Giro again, but this time was beaten by Evgeni Berzin and Marco Pantani, who had prepared solely for the Giro.

In May 1994, Induráin tested positive for salbutamol following the Tour de L'Oise in France. Though the β2-adrenergic agonist, found in nasal inhalers, was on the controlled substances list of both the IOC and UCI, both organizations permitted sportsmen with asthma to use it. However, in France there was an outright ban on its use. The IOC agreed with the UCI that Induráin would not be punished for using a drug banned outright in France because they accepted the salbutamol was contained in a nasal inhaler he had been using legitimately to aid his respiration. In Spain, the incident was interpreted as another case of the French attempting to hinder Induráin's domination of the sport.

1995: Fifth Tour victory
He also won the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré in 1995.

The seventh stage of the 1995 Tour linked Charleroi and Liège, both in southern Belgium. It took in the rolling roads of Liège–Bastogne–Liège. Induráin attacked with Johan Bruyneel following and the rest were left 50 seconds behind. The following day Induráin won the first time trial, organised on a demanding circuit at Seraing. Jean-Paul Ollivier wrote: "It offered him another chance to assert his authority. Who could challenge him? The hierarchy established itself by itself. Induráin once again set off on a demonstration Tour. This last victory by the rider from Navarra was a model of strength, intelligence and authority, all well controlled. There wasn't a tactical error, never a scare, no moments of weakness".

Induráin won the world time trial championship.

1996: Aiming for sixth Tour victory

He also won the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré in 1996.

Induráin aimed for a sixth victory in the 1996 Tour, but suffered from the beginning. He came seventh in the prologue. After bronchitis in a cold and wet first week, he lost time from stage seven. He said that, on the Cormet de Roselend on 6 July, "my legs started to feel odd but, because the speed of the group wasn't very high, I didn't take much notice. I even imagined attacking at the foot of the Arcs climbs." He dropped out of the group and lost three minutes in three kilometres. Race referees penalised him 20 seconds for accepting a bottle of drink in the last kilometre. He said the 20 seconds were nothing compared to the minute he would have lost had he not taken the bottle. He later said he would stop racing. The Dane Bjarne Riis won and his teammate Jan Ullrich finished second. Induráin finished 11th and, in a stage passing through his hometown and ending in Pamplona, he finished 19th, eight minutes behind the stage winner.

He won the individual time trial in the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, where professionals competed for the first time. He won the title ahead of compatriot Abraham Olano and Boardman. Asked if he would trade his gold medal for a sixth Tour victory, he confirmed, saying: "For any professional cyclist, winning the Tour is the pinnacle of their career, whereas winning the Olympic title is purely symbolic". In the road race, he finished 26th.

In September 1996, Induráin rode the Vuelta a España at the insistence of his team. He dropped out unexpectedly on the Mirador del Fito,  from the end of the stage to Covadonga. Relations with his team manager, José Miguel Echavarri, had been difficult since an aborted attempt on the hour record in Colombia in October 1995. The two are no longer on speaking terms.

Retirement
Induráin took two months to consider his future, particularly the €4.5 million that Manolo Saiz was said to have offered him to transfer to the ONCE team. Negotiations foundered over which races Induráin would ride and whether Saiz would pay more. However, on 1 January 1997 he told 300 journalists and others in the El Toro hotel in Pamplona that he would not race again. "This is a long and deeply meditated decision, especially as physically I'm in condition to win a sixth Tour", he said. "In early 1996 I decided it was time to go, and I tried to win the Tour for the last time. When I didn't, I thought the Olympics would be the perfect way of bowing out, but what happened after the Tour of Spain made me change my mind. Every year it gets harder and I think I have spent enough time in the sport. My family are waiting." After reading a prepared 30-line statement, he left without taking questions.

Induráin now divides his time between his native  Pamplona and his house in Palma de Mallorca, on the Mediterranean. He and his wife, Marisa, have three children. He founded the Miguel Induráin Foundation in 1998 to promote sport in his home region of Navarra. He worked with the Spanish Olympic Committee to promote Sevilla's candidature for the 2004 Olympics, and the Union Cycliste Internationale. He continues to ride a bike three or four times a week. He attends cyclotourist events such as L'Étape du Tour, the Mallorca312 and the Cape Argus Pick & Pay Cycle Tour in Cape Town, South Africa.

Physiology
According to the University of Ferrara, which conducted tests on Induráin, his strength came from his body's superior physiology. His blood carried 7 litres of oxygen around his body per minute, compared to 3–4 litres for an ordinary person and 5–6 litres for fellow riders. His cardiac output was 50 litres a minute; a fit amateur cyclist's is about 25 litres. Induráin's lung capacity was 7.8 litres, compared to an average of 6 litres. His resting pulse was as low as 28 BPM, compared to an average 60–72 bpm, which meant his heart would be less strained in the tough mountain stages. His VO2 max was 88 ml/kg/min; in comparison, Lance Armstrong's was 83.8 ml/kg/min and Greg LeMond's was more than 92 ml/kg/min.

He consulted the Italian professor Francesco Conconi (famous for pioneering EPO use in sport) from 1987 and his weight dropped from  to  under his guidance, "changing himself into an all-round rider", said Philippe Brunel in L'Équipe. He was  lighter than when he was a junior.

Induráin was subjected to further physical testing at age 46, 14 years after his retirement, in a 2012 published study to determine age-related fitness decline. His maximal values were oxygen uptake 5.29 L/min (57.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1) and aerobic power output 450 W (4.88 W/kg) and was found to have seen greater changes in body composition than aerobic capacity as he weighed 92 kg at the time. However, his absolute maximal and submaximal oxygen uptake and power output in 2012 still compared favorably with those exhibited by active professional cyclists.

Critics
Although Induráin, who has always denied doping, has never been banned or given a positive test for any sports-enhancing drug (with the exception of salbutamol), some remain skeptical of his achievements. Anti-doping expert Sandro Donati released information showing Induráin and his Banesto team were clients of Dr. Francesco Conconi, who was later found to be doping many of his cyclist clients. The Banesto team confirmed it met Conconi but only to conduct Conconi tests on its cyclists. Former Festina coach Antonie Vayer has also cast doubt on Induráin's abilities, claiming only "mutants" could have performed at the level he did.

Personality
Induráin resisted comparison to Tour champions of the past and said he "never felt superior to anyone". He "never had airs about himself and only reluctantly stepped into the limelight that came with the maillot jaune [yellow jersey]", Andy Hood wrote in Procycling.

Induráin was a man difficult to know. He was modest and quiet, "governing his troops without ever being demanding."  A Spanish journalist, frustrated that he could find nothing interesting about him, asked "I wonder if his wife knows who this man is who sleeps beside her." A teammate, Jean-François Bernard said: "When he comes down for his meal, you don't even hear him move his chair."

Procycling wrote:

His five straight Tour crowns paralleled Spain's coming of age following decades of repression under the dictatorship of General Franco and his face became a symbol of a new, more assertive Spain stepping confidently on to the European stage.

Philippe Brunel in L'Équipe called him "humble and sublime, taciturn some days. But who was this robotic athlete who, in his streamlined helmet and his Plexiglass visor, dominated [domestiquait] the time-trials like no one before him except perhaps Jacques Anquetil?"

The magazine Cycling Weekly wrote: "He seems to do everything very slowly, as though he is trying to conserve energy even here. His eyes blink at half-speed but the gaze from his brown eyes is steady. He looks as relaxed off the bike as he does when he is on it, but you are aware that you are in the presence of a great bike rider."

Induráin said the man who most impressed him was Pope John Paul II, to whom he gave a yellow jersey from the Tour de France and a pink jersey from the Giro d'Italia. It is rare for genuine items from his cycling career to be in another's collection, as he keeps most of his clothing, equipment etc., making such gifts special.

Induráin is a member of the Laureus World Sports Academy.

Decorations
  Prince of Asturias Award for Sports
  Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit
  Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
  French Legion of Honour
  Olympic Order

Career achievements

Major results

1983
 1st  Road race, National Amateur Road Championships
1984
 1st Stage 10 (ITT) Tour de l'Avenir
 4th Overall Vuelta a La Rioja
1985
 Tour de l'Avenir
1st Stages 6a & 10 (ITT)
 2nd Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
1986
 1st  Overall Tour de l'Avenir
1st Prologue & Stage 9 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Vuelta a Murcia
1st Prologue
 5th Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
 6th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 6th Road race, National Road Championships
1987
 1st  Overall Vuelta a los Valles Mineros
1st Stages 2, 3 & 5
 1st GP Navarra
 1st Prologue Vuelta a Murcia
 1st Stage 1 Volta a Galicia
 3rd Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
1st  Points classification
1st Stages 4b (ITT) & 5
1988
 1st  Overall Volta a Catalunya
1st Stage 6a (ITT)
 1st Stage 4a Vuelta a Cantabria
 3rd Overall Volta a Galicia
1st Stage 2
 6th Clásica de San Sebastián
 8th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
1989
 1st  Overall Paris–Nice
 1st  Overall Critérium International
1st Stage 3 (ITT)
 1st Stage 9 Tour de France
 2nd Subida al Naranco
 7th La Flèche Wallonne
 10th Overall Tour de Suisse
 10th Overall Volta a Catalunya
 10th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1990
 1st  Overall Paris–Nice
1st Stage 6
 1st Clásica de San Sebastián
 2nd Overall Vuelta a Burgos
1st  Points classification
1st Stage 4
 2nd Overall Vuelta Asturias
 3rd Overall Tour of the Basque Country
1st Stage 5a
 3rd Road race, National Road Championships
 4th Overall Euskal Bizikleta
 4th La Flèche Wallonne
 5th Trofeo Luis Puig
 7th Overall Vuelta a España
 7th Overall Critérium International
 9th Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana
1st Stage 5
 10th Overall Tour de France
1st Stage 16
1991
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 8 (ITT) & 21 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Volta a Catalunya
1st Stage 5 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Tour du Vaucluse
1st Stage 2
 2nd Overall Vuelta a España
 3rd Overall Euskal Bizikleta
1st Stages 2 & 5
 3rd  Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 3rd Boucles de l'Aulne
 4th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
1992
 1st Overall UCI Road World Rankings
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st Prologue, Stages 9 (ITT) & 19 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Giro d'Italia
1st  Intergiro classification
1st Stages 3 (ITT) & 21 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Volta a Catalunya
 1st Boucles de l'Aulne
 1st Stage 1a (ITT) Vuelta Castilla y Leon
 2nd Overall Tour de Romandie
1st Stage 4b (ITT)
 3rd Overall Paris–Nice
 3rd Overall Tour de l'Oise
 4th Overall Vuelta a Aragón
 5th Subida al Naranco
 6th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
1993
 1st Overall UCI Road World Rankings
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st Prologue & Stage 9 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Giro d'Italia
1st Stages 10 (ITT) & 19 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Vuelta Castilla y Leon
1st Stage 1a
 1st Clásica a los Puertos de Guadarrama
 1st Stage 6 (ITT) Vuelta a Murcia
 Vuelta a los Valles Mineros
1st Stages 2 & 4
 2nd  Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 3rd Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana
 4th Overall Volta a Catalunya
 8th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
1994
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st Stage 9 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Tour de l'Oise
1st Stage 4 (ITT)
 1st Stage 3 Vuelta Castilla y Leon
 2nd Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana
1st Stage 6 (ITT)
 3rd Overall Giro d'Italia
1995
 UCI Road World Championships
1st  Time trial
2nd  Road race
 1st  Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 8 (ITT) & 19 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st Stage 3 (ITT)
 1st  Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 1st  Overall Volta a Galicia
1st Stage 1
 1st  Overall Vuelta Ciclista a La Rioja
1st Stage 1a
 1st Stage 5a Vuelta a Aragón
 3rd Overall Vuelta a Asturias
1st Prologue & Stage 5
 3rd Overall Vuelta a los Valles Mineros
1st Stage 4
 6th Classique des Alpes
 9th Clásica de San Sebastián
1996
 1st  Time trial, Olympic Games
 1st  Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st Stages 5 (ITT) & 6
 1st  Overall Volta ao Alentejo
1st Prologue & Stage 4
 1st  Overall Vuelta a Asturias
1st Prologue
 1st  Overall Euskal Bizikleta
1st Stage 5
 2nd Overall Vuelta a Burgos
 4th Overall Vuelta a Aragón
 8th Classique des Alpes

General classification results timeline

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Miguel Induráin's Foundation
 Spanish Olympic Committee

1964 births
Giro d'Italia winners
Cyclists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Navarre
Olympic cyclists for Spain
Olympic gold medalists for Spain
Olympic medalists in cycling
People from Cuenca de Pamplona
Spanish male cyclists
Spanish Tour de France stage winners
Tour de France prologue winners
Tour de France winners
UCI Road World Champions (elite men)
Sportspeople from Pamplona
UCI Road World Rankings winners
Vuelta a Asturias winners

Miguel Induráin


كودة   قرية تقع في محافظة هرمزغان في جنوب إيران.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة هرمزغان
البلدة المركزية
مقاطعة بستك
نواحي محافظة هرمزغان

كودة


Dino Mustafić (Sarajevo, 6. lipnja 1969.), bosanskohercegovački filmski i kazališni redatelj, javni zagovarač REKOM-a u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Životopis
Dino Mustafić je diplomirao režiju na Akademiji scenskih umjetnosti u Sarajevu i na Filozofskom fakultetu u Sarajevu, na odsjeku Opća književnost i bibliotekarstvo. Bio je direktor Internacionalnog teatarskog festivala MESS Sarajevo. S Danisom Tanovićem 2008. godine osnovao je Našu stranku.

Režirao je dokumentarne filmove, muzičke programe i kazališne predstave. Njegov debitantski igrani film "Remake" po scenariju Zlatka Topčića doživio je veliki uspjeh. Prikazan je na brojnim međunarodnim filmskim festivalima širom svijeta, gdje je osvajao nagrade.

Predstave Dine Mustafića izvođene su u kazališnim središtima postjugoslavenskih prostora, te na festivalima u Njemačkoj, Egiptu, Italiji i mnogim drugim zemljama. Režirao je predstave po tekstovima Sartra ("Zid", "Prljave ruke"), Ionesca ("Nosorog", "Kralj umire"), Mrožeka ("Pješice", "Policajci"), Molijera ("Tartif"), Koltesa ("Roberto Zucco"), Shakespearea ("Macbeth"), Wildera ("Spašeni za dlaku"), Schwaba ("Predsjednice"), Bojčeva ("Pukovnik ptica", "Hanibal podzemni"), Gardnera ("Nisam ja Rappaport"), Villqista ("Helverova noć"), Lohera ("Adam Geist"), Nick Wooda ("Trg ratnika"), Glowackog ("Četvrta sestra"), Martin Mcdonagh (Sakati Billy) i dr.

Nagrade
Film "Remake" je nagrađen za najbolji debitantski film, najbolje glumačko ostvarenje i Nagradom za mir i kulturalno razumijevanje na Wine Country filmskom festivalu u San Franciscu, Specijalnom nagradom "One Future Prize" na Filmskom festivalu u Münchenu, a dobitnik je i nagrade na Berlinaleu. Nominiran je za nagrade: Zlatni tulipan na Internacionalnom filmskom festivalu u Istanbulu, Grand Prix na Filmskom festivalu u Parizu, East of West nagrada na Međunarodnom filmskom festivalu u Karlovym Varyma i Zlatni tigar na Međunarodnom filmskom festivalu u Rotterdamu.

Predstave "Pukovnik Ptica", "Četvrta sestra" i "Helverova noć" nagrađene su nagradom "Ključ Tmača" koju dodjeljuje časopis za dramu, teatar i odgoj TmačaArt. "Helverova noć" je nagrađivana na festivalima širom svijeta, te je ušla u povijest bosanskohercegovačkog kazališta kao internacionalno najnagrađivanija predstava.

Na Međunarodnom kazališnom festivalu Novi Tvrđava teatar u Novom Sadu održanom od 10. do 16. srpnja 2016. dobio je Nagradu za najbolju režiju za predstavu Kamernog teatra 55 Naš razred.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Dino Mustafić

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Bosanskohercegovački filmski redatelji
Kazališni redatelji

Dino Mustafić


Nádia Bento de Lima, mais conhecida como Nádia (nascid em 30 de julho de 1965, em Osasco) é uma ex-jogadora brasileira de basquete que ocupava a posição de armadora.

Foi parte da Seleção Brasileira de Basquetebol Feminino com a qual conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Panamericanos de 1987, realizados em Indianápolis, e a medalha de ouro nos Jogos Panamericanos de 1991, em Havana. Ademais, foi campeã dos Campeonatos Sudamericanos de Basquete adulto realizados no Brasil (1986 e 1995), na Colômbia (1991) e no Chile (1989).

Estatísticas FIBA

Referências

Basquetebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1992
Basquetebolistas do Brasil
!Wikiconcurso Mulheres Brasileiras no Esporte (artigos)

Nádia Bento de Lima


نور الدين البخاري  لاعب كرة القدم مغربي هولندي حامل لجنسيتين، من مواليد مدينة روتردام بـ هولندا يوم 30 يونيو 1980, ينحدر من قرية تيزي وسلي الأمازيغية الريفية. موقعه وسط ميدان / مهاجم. فريق الحالي نادي سبارتا روتردام كإعارة من أجاكس.

- اللقاءات الدولية : 16

- الفرق السابقة التي لعب لها : Sparta Rotterdam
NAC Breda معارا من أجاكس.

- معلومات اضافية : سجل هدفا واحدا للمنتخب المغربي.

سجل 5 أهداف في موسم 2003-2004.

سجل هدفا وحيدا في موسم 2004-2005.

أول لقاء له مع أجاكس كان ضد FC Groningen يوم 1 شتنبر 2002.الفوز عاد لأجاكس 3-1.

سجل أول هدف له مع أجاكس ضد AZ Alkmaar يوم 19 أكتوبر 2002.أجاكس فاز يومها 6-2.
-الطول : 184م

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغاربة
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغاربة مغتربون
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون مغاربة مغتربون في بولندا
رياضيون هولنديون من أصل مغربي
ريفيون
لاعبو الدوري البولندي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي لكرة القدم الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو ألكمار
لاعبو أياكس أمستردام
لاعبو إن أي سي بريدا
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو سبارتا روتردام
لاعبو فالفيك
لاعبو فيسوا كراكوف
لاعبو قاسم باشا
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2002
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغاربة
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بولندا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون مغاربة
لاعبو كرة قدم من روتردام
لاعبو منتخب المغرب لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الاتحاد (السعودية)
لاعبو نانت
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1400 هـ
مواليد 1980
مواليد روتردام
هولنديون من أصل ريفي
هولنديون من أصل مغربي

نور الدين البخاري