Phoenix (February 1973 – September 30, 1995) was an IBM mainframe computer at Cambridge University's Computer Laboratory. "Phoenix/MVS" was also the name of the computer's operating system, written in-house by Computer Laboratory members. Its DNS hostname was .

Hardware
The Phoenix system was an IBM 370/165.  It was made available for test purposes to 20 selected users, via consoles in the public console room, in February 1973.  The following month, the Computing Service petitioned the Computer Board for an extra mebibyte of store, to double the amount of storage that the machine had.  The petition was accepted and the extra store was delivered in September 1973.

Communications
The IBM-supplied Telecommunications Access Method (TCAM) and communications controller were replaced in 1975 by a system, called Parrot, that was created locally by the staff of the Computer Laboratory, comprising their own software and a PDP-11 complex.  Their goal in doing so was to provide a better user interface than was available with a standard IBM system, alongside greater flexibility, reliability, and efficiency.  They wanted to support 300 terminals.  The initial system, supplied in 1972, comprised the PDP-11 emulating an IBM 2703 transmission control unit, which TCAM communicated with just as though it were a 2703.  The PDP-11 was used instead of a bank of 2703s because for a projected 300 terminals a bank of 2703s was not scalable, too expensive, and inadequate for the Computing Service's needs, since it required paper tape readers and card punches as well.  Even this solution proved to be unsatisfactory, and in 1975 TCAM was replaced by Parrot, with 200 terminals connected to the PDP-11, of which 80 could be simultaneously active.  For full technical details of Parrot, see the technical report by Hazel and Stoneley.

Software
The staff were motivated to write their own system software for the IBM installation as a result of their dissatisfaction with IBM's own interactive command interpreter TSO.  The initial product of their efforts was a Phoenix command interpreter which completely replaced the TSO command interpreter and was also available as a language for controlling batch job submissions through the use of a single IBM JCL command to invoke the Phoenix command interpreter.  The Phoenix command interpreter was based on that of the Titan Multiple Access System which had inline input files and was in service from 1967.

Steve Bourne, who wrote the Bourne Shell for Unix, was at Cambridge in the 1960s and early 1970s. It seems likely that some of the Bourne Shell's constructs in Unix also derived from the Titan command interpreter.

GEC's OS4000 JCL was based on the Phoenix command interpreter.

Upgrades
By 1973 Phoenix had a thousand megabytes of disk space. In 1982 it was upgraded to an IBM 3081D, and in 1989 to an IBM 3084Q.

Decommissioning
The system was decommissioned 24 years after its installation, on 30 September 1995 at 09:17 (by its own clock).

Help command
Phoenix/MVS is remembered for the responses that it gave to its HELP command.  One such was the response to the command HELP GOD, to which Phoenix/MVS would reply "Deities must be invoked directly and not via Phoenix MVS."

Games

One recreational activity on Phoenix was the playing of interactive fiction games.  Because the games were large and demanded significant machine resources whilst running, they were generally played outside of prime time, when research palled.  (The exit message of one game, Fyleet written by Jonathan Partington in 1985, was "Well go and do some work then".)  Other games were Advent (a.k.a. Colossal Cave), Zork (a.k.a. Dungeon), and Acheton.

Acheton was created by two Cambridge graduate students, Jon Thackray and David Seal, in 1978–1979, and expanded over the ensuring two years with the aid of Jonathan Partington.  It was written with the aid of a game assembler, which, unlike the contemporary ZIL game assembler from Infocom, was freely available for use by all users of Phoenix between 1980 and 1995.

Several large early British games developed on Phoenix were sold commercially for microcomputers by Acornsoft and, later, Topologika. This was comparable to Infocom's contemporaneous commercialisation of the MIT mainframe game Zork. Many of these games were subsequently translated by Graham Nelson to run on the Z-Machine.

The commercial release of Brand X was Philosopher's Quest.

Bulletin board

Phoenix also hosted a lively bulletin board named GROGGS, which fostered the community spirit amongst the machine's users. After Phoenix was decommissioned, GROGGS migrated to a Unix system, and survived until August 2020. A second, more structured bulletin board, ZINQUE, was popularly held to stand for 'Zinque Is Not Quite Unix Either'.

Wake

Phoenix inspired great affection in its users, to such an extent that a wake was held on 1 September 1995 to mourn its passing. A University newsgroup called "ucam.phx.nostalgia" was also created for reminiscences.

Current location

The IBM 3084 was taken out by Prof. Jim Austin after it was shut down. It is now on display at  the Computer Sheds computer museum in East Yorkshire, UK.

References

External links

 Phoenix's influence on interactive fiction
 A record of the last moments of Phoenix, and some modern derivatives of its software
 A history of the Computer Laboratory
 An appreciation of Phoenix, by a user
 Some of Phoenix's quirky help messages
 The Phoenix papers by Jonathan Partington.
 The resting place for the last Phoenix

Mainframe computers
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Computer-related introductions in 1973
1995 disestablishments in England
History of Cambridge

Phoenix (computer)


Kuş, Aves sınıfını oluşturan; yumurtlayan, akciğerli, sıcak kanlı, vücudu tüylerle örtülü, gagalı, iki ayaklı, iki kanatlı uçucu hayvanların ortak adıdır.

İç organlar

 Hava delikleri
 Göğüs hava torbacıkları
 Yemek borusu
 Kursak (Taşlık)
 Bezli mide
 Kalp
 Çiğneme midesi
 Ciğer
 Bağırsak
 Karın hava torbacıkları
 Akciğer
 Yumurtalık
 Böbrek
 Yumurta kanalı
 Dışkılık (Anüs)
 Sidik kanalı
 Kör bağırsak

Tüy

Kuş tüyleri karmaşık bir yapıdadır. Keratinleşmiş deri hücrelerinden oluşur. Kanat ve kuyrukta yer alan büyük tüyler (telekler) uçmaya yarar. Vücudu, bir kiremit örtüsü gibi kaplayan dış tüyler ıslanmaktan korur, alttaki ince ve yumuşak tüyler ise vücut ısısının kaybını önler.

Bir kuş tüyü, tüy ekseni ve tüy bayrağından oluşur. Tüy ekseni içi boş ve yuvarlak oyan tüy kökü ile içi ilik dolu dört köşeli tüy gövdesinden ibarettir. Tüy bayrağı ise gövdeden çıkan dallardan, bu dallardan çıkan yan dallardan ve bunların üzerindeki ucu çengel gibi küçük dalcıklardan oluşur. Bu çengelli dalcıklar, üzerinde çengelli dalcık bulunmayan yan dalları kavrayarak tüylerin dik durmasını sağlar

Tüyler eksen ve bayrak kısımlarına göre üç gruba ayrılır:

Telekler

Büyük ve uzun tüylerdir. Yan dalcıkları çengellidir ve bu tüyler dik dururlar. Telekler kuş vücudunun belli bölgelerinden çıkarlar. Bu bölgelerin dışında kalan kısımlar ya tamamen çıplak veya hav tüyleri ile örtülüdür. Telekler de; uçma telekleri, kuyruk telekleri ve örtü telekleri olmak üzere üç çeşittir. Telekler çeşitli renklerde olabilirler.

 Uçma telekleri Kanat şekline dönüşen ön ekstremitenin el ve alt kol kısmında bulunur. Genellikle 10 tane el uçma teleği (esas uçma tüyü) kanat ucundan bilek eklemine kadar sıralanır. Daha küçük olan alt kol uçma telekleri (ikinci derece uçma tüyleri) bilek ekseninden dirseğe kadar sıralanır ve sayıları değişiktir. Tüylerin uzunluklarına ve bayrak şekillerine göre kanatlar sivri veya küt bir görünüm alırlar.

 Kuyruk telekleri Kuyruktaki büyük tüylerdir. Uçarken dümen görevini yaparlar. Sayıları genellikle 12'dir. Bazı türlerde 10, bazılarında 20'ye kadar, hatta bazılarında daha fazla da olabilir. Kuyruk telekleri son kuyruk omuruna bağlanmıştır. Buradaki kasların hareketiyle yelpaze gibi açılabilir, aşağı ve yukarı hareket edebilir. Çok değişik şekillerde olan kuyruk tüyleri bazı türlerde körelmiştir.Kuyruk teleklerinin uzunluk ve yapılarına göre basamaklı, kama şekilli yuvarlak, dört köşe, girintili ve çatallı kuyruk şekillerine rastlanır.

 Örtü telekleri Uçma tüylerinin ve kuyruğun dibinde kiremit gibi dizilmiş kısa tüylerdir. Kanatların üst ve alt taraflarında birkaç sıra örtü tüyü bulunur. Üsttekilere kanat üstü örtü tüyler, alttakilere kanat altı örtü tüyleri denir. Uçma teleklerine en yakın olan örtü tüyleri en büyükleridir, bunlar da el ve kol örtü tüyleri adını alırlar. Vücudun diğer bölümleri de çeşitli büyüklükteki örtü tüyleri ile kaplıdır.

 Kuyruk şekilleri

Düz kuyruk, yuvarlak kuyruk, kama kuyruk, basamaklı kuyruk, girintili kuyruk, çatal kuyruk.

Hav tüyleri

Yan dalları üzerinde kanca gibi çıkıntıları bulunmadığı için bu tüyler dik durmazlar, yumuşak ve gevşek bir haldedirler. Bu tüylerin gövde kısmı da genellikle ince ve zayıftır. Bazen tüy gövdesi körelmiş olup tüy dallarının hepsi tüy kökünden birbirine çok yakın olarak çıkarlar. Hav tüyleri teleklerinin altında yer alır ve kuşun vücut ısısını korumaya yararlar. Renkleri genellikle beyaz veya gridir.

Kıl tüyleri
Eksenleri uzun ve incedir. Bayrak kısımları körelmiştir. Telek tüyleri arasında dağınık olarak bulunur. Gaga dibinde yer alanlar bazen kalın ve sert sakal veya bıyık kılları haline dönüşürler.

Dış bağlantılar
 Avibase - Dünya kuş veritabanı
 KuşBank- Türkiye kuşları veritabanı
 KuşTR- Kuş gözlemciliği sayfası
 Kuş sesleri
 Evcil Kuş Türleri
 Kuş Araştırmaları Derneği
 Kuş Gribi Ve Etkileri
 Kanarya ve Kafes Kuşları Federasyonu
 Norwich kanarya sitesi

Kuş anatomisi


الالتفات أو المُخاطبة أو المناجاة فن من فنون البلاغة في الكلام، وهو تعبير مجازي ينصرف فيه المتحدث أو الكاتب عن المخاطب الحقيقي ليوجه حديثه إلى شخص يتوهمه أو شيء لا وجود له أو فكرة مجردة أو موقف خيالي.

يستخدم في الشعر والأعمال التمثيلية وفي اللغات الاوربية يبدأ النص المحتوي على مناجاة غالبا بحرف النداء "O". وترتبط المناجاة بالتجسيد، إلا أنه في المناجاة، تمتاز الكائنات والمجردات بصفات بشرية محددة (مثل الفهم) ذلك أن المتحدث يخاطبها تماما كما لو أن هناك شخصا موجودا. وتستخدم المناجاة غالبا لإيصال العاطفة القوية كما في حديث كلوديوس الحماسي في رواية هاملت.

معنى مناجاة
مُناجاة: (مصدر نَاجَى) ومُنَاجَاةُ النَّفْسِ في الثقافة والفنون: سُطور أدبيّة تعبِّر بها الشخصيَّة في عمل أدبيّ عمّا يدور بداخلها من أفكار ومشاعر، بطريقة غير مترابطة أحيانًا ويخاطب فيها الكاتبُ شخصًا غائبًا أو شيئًا مجرّدًا أو جمادًا.

والمناجاة الفرديَّة: (في الثقافة والفنون) خُطبة تلقيها إحدى شخصيّات المسرحيّة بصوت يسمعه المشاهدون وبدون أن يقاطعها أحد، والغرض منها التَّعبير عن أعمق مشاعر الشَّخصيّة وأفكارها الدَّفينة أو وقوف المشاهدين على حقائق تتَّصل بما يحدث على خشبة المسرح

المناجاة في الادب العربي والآداب الاجنبية
من المؤكد أن تسمية «المناجاة» ليست تسمية جديدة؛ فقد أشار إليها كثير من الكتاب والدارسين القدماء والمحدثين (بمن فيهم أبو حيان التوحيدي وكثير من المتصوفة) بصفتها لونًا من الكتابة الأدبية، كما أشار إليها الزهاد والمتصوفة بصفتها ممارسة دينية خاصة، أو لونًا من الدعاء الذي يكشف عن علاقة حميمة بين العبد وربه. أضف إلى هذا أن تسمية «المناجاة» شكلت جانبًا مهمًّا من الموروث الشيعي في الأدعية.  وعلى أية حال، فـإن «المناجاة» قديمة في الثقافة الإنسانية كلها، بما في ذلك الثقافة الإسلامية. غير أن كل ذلك لا ينفي أن النظر إلى ما ينتج عن هذه الممارسة من كلام وكتابة، بصفته نوعًا أدبيًّا Literary Genre مستقلاًّ له خصائصه وتقاليده وتطوراته، ربما يكون أمرًا جديدًا يستحق المتابعة والدراسة المستفيضة.

أن جذور هذا التوجه راسخةٌ في مسيرة الشعر العربى القديم، وخاصة عند الشعراء الصوفيين، كما أنه عرف في الآداب الأجنبية، حيث تعمق في هذا الاتجاه الروحى كثيرون منهم «ملتون» وكان من أهدافه أن يُعيد الناس إلى الاعتبارات السامية، ويُذكرهم بالغايات النبيلة، ومنهم أيضا «هنرى فون» وكان شاعرا صوفيا، ويبدو في نغمته التلاشى الكامل، وفكرة الإشراق، وهو يمثل الصوفية الفردية، وكل شعره يدور حول هذه الفكرة، والرجوع إلى الماضي، وإلى أيام الطفولة.

ومن هؤلاء الشعراء أيضا «توماس إليوت» الشاعر الإنجليزي، الذي مر بأزمة روحية كبيرة بعدما نشبت الحربُ العالميةُ الأولى 1914 م، خرج بعدها شاعرا تأمليا دينيا كبيرا، ومن نماذجه الشعرية الفذة قصيدة «الأرض الخراب»، وهي قصيدة حداثية واسعة التأثير في أربعمائة وأربعة وثلاثين سطراً، وتُعد من علامات الأدب الحديث رغم غموضها المزعوم وغرابتها، ففيها يتغيرُ السارد بشكلٍ مفاجئ، كما أنها تراوح بين النبوءة والسخرية، وتقتبس ثقافاتٍ متعددة وإشاراتٍ أدبية متعددة وملتبسة، ومن عباراتها الشهيرة: «أبريل يا أقسى الشهور، سأريك الخوف في قبضة غبار».

وفي الأدب الألمانى يتأثر «جوته» بسفر أيوب في عمله الأدبى «فوست» كما تأثر بالقرآن الكريم والحديث النبوى الشريف والسيرة النبوية في كثير من قصائده في «الديوان الشرقى»، وفي الأدب الفرنسى أيضا نجد «كورنى», و«راسين», و«موليير», و«لافونتين», يهدفون في مؤلفاتهم إلى إصلاح الإنسان نفسيا ومعنويا، وإلى حب الخير والإيمان، والمثل العليا ليستقيم سلوكه.

المناجاة في ثقافة المسلمين
وتعنى مناجاة اصطلاحا عند المسلمين : الدعاء والتحدث مع الله.

وقد ورد في القرآن الكريم قول الله تعالى:(أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ نُهُوا عَنِ النَّجْوَى ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِمَا نُهُوا عَنْهُ وَيَتَنَاجَوْنَ بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ وَمَعْصِيَتِ الرَّسُولِ وَإِذَا جَاؤُوكَ حَيَّوْكَ بِمَا لَمْ يُحَيِّكَ بِهِ اللَّهُ وَيَقُولُونَ فِي أَنفُسِهِمْ لَوْلَا يُعَذِّبُنَا اللَّهُ بِمَا نَقُولُ حَسْبُهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ يَصْلَوْنَهَا فَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ)[قرآن سورة المجادلة-٨] وتفسير النجوى هنا كلام الناس سرّاً فيما بينهم.

أما مناجاة الله يمكن أن تعرف بأنها إخلاص الدعاء، والتقرب إلى الله، وبذل كل الهمة والجهد كي يتقبلها الله، ولا بد من الإشارة إلى أنها تعتبر أعلى درجةً من الدعاء، حيث يحتاج فيها العبد إلى الإخلاص في توجهه إلى الله، والابتعاد عن كل ما يوقع في قلبه الشك في قبول الدعاء.

ومناجاة الله تعالى هي مخاطبة الله تعالى سراً، ودعائه سراً بينه وبين نفسه في اى وقت، وسؤال الله عزّ وجلّ في طلب الحاجة، وهي حاجة العبد لربه حيث يكون العبد في وقت عسرة حيث يبدأ المسلم بمناجاة ربه وسؤاله من فضله، والمناجاة وتكون في اى وقت وفي أي زمان وفي أي مكان.

أركان مناجاة الله:

 الركن الأول: أن نخلص النية لله.

وفي الحديث الصحيح قال رسول الله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم: «إنما الأعمال بالنيات، وإنما لكل امرئ ما نوى».

وقال النبي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم فيما أخرجه الإمام النسائي في سننه: «إنّ اللّه لا يقبل من العمل إلّا ما كان له خالصاً وابْتُغِىَ به وجهه»، فعلى المناجي ربه أن يخلص له المناجاة فلا يسأل أحداً غيره، ولا يستعين بسواه. وقال ايضاً محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم فيما أخرجه الترمذي: «إذا سألت فسأل الله، وإذا استعنت فاستعن بالله، واعلم أن الأمة لو اجتمعت على أن ينفعوك بشيءٍ لم ينفعوك بشيء إلا ما كتبه الله لك، ولو اجتمعت على أن يضروك بشيءٍ، لم يضروك بشيءٍ إلا ما كتبه الله عليك، رُفعت الأقلام وجفت الصحف» فالإخلاص في مبدئه ومنتهاه مبنيٌ على التوحيد الخالص، فلا بد أن تُخرج السوى من قلبك، ولا يبقى فيه إلا الله، وهو أول أركان المناجاة.

 أما الركن الثاني فهو: الاستمرار والدوام.

فعن عَائِشَةَ -رضي الله عنها- أَنَّهَا قَالَتْ سُئِلَ النَّبِيُّ صلى الله عليه وسلم: أَيُّ الأَعْمَالِ أَحَبُّ إِلَى اللَّهِ قَالَ: «أَدْوَمُهَا وَإِنْ قَلَّ»، وكان النبي كما وصفته السيدة عائشة رضي الله تعالى عنها، «كان عمله دِيمَة» (البخاري)، أي دائماً مستمراً، والديمومة ركنٌ من أركان عمارة الأرض، ونجاح العمل.

 والركن الثالث هو: التدبر والتأمل.

فمناجاة الله تحتاج أن تتحدث مع الله بعد تفكرٍ وتدبر يقول الله تعالى: (الَّذِينَ يَذْكُرُونَ اللَّهَ قِيَاماً وَقُعُوداً وَعَلَى جُنُوبِهِمْ وَيَتَفَكَّرُونَ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ رَبَّنَا مَا خَلَقْتَ هَذَا بَاطِلاً سُبْحَانَكَ فَقِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ) [قرآن سورةآل عمران: ١٩١] فالمناجاة لا بد أن تشتمل على الفكر، والفكر إما أن يكون في كتاب الله المنظور، وهو الكون، وما يشمله، فيتفكر في السماء، والأرض، في النبات، والحيوان، بل في ذات الإنسان، وإما أن يكون في كتاب الله المسطور وهو القرآن، قال تعالى: (أَفَلاَ يَتَدَبَّرُونَ القُرْآنَ وَلَوْ كَانَ مِنْ عِندِ غَيْرِ اللَّهِ لَوَجَدُوا فِيهِ اخْتِلافاً كَثِيراً) [قرآن سورة النساء: ٨٢].

 والركن الرابع هو: أنك تدعو ربك بما في قلبك.

تحدثه سبحانه وتعالى وتناجيه، وتكلمه، وتشكو له، وترجوه، وتتضرع إليه، وتتوسل إليه، وتطلب منه.

 والركن الخامس هو: السِّرِّيَّة.

فالمناجاة سرٌ بين العبد وربه لا يَطَّلِع عليه أحد.

مناجاة الأنبياء
والمناجاة قام بها الأنبياء من قبل مثل مناجاة زكريا عليه السلام، قال الله تعالى: (كهيعص، ذِكْرُ رَحْمَةِ رَبِّكَ عَبْدَهُ زَكَرِيَّا، إِذْ نَادَى رَبَّهُ نِدَاءً خَفِيًّا، قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي وَهَنَ الْعَظْمُ مِنِّي وَاشْتَعَلَ الرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا وَلَمْ أَكُنْ بِدُعَائِكَ رَبِّ شَقِيًّا، وَإِنِّي خِفْتُ الْمَوَالِيَ مِنْ وَرَائِي وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا فَهَبْ لِي مِنْ لَدُنْكَ وَلِيًّا)[قرآن سورة مريم ١ - ٥]، ومناجاة أيوب عليه السلام قال الله تعالى (وَأَيُّوبَ إِذْ نَادَى رَبَّهُ أَنِّي مَسَّنِيَ الضُّرُّ وَأَنْتَ أَرْحَمُ الرَّاحِمِينَ)[قرآن سورة الأنبياء /٨٣]

ومناجاة الرسول محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم لله بعد أن صلى ركعتين قال: (اللّهُمّ إلَيْك أَشْكُو ضَعْفَ قُوّتِي، وَقِلّةَ حِيلَتِي، وَهَوَانِي عَلَى النّاسِ يَا أَرْحَمَ الرّاحِمِينَ أَنْتَ رَبّ الْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ وَأَنْتَ رَبّي، إلَى مَنْ تَكِلُنِي ؟ إلَى بَعِيدٍ يَتَجَهّمُنِي ؟ أَمْ إلَى عَدُوّ مَلّكْتَهُ أَمْرِي ؟ إنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ بِك عَلَيّ غَضَبٌ فَلَا أُبَالِي، وَلَكِنّ عَافِيَتَك هِيَ أَوْسَعُ لِي، أَعُوذُ بِنُورِ وَجْهِك الّذِي أَشْرَقَتْ لَهُ الظّلُمَاتُ وَصَلُحَ عَلَيْهِ أَمْرُ الدّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ مِنْ أَنْ تُنْزِلَ بِي غَضَبَك، أَوْ يَحِلّ عَلَيّ سُخْطُكَ لَك الْعُتْبَى حَتّى تَرْضَى، وَلَا حَوْلَ وَلَا قُوّةَ إلّا بِك).

الفرق بين مناجاة الله والدعاء
المناجاة غير الدعاء، فالدعاء قد يكون مفرداً، أو يكون في الصلاة، أو في خارج الصلاة، ولكن المناجاة هي جلسة خلوة مع الله تعالى، فالمناجاة تشتمل على الدعاء، وعلى قراءة القرآن، وعلى التأمل، والتدبر، والتفكر، وتشتمل على الحديث مع الله.

المصادر
موسوعة مصطلحات الترجمة لعبد الصاحب مهدي علي

معجم المعاني الجامع

موقع أ.د علي جمعة

موقع مقالات اسلام ويب

مراجع

أساليب بلاغية
أشكال الخطاب
كيانات نحوية
مصطلحات إسلامية
مصطلحات قرآنية

مناجاة (بلاغة)


Private Lives is a 1930 comedy of manners in three acts by Noël Coward. It concerns a divorced couple who, while honeymooning with their new spouses, discover that they are staying in adjacent rooms at the same hotel.  Despite a perpetually stormy relationship, they realise that they still have feelings for each other. Its second act love scene was nearly censored in Britain as too risqué. Coward wrote one of his most popular songs, "Some Day I'll Find You", for the play.

After touring the British provinces, the play opened the new Phoenix Theatre in London in 1930, starring Coward, Gertrude Lawrence, Adrianne Allen and Laurence Olivier. A Broadway production followed in 1931, and the play has been revived at least a half dozen times each in the West End and on Broadway. The leading roles have attracted a wide range of actors; among those who have succeeded Coward as Elyot are Robert Stephens, Richard Burton, Alan Rickman and Matthew Macfadyen, and successors to Lawrence as Amanda have included Tallulah Bankhead, Elizabeth Taylor, Elaine Stritch, Maggie Smith, Penelope Keith and Lindsay Duncan. Directors of new productions have included John Gielgud, Howard Davies and Richard Eyre. The play was made into a 1931 film and has been adapted several times for television and radio.

Background
Coward was in the middle of an extensive Asian tour when he contracted influenza in Shanghai. He spent the better part of his two-week convalescence sketching out the play and then completed the actual writing of the piece in only four days. He immediately cabled Gertrude Lawrence in New York to ask her to keep autumn 1930 free to appear in the play. After spending a few more weeks revising it, he typed the final draft in The Cathay Hotel in Shanghai and sent copies to Lawrence and his producer and manager, John C. Wilson, with instructions to cable him with their reactions.

Coward received no fewer than 30 telegrams from Lawrence about the play. She first said that she had read the play and there was "nothing wrong with it that can't be fixed." Coward "wired back curtly that the only thing that was going to be fixed was her performance." Lawrence was indecisive about what to do about her previous commitment to André Charlot. Coward finally responded that he planned to cast the play with another actress. By the time he returned to London, he found Lawrence not only had cleared her schedule but was staying at Edward Molyneux's villa in Cap-d'Ail in southeastern France learning her lines. Coward joined her, and the two began rehearsing the scenes they shared.

At the end of July they returned to London where Coward began to direct the production. Coward played the part of Elyot Chase himself, Adrianne Allen was his bride Sibyl, Lawrence played Amanda Prynne, and Laurence Olivier was her new husband Victor. Coward wrote Sibyl and Victor as minor characters, "extra puppets, lightly wooden ninepins, only to be repeatedly knocked down and stood up again." He later insisted, however, that they must be credible new spouses for the lead characters: "We've got to have two people as attractive as Larry and Adrianne were in the first place, if we can find them."

Rehearsals were still underway when the Lord Chamberlain took exception to the second act's love scene, labelling it too risqué in light of the fact the characters were divorced and married to others. Coward went to St. James's Palace to plead his case by acting out the play himself and assuring the censor that with artful direction the scene would be presented in a dignified and unobjectionable manner. Coward repeats one of his signature theatrical devices at the end of the play, where the main characters tiptoe out as the curtain falls – a device that he also used in Present Laughter, Hay Fever and Blithe Spirit.

The play contains one of Coward's most popular songs, "Some Day I'll Find You". The Noël Coward Society's website, drawing on performing statistics from the publishers and the Performing Rights Society, ranks it among Coward's ten most performed songs.

Synopsis

Act 1
Following a brief courtship, Elyot and Sibyl are honeymooning at a hotel in Deauville, France, although her curiosity about his first marriage is not helping his romantic mood. In the adjoining suite, Amanda and Victor are starting their new life together, although he cannot stop thinking of the cruelty Amanda's ex-husband displayed towards her. Elyot and Amanda, following a volatile three-year-long marriage, have been divorced for the past five years, but they now discover that they are sharing a terrace while on their honeymoons with their new and younger spouses. Elyot and Amanda separately beg their new spouses to leave the hotel with them immediately, but both new spouses refuse to co-operate and each storms off to dine alone. Realising they still love each other and regretting having divorced, Elyot and Amanda abandon their spouses and run off together to Amanda's flat in Paris.

Act 2
After dinner at the Paris flat several days later, Elyot and Amanda use their code word "Solomon Isaacs", soon abbreviated to "Sollocks", to stop their arguments from getting out of hand. They kiss passionately, but the harmony cannot last: while Elyot and Amanda cannot live without each other, neither can they live with each other. They argue violently and try to outwit each other, just as they had done during their stormy marriage. Their ongoing argument escalates to a point of fury, as Amanda breaks a record over Elyot's head, and he retaliates by slapping her face. They seem to be trapped in a repeating cycle of love and hate as their private passions and jealousies consume them. At the height of their biggest fight, Sibyl and Victor walk in.

Act 3
The next morning, Amanda tries to sneak away early, but is surprised to find Sibyl and Victor there. As they talk, Elyot comes in, and he and Amanda start bickering again. It has been decided that neither of the new spouses will grant a divorce for a year, to give Amanda and Elyot time to confirm if this is really what they want. As tempers rise, Sibyl and Victor begin to bicker with each other, defending their respective spouses. Amanda and Elyot realise that Sibyl and Victor are as suited to each other as they are, forgive one another and sneak out, leaving the younger two together. As Elyot and Amanda tiptoe out, Victor and Sibyl have reached the point of mutual violence.

Productions

Original productions

Produced by C. B. Cochran, the play premiered on 18 August 1930, at the King's Theatre in Edinburgh, directed by Coward and starring Coward as Elyot, Adrianne Allen as Sibyl, Gertrude Lawrence as Amanda, and Laurence Olivier as Victor.  Sets and costumes were designed by Gladys Calthrop. After successfully touring Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester and Southsea for five weeks, the production opened the new Phoenix Theatre in London on 24 September 1930. A week after the play opened, Heinemann published the text; a week later, HMV issued recordings of scenes from the play performed by Coward and Lawrence. Coward disliked appearing in long runs, and the London run was therefore a limited three-month season. It sold out within a week and was still playing to packed houses when, despite "the gratifying knowledge that we could have run on for another six [months]," it ended on 20 December 1930.

The first Broadway production opened at the Times Square Theatre on 27 January 1931 with Coward, Lawrence and Olivier reprising their roles and Jill Esmond, who had married Olivier a few months earlier, as Sibyl. Walter Winchell described the production as "something to go quite silly over." The New York critics were enthusiastic about the play and Coward's performance. A few weeks before Coward and Lawrence were scheduled to be replaced by Otto Kruger and Madge Kennedy, Lawrence collapsed with a combined attack of laryngitis and nervous exhaustion. Coward appeared at five performances with her understudy, and then closed the production for two weeks to allow Lawrence to recuperate. She returned, and the two continued in their roles until 9 May 1931. The production ran a total of 256 performances.

Major revivals (1940s to 1970s)

The first West End revival was at the Apollo Theatre in 1944 starring John Clements and Kay Hammond. Googie Withers took over as Amanda during the run. Over the years, the play has been revived on Broadway six times.  The first of these, in 1948, starred Tallulah Bankhead as Amanda and Donald Cook as Elyot, with Barbara Baxley as Sibyl and William Langford as Victor, in a production directed by Martin Manulis at the Plymouth Theatre, where it ran for 248 performances. The production toured all but three states of the U.S., and grossed more than $1.5 million. Coward went to see the production "with my heart in my boots and was very pleasantly surprised ... her vitality was amazing, and, strange to say, she played the love scene quite beautifully."

In 1963, at the start of what Coward called "Dad's Renaissance", a London revival directed by James Roose-Evans at the Hampstead Theatre Club heralded Coward's return to critical favour. The success of the production, with Edward de Souza as Elyot and Rosemary Martin as Amanda, led to its transfer to the Duke of York's Theatre. The West End producer wanted to cast established stars in the transfer, but Coward insisted that the young Hampstead cast should be retained. It ran in the West End for 212 performances. A May 1968 Off-Broadway production directed by Charles Nelson Reilly starred Elaine Stritch as Amanda, and ran for nine performances at the Theatre de Lys. A 1969 production, directed by Stephen Porter and starring Brian Bedford as Elyot and Tammy Grimes as Amanda (winning a Tony Award for her performance), with David Glover as Victor and Suzanne Grossman as Sibyl, opened at Broadway's Billy Rose Theatre and then moved to the Broadhurst Theatre to complete its run of 198 performances. The last major revival during Coward's lifetime was at London's Queen's Theatre in 1972.  It was directed by John Gielgud and starred Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens. During the run of the production, John Standing took over as Elyot, and Jill Bennett was a replacement as Amanda. Gielgud directed a 1975 Broadway transfer of his production, starring Maggie Smith and John Standing at the 46th Street Theatre, where it ran for 92 performances. In 1978, Smith reprised her role (alongside Brian Bedford) in a Stratford Festival production of the play.

Major revivals (1980s to present)

In 1980, a production from the Greenwich Theatre transferred to the Duchess Theatre in the West End.  It starred Michael Jayston and Maria Aitken, and it was directed by Alan Strachan.  Elizabeth Taylor as Amanda and Richard Burton as Elyot were the headliners in a highly anticipated 1983 Broadway production directed by Milton Katselas, which opened at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in May 1983 following a pre-Broadway run at the Shubert Theatre in Boston in April 1983. It co-starred John Cullum as Victor and Kathryn Walker as Sibyl and ran for 63 performances. After closing on Broadway, this production toured to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in August and September 1983, the Shubert Theatre, Chicago in September, and the Wilshire Theatre, Los Angeles in October 1983.

In 1990, a revival at London's Aldwych Theatre, starring Keith Baxter and Joan Collins, directed by Tim Luscombe, was not well received, although Sara Crowe won an Olivier Award, Actress in a Supporting Role, as Sibyl. Arvin Brown directed Collins as Amanda and Simon Jones as Elyot in a 1992 Broadway production that closed after only 11 previews and 37 performances at the Broadhurst Theatre. The last West End production of the 20th century was at the National Theatre, running from May to September 1999, with Anton Lesser as Elyot and Juliet Stevenson as Amanda, directed by Philip Franks.

A 2001 London revival emphasised the harshness and darker side of the play; it starred Alan Rickman and Lindsay Duncan, directed by Howard Davies at the Albery Theatre (subsequently renamed the Noël Coward Theatre).  Duncan won the Olivier Award for her performance, Tim Hatley won for his set designs, and Jenny Beavan won for costumes. A Broadway transfer of Davies's West End production, starring Rickman and Duncan, ran for 127 performances at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in 2002. It won the Tony Award for Best Revival, while Duncan won for Leading Actress and Hatley won for sets. In 2009 at its new home, the Hampstead Theatre presented a revival directed by Lucy Bailey, with Jasper Britton as Elyot and Claire Price as Amanda.

A 2010 revival at the Vaudeville Theatre in London was directed by Richard Eyre and starred Matthew Macfadyen as Elyot and Kim Cattrall as Amanda. The ten-week limited season ran from February to May 2010. This production then moved to North America, starring Cattrall and Paul Gross.  It had tryouts in Toronto from 16 September to 30 October 2011 and played on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre from 6 November, with an official opening on 17 November.  Simon Paisley Day played Victor, and Anna Madeley played Sibyl. The production closed early, on 31 December 2011.

A production ran at the Chichester Festival Theatre from 28 September (previews from 21 September) to 27 October 2012, starring Anna Chancellor as Amanda and Toby Stephens as Elyot, with Anthony Calf as Victor and Anna-Louise Plowman as Sibyl.  It was directed by Jonathan Kent. This production was reprised with the same cast at the Gielgud Theatre, in London, from 3 July (previews from 22 June) to 21 September 2013. This performance was broadcast to participating cinemas in the UK from 6 February 2014, and in the US on 11 December 2013, by CinemaLive and Digital Theatre in their West End Theatre Series.

A UK tour of Private Lives starring Patricia Hodge and Nigel Havers opened in October 2021 in Bath. This production cast all the lead roles as much older than in previous productions, which was initially met with scepticism. However, the change was received well by audiences and the tour broke several box-office records before ending in Nottingham in April 2022. This production will transfer to the Ambassadors Theatre in the West End from 31 August to 25 November 2023.

Another revival ran at the Donmar Warehouse in London from 7 April to 27 May 2023. The production starred Stephen Mangan, Rachael Stirling, Laura Carmichael and Sargon Yelda.

Critical reception
The original production received mixed reviews. Coward later wrote, "The critics described Private Lives variously as 'tenuous, thin, brittle, gossamer, iridescent, and delightfully daring'. All of which connoted in the public mind cocktails, repartee and irreverent allusions to copulation, thereby causing a gratifying number of respectable people to queue up at the box office." The Times wrote, "What an entertaining play it is!", but wondered if any other performers could bring it off. Allardyce Nicoll called it "amusing, no doubt, yet hardly moving farther below the surface than a paper boat in a bathtub and, like the paper boat, ever in imminent danger of becoming a shapeless, sodden mass." The Manchester Guardian commented, "The audience evidently found it a good entertainment, but Mr. Coward  certainly had not flattered our intelligence. The play appears to be based on the theory that anything will do provided it be neatly done." The Observer also thought that the play depended on brilliant acting and thought the characters unrealistic, though "None the less, for a couple of hours they are delicious company when Mr. Coward is master of unceremonious ceremonies." The New Statesman discerned a sad side to the play in its story of a couple who can live neither with nor without each other: "It is not the least of Mr. Coward's achievements that he has ... disguised the grimness of his play and that his conception of love is really desolating."

When the text was published, The Times called it "unreadable", and The Times Literary Supplement found it "inexpressibly tedious" in print but acknowledged that its effectiveness on stage was "proved by the delight of a theatrical audience." T. E. Lawrence, however, wrote, "The play reads astonishingly well ... superb prose." The editor of The Gramophone greeted Coward and Lawrence's 1930 recording of scenes from the play as a success and added, "I wish that Noel Coward would find time to write a short play for the gramophone, for neither of these extracts has enough completeness to bear indefinite repetition."

Literary analysis
Private Lives has been the subject of literary analysis under a range of literary theories.  Coward expressed a dim view of such analyses: "Many years ago an earnest young man wrote a book about my plays. It was very intelligent and absolute rubbish." In a 2005 article, Penny Farfan analyses the play from the point of view of queer theory, arguing that "the subversiveness of [Coward's] sexual identity is reflected in his work," and that Private Lives questions "the conventional gender norms on which compulsory heterosexuality depends." Positing that the leading characters' portrayal as equals is evidence in support of this theory, Farfan instances the famous image (shown above) of Coward and Lawrence as Elyot and Amanda smoking and "posing as mirror opposites". Coward himself pronounced the play "psychologically unstable", and John Lahr in a 1982 study of Coward's plays writes, "Elyot and Amanda's outrageousness is used to propound the aesthetics of high camp – an essentially homosexual view of the world that justifies detachment. However, in a 1992 article on "Coward and the Politics of Homosexual Representation", Alan Sinfield, examining gay aspects of Coward's major plays, mentions Private Lives only in passing. The critic Michael Billington writes of the piece, "It is not a closet gay play but a classic about the mysterious charm of ."

The play has also been analysed as part of the theatre of the absurd. In a 1984 article, Archie J. Loss argues that nothing can ever happen in the relationship of Elyot and Amanda, because it is based on conflicting emotions: "they are bound to repeat themselves, playing out their scene again and again with different words and different props but always with the same result." In a 2000 study of Coward, Jean Chothia instances surreal exchanges in the play, such as: "Have you ever crossed the Sahara on a camel?" "Frequently. When I was a boy we used to do it all the time. My Grandmother had a wonderful seat on a camel."

Film and broadcast versions

Hanns Kräly and Richard Schayer wrote the screenplay for a 1931 film adaptation directed by Sidney Franklin and starring Norma Shearer as Amanda and Robert Montgomery as Elyot. Una Merkel and Reginald Denny played Sibyl and Victor.  The film received mixed reviews. Coward thought it "passable."

On 21 April 1939, CBS Radio aired an hour-long adaptation of the play by Orson Welles for The Campbell Playhouse. Guest star Gertrude Lawrence reprised her stage role as Amanda, and Welles played Elyot. Naomi Campbell and Robert Speaight played Sibyl and Victor.

On British television, Peter Gray and Maxine Audley starred in a 1959 presentation, and Alec McCowen and Penelope Keith took the leads in a BBC production in 1976. BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation starring Paul Scofield and Patricia Routledge on 20 December 1975. In January 2010, BBC Radio 4 broadcast another adaptation of the play directed by Sally Avens, starring Helena Bonham Carter as Amanda and Bill Nighy as Elyot.

Awards
When Private Lives premiered, the various awards now given for achievement in musical theatre, such as the Olivier Awards and Tony Awards, had not yet been created, and therefore the original productions of the play received no such awards.  The first Broadway production of Private Lives to receive major theatre awards was the 1969 production, for which Tammy Grimes won both the Tony Award for Leading Actress in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress during the 1970 awards season. Brian Bedford won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor. Sara Crowe won an Olivier Award for her performance as Sibyl in 1991. For her performance as Amanda in the 1975 production, Maggie Smith was nominated for both the Tony and the Drama Desk Awards.

The 2001 London production won three Olivier Awards out of seven nominations, for Lindsay Duncan as Amanda and the set designs by Tim Hatley and costumes by Jenny Beavan. On Broadway in 2002, the same production won three Tonys out of five nominations, including Best Revival, Best Actress (Duncan) and Best Scenic Design (Hatley). It also won the corresponding three Drama Desk awards, out of seven nominations.

Notes

References
Castle, Charles. 1972. Noël. London: W. H. Allen. .
Coward, Noël. 1930. Private Lives: An Intimate Comedy in Three Acts. London: Methuen. Reissue, 2000. .
Coward, Noël. 1937. Present Indicative. Autobiography to 1931. London: Heinemann. Methuen reissue, 2004
Coward, Noël; Barry Day (ed). 2007 The Letters of Noël Coward. London: Methuen. .
Hoare, Philip. 1995. Noël Coward, A Biography. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. .
Kaplan, Joel and Sheila Stowel. 2000. Look Back in Pleasure: Noël Coward Reconsidered. London: Methuen. .
Lahr, John. 1982. Coward the Playwright. London: Methuen. .
Lesley, Cole. 1976. The Life of Noël Coward. London: Cape. .
Morley, Sheridan. 1969. A Talent to Amuse: A Biography of Noël Coward. Rev. ed. London: Pavilion, 1986. .
Richards, Dick. 1970. The Wit of Noël Coward. London: Sphere Books.

External links

1930 plays
Broadway plays
Comedy plays
Off-Broadway plays
British plays adapted into films
Plays by Noël Coward
West End plays

Private Lives


Baron Rathcreedan, of Bellehatch Park in the County of Oxford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created 27 January 1916 for the Liberal politician Cecil Norton. He had previously represented Newington West in the House of Commons and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1905 to 1910 and as Assistant Postmaster-General between 1910 and 1916. Since 1990, the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron.

Barons Rathcreedan (1916)
Cecil William Norton, 1st Baron Rathcreedan (1850–1930)
Charles Patrick Norton, 2nd Baron Rathcreedan (1905–1990)
Christopher John Norton, 3rd Baron Rathcreedan (b. 1949)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother the Hon. Adam Gregory Norton (b. 1952). There are no other heirs to the title.

Arms

References

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1916
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Rathcreedan


Bilgisayar biliminde, kuyruk özyineleme özel bir özyineleme çeşididir.

Tanımı
Bir işlevin döndüreceği değer, doğrudan çağırdığı işlevin döndüreceği değere eşitse buna kuyruk özyineleme denir. Konu özyineleme ile sınırlı olmasa da, özyineleme sırasında işlev çağırma miktarının çokluğu nedeniyle önem kazanır.

Önemi

İşlev çağırma, dolayısıyla özyineleme göreceli olarak pahalı bir iştir. Bunun sebebi işlevlerin çağrılması ve sonlanması arasında yığından (stack) ve muhtemelen öbekten (heap) yer tüketmesidir. Özyineleme sırasında çağrılan işlev, kendi içinden çağrılan bütün işlevlerin bitmesini beklemektedir. Bu zincir yapı algoritma ve girdiye bağlı olarak çok uzayabilir. Bu durumda eşdeğer döngüsel algoritmadan yavaş olacağı gibi, fazla hafıza tüketimi nedeniyle hesaplama bitmeden sonlandırılabilir.

Eğer özyineleme kuyruk yapısındaysa, derleyici ya da yorumlayıcı çalışma zamanında yığının büyümesini engelleyebilir. Bunun sebebi, artık işlevin yığında yer kaplamasına gerek kalmaması ve kendisini çağıran işleve değer olarak doğrudan kendi çağırdığı işlevin çıktısının döndürülebilmesidir. Bu tarz eniyileme işlemleri her derleyici tarafından gerçekleştirilmese de özellikle yaygın işlevsel dillerin derleyicileri tarafından gerçekleştirilir.

Örnekler

Faktöriyel işlevi basit olarak Standart ML'de şu şekilde tanımlanabilir:

 fun fak 0 = 1
   | fak n = n * fak(n - 1)

Özyinelemenin gerçekleştiği n0 durumunda döndürülen değer n*fak(n-1) olduğundan bu kod kuyruk özyineleme yapısında değildir.

Öte yandan ikinci bir işlev (fak2) sayesinde bu kod kolaylıkla kuyruk yapıya çevirilebilir;

 fun fak n =
     let
         fun fak2 0 p = p
           | fak2 m p = fak2 (m-1) (p * m)
     in
       fak2 n 1
 end

Özyineleme
Bilgisayar programlama araçları
Scheme

Kuyruk özyineleme


O Regimento Kastuś Kalinoŭski () é um grupo de voluntários bielorrussos, que foi formado para defender a Ucrânia contra a invasão russa de 2022.

Em março de 2022, foi relatado que mais de mil bielorrussos se inscreveram para ingressar na unidade De acordo com suas próprias declarações, o batalhão não está incorporado à Legião Internacional de Defesa Territorial da Ucrânia para preservar maior autonomia.

Além disso, existem também outros grupos de voluntários bielorrussos lutando pela Ucrânia, por exemplo nas Forças de Defesa Territoriais de Odesa.

História

O primeiro grupo de voluntários estrangeiros na Ucrânia durante a Guerra Russo-Ucraniana foi o destacamento Pahonia, fundado em 2014 durante a Guerra de Donbas. No ano seguinte, o grupo tático "Bielorrússia" foi formado unindo voluntários bielorrussos lutando em diferentes batalhões O "Monumento aos bielorrussos que morreram pela Ucrânia" em Kiev é dedicado aos voluntários bielorrussos que morreram durante a guerra russo-ucraniana.

Em 9 de março de 2022, foi anunciada a criação do Batalhão Kastuś Kalinoŭski. O batalhão tem o nome de Kastuś Kalinoŭski, um líder bielorrusso do século XIX da Revolta de Janeiro de 1863 contra o Império Russo. Foi relatado que em 5 de março de 2022, cerca de 200 bielorrussos se juntaram ao batalhão. Seu lema é: "Primeiro Ucrânia, depois Bielorrússia". A ideia de que os voluntários poderiam dar meia-volta um dia e marchar de volta para libertar Minsk do regime de Lukashenko.

Em 13 de março de 2022, o batalhão anunciou sua primeira baixa, Aliaksiej Skoblia.

O batalhão foi apresentado em cartazes públicos em Kiev para ilustrar os laços militares ucranianos-bielorrussos.

Em 25 de março de 2022, foi relatado que o batalhão prestou juramento e foi formalmente admitido no exército ucraniano. Em 29 de março de 2022, voluntários do Batalhão Kastuś Kalinoŭski lutaram ao lado de soldados ucranianos para recapturar Irpin.

Em 1º de abril de 2022, foi relatado que milhares de voluntários - muitos dos quais eram dissidentes que foram presos após os protestos bielorrussos - se candidataram a membros do batalhão, mas que a verificação e o equipamento desses voluntários criaram um atraso que retardou sua implantação.

Reações
A criação do batalhão foi endossada pela líder da oposição bielorrussa Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, que observou que "mais e mais pessoas da Bielorrússia se unem para ajudar os ucranianos a defender seu país". O presidente da Bielorrússia, Alexander Lukashenko, aliado do presidente russo, Vladimir Putin, chamou os voluntários de "cidadãos enlouquecidos".

Em 26 de março, o vice-chefe do GUBOPiK do Ministério de Assuntos Internos da Bielorrússia, Mikhail Bedunkevich, afirmou que um processo criminal havia sido instaurado na Bielorrússia contra 50 pessoas do Batalhão Kastuś Kalinoŭski por participar de um conflito armado em um estado estrangeiro.

Membros notáveis

 Vadzim Kabanchuk, subsecretário comandante do batalhão, um dos fundadores da organização cívica juvenil Zubr
 Aliaksiej Skoblia
 Pavel Shurmei, ex-remador olímpico bielorrusso e recordista mundial.
 Dzyanis Urbanovich, presidente da Frente Jovem

Baixas
Em 13 de março de 2022, o vice-comandante do batalhão, apelidado de "Tur" (nome real Aliaksiej Skoblia), foi confirmado morto na ofensiva de Kiev quando sua unidade foi emboscada. Em 13 de abril de 2022, o presidente ucraniano Zelenskyy concedeu postumamente a Skoblia o título de "Herói da Ucrânia" - "pela coragem pessoal e heroísmo na defesa da soberania estatal e integridade territorial da Ucrânia, lealdade ao juramento militar".

Em 24 de março de 2022, Dzmitry Apanasovich foi morto durante combates em Irpin.

Invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia (2022–presente)
Fundações na Ucrânia em 2022

Regimento Kastuś Kalinoŭski


توجد بمولدوفا عدة أنهار نذكر:

1-	نهر بيك

2-	نهر كوجالنيك

3-	نهر دنيستر

4-	نهر بروت

5-	نهر راوت

أنهار مولدوفا
قوائم الأنهار حسب البلد
قوائم تضاريس مولدوفا

قائمة أنهار مولدوفا


Soy tükenmesi, biyolojide ve ekolojide, bir türün veya cinsin varlığının sona ermesi, biyosferin küçülmesidir. Soy tükenmesi durumu doğal evrim sürecinin bir parçasıdır. Türler değiştikçe bazen yaşadıkları çevrelere daha iyi uyarlanmış ve aynı zamanda çevre tarafından değişikliğe uğratılmışlardır. Bu türler varlıklarını sürdürürken, çevreye uyum sağlayamayanlar ise var olma savaşında yenik düşüp yeryüzünden silinmişlerdir.

Tükenme çeşitleri
Yaşamın başlangıçından bu yana (3.8 milyar yıl öncesinden günümüze) türler kısa zaman aralıklarıyla yaşayıp yok olmuştur. Ancak Dünya Korunma Birliğinin oluşturduğu kırmızı listede sadece yakın zamanda nesli tükenmiş türler yer alır (Dodo, Tazmanya kurdu, Falkland tilkisi vb.).

Genelde o türdeki son canlının ölümü, soy tükenme ânı olarak kabul edilir, ancak soyun devam etmesi için gerekli olan canlı sayısı çok daha önceden yitirilmiş olabilir. Örneğin Pinta Adası kaplumbağasının (Geochelone nigra abingdoni) sadece 1 erkek üyesi kalmıştır. Bu üyenin adı Yalnız George'dur. Bazen bir canlının neslinin tam tükenip tükenmediği bilinmez (Çin nehir yunusu vb.). Bunun gibi durumlarda bu tür kritik tehlikede kabul edilir.
Ayrıca çok nadir bir durum olarak, neslinin tükendiği sanılan bir hayvanın hâlâ yaşıyor olduğu ispatlanabilir (Takahe, Keseli sincap vb.). Bu durumda bu tür Lazarus taksonuna girer.

Tükenme nedenleri

Soy tükenmesinin birçok nedeni vardır. Örneğin kuş olmayan dinozorların nesli, çok büyük bir göktaşı nedeni ile tükenmiştir. Veya Buzul Çağı'nda yaşamış hayvanların nesli sıcağa uyum sağlayamadıkları için tükenmiştir (mamut, yünlü gergedan, vb.).

Bazen bir hayvan türü evrimleşen yeni ve daha başarılı türlerin rekabetine dayanamaz. Örneğin milyonlarca yıl boyunca kıtalar, Dünya'nın yüzeyinde yavaş yavaş sürüklendi. Bu sürüklenme sonucu, Güney Amerika öbür kıtalardan milyonlarca yıl (yaklaşık 100 milyon yıl) uzak kalmış, bu dönem boyunca keseliler rahatça gelişip çeşitlenme çeşitlenme fırsatı bulmuştu. Ancak bundan yaklaşık 3-4 milyon yıl önce oluşan Panama Kıstağı nedeniyle Kuzey Amerika'daki eteneliler (örn. Canis dirus gibi etçiller) Güney Amerika'ya göç etti ve birçok keselinin soyunun tükenmesine neden oldu.

Yakın zamanda (holosen-günümüz, özellikle antroposen) birçok türün tükenmesine neden olan en önemli unsur insandır.

Avcılık, kirlenme, yabancı türlerin getirilmesi ve doğal yaşam alanının tahribatı soy tükenmesinin nedenlerinden birkaçıdır. Dünya Korunma Birliği'ne göre 1500 yılından itibaren 784 türün tükendiği kesin olarak kanıtlanmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Nesli tehlikedeki türler
 IUCN Kırmızı Listesi

Kaynakça

Soy tükenmesi


Willie White (nacido el  en Memphis, Tennessee) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó dos temporadas en la NBA y una más en la USBL. Con 1,90 metros de estatura, lo hacía en la posición de escolta.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante cuatro temporadas con los Mocs de la Universidad de Tennessee-Chattanooga, donde promedió 16,2 puntos, 4,1 rebotes y 2,4 asistencias por partido. Fue titular en los 122 partidos que disputó, acabando como el máximo anotador histórico de los Mocs, con 1.972 puntos. En sus tres últimas temporadas fue incluido en el mejor quinteto de la Southern Conference, y en 1982 elegido Jugador del Año.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la cuadragésimo segunda posición del Draft de la NBA de 1984 por Denver Nuggets, donde jugó dos temporadas, siendo una de las últimas opciones del banquillo para su entrenador Doug Moe. Su mejor campaña fue la segunda, la 1985-86, en la que promedió 4,0 puntos y 1,2 asistencias por partido como suplente de Fat Lever.

Jugó posteriormente una temporada en la USBL, mientras que el resto de su carrera transcurrió en equipos europeos.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estadísticas en la NCAA

Nacidos en Memphis
Baloncestistas de Tennessee
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los UTC Mocs
Baloncestistas de los Denver Nuggets
Baloncestistas de los Miami Tropics

Willie White


Les artères intercostales sont les artères qui vascularisent les espaces intercostaux.

Les artères intercostales comprennent :

 l'artère intercostale suprême ;
 les  :
 les rameaux artériels intercostaux antérieurs de l'artère thoracique interne ;
 les rameaux artériels intercostaux antérieurs de l'artère musculophrénique ;
 les artères intercostales postérieures.

intercostale

Artère intercostale


An Paspalidium aversum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joyce Winifred Vickery. An Paspalidium aversum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalidium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalidium

Paspalidium aversum


Robert Land () a fost un regizor de film austriac de origine moraviană (cehă) și scenarist.

Biografie
S-a născut într-o familie evreiască ca Robert Liebmann la 13 iulie 1887, la Kromeriz în Austro-Ungaria, azi un oraș din Republica Cehă. El a adoptat ulterior pseudonimul Robert Land pentru a evita confuzia cu celebrul (în aceea perioadă) critic de film și scenarist cu același nume, Robert Liebmann (n. 5 iunie 1890, Berlin - d. iulie 1942, Lagărul de concentrare Auschwitz, Oświęcim, Polonia).

La începutul secolului XX, Land s-a mutat la Viena, unde a obținut o diplomă de învățământ secundar și apoi a urmat cursuri universitare de istoria artei. A urmat și o școală de actorie. În 1911 a debutat ca actor la teatrul vienez Residenzbühne. Cu puțin timp înainte de izbucnirea primului război mondial, el a început să se intereseze de film și a fondat o companie producătoare de filme, la care el însuși a contribuit cu producerea mai multor filme de scurt metraj. Câțiva ani mai târziu, a condus alte companii producătoare de filme, cum ar fi Micco-Film. După război, Land a început să facă filme de lung metraj.

În 1919, Robert Land a scris scenariul filmului Die Jüdin von Toledo (1919, regizat de Otto Kreisler), după o piesă de teatru de Franz Grillparzer. La începutul anilor 1920, filmele sale nu au avut un mare succes, cu excepția filmului Durch die Quartiere des Elends und Verbrechens bazat pe un roman de Emil Kläger. Robert Land a contribuit la succesul viitor al actriței Lilian Harvey, după ce i-a oferit un rol minor (debut actoricesc) în filmul Der Fluch (Blestemul) din 1924. După acest film, Land s-a mutat la Berlin, unde a creat  filme dramatice dar și de comedie cu actori ca Harry Liedtke, Carmen Boni, Fritz Kortner, Liane Haid și Käthe von Nagy.

A regizat câteva filme mute cu necunoscuta în acel moment Marlene Dietrich: Prinzessin Olala (1928), I Kiss Your Hand, Madame (1929). În 1933, după ce Partidul Național Socialist a preluat puterea, Robert Land a trebuit să părăsească Germania din cauza originii sale evreiești.  A reușit însă să termine filmul Drei Kaiserjäger (1933), care, după înfrângerea Germaniei naziste în 1945, a fost interzis de cenzura militară a aliaților. Robert Land a emigrat inițial la Praga, unde nu a găsit un post disponibil de regizor. În 1934 a plecat în Italia, dar un an mai târziu s-a întors la Praga. În 1937 s-a întors la Viena pentru ultima oară, dar după Anschluss-ul Austriei în primăvara anului 1938 a fost expulzat din Reichsfilmkammer (RFK), ceea ce însemna că i s-a interzis să mai regizeze în Germania și Austria. Ca urmare a acestor evenimente, s-a întors la Praga, unde a realizat două filme. În 1938, în Cehoslovacia, a regizat ultimul său film, Panenka. În continuare biografia sa este neclară. Potrivit unor surse, el a emigrat cu soția sa Irma (cu care s-a căsătorit la Viena în 1923) la Paris în 1938, după alte surse, a fost arestat, închis sau ucis în 1939 după ocupația Cehoslovaciei. Alte surse indică faptul că el a murit din cauze naturale în orașul său natal, Kromeriz, în 1942.

Filmografie
 Die Jüdin von Toledo (1919, scenarist)
 Die Rosenkreuzer  (1922)
 Don Juan (1922)
 Der Fluch (1924)
 Der Bankkrach unter den Linden (1926)
 Alpentragödie (1927)
 Der fesche Erzherzog (1927)
 Venus im Frack (1927)
 Prinzessin Olala (1928)
 Zwei rote Rosen (1928)
 Der Raub der Sabinerinnen (1928)
 Frau Sorge (1928)
 Der lustige Witwer (1929)
 Ich küsse Ihre Hand, Madame (1929)
 Der Held aller Mädchenträume (1929)
 Liebe und Champagner (1930)
 Les saltimbanques (1930)
 Boykott (1930)
 Wochenend im Paradies (1931)
 Amours viennoises (1931)
 24 Stunden aus dem Leben einer Frau (1931)
 Drei Kaiserjäger (1933)
 Melodramma (1934)
 Jana, das Mädchen aus dem Böhmerwald (1935)
 Arme kleine Inge (1936)
 Panenka (Robot-Girl Nr. One sau The Doll, 1938, film cehoslovac)

Note

Bibliografie
 Kosta, Barbara. Willing Seduction: The Blue Angel, Marlene Dietrich, and Mass Culture. Berghahn Books, 2009
 Prawer, S.S. Between Two Worlds: The Jewish Presence in German and Austrian Film, 1910-1933. Berghahn Books, 2007.

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de regizori austrieci
 Listă de regizori cehi
 Listă de persoane care au emigrat din cauza nazismului

Nașteri în 1887
Decese în 1942
Regizori austrieci
Scenariști austrieci
Regizori cehi
Scenariști cehi
Oameni din Austro-Ungaria
Persoane care au emigrat din cauza nazismului

Robert Land


An Hohenmea itaipuana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bruno Rezende Silva ngan L.F.Sousa. An Hohenmea itaipuana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hohenmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hohenmea

Hohenmea itaipuana


Arrifana Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Poiares belediyesine bağlı olan, 24,11 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.603 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Nova de Poiares

Arrifana, Vila Nova de Poiares


Nolasca del Molar (El Molar, Tarragona, 1902 a.c.— Barcelona, 1983) fue el nombre de una madre cuyos hijos les dicen que se dejen el futbol  Gonzalo álvarez y nolaska jr.. Ingresó en el saofs y sufrió un ataque de su entrenador que le dijó que se dejara el fútbol en 1918 y fue ordenado sacerdote en 1926. Publicó una cantidad importante de trabajos sobre temas de patrística, de historia y de literatura junto con valiosas ediciones de textos antiguos. Fue colaborador de la Fundación Bíblica Catalana y de la Fundación Bernat Metge. Dejó inéditos muchos otros trabajos y traducciones. Los últimos años firmaba con el nombre de Nolasca Rebull (el nombre mas inusual visto nunca) sus hijos juegan mas mal que Luis Tordera

Obras
 Consueta del misteri de la gloriosa Santa Àgata (1953).
 Consueta de Sant Eudald (1954).
 Per les cançons d'un terrelloner (1956) (Recopilación de canciones populares editado con pseudónimo).
 Una poesia religiosa del segle XIII (1953-1957).
 Eiximenis (1960).
 Traducción y comentario del Himne acatist a la Mare de Déu (1961).
 Perfil espiritual de Eiximenis Artículo en Revista de Girona 22 (1963).
 Procés d'un bruixot (1968).
 La Llegenda àuria de Jaume de Voràgine segons un manuscrit de Vic (1975).

Enlaces externos
 Artículo sobre Nolasc del Molar en la GEC

Religiosos de Cataluña
Capuchinos de España del siglo XX
Francesc Eiximenis
Capuchinos de Sarriá
Fallecidos en Barcelona

Nolasc del Molar


Thiers ist ein Viertel (frz.: Quartier) der südfranzösischen Stadt Marseille im Département Bouches-du-Rhône. Thiers gehört zum 1. Arrondissement (Stadtbezirk). 2006 lebten hier 5639 Menschen.

Im Norden wird das Viertel von der Canebière und vom Boulevard de la Libération begrenzt. Im Osten bilden die Rue Saint-Savournin und die Place Jean Jaurès die Grenze, im Süden die Rue de 3 Mages, im Südwesten der Cours Julien und im Westen der Boulevard Garibaldi.

In Thiers befindet sich das Théâtre du Gymnase. Das am 13. September 1804 eröffnete Theater verfügt über 695 Plätze. Von 1980 bis 1985 wurde es komplett renoviert und befindet sich seit 1983 in Besitz der Stadt Marseille. Daneben befindet sich in Thiers eine weiterführende Schule, das Lycée Thiers.

Einzelnachweise

Viertel von Marseille

Thiers (Marseille)


Scott Benza ist ein für den Oscar nominierter Filmtechniker, der sich auf visuelle Effekte spezialisiert hat.

Leben
Benza arbeitet hauptsächlich für Industrial Light & Magic und oft mit dem Filmregisseur Michael Bay. Für die Filme Transformers, Transformers 3 und Kong: Skull Island wurde er jeweils für den Oscar nominiert.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1998: Urban Assault
 1999: Wild Wild West
 1999: Deep Blue Sea
 1999: Galaxy Quest – Planlos durchs Weltall (Galaxy Quest)
 2001: Pearl Harbor
 2001: Harry Potter und der Stein der Weisen (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone)
 2002: Star Wars: Episode II – Angriff der Klonkrieger (Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones)
 2003: Hulk
 2004: The Day After Tomorrow
 2005: Star Wars: Episode III – Die Rache der Sith (Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith)
 2005: Die Insel (The Island)
 2006: Mission: Impossible III
 2006: Pirates of the Caribbean – Fluch der Karibik 2 (Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest)
 2007: Transformers
 2007: Rush Hour 3
 2008: Iron Man
 2009: Transformers – Die Rache (Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen)
 2011: Transformers 3 (Transformers: Dark of the Moon)
 2012: Marvel's The Avengers
 2012: Cloud Atlas
 2014: Transformers: Ära des Untergangs (Transformers: Age of Extinction)
 2015: Jupiter Ascending
 2015: Avengers: Age of Ultron
 2015: A World Beyond (Tomorrowland)
 2015: Terminator: Genisys
 2016: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
 2017: Kong: Skull Island

Auszeichnungen
 2008: Saturn Award: Beste Spezialeffekte für Transformers
 2008: Oscar: Nominierung in der Kategorie Beste visuelle Effekte für Transformers
 2009: Satellite Awards: Nominierung in der Kategorie Beste visuelle Effekte für Transformers
 2012: Oscar: Nominierung in der Kategorie Beste visuelle Effekte für Transformers 3
 2018: Oscar: Nominierung in der Kategorie Beste visuelle Effekte für Kong: Skull Island

Weblinks

Spezialeffektkünstler
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Scott Benza


Corrine Malcolm (* 2. April 1990 in Hayward) ist eine ehemalige US-amerikanische Biathletin.

Corrine Malcolm lebt in Lake Placid. Sie studiert an der Montana State University und startet für das dortige Montana State University Ski Team, wo sie von Jonne Kähkönen und Patrick Coffey trainiert wird. Sie begann 2010 mit dem Biathlonsport, nachdem sie zuvor schon Skilanglauf betrieb und 2010 acht FIS-Rennen bestritten hatte. Seit der Saison 2011/12 gehört sie dem B-Nationalkader der USA an.

Erste internationale Einsätze hatte Malcolm bei den Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2011 in Nové Město na Moravě, wo sie 63. des Einzels, 33. im Sprintrennen, 46. der Verfolgung und mit Grace Boutot und Kelly Kjorlien 16. im Staffelrennen wurde. Es folgten Einsätze bei den Juniorenrennen der Offenen Europameisterschaften in Ridnaun, bei denen sie 21. des Einzels sowie Sechste im Sprint wurde, das Verfolgungsrennen aber nicht beendete. Mit der ebenfalls wegen Überrundung ihr Rennen nicht beendenden US-amerikanischen Mixed-Staffel wurde Malcolm an der Seite von Grace Boutot, Ethan Dreissigacker und Raileigh Goessling Elfte. Beim North American Invitational 2012 in Jericho wurde sie im Sprint Vierte hinter Hannah Dreissigacker, BethAnn Chamberlain und Katrina Howe. Das Verfolgungsrennen gewann sie, im Massenstartrennen ging sie nicht an den Start. Im weiteren Saisonverlauf startete sie in Canmore bei ihren ersten Rennen im IBU-Cup, die erstmals außerhalb Europas ausgetragen wurden. In ihrem ersten Sprint gewann sie als 30. sofort Punkte und verbesserte ihre Bestleistung im nächsten Sprint an selber Stelle auf den 27. Platz.

Weblinks

 Porträt auf der Webseite des US-Biathlonverbandes

Biathlet (Vereinigte Staaten)
Nordamerikameister (Biathlon)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1990
Frau

Corrine Malcolm


Eine Kalette (auch Rippe) ist die winzige Facette, mit der ein zum Brillant geschliffener Schmuckstein am unteren Ende abschließt. Damit wird verhindert, dass sich der Stein an dieser fragilen Stelle aufspaltet. Die acht Facetten des Unterteils können auch zu einer Spitze zusammenlaufen. Ein gemmologisches Gutachten über einen Brillanten enthält dann die Angabe "Kalette nicht vorhanden" oder "keine Kalette". Eine Spitze erhöht den Wert des Brillanten, eine große Kalette vermindert ihn.

Schmuckstein
Glyptik

Kalette


هولو  شركة أمريكية مزودة لخدمة بث البرامج التلفزيونية والأفلام عبر الإنترنت (فيديو حسب الطلب). يتمكن مشتركو هولو من مشاهدة مسلسلات بدقة عالية (HD) من قنوات مثل ABC، CW، Fox وNBC في اليوم التالي بعد عرضها على القناة الاصلية. يقدم هولو خدمته باشتراك شهري يمكن استخدامه على أجهزة الكمبيوتر المحمول، أجهزة ألعاب الفيديو المتصلة بالانترنت، الهواتف الذكية، الأجهزة اللوحية، شاشات التلفاز وأجهزة أخرى.

منذ 2016، توفرت خدمة هولو فقط في مناطق الولايات المتحدة واليابان. يُحظر المستخدمين من المناطق الأخرى عن طريق «عنوان آي بي» الخاص بهم الذي يحدد مكانهم. يقدم هولو معظم فديوهاتهُ بصيغة فلاش فديو متوفرة بوضوح 480p، 360p، 288p وفي بعض الأحيان 720p. كما يقدم هولو تراخيص ويب لعدة شركات مثل XifinityTV، Myspace، MSN، Google، AOL و!ياهو!.

هولو شركة فرعية من شركة هولو ذ.م.م، التي تملكها مجموعة Disney-ABC التلفزيونية (شركة والت ديزني)، شبكة فوكس التلفزيونية ومجموعة NBCUniversal التلفزيونية.

الاسم

يأتي اسم هولو من كلمتين بلغة الماندرين الأول هو (húlú 葫芦 / 葫蘆)؛ كالاباش بمعنى «القرع» و (hùlù 互 录 / 互 錄) بمعنى «التسجيل التفاعلي». توضح مدونة الشركة:
في لغة الماندرين، لدى Hulu معنيين مثيران للاهتمام، كل منهما وثيق الصلة بمهمتنا. كان المعنى الأساسي يهمنا لأنه استخدم في مثل صيني قديم وصف هولو بأنه حامل الأشياء الثمينة.الكلمة تترجم حرفيا إلى «القرع» وفي العصور القديمة كان القرع يجوف لكي يستخدم لحفظ الأشياء الثمينة. المعنى الثانوي هو «التسجيل التفاعلي». رأينا كلا التعريفين مناسبين وملائمين للغاية لمهمة هولو.

تاريخ الشركة
أُسست هولو من قبل كل من بيث كوستوك وجيسن كيلار. أعلن عن المشروع في مارس 2006 وعُين كيلار رئيساً تنفيذياً للشركة. واختير اسم هولو في اواخر أغسطس، 2007، أطلق هولو للعامة في الولايات المتحدة في 12 مارس، 2008.

بدأت هولو بحملة إعلانية خلال بث قناة «NBC» لنهائي دوري كرة القدم الأمريكية «السوبر بول» ظهر فيها اليك بالدوين. وظهر عدة مشاهير أُخر في إعلانات هولو مثل إليزا دوشكو، سيث ماكفارلن، دينيس ليري وويل ارنيت.

الأجهزة المدعومة

يتمكن مشتركي هولو من مشاهدة البرامج المتوفرة عبر الخدمة عن طريق استخدام متصفح الإنترنت والولوج للموقع أو عن طريق تنزيل تطبيق هولو المتوفر على العديد من الأجهزة الذكية المتصلة على الإنترنت.
 الهواتف الذكية: يتوفر تطبيق هولو على الهواتف الذكية التي تعمل بنظام (أندرويد، iOS وويندوز فون).
 شاشات التلفاز الذكية (Smart TV).
 أجهزة ألعاب الفديو: بلاي ستيشن، إكس بوكس و (وي).

البرامج والمسلسلات

برامج أصلية

منذ 17 يناير، 2011، بدأ هولو بعرض برنامج «صباح اليوم التالي» برنامج اخبار الثقافة الشعبية، يقدم البرنامج براين كيميت وجينجر غونزاغا. ويعد أول برنامج تقوم بإنتاجه الشركة.

بعد برنامج «صباح اليوم التالي» أنتجت الشركة عدة برامج أصلية مثل المسلسل الوثائقي-الساخر «أرض المعركة» ومسلسل الدراما-الخيال العلمي «11.22.63».
 2015: عفوي
 2016: 11.22.63
 2016: المسار
 2018: خفيف كالريشة

ساوث بارك

في 12 يوليو، 2014، وقعت هولو على عقداً لشراء حقوق البث على الإنترنت مدته ثلاث سنين لمسلسل الرسوم المتحركة الكوميدي «ساوث بارك»، واستطاع المشاهدين خارج الولايات المتحدة متابعة المسلسل عبر مشغل الفديو في موقع المسلسل القديم. يستطيع مشتركي الموقع مشاهدة جميع حلقات المسلسل.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

إن بي سي العالمية
برمجيات آي أو إس
برمجيات أندرويد
برمجيات إكس بوكس ون
برمجيات بلاي ستيشن 4
تأسيسات سنة 2007 في كاليفورنيا
تلفزة عبر الإنترنت
خدمات اشتراك بالفيديو حسب الطلب
خدمات البث التلفزيوني عبر الإنترنت
شركات مقرها في سانتا مونيكا (كاليفورنيا)
فروع شركة والت ديزني
كومكاست
مواقع ويب أسست في 2007
مواقع ويب أمريكية
ويب 2.0

هولو


Kup Nogometnog saveza Županije Splitsko-dalmatinske je nogometno kup-natjecanje za klubove s područja Splitsko-dalmatinske županije kojeg organizira Nogometni savez županije Splitsko-dalmatinske. Održava se od 1994. godine, kad je zamijenio dotadašnji Kup Nogometnog saveza Općine Split.
Natjecanje se uglavnom održava u proljetnom dijelu sezone. Pobjednik natjecanja stječe pravo nastupa u Hrvatskom nogometnom kupu. U natjecanju ne sudjeluju klubovi koji imaju izravan plasman u Hrvatski nogometni kup po ostvarenom koeficijentu. Od klubova – članova Hvarske lige se kvalificira pobjednik kupa otoka Hvara.

Dosadašnje završnice

Povezani članci
 Hrvatski nogometni kup
 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska
 2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska
 Hvarska nogometna liga
 Kup Nogometnog saveza Općine Split
 Nogometni kup otoka Hvara

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni savez Županije Splitsko-dalmatinske

Izvori
 nszsd.hr, ''Propozicije natjecanja za Hrvatski nogometni kup na području NSŽSD, objavljeno 16. prosinca 2014., preuzeto 5. prosinca 2016.

Splitsko-dalmatinska
Nogomet u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji


Anne Hidalgo (n. 19 iunie 1959, San Fernando, Cádiz, Spania) este un om politic franco-spaniol, membru al Partidului socialist francez. Din 2014 este primar al Parisului.

Carieră
S-a născut în Provincia Cádiz, în Andaluzia, Spania, într-o familie din clasa muncitoare, care a emigrat în Franța în 1961, fugind de dictatura franchistă și de sărăcie. A crescut în cartierele populare din Lyon. A dobândit cetățenia franceză în 1973. Cu aceasta ocazie și-a schimbat numele Ana María în Anne. A studiat dreptul social și în 1984 a devenit un inspector de muncă. Numită în departamentul Val-de-Marne, s-a mutat în arondismentul 15 din Paris, unde trăiește până în prezent.

În 1994 a devenit membru al Partidului Socialist Francez. În 1997 s-a alăturat cabinetului ministerial al ministrului Martine Aubry, în cadrul guvernului condus de Lionel Jospin. În martie 2001 a candidat la alegerile municipale din arondismentul 15. Aleasă membru al Consiliului din Paris, a fost numită prim viceprimar de către proaspătul primar al Parisului, Bertrand Delanoë. După ce acesta a declarat că nu se prezintă la alegerile municipale din 2014, ea și-a anunțat candidatura. A fost aleasă primar al Parisului pe 5 aprilie 2014.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Pagina lui Anne Hildago pe site-ul Primăriei orașului Paris

Nașteri în 1959
Paris
Primari francezi
Socialiști francezi

Anne Hidalgo


The roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) is a gregarious wading bird of the ibis and spoonbill family, Threskiornithidae. It is a resident breeder in both South and North America. The roseate spoonbill's pink color is diet-derived, consisting of the carotenoid pigment canthaxanthin, like the American flamingo.

Taxonomy
The roseate spoonbill is sometimes placed in its own genus – Ajaia. A 2010 study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills by Chesser and colleagues found that the roseate and yellow-billed spoonbills were each other's closest relatives, and the two were descended from an early offshoot from the ancestors of the other four spoonbill species. They felt the genetic evidence meant it was equally valid to consider all six to be classified within the genus Platalea or alternatively the two placed in the monotypic genera Platibis and Ajaia, respectively. However, as the six species were so similar morphologically, keeping them within the one genus made more sense.

Description
The roseate spoonbill is  long, with a  wingspan and a body mass of . The tarsus measures , the culmen measures  and the wing measures  and thus the legs, bill, neck and spatulate bill all appear elongated. Adults have a bare greenish head ("golden buff" when breeding) and a white neck, back and breast (with a tuft of pink feathers in the center when breeding), and are otherwise a deep pink. The bill is grey. There is no significant sexual dimorphism.

Like the American flamingo, their pink color is diet-derived, consisting of the carotenoid pigment canthaxanthin. Another carotenoid, astaxanthin, can also be found deposited in flight and body feathers. The colors can range from pale pink to bright magenta, depending on age, whether breeding or not, and location.  Unlike herons, spoonbills fly with their necks outstretched. They alternate groups of stiff, shallow wingbeats with glides.

Distribution
In the United States, the species is locally common in Texas, Florida, and southwest Louisiana. Generally, the species occurs in South America mostly east of the Andes, and in coastal regions of the Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of the United States, and from central Florida's Atlantic coast at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, adjoined with NASA Kennedy Space Center at least as far north as South Carolina's Myrtle Beach.

Plume hunting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries almost drove the roseate spoonbill to extinction. However, following decades of conservation efforts, and the effects of climate change, the range of the roseate spoonbill has expanded considerably in the 21st century. For instance, the species was recorded breeding in the state of Georgia for the first time in 2011. Moreover, its presence in South Carolina has expanded significantly since the 1970s, as well as a single sighting of the bird in Michigan, as well as a sighting in Wisconsin. The last known recorded log of this bird in the state of Wisconsin was in 1845 in Rock County, where the bird was discovered deceased, until it was seen again on July 27, 2023, while a crew was doing birding surveys on the restricted-access Cat Island Causeway, marking it a historic reappearance after a 178-year hiatus.

In the summer of 2021, sightings of the bird were reported well outside its typical range, including in Washington, D.C., upstate New York, and even New Hampshire.  A large flock was spotted in Huntley Meadows Park in Fairfax County, Virginia, drawing a large crowd of spectators.

In Florida Bay, roseate spoonbills are an ecological and scientific indicator species. The number of nests varies with both the amount of fresh water and the depth of seawater there, as wetlands turn into open ocean. The birds are choosing to nest further north and inland in Florida, with sharp changes in nest locations noted in the years 2006–2020.

Behavior
Little is known about the roseate spoonbill's behavior outside of their foraging habits. This species feeds in shallow fresh or coastal waters by swinging its bill from side to side as it steadily walks through the water, often in groups. Moreover, the spoon-shaped bill allows it to sift easily through mud.

The bird feeds on crustaceans, bits of plant material, aquatic insects, mollusks, frogs, newts and very small fish (such as minnows) ignored by larger waders. In Brazil, researchers found roseate spoonbill diets to consist of fish, insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and seeds, all foraged from limnetic/freshwater habitats. This habitat specialization, combined with the relative plasticity of great egret foraging behavior, allows the two species to minimize competition during the breeding season. Roseate spoonbills must compete for food with other freshwater birds, such as snowy egrets, great egrets, tricolored herons and American white pelicans. Roseate spoonbills are often trailed by egrets when foraging in a commensal "beater-follower" relationship, as the spoonbill's disturbance of the sediment makes prey more available to the egret (follower).

Breeding
The roseate spoonbill nests in shrubs or trees, often mangroves, laying two to five eggs, which are whitish with brown markings. Immature birds have white, feathered heads, and the pink of the plumage is paler. The bill is yellowish or pinkish. Nestlings are sometimes killed by turkey vultures, bald eagles, raccoons and invasive fire ants.

Conservation and threats
Plume hunting in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries almost drove the roseate spoonbill to extinction. However, it is currently considered not threatened. Information about predation on adults is lacking. In 2022, an 18-year-old banded bird was discovered, making it the oldest known wild individual.

References

External links

 Species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology

roseate spoonbill
Native birds of the Southeastern United States
Birds of the Caribbean
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of South America
Wading birds
roseate spoonbill
roseate spoonbill
Articles containing video clips
Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances

Roseate spoonbill


William Howard Taft (15 Eylül 1857 – ö. 8 Mart 1930) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 27. Başkanı ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Yüksek Mahkemesi'nin 10. Başkanı. ABD tarihinde yaşamı boyunca devletin hem yürütme hem de yargı organlarının başkanlığını yapmış tek kişidir.

Hayatı
1857 yılında Ohio eyaletinin Cincinnati kentinde doğdu. Yale Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nden mezun oldu. Birçok devlet mahkemelerinde hakimlik yaptı. Aynı zamanda Cincinnati Hukuk Fakültesinde profesörlük ve dekanlık yapmaya da devam etti. 1901 yılında ABD'nin İspanya'yla yaptığı savaş sonucu ele geçirdiği Filipinler'e vali olarak atandı. 1904 yılında Başkan Theodore Roosevelt tarafından Savaş Bakanı olarak atandı. 1908 seçimlerinde Cumhuriyetçi Parti'den Başkan adayı oldu. Seçimleri kazanarak Başkan seçildi. 1913 yılına kadar Başkan kaldı. Başkanlık döneminden sonra hukukla ilgilenmeye devam etti. Yale Üniversitesi'nde profesörlük yaptı. Dünya barışı için çalıştı. 1921 yılında o zamanki Başkan Warren G. Harding tarafından Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Yüksek Mahkemesi Başkanlığı'na atandı. 1930 yılındaki ölümüne kadar bu görevde kaldı.

Kaynakça

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1857 doğumlular
Cincinnati, Ohio doğumlular
1930 yılında ölenler
William Howard
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri devlet başkanları
Amerikalı federal savcılar
İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
Yale Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Yale Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Amerikalı masonlar
Cumhuriyetçi Parti (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) mensubu siyasetçiler
Washington, DC'de ölenler
Arlington Ulusal Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Amerikalı siyasetçiler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başyargıçları

William Howard Taft


Defensiner er forsvarsmolekyler, der spiller en central rolle i forsvaret mod patogener, og de går under forskellige navne som antimikrobielle peptider, AMP, og host defense peptides, HDP (se også nedenfor).

Defensiner er en vigtig del af immunsystemet (det innate immunsystem, det medfødte immunsystem). Defensiner findes i dyr, planter og svampe. Evolutionært er beta-defensinerne de ældste defensiner, der kan spores mere end 150 millioner år tilbage.

Defensinerne findes i immunceller, for eksempel i neutrofile granulocytter og næsten alle epithelceller, i tarmceller,  i modermælk m.m.

Defensinerne er små cysteinrige, kationiske proteiner (positivt ladede), der er aktive mod mikroorganismer, bakterier, svampe og virus. De består af 18-45 aminosyrer, herunder seks (hos hvirveldyr) til otte bevarede cysteiner, der danner tre eller fire cystinbroer, dannende et kompakt molekyle med en velbevaret struktur. De fleste defensiner virker ved at binde sig til den mikrobielle cellemembran og danne porer (huller), der tillader udstrømning af cellens indre, bl.a. essentielle ioner og næringsstoffer.

Funktion
Defensiner er kationiske og kan derfor reagere med membranen på invaderende mikrober, som er negative på grund af lipopolysaccharider (LPS) og lipoteichsyre (LTA) i cellemembranen. Peptiderne har højere affinitet til mikrobemembranen sammenlignet med Ca2+ og Mg2+ ioner.  Disse ioner vil derfor blive udskiftet med defensiner, hviklet påvirker membranens stabilitet.  Peptiderne har en større størrelse sammenlignet med de ioner, der forårsager ændringer i membranstrukturen.  På grund af ændringer i det elektriske potentiale og peptidernes hydrofobicitet, vil peptiderne indlejre sig i membranen som dimerer, der danner en pore. Dannelsen af porer vil forårsage en depolarisering af membranen og en lyse af cellen.

Molekylstruktur
Defensinerne er små cysteinrige kationiske peptider (små proteiner) bestående af 18-45 aminosyrer.

Det gennemgående motiv i defensinerne er bevarede cystinbroer: tre cystinbroer hos hvirveldyr og fire cystinbroer hos hvirvelløse dyr, planter, svampe og bakterier.

Benævnelsen defensin synes at definere to peptid-familier baseret på deres funktion som et molekylært forsvar og på deres strukturelle ligheder. Defensinerne synes også at forekomme i alle levende organismer, idet defensinerne i hvirvelløse dyr, planter og svampe danner en evolutionært beslægtet gruppe, og alle defensinerne i hvirveldyr danner en anden evolutionært beslægtet gruppe. Disse to grupper kan være fylogenetisk beslægtede gennem en tidlig prokaryotisk stamform, jf. forekomsten af defensin-lignende molekyler i bakterier.

De underliggende gener, der er ansvarlige for defensinproduktion, er stærkt polymorfe. Nogle aspekter bevares dog; kendetegnene for et defensin er dets lille størrelse, høj densitet af kationisk ladning og seks til otte cysteiner. Generelt kodes de af to exons, hvor den første exon koder for en hydrofob ledersekvens og den anden for en sekvens med cysteinmotivet. Alle defensiner har disulfidbindinger. Disulfidbindingerne er blevet foreslået at være essentielle for aktiviteter relateret til medfødt immunitet hos pattedyr

Se også

Henvisninger

 ANTIMIKROBIELLE PEPTIDER. Biotech Academy

Immunforsvar

Immunologi

Defensin


Chino Moreno (d. Camilo Wong Moreno, 20 Haziran 1973, Sacramento, Kaliforniya), Deftones grubunun vokal gitar üyesi. Nu metal türünün kurucularından, çığlıkları ile Deftones'un en ünlü üyesi haline geldi. Şu anda Deftones ve yan projesi Team Sleep ile birlikte çalmaktadır. Birçok grupla birlikte söylemiş ya da konuk sanatçı olarak katılmıştır. Sesi çok depresiftir. Team Sleep adında ayrı bir projesi de vardır. Deftones'un Teenager şarkısı esasında Team Sleep şarkısıdır ama deneme amaçlı olarak Deftones'un White Pony albümüne alınmıştır.

Kişisel hayatı
Moreno, Meksikalı bir baba ile Çinli bir anneden dünyaya geldi. Ailesi ona İspanyolcada "Çinli" anlamına gelen "Chino" lakabını taktı. Bu isim aynı zamanda dedesinin de ismidir. Soyadı ise İspanyolcada "esmer" anlamındadır. 4 kardeşi vardır. Bir süre uyuşturucu kullandı. Bıraktıktan sonra kilo sorunu yaşamaya başladı. Bir süre önce eşinden boşandı. Boşandığı eşinden Jakobi ve Kristian adında iki oğlu vardır.

Ortak çalışmaları
 KoRn - "Wicked"
 Soulfly - "First Commandment"
 Soulfly - "Pain"
 Cypress Hills - "(Rock) Superstar"
 Far - "Savory"
 Norma Jean - "Robots 3 Humans 0"
 Norma Jean - "Surrender Your Sons..."
 Norma Jean - "Murphy Was An Optimist"
 Dance Gavin Dance - "Caviar"
 Lamb Of God - "Embers"

Kaynakça

1973 doğumlular
Sacramento doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Amerikalı erkek gitaristler
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
Amerikalı tenorlar
İspanyol ve Latin Amerikalı müzisyenler

Chino Moreno


FA Charity Shield 1998. bilo je 76. izdanje engleskoga nogometnog Superkupa, tradicionalne uvertire u sezonu koju igraju prvak Premier lige i osvajač FA kupa. Ukupno 76. Superkup po redu odigran je 9. kolovoza 1998. na starom Wembleyju pred 67,342 gledatelja, a sučelili su se Arsenal (osvajač lige i kupa) i Manchester United (drugoplasirani u prvenstvu). Arsenal je pobijedio 3:0.

Bio je to 18. nastup Uniteda u Superkupu i 14. Arsenalov. United je bolje otvorio utakmicu, no Marc Overmars u 34. minuti zabija za Arsenalovo vodstvo. U drugom poluvremenu, Nicolas Anelka asistira Christopheru Wrehu za drugi gol. U 72. minuti, Anelka i sam postiže pogodak zaobišavši Jaapa Stama u kaznenom prostoru i zabivši pored vratara Schmeichela.

United je izgubio dvoboj Superkupa prvi put nakon 1985., odnosno poslije pet uzastopnih uspješnih nastupa. Kasnije u sezoni 1998./99., United je pobijedio Arsenal u uzvratnoj utakmici poluzavršnice FA kupa na putu do osvajanja toga trofeja, osvojio ligu s bodom prednosti ispred iste momčadi i osvojio Ligu prvaka pobjedom nad münchenskim Bayernom, postavši tako prvi engleski i drugi britanski klub s najprestižnijom trostrukom krunom (Trebleom), nadmašivši time upravo Arsenalov prošlosezonski Double (dvostruku domaću titulu).

Uvertira
Charity Shield, danas znan kao Community Shield, održava se jednom godišnje od 1908., iako prvak i osvajač kupa nisu igrali baš svake godine. Međutim, od 1974. nema izuzetaka, osim kada momčad osvoji i ligu i kup pa igra protiv drugoplasiranog ligaškog sastava. Od 1959. godine, Superkup se igra prije početka prvenstva. Bio je ovo 25. uzastopni dvoboj Superkupa na starom Wembleyju i jedini put da je financijska tvrtka AXA sponzorirala utakmicu, stoga je službeni naziv utakmice The AXA FA Charity Shield.

Arsenal je svoje pravo nastupa izborio osvajanjem Premier lige u sezoni 1997./98. nakon što su nadoknadili 12 bodova zaostatka upravo za Unitedom. Ligaškoj tituli pridodali su FA kup pobijedivši Newcastle 2:0, osiguravši time nastup drugoplasiranom Manchester Unitedu u Superkupu.

Arsenal i Manchester United posljednji put prije ove utakmice igrali su na Old Traffordu 14. ožujka 1998. — jednu od ključnih utakmica prvenstva prelomio je Marc Overmars jedinim pogotkom. Arsenal je te sezone jedini pobijedio United kod kuće i u gostima u prvenstvu slavivši prije toga 3:2 na Highburyju. Trener Arsenala, Arsène Wenger, najavio je utakmicu Superkupa kao jedinu priliku da se njegovi prvotimci ogledaju protiv prvoklasnog protivnika prije početka prvenstva. Unitedov trener, Alex Ferguson, bio je nešto više usredotočen na zadnje pretkolo Lige prvaka protiv poljskog prvaka ŁKS Łódź. Očekivao je podizanje forme svoje momčadi kroz zahtjevan predsezonski ogled protiv Arsenala.

Utakmica

Postave
Kod Arsenala, novopridošli desni bek Vivas nije ni ušao s klupe, dok su napad činili Bergkamp i Anelka. S druge strane, Unitedov krilni napadač Jesper Blomqvist bio je izvan sastava zbog ozljede zgloba, ali zato je Roy Keane nastupio prvi put nakon 11 mjeseci i teške ozljede ligamenata koljena. Stoperski par činili su Ronny Johnsen i debitant Jaap Stam.

Arsenal je nastupio u tradicionalnoj formaciji 4–4–2: četiri braniča u liniji (dva središnja i dva bočna), četiri vezna igrača u liniji (također dva središnja i dva krilna) te dva središnja napadača. Manchester United postavio se samo malo drugačije, u 4–4–1–1: Paul Scholes bio je spona između četvorke u veznom redu i Andyja Colea, jedinog čistog napadača.

Sažetak
Po veoma vrućem danu (30 °C), United je otvorio prijetnjama kroz sredinu pošto su Arsenalovi francuski "veznjaci", Petit i Vieira, igrali kao da su se tek upoznali, a ne upravo zajedno osvojili svjetsko prvenstvo u vlastitoj domovini. Prvu priliku stvorio je David Beckham, desni vezni Uniteda kojemu je publika zviždala tijekom skoro svakog dodira lopte zbog ispadanja s netom završenog SP-a, dodavanjem Scholesu, no vratar David Seaman brani. Jedanaest minuta prije kraja prvoga poluvremena, Vieira dodaje na desni kut kaznenoga prostora, a Bergkamp petom šalje Anelki koji gubi loptu. Međutim, Anelka uspijeva spriječiti Johnsenov pokušaj čišćenja pa lopta dolazi do Overmarsa koji desnom nogom iz prve pogađa lijeve Schmeichelove rašlje. Do kraja poluvremena, Roy Keane pokušava s 25 metara, ali Seaman opet brani.

U 57. minuti, Overmars prolazi Garyja Nevillea po boku i dodaje do Anelke, on prosljeđuje potpuno neometanom Liberijcu Wrehu, a ovaj tek iz drugog pokušaja svladava Schmeichela te potom akrobatski slavi jedan od svojih malobrojnih pogodaka u dresu "Topnika". Manchester United nastavlja s napadima; Ryan Giggs poslao je opasan udarac iz kuta kojeg Arsenalov stoper Keown gotovo šalje u vlastitu mrežu. Posljednjih dvadeset minuta utakmice odigrale su i brojne zamjene pošto je svaki trener imao pravo zamijeniti šest igrača. Utakmicu je neizvjesnosti lišio Anelka koji ovaj put zaobilazi Stama i prepredeno, unatoč skromnome kutu, zabija u bližu vratarevu stranu. Teddy Sheringham promašio je sjajnu kasnu priliku za počasni pogodak Uniteda. Sve u svemu, previše obrambenih pogrešaka Manchestera i veoma okomiti, brzi, uspješni protuudari Arsenala.

Potankosti

Statistika

Nakon utakmice

Bijaše ovo Arsenalov 9. uspjeh u Superkupu, dok United nije uspio osvojiti 15. titulu u tome natjecanju. Wenger je tri pogotka razlike opisao iznenađujućim te istaknuo vrijednost prvoga pogotka s obzirom na sparinu. Zadovoljila ga je tjelesna sprema njegovih igrača koji su mahom sudjelovali na netom završenom Svjetskom prvenstvu u Francuskoj. Smatrao je kako će se njegovi "Topnici" napuniti samopouzdanjem za sezonu pred njima. Napadač Bergkamp procijenio je da Arsenal ima lijepu priliku obraniti prošlosezonski naslov prvaka: "I dalje nas krasi isti mentalitet što će nam biti podloga za ovogodišnji napad na prvo mjesto. Ovo je dobar početak. Teže je obraniti titulu."

Ferguson je priznao da je bolja momčad pobijedila i složio se s kolegom oko važnosti prvoga pogotka. Obradovao ga je solidan nastup kapetana Roya Keanea nakon 11 mjeseci izbivanja. Čvrsto je vjerovao da će za tri dana njegovi igrači nadmašiti poljske prvake ŁKS Łódź u borbi za Ligu prvaka. Vratar Schmeichel ocijenio je nadolazeći dvoboj posljednjeg pretkola najvećeg klupskog nogometnog natjecanja važnijim od dvoboja Superkupa kojeg je smatrao pripremnim ogledom. Što se tiče prvenstva, trener Ferguson rekao je: "Vjerojatno biste [uz nas] mogli istaknuti još tri favorita za osvajanje naslova, no Arsenal će [nam] biti najveća prijetnja."

Zaista, United je pobijedio Łódź 2:0 na domaćem Old Traffordu i tu prednost obranio za dva tjedna utakmicom bez pogodaka u Poljskoj. U petom kolu Premier lige, Arsenal je na svom Highburyju ponovno nadigrao Manchester rezultatom 3:0, a United je prekinuo poduži niz poraza protiv branitelja naslova remijem 1:1 na svom terenu. U posljednje kolo United ulazi s bodom prednosti baš ispred Arsenala i osvaja titulu domaćom pobjedom nad Tottenhamom od 2:1. U FA kupu te sezone, United i Arsenal susreli su se u poluzavršnici. Prvi dvoboj završio je bez pogodaka, a triler ponovljene utakmice riješio je Ryan Giggs kultnim solo-prodorom u 109. minuti. Arsenalu je u 72. minuti, pri rezultatu 1:1, opravdano poništen pogodak, u 74. minuti Roy Keane biva isključen zbog drugog žutog kartona, a na samom isteku regularnog dijela Schmeichel brani Bergkampov kazneni udarac. Manchester United potom osvaja FA kup pobijedivši Newcastle 2:0. Arsenal je ispao iz skupine Lige prvaka, dok je Manchester United u još jednoj kultnoj utakmici, u sudačkoj nadoknadi vremena, dvama pogodcima preokrenuo rano vodstvo Bayerna i time osigurao prvu englesku i drugu britansku trostruku krunu.

Izvori i napomene

Nogometni kupovi u Engleskoj
Nogometni superkupovi

FA Charity Shield 1998.


An Carex justi-schmidtii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Paul Junge. An Carex justi-schmidtii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex justi-schmidtii


Langgarverne (Hillerød Løbe- og Triatlonklub) er en løbeklub i Hillerød, stiftet 17. januar 1980 og med medlemslokaler ved Frederiksborg Byskole i Hillerød.

Løbeklubben omfatter i 2015 omkring 300 medlemmer og klubbens aktiviteter spænder over motion, marathon, cross, baneløb og triatlon.

I 1986 etablerede løbeklubben en underafdeling med speciale inden for triatlon og duatlon.

Langgarverne står som arrangører af flere større motionsløb, deriblandt
 Julestjerneløbet i december - arrangeret siden 1981 med op til 800 deltagere
 Hillerød Triathlon - det første danske motionstriathlon (med over 800 deltagere i 2015)
 ParforceTrail - trailløb på de tidligere kongelige jagtmarker omkring Store Dyrehave

Eksterne henvisninger
 www.langgarverne.dk - officiel website for Langgarverne

Atletikklubber i Danmark
Sport i Hillerød


Super Bomberman 5 es un videojuego que fue lanzado por Hudson Soft a principios de 1997, y el último videojuego de la saga Bomberman para la Super Nintendo. El juego fue vendido solo en Japón (al igual que la anterior entrega) y lanzado en dos versiones: un cartucho estándar y un cartucho de dorado, que fue vendido exclusivamente a través de Corocoro Comic. El cartucho dorado contiene mapas adicionales incluidos en el modo batalla. El juego es idéntico a Super Bomberman 3 al ganar, perder o cuando todos pierden. Sin embargo hay más personajes y el juego da la posibilidad de revivir cuando el jugador mata a otro en su nave.

Jugabilidad
Al igual que en los anteriores juegos, el juego trata de encerrar a tus enemigos con bombas, desintegrando bloques para abrir paso. Cuando eres aniquilado por un enemigo en el modo batalla, serás enviado a la parte exterior del escenario en una nave, pudiendo moverte por todo el perímetro y lanzar bombas desde allí; si de esa posición logras matar a alguno de los jugadores, tendrás la posibilidad volver a entrar en la arena. Sin embargo, esta y muchas otras características son configurables en el juego. Ofrece también la posibilidad de formar hasta dos equipos en el modo batalla.
Este juego fue un tipo de fusión de todos los juegos de Bomberman para la consola SNES (menos Bomberman B-Daman).

Zonas
Cada zona recopila los diversos niveles y enemigos de cada uno de los videojuegos de la saga Super Bomberman (es decir, desde Super Bomberman hasta Super Bomberman 4), la única zona no copiada fue la zona 5, que, por defecto es exclusiva y hay nuevos enemigos, trampas, etc.

Zona 1: Super Bomberman (Área 1 a 3).
Zona 2: Super Bomberman 2 (Área 1 a 4).
Zona 3: Super Bomberman 3 (Todas las áreas, 1 a 6).
Zona 4: Super Bomberman 4 (Área 1 a 4).
Zona 5: (Dividida en dos partes de mapas) Nueva Zona.

Cada zona tiene un par de enemigos secretos (un samurái y una vaquera) a los cuales se podrá llegar a ellos según los escenarios por los que el jugador haya decidido continuar.

La zona 5 se encuentra dividida, una parte lleva a un final del juego (Final malo) donde el jugador no logró los objetivos esperados; mientras el final verdadero es un poco más difícil ya que el jefe tiene que ser derrotado dos veces.

Mascotas
Las mascotas son características que se encuentran en los juegos anteriores de Super Bomberman, estos se encuentran en sus respectivos huevos al desintegrar los bloques en el transcurso del juego, al llegar el jugador a uno de estos huevos, automáticamente toma el control de la mascota contenida en él. En Super Bomberman 5 éstas tienen una apariencia de "conejos", cada uno de los cuales tiene una capacidad diferente dependiendo de su color.
Rojo: Es un boxeador, usa sus golpes para aturdir al enemigo durante un corto intervalo de tiempo.
Azul: Tiene la capacidad de patear la bomba que se encuentra delante de él, esta maniobra resulta eficiente para liberarse al ser encerrado (es una habilidad muy similar que posee el jefe B de la zona 2)
Amarillo: Es capaz de patear los bloques que se desintegran y sacarlos de su lugar.
Rosado: Está provisto de un resorte que le permite saltar una casilla, ya sea a través de bombas, bloques e incluso en su mismo lugar.
Verde: Es una mascota gorda, tiene la capacidad de rodar a gran velocidad según la dirección a la que se desee.
Morado: Puede colocar en fila todas las bombas que posee el jugador. Puede ser útil para encerrar enemigos.
Cada jugador solo puede usar una mascota (a diferencia de Super Bomberman 4, en el que se podía llevar varias en forma de huevos). Si el jugador que controla una mascota es dañado, pierde la mascota pero puede seguir en la batalla sin esta.

Bomberman
Videojuegos de 1997
Videojuegos de Hudson Soft
Videojuegos para Super Nintendo
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador

Super Bomberman 5


Filippo Taglioni født 5. november 1777, død 11. februar 1871 var en italiensk balletdanser, koreograf og personlig lærer for sin datter, den berømte romantiske ballerina Marie Taglioni. Hans søn Paul Taglioni dansede også ballet. Og selvom August Bournonvilles versionen er bedre kendt, var det Taglioni der var den oprindelige koreograf af Sylfiden, i 1832.

Kilde

Balletkoreografer
Personer fra Milano
Balletdansere

Filippo Taglioni


Tsonoqua (Tsonokwa, Dzunukwa, Axwadus; Basket Ogress, Basket Woman), Basket Ogress je divovska ljudožderka koja je uobičajena u folkloru mnogih plemena sjeverozapadne obale (Kwakiutl, Tlingit, Heiltsuk, Coast Salish). Ona hvata ljude, posebno nestašnu ili nemarnu djecu, i odnosi ih u svojoj golemoj košari da ih pojede u svojoj jazbini. Srećom, prilično je maloumna i njezin plijen obično uspije pobjeći. Iako postoje neke legende sjeverozapadne obale u kojima Žena košara ima veću mitološku važnost, u većini plemena ona primarno igra ulogu bauka.. Sličan lik kod Micmaca je Gougou ili Kuku.

Izvori

Kwakiutl
Tlingit
Coast Salish
Heiltsuk
Indijanska mitologija (mitska čudovišta)
Indijanska mitologija (divovi)

Tsonoqua


Egan Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Egan Township (North Dakota)
 Egan Township (South Dakota)

Egan Township


Allium scorodoprasum es una especie de planta bulbosa del género Allium, perteneciente a la familia de las amarilidáceas, del orden de las Asparagales.
Se distribuye por las regiones templadas del Hemisferio Norte.

Descripción
Allium scorodoprasum es una planta bulbosa de hojas cilíndricas o semicilíndricas de más de 0,5 mm de anchura. Al igual que Allium paniculatum, tiene filamentos estaminales no tricuspidados y presenta espata de dos valvas, de la cual se diferencia por tener pedicelos floríferos más cortos que el perianto y tépalos de más de 7,5 mm de longitud.

Distribución y hábitat
Tiene una distribución eurosiberiana, donde se encuentra en los márgenes de arroyos, fisuras donde rezuma el agua, en prados húmedos, etc.

Usos y propiedades
Culinario
Es una planta comestible con usos alimenticios.
Medicinal
Se usa la planta entera como antihelmíntico.

Taxonomía

Allium scorodoprasum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 301, en el año 1753. (1 de mayo de 1753)
Etimología
Allium: nombre genérico muy antiguo. Las plantas de este género eran conocidos tanto por los romanos como por los griegos. Sin embargo, parece que el término tiene un origen celta y significa "quemar", en referencia al fuerte olor acre de la planta. Uno de los primeros en utilizar este nombre para fines botánicos fue el naturalista francés Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708).

scorodoprasum: epíteto
Citología
Número de cromosomas de Allium scorodoprasum (Fam. Liliaceae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=32.
Sinonimia
NOTA: Los nombres que presentan enlaces son sinónimos en otras especies:

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  & al. 2006. World Checklist of selected plant families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens. 2010 June 04
  1753. Species Plantarum 297.
 USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov).

scorodoprasum
Plantas medicinales
Flora del Holártico
Plantas descritas en 1753
Plantas descritas por Linnaeus

Allium scorodoprasum


Auvær er en ubeboet øgruppe i Tromsø kommune i Troms og Finnmark. Øgruppen ligger nordvest for Kvaløya. De største øer i øgruppe er Purkholmen og Kvannholmen.

Auvær er beskyttet som naturreservat. Mellem 1. april og 31. juli er det forbudt at gå i land på øerne Store Runda og Matskjeret, og at færdes nærmere end 100 meter fra rederne for skarvene der.

Eksterne henvisninger
Bent Svinnungs padleside om Auvær
Lovdata: Verneforskrift for Auvær naturreservat
Kattfjord-Nytt: Trollet i Auvær

Øer i Troms og Finnmark
Tromsø
Naturreservater i Norge
Etableret i 2004

Auvær


රෝමානු සෙනෙට් මණ්ඩලය වනාහී,  පුරාතන රෝමයෙහි පිහිටි දේශපාලන ආයතනයකි. නගරයෙහි පැවැත්මේ  මුල් දිනවලදීම පිහිටුවා ඇති (සංස්ථාපනය ක්‍රිපූ 753 ලෙසින් සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව සැලකෙයි) මෙය, රෝමානු ඉතිහාසයෙහි මහත් චිරස්ථායි ආයතනයන් අතුරින් එකක් විය. ක්‍රිපූ 509 දී  රජුන් බලයෙන් බැහැර කිරීම, ක්‍රිපූ 1වන සියවසේදී රෝමානු ජනරජය බිඳ වැටීම, ක්‍රිව 395දී  රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය බෙදා වෙන් කිරීම, ක්‍රිව 476දී බටහිර රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය බිඳ වැටීම සහ, 5වන, 6වන සහ, 7වන සියවස් වලදී බාබේරියන් වරුන් විසින් රෝමය පාලනය කිරීම යන සෑම අවස්ථාවකදීම එය නොනැසී පැවතිණි.

රාජධානි කාලසීමාවෙහිදී එය, රජුට උපදේශනය සැපයූ මණ්ඩලයකට වඩා මදක් ඉහළ තලයක පැවතිණි. අවසන් රෝමයේ රජවූ ලූකියුස් ටර්ක්වීනියුස් සුපෙර්බූස් බලයෙන් පහ කල රාජ්‍ය විරෝධි කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් සඳහා නායකත්වය සැපයූයේ, ජනරජයේ නිර්මාතෘ ලූවුෂස් ජූනියස් බෲටස් විසිනි.

ජනරජයේ මුල් කාලයේදී, සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය දේශපාලන වශයෙන් දුර්වලව පැවති අතර, විධායක මහෙස්ත්‍රාත්වරුන් බෙහෙවින් බලවත්ව සිටියහ. රාජාණ්ඩුවෙහි සිට ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාමය පාලනය වෙත සංත්‍රාන්තිය බොහෝදුරට සිදුවන්නට ඇත්තේ ක්‍රමයෙන් බැවින්, විධායක මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරුන් අභිබවා තම බලය පිහිටුවා ගන්නට සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයට පරම්පරා කිහිපයක් ගත වන්නට ඇත. ජනරජයේ මධ්‍ය කාලය පැමිණෙත්ම, ජනරජය තුල එහි බලයෙහි මස්තකය වෙත ලඟාවීමට සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයට හැකි වී ඇත. ජනරජයේ අවසන් කාලසීමාවෙහිදී, සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයේ බලය පරිහානිය ඇරඹුනේ, ටිබේරියුස් සහ ගයියුස් ග්‍රාකුස් විනිශ්චය මණ්ඩල වලින් සිදුකල ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ වලින් පසුවය.

ප්‍රින්චිපටේ වෙත ජනරජය සංක්‍රමණය වීමත් සමගම, සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය සතුවූ දේශපාලන බලය මෙන්ම එහි ගරුත්වයද එයට අහිමි විය. ඩයක්ලීෂන් අධිරාජයා විසින් සිදු කල ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ වලින් අනතුරුව, සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය දේශපාලනමය වශයෙන් අනුචිත වූ අතර, පෙරදී එය සතුවූ බලය යලි කිසි දිනෙක නතු කර ගැනුමට අසමත් විය. රජයේ අසුන රෝමයෙන් පිටතට ගෙන ගිය විට, නාගරික මණ්ඩලයක මට්ටමට  සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය අවප්‍රමාණ විය. තත්ත්වයේ මෙම අවප්‍රමාණය ප්‍රතිසාධනය කෙරුණේ,  මහා කොන්ස්ටන්ටීන් අධිරාජයා විසින්  කොන්ස්තන්තිනෝපලයේ අතිරේඛ සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයක්  පිහිටුවීමෙන් පසුවය.

වසර 476දී, බටහිර රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය  බිඳ වැටීමෙන් පසුව, බාබේරියන් පාලනය යටතේ යම් කාලසීමාවක් සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ අතර පළමුවන ජස්ටිනියන් අධිරාජයාගේ ධූරකාලය තුලදී, බටහිර රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යයේ බොහෝ බලප්‍රදේශ යළි-අත්පත් කරගැනුමෙන් පසුව, එය පුනස්ථාපනය කෙරිණි. රෝමයේ සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය, වසර 603 සහ 630 අතරතුර කාලසීමාවේදී අත්‍යන්තයේදී අතුරුදහන් විය. කෙසේවෙතත්, වසර 1204 දී නගරය අත්පත් කරගැනුම සමගම මෙම පුරාතන ආයතනය අවසානයේදී අතුරුදහන් වන තුරු, නැගෙනහිර සෙනෙට් මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය,  කොන්ස්තන්තිනෝපලය තුල නොනැසී පැවතිණි.

රෝමානු සෙනෙට් මණ්ඩලය