Bruce Beresford (; born 16 August 1940) is an Australian film director and screenwriter. He has made more than 30 feature films over a 50-year career, both locally and internationally in the United States.

Beresford's films include Breaker Morant (1980), Tender Mercies (1983), Crimes of the Heart (1986) and Driving Miss Daisy (1989), which won four Academy Awards including Best Picture.

Biography

Early life
Beresford was born in Paddington, New South Wales, the son of Lona (née Warr) and Leslie Beresford, who sold electrical goods. He grew up in the then outer-western suburb of Toongabbie, and went to The Meadows Public School and then The King's School, Parramatta.  He made several short films in his teens including The Hunter (1959).

Sydney University
He completed a Bachelor of Arts majoring in English at the University of Sydney, where he graduated in 1964. While at university he made the short film The Devil to Pay (1962) starring John Bell and Ron Blair, It Droppeth as the Gentle Rain (1963) co-directed by Albie Thoms and starring Germaine Greer, Clement Meadmore (1963) with Bell and King-size Woman (1965).

Nigeria and England
Beresford then moved to England in search of film work. He could not break into the British film scene, so he answered an advertisement for an editing job in Nigeria, where he worked for two years, in Enugu.

He then returned to England and worked for the British Film Institute as a producer of short films by first-time directors, including Magritte: The False Mirror (1970) and Paradigm (1970).

Beresford directed the documentary Lichtenstein in London (1968) about Roy Lichtenstein, and Extravaganza (1968), Barbara Hepworth at the Tate (1970), The Cinema of Raymond Fark (1970), and Arts of Village India (1972).

Early feature films
Beresford returned to Australia to make his first feature film, The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972), which he also wrote with Barry Humphries. The film, produced by Phillip Adams, was a box office success in England and Australia, but Beresford later said making the film was a "mistake" because reviews were so bad that he had trouble finding other work.

Beresford directed a documentary for TV, The Wreck of the Batavia (1973) and did some other TV films, Poor Fella Me (1973), and Monster or Miracle? Sydney Opera House (1973). These were financed by Reg Grundy who also financed Beresford's second feature as director, Barry McKenzie Holds His Own (1974), a sequel to Barry McKenzie.

Beresford went to England to direct and co-write a comedy, Side by Side (1975) starring Humphries and Terry-Thomas and was eventually released on DVD in 2013.

Beresford says his career was at a low ebb when Phillip Adams "saved my life" by offering him the job of directing an acclaimed version of David Williamson's play Don's Party (1976).

Beresford directed an adaptation of The Getting of Wisdom (1977), also produced by Adams.

SAFC
Beresford signed a contract with the South Australian Film Corporation for whom he wrote and directed a thriller, Money Movers (1979), which was a box office disappointment. He did some uncredited directing on the SAFC's Blue Fin (1978), then co-wrote and directed Breaker Morant (1980). The latter film was a notable success at the box office and earned Beresford an Oscar nomination. It was widely seen in Hollywood and Beresford began to receive US offers.

Beresford directed The Club (1980), from another Williamson play, and Puberty Blues (1981).

Early US films
Beresford received an offer from EMI Films to direct Horton Foote's Tender Mercies (1983). Star Robert Duvall won a Best Actor Oscar for his performance and Beresford earned a Best Director nomination.

He followed it with King David (1985) starring Richard Gere which was a notable box office failure.

Beresford returned to Australia to direct The Fringe Dwellers (1986), co-written with his first wife, Rhoisin Beresford. In the US he directed Crimes of the Heart (1986) from the play by Beth Henley, did a segment of the film Aria (1987), and did the comedy thriller Her Alibi (1989) with Tom Selleck.

Driving Miss Daisy
Beresford directed Driving Miss Daisy (1989) with Morgan Freeman and Jessica Tandy, from a play by Alfred Uhry. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture, although Beresford was not nominated as director. The film was a commercial and critical success.

Asked if he minded not even being nominated for the Best Director Oscar for Driving Miss Daisy, Beresford said: "No, not at all. I didn't think it was that well directed. It was very well written. When the writing's that good, you've really just got to set the camera up and photograph it."

He directed Mister Johnson (1990) in Nigeria, with Edward Woodward; Black Robe (1991), an Australian-Canadian film based on the novel by Brian Moore; Rich in Love (1992), co-written by Uhry; A Good Man in Africa (1994) with Sean Connery from a novel by William Boyd, which in 2015 Beresford called his worst film; Silent Fall (1994), which was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 45th Berlin International Film Festival; and Last Dance (1996) with Sharon Stone.

He adapted but did not direct Curse of the Starving Class (1994).

Beresford returned to Australia to direct Paradise Road (1997), which was a commercial disappointment. He directed a documentary, Sydney: A Story of a City (1999), then had a hit with the thriller Double Jeopardy (1999).

Later films
Beresford made Bride of the Wind (2001); Evelyn (2002) with Pierce Brosnan; and And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself (2003) with Antonio Banderas.

He spent several years looking for financing for various projects before making The Contract (2006) with Freeman and Cusack. He followed it with a TV film Orpheus (2006) and returned to Australia to make Mao's Last Dancer (2009) which was also filmed in Houston, Texas.

Beresford's later credits include Peace, Love & Misunderstanding (2011) with Jane Fonda, the documentary H.H. Dalai Lama: Essence of Mahayana Buddhism (2011), the mini series Bonnie & Clyde (2013), Mr. Church (2016) with Eddie Murphy, an episode of the remake of Roots (2017), the TV movie Flint (2017) and the Australian film Ladies in Black (2018).

Opera
In addition to films, Bruce Beresford has also directed several operas and theatre productions. In 1996, he directed a Portland Opera (Oregon) production of the Stephen Sondheim musical Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.

In 2016, he directed Benjamin Britten's opera Albert Herring for the Queensland Conservatorium of Music, in a production conducted by Nicholas Cleobury.

He often works with film editor Mark Warner. (See: List of film director and editor collaborations)

In 2012, he directed a production of Erich Wolfgang Korngold's opera Die tote Stadt for Opera Australia.

In 2018, he directed the Australian premiere of Rossini's Otello for Melbourne Opera.

Memoir
In August 2007, he published a memoir, Josh Hartnett Definitely Wants To Do This... True Stories From A Life in the Screen Trade.

Personal life
Beresford's second wife is novelist Virginia Duigan, sister of film director and editor John Duigan. He has five adult children and now works both in Australia and the United States.

Contemporaries and friends
Beresford attended the University of Sydney with critic and documentary maker Clive James, art critic and aficionado Robert Hughes, activist and author Germaine Greer, journalist Bob Ellis, poet Les Murray, and writer Mungo McCallum. His contemporary and friend, actor and theatre director John Bell, shared a house and also did some film acting. Beresford was close friends with Australian comedian, satirist and character actor Barry Humphries, best known for his on-stage/television alter ego Dame Edna Everage, and his family.

Filmography

References

External links

 Conversation Hollywood Interview - James Pratt Interview with Bruce Beresford Season 1
 ABC interview transcript (Talking Heads, 1 October 2007, archived 2014)
 Bruce Beresford – portrait photo by Mark-Steffen Göwecke
 Bruce Beresford at the National Film and Sound Archive

1940 births
APRA Award winners
Australian film directors
Australian film producers
People educated at The King's School, Parramatta
University of Sydney alumni
Best Director Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Living people
Film directors from Sydney

Bruce Beresford


Nashi may refer to:

Organisations
 Nashi (Canadian organisation), opposing human trafficking
 Nashi (political party), a political party in Ukraine
 Nashi (youth movement), a political youth movement in Russia
 Nashi (1990s nationalist group), a former Russian political movement

Other uses
 Nashi pear, fruit of Pyrus pyrifolia
 Nashi (wind), or N'aschi, a northeastern wind in the Persian Gulf
 Japanese ship Nashi, two Japanese destroyers
 Nakhi people, or Nashi

See also

 Nasi (disambiguation)
NashiCon, an annual three-day anime convention

Nashi


Audi, Alman menşeli bir otomobil şirketidir ve Volkswagen grubunun bir markasıdır. Şirketin merkezi Ingolstadt, Bavyera'da bulunmaktadır.

Şirketin geçmişi 1899 yılına ve August Horch'a dayanmaktadır. İlk Horch otomobili kendisi tarafından 1901 yılında tasarlanmıştı. 1910 yılında Horsche, şirket dışına atılmış ve kendi adını, eski ortaklarıyla olan anlaşmazlıklar nedeniyle yaptığı tasarımlarda kullanamayacak hale gelmişti. Eski Almancada anlamı "Dinle!" olan "Horch", Latincede aynı anlama gelen Audi'yi kendi markası olarak kullanmaya başladı.

1932 yılında Audi, Auto Union'ı oluşturmak üzere Horch, DKW ve Wanderer şirketleri ile birleşti. Auto Union'ın kullandığı birbirine bağlı dört halka da bugün Audi'nin logosu olarak kullanılmaktadır.

II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında şirket, DKW etrafında ürünlerini sunmaya çalıştı; ancak iki çekişli motoru o kadar ünlü olamadı. Eylül 1965'te Audi, dünyanın en modern motorlarından biriyle tekrar bir çıkış yaparak 72 beygirlik 4 kapılı sedanını piyasaya sundu.

1970'lerde Audi, 1950 yıllarında dünyanın en büyük motosiklet üreten şirket olan NSU ile birleşti. Bu şirket Neckarsulm, Stuttgart yakınında bulunmaktaydı. NSU daha küçük arabalar yapmayı öngörüyordu. Daha sonrasında yeni rotasyon motorları Felix Wankel'in fikirleriyle kullanılmaya başlandı. 1967'de çıkartılan yeni NSU Ro 80 bir uzay çağı arabasıydı ve o gün irtibarıyla sunduğu aerodinamik, ağırlık ve güvenlik donanımları açısından kusursuzdu; ancak motorlardaki rotasyon hatası NSU için pahalıya patlamıştı. Yine de, günümüzde hâlâ Audi'nin bazı modelleri Neckarsulm'da üretilmektedir.

Geçen 30 yıl içerisinde Audi, yüksek güce sahip birçok model üretti. 1980'de piyasaya sunulan ünlü "Quattro" modeli, İngiliz üretici Jensen'ın 1966 yılında ürettiği FF modelinden beri dünyada ilk kez üretilen 4 çekerli binek araçtır. Adı Audi Quattro olarak lanse edilen bu model, 5 silindirli turbo motorlu, coupé karoserli bir spor otomobildi. Ayrıca bu modelle birlikte Audi rallilere katılarak yarışlarda 4 çeker sistemini kullanarak ralli tarihinde yeni bir çığır açtı. Üst üste yarışlarda kazandığı başarılar yüzünden Audi yarışlardan çıkarıldı. Audi, bu atılımla teknolojide zirveye oturdu. (Bu teknoloji daha sonra dünyanın hemen hemen bütün otomobil şirketleri tarafından kullanılmıştır.)

Audi 80 modeli ile beraber, tüm modeller "Quattro" özelliğini kazandı. Audi 80, her ne kadar 1986 yılında "dede arabası" imajına sahip olsa da 1991 yılında yapılan makyaj çalışmasıyla unutulmaz bir tasarım piyasaya sunuldu. Bu model oldukça iyi satış rakamlarına ulaştı.

Gelişen teknoloji ile, Audi dünyanın en gelişmiş motorunu kullanmaya başladı. 1995'te S4 modelinde kullanılan dört çekerli motoru bu döneme damgasını vurdu.

1994'te de dünyanın tamamen alüminyumdan yapılmış ilk seri üretim otomobili olan A8 modelini tanıtan Audi, bu modelinde ASF olarak adlandırılan "Alüminyum uzay kafesi" teknolojisini kullanmaya başladığı ilk araçtır. Şu anda bu teknolojiye sahip bir diğer aracı olan R8, tamamen ASF teknolojisi ile üretilmektedir. Ayrıca ortadan konumlu motor ile otomobil tarihinde binek araçlarda çığır açmıştır. 90'ların ortasında yeni serilerini piyasaya süren Audi, dünyanın en kaliteli otomobilleri arasında yerini aldı.

2000 yılı itibarıyla yarış dünyasının en zorlu ve prestijli yarışlarından olan 24 saatlik Le Mans yarışını 4 kez art arda kazanan Audi, 2003'te de VW grubunun başka bir markası olan Bentley ile tamamen Audi kadrosu altında bu başarıya imza attı.

Yenilikler
2006 yılında piyasaya sunulan SUV sınıfındaki Q7 modeli, aynı yıl piyasaya çıkan yeni nesil TT modeli ve ortadan motorlu süper spor otomobil R8 ile birlikte Audi'nin model gamı, 2007 Cenevre Otomobil Fuarında dünya prömiyeri gerçekleşen A5 Coupé ile daha da genişlemiştir.

Audi, SUV segmentine bir ekleme daha yaparak Q5'i piyasaya sundu. Farklı motor seçenekleri ile Q5, piyasada bulunan ve liderliği elinde tutan BMW X3'e rakip olarak getirildi. Abisi Q7'nin özelliklerinin yanında ayrıca kişisel kullanım ayarlarının sürücü tarafından seçilmesini sağlayan Audi Drive Select adlı bir sistem ile donatıldı. Bunun yanında üçüncü nesil MMI sistemini yükleyerek 3 boyutlu navigasyonu piyasaya sundu. Bu ve buna benzer artı özellikleri ile Q5 rakiplerinden farklı olmayı başarmıştır.

Güncel Model Ailesi
 Audi A1
 Audi A3
 Audi S3
 Audi A4
 Audi RS4
 Audi A5
 Audi S5
 Audi RS5
 Audi A6
 Audi RS6
 Audi A7
 Audi RS7
 Audi A8
 Audi A8L
 Audi S8
 Audi Q2
 Audi Q3
 Audi Q5
 Audi Q6
 Audi Q7
 Audi Q8
 Audi SQ7
 Audi SQ8
 Audi SQ5
 Audi SQ3
 Audi RSQ8
 Audi TT
 Audi TTS
 Audi R8 V10
 Audi e-tron
 Audi e-tron GT

Üretimi Durmuş Olan Modeller
 Audi 80
 Audi 100
 Audi A2
 Audi V8

Klasikler
 Audi Quattro
Önemli Konseptler
 Audi A1 Metroproject Quattro
 Audi Cross Coupe
 Audi Q5 Concept
 Audi Q7 V12
 Audi R8 V12
 Audi Rosemayer
 Audi E-Tron

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Audi Resmi İnternet Sitesi
 Audi Türkiye Resmi İnternet Sitesi

Ingolstadt
Almanya merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
Alman markaları
Otomobil markaları
Auto Union
Volkswagen grubu
1932'de kurulan şirketler

Audi


Hélène Rytmann, dite Hélène Legotien ou Hélène Legotien-Rytmann, née le  à  et morte le  à , est une révolutionnaire et sociologue française.

Elle est militante communiste dans la résistance française au nazisme. Membre du Parti communiste français, elle en est expulsée après des accusations de trotskysme et pour avoir participé à des exécutions sommaires d'anciens collaborateurs nazis.

Hélène Rytmann est assassinée par strangulation en 1980 par son mari Louis Althusser. Son meurtre attire beaucoup d'attention de la part des médias français et Althusser est appelé à être condamné comme un criminel ordinaire, mais il est déclaré inapte à être jugé pour cause de folie (article 64 du code pénal, abrogé en 1994) et interné dans un établissement psychiatrique pendant trois ans.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Hélène Rytmann est née à Paris en 1910 dans une famille juive d'origine russe et lituanienne.  Selon Althusser, Hélène Rytmann a subi des agressions sexuelles dans son enfance par son médecin de famille. Alors qu'elle a 13 ans, le médecin la force à administrer une dose mortelle de morphine à son père qui souffre d'un cancer en phase terminale ; l'année suivante, elle est forcée à administrer une autre dose mortelle à sa mère en phase terminale. Cependant, cette histoire aurait pu être inventée par Althusser, qui a admis avoir incorporé des  dans sa .

L'un des frères d'Hélène, Joseph Rytmann, exploite différentes salles de cinéma à Paris à partir de 1933.

Activités au sein de la Résistance
Pendant l'occupation allemande de la France, elle refuse de porter l'étoile jaune demandée par les nazis et rejoint la résistance française à la place. En tant que militante, elle est une camarade de Jean Beaufret et est affiliée à la division « Périclès » de la résistance française. Elle rejoint le Parti communiste français, mais est ensuite exclue pour  et . Elle est accusée d'avoir participé à des exécutions sommaires d'anciens collaborateurs nazis à Lyon. Hélène Rytmann est aussi parfois connue sous le nom d'Hélène Legotien ou Hélène Legotien-Rytmann, son nom de couverture pendant la Résistance française étant .

Carrière sociologique
Entrée à l'OECE comme "varitypiste" en 1951, Hélène Legotien en ressort "chargée d'études" en 1955. La même année, elle rejoint une équipe d'une cinquantaine d'enquêteurs qui, sous la direction d'Alain Touraine, réalisent une enquête de grande ampleur sur "la conscience ouvrière". Dans ce cadre, Legotien est envoyée faire du terrain auprès des ouvriers de Montceau-les-Mines. Elle collabore ensuite à l'enquête que Pierre Naville consacre, entre 1957 et 1959, à l'automation et au travail humain. Seule femme envoyée sur le terrain, elle étudie les modifications de l'organisation du travail à l'Imprimerie nationale et co-rédige le chapitre 3 du rapport d'enquête dirigé par Naville. En 1959, Legotien est embauchée par la SÉDÉS (Société d'études pour le développement économique et sociale). Au sein de cette filiale privée de la Caisse des dépôts et consignations, elle effectue des tâches de documentation avant d'être chargée d'études et de rédiger plusieurs rapports de sociologie rurale qui examinent de manière critique les conséquences du développement de l'agriculture commerciale en France comme dans les anciennes colonies françaises d'Afrique subsaharienne. Avec ses supérieurs et ses collègues économistes, elle plaide pour la conception d'opérations de développement rural plus légères et prenant davantage appui sur le savoir agraire des populations locales. Sur le plan méthodologique, elle préconise également l'adoption de méthodes d'enquête légères et s'inspire de la démarche du sociologie d'intervention italien Danilo Dolci. En 1975, elle prend sa retraite et quitte la SÉDÉS. Cette retraite ne l'empêche pas de continuer de mener des enquêtes sociologiques. Lorsqu'elle est tuée par son mari le 16 novembre 1980, Legotien était impliquée dans une enquête collective sur la mémoire ouvrière et le changement social à Port-de-Bouc.

Meurtre
Le 16 novembre 1980, Hélène Rytmann est assassinée par son mari par strangulation dans leur appartement de l'École normale supérieure. Son mari lui écrase le larynx et la tue. Le meurtre n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une enquête approfondie. En janvier 1981, Louis Althusser est jugé inapte au procès en vertu de l'article 64 du code pénal français, le juge réclamant une  en raison d'une maladie mentale.

Hélène Rytmann est enterrée dans la section juive du Cimetière parisien de Bagneux à Paris.

Héritage
Le roman de 2002 de John Banville, Shroud, est en partie inspiré par le scandale du meurtre d'Hélène Rytmann.

The Forward cite Hélène Rytmann comme exemple de femme juive qui a « changé la France » et suggère qu'il est « grand temps que l'on se souvienne d'Hélène Rytmann avec dignité en tant qu'individu » pour son rôle dans la Résistance française.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Parti communiste français
 Louis Althusser

Bibliographie
 Louis Althusser, Hélène Althusser, Olivier Corpet, Lettres à Hélène : 1947-1980, Grasset, Paris, 2011.
 Francis Dupuis-Déri, « La banalité du mâle : Louis Althusser a tué sa conjointe, Hélène Rytmann-Legotien, qui voulait le quitter », Nouvelles Questions Féministes, 2015/1 (vol. 34), .
 Hélène Rytmann, Tatiana Istomina, Richard Veasey, Philosophie de la rencontre, Pinsapo, Highland, 2019.

Liens externes

Sociologue français du XXe siècle
Femme sociologue
Résistante française
Résistant communiste français
Personnalité politique liée à Paris
Personnalité du Parti communiste français
Féminicide en France
Assassinat en France
Naissance en octobre 1910
Naissance dans le 18e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en novembre 1980
Décès dans le 5e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 70 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière parisien de Bagneux

Hélène Rytmann


Corina este un album de teatru radiofonic muzical lansat de Electrecord în anul 1984. Discul prezintă interpretarea piesei de teatru "Corina" de Edmond Deda, aceasta fiind o adaptare a piesei de teatru Jocul de-a vacanța de Mihail Sebastian. Albumul a fost lansat pe două discuri de vinil, pentru a putea cuprinde ambele acte ale piesei. Primul disc conține primul act, iar cel de-al doilea disc include al doilea act. Albumul a fost înregistrat de către Radio România. Rolurile principale sunt interpretate de Angela Similea, în rolul Corinei, și de Florin Piersic, care interpretează rolul lui Ștefan Valeriu. Corina a reprezentat debutul Angelei Similea în teatru.

Lista actelor
Fața A: Actul I
Fața B: Actul I (continuare)
Fața C: Actul II
Fața D: Actul II (continuare)

Distribuția
Corina – Angela Similea
Ștefan Valeriu – Florin Piersic
Domnul Bogoiu – Matei Alexandru
Madame Vintilă – Vali Niculescu
Maiorul – Victor Moldovan
Agnes – Adina Popescu
Jeff – Vasile Popescu
Un călător – Petre Gheorghiu-Goe
Nevasta călătorului – Cella Tănăsescu

Personal
Conductor orchestră – Edmond Deda
Regia artistică – Matei Alexandru
Regia muzicală – Romeo Chelaru
Grafica – Valentin Săhleanu
Texte muzicale – Cella Tănăsescu
Muzica – Edmond Deda
Orchestra – condusă de Edmond Deda
Fotografie – Cornel Lazia
Redactor de disc – Ștefan Bonea
Text – Mihail Sebastian

Referințe

Albume de Angela Similea
Albume din 1984
Discuri Electrecord LP (30 cm)
Discuri Electrecord cu înregistrări diverse

Corina (album)


Guðmundur Pétursson Thorsteinsson eller Muggur (født 5. september 1891 i Bíldudalur, region Vestfirðir, Island; død 26/27. juli 1924 i Søllerød, begravet i Reykjavík) var en islandsk billedkunstner og skuespiller, søn af købmand Pétur J. Thorsteinssonar og Ásthildar Guðmundsdóttur og bror til lægen Samuel Thorsteinsson, der spillede for det danske fodboldlandshold.

Thorsteinsson studerede på Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi i København i årene 1911-1915 og foretog studierejser i til Tyskland, USA og Italien. Han døde som 32-årig af tuberkulose i Danmark.

Han arbejdede med akvarel, olie, kul og collager. Blandt hans mest kendte værker er collagen Den syvende dag i paradis og børnebogen Dimmalimm. Thorsteinsson spillede hovedrollen i Borgslægtens historie, som blev optaget i Island i 1919.

Galleri

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Guðmundur Thorsteinsson  på Umm.is, portal for islandsk kunst og kunstnere
 Historien om Dimmalimm, online fra Baekur.is der drives af Islands nationalbibliotek − oversigt

Skuespillere fra Island
Malere fra Island

Guðmundur Thorsteinsson


අමීශා පටේල් (1975 ජූනි 9 වන දින උපත ලද.) ඉන්දියානු සිනමා නිළියකි. ඇගේ  ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපටය වුයේ "කහෝනා ප්යාර් හේ(2000) වන අතර,ඇය රගපෑ "ගද්දර්-ඒක් ප්රෙම් කතා(2001)" ඉන්දීය හින්දි සිනමා ඉතිහාසයේ වඩාත් ජනප්‍රරිය වු චිත්‍රපටි අතුරින් එකක් විය. ඒ සඳහා ඇයට විශේෂ රගපෑමට හිමි ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් සම්මානය හිමි විය.ඇය රගපෑ බොහො චිත්‍රපට "බොක්ස් ඔෆිස්"වාර්තා තැබීනට සමත් නොවු අතර,ඇය විසින් රගපෑ "ආන්කි(2006) හා සහාය නිලියකගේ චරිතය රගපෑ "භූල් භුලයියා" (2007) සඳහා ඇයට ප්‍රශංසාව හිමි විය. චිත්‍රපට නිශ්පාදක "වික්රම් බාත්" සමග පැවති සම්බන්ධය හා දෙමාපියන් සමග පැවති භේදය පිලිබදව ඉන්දියානු මාධ්යය තුලින් නිරතුරුවම කතා විය.

පෙර ජීවිතය හා පසුබිම

පටේල් ගේ පියා අමිත් පටේල් වන අතර මව ආශා පටේල් ය.ඇයගෙ සහෝදරිය අශ්මිත් පටේල් වන අතර ,ඇගේ ආච්චි වන රජිනි පටේල්  ප්රසිද්ධ නීතිඥවරියක මෙන්ම,මුම්බායේ "කොන්ග්රස් ප්‍රදේශ් කමිටුවේ" නායකත්වය ද උසුලයි. බොම්බායේ,"බ්රීච් කැන්ඩි" රෝහලේ උපත ලැබු ඇය,අවුරුදු 5හෙදි පටන් "භරත" නැටුම් වලට පුහුණු විය. ඇගේ උපන් නම වන අමීශා,තම පිය වන අමිත් ගෙ මුල් අකුරු තුන හා මව වන ආශා ගෙ අවසාන අකුරු තුනෙහි සංකලනයකි. "මෙඩ්වඩ්" හි "ටෆ් ස්" විශ්ව විද්්‍යාලයේ ආර්ථික විද්යාව ඉගෙනුමට ,ඇය යාමට පෙර පල්ලියෙන් ද,බොම්බායේ "ජෝන් කොන්නොන් " පාසලෙන් ඉගෙනුම ලැබු ඇය 1992-1993 කාලය තුල ප්රධාන ශිෂ්ය නායිකාව ලෙස කටයුතු කලාය. ඇයගේ උපාධියෙන් පසුව ආර්ථික විශ්ලේශකයෙකු ලෙසට ඇය "කන්ඩ්වාලා සෙකියුරිටිස් "හි සේවය කලාය. පසුව "මෝර්ගන් ස්ටැන්ලී"ගෙන් අවස්තාවක් ඇයට ලැබුනද එය සාර්ථක වුයේ නැත.පසුව ඇය ඉන්දියාවට පැමින,"සත්යාදෙව් දුබේ" නම් නාට්ය කංඩායම හා එකව  වේදිකා  නාට්ය වල රගපෑවාය. තම දෙමාපිය අවසරය ඇතිව ඇය "තන්වීර් ඛාන්" ගේ "නීලම්(1999)" නම් උර්දු නාට්ය හිද

අමීශා පටේල්


Kotaro Omori (født 28. april 1992) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Gamba Osaka, Vissel Kobe og FC Tokyo.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kotaro Omori


An Masdevallia nivea in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Rodrigo Escobar, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer och Rodrigo Escobar. An Masdevallia nivea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Masdevallia

Masdevallia nivea


Game Boy, Nintendo'da çalışan Gunpei Yokoi ve ekibince tasarlanmıştır. Gunpei Yokoi, Game & Watch türünde bir alete, çok başarılı olmuş NES oyun sisteminin özelliklerini eklemek istiyordu. İlk prototipi 1987 yapılmış olan aygıtın, büyük başarı kazanacağı Nintendo tarafından beklenmiş hatta Nintendo Japonya'nın başkanı Hiroshi Yamauchi aygıtın üç yıl içinde 25 milyon adet satacağını öngörmüştü.

Game Boy, ilk olarak 1989'da Japon pazarına sunuldu. Yüksek beklentileri de geride bırakarak piyasaya çıktığı ilk üç yılda 32 milyon adet sattı. Bu noktadan sonra daha da güçlenerek 90'larda fenomen haline gelmeyi başardı. Büyük başarısının ardından yeni nesil Game Boy'''lar Nintendo tarafından piyasaya sürüldü. Gameboy'un yaratıcısı Gunpei Yokoi 1997'de bir trafik kazasında ölmüştür. Yokoi aynı zamanda Snk Pocket sürümü Hand Held konsolunun da tasarımcısıdır.

 Diğer modelleri
 Game Boy Pocket Game Boy Light Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance Game Boy Advance SP''

Ayrıca bakınız
 Game Boy oyunları listesi

Dış bağlantılar

Durdurulan ürünler
Bölgesiz oyun konsolları

Game Boy


Small Ball bezeichnet eine Aufstellungsvariante im Basketball, bei der von der sonst üblichen Aufstellung (ein Center, zwei Forwards und zwei Guards) bewusst abgewichen wird, um schneller spielen zu können.

So wird beispielsweise anstatt zwei Forwards nur einer eingesetzt und stattdessen ein zusätzlicher Guard ins Spiel gebracht. In anderen Fällen verzichtet man auf den Center und bringt an seiner Stelle einen Forward aufs Feld. Dadurch ergibt sich ein Geschwindigkeitsvorteil, welcher, richtig eingesetzt, einen Vorteil in der Offensive bedeutet. Des Weiteren setzt man bei Small Ball auf Spieler, die sich durch gutes Ballhandling auszeichnen und oft auch gut aus der Distanz werfen können – damit erreicht man das sogenannte Floor spacing (Schaffen von Räumen). Umgekehrt können sich, sofern der Gegner nicht auch in ähnlich kleiner Aufstellung spielt, Probleme in der Verteidigung ergeben. Insbesondere müssen große, kräftige Gegenspieler gedoppelt werden.

Besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei Spielern zu, die nicht nur offensiv, sondern vor allem defensiv vielseitig sind und verschiedene Positionen verteidigen können. Als Prototyp eines solchen Spielers gilt oft Draymond Green von den Golden State Warriors. Ein weiteres oft genanntes Beispiel ist LeBron James. Andererseits gibt es auch große Spieler, gegen die das Spielen von Small Ball als riskant gilt, weil sie Größenvorteile sehr effektiv nutzen können.

Geschichte
Zu den Pionieren des Small Ball gehören die Trainer Don Nelson (Dallas Mavericks) und Mike D'Antoni (Phoenix Suns) Anfang und Mitte der 2000er Jahre.

Als Durchbruch für die Small-Ball-Strategie gilt die NBA-Saison 2014/15, in der ein Wechsel zu einem kleineren Line-up den Golden State Warriors den Sieg gegen die Cleveland Cavaliers in den Finals brachte. Im sechsten Spiel der Finals setzte der Trainer der Warriors Steve Kerr seinen Center Andrew Bogut gar nicht ein. Auch die Cavaliers verzichteten gegen Ende der Serie weitgehend auf ihren Center Timofey Mozgov.

Quellen

Taktik (Basketball)

Small Ball


Šibenik (Almanca : Sibenning, İtalyanca : Sebenico) Hırvatistan Orta Dalmaçya'da tarihi bir şehir. Krka ırmağının Adriyatik Denizi'ne dökülen bölümüne kurulmuştur.

Šibenik şehri Šibenik-Knin bölgesinin idari ve ekonomik merkezidir. Şehrin nüfusu (2011 Nüfus sayımı verileri itibarıyla) 46 372  kişidir. Nüfusun %94,02'sini Hırvatlar oluşturur.

2000 yilindan itibaren 1984'ten itibaren Šibenik'teki tarihsel St Jacob Katedrali UNESCO Dünya Mirasları Hırvatistan listesinde bulunmaktadır.

Tarihçe

Šibenik şehri 12. yüzyıl civarlarında Macar Krallığı ve 1412-1797 yılları arasında Venedik dukaligi altında yaşamıştır. Bu dönemden kalma çok sayıda eser yer alıyor. Kısa bir dönem Fransız ve 1917 kadar da Avusturya İmparatorluğu yönetmiştir.

Kardeş Şehirler

 Civitanova Marche, İtalya
 San Benedetto del Tronto, İtalya

Resimler
Šibenik

Ayrıca bakınız
Hırvatistan
Šibenik-Knin Bölgesi
Hırvatistan'daki şehirler listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Šibenik resmi websitesi*
UNESCO, Šibenik Katedrali
Šibenik Rehberi
Šibenik hakkinda Almanca enformasyon

Šibenik


Die Julien Dubuque Bridge ist eine Stahlbogen-Fachwerkbrücke mit abgehängter Fahrbahn, die die Städte Dubuque und East Dubuque in den US-amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Iowa und Illinois verbindet und den Mississippi überspannt. Ihr großer Bogen ist als Durchlaufträger konstruiert, seine Hauptöffnung hat eine Stützweite von 258 m. Die Brücke ist seit 1999 im NRHP gelistet.

Etwa drei Kilometer oberhalb nimmt die Dubuque-Wisconsin Bridge seit 1982 den Verkehr nach Wisconsin auf, der bis dahin ebenfalls über die Julien Dubuque Bridge geführt wurde.

Geschichte

Die Brücke ist benannt nach Julien Dubuque (1762–1810), einem Frankokanadier, der einer der ersten weißen Siedler in der Region war.

Eine erste Brücke genügte bald nicht mehr, um den wachsenden Verkehr zu bewältigen. Lange Zeit waren die Mittel für eine leistungsfähigere Brücke nicht vorhanden, zumal die Dringlichkeit dafür zunächst nicht bestand.

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges wuchs jedoch die kriegswichtige Bedeutung einer leistungsfähigen neuen Brücke über den Strom. So wurde 1942 mit dem Bau der Brücke begonnen und ein Jahr später abgeschlossen. Da man damals sogar deutsche Luftangriffe befürchtete, bekam die Brücke zur Tarnung anfangs einen grauen Anstrich.

Da die Finanzierung der Brücke durch Anleihen erfolgte, wurde bis zu deren Rückzahlung im Jahr 1954 anfangs eine Mautgebühr erhoben.

Zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre wurde die Brücke einer Renovierung unterzogen und der Fahrbahnbelag vollständig erneuert.

Vor der Fertigstellung der Dubuque-Wisconsin Bridge im Jahr 1982 führten auch die U.S. Highways 61 und 151 über die Brücke. So führte ein großer Teil des Verkehrs aus dem östlichen Iowa nach Wisconsin über das Jo Daviess County in Illinois. Heute führen diese Verkehrsströme direkt nach Wisconsin.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Straßenbrücke in den Vereinigten Staaten
Bogenbrücke
Mississippibrücke
Erbaut in den 1940er Jahren
Brücke in Iowa
Brücke in Illinois
Bauwerk im Dubuque County
Bauwerk im Jo Daviess County
Brücke in Nordamerika
Dubuque (Iowa)
East Dubuque

Julien Dubuque Bridge


Barber–Scotia College is a private unaccredited historically black college in Concord, North Carolina. It began as a seminary in 1867 before becoming a college in 1916. It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA).

History

Scotia Seminary

Barber–Scotia began as a female seminary in 1867. Scotia Seminary was founded by the Reverend Luke Dorland and chartered in 1870. A project by the Presbyterian Church to prepare young African American southern women (the daughters of former slaves) for careers as social workers and teachers, it was the coordinate women's school for Biddle University (now Johnson C. Smith University).

It was the first historically black female institution of higher education established after the American Civil War. The Charlotte Observer, in an interview with Janet Magaldi, president of Piedmont Preservation Foundation, stated, "Scotia Seminary was one of the first black institutions built after the Civil War. For the first time, it gave black women an alternative to becoming domestic servants or field hands."

Scotia Seminary was modeled after Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount Holyoke College) and was referred to as "The Mount Holyoke of the South". The seminary offered grammar, science, and domestic arts. In 1908 it had 19 teachers and 291 students. From its founding in 1867 to 1908 it had enrolled 2,900 students, with 604 having graduated from the grammar department and 109 from the normal department.  Faith Hall, built in 1891, was the first dormitory at Scotia Seminary. It is listed in National Register of Historic Places and "is one of only four 19th-century institutional buildings left in Cabarrus County." It was closed by the college during the 1970s due to lack of funds for its maintenance.

1916–2004
It was renamed to Scotia Women's College in 1916.  In 1930, the seminary was merged with another female institution, Barber Memorial College, which was founded in 1896 in Anniston, Alabama by Margaret M. Barber as a memorial to her husband. This merger created Barber–Scotia Junior College for women.

The school granted its first bachelor's degree in 1945, and became a four-year women's college in 1946. In 1954, Barber–Scotia College became a coeducational institution and received accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Today, the college maintains close ties to the Presbyterian Church.

2004–2008
On June 24, 2004, one week after appointing its new president, Gloria Bromell Tinubu, the college learned that it had lost its accreditation which meant that students became ineligible for federal aid and that many employees would be laid off. It lost its accreditation due to what the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools said was a failure to comply with SACS Principles and Philosophy of Accreditation (Integrity), as the school "awarded degrees to nearly 30 students in the adult program who SACS determined hadn't fulfilled the proper requirements".

Former President Sammie Potts resigned in February when it became public.  As over 90% of the students at Barber–Scotia received some sort of federal financial aid, when the campus lost accreditation and was therefore no longer eligible to receive federal financial aid for its students, under the Department of Education enrollment then dropped from 600 students in 2004 to 91 students in 2005 and on-campus housing was closed down.

During her tenure President Gloria Bromell Tinubu led a strategic planning effort to change the college from a four-year liberal arts program to a college of entrepreneurship and business, and established partnerships with accredited colleges and top-tiered universities. She would later leave the college when the new Board leadership decided to pursue religious studies instead.  Former President and alumna Mable Parker McLean was hired as president on an interim basis. In February 2006 a committee of the General Assembly Council of the Presbyterian Church (USA) voted to continue the denomination's financial support for Barber–Scotia, noting that its physical facilities were "substantial and well-secured" and that the school was undertaking serious planning for the future. In May 2006, it was reported that Barber–Scotia would rent space on its campus to St. Augustine's College to use for an adult-education program: "Under the terms of the deal, St. Augustine's will pay Barber–Scotia for the space for its Gateway degree program starting this fall."

McLean was replaced by President David Olah who accepted the position without payment and the college re-opened with a limited number of students. During this time, the "previous attempts to revive the college [which] have centered on an entrepreneurial or business curriculum" were formally abandoned "in favor of focusing more on religious studies". Flamer also worked to eliminate debt and worked with alumni and the community to save the college.  Olah left in 2015, to be replaced by Yvonne Tracey, who departed at the end of 2015.

2009–present
Barber–Scotia had an enrollment of 120 full-time students. The college offered the following four degree programs: Bachelor of Arts in Business, Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies, Bachelor of Arts in Sports Management and a Bachelor of Science in Bio-Energy. Each academic discipline has several fields of concentration.  The school closed for the Spring Semester of the 2015–2016 academic year to restructure and implement its new strategic plan.

In September 2016, the newly elected Board of Trustees hired David Olah as president to once again lead the college. Twelve students enrolled, as Barber-Scotia reopened its doors for the fall semester. The college anticipated receiving more than 150 students in the coming semesters.

Rice Access Financial published a request for qualifications, with a deadline for submissions of December 20, 2017 for "developers that had interest in working with the college for possible development opportunities". In February 2018 the Independent Tribune said the college was being sold and a school might be built there. In a response, trustees said that while the college still couldn't offer federal financial aid yet, several programs were still offered which trained students for jobs.  President Olah said that while the college owed millions, it was not for sale. He said degrees were offered through the North Carolina Department of Education in religious studies, renewable energy, business entrepreneurship and sports management, and projected enrollment was 100 to 115.

On March 16, 2019, the college's alumni association held a meeting about the college's future. At that time, the Independent Tribune claimed the college was holding no classes. Melvin Isadore Douglass became the college's president in April 2019, and an official inauguration was planned in January 2020. According to the Independent Tribune, most of the college's 45 students were taking classes online.

In January 2020 the Barber-Scotia Property Task Force started working on plans for what to do with the campus. After meetings with community leaders, it was determined possible uses for campus buildings as of September 2020 included a school, a museum, and a business center. Because the gym was in good shape with a pool that could be used, an aquatics center was another possibility. Faith Hall, Graves Hall and Leland S. Cozart House were on the National Register of Historic Places and would likely be preserved, but some of those buildings were in such bad shape no one could go inside.

In February 2021, the city and the college made a formal agreement to work together.

Douglass and Chairwoman Karen M. Soares, with the aid of Congresswoman Alma Adams, were able to get a 21-year, estimated, $12 million loan forgiven. This program was administered by the Department of Education's HBCU Capital Finance Program. The program provided low-cost capital to finance improvements to the infrastructure of the nation's Historically Black Colleges and Universities.

The Association for Biblical Higher Education said the college had inquired about accreditation but as of July 2021 had not started the process, which would take eight to ten years.

A community survey received a strong response, and studies were planned for renovating and reusing the buildings. A partnership with Cabarrus County Schools was considered. After lack of cooperation from college leaders, the agreement with the city ended in November 2021.

According to a February 1, 2022 press release, Douglass and Soares resigned. Tracey Flemmings was named interim president, and Roberta Pinckney became chair.

An August 2022 article in the Independent Tribune said, "seven of the 15 buildings are deemed unoccupiable", that six others needed violations to be corrected, and that the college had awarded no degrees in 18 years. The article said that none of the college's leaders lived in the county, and that the college claimed to have 24 students who would be studying entrepreneurship, religion, and renewable energy in September 2022. The article also said college leaders announced a partnership with the unaccredited, for-profit Medcerts for health services training online. The Cabarrus County tax assessor was determining whether the college still qualified as a nonprofit; if not, land and buildings worth almost $12 million could be sold.

As of December 2022 The Charlotte Observer reported four students were taking classes, all online, and in 2023, the college held a graduation ceremony for four online students. An investigation by WSOC-TV revealed that Cabarrus County was considering ending the college's tax exemption.

In a March 16, 2023 news release, the city announced that a task force formed in 2017 to help the college was disbanding. The task force accused the college of not cooperating.

A July 6, 2023 news release stated that trustees appointed Chris V. Rey, former mayor of Spring Lake, North Carolina, to succeed Flemmings as president.

Athletics
Barber–Scotia College's athletic programs were known as the Mighty Sabers, and were members of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA) until 2015. Barber–Scotia formerly competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily in the now-defunct Eastern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (EIAC) until the end of the 2004–2005 season, during the time the school lost its accreditation and could no longer field athletics teams. B-SC currently fields men's and women's basketball teams, and a baseball team.

Notable alumni

Scotia Seminary
Emma Jane Wilson studied at Scotia Seminary, became a missionary, teacher, and eventually established an industrial school in Mayesville, South Carolina. She taught and mentored one of Scotia Seminary's most notable alumnae, Mary McLeod Bethune, who  started a school for black students in Daytona Beach, Florida that eventually merged to become Bethune–Cookman University. Bethune was an influential leader and  an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Barber–Scotia College
Katie Geneva Cannon received a Bachelor of Science degree, went on to earn a Master of Divinity from Johnson C. Smith Theological Seminary, and became the first black woman ordained in the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. She later earned Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from Union Theological Seminary in New York City and is currently the Annie Scales Rogers Professor of Christian Ethics at Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond, Virginia.

Further reading
Cozart, Leland Stanford. A Venture of Faith: Barber–Scotia College, 1867–1967. Charlotte, NC: Heritage Printers, 1976.
Gross, Leslie. "Faith Hall: A Landmark in Need of Friends." The Charlotte Observer. May 9, 1999: 3K.
Barber–Scotia College. National Register of Historic Places designation report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior/National Park Service, 1985.
 African American Registry. "History of Scotia Seminary"
Scotia Seminary 1881–82 Catalogue
Scotia Seminary: North Carolina and Its Resources (1896)
State Library of North Carolina. "Scotia Seminary, Concord N.C. (1908)"
Data for Historically Black Colleges and Universities: 1976–1994 – Government publication which includes enrollment statistics for Barber–Scotia College

References

External links

Photographs
 Postcard images of Scotia Seminary – University of North Carolina
 Photograph of Scotia Seminary, 1893
 Buds of Promise – 19th century graduates of Scotia Seminary
 Photographs of Barber-Scotia and Marker

Historically black universities and colleges in North Carolina
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Private universities and colleges in North Carolina
Johnson C. Smith University
Education in Cabarrus County, North Carolina
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Presbyterianism in North Carolina
Unaccredited Christian universities and colleges in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1867
Second Empire architecture in North Carolina
Italianate architecture in North Carolina
Colonial Revival architecture in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Cabarrus County, North Carolina
USCAA member institutions
National Register of Historic Places in Cabarrus County, North Carolina
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA)

Barber–Scotia College


Ümit Yaşar Oğuzcan (22 Ağustos 1926, Tarsus - 4 Kasım 1984, İstanbul) Türk şairdir.

Hayatı
Tarsus'ta doğan şair, 1946 yılında Eskişehir Ticaret Lisesini bitirdi. Ardından Türkiye İş Bankasına bankacı olarak girerek Adana, Ankara ve İstanbul'da çalıştı. Halkla ilişkiler müdür yardımcısı görevinde iken hizmette otuz yılını doldurunca kendi isteğiyle Haziran 1977'de emekliye ayrıldı. İstanbul'da kendi adını taşıyan bir sanat galerisi kurdu.

Kariyeri
Şiir hayatına 1940'ta Yedigün Şairleri arasında başlayan, ardından 1975 yılında 33 şiir, 4 düzyazı kitabı, 13 antoloji ve biyografik eser, toplam 50 kitap çıkarmış bulunan şair; şiir plakları, şarkı sözleri ve yergileriyle tanınır. Genellikle Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel duyarlılığında ve aşk, ayrılık, özlem temaları ekseninde çoğalttığı şiirini, 1973 yılında büyük oğlu Vedat Oğuzcan'ın vefatı üzerine, hayatın boşluğu, ölüm ve acı gibi derinliklere, öz ve biçim yoğunlaştırmalarına yöneltti.

Eserleri

 Mustafa Kemal'i Düşünüyorum
 İnsanoğlu (1947)
 Dolmuş (1955)
 Üstüme Varma İstanbul (1961)
 Sahibini Arayan Mektuplar (1961)
 Yeni Dünya Rekoru (1961)
 Sevenler Ölmez (1962)
 Çigan Gözler (1962),
 Ötesi Yok (1963)
 Hüzün Şarkıları (1963)
 Bir Gün Anlarsın (1965)
 Sadrazamın Sol Kulağı (1965)
 Mihribana Şiirleri (1965)
 İnşallahla Maşallahla (1965)
 Taşlar ve Başlar (1966)
 Seni Sevmek (1966)
 Toprak Olana Kadar (1968)
 Göbek Davası (1968)
 Ben Seni Sevdim mi (1968)
 Halktan Yana (1969)
 Aşk mıydı O (1969)
 Önce Sen Sonra Ben (1971)
 Rübailer (1972)
 Acılar Denizi (1973)
 Yalan Bitti (1975)
 En Eski Yalnızlığımdın Sen Benim (1978)
 Dikiz Aynası (yergi şiirleri, 1982)
 Oğul koşması
 Her Gece Sen
 Beşinci Mektup
 Milyon Kere Ayten
 Bir Başka İstanbul
 Beni Unutma
 Ben Senin En Çok
 Dostlar Seni Unutur mu?
 Bekleyenler İçin

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

1929 doğumlular
Tarsus doğumlular
Mersin doğumlu yazarlar
1984 yılında ölenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri

Ümit Yaşar Oğuzcan


Tidens Krav, Norveç'in Kristiansund şehrinde basılan yerel bir gazetesidir. 1906 yılında kurulmuştur. Pazar hariç her gün çıkan gazete haberlerini Nordmøre'den bildirir.

Dış bağlantılar
 İnternet Sayfası

Norveç gazeteleri
Norveççe gazeteler
1906'da kurulan yayınlar

Tidens Krav


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1964-1965, nommée la KNVB beker, est la  édition de la Coupe des Pays-Bas. La finale se joue le 29 mai 1965 au stade Feijenoord à Rotterdam.

Le club vainqueur de la coupe est qualifié pour la Coupe des coupes 1965-1966.

Finale
Le Feyenoord Rotterdam bat Go Ahead Eagles 1 à 0 et remporte son troisième titre, l'unique but de la rencontre est marqué à deux minutes de la fin par Frans Bouwmeester.

Feyenoord réussit le doublé coupe-championnat cette saison, le club de Deventer se qualifie pour la Coupe des coupes 1965-1966 grâce à sa place de finaliste de la Coupe.

Notes et références

1964-1965
Pays-Bas
Football
Football


Marthe Boyer-Breton, née le  à Paris où elle est morte le , est une peintre française.

Biographie
Marthe Marie Louise Breton est la fille d'Edouard Honoré Breton, caissier, et de Séraphine Louise Lemoine.

Elle épouse en juillet 1889 l'homme de lettres Jean Auguste Boyer (1857-1945) dit « Boyer d'Agen ». Le couple emménage Rue des Dames où viennent au monde plusieurs enfants.

Elève de Léon Bonnat, Dessart, Louis Humbert et de Philippe Parrot, elle exposera de 1886 à 1913  au Salon annuel de l'Union des Femmes Peintres  et Sculpteurs (U.F.P.S). Dans ce cadre, elle fera partie des artistes femmes qui exposeront à  l'exposition universelle 1893 dans le bâtiment dissident du Woman's Building (Chicago)

Par la suite, elle devienda professeur de dessin dans les écoles communales de Paris.

Deux de ses tableaux, exposés en 1898 et 1899, sont offerts à l'église de Salviac.

En 1908, elle propose au Salon Fleur de mai et en 1910 Au Carmel.

Elle meurt en 1926 à son domicile parisien de la rue Boursault. Elle est inhumée le 16 avril au cimetière du Montparnasse.

Distinctions
 Officier d'académie en 1895.

Galerie

Références

Liens externes

Peintre française
Peintre français du XIXe siècle
Peintre français du XXe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1860
Naissance dans le 6e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en avril 1926
Décès dans le 17e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 65 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière du Montparnasse

Marthe Boyer-Breton


Poveste cu buline este un film românesc din 1974 regizat de Liana Petruțiu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1974 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1974

Poveste cu buline


تي-55 هي دبابة قتال رئيسية سوفييتية طورت عن الدبابة عن الدبابة السوفيتية الأقدم تي-54، تم إنتاج دبابات تي-55 في الصين تحت اسم آخر، هو الدبابة تايب 59. كما صنعت في تشيكوسلوفاكيا وبولندا.

قدر ما انتج من التي-55 بحوالي 27,500 دبابة في الاتحاد السوفيتي و5,000 في بولندا و5,000 في تشيكوسلوفاكيا، وقد استخدمت دبابة تي-55 في حرب 1973، على الجبهتَين، المصرية والسورية، واستخدمتها القوات العراقية، كذلك. كما استخدمت في عمليات حربية، في عدة أنحاء من العالم، منها: أنغولا، الصين، فيتنام، وشمالي أفريقيا الجزائر؛ وفي الحرب الهندية - الباكستانية، حيث استخدمت الهند الدبابات الروسية، بينما استخدمت باكستان الدبابات الصينية.

وتعد هذه الدبابة دبابة قتال رئيسية، يمكن الاعتماد عليها؛ وتتميز بسهولة القيادة. ولكن ما يقلل من ميزاتها، أن مدفعها لا ينخفض أقلّ من أربع درجات، ما يجعلها غير قادرة على الرماية، من أعلى التلال، نحو الأهداف المنخفضة، التي تزيد زاوية انخفاضها على أربع درجات.

المواصفات العامة والفنية

المواصفات العامة
 الطاقم: 4 أفراد
 وزن الدبابة مع تجهيزات القتال الوزن بالشدة الكاملة:36 طناً
 وزن الدبابة من دون تجهيز:34 طناً
 القدرة النوعية: 14.44 حصاناً/ طناً «معدل القوة للوزن»
 ضغط الدبابة على الأرض  الضغط النوعي:0.81 كجم/سم2
 طول الدبابة، والمدفع إلى الأمام:9 م
 طول الدبابة، والمدفع إلى الخلف:8.485 م
 طول الدبابة:6.04 م
 ارتفاع الدبابة:2.4 م
 ارتفاع الدبابة، مع الرشاش المضاد للطائرات:2.75 م
 ارتفاع الرشاش المضاد للطائرات:1.75 م
 ارتفاع بطن الدبابة عن الأرض:0.425 م
 عرض الجنزير:0.580 م
 طول الجزء من الجنزير الملامس الأرض:3.84 م
 عرض الدبابة:3.27 م
 أقصى سرعة:50 كم / ساعة
 أقصى مدى على الطرق، من دون استخدام خزانات وقود إضافية: 460 كم
 أقصى مدى على الطرق، مع استخدام خزانات وقود إضافية: 650 كم
 السعة الكلية لخزانات الوقود: 812 لتراً
 اجتياز حاجز رأسي، ارتفاعه: 0.8 م
 صعود مرتفع، زاوية ميله:60 %
 اجتياز مانع مائي، من دون تجهيزات، لا يزيد عمقه على 1.4 م
 اجتياز مانع مائي، مع التجهيزات، لا يزيد عمقه على 5 م
 عبور خندق حاد الحافة، عرضه 2.7 م
 يتكون عدد فقرات الجنزير من 88 إلى 91 فقره

التسليح

 مدفع رئيسي: عيار 100 مم، ذو سبطانة محلزنة.
 رشاش متحد المحور بالمدفع الرئيسي: عيار 7.62 مم.
 رشاش مضاد للطائرات: عيار 12,7 مم.
 أقصى زاوية ارتفاع للمدفع الرئيسي: + 18 درجة.
 أقصى زاوية انخفاض للمدفع الرئيسي: - 5 درجة.
 معدل رماية المدفع الرئيسي: 5-6 قذائف في الدقيقة.
 أقصى معدل لدوران المدفع في الاتجاه الأفقي: 360 درجة، خلال 21 ثانية.
 الذخيرة:
 43 قذيفة من عيار 100 مم.
 20 قذيفة مضادة للدروع.
 23 قذيفة شديدة الانفجار.
 3 آلاف طلقة من عيار 7.62 مم.
 500 طلقة من عيار 12.7 مم
 جهاز الرماية: جهاز مبسط، مزوَّد بمقدر مسافة بصري، للرمي المباشر
 جهاز توازن المدفع: الدبابة مزودة بجهاز اتزان للمدفع يعمل في الاتجاهين الرأسي والأفقي، للرماية أثناء الحركة.
 أجهزة التسديد والرؤية الليلية: زُوِّدت الدبابة بجهاز، يعمل بالأشعة تحت الحمراء، لمسافة 800 م، للسائق.

خفة الحركة والمناورة
 المحرك: ديزل، موديل V-55، ذو 12 سلندر، يبرد بالماء، قوّته 580 حصانا.
 أجهزة نقل الحركة: آلية ذات خمس سرعات أمامية، وسرعة واحدة خلفية
 النظام الكهربائي: 28 فولتاً.
 البطاريات: 4 بطاريات، جهد كل منها 12 فولتاً؛ والسعة الكلية 280 أمبير/ ساعة.

القدرة على البقاء

 التدريع: يختلف سمك التدريع باختلاف أجزاء الدبابة، كالآتي:
 التدريع الأمامي العلوي: 97 مم، على زاوية 58 درجة.
 التدريع الأمامي السفلي: 99 مم، على زاوية 55 درجة.
 التدريع الجانبي العلوي: 79 مم.
 التدريع الجانبي السفلي: 20 مم.
 التدريع الخلفي العلوي: 46 مم.
 التدريع الخلفي السفلي: 46 مم.
 التدريع العلوي: 33 مم.
 التدريع الأمامي السفلي: 20 مم.
 التدريع الخلفي السفلي: 20 مم.
 تدريع البرج، من الأمام: 203 مم.
 تدريع البرج، من الأجناب: 150 مم.
 تدريع البرج، من الخلف : 64 مم.
 سقف البرج : 39 مم، على زاوية 79 درجة.
 الإخفاء أثناء التحرك: زُوِّدَت الدبابة بتجهيزات خارجية لقواذف الدخان، في أحد أجنابها، تنفث ستارة دخانية، لإخفاء التحركات، وللمناورة.
 من أسلحة التدمير الشامل: زُوِّدَت النماذج الحديثة من هذه الدبابة، بجهاز وقاية من أسلحة التدمير الشامل، النووية والبيولوجية والكيماوية.

التجهيزات الإضافية
 أجهزة إحكام القفل، للغطس، تمكنها من الغوص حتى عمق 5.486 م، بالاستعانة بأنبوب التنفس.
 يمكن إضافة خزانات وقود إضافية، في مؤخرة الدبابة، لزيادة مدى عملها.
 دائرة إطفاء ذاتي، لمواجهة الحريق.
 زُوِّدَت الدبابات الكاسحة للألغام، بأجهزة مطوَّرة، لتفجير الألغام.
 أجهزة حفْر، لمساعدة طاقم الدبابة على إخفائها.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 تي-90
 تي-80
 تي-72
 تي-62
 تي-34
 تي-50

مصدر
 موسوعة مقاتل من الصحراء

دبابات قتال رئيسية في الحرب الباردة
دبابات قتالية رئيسية في الاتحاد السوفيتي
مركبات عسكرية اخترعت في 1945–1949
مركبات عسكرية 1945–1949

تي-55


Novorum Vegetabilium Descriptiones, (abreviado Nov. Veg. Descr.), es un libro con descripciones botánicas, escrito conjuntamente por Pablo de La Llave & Juan José Martínez de Lexarza y publicado en dos partes en los años 1824-1825.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Descripción en IPNI

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas

Novorum Vegetabilium Descriptiones


Mullard Limited was a British manufacturer of electronic components. The Mullard Radio Valve Co. Ltd. of Southfields, London, was founded in 1920 by Captain Stanley R. Mullard, who had previously designed thermionic valves for the Admiralty before becoming managing director of the Z Electric Lamp Co. The company soon moved to Hammersmith, London and then in 1923 to Balham, London. The head office in later years was Mullard House at 1–19 Torrington Place, Bloomsbury, now part of University College London.

Start-up
In 1921, the directors were Sir Ralph Ashton (chairman), Basil Binyon of the Radio Communication Co, C.F. Elwell and S.R. Mullard (Managing Director).

Partnership with Philips
In 1923, to meet the technical demands of the newly formed BBC, Mullard formed a partnership with the Dutch manufacturer Philips.  The valves (vacuum tubes) produced in this period were named with the prefix PM, for Philips-Mullard, beginning with the PM3 and PM4 in 1926. Mullard finally sold all its shares to Philips in 1927. In 1928, the company introduced the first pentode valve to the British market.

Factories

Mitcham
Mullard opened a new manufacturing plant at the end of New Road, Mitcham, Surrey in 1929. A second building was added in 1936. Both buildings had a very distinctive flat roof construction and were very similar to those at Philips' headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Co-sited with the Mullard buildings was the manufacturing complex for Philips Radios.  Mitcham was also home to the Mullard Application Laboratory.

Blackburn
In the late 1930s Philips opened a plant in Blackburn, Lancashire, and during the Second World War some operations were moved there from Mitcham; by the end of the war, nearly 3,000 were employed. Tungsten and molybdenum wire were produced on-site from 1954, and a glass factory was built in 1955. In 1962 over 6,200 were employed and Mullard described the Blackburn works as "the largest valve manufacturing plant in Europe".

By 1949 Mullard had produced a number of television sets, such as the MTS-521 and MTS-684. In 1951 Mullard was producing the LSD series of photographic flash tubes.

Others
Mullard had factories in Southport and Simonstone, both in Lancashire. The latter closed in 2004. There was also a sister factory at Belmont in Durham (closed in June 2005). Other factories included those at Fleetwood (closed in 1979) and Lytham St. Annes (closed in 1972). A feeder factory at Haydock closed in 1981. A small factory in Hove closed in the early 1970s.

Teletext

In the early 1980s, Mullard manufactured the SAA5050, one of the first teletext character generator modules made in the UK.

Semiconductors

Mullard owned semiconductor factories in Southampton and Hazel Grove, Stockport, Cheshire.

Southampton (Millbrook Trading Estate) was a purpose-built plant, opened in 1957 for the manufacture of semiconductors. Production of germanium alloy transistors was transferred from Mitcham.
At the same time the plant started the research, development and production of electro optical devices. Fabrication of planar devices on a mass production basis did not begin until 1966, when germanium sales were decreasing. 1967 saw the start of the development and production of integrated circuits. The plant was planned to be the biggest semiconductor facility in Europe, employing 3,000 people including 200 scientists and engineers.

In 1962 Associated Semiconductor Manufacturers (ASM) Ltd was formed by Mullard and GEC to combine the semiconductor development and production facilities of the two companies; Mullard owned two-thirds of the company and included the Southampton plant; GEC contributed their small factory in School Street, Hazel Grove, producing thyristors, rectifiers and power diodes. GEC pulled out of ASM Ltd in 1969.
In 1972 production was moved to a newly constructed factory nearby on Bramhall Moor Lane.

Both sites were later owned by NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips Semiconductors). The Southampton site is now closed. The one in Hazel Grove, Stockport specialises in power semiconductor devices and is now Nexperia Manchester.

The first transistors produced by Mullard were the OC50 and OC51 point-contact types in 1952, which were not widely used. In 1953 Mullard moved to junction transistors, beginning with the plastic-cased OC10 series.  These were followed by the glass-encapsulated OC43...47, OC70/71, (released in 1957) and OC80 series (the output devices were metal encapsulated to facilitate heatsinking), which were produced in large numbers and copied by other companies, such as Valvo (another Philips subsidiary) and Siemens in Germany, and Amperex in the USA. RF transistors were the OC170 and OC171. All these were germanium PNP transistors. Mullard's first silicon transistors were the OC201 to OC207, PNP alloy types using the standard SO-2 metal-over-glass construction such as the OC200 shown. From about 1960 Mullard switched to using the BC prefix for silicon, and AC for germanium, eliminating the confusion of part numbers. in the mid 1960s the first plastic packages were introduced. In 1964 the company produced a prototype electronic desktop calculator as a technology demonstrator for its transistors and cold cathode indicator tubes.

Space science
In 1957 Philips-Mullard helped to set up the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO) at the University of Cambridge. In 1966 the Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL) was opened near Dorking, Surrey as part of University College London. The Royal Society Mullard Award for young scientists and engineers was set up in 1967.

Mullard brand name
Philips continued to use the brand name "Mullard" in the UK until 1988. Mullard Research Laboratories in Redhill, Surrey then became Philips Research Laboratories. As of 2007, the Mullard brand has been revived by Sovtek, producing a variant of the ECC83 and EL34.

Z Electric Lamp Company
The Z Electric Lamp Co. continued business into the 1970s operating from premises in Thornton Heath, southern Greater London, manufacturing lamps of specialised design. However, it closed due to the recession in the mid 1970s.

See also
 Mullard–Philips tube designation
 MEL Equipment

50th Anniversary in 1970
To mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of the company, Mullard management decided to have a rose named after the company. Mullard's quest was simple, they wanted a world-beater, nothing less, so they contacted the renowned grower Sam McGredy IV in Northern Ireland. The naming fee of £10,000/$24,000 was a lot of money in 1970 and established a record fee for a new rose : Mullard Jubilee "Electron". To mark the occasion every employee received a "Mullard Jubilee" rose bush.

References

External links

Mullard Semiconductors by Andrew Wylie
Some Mullard History on personal blog
History of Mullard Tubes
Mullard Valve Works in Blackburn

Defunct technological companies of the United Kingdom
Vacuum tubes
Guitar amplification tubes
Electronics industry in London
Electronics companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in London
Electronics companies established in 1920
History of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
History of the London Borough of Wandsworth
1920 establishments in England

Mullard


Karl Wilhelm Krämer (* 7. September 1930 in Köln; † 4. Dezember 1990 in Bielefeld) war ein deutscher Schriftsteller, der vor allem als Lyriker und Librettist herausstach. Er wird mittlerweile als ein wichtiger Dichter Westfalens angesehen. Seine Literatur ist der Homosexuellen- und Arbeiterliteratur zuzurechnen.

Leben und Werk
Karl Wilhelm Krämer wurde in Köln geboren und zog als Jugendlicher 1946 nach Lübbecke. Zunächst war er als Landarbeiter tätig, bevor er eine Schneiderausbildung und ein Schauspielstudium beendete. 1960 gründete er die Werkstatt für moderne Maßkleidungen, die er bis 1976 als Schneider in Lübbecke leitete. Danach war er bis zu seinem Ruhestand in einer Bielefelder Textilfabrik tätig. Am 4. Dezember 1990 wurde der homosexuelle Dichter von einem 21-jährigen Stricher ermordet und ausgeraubt.

Seit den 1950er Jahren schrieb Krämer regelmäßig. So sind von ihm vor allem Kurzgeschichten, Gedichte, Rezensionen und zwei Libretti überliefert. Obwohl er anfangs nur ein Amateur- bzw. Hobbyautor war, entwickelte er sich schon zu Lebzeiten und erst recht nach seinem Tod zu einem bekannten westfälischen Dichter, der außerhalb der Heimatdichtung tätig war.

Regional konnte er kleinere Erfolge erzielen: so wurden zwei Librettis von ihm umgesetzt und immerhin 1974 im Landestheater Detmold aufgeführt: Magic Power, Ballettlibretto, 1974 und Träume heute (Ballettlibretto), 1974. Im Radio wurden einige Gedichte des Lyriker 1975 im WDR unter dem Titel "Einst wirken Träume" gesendet.

Werk
 Entschlossen zu widersprechen, 1979, Lyrik.
 Der Gedächtnisbaum, 1984, Lyrik.

Veröffentlichungen in Magazinen

Westfalenspiegel-Heft Nr. 12, 1973. Heft Nr. 3, 1976.

Radioproduktion

Einst wirkten Träume, 1975, Auswahl aus Gedichten, gesendet vom WDR.

Libretti für Ballett

Magic Power, Ballettlibretto, 1974 (Uraufführung: Staatstheater Detmold).
Träume heute, Ballettlibretto, 1974, (Uraufführung: Staatstheater Detmold).

Weblinks

Quellen
 Mann für Mann. Ein biographisches Lexikon. Bernd-Ullrich Hergemöller, Suhrkamp-Verlag. 2001.

Autor
Arbeiterliteratur
Lyrik
Literatur (Deutsch)
Homosexualität in der Literatur
Deutscher
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 1990
Mann

Karl Wilhelm Krämer


Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells. In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and personal use.

Package labeling (American English) or labelling (British English) is any written, electronic, or graphic communication on the package or on a separate but associated label.

History of packaging

Ancient era

The first packages used the natural materials available at the time: baskets of reeds, wineskins (bota bags), wooden boxes, pottery vases, ceramic amphorae, wooden barrels, woven bags, etc. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed:  first glass and bronze vessels.  The study of old packages is an essential aspect of archaeology.

The first usage of paper for packaging was sheets of treated mulberry bark used by the Chinese to wrap foods as early as the first or second century BC.

The usage of paper-like material in Europe was when the Romans used low grade and recycled papyrus for the packaging of incense.

The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035, when a Persian traveller visiting markets in Cairo, Arab Egypt, noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold.

Modern era

Tinplate
The use of tinplate for packaging dates back to the 18th century. The manufacturing of tinplate was the monopoly of Bohemia for a long time; in 1667 Andrew Yarranton, an English engineer, and Ambrose Crowley brought the method to England where it was improved by ironmasters including Philip Foley. By 1697, John Hanbury had a rolling mill at Pontypool for making "Pontypoole Plates". The method pioneered there of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than was possible with the former practice of hammering.

Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the Bristol Channel in 1725.  The tinplate was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire. By 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. Tobacconists in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards.

Canning

With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for food preservation by French inventor Nicholas Appert, the tin canning process was patented by British merchant Peter Durand in 1810. After receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning food. He sold his patent in 1812 to two other Englishmen, Bryan Donkin and John Hall, who refined the process and product and set up the world's first commercial canning factory on Southwark Park Road, London. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for the Royal Navy.

The progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the can opener. Robert Yeates, a cutlery and surgical instrument maker of Trafalgar Place West, Hackney Road, Middlesex, UK, devised a claw-ended can opener with a hand-operated tool that haggled its way around the top of metal cans. In 1858, another lever-type opener of a more complex shape was patented in the United States by Ezra Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut.

Paper-based packaging

Set-up boxes were first used in the 16th century and modern folding cartons date back to 1839.  The first corrugated box was produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper received a British patent in 1856 and was used as a liner for tall hats. Scottish-born Robert Gair invented the pre-cut paperboard box in 1890—flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention came about as a result of an accident: as a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, he was once printing an order of seed bags, and the metal ruler, commonly used to crease bags, shifted in position and cut them. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes.

Commercial paper bags were first manufactured in Bristol, England, in 1844, and the American Francis Wolle patented a machine for automated bag-making in 1852.

20th century
Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included Bakelite closures on bottles, transparent cellophane overwraps and panels on cartons. These innovations increased processing efficiency and improved food safety.  As additional materials such as aluminum and several types of plastic were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance and functionality.

In 1952, Michigan State University became the first university in the world to offer a degree in Packaging Engineering.

In-plant recycling has long been typical for producing packaging materials. Post-consumer recycling of aluminum and paper-based products has been economical for many years:  since the 1980s, post-consumer recycling has increased due to curbside recycling, consumer awareness, and regulatory pressure.

Many prominent innovations in the packaging industry were developed first for military use.  Some military supplies are packaged in the same commercial packaging used for general industry. Other military packaging must transport materiel, supplies, foods, etc. under severe distribution and storage conditions. Packaging problems encountered in World War II led to Military Standard or "mil spec" regulations being applied to packaging, which was then designated "military specification packaging". As a prominent concept in the military, mil spec packaging officially came into being around 1941, due to operations in Iceland experiencing critical losses, ultimately attributed to bad packaging. In most cases, mil spec packaging solutions (such as barrier materials, field rations, antistatic bags, and various shipping crates) are similar to commercial grade packaging materials, but subject to more stringent performance and quality requirements.

, the packaging sector accounted for about two percent of the gross national product in developed countries. About half of this market was related to food packaging.
In 2019 the global food packaging market size was estimated at USD 303.26 billion, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% over the forecast period. Growing demand for packaged food by consumers owing to quickening pace of life and changing eating habits is expected to have a major impact on the market.

The purposes of packaging and package labels

Packaging and package labeling have several objectives
 Physical protection – The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, mechanical shock, vibration, electrostatic discharge, compression, temperature, etc.
 Barrier protection – A barrier to oxygen, water vapor, dust, etc., is often required. Permeation is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain desiccants or oxygen absorbers to help extend shelf life. Modified atmospheres or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh, sterile and safe for the duration of the intended shelf life is a primary function. A barrier is also implemented in cases where segregation of two materials prior to end use is required, as in the case of special paints, glues, medical fluids, etc.
 Containment or agglomeration – Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of storage and selling efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 marbles requires less physical handling than 1000 single marbles. Liquids, powders, and granular materials need containment.
 Information transmission – Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package or product. With pharmaceuticals, food, medical, and chemical products, some types of information are required by government legislation. Some packages and labels also are used for track and trace purposes. Most items include their serial and lot numbers on the packaging, and in the case of food products, medicine, and some chemicals the packaging often contains an expiry/best-before date, usually in a shorthand form. Packages may indicate their construction material with a symbol.
 Marketing – Packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase a product. Package graphic design and physical design have been important and constantly evolving phenomena for several decades. Marketing communications and graphic design are applied to the surface of the package and often to the point of sale display. Most packaging is designed to reflect the brand's message and identity on the one hand while highlighting the respective product concept on the other hand.

 Security – Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter manipulation and they can also have tamper-evident features indicating that tampering has taken place. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of package pilferage or the theft and resale of products: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage than other types, and some have pilfer-indicating seals. Counterfeit consumer goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be minimized or prevented with such anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include authentication seals and use security printing to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit. Packages also can include anti-theft devices such as dye-packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Using packaging in this way is a means of retail loss prevention.
 Convenience – Packages can have features that add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, using, dispensing, reusing, recycling, and ease of disposal
 Portion control – Single serving or single dosage packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households. It also aids the control of inventory: selling sealed one-liter bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves.
 Branding/Positioning – Packaging and labels are increasingly used to go beyond marketing to brand positioning, with the materials used and design chosen key to the storytelling element of brand development. Due to the increasingly fragmented media landscape in the digital age this aspect of packaging is of growing importance.

Packaging types

Packaging may be of several different types. For example, a transport package or distribution package can be the shipping container used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages.  Some identify a consumer package as one which is directed toward a consumer or household.

Packaging may be described in relation to the type of product being packaged: medical device packaging, bulk chemical packaging, over-the-counter drug packaging, retail food packaging, military materiel packaging, pharmaceutical packaging, etc.

It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: primary, secondary, etc.
 Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.
 Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging, and may be used to prevent pilferage or to group primary packages together.
 Tertiary or transit packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping. The most common form is a palletized unit load that packs tightly into containers.

These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary.  For example, depending on the use, a shrink wrap can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when used to combine smaller packages, or tertiary packaging when used to facilitate some types of distribution, such as to affix a number of cartons on a pallet.

Packaging can also have categories based on the package form.  For example, thermoform packaging and flexible packaging describe broad usage areas.

Labels and symbols used on packages

Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally and internationally standardized.  For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications (such as the FCC and TÜV marks), trademarks, proof of purchase, etc.  Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer rights and safety, for example the CE marking or the estimated sign that notes conformance to EU weights and measures accuracy regulations. Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include the recycling symbol, the recycling code (which could be a resin identification code), and the "Green Dot". Food packaging may show food contact material symbols. In the European Union, products of animal origin which are intended to be consumed by humans have to carry standard, oval-shaped EC identification and health marks for food safety and quality insurance reasons.

Bar codes, Universal Product Codes, and RFID labels are common to allow automated information management in logistics and retailing. Country-of-origin labeling is often used. Some products might use QR codes or similar matrix barcodes. Packaging may have visible registration marks and other printing calibration and troubleshooting cues.

The labelling of medical devices includes many symbols, many of them covered by international standards, foremost ISO 15223-1.

Consumer package contents
Several aspects of consumer package labeling are subject to regulation.  One of the most important is to accurately state the quantity (weight, volume, count) of the package contents.  Consumers expect that the label accurately reflects the actual contents.  Manufacturers and packagers must have effective quality assurance procedures and accurate equipment; even so, there is inherent variability in all processes.

Regulations attempt to handle both sides of this.  In the USA, the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act provides requirements for many types of products.  Also, NIST has Handbook 133, Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods.  This is a procedural guide for compliance testing of net contents and is referenced by several other regulatory agencies.

Other regions and countries have their own regulatory requirements.  For example, the UK has its Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations as well as several other regulations. In the EEA, products with hazardous formulas need to have a UFI.

Shipping container labeling

Technologies related to shipping containers are identification codes, bar codes, and electronic data interchange (EDI).  These three core technologies serve to enable the business functions in the process of shipping containers throughout the distribution channel.  Each has an essential function: identification codes either relate product information or serve as keys to other data, bar codes allow for the automated input of identification codes and other data, and EDI moves data between trading partners within the distribution channel.

Elements of these core technologies include UPC and EAN item identification codes, the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code), the SSCC-18 (Serial Shipping Container Codes), Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly designated GS1-128) bar code symbologies, and ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI standards.

Small parcel carriers often have their own formats.  For example, United Parcel Service has a MaxiCode 2-D code for parcel tracking.

RFID labels for shipping containers are also increasingly used.  A Wal-Mart division, Sam's Club, has also moved in this direction and is putting pressure on its suppliers to comply.

Shipments of hazardous materials or dangerous goods have special information and symbols (labels, placards, etc.) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements. On transport packages, standardized symbols are also used to communicate handling needs. Some are defined in the ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods" and ISO 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods".

Package development considerations
Package design and development are often thought of as an integral part of the new product development process.  Alternatively, the development of a package (or component) can be a separate process but must be linked closely with the product to be packaged.
Package design starts with the identification of all the requirements: structural design, marketing, shelf life, quality assurance, logistics, legal, regulatory, graphic design, end-use, environmental, etc. The design criteria, performance (specified by package testing),  completion time targets, resources, and cost constraints need to be established and agreed upon.  Package design processes often employ rapid prototyping, computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing  and document automation.

An example of how package design is affected by other factors is its relationship to logistics.  When the distribution system includes individual shipments by a small parcel carrier, the sorting, handling, and mixed stacking make severe demands on the strength and protective ability of the transport package. If the logistics system consists of uniform palletized unit loads, the structural design of the package can be designed to meet those specific needs, such as vertical stacking for a longer time frame.  A package designed for one mode of shipment may not be suited to another.

With some types of products, the design process involves detailed regulatory requirements for the packaging.  For example, any package components that may contact foods are designated food contact materials.
Toxicologists and food scientists need to verify that such packaging materials are allowed by applicable regulations. Packaging engineers need to verify that the completed package will keep the product safe for its intended shelf life with normal usage.  Packaging processes, labeling, distribution, and sale need to be validated to assure that they comply with regulations that have the well being of the consumer in mind.

Sometimes the objectives of package development seem contradictory.  For example, regulations for an over-the-counter drug might require the package to be tamper-evident and child resistant: These intentionally make the package difficult to open. The intended consumer, however, might be disabled or elderly and unable to readily open the package. Meeting all goals is a challenge.

Package design may take place within a company or with various degrees of external packaging engineering: independent contractors, consultants, vendor evaluations, independent laboratories, contract packagers, total outsourcing, etc.  Some sort of formal project planning and project management methodology is required for all but the simplest package design and development programs. An effective quality management system and Verification and Validation protocols are mandatory for some types of packaging and recommended for all.

Environmental considerations

Package development involves considerations of sustainability, environmental responsibility, and applicable environmental and recycling regulations. It may involve a life cycle assessment
which considers the material and energy inputs and outputs to the package, the packaged product (contents), the packaging process, the logistics system, waste management, etc.  It is necessary to know the relevant regulatory requirements for point of manufacture, sale, and use.

The traditional "three R's" of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a waste hierarchy which may be considered in product and package development.
 Prevention – Waste prevention is a primary goal.  Packaging should be used only where needed. Proper packaging can also help prevent waste. Packaging plays an important part in preventing loss or damage to the packaged product (contents). Usually, the energy content and material usage of the product being packaged are much greater than that of the package. A vital function of the package is to protect the product for its intended use: if the product is damaged or degraded, its entire energy and material content may be lost.
 Minimization (also "source reduction") – Eliminate overpackaging. The mass and volume of packaging (per unit of contents) can be measured and used as criteria for minimizing the package in the design process. Usually "reduced" packaging also helps minimize costs. Packaging engineers continue to work toward reduced packaging.
 Reuse – Reusable packaging is encouraged.  Returnable packaging has long been useful (and economically viable) for closed-loop logistics systems. Inspection, cleaning, repair, and recouperage are often needed. Some manufacturers re-use the packaging of the incoming parts for a product, either as packaging for the outgoing product or as part of the product itself.
 Recycling – Recycling is the reprocessing of materials (pre- and post-consumer) into new products.  Emphasis is focused on recycling the largest primary components of a package: steel, aluminum, papers, plastics, etc. Small components can be chosen which are not difficult to separate and do not contaminate recycling operations. Packages can sometimes be designed to separate components to better facilitate recycling.
 Energy recovery – Waste-to-energy and refuse-derived fuel in approved facilities make use of the heat available from incinerating the packaging components.
 Disposal – Incineration, and placement in a sanitary landfill are undertaken for some materials.  Certain US states regulate packages for toxic contents, which have the potential to contaminate emissions and ash from incineration and leachate from landfill. Packages should not be littered.

Development of sustainable packaging is an area of considerable interest to standards organizations, governments, consumers, packagers, and retailers.

Sustainability is the fastest-growing driver for packaging development, particularly for packaging manufacturers that work with the world's leading brands, as their CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) targets often exceed those of the EU Directive.

Packaging machinery

Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability, serviceability, reliability, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, multiple products, etc.), energy requirements, quality of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity, ergonomics, return on investment, etc.

Packaging machinery can be:
 purchased as standard, off-the-shelf equipment
 purchased custom-made or custom-tailored to specific operations
 manufactured or modified by in-house engineers and maintenance staff

Efforts at packaging line automation increasingly use programmable logic controllers and robotics.

Packaging machines may be of the following general types:
 Accumulating and collating machines
 Blister packs, skin packs and vacuum packaging machines
 Bottle caps equipment, over-capping, lidding, closing, seaming and sealing machines
 Box, case, tray, and carrier forming, packing, unpacking, closing, and sealing machines
 Cartoning machines
 Cleaning, sterilizing, cooling and drying machines
 Coding, printing, marking, stamping, and imprinting machines
 Converting machines
 Conveyor belts, accumulating and related machines
 Feeding, orienting, placing and related machines
 Filling machines: handling dry, powdered, solid, liquid, gas, or viscous products
 Inspecting: visual, sound, metal detecting, etc.
 Label dispenser
 Orienting, unscrambling machines
 Package filling and closing machines
 Palletizing, depalletizing, unit load assembly
 Product identification: labeling, marking, etc.
 Sealing machines: heat sealer or glue units
 Slitting machines
 Weighing machines: check weigher, multihead weigher
 Wrapping machines: stretch wrapping, shrink wrap, banding
 Form, fill and seal machines
 Other specialty machinery: slitters, perforating, laser cutters, parts attachment, etc.

See also
 Brazilian packaging market
 Document automation
 In-mould labelling
 Packing problems
 Package cushioning
 Polypropylene raffia
 Resealable packaging
 Gift wrapping
 Zero-waste lifestyle

References

Further reading
 Calver, G., What Is Packaging Design, Rotovision. 2004, .
 Dean, D.A., 'Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology", 2000,
 Meisner, "Transport Packaging", Third Edition, IoPP, 2016
 Morris, S.A., "Food and Package Engineering", 2011,
 Pilchik, R., "Validating Medical Packaging" 2002,
 Robertson, G.L., "Food Packaging: Principles and Practice", 3rd edition, 2013,
 Selke, S., "Plastics Packaging", 2004,
 Tweede, Selke, Cartons, Crates And Corrugated Board: Handbook of Paper And Wood Packaging Technology, Destech  Pub ,2014, 2nd edition,

External links

Labels
Product management

Packaging and labeling


Brown Album is  the fifth studio album by American rock band Primus. It was released on July 8, 1997, by Prawn Song and Interscope Records. It was the band's first album with new drummer Brain, who replaced former drummer Tim Alexander. The album has received a mixed reception from critics and fans.

Background
Brown Album was the first Primus release to not feature drummer Tim "Herb" Alexander and the first to feature Brain. Les Claypool stated "Herb's departure was like a marriage that just slowly decayed to an end... When it came down to it, we came very close to dissolving entirely, to ending Primus. I went to Ler and said, 'Look, I'm not content anymore. We've got a good thing going between us and we should probably get a new drummer.' When we talked to Herb about it, he wasn't surprised at all--in fact he seemed very relieved. He's got his own thing now. He's writing and singing [with his new band, Laundry] and he's much happier." Regarding the name of the album, Claypool said "This is a milestone record for Primus so it needed to have a milestone title. The Beatles have their White Album, Metallica have their Black Album, now Primus have their Brown Album."

According to Brain, the album was called the Brown Album because of the way the band approached the recording session; the mixes were done in the most unconventional ways that sounded like a "muffled turd", hence the album title.

Musical style
Claypool stated "Song-wise I think Brown leans back to Suck... or [1990's] Frizzle Fry". "It's a far more aggressive album than we've done in a long time. The differences between this album and [ Punch Bowl...] are far greater than the differences between this album and the very early stuff."

The band decided to record and produce the album completely analog at their "rancho relaxo" recording studio in California. This approach would be completely reversed on the much more accessible Antipop album in 1999.

Touring
In 1997, Primus toured with Limp Bizkit and Powerman 5000, who had both released their major label debuts that year.

Reception

In his review for Allmusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine contends that "the replacement of drummer Tim "Herb" Alexander with Brian  "Brain" Mantia doesn't affect Primus' sound in any notable way", but also notes that the album "moves Primus even further into progressive and jazz-rock territory". In conclusion, he describes Brown Album as "standard Primus – all instrumental interplay and adolescent humor – but it's delivered with more finesse and skill than ever." For Entertainment Weekly, Wook Kim describes the band as "in decline" since their "satisfyingly eclectic" early albums, noting that with Brown Album they "cross that thin line between novel and novelty." The San Diego Union labeled the album as "flat-sounding".

Tom Moon, for Rolling Stone, describes Brown Album as "precisely the type of weirdness that Primus have been peddling for years – progressive-rock instrumentals camouflaged in the tattered rags of punk and the absurdist narratives of a junior Zappa", although he notes that the songs "all wind up sounding the same... Galumphing processionals more notable for their robotic persistence than for their musical invention." He calls the album "more accessible" in the way that it "moves away from Primus' pet herky-jerky shifts of meter long enough to establish serious, straightforward grooves", but also "more accomplished than inspired" with an "increasingly obvious soul deficit."

Oran O'Beirne of Yahoo! reflected on the album on its 25th anniversary in July 2022, describing it as showcasing "a unique form of psycho jazz, bass-oriented metal, and alt-rock psychedelia." The writer added, "in hindsight, the band themselves regarded it a difficult album to digest, but there is a lot of magic between its grooves, along with a tremendous amount of passion and courageous soul that assisted Claypool and co in becoming one of the most highly regarded bands in the alt.metal/rock history books."

Track listing

Personnel

Primus
 Les Claypool – vocals, bass, upright bass
 Larry LaLonde – guitar
 Brain – drums

Production
 Produced by Primus
 Engineered by Les Claypool
 Production coordinator: Jill "Galaxy Queen" Rose
 Studio assistant: Tim "Soya" Solyan

Charts

References

See also
Kalamazoo, Michigan

Primus (band) albums
1997 albums
Interscope Records albums

Brown Album


Antun (Tonči) Trstenjak (Kotoriba, 1. ožujka 1944.), hrvatski katolički svećenik, isusovac, pisac, televizijski novinar i urednik.

Životopis

Rođen je u mjestu Kotoriba u Međimurju. Stupio je u Družbu Isusovu 1961. godine. Veliku maturu položio je 1966. u Nadbiskupskoj klasičnoj gimnaziji u Zagrebu, nakon čega je nastavio studirati filozofiju i teologiju na FTI-u. Kardinal Franjo Kuharić zaredio ga je za svećenika u varaždinskoj katedrali 7. siječnja 1973. Studirao je pastoralnu teologiju i katehetiku na Salezijanskom papinskom sveučilištu u Rimu.  Doktorirao je na Papinskom sveučilištu Gregoriana u Rimu 1987. s tezom o Aleksandru Komuloviću (1548. – 1608.). Bio je od 1988. do 1991. urednik časopisa Obnovljeni Život. U četiri mandata s prekidima (1988. – 2008.) bio je u vodstvu Hrvatske zajednice bračnih susreta. Bio je predsjednik Zavičajnog društva Međimurje u Zagrebu, član Katehetskog vijeća BKJ i HBK (1978. – 1992.) i član Odbora za sredstva društvene komunikacije HBK od 1994. – 2009.

Godine 1989. počeo je surađivati na Zagrebačkom radiju. Bio je od siječnja 1991.  prvi sudionik i suosnivač najdugovječnije religijske emisije prvog programa Hrvatskog radija "Duhovna misao". Dugi niz godina - 1991. do 2009. - radio je na Hrvatskoj radio-televiziji kao televizijski novinar i urednik u Religijskoj redakciji. Prvo je bio novinar u Informativnom programu HRT zadužen za religijske teme a 1993. osniva i uređuje Program religijske kulture HTV. Organizirao je prvi izravni televizijski prijenos mise iz krčke katedrale 23. veljače 1991., prvi izravni prijenos Križnoga puta s papom Ivanom Pavlom II. (1992.). Jedan je od organizatora i komentatora prigodom svih triju posjeta Ivana Pavla II. Hrvatskoj. Prigodom prvog dolaska Pape 1994. osmislio je i bio suorganizator u povijesti papinih putovanja prvog TV-maratona - izravnog televizijskog prijenosa od zagrebačke zračne luke do Kaptola. Snimio je desetak dokumentarnih filmova u seriji Hrvatske katoličke misije i Hrvatski duhovni velikani. Bio je voditelj brojnih kontakt-emisija i sudionik u stvaranju te uređivanju mnoštva emisija Religijskog programa: U početku bijaše riječ, Biblija, Mir i dobro, Duhovni izazovi, Ekumena.

Od 1980. do 2012. bio je sveučilišni profesor na Filozofsko-teološkom institutu i Filozofskom fakultetu Družbe Isusove. Predavao je Pastoralnu teologiju, Katehetiku, Medijske znanosti i didaktiku.

Za najstariji religijski mjesečnik u Hrvatskoj Glasnik Srca Isusova i Marijina od 2009. piše kratke priče pa je tako nastala zbirka "Božićna pomaranča – priče jednog svećenika", koja je objavljena 2013. godine i "Zaljubljeni kapelan - pripovijesti za vele i male" objavljena 2019.  Do sada je napisao i objavio preko 50 znanstvenih članaka u Obnovljenom životu i raznim znanstvenim zbornicima te oko 150 kratkih priča, u kojima iznosi pred čitatelje bogato životno iskustvo i sjećanja satkana ponajprije od doživljenog i proživljenog. Objavio je i preko stotinu tekstova i reportaža u domaćim i stranim tiskovinama.

Hrvatsko društvo katoličkih novinara dodijelilo mu je 24. svibnja 2022. nagradu za životno djelo za dugogodišnje kvalitetno novinarsko, publicističko i uredničko djelovanje u širenju Radosne vijesti putem medija, te ustanovljenje religijskoga programa na Hrvatskoj televiziji.

Djela
 2003. Duhovna misao - Riječi duhovnika s Hrvatskog radija, Zagreb, Znanje
 2013. Božićna pomaranča: Priče jednoga svećenika, Zagreb: Kršćanska sadašnjost.
 2010. Marijan Gajšak - Sakralna umjetnost, monografija, Zagreb: FTI,
 2017. Bračni susreti- Povijest HZBS, monografija, Zagreb: HZBS,
 2019. Zaljubljeni kapelan: Pripovijesti za vele i male. Zagreb: Kršćanska sadašnjost.
 1989. Alessandro Komulović S.J. 1548. – 1608. (Profilo biografico), "Archivium Historicum S.J. ", LVIII. 1989. 43-86
 2019. Zaljubljeni kapelan -pripovijesti za male i vele, Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb
 2023. Aleksandar Komulović, Split1548.- Dubrovnik 1608., Književni krug, Split.

Izvori

Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Hrvatski isusovci
Hrvatski novinari
Hrvatska radiotelevizija

Tonči Trstenjak


An Carex tolucensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Frederick Joseph Hermann, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Anton Albert Reznicek. An Carex tolucensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex tolucensis


Evan Thomas Peters () este un actor american, cunoscut pentru rolurile multiple de pe programul FX - serialul American Horror Story, fiind principalul membru al echipei de la debutul său din 2011, precum și pentru rolul său ca mutant din filmul X-Men.

A debutat ca actor în anul 2004, în filmul Clipping Adam și a jucat în seria Invasion din 2005-2006.

Viața timpurie
Evan Peters s-a născut în St. Louis, Missouri și a crescut într-o suburbie din Ballwin. Este fiul lui Julie și Phil Peters, tatăl său fiind vice-președinte al administrației Charles Stewart Mott Foundation.

Peters a fost crescut într-o familie de religie romano-catolică și a urmat cursurile la o școala primară catolică. El are un frate, pe Andrew. În anul 2001, Peters s-a mutat cu familia sa în Grand Blanc, Michigan, și a urmat cursuri de actorie. El a studiat la Grand Blanc High School, înainte de a se muta împreună cu mama sa la Los Angeles, la vârsta de 15 ani, pentru a-și urma cariera în actorie.

Filmografie

Film

Televiziune

Comerciale

Referințe

Legaturi externe

Nașteri în 1987
Oameni în viață
Actori americani
Miniserii ori filme de televiziune premiate cu Globul de Aur pentru cel mai bun actor
Laureați ai premiilor Emmy

Evan Peters


An Anthurium crenatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Anthurium crenatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Anthurium

Anthurium crenatum