Elpistostegalia ou Panderichthyida é uma ordem de peixes pré-históricos Sarcopterygii que viveram durante o período Devoniano Superior (há cerca de 385 a 374 milhões de anos). Eles representam o estoque avançado de Tetrapodomorpha, os peixes mais intimamente relacionados aos tetrápodes do que os peixes Osteolepiformes. Os primeiros Elpistostegalia, combinando caracteres semelhantes a peixes e tetrápodes, às vezes são chamados de fishapods, uma expressão cunhada para o avançado Elpistostegalia Tiktaalik. Por meio de uma visão estritamente cladística, a ordem inclui os tetrápodes terrestres.

Paleobiologia dos Elpistostegalia
Um aumento no conteúdo global de oxigênio permitiu a evolução de grandes peixes predadores que foram capazes de explorar as áreas rasas das marés e pântanos como os principais predadores. Vários grupos evoluíram para preencher esses nichos, os mais bem-sucedidos foram os Elpistostegalia. Em tais ambientes, eles seriam desafiados por deficiências periódicas de oxigênio.  Em ambientes aquáticos modernos comparáveis, como lagos eutróficos rasos e pântanos, os peixes pulmonados modernos e alguns gêneros de bagres também dependem da fonte atmosférica mais estável de oxigênio.

Por serem peixes de águas rasas, os Elpistostegalia desenvolveram muitas das adaptações básicas que mais tarde permitiram que os tetrápodes se tornassem animais terrestres. Os mais importantes foram a mudança do aparelho de propulsão principal da barbatana caudal para as barbatanas peitorais e pélvicas, e uma mudança para a dependência dos pulmões em vez das guelras como principal meio de obtenção de oxigênio. Ambos parecem ser um resultado direto da mudança para um modo de vida interior de água doce.

Os Elpistostegalia deram origem aos tetrápodes no Eifeliano (início do Devoniano Médio) há cerca de 395 milhões de anos. Enquanto os primeiros tetrápodes floresceram e se diversificaram ao longo dos próximos 30 milhões de anos, os Elpistostegalia não tetrápodes desaparecem do registro fóssil com bastante rapidez no início do Frasniano, por volta de há 380 milhões de anos, deixando os tetrápodes os únicos sobreviventes de sua linhagem.

Características
O paleontólogo e professor Per E. Ahlberg identificou as seguintes características como sinapomórficas para Elpistostegalia (e, portanto, Tetrapoda):

 O endocrânio é articulado, a articulação formando o forame nervoso profundo. A cinesia craniana também é visível no teto do crânio, entre os ossos parietais e os ossos pós-parietais.
 Uma cintura escapular bastante pequena está presente.
 A barbatana anal e dorsal posterior é suportada por uma placa basal e três radiais não unidos.
 O esqueleto da nadadeira peitoral é composto de ossos homólogos ao tetrápode, úmero, ulna e rádio, seguidos por uma série de ossos menores que ancoram os raios da nadadeira; o esqueleto da nadadeira pélvica tem fêmur, tíbia e fíbula.

Filogenia
O nome, originalmente cunhado em torno do gênero Elpistostege, mais tarde se tornou um sinônimo para Panderichthyida. Na maioria das análises, o grupo tradicionalmente imaginado é na verdade um grau evolutivo, os últimos "peixes" da linhagem do tetrápode, embora Chang e Yu (1997) os tratassem como o clado irmão dos Tetrapoda. Elpistostegalia foi redefinida como um clado contendo Panderichthys e tetrápodes.

Abaixo está um cladograma de Swartz, 2012.

Elpistostegalia


In mining, tailings or tails are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore. Tailings are different from overburden, which is the waste rock or other material that overlies an ore or mineral body and is displaced during mining without being processed.

The extraction of minerals from ore can be done two ways: placer mining, which uses water and gravity to concentrate the valuable minerals, or hard rock mining, which pulverizes the rock containing the ore and then relies on chemical reactions to concentrate the sought-after material.  In the latter, the extraction of minerals from ore requires comminution, i.e., grinding the ore into fine particles to facilitate extraction of the target element(s).  Because of this comminution, tailings consist of a slurry of fine particles, ranging from the size of a grain of sand to a few micrometres. Mine tailings are usually produced from the mill in slurry form, which is a mixture of fine mineral particles and water.

Tailings are likely to be dangerous sources of toxic chemicals such as heavy metals, sulfides and radioactive content. These chemicals are especially dangerous when stored in water in ponds behind tailings dams. These ponds are also vulnerable to major breaches or leaks from the dams, causing environmental disasters, such as the Mount Polley disaster in British Columbia. Because of these and other environmental concerns such as groundwater leakage, toxic emissions and bird death, tailing piles and ponds have received more scrutiny, especially in first world countries, but the first UN-level standard for tailing management was only established 2020.

There are a wide range of methods for recovering economic value, containing or otherwise mitigating the impacts of tailings. However, internationally, these practices are poor, sometimes violating human rights.

Terminology
Tailings are also called mine dumps, culm dumps, slimes, refuse, leach residue, slickens, or terra-cone (terrikon).

Examples

Sulfide minerals
The effluent from the tailings from the mining of sulfidic minerals has been described as "the largest environmental liability of the mining industry". These tailings contain large amounts of pyrite (FeS2) and Iron(II) sulfide (FeS), which are rejected from the sought-after ores of copper and nickel, as well as coal. Although harmless underground, these minerals are reactive toward air in the presence of microorganisms, which if not properly managed lead to acid mine drainage.

Phosphate rock mining
Between 100 million and 280 million tons of phosphogypsum waste are estimated to be produced annually as a consequence of the processing of phosphate rock for the production of phosphate fertilizers. In addition to being useless and abundant, phosphogypsum is radioactive due to the presence of naturally occurring uranium and thorium, and their daughter isotopes. Depending on the price achievable on the uranium market, extraction of the uranium content may be economically lucrative even absent other incentives, such as reducing the harm the radioactive heavy metals do to the environment.

Aluminium
Bauxite tailings is a waste product generated in the industrial production of aluminium. Making provision for the approximately 77 million tons that is produced annually is one of the most significant problems for the aluminium mining industry.

Red mud

Coal

Economics
Early mining operations often did not take adequate steps to make tailings areas environmentally safe after closure. Modern mines, particularly those in jurisdictions with well-developed mining regulations and those operated by responsible mining companies, often include the rehabilitation and proper closure of tailings areas in their costs and activities. For example, the Province of Quebec, Canada, requires not only the submission of a closure plan before the start of mining activity, but also the deposit of a financial guarantee equal to 100% of the estimated rehabilitation costs. Tailings dams are often the most significant environmental liability for a mining project.

Mine tailings may have economic value in carbon sequestration due to the large exposed surface area of the minerals.

Environmental concerns
The fraction of tailings to ore can range from 90 to 98% for some copper ores to 20–50% of the other (less valuable) minerals. The rejected minerals and rocks liberated through mining and processing have the potential to damage the environment by releasing toxic metals (arsenic and mercury being two major culprits), by acid drainage (usually by microbial action on sulfide ores), or by damaging aquatic wildlife that rely on clear water (vs suspensions).

Tailings ponds can also be a source of acid drainage, leading to the need for permanent monitoring and treatment of water passing through the tailings dam; the cost of mine cleanup has typically been 10 times that of mining industry estimates when acid drainage was involved.

Disasters

The greatest danger of tailings ponds is dam failure, with the most publicized failure in the U.S. being the failure of a coal slurry dam in the West Virginia Buffalo Creek Flood of 1972, which killed 125 people; other collapses include the Ok Tedi environmental disaster in New Guinea, which destroyed the fishery of the Ok Tedi River. On average, worldwide, there is one big accident involving a tailings dam each year.

Other disasters caused by tailings dam failures are, the 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill and the Ajka alumina plant accident. In 2015, the iron ore tailings dam failure at the Germano mine complex in Minas Gerais, Brazil, was the country's biggest environmental disaster. The dam breach caused the death of 19 people due to flooding of tailings slime downstream and affected some 400 km of the Doce river system with toxic effluence and out into the Atlantic Ocean.

Human rights
Tailings deposits tend to be located in rural areas or near marginalized communities, such as indigenous communities. The Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management recommends that "a human rights due diligence process is required to identify and address those that are most at risk from a tailings facility or its potential failure."

Storage methods
Historically, tailings were disposed of in the most convenient manner, such as in downstream running water or down drains. Because of concerns about these sediments in the water and other issues, tailings ponds came into use.  The sustainability challenge in the management of tailings and waste rock is to dispose of material, such that it is inert or, if not, stable and contained, to minimise water and energy inputs and the surface footprint of wastes and to move toward finding alternate uses.

Tailings dams and ponds

Bounded by impoundments (an impoundment is a dam), these dams typically use "local materials" including the tailings themselves, and may be considered embankment dams. Traditionally, the only option for tailings storage was to deal with a tailings slurry. This slurry is a dilute stream of the tailings solids within water that was sent to the tailings storage area. The modern tailings designer has a range of tailings products to choose from depending upon how much water is removed from the slurry prior to discharge. The removal of water not only can create a better storage system in some cases (e.g. dry stacking, see below) but can also assist in water recovery which is a major issue as many mines are in arid regions. In a 1994 description of tailings impoundments, however, the U.S. EPA stated that dewatering methods may be prohibitively expensive except in special circumstances. Subaqueous storage of tailings has also been used.

Tailing ponds are areas of refused mining tailings where the waterborne refuse material is pumped into a pond to allow the sedimentation (meaning separation) of solids from the water. The pond is generally impounded with a dam, and known as tailings impoundments or tailings dams. It was estimated in 2000 that there were about 3,500 active tailings impoundments in the world. The ponded water is of some benefit as it minimizes fine tailings from being transported by wind into populated areas where the toxic chemicals could be potentially hazardous to human health; however, it is also harmful to the environment. Tailing ponds are often somewhat dangerous because they attract wildlife such as waterfowl or caribou as they appear to be a natural pond, but they can be highly toxic and harmful to the health of these animals. Tailings ponds are used to store the waste made from separating minerals from rocks, or the slurry produced from tar sands mining. Tailings are sometimes mixed with other materials such as bentonite to form a thicker slurry that slows the release of impacted water to the environment.

There are many different subsets of this method, including valley impoundments, ring dikes, in-pit impoundments, and specially dug pits. The most common is the valley pond, which takes advantage of the natural topographical depression in the ground. Large earthen dams may be constructed and then filled with the tailings. Exhausted open pit mines may be refilled with tailings. In all instances, due consideration must be made to contamination of the underlying water table, amongst other issues. Dewatering is an important part of pond storage, as the tailings are added to the storage facility the water is removed – usually by draining into decant tower structures. The water removed can thus be reused in the processing cycle. Once a storage facility is filled and completed, the surface can be covered with topsoil and revegetation commenced. However, unless a non-permeable capping method is used, water that infiltrates into the storage facility will have to be continually pumped out into the future.

Paste tailings
Paste tailings is a modification to the conventional methods of disposal of tailings (pond storage). Conventional tailings slurries are composed of a low percent of solids and relatively high water content (normally ranging from 20% to 60% solids for most hard rock mining) and when deposited into the tailings pond the solids and liquids separate. In paste tailings the percent of solids in the tailings slurry is increased through the use of paste thickeners to produce a product where the minimal separation of water and solids occurs and the material is deposited into a storage area as a paste (with a consistency somewhat like toothpaste). Paste tailings has the advantage that more water is recycled in the processing plant and therefore the process is more water efficient than conventional tailings and there is a lower potential for seepage. However the cost of the thickening is generally higher than for conventional tailings and the pumping costs for the paste are also normally higher than for conventional tailings as positive displacement pumps are normally required to transport the tailings from the processing plant to the storage area. Paste tailings are used in several locations around the world including Sunrise Dam in Western Australia and Bulyanhulu Gold Mine in Tanzania.

Dry stacking
Tailings do not have to be stored in ponds or sent as slurries into oceans, rivers or streams. There is a growing use of the practice of dewatering tailings using vacuum or pressure filters so the tailings can then be stacked. This saves water which potentially reduces the impacts on the environment in terms of a reduction in the potential seepage rates, space used, leaves the tailings in a dense and stable arrangement and eliminates the long-term liability that ponds leave after mining is finished. However although there are potential merits to dry stacked tailings these systems are often cost prohibitive due to increased capital cost to purchase and install the filter systems and the increase in operating costs (generally associated electricity consumption and consumables such as filter cloth) of such systems.

Storage in underground workings
While disposal into exhausted open pits is generally a straightforward operation, disposal into underground voids is more complex. A common modern approach is to mix a certain quantity of tailings with waste aggregate and cement, creating a product that can be used to backfill underground voids and stopes. A common term for this is HDPF – High Density Paste Fill. HDPF is a more expensive method of tailings disposal than pond storage, however it has many other benefits – not just environmental but it can significantly increase the stability of underground excavations by providing a means for ground stress to be transmitted across voids – rather than having to pass around them – which can cause mining induced seismic events like that suffered previously at the Beaconsfield Mine Disaster.

Riverine tailings
Usually called RTD – Riverine Tailings Disposal. In most environments, not a particularly environmentally sound practice, it has seen significant utilisation in the past, leading to such spectacular environmental damage as done by the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company in Tasmania to the King River, or the poisoning from the Panguna mine on Bougainville Island, which led to large-scale civil unrest on the island, and the eventual permanent closing of the mine.

As of 2005, only three mines operated by international companies continued to use river disposal: The Ok Tedi mine, the Grasberg mine and the Porgera mine, all on New Guinea. This method is used in these cases due to seismic activity and landslide dangers which make other disposal methods impractical and dangerous.

Submarine tailings
Commonly referred to as STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) or DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Disposal). Tailings can be conveyed using a pipeline then discharged so as to eventually descend into the depths. Practically, it is not an ideal method, as the close proximity to off-shelf depths is rare. When STD is used, the depth of discharge is often what would be considered shallow, and extensive damage to the seafloor can result due to covering by the tailings product. It is also critical to control the density and temperature of the tailings product, to prevent it from travelling long distances, or even floating to the surface.

This method is used by the gold mine on Lihir Island; its waste disposal has been viewed by environmentalists as highly damaging, while the owners claim that it is not harmful.

Phytostabilisation
Phytostabilisation is a form of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants for long-term stabilisation and containment of tailings, by sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots. The plant's presence can reduce wind erosion, or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilise metals by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the metals can precipitate and stabilise. Pollutants become less bioavailable and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. This approach can be especially useful in dry environments, which are subject to wind and water dispersion.

Different methods
Considerable effort and research continues to be made into discovering and refining better methods of tailings disposal. Research at the Porgera Gold Mine is focusing on developing a method of combining tailings products with coarse waste rock and waste muds to create a product that can be stored on the surface in generic-looking waste dumps or stockpiles. This would allow the current use of riverine disposal to cease. Considerable work remains to be done. However, co-disposal has been successfully implemented by several designers including AMEC at, for example, the Elkview Mine in British Columbia.

Pond reclamation by microbiology
During extraction of the oil from oil sand, tailings consisting of water, silt, clays and other solvents are also created. This solid will become mature fine tailings by gravity. Foght et al (1985) estimated that there are 103 anaerobic heterotrophs and 104 sulfate-reducing prokaryotes per milliliter in the tailings pond, based on conventional most probable number methods. Foght set up an experiment with two tailings ponds and an analysis of the archaea, bacteria, and the gas released from tailings ponds showed that those were methanogens. As the depth increased, the moles of CH4 released actually decreased.

Siddique (2006, 2007) states that methanogens in the tailings pond live and reproduce by anaerobic degradation, which will lower the molecular weight from naphtha to aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and methane. Those archaea and bacteria can degrade the naphtha, which was considered as waste during the procedure of refining oil. Both of those degraded products are useful. Aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons and methane can be used as fuel in the humans' daily lives. In other words, these methanogens improve the coefficient of utilization. Moreover, these methanogens change the structure of the tailings pond and help the pore water efflux to be reused for processing oil sands. Because the archaea and bacteria metabolize and release bubbles within the tailings, the pore water can go through the soil easily. Since they accelerate the densification of mature fine tailings, the tailings ponds are enabled to settle the solids more quickly so that the tailings can be reclaimed earlier. Moreover, the water released from the tailings can be used in the procedure of refining oil. Reducing the demand of water can also protect the environment from drought.

Reprocessing
As mining techniques and the price of minerals improve, it is not unusual for tailings to be reprocessed using new methods, or more thoroughly with old methods, to recover additional minerals. Extensive tailings dumps of Kalgoorlie / Boulder in Western Australia were re-processed profitably in the 1990s by KalTails Mining.

A machine called the PET4K Processing Plant has been used in a variety of countries for the past 20 years to remediate contaminated tailings.

International policy
The UN and business communities developed an international standard for tailings management in 2020 after the critical failure of the Brumadinho dam disaster. The program was convened by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) and the Principles for Responsible Investment.

See also
 Coal slurry impoundment
 Landfarming
 Mine closure planning
 Mine reclamation
 Spoil tip
 Oil sands tailings ponds

References

External links

 Tailings Info site
 Extox.net
 Submarine Tailings Disposal at the Mineral Policy Institute
 Carbon sequestration in mine tailings

Environmental impact of mining
Waste
Metallurgical processes

Tailings


The Swazi or Swati (Swati: Emaswati, singular Liswati) are a Bantu ethnic group native to Southern Africa, inhabiting Eswatini, a sovereign kingdom in Southern Africa, and South Africa's Mpumalanga province. EmaSwati are part of the Nguni-language speaking peoples whose origins can be traced through archaeology to East Africa where similar traditions, beliefs and cultural practices are found.

The Swati people and the Kingdom of Eswatini today are named after Mswati II, who became king in 1839 after the death of his father King Sobhuza who strategically defeated the British who occupied Eswatini. Eswatini was a region first occupied by the San people and the current Swazis migrated from north East Africa through to Mozambique and eventually settled in Eswatini in the 15th century. Their royal lineage can be traced to a chief named Dlamini I; this is still the royal clan name. About three-quarters of the clan groups are Nguni; the remainder are Sotho, Tsonga, others North East African and San descendants. These groups have intermarried freely. Swazi identity extends to all those with allegiance to the twin monarchs Ingwenyama "the Lion" (the king) and Indlovukati "the She-Elephant" (the queen mother). The dominant Swati language and culture are factors that unify Swazis as a nation.

History
EmaSwati are descended from Nguni-speaking clans, who migrated from north East Africa and later settled in south-east Africa in the fifteenth century. They moved into southern Mozambique, and then into the region of present-day Eswatini which at the time was inhabited by San people. The term bakaNgwane ("Ngwane's people") is still used as an alternative to emaSwati, to refer to the Swati people. EmaSwati are people who are predominantly descended from Nguni-language speakers. However some of the Swati people originate from Sotho clans who were also inhabitants of Eswatini.

As part of the Nguni expansion southwards, the Swati people crossed the Limpopo River and settled in southern Tongaland (today in southern Mozambique near Maputo) in the late fifteenth century. The Ngwane people are recorded as having entered the present territory of Eswatini around the year 1600. Under the leadership of Dlamini III who took over from the Maseko and settlement took place in 1750, along the Pongola River where it cuts through the Lubombo mountains. Later on, they moved into a region on the Pongola River, which was in close proximity to the Ndwandwe people. Dlamini III's successor was Ngwane III, who is considered the first King of modern Eswatini. He ruled from around 1745 until 1780 at the Shiselweni region of Eswatini.

In 1815, Sobhuza I became the king of Eswatini and was responsible for the establishment of Swati power in central Eswatini. Here the Swati people continued the process of expansion by conquering numerous small Sotho and Nguni-speaking tribes to build up a large composite state today called Eswatini. Sobhuza I's rule occurred during the Mfecane. Under Sobhuza's leadership, the Nguni and Sotho peoples as well as remnant San groups were integrated into the Swati nation. It was during his rule that the present boundaries of Eswatini were fully under the rule of the Dlamini kings.

In the late 1830s, initial contact occurred with the Boers, who had defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River, and were settling in the territory that would become the South African Republic. A substantial portion of Swati territory was ceded to the Transvaal Boers who settled around the Lydenburg area in the 1840s. The territory of Eswatini, and their king, Mswati II, were recognized by both the Transvaal and Britain. It was during the rule of Mswati II that the Swati nation was unified. Thereafter, the label "Swati" eventually was applied to all the peoples who gave allegiance to the Ingwenyama.

Later under Mbandzeni, many commercial, land, and mining concessions were granted to British and Boer settlers. This move led to further loss of land to the South African Republic. The result was that a substantial Swati population ended up residing outside Eswatini in South Africa. The Pretoria Convention for the Settlement of the Transvaal in 1881 recognized the independence of Eswatini and defined its boundaries. The Ngwenyama was not a signatory, and the Swazi claim that their territory extends in all directions from the present state. Britain claimed authority over Eswatini in 1903, and independence was regained in 1968.

Today, Swati people reside in both Eswatini and South Africa. People of Swati descent in South Africa are typically identifiable by speaking siSwati, or a dialect of that language. There are also many Swati migrants in South Africa and the United Kingdom. The number of emaSwati in South Africa is slightly larger than that of emaSwati in Eswatini, which is approximately 1.2 million people. In modern-day Eswatini, Swati people include all Eswatini citizens regardless of their ethnicity.

Identity
The Kings of Eswatini date back to some considerable time to when the royal line of Dlamini lived in the vicinity of Delagoa Bay. The Swazi people as a nation were originally formed by 17 clans known as bemdzabuko ("true Swazi") who accompanied the Dlamini kings in the early days. The 17 founding clans were Dlamini, Nhlabathi, Hlophe, Kunene, Mabuza, Madvonsela, Mamba, Matsebula, Mdluli, Motsa, Ngwenya, Shongwe, Sukati, Tsabedze, Tfwala, Mbokane and Zwane. Other Swazi clans are the Emakhandzambili clans ("those found ahead", e.g. the Gamedze, Fakudze, Ngcamphalala and Magagula), meaning that they were on the land prior to Dlamini immigration and conquest. The Emafikemuva ("those who came behind") who joined the kingdom later.

Culture

Dancing and singing, including praise-singing, are prominent in Swazi culture. Pottery and carving were minor arts. Swazi traditional marriage is called umtsimba; it is usually on a weekend in the dry season (June to August). The bride and her relatives go to the groom's homestead on Friday evening. On Saturday morning, the bridal party sit by a nearby river and eat goat or cow meat offered by the groom's family; in the afternoon, they dance in the groom's homestead. On Sunday morning, the bride, with her female relatives, stabs the ground with a spear at the groom's cattle kraal; later she is smeared with red ochre. The smearing is the high point of marriage: no woman can be smeared twice. The bride presents gifts to her husband and his relatives. Umhlanga is one of the most well-known cultural events in Eswatini held in August/September for young unmarried girls to pay homage to the Ndlovukati. Incwala is another Swazi cultural event held in December/January, depending on the phases of the moon. This ceremony, also known as the "First Fruits" ceremony, marks the King's tasting of the new harvest.

Religion
The traditional Swazi religion recognizes a supreme God/creator in its pure form while the ancestors are recognized. The Swazi religion is based on a creator known as Mvelincanti (he who was there from the beginning). Most Swazis intertwine this belief with modern day Christianity that was brought by the missionaries. Many continue to practice their traditional spiritual beliefs. Spiritual rituals are performed at the level of family associated with birth, death and marriage.

See also
Umtsimba – marriage ceremony

References

Swazi people


Sri Chandrakesharendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal (Doğum adı: Swaminathan Sharma), (20 Mayıs 1894; Viluppuram, Tamil Nadu - 8 Ocak 1994; Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu), Hint dini lider ve aziz.

Tindivanam'da çalışırken zahitlik (ascetic) tarikatına girdi ve hindu azizi ve Advaita Vedanta ekolünün tarihteki en önemli sözcüsü Sri Şankaraçarya'nın kurduğu Kanchi Kamakoti Math manastırının 68. Açaryası unvanını aldı ve kendisine sanyasa ismi Sri Chandrakesharendra Saraswati ismi verildi. Sri Chandrasekharendra'nın başta gelen ilgisi Vedalar geleneğinin ve dharmanın korunmasıdır. Sadeliği, şatafattan gösterişten ve israftan kaçınmayı savundu.

8 Ocak 1994'te 99 yaşındayken Kanchipuram'da öldü.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hinduizm

Web Sayfası
 Kamakoti Peetham

Hinduizm dini kişilikleri
1894 doğumlular
Tamil Nadu doğumlular
1994 yılında ölenler

Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi


Daniel Turley Murphy OSA (mit vollem Namen: Daniel Thomas Turley Murphy, * 25. Januar 1943 in Chicago, Illinois, USA) ist ein US-amerikanischer Geistlicher, emeritierter römisch-katholischer  Bischof von Chulucanas in Peru und Umweltschützer.

Leben
Daniel Turley wurde in Chicago als Nachfahre irischer Einwanderer geboren. 1960 schloss er sich dem Augustinerorden an. Der Orden sandte ihn nach Mexiko, um dort zu studieren. 1968 empfing er die Priesterweihe. Infolge des Missionsaufrufes von Papst Paul VI. für Lateinamerika ging er nach Peru. Dort war er zunächst als Priester und Missionar im Bistum Chulucanas in Peru tätig, unter anderem als Pfarrer der Pfarreien Ayabaca, Huancabamba und Morropón.

Am 25. Mai 1996 wurde Daniel Turley zum Koadjutorbischof des Bistums Chulucanas ernannt. Der Bischof von Chulucanas, Juan Conway McNabb, spendete ihm am 17. August 1996 die Bischofsweihe. Am 28. Oktober 2000 ernannte ihn Papst Johannes Paul II. als Nachfolger von Juan Conway McNabb zum zweiten Bischof von Chulucanas.

Seine Tätigkeit als Umweltschützer brachte ihm nicht nur Freunde ein: Während der Aufstände der einheimischen Bevölkerung gegen Bergbauprojekte in ihrer Region versuchte Diözesanbischof Turley als Vermittler zu dienen. Das machte ihn bei den Konzernen zum Feind und brachte ihm diverse Morddrohungen ein.

Papst Franziskus nahm am 2. April 2020 seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Auszeichnung
 Peruanischer Friedenspreis, 2011.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Augustiner-Eremit
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1943
Mann

Daniel Turley Murphy


The history of Tasmania begins at the end of the Last Glacial Period (approximately 12,000 years ago) when it is believed that the island was joined to the Australian mainland. Little is known of the human history of the island until the British colonisation of Tasmania in the 19th century.

Indigenous people

Tasmania was inhabited by an Indigenous population, the Aboriginal Tasmanians, and evidence indicates their presence in the territory, later to become an island, at least 35,000 years ago. At the time of the British occupation and colonisation in 1803 the Indigenous population was estimated at between 3000 and 10,000. Historian Lyndall Ryan's analysis of population studies led her to conclude that there were about 7000 spread throughout the island's nine nations; Nicholas Clements, citing research by N.J.B. Plomley and Rhys Jones, settled on a figure of 3000 to 4000.

The combination of the so-called Black War, internecine conflict and, from the late 1820s, the spread of infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, reduced the population to about 300 by 1833. Almost all of the Indigenous population was relocated to Flinders Island by George Augustus Robinson. Until the 1970s, most people thought that the last surviving Tasmanian Aboriginal person was Truganini, who died in 1876. However, this "extinction" was a myth, as documented by Lyndall Ryan in 1991.

European arrival

The first reported sighting of Tasmania by a European was on 24 November 1642 by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who named the island Anthoonij van Diemenslandt, after his sponsor, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The name was later shortened to Van Diemen's Land by the British. In 1772, a French expedition led by Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne landed on the island. Captain James Cook also sighted the island in 1777, and numerous other European seafarers made landfalls, adding a colourful array to the names of topographical features.

The first settlement was by the British at Risdon Cove on the eastern bank of the Derwent estuary in 1803, by a small party sent from Sydney, under Lt. John Bowen. An alternative settlement was established by Capt. David Collins 5 km to the south in 1804 in Sullivans Cove on the western side of the Derwent, where fresh water was more plentiful. The latter settlement became known as Hobart Town, later shortened to Hobart, after the British Colonial Secretary of the time, Lord Hobart. The settlement at Risdon was later abandoned.

The early settlers were mostly convicts and their military guards, with the task of developing agriculture and other industries. Numerous other convict settlements were made in Van Diemens Land, including secondary prisons, such as the particularly harsh penal colonies at Port Arthur in the south-east and Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast. The Aboriginal resistance to this invasion was so strong, that troops were deployed across much of Tasmania to drive the Aboriginal people into captivity on nearby islands.

Timeline

Pre-1800
 Date unknown (BC): Mouheneener band of South-East Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples settle in what is now the Hobart area
 1642: Abel Tasman, of the Dutch East India Company, becomes first European to sight Tasmanian mainland; he names it Van Diemen's Land after fellow Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) Governor-General Anthony van Diemen
 1792: Captain William Bligh anchors in Adventure Bay for a second time and names Table Mountain (now kunanyi/Mount Wellington)
 1793: French explorer Bruni d'Entrecasteaux surveys Derwent, naming it Riviere du Nord
 1793: John Hayes, of British East India Company, unaware of the French visit, sails up the river, which he names Derwent
 1798: Explorers George Bass and Matthew Flinders visit Derwent as part of circumnavigation of Van Diemen's Land; Bass climbs at least part of Mount Wellington (then known as Table Mountain) on Christmas Day
 1798: Adventure Bay became the site of a whaling station, then later on a Timber station.

1800–1809

 1802: French explorer Nicolas Baudin surveys Derwent during month-long visit to South-East Tasmania, on which his party makes extensive notes on Aboriginal people, plants and animals.
 1803: Lieutenant John Bowen's 49-member party, with the ships  and Albion, starts first British settlement of Tasmania at Risdon Cove, naming it Hobart.
 1804: Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins' 262-member party lands at Sullivans Cove in February; the settlement, which becomes known as Hobart Town, grows to 433 with arrival in June of rest of his Port Phillip party.
 1804: Soldiers temporarily refuse guard duties at Risdon amid fears of convict rebellion.
 1804: Aboriginal people killed in Risdon affray and settlement there abandoned.
 1804: Church of England clergyman Robert Knopwood conducts first divine service at Sullivans Cove.
 1804: Hobart's first cemetery opens, later St David's Park.
 1804: Colonel William Paterson establishes Port Dalrymple (Tamar River) settlement, first at George Town, then at York Town on river's western side.
 1805: After supply ships fail to arrive on time, famine forces David Collins to cut rations by one-third
 1805: Collins leaves tent home to take up residence in first Government House, a wooden cottage.
 1805: Harbourmaster William Collins establishes Australia's first whaling station at Ralphs Bay.
 1805: First land grants include 10 acres (40,000 m2) to Robert Knopwood
 1806: Colonel William Paterson begins transfer of York Town settlement to site of modern Launceston
 1807: First Norfolk Island settlers arrive in Hobart in the  and settle at New Norfolk
 1807: Lieutenant Thomas Laycock leads five-man party on first overland journey from Launceston to Hobart, taking nine days, mainly to seek supplies for the northern settlement.
 1809: Deposed New South Wales Governor William Bligh arrives in Hobart and temporarily disrupts David Collins' authority as lieutenant-governor.
 1809: Floods in Derwent

1810–1819

 1810: David Collins dies suddenly, Lieutenant Edward Lord takes over and first of three administrators pending appointment of second lieutenant-governor.
 1810: First church, St David's, built
 1810: Colony's first flour mill built beside Rivulet between Murray St and Elizabeth St, operated by Edward Lord and William Collins
 1810: Administration launches colony's first newspaper, the Derwent Star and Van Diemen's Land Intelligencer
 1810: Sealing expedition discovers Macquarie Island
 1811: After arriving from Sydney, Governor Lachlan Macquarie draws up plan for Hobart streets and orders construction of public buildings and Mount Nelson signal station.
 1812: Michael Howe (later bushranging gang leader) among first convicts to arrive directly from England in HMS Indefatigable
 1812: Northern Tasmania's lieutenant-governorship ceases, Government House in Hobart takes control of whole island
 1813: Schooner Unity not heard of again after convicts seize it in Derwent
 1813: First Post Office opens in postmaster's house on corner of Argyle St and Macquarie St
 1814: Work starts on Anglesea Barracks, Australia's longest continuously occupied military building
 1814: Colony's first horse races believed to have taken place at New Town
 1814: Lieutenant-governor's court created to deal with small personal financial disputes.
 1814: Governor Lachlan Macquarie offers amnesty to bushrangers
 1814: Ship Argo disappears after seizure by convicts in Derwent
 1815: Michael Howe's bushranging gang kills two settlers in New Norfolk raid
 1815: Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Davey declares martial law against all bushrangers, mainly escaped convicts, with some military deserters; Governor Lachlan Macquarie later revokes order.
 1815: Captain James Kelly circumnavigates island in whaleboat
 1815: First Van Diemen's Land wheat shipment to Sydney.
 1816: First emigrant ship arrives with free settlers from England
 1817: Weekly mail service begins between Hobart and Launceston
 1817: Work starts on new St David's Church, replacing earlier structure blown down in storm
 1817: First convict ships arrive directly from England
 1817: New Government House occupied in Macquarie St, on site of present Town Hall, lower Elizabeth St and Franklin Square.
 1818: Government opens flour mill in Hobart
 1818: Soldiers and convict kill bushranger Michael Howe on banks of Shannon River
 1818: Government establishes nucleus of Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens
 1819: First proper hospital opens
 1819: Hobart-New Norfolk road built
 1819: St David's Church opens

1820–1829
In 1820, Tasmanian roads were first macadamised and carthorses began to replace bullocks. In the same year, the first substantial jail was completed on the corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street and merino sheep arrived from John Macarthur's stud in New South Wales. 1820 also saw the first Wesleyan (Methodist) meeting in the colony. The following year marked the arrival of first Catholic clergyman, Father Phillip Conolly and on his second visit, Governor Lachlan Macquarie chooses sites for Perth, Campbell Town, Ross, Oatlands, Sorell and Brighton. In 1821, officials and convicts left Port Dalrymple to establish Macquarie Harbour penal settlement at Sarah Island.

1822 was the first year Van Diemen's Land Agricultural Society held a meeting in Hobart. In 1823 the Presbyterian Church's first official ministry in Australia occurred in Hobart and the first Tasmanian bank, Bank of Van Diemen's Land, was established.

The inauguration of the Supreme Court occurred in 1824, as did the opening of Cascade Brewery, Australia's longest continuously operating Brewery. Cannibal convict Alexander Pearce was hanged after escaping twice from Macquarie Harbour who survived by eating his companions and convict Matthew Brady begins his bushranging career after escaping from Macquarie Harbour.

On 3 December 1825, Van Diemen's Land became an independent colony from New South Wales with an appointed Executive Council, its own judicial establishment, and Legislative Council. Also in that year, the Richmond Bridge, Australia's oldest existing bridge, was opened and a party of soldiers and convicts establishes Maria Island penal settlement

In 1826, Van Diemen's Land Company launches North-West pastoral and agricultural development at Circular Head and the Tasmanian Turf Club was established. Settler John Batman, later one of Melbourne's founders, helped capture bushranger Matthew Brady near Launceston. Hobart experienced a disease epidemic which was blamed on rivulet pollution. A courthouse was built on the corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street and street lighting with oil lamps was introduced. 1826 was also the year that the Legislative Council met formally for the first time.

1827 saw the first regatta-style events on Derwent River and Van Diemen's Land Company began settlement at Emu Bay (now Burnie).

A proclamation made in 1828 by Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur excluded Aboriginal people from settled areas and was the year of the Cape Grim massacre. In 1828, martial law was also declared against Aboriginal people in settled areas after Van Diemen's Land Company shepherds killed 30 Aboriginal people at Cape Grim and regular mail services with Sydney began. That year also saw widespread floods. The following year a jail for women convicts ("female factory") opened at Cascades, "Protector" George Augustus Robinson starts an Aboriginal mission at Bruny Island, convicts seized the brig Cyprus at Recherche Bay and sail to China, Van Diemen's Land Scientific Society formed under patronage of Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur and a Hobart-New Norfolk coach service began.

1830–1839

 1830: George Augustus Robinson starts reconciliation efforts with Aboriginal people by visiting west coast
 1830: Samuel Anderson, Pioneer Settler, arrives in Hobart aboard the Lang, employed as book keeper with Van Diemens Land Co. Will go on to establish the third permanent settlement in Victoria at Westernport.
 1830: Administration launches "Black Line" military campaign across most of colony to round up Aboriginal people; in seven weeks two are shot and two are captured
 1830: Port Arthur penal settlement established
 1830: Convict chain gang starts work on causeway across Derwent at Bridgewater
 John Glover English landscape painter, arrives in Van Diemen's Land on his 64th birthday
 1831: Australia's first novel, Quintus Servinton, by Henry Savery, published in Hobart
 1831: New land regulations discontinue free land grants, replacing them with sales
 1832: George Augustus Robinson arrives in Hobart with Aboriginal people from Oyster Bay and Big River tribes, the last Aboriginal people removed from European-settled areas; Wybalenna, Flinders Island, chosen for Aboriginal resettlement site.
 1832: Ends of martial law against Aboriginal people
 1832: Work starts on Cascade Brewery
 1832: Regular Hobart-Launceston coach service begins
 1832: Maria Island penal settlement closes
 1832: Derwent Light ("Iron Pot") lit for first time
 1833: Robert Massie arrives in Tasmania takes up position as Engineer with Van Diemens Land Co.
 1833: First professional theatrical performance in Hobart
 1833: Macquarie Harbour penal settlement closes, convicts transferred to Port Arthur
 1834: Convicts evacuating Macquarie Harbour capture brig Frederick and sail to Chile
 1834: Stagecoaches begin daily Hobart-New Norfolk, weekly Hobart-Launceston services
 1834: Daily Hobart-New Norfolk steamship trips begin
 1834: Launceston "female factory" completed
 1834: Point Puer boys' convict establishment opens at Port Arthur
 1834: First coal shipment leaves convict mines on Tasman Peninsula
 1834: Jury trial system for all civil cases begins
 1834: Horse-drawn coaches begin taxi-style service
 1834: Henty brothers leave Launceston for Portland Bay to make first European settlement in Victoria
 1835: Nearly all remaining Tasmanian Aboriginal people surrender to George Augustus Robinson and are moved to Flinders Island
 1835: Transport George III sinks in D'Entrecasteaux Channel with loss of 139 male convicts of 220 aboard
 1835: In separate expeditions, John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner leave Launceston to launch first European settlements at Port Phillip, which developed into Melbourne.
 1835: Samuel Anderson leaves Launceston to establish third permanent Victorian settlement at Bass in Western Port.
 1835: Colonial artist John Glover sends 35 paintings of Van Diemen's Land to London exhibition.
 1835: First meeting to establish Launceston Bank for Savings.
 1836: First Catholic Church was built—St John the Evangelist's Church in Richmond. It is the oldest running Catholic Church in Australia.
 1836: Charles Darwin visits Hobart during round-the-world voyage in
 1836: Hobart Post office moves to premises on corner of Elizabeth Street and Collins Street
 1836: Eleven counties, and some parishes therein, proclaimed; establishing the cadastral divisions of the colony
 1837: Theatre Royal opens
 1837: Lieutenant Governor Sir John Franklin founds Tasmanian Society for the Study of Natural Science
 1837: Police office built on corner of Macquarie Street and Murray Street
 1838: The first secular register of births, deaths and marriages in the British colonies established
 1838: First annual Hobart Regatta on Derwent
 1838: Work begins on old Customs House, which becomes Parliament House at start of responsible self-government in 1856
 1838: Sir John Franklin establishes board of education to introduce non-denominational schools
 1838: Bruny Island lighthouse completed

1840–1849
 1840: Economic depression starts, continues until 1845
 1840: Captain James Ross arrives with Antarctic expedition in HMS Erebus and HMS Terror
 1840: Sir John Franklin establishes Ross Bank meteorological observatory site, named after explorer, near present Government House site
 1840: Dr William Bedford founds first Hobart private hospital (in house near Theatre Royal) after dispute at government hospital
 1840: Transportation from Britain to NSW ends, causing heavier influx of convicts to Tasmania
 1842: Colony's first official census, population 57,471
 1842: The Weekly Examiner begins publication in Launceston
 1842: Hobart proclaimed a city
 1842: Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, first Australian scientific journal, begins publication
 1842: Peak year for convict arrivals (5329)
 1842: Maria Island's Darlington penitentiary reopened
 1843: Arrival of Tasmania's first Anglican bishop, Francis Russell Nixon
 1843: Bushranger Martin Cash captured in Hobart, his death sentence was commuted and he was later pardoned
 1844: First Catholic bishop, Robert Willson, arrives
 1844: Formation of Royal Society of Tasmania, first branch outside Britain, as development of society founded in 1837 by Sir John Franklin; society branch takes over botanical gardens
 1844: Norfolk Island, formerly administered by NSW, comes under Tasmanian control
 1845: Emigrant ship Cataraqui wrecked near King Island, 406 lives lost
 1845: Hobart Savings Bank opens
 1845: Jewish community consecrates Hobart Synagogue, Australia's oldest
 1845: Artist John Skinner Prout organises first known Australian exhibition of pictures in Hobart
 1846: Absconding Act introduced to detain escaping convicts.
 1846: Foundation of the Hutchins School and Launceston Grammar School
 1846: Lieutenant-governor Sir John Eardley-Wilmot dismissed, allegedly for failure to suppress convict homosexuality
 1846: Convict transportation to Tasmania suspended until 1848
 1846: Tasmania becomes first Australian colony to enact legislation to protect native animals
 1847: Britain orders closure of NSW convict establishment and transfer of remaining prisoners to Tasmania
 1847: Big Hobart meeting petitions Queen Victoria for end to transportation
 1847: Wybalenna Aboriginal settlement at Flinders Island closes and surviving 47 Aboriginal people move to Oyster Cove
 1847: News of Sir John Franklin's death during Arctic exploration reaches Hobart
 1847: Charles Davis founds hardware business
 1847: Launceston doctor W. R. Pugh uses ether as general anaesthetic for first time in Tasmania
 1848: Hobart peaks as whaling port, with 1046 men aboard 37 ships
 1848: Colony now only place of transportation in British Empire
 1849: "Young Irelanders" (Irish political prisoners), including William Smith O'Brien, arrive at Port Arthur
 1849: Anti-transportation league formed after Launceston public meeting
 1849: Tasmania gets first public library
 1849: Tasmanian apple growers export to the United States of America and New Zealand

1850–1859
 1850: Prisoner Patrick O'Donoghue starts publishing 'The Irish Exile', first Irish Nationalist paper in Australia.
 1850: First secular high school built at Domain
 1850: Constitution Dock officially opened
 1851: O'Donoghue sent to a chain-gang, released, restarts his paper and sent again to a chain-gang.
 1851: Black Thursday bushfires in February
 1851: Influenza epidemic
 1851: First election for 16 non-appointed members of Legislative Council
 1851: Hobart Chamber of Commerce established
 1851: Launceston host for first intercolonial cricket match (Van Diemen's Land v Port Phillip district)
 1851: Maria Island's Darlington penitentiary abandoned
 1852: Elections for first Hobart and Launceston municipal councils
 1852: Payable gold discovered near Fingal
 1853: Jubilee festival in Hobart celebrates end of convict transportation after arrival of last ship, the St Vincent
 1853: First Tasmanian adhesive postage stamp issued
 1854: Severe floods, fires hit city
 1854: The Mercury founded as bi-weekly publication
 1855: Horse-drawn "buses" (large carts) begin services, mainly on city–New Town route; they later become enclosed vehicles
 1855: Henry Young becomes first vice-regal representative to have title of Governor
 1856: Name of Van Diemen's Land officially changed to Tasmania after grant of responsible self-government
 1856: New two-house Parliament opens after elections, William Champ becomes colony's first Premier
 1856: Norfolk Island transferred from Tasmanian to NSW control
 1857: Hobart's municipal Incorporation
 1857: Hobart-Launceston telegraph line opens
 1857: Hobart customers start using coal gas, streets get gas lighting
 1858: First meeting of Hobarts Marine Board, Australia's oldest port authority
 1858: Hobart and Launceston councils form municipal police forces
 1858: Council of Education established
 1858: Hobart Savings Bank founded
 1858: Parliament passes Rural Municipalities Act
 1859: Worries about public health prompt Hobart Town Council to appoint health officer
 1859: New Government House at Domain occupied for first time, by Governor Henry Young and Lady Young

1860–1869
 1860: British troops sail from Hobart for Māori war in New Zealand
 1860: Volunteer corps of infantry, cavalry and artillery formed
 1860: Economic depression
 1860: The Mercury begins daily publication
 1862: Tasmania adopts Torrens title land-conveyancing and registration system
 1862: Serious Derwent flooding
 1862: Hobart's post office moves to rebuilt courthouse on corner of Macquarie St and Murray St
 1863: Opening of Tasmanian Museum on present site
 1864: First shipment of trout and salmon ova arrives from England
 1866: Hobart Town Hall opened
 1866: Hobart Philharmonic Society formed
 1867: George Peacock launches one of Australia's first jam factories in Hobart (later operated by Henry Jones and Co under the name IXL)
 1868: First royal visit, during which Prince Alfred (Duke of Edinburgh) lays foundation stone for St David's Cathedral and turns first sod for Tasmania's first railway, Launceston-Deloraine line, built by a private company.
 1868: With Education Act, Tasmania becomes first Australian colony to have compulsory state education system, administered by local school boards
 1869: Death of William Lanne ("King Billy"), reputedly the last full blood Tasmanian Aboriginal man; whose remains were disrespected horribly after disagreement over who should have his remains.
 1869: Submarine communications cable successfully establishes link between Tasmania and Melbourne.

1870–1879
 1870: British troops leave
 1870: Tasmanian Public Library formally constituted
 1871: Opening of Launceston–Deloraine railway, Tasmania's first—()
 1871: James "Philosopher" Smith discovers tin at Mount Bischoff
 1872: Direct telegraphic communication begins between Tasmania and England
 1873: Work begins on private operated Hobart–Launceston rail link—()
 1873: Government takes over Launceston-Deloraine line
 1874: St David's Cathedral consecrated
 1874: Tasmanian Racing Club established
 1874: Launceston rioters protest against rates levy for Deloraine railway
 1874: First book publication of Marcus Clarke's For the Term of His Natural Life, set mainly in Tasmania
 1875: Hobart Hospital begins professional training of nurses
 1875: Widespread flooding
 1876: Truganini, described as last Tasmanian full blooded Aboriginal person, dies in Hobart
 1876: Hobart-Launceston railway opens
 1877: Port Arthur penal settlement closed
 1877: Gold discovered at Beaconsfield
 1878: Mount Heemskirk tin mining begins

1880–1889
 1880: Earthquake hits Hobart
 1880: Tasmania gets first telephone with line from city centre to Mount Nelson signal station
 1880: Start of Derwent Sailing Boat Club (later Royal Yacht Club of Tasmania)
 1880: Gold discovered at Pieman River on West Coast, Tasmania
 1881: William Shoobridge organises first trial shipment of apples from Hobart to Britain
 1881: Hobart officially replaces 'Hobart Town' as capital's name
 1882: Married Women's Property Act allows wives to own property in their own right
 1882: Silver-lead discovered at Zeehan
 1882: Hobart Stock Exchange opens
 1883: Typhoid and diphtheria epidemic prompt public health legislation
 1883: Government opens first Hobart and Launceston telephone exchanges
 1883: Trades and Labor Council formed
 1883: Discovery of gold at "Iron Blow" at Mount Lyell amidst increased West Coast, Tasmania mineral prospecting
 1885: Education Department created, centralising control of schools
 1885: Mersey and Deloraine Railway opened—4′6″ gauge
 1885: Oatlands to Parattah Railway opened
 1885: Formation of the Mt Lyell Prospecting Association
 1886: Copper found at Mount Lyell
 1886: Government takes over Tasmanian Museum and Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens
 1886: Federal Council of Australasia discusses Federation at its first assembly held in Hobart
 1886: Public Health Act creates local boards of health
 1887: Derwent Valley railway line to New Norfolk opens, extended to Glenora within a year
 1887: Establishment of The Friends School in Hobart by the Society of Friends (Quakers).
 1887: Italian entrepreneur Diego Bernacchi floats company to develop Maria Island
 1888: Hobart gets first technical school
 1888: Reservoir water supply opened
 1888: Launceston proclaimed a city
1889: Launceston Post Office built

1890–1899
 1890: University of Tasmania opens at the Domain
 1890: Government takes over Hobart-Launceston railway
 1890: Legislation provides for payment of Tasmanian parliamentarians
 1891: Bank of Van Diemen's Land collapses, economic depression follows
 1891: Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery opens in Launceston
 1891: Apsley Railway opened
 1892: George FitzGerald founds FitzGeralds department store chain, now owned by Harris Scarfe
 1893: Private company begins electric tramway in Hobart, first in an Australian capital city
 1893: Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company formed
 1893: Government establishes Tasmanian Tourist Association
 1894: Hobart international exhibition opens
 1894: Government introduces flat-rate income tax system
 1895: The premiers conference in Hobart discusses proposals for federal constitution and plebiscite.
 1895: Launceston becomes first southern hemisphere city to get electric light after first Tasmanian hydro-electric station opens at Duck Reach on South Esk River
 1895: All Tasmanian districts move to Australian Eastern Standard Time, ending different time zones in colony
 1896: Entrepreneur George Adams launches Tattersalls lottery venture in Hobart; first lottery held to dispose of assets of failed Bank of Van Diemen's Land
 1896: Ore smelting begins at Mount Lyell
 1897: Hare-Clark voting system used on trial basis for state polls in Hobart and Launceston
 1897: Formation of Southern Tasmania Football Association
 1897: Serious bushfires start on New Year's Eve, end with six lives lost
 1898: Tasmanians vote four to one in favor of referendum on federation with mainland colonies
 1898: Municipal police forces become part of new statewide government force
 1898: Electric street lighting begins in Hobart
 1898: Norwegian-born Carsten Borchgrevink's Antarctic expedition arrives in Hobart on way south; Tasmanian Louis Bernacchi joins as physicist
 1899: First Tasmanian troops leave for Second Boer War in South Africa
 1899: Federation of Australia wins overwhelming Tasmanian approval in the second referendum

1900–1909

 1900: More Tasmanian troops leave for Second Boer War
 1900: Adult male suffrage for House of Assembly adopted, with property qualifications abolished
 1900: End of whaling operations from Hobart
 1900: Bubonic plague scare grips Tasmania
 1900: Macquarie Island becomes a Tasmanian dependency
 1901: Administrator Sir John Dodds reads proclamation of Commonwealth of Australia from Tasmanian Supreme Court steps
 1901: Visit by Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (future King George V and Queen Mary)
 1901: First elections for Federal Parliament
 1901: Zeehan conference leads to formation of Tasmanian Workers Political League (forerunner to Labor Party)
 1902: Last Tasmanian troops return from the Boer War
 1902: Robert Carl Sticht completes world's first successful pyritic smelting at Mount Lyell
 1903: Women get House of Assembly voting right (the already had it for federal polls)
 1903: Hobart-Launceston telephone line opens
 1903: Two ships leave Hobart on relief expedition to free British explorer Robert Scott's Discovery from Antarctic ice
 1903: Launceston smallpox epidemic forces cancellation of Tasmanian centenary celebrations, some festivities a year later
 1904: Legislation allows Tasmanian women to become lawyers
 1904: Formation of Tasmanian National Association (forerunner to Liberal Party)
 1904: Native flora and fauna reserve declared at Schouten Island and Freycinet Peninsula
 1905: Wireless telegraphy experiments between Hobart and Tasman Island and between state and mainland
 1905: Hobart General Post Office building opens
 1906: Marconi Co. demonstrated a wireless telegraphy service between Devonport and Queenscliff, Victoria
 1906: Tasman Lighthouse first lit
 1907: New public library, built with money from American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, opens in Hobart
 1907: Hare-Clark voting system extended to all of Tasmania
 1908: State school fees abolished
 1908: Queen Alexandra Maternity Hospital opens in Hobart
 1908: First Scout troops formed
 1909: Guy Fawkes Day (5 November) fire destroy Hobart market, City Hall later built on site
 1909: First statewide use of Hare-Clark voting system elects first Labor government, led by John Earle; government lasts only one week, with return of conservatives
 1909: Irish blight wipes out potato crop

1910–1919

 1910: Carters' wage strike paralyses Hobart for a week, ends with win for workers
 1910: Legislation sets maximum 48-hour working week and minimum wages in several trades
 1910: Great Lake hydro-electric project starts
 1911: The Christian Brothers founded and opened the St. Virgil's College School in what is now, Barrack Street in Hobart.
 1911: Douglas Mawson's ship Aurora docks in Hobart on way to Antarctic
 1911: Philip Smith teachers' college opens at Domain, Electric trams begin running in Launceston
 1912: Mount Lyell fire traps miners underground, 42 die
 1912: Norwegian Roald Amundsen, first man to reach South Pole, arrives in Hobart on return from Antarctic expedition
 1912: Hobart City Council takes over tramway service
 1912: First Tasmanian Girl Guide company formed
 1913: First government high schools open in Hobart and Launceston
 1913: Hobart City Council buys tram service
 1913: Term "free by servitude" referring to ex-convicts, appears for last time in official documents, after use for more than 100 years
 1914: A. Delfosse Badgery makes Tasmania's first flight from Elwick in a plane he built himself
 1914: First Tasmanian troops leave to fight in World War I
 1914: The town of Bismarck is renamed Collinsvale due to anti-German sentiment inflamed by the war
 1914: State government buys hydro-electric company
 1915: Tasmanian legislation establishes Australia's first special authority to create and manage parks and reserves
 1915: Serious bushfires
 1916: In Tasmania's worst rail disaster, driver and six passengers die, 31 survive injuries, after Launceston-Hobart express crashes near Campania
 1916: First all-Tasmanian battalion (the 40th) leaves for World War I
 1916: Opening of Great Lakes hydro scheme's first stage, Waddamana power station
 1916: State's first national parks declared at Mount Field and Freycinet
 1916: Daylight saving time first introduced as temporary wartime measure
 1917: Electrolytic Zinc Company works at Risdon and Australian Commonwealth Carbide's plant at Electrona established
 1917: Ridgeway reservoir completed
 1919: Worldwide Spanish influenza epidemic reaches Tasmania, affecting one-third of the population and claiming 171 lives
 1919: Ex-World War I airman A. L. Long makes first flight over Bass Strait
 1919: Frozen Tasmanian meat exported for the first time

1920–1929
 1920: Visit by Prince of Wales, future King Edward VIII
 1920: Miena dam completed
 1920: Launceston-born Hudson Fysh helps found Qantas
 1922: Legislation enables women to stand in state elections
 1922: Legacy movement starts with founding of Remembrance Club in Hobart by Major-General Sir John Gellibrand
 1922: Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park proclaimed
 1923: First concert by Hobart Symphony Orchestra
 1923: Severe flooding in Hobart
 1923: Labor's Joseph Lyons, a future prime minister, becomes state premier
 1924: Private company starts first Tasmanian radio station, 7ZL (now part of ABC), with regular broadcasts from The Mercury building
 1924: Electrolytic Zinc Co makes first superphosphate at Risdon
 1925: Workmen open David Collins' grave during conversion of old St David's Cemetery into St David's Park
 1925: Osmiridium fields discovered at Adamsfield in south-west
 1927: Inquiry into proposed bridge linking Hobart city with eastern shore
 1927: Visit by Duke and Duchess of York (future King George VI and Queen Elizabeth)
 1928: Cadbury's Claremont factory makes first chocolate
 1928: Voting in Tasmanian state elections becomes compulsory (federal voting became compulsory in 1924)
 1929: Disastrous floods, mainly in Northern Tasmania, take 22 lives; dam burst damages Derby township and tin mines
 1929: Hobart gets automatic telephone system
 1929: Great Depression begins
 1929: Legislation creates Hydro-Electric Commission, replacing government department

1930–1939
 1931: Tasmanian Harold Gatty and American Wiley Post make record round-the-world flight (eight days, 15 hours)
 1932: Ivan and Victor Holyman start air service between Launceston and Flinders Island
 1932: Lyell Highway opens, linking Hobart with West Coast
 1932: Former premier Joseph Lyons becomes prime minister, only Tasmanian to hold that office
 1933: Commonwealth Grants Commission appointed to inquire into affairs of claimant states, including Tasmania
 1934: Holyman Airways (a forerunner of Ansett) launches Launceston–Melbourne service, within months, company plane Miss Hobart disappears over Bass Strait with loss of 12 people, including proprietor Victor Holyman
 1934: Election of government led by Albert Ogilvie starts 35 years of continuous Labor governments
 1935: Five die when Holyman Airways plane Loina crashes off Flinders Island.
 1935: Hobart gets first electric trolley buses
 1935: Legislation for three-year state parliament terms
 1936: SS Paringa sinks in Bass Strait while towing tanker, 31 die
 1936: ABC forms orchestra
 1936 (7 September): Last known Tasmanian tiger (thylacine) dies at Hobart's Beaumaris Zoo
 1936: First commercial flights use federal aerodrome at Cambridge
 1936: Submarine telephone cable service begins between Tasmania and Victoria via King Island
 1936: First two area schools (renamed district schools in 1973) open at Sheffield and Hagley
 1937: Open of Mount Wellington summit road, built as Depression relief work project
 1937: Poliomyelitis epidemic
 1937: Five-year state parliamentary terms return
 1938: Production starts at APPM's Burnie mill
 1938: Work begins on a floating arch bridge across Derwent in Hobart
 1939: World War II begins
 1939: Death in office of prime minister Joseph Lyons
 1939: Royal Hobart Hospital opens on present site

1940–1949
 1940: Tasmanian soldiers leave for North African campaign with Australian 6th Division
 1940: German naval raiders Pinguin and Atlantis lay mines off Hobart and other Australian areas. Hobart closed to shipping because of mine threat; Bass Strait closed after mine sinks British steamer Cambridge.
 1941: Tasmanian soldiers leave for Malaya with Australian 8th Division
 1941: Australian Newsprint Mills' Boyer plant becomes first in world to produce newsprint from hardwood
 1942 (January–March): daylight saving time introduced as wartime measure
 1942: Women 18 to 30 called up for war work
 1943: Floating-arch pontoon bridge Hobart Bridge opens
 1943: Enid Lyons (later Dame Enid), widow of Joseph Lyons, elected first woman member of House of Representatives, winning seat of Darwin (now Braddon).
 1944: University of Tasmania begins transfer to Sandy Bay site
 1944: State Library established
 1945: Rani wins first Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
 1946: Australian National Airways plane crashes at Seven Mile Beach, killing 25
 1946: Last horse-drawn Hobart cab ceases operation
 1946: Poliomyelitis epidemic
 1947: War-affected migrants begin arriving from Europe to work for Hydro-Electric Commission
 1947: Edward Brooker takes over as Labor premier after Robert Cosgrove's resignation to face corruption and bribery charges
 1947: Major flooding in south of state
 1948: Margaret McIntyre wins Legislative Council seat in May, becoming the first woman member of Tasmanian Parliament; airliner crash in NSW in September kills her and 12 others.
 1948: Robert Cosgrove resumes premiership after acquittal on corruption and bribery charges
 1948: ABC forms Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra on permanent basis
 1948: Fire destroys Ocean Pier
 1948: Antarctic research station established on Macquarie Island
 1949: Poliomyelitis epidemic
 1949: Government introduces compulsory X-rays in fight against tuberculosis
 1949: Tasmanian politician Dame Enid Lyons, widow of former prime minister Joseph Lyons, becomes first woman to reach federal ministry rank, as Executive Council vice-president
 1949: Government buys Theatre Royal

1950–1959
 1951: Brighton army camp gets first intake of national service trainees
 1951: Hartz Mountains National Park proclaimed
 1951: Tasmanian Historical Research Association commences
 1951: Serious bushfires
 1951: Italian and German migrants arrive to work under contract for Hydro-Electric Commission
 1952: First woman elected to Hobart City Council
 1952: Severe floods
 1952: Government ends free hospital scheme
 1952: Single state licensing body formed for hotels and clubs
 1953: Tasman Limited diesel train service begins between Hobart and northern towns
 1953: Housing Department created to manage public housing
 1953: Beaconsfield becomes first Australian centre to get fluoridated water
 1954: Queen Elizabeth II becomes first reigning monarch to visit state, accompanied by Prince Philip. As part of 150th anniversary celebrations, she unveils monument to pioneer British settlers
 1954: Hobart Rivulet area damaged as severe floods affect southern and eastern Tasmania
 1954: Metropolitan Transport Trust formed
 1954: Tattersalls Lotteries moves headquarters from Hobart to Melbourne
 1954: Spouses of property owners get right to vote in Legislative Council elections
 1955: Royal commission appointed to inquire into University of Tasmania after request by Professor Sydney Orr
 1955: House of Assembly gets first two women members, Liberals Mabel Miller and Amelia Best
 1955: Hobart becomes first Australian city to get parking meters
 1955: Proclamation of Lake Pedder National Park (later extended to form Southwest National Park).
 1955: First ingot poured at Bell Bay aluminium refinery
 1955: Labor Party's federal conference in Hobart brings Australian Labor Party split over industrial groups to head, leading to formation of Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist), later Democratic Labor Party
 1955: Lactos cheese factory opens at Burnie
 1956: University of Tasmania Council dismisses Professor Sydney Orr, alleging improper conduct by him with female student; Orr launches unsuccessful court action against university for wrongful dismissal
 1956: Tasmania gets first woman mayor, Dorothy Edwards of Launceston
 1957: Water Act establishes Rivers and Water Supply Commission
 1958: Hobart waterside works block two Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) members, father Frank Hursey and son Denis, from working in dispute over their objection to paying union levy that would partly go to ALP; police guard Hurseys after court order; Supreme Court awards them damages
 1959: MG Car Club of Tasmania formed
 1959: Princess of Tasmania becomes first roll-on/roll-off passenger ferry on Bass Strait run
 1959: High Court verdict in Hursey case upholds unions' right to levy members for political purposes, expel those who refuse to pay
 1959: Federal Government reduces claimant states to two, Tasmania and Western Australia

1960–1969
 1960: Severe floods in Derwent Valley and Hobart, with business basements under water and houses washed away
 1960: Television stations ABT-2 (ABC) and TVT-6 (now WIN) start programs from Mount Wellington transmitters
 1960: New jail opens at Risdon
 1960: Hobart trams cease, succeeded by electric trolley buses
 1960: First meeting of Inland Fisheries Commission
 1960: Opening of new State Library headquarters
 1960: First city parking station opens in Argyle Street
 1961: Construction of Hobart-Sydney ferry terminal begins
 1962: Australian Paper Makers Ltd's Port Huon mill opens
 1962: TEMCO's Bell Bay ferro-manganese plant begins production
 1962: Government subsidises municipal fluoridation schemes
 1963: University of Tasmania completes move to Sandy Bay site; Universities Commission recommends medical school
 1964: Tasman Bridge opens for traffic, old pontoon bridge towed away
 1964: Hobart's water supply fluoridated
 1964: Glenorchy proclaimed city
 1965: First Tasmanians leave for Vietnam War under national service scheme
 1965: Ferry Empress of Australia makes first Sydney–Hobart voyage
 1965: Official opening of Tasmanian Conservatorium of Music
 1965: Bass Strait oil drilling begins
 1966: Huge copper reserves found in Mount Lyell area
 1966: Savage River iron ore agreements involving $62 million signed
 1967 (February): Black Tuesday bushfires claim 62 lives—53 in Hobart area—and destroy more than 1300 homes
 1967: Tasmanian joins other states in approving full constitutional rights for Aboriginal people
 1967: Hydro-Electric Commission tables plans in State Parliament to dam Lake Pedder in South-West
 1967: Daylight saving time and breathalyser tests introduced
 1968: Full adult franchise introduced for Legislative Council elections
 1968: Hobart trolley buses cease, replaced by diesel vehicles
 1968: State abolishes death penalty
 1968: Savage River iron ore project officially opens
 1968: Batman Bridge across lower Tamar River opens
 1969: Tasmanians vote Labor Party out after 35 years in office, Liberal-Centre Party forms coalition government
 1969: Worst floods in 40 years hit Launceston

1970–1979

 1970: Parliament legislates for permanent daylight saving time
 1970: State marine research laboratories at Taroona open
 1970: Electrolytic Zinc Company opens $6 million residue treatment plant
 1971: First woodchip shipment leaves Tasmanian Pulp and Forest Holdings' mill at Triabunna
 1971: APPM Ltd's Wesley Vale paper plant opens
 1971: First state Aboriginal conference held in Launceston
 1972: Conservationists lose battle to prevent flooding of Lake Pedder in South-West for hydro-electric scheme
 1972: Liberal-Centre Party coalition government collapses
 1972: Tasmanian College of Advanced Education opens in Hobart
 1972: Ferry Princess of Tasmania makes last Tasmanian voyage
 1972: Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre opens at Tasmanian Aboriginal Information Centre
 1973: Coastal freighter Blythe Star sinks with loss of three men, seven survivors spend eight days adrift in lifeboat before coming ashore on Forestier Peninsula
 1973: Australia's first legal casino opens at Wrest Point Hotel Casino
 1973: Sir Stanley Burbury, formerly chief justice, becomes first Australian-born governor of Tasmania
 1974: Three die when boiler explosion demolishes laundry at Mt St Canice Convent, Sandy Bay
 1974: Tasmanian workers under state wages board awards get four weeks annual leave; woman awarded equal pay
 1974: Hobart suburban rail services cease
 1975: Freighter MV Lake Illawarra crashes into Tasman Bridge, causing 12 deaths and bringing down part of bridge; temporary Bailey bridge put across Derwent
 1975: Police academy completed at Rokeby
 1975: Hotels allowed to open for Sunday trading
 1975: Totalizator Agency Board begins operating
 1976: Members of Aboriginal community ritually cremate Truganini's remains, scatter ashes in D'Entrecasteaux Channel
 1976: Tasmanian Wilderness Society formed
 1976: Freight equalisation scheme subsidises sea cargo to and from state
 1977: Repaired Tasman Bridge reopens to traffic
 1977: Royal visit, during which Aboriginal activist Michael Mansell presents the Queen with land rights claim
 1977: Tasmanian Film Corporation launched
 1978: Australian National Railways takes over Tasmanian rail system; Tasman Limited ceases operations, ending regular passenger train services in state
 1978: Hydro-Electric Commission proposes power scheme involving Gordon, Franklin and King rivers
 1979: Tasmanian College of Advanced Education moves to Launceston
 1979: State's first ombudsman begins duties
 1979: Hobart gets increased Saturday morning shopping
 1979: Government expands South-West conservation area to more than one-fifth of state's total area

1980–1989
 1980: Australian Antarctic Division headquarters completed at Kingston
 1980: Labor MHA Gillian James becomes first woman to become State Government minister
 1980: Australian Maritime College opens at Beauty Point
 1980: Australian Heritage Commission includes Tasmania on National Estate register
 1981: Plebiscite on preferred new hydro-electric power development scheme shows 47% of voters favour Gordon-below-Franklin development, 8% prefer Gordon-above-Olga, with 45% casting informal votes, including 'no dams' write-ins.
 1981: Devonport proclaimed city
 1981: Bushfires destroy 40 Zeehan homes
 1982: Proclamation of Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, including South-West, Franklin-Lower Gordon Wild Rivers and Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair national parks; conservationists blockade Gordon-below-Franklin hydro-electric dam work
 1982: Tasmanians elect Liberals as government in their own right for first time in state's history
 1983: Federal regulations block Franklin Dam construction; High Court rules in favour of federal sovereignty, ending the proposed Gordon-below-Franklin scheme
 1983: Tasmanian Aboriginal Land Council established
 1983: Visit by The Prince and Princess of Wales
 1984: Official opening of Bowen Bridge
 1984: Official opening of Wrest Point Convention Centre
 1984: Fire damages Theatre Royal
 1984: Atlantic salmon eggs introduced to Tasmania
 1985: Four-day cremation ceremony at Oyster Cove, south of Hobart, for Aboriginal remains recovered from museums
 1985: CSIRO Marine Laboratories open in Hobart
 1985: Last voyage by ferry Empress of Australia before replacement by Abel Tasman
 1985: Last Tasmanian drive-in theatres close in Hobart and Launceston
 1985: Municipal rationalisation advances with Launceston taking over St Leonards and Lilydale
 1986: Pope John Paul II holds mass for 32,000 people at Elwick racecourse during Hobart visit
 1986: Archaeologists discover Aboriginal rock paintings in South-West believed to be 20,000 years old
 1987: Launching of Lady Nelson replica ship
 1987: High Court decision bans logging in Lemonthyme, southern forests
 1987: Antarctic supply ship Nella Dan sinks off Macquarie Island
 1988: International fleet of about 200 sailing, cruise and naval ships from about 20 countries calls at Hobart as part of Australian Bicentennial celebrations; more than 150 leave on race to Sydney
 1988: Clarence and Burnie proclaimed cities
 1988: Tasmanian Sporting Hall of Fame opens
 1989: State election ends with Labor-Green accord involving five independents; their no-confidence vote in Robin Gray's minority Liberal government gives Labor's Michael Field premiership

1990–1999
 1990: Sea Cat Tasmania, built in Hobart by Incat, begins summer crossings of Bass Strait
 1990: King Island scheelite mine closes
 1990: World Rowing Championships held on Lake Barrington, near Sheffield
 1991: Savings Bank of Tasmania and Tasmanian Bank amalgamate as Trust Bank
 1991: Port Huon paper mill, Electrona silicon smelter, Renison tin mine and Devonport Ovaltine factory close
 1992: Aboriginal people occupy Risdon Cove in protest over land claims
 1992: Royal Hobart Hospital nursing school closes, ending hospital-based nursing training in Tasmania
 1992: Seven women ordained as Anglican priests at St David's Cathedral
 1992: State's unemployment rate reaches 12.2% as jobs decline in public and private sectors; rallies of angry workers force temporary closure of House of Assembly
 1993: Christine Milne (Tasmanian Greens) becomes first female leader of a Tasmanian political party
 1993: Spirit of Tasmania replaces Abel Tasman on Bass Strait ferry service
 1993: Tasmania's unemployment rate reaches 13.4%
 1993: State Government reduces total of municipalities from 46 to 29, number of departments from 17 to 12
 1994: End to 80 years of dam building as state's last power station, Tribute, opens near Tullah
 1994: HMAS Huon naval base decommissioned
 1995: All-day Saturday shop trading begins
 1995: Government announces legislation to transfer 38 km2 of culturally significant land to Aboriginal community, including Risdon Cove and Oyster Cove
 1995: States unemployment rate falls to 9.6% as number of Tasmanians in work sets record
 1996 (28 April): Gunman Martin Bryant kills 35 people and injures 20 more in shooting rampage at Port Arthur historic site; Supreme Court sentences him to life imprisonment' 1996: Former federal Liberal minister Peter Nixon heads Commonwealth state inquiry into Tasmanian economy
 1997: Tasmania becomes first state to formally apologise to Aboriginal community for past actions connected with the 'stolen generation'.
 1997: Hobart Ports Corporation succeeds marine board
 1997: State Parliament repeals two century-old laws that together made all male homosexual activity criminal
 1997: Royal Hobart Hospital announces part privatisation
 1997: Official opening of Hobart's Aquatic Centre
 1997: Nixon report recommendations include single chamber State Parliament with 27 members, government asset sales
 1997: About 800 gaming machines introduced into 55 Tasmanian hotels, clubs amid predictions of major social problems
 1998: Federal Government sells Hobart and Launceston airports
 1998: Subsidiary Kendell Airlines takes over Ansett's Tasmanian services
 1998: Parliament reduced from 54 members to 40–25 Members of the House of Assembly and 15 Members of the Legislative Council
 1998: Legislation passed to separate Hydro-Electric Commission into three bodies: Aurora Energy, Transend Networks and Hydro Tasmania.
 1998: Bushfires destroy six houses in Hobart suburbs, burn out 30 km2
 1998 (December): Storms and massive seas claim six lives in Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
 1999: Wild winds and heavy rain caused chaos across Tasmania, one casualty being the Ferris Wheel at the Royal Hobart Regatta which blew over onto the Gee Whizzer ride. 113 km/h winds in Hobart, 158 km/h winds on Mount Wellington.
 1999: Tasmanian cricketer David Boon announced his retirement from Sheffield Shield cricket
 March 1999: Tasmania is almost booked out for the millennium New Year's Eve party—a once-in-1000-year event for Tasmania's key resorts, hotels, motels and restaurants
 1999: Albanian refugees from Kosovo housed at Brighton military camp, renamed Tasmanian Peace Haven
 1999: Legislation passed to give Aboriginal community control of Wybalenna, Flinders Island
 1999: Colonial State Bank of NSW takes over Trust Bank
 1999: Official opening of Port Arthur Visitor Centre
 1999: Queen Alexandra Hospital building leased to private operators
 1999 (25 October): Labor part stalwart Eric Reece, hailed as Tasmania's greatest premier, died in Hobart, aged 90
 1999: Proclamation of Tasmanian Seamounts Marine Reserve, Australia's first deep-sea reserve
 1999: Tasmania voted the best temperate island in the world by the world's largest travel magazine, Conde Nast Traveler2000–present
 2000 (1 January): Tasmania beamed to 43 television networks around the world to herald the new millennium
 2000: Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia visits Hobart
 2000: Tasmania hosts its first Sorry Day at Risdon Cove
 2000: Olympic Torch comes to Tasmania
 2000: New Federation Concert Hall opens in Hobart
 2001 (10 May): Centenary of Federation celebrated
 2001: For the first time in 120 years, Tasmanian Australian rules football clubs take the national stage playing home and away VFL games
 2001: Tasmanian company Gunns clinches $335 million deal to become one of the giants of the Australian forestry industry
 2001: Impulse Airlines begins, cutting one way Hobart-Melbourne fares to $40, but is subsumed by Qantas
 2001: 10 Days on the Island begins. It is Tasmania's biggest cultural festival in a century
 2001: State Government announces $53 million jail to replace the old Risdon Jail
 2001: New traffic laws introduced, drivers face automatic disqualification if travelling 38 km/h over the limit
 2001: Meningoccocal hits Tasmania with the first of many deaths
 2002: House and land boom begins with East Coast blocks selling for almost three times the town's previous record
 2002 (May): : Tasmania's suburban street speed limit dropped to 50 km/h in a bid to increase road safety
 2002: Tasmania hit by drought
 2002 (16 May): Death of Australia's last ANZAC, Tasmania's Alec Campbell, aged 103.
 2002 (3 August): Tasmanian boxer Daniel Geale wins Tasmania's only gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England.
 2002: Virgin Blue begins operating in Tasmania offering introductory $66 one-way fares to Melbourne
 2002 (1 September): Tasmania's fast ferries Spirit of Tasmania I and II replace original Spirit of Tasmania on Bass Strait trade.
 2002 (12 October): Tasmanian Tim Hawkins killed in Bali bombing
 2002: Deregulated shop trading hours begin
 2003 (January): People urged by Tasmanian Fire Service to abandon their Australia Day long-weekend plans and prepare their homes for a potential firestorm as a number of fires pose the worst fire threat in 30 years
 2003: Official opening of the restored Queenstown to Regatta Point railway line West Coast Wilderness Railway. ()
 2003: Attempted hijack of a Qantas flight from Melbourne to Launceston
 2003: Federal Hotels gets exclusive control of state's gaming machines for 15 years with a further 5-year option
 2003: Richard Butler becomes Tasmania's new governor
 2003: Regina Bird wins reality-TV show Big Brother, becomes first Tasmanian to do so
 2003: Tasmania passed some of the most progressive relationship laws in the world including same-sex adoptions and registration of 'significant' relationships
 2003: Engagement of Tasmania's Mary Donaldson to Denmark's Prince Frederik
 2004 (13 January): Spirit of Tasmania III makes its first voyage from Sydney to Devonport
 2004: State Government announces legislation to legalise brothels; leading to a back flip in 2005 when the government chose to ban brothels altogether.
 2004 (14 May): Wedding of Tasmania's Mary Donaldson to Denmark's Prince Frederik in Copenhagen.
 2004 (20 May): Premier Jim Bacon dies in Hobart of lung cancer
 2004 (8 August): Tasmanian governor Richard Butler resigns at the request the premier, who agreed to pay "compensation" of $600,000 in lost salary
 2005 (15 October): Tasmanian Mary Donaldson and Prince Frederik give birth to a male infant Prince Christian who will be in the line of succession to the Danish throne
 2006 (26 April): Beaconsfield mine collapse—One miner killed, two trapped underground for a fortnight.
 2006 (27 August): Final crossing of the Spirit of Tasmania III from Sydney to Devonport
 2011 (22 January) : The Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) opens to the public.
 2012 : Tasmania's largest company, Gunns, enters voluntary administration.

See also
 History of Hobart
 Historical bibliographies of Tasmania

References and sources
References

Sources

 Robson, L. L. (1983). A History of Tasmania. Volume I. Van Diemen's Land From the Earliest Times to 1855. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. .
 Robson, L. L. (1991). A History of Tasmania. Volume II. Colony and State From 1856 to the 1980s''. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. .
 Fenton, James. A history of Tasmania from its discovery in 1642 to the present time. London: Macmillan and Co., 1884. (link)

Articles containing video clips
Tasmanian timelines

History of Tasmania


An Cyrtococcum capitis-york in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bryan Kenneth Simon. An Cyrtococcum capitis-york in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtococcum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtococcum

Cyrtococcum capitis-york


محترف أو مِهْنِيٌّ هو عضو في مهنة أسست على تدريب متخصص تعليمي.

كلمة محترف تقليديا، تعني الشخص الذي حصل على شهادة البكالوريوس في المجال المهني. يستخدم هذا المصطلح بصورة عامة للدلالة على ذوي الياقات البيضاء العاملين، أو شخص يؤدي تجاريا في حقل عادة مخصص للهواة.

في الدول الغربية، مثل الولايات المتحدة، فإن المصطلح غالبا يصف المتعلمين تعليما عاليا، العاملين بأجر كبير، الذين يتمتعون بقدر كبير من الحكم الذاتي في العمل، أمن الاقتصادي، مرتب مريح، وعادة ما يشاركوا في أعمال إبداعية وذات تحدي فكري. أقل من الناحية الفنية، فإنه قد يشير أيضا إلى شخص لديه الكفاءة المبهره في نشاط معين.

عمل

الوصف

المعايير الرئيسية للمحترف تشمل ما يلي :

 المؤهلات الأكاديمية—على درجة في المحاسبة، على درجة الدكتوراه أو شهادة في القانون—أي الكليات الجامعية / المعهد.
 الخبرة والمعرفة المتخصصة في مجال الذي يمارسة الشخص مهنيا.
 مهارات يدويه/عملية ممتازه وأدبية في ما يتعلق بالمهنة.
 الشخص يجب دائما ان يرتدى قميص كامل الأكمام وربطة عنق أثناء العمل (ليس دائما).
 جودة عالية في العمل (أمثلة) : الإبداعات، ,المنتجات، الخدمات ,العروض، الاستشارات، البحوث الأبتدائيه/الأخرى، الإدارية، التسويق، أو مساعي العمل الأخرى.
 مستوى عال من الأخلاق المهنية، السلوك وأنشطة العمل أثناء تأديته لمهنة الشخص (كموظف، يعمل لحسابه الشخصي، الوظيفة، المؤسسات، الأعمال التجارية، الشركات، أو شراكة / زماله/ زميل، الخ).
 اخلاق وحماسه منطقيه في العمل. مصلحة ورغبة للقيام بعمل جيد وكذلك أخذ موقف ايجابيا تجاه المهنة من العناصر الهامة في تحقيق مستوى عال من الاحترافيه.

وفي بريطانيا وغيرها، الكفاءة المهنية (الأحترافيه) وغالبا ما تسمي الميثاق الملكي.

الحرف

في الاستخدام الضيق، ليس كل الخبرات تعتبر مهنة. على الرغم من أن يشار إليه أحيانا باسم المهن، مثل العمل في مهن البناء هي ينظر إليهاأعم كتجاره أو حرفه. الانتهاء من التلمذة الصناعية يرتبط عموما العمالة الماهرة أو الحرف مثل النجار، الكهربائي، السباك، البناء وغيرها من المهن المماثلة. تمييز ذوالصلة (ولكن ليس دائما صحيحا) أن المحترف يقوك أساسا بالعمل العقلي أو الإدارية، بدلا من الانخراط في العمل البدني. كثير من الشركات تشمل لفظة الأحترافيه في اسم الشركة، للدلالة على جودة ما تقدمه من صنعة أو الخدمة.

الرياضة

في مجال الرياضة، المحترف هو الشخص الذي يشارك من أجل المال. العكس هو الهاوي، وهذا يعني الشخص الذي لا يلعب من أجل المال، ولكن في محيط الأكاديمي (مثل كرة القدم في الجامعات) أو غيره. مصطلح «المهنية» يشيع استخدامه بشكل غير صحيح عند الإشارة إلى الرياضة، كتميز ببساطة يشير إلى الكيفية التي يتم تمويله الرياضي بها، وليس بالضرورة المسابقات أو الإنجازات.

في بعض الأحيان الوضع الأحترافي للنشاط يكون مثير للجدل، على سبيل المثال، هناك نقاش بشأن ما إذا كان المحترفين ينبغي السماح لهم بالمنافسة في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية. الدافع وراء المال (سواء في مكافآت، مرتبات أو إيرادات الإعلانات) أحيانا ينظر إليها على أنها تأثير مفسد، ويفسد الرياضة.

وقد اقترح أن فئات الطبيعي، كل شيء أو لا شيء، من المحترفين أو الهواة ينبغي إعادة النظر فيها. وهناك تحول تاريخي يحدث مع صعود الهواه المحترفون، فئة جديدة من الناس الذين يتابعون أنشطة الهواة لمعايير أحترافيه.

اللعب الاحترافي هو شكل آخر من أشكال الرياضة الأحترافيه.

المراجع

مهن

محترف


Agave brunnea ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave) in der Unterfamilie der Agavengewächse (Agavoideae). Das Artepitheton brunnea stammt aus dem Lateinischen, bedeutet 'braun' und verweist auf die braune Innenseite der Blüten.

Beschreibung
Agave brunnea ist robust und vermehrt sich vegetativ durch Knospen aus dem Rhizom unterhalb der Blattbasen. Die Rhizome sind meist länglich, etwa 2 Zentimeter lang und 0,9 bis 2,5 Zentimeter breit. Ihre Wurzeln sind fleischig. Die vier bis acht sukkulenten, etwas glauken und rot marmorierten Laubblätter sind linealisch-lanzettlich bis breit lanzettlich und glatt. Sie sind bis zu 32 Zentimeter  lang und 1,3 bis 2,9 (selten bis 3,6) Zentimeter breit. Die Blattspitze ist spitz und besitzt ein langes Spitzchen. Die Blattränder sind gezähnt. Die knorpeligen, meist großen, Zähnen sind deltoid oder gestutzt-ausgenagt und stehen 0,3 bis 1,1 Zentimeter voneinander entfernt. Zwischen den Zähnen befindet sich an den Blatträndern ein helles Band. Die Reste der Blattbasen sind häutig und zerfallen an ihrer Spitze in feine Fasern von 5,5 bis 9,5 (selten ab 4,5) Zentimeter Länge.

Der "ährige" Blütenstand erreicht eine Höhe von bis zu 130 Zentimeter. Der blütentragende Teil ist 6,5 bis 29 Zentimeter lang und trägt neun bis 19 einzelnen, sitzenden, fast aufrechten Blüten. Der lang ellipsoide Fruchtknoten ist 10 bis 20 (selten bis 25) Millimeter lang. Die schmal trichterförmige und gerade Perigonröhre ist oberhalb des Fruchtknotens allmählich eingeschnürt. Sie ist 20 bis 32 (selten 15 bis 35) Millimeter lang. Ihre Außenseite ist gelblich grün, die Innenseite braun. Die stumpfen Perigonzipfel sind an ihrer Spitze nicht angeschwollen. Der Griffel überragt die Perigonröhre um 35 bis 53 (selten bis 65) Millimeter. Die keulenförmigen Narben sind dreikantig und tief gefurcht. Die Blütezeit reicht vom späten Juni bis in den August.

Die ellipsoiden bis länglichen, verholzten Früchte sind 1,8 bis 3,6 Millimeter lang und 1,2 bis 1,6 Millimeter breit. Sie enthalten Samen von 5 Millimeter Länge und 3 bis 4 Millimeter Breite.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave brunnea ist in den mexikanischen Bundesstaaten Chihuahua und Coahuila auf trockenen Hügeln oder Wüstenebenen, vulkanischen oder alluvialen Böden in Höhenlagen von 1125 bis 1400 Metern verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch Sereno Watson wurde 1891 veröffentlicht. Nomenklatorische Synonyme sind Manfreda brunnea  (1903) und Polianthes brunnea   (1966).

Die Art gehört in die Untergattung Manfreda und wird dort der Manfreda-Gruppe zugeordnet.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Herbarbeleg mit dem Typusexemplar von Agave brunnea

Agaven
Brunnea

Agave brunnea


ABS-CBN Corporation er en medie- og underholdningsgruppe i Filippinerne, som har hovedkontor i Quezon City. Det er Filippins største underholdnings- og mediekonglomerat med hensyn til omsætning, driftsindtægter, nettoindkomst, aktiver, egenkapital, markedsværdi og antal ansatte. ABS-CBN blev dannet ved fusionen af Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) og Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN).

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Indenrigs

Terrestriske tv-kanaler
 ABS-CBN
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 Kapamilya Channel (kabel)
 ABS-CBN Sports+Action
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ABS-CBN


Die Brasil Open 2010 waren ein Tennisturnier, welches vom 8. bis 14. Februar 2010 in Costa do Sauípe stattfand. Es war Teil der ATP World Tour 2010 und wurde im Freien auf Sandplatz ausgetragen. In derselben Woche wurden in Rotterdam das ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament sowie in San José die SAP Open gespielt. Letztere zählten genau wie die Brasil Open zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 250, während das ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament zur Kategorie ATP World Tour 500 gehörte.

Titelverteidiger im Einzel war Tommy Robredo, der in diesem Jahr nicht mehr am Turnier teilnahm. Die Einzelkonkurrenz konnte Juan Carlos Ferrero gewinnen, im Finale besiegte er den Polen Łukasz Kubot mit 6:1, 6:0. Damit feierte er seinen 13. Einzeltitel seiner Karriere. Im Doppel waren Marcel Granollers und Tommy Robredo die Titelverteidiger, sie traten jedoch nicht mehr gemeinsam an. Während Robredo gar nicht teilnahm, spielte Granollers zusammen mit Pablo Cuevas und konnte im Finale gegen das polnische Duo Łukasz Kubot und Oliver Marach in zwei Sätzen mit 7:5 und 6:4 gewinnen.

Das Teilnehmerfeld der Einzelkonkurrenz bestand aus 28 Spielern, jenes der Doppelkonkurrenz aus 16 Paaren. Die vier topgesetzten Spieler im Einzel bekamen jeweils ein Freilos in die zweite Runde. Das Gesamtpreisgeld betrug 442.500 US-Dollar, die gesamten finanziellen Verbindlichkeiten lagen bei 500.000 US-Dollar.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation fand vom 6. bis 8. Februar 2010 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Qualifikantenplätze, die zur Teilnahme am Hauptfeld des Turniers berechtigten. Hinzu kamen ein Lucky Loser.

Folgende Spieler hatten die Qualifikation überstanden und spielten im Hauptfeld des Turniers:

Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte
Es wurden die folgenden Preisgelder und Weltranglistenpunkte für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde ausgezahlt bzw. gutgeschrieben. Spieler, die über die Qualifikation ins Hauptfeld einzogen, erhielten die angegebenen Qualifikationspunkte zusätzlich zu denen für das Erreichen der jeweiligen Runde. Ansonsten sind die Beträge nicht kumulativ zu verstehen. Preisgelder für den Doppelwettbewerb gelten pro Team.

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks und Quellen
 Offizielle Homepage des Turniers

Turnier der ATP World Tour 2010
Tennisturnier in Costa do Sauípe

Brasil Open 2010