In probability theory, the Borel–Kolmogorov paradox (sometimes known as Borel's paradox) is a paradox  relating to conditional probability with respect to an event of probability zero (also known as a null set). It is named after Émile Borel and Andrey Kolmogorov.

A great circle puzzle
Suppose that a random variable has a uniform distribution on a unit sphere. What is its conditional distribution on a great circle? Because of the symmetry of the sphere, one might expect that the distribution is uniform and independent of the choice of coordinates. However, two analyses give contradictory results.  First, note that choosing a point uniformly on the sphere is equivalent to choosing the longitude  uniformly from  and choosing the latitude  from  with density . Then we can look at two different great circles:
 If the coordinates are chosen so that the great circle is an equator (latitude ), the conditional density for a longitude  defined on the interval  is
 If the great circle is a line of longitude with , the conditional density for   on the interval  is

One distribution is uniform on the circle, the other is not. Yet both seem to be referring to the same great circle in different coordinate systems.

Explanation and implications
In case (1) above, the conditional probability that the longitude λ lies in a set E given that φ = 0 can be written P(λ ∈ E | φ = 0). Elementary probability theory suggests this can be computed as P(λ ∈ E and φ = 0)/P(φ = 0), but that expression is not well-defined since P(φ = 0) = 0.  Measure theory provides a way to define a conditional probability, using the family of events Rab = {φ : a < φ < b} which are horizontal rings consisting of all points with latitude between a and b.

The resolution of the paradox is to notice that in case (2), P(φ ∈ F | λ = 0) is defined using the events Lab = {λ : a < λ < b}, which are lunes (vertical wedges), consisting of all points whose longitude varies between a and b.  So although P(λ ∈ E | φ = 0) and P(φ ∈ F | λ = 0) each provide a probability distribution on a great circle, one of them is defined using rings, and the other using lunes.  Thus it is not surprising after all that P(λ ∈ E | φ = 0) and P(φ ∈ F | λ = 0) have different distributions.

Mathematical explication

Measure theoretic perspective

To understand the problem we need to recognize that a distribution on a continuous random variable is described by a density f only with respect to some measure μ. Both are important for the full description of the probability distribution. Or, equivalently, we need to fully define the space on which we want to define f.

Let Φ and Λ denote two random variables taking values in Ω1 =  respectively Ω2 = [−, ]. An event {Φ = φ, Λ = λ} gives a point on the sphere S(r) with radius r. We define the coordinate transform

for which we obtain the volume element

Furthermore, if either φ or λ is fixed, we get the volume elements

Let

denote the joint measure on , which has a density  with respect to  and let

If we assume that the density  is uniform, then

Hence,  has a uniform density with respect to  but not with respect to the Lebesgue measure. On the other hand,  has a uniform density with respect to  and the Lebesgue measure.

Proof of contradiction

Consider a random vector  that is uniformly distributed on the unit sphere .

We begin by parametrizing the sphere with the usual spherical polar coordinates:

where  and .

We can define random variables ,  as the values of
under the inverse of this parametrization, or more formally using the arctan2 function:

Using the formulas for the surface area spherical cap and the spherical wedge, the surface of a spherical cap wedge is given by

Since  is uniformly distributed, the probability is proportional to the surface area, giving the joint cumulative distribution function

The joint probability density function is then given by

Note that  and  are independent random variables.

For simplicity, we won't calculate the full conditional distribution on a great circle, only the probability that the random vector lies in the first octant. That is to say, we will attempt to calculate the conditional probability  with

We attempt to evaluate the conditional probability as a limit of conditioning on the events

As  and  are independent, so are the events  and , therefore

Now we repeat the process with a different parametrization of the sphere:

This is equivalent to the previous parametrization rotated by 90 degrees around the y axis.

Define new random variables

Rotation is measure preserving so the density of  and   is the same:
.

The expressions for  and  are:

Attempting again to evaluate the conditional probability as a limit of conditioning on the events

Using L'Hôpital's rule and differentiation under the integral sign:

This shows that the conditional density cannot be treated as conditioning on an event of probability zero, as explained in Conditional probability#Conditioning on an event of probability zero.

See also

Notes

References

 Fragmentary Edition (1994) (pp. 1514–1517)   (PostScript format)

 Translation:

Probability theory paradoxes

Borel–Kolmogorov paradox


An Brachiaria xantholeuca in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schinz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Brachiaria xantholeuca in nahilalakip ha genus nga Brachiaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Brachiaria

Brachiaria xantholeuca


Rutulii (în ; în , Rutulians, Rutuls) sunt un popor trăitor în zona de Nord a Munților Caucaz. Rutulii vorbesc limba rutulă. Majoritatea rutulilor trăiesc în Daghestan, în Regiunea Rutulă, care se învecinează la Sud cu Azerbaidjan, la Sud-Vest cu Georgia. Rutulii sunt de religie musulmană (suniți).

Scrierea
Până în 1917, limba rutulă se scria cu ajutorul alfabetului arab. Începând cu anii 1939, sub influența lui Stalin, limba azeră a fost scrisă cu alfabetul chirilic. Rutuli, care trăiesc în Azerbaidjan, limba rutulă a fost scrisă cu alfabetul latin.

Note

Note explicative

Note bibliografice

Popoare din Caucaz

Rutuli (Caucaz)


NGC 241 sau NGC 242 este un roi deschis situat în Micul Nor al lui Magellan, în constelația Tucanul. A fost descoperit probabil în 11 august 1834 de către John Herschel. De asemenea, a fost observat încă o dată în 12 august 1834 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 240
 NGC 243

Legături externe
 NGC 241 pe WikiSky
 NGC 241 pe spider.seds.org

Roiuri deschise
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Tucanul
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1834
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de John Herschel

NGC 241


Et problem om plads er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1991 instrueret af Ole Würtz.

Handling
Den finske forfatter Märta Tikkanen holdt medio april et seminar på Ringgården i Middelfart. Vi fik hende til at læse nogle af sine digte fra bogen Århundredets Kærlighedseventyr og interviewede hende om grundene til, at hun skrev en så bitter bog.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1991

Et problem om plads


VVS-energiuddannelsen er en erhvervsfaglig, teknisk uddannelse, der udbydes af 15 tekniske skoler i følgende byer: Ålborg, Herning, Århus, Esbjerg, Kolding, Åbenrå, Odense, Slagelse, Næstved, Nykøbing Falster, Rønne, Køge, Roskilde, Gladsaxe og Hillerød. Uddannelsen er dermed landsdækkende og det er muligt at gå i gang med vvs-energiuddannelsen i hele landet.

Som en teknisk erhvervsudddannelse varer vvs-energiuddannelsen typisk 4 år - og en lærling får løn under hele uddannelsen.

Der er fire specialer:
 Vvs-energispecialist
 Ventilationstekniker
 Vvs-installationstekniker
 Vvs og Blikkenslager.
Det er det faglige udvalg for vvs-energiuddannelsen, som står bag uddannelsen. Det faglige udvalg består af TEKNIQ og Blik-og Rørarbejderforbundet.

EVU, El- og vvs-branchens uddannelser, er sekretariat for det faglige udvalg for vvs-energiuddannelsen.

Jobområder
Vvs-energiuddannede arbejder typisk inden for et eller flere af følgende jobområder:
 Teknologi, bad og design
 Service
 Ventilation og indeklima
 Energi og optimering
 bygningsinstallationer
 Tag og facade

Specialer
Vvs-energiuddannelsen har fire specialer

Vvs-installationstekniker
Varighed 3 år og 9 måneder.

På dette speciale opnås kompetencer vedrørende installationsteknik, intelligent sanitetsteknik, sprinkler, plastsvejsning, vand og afløbsinstallationer, svejsning i stålrør og rustfrie materialer, kundeservice og teknisk projektstyring.

Det er en meget alsidig vvs-uddannelse, som gør lærlingen klar til at arbejde selvstændigt sammen med kunder i private hjem, på byggepladser og på store arbejdspladser. Det kan f.eks. være et laboratorium, et stort hospital eller i et moderne kontordomicil.

Uddannelsen berører også installation og service af velfærdsteknologiske løsninger, som blandt andet gør det muligt for handicappede og ældre at klare sig selv.

Vvs-energispecialist
Varighed 4 år.

Specialet er for dem, der gerne vil arbejde med vedvarende og miljørigtig opvarmning, energioptimering og rådgivning.

På specialet vvs-energispecialist får lærlingen færdigheder inden for planlægning, dimensionering, installation og servicering af:
 Energianlæg – gas- og oliefyr
 Vedvarende energi som solvarme, jordvarme og varmepumper
 Varmeforsyningsanlæg
 Kombinerede energianlæg som halmfyr, pillefyr, træfyr og brændeovn
 Lavtemperaturanlæg og ekspansionssystemer
 Installation og service af programmerbare styrings- og reguleringsautomatikker
 Installation og indregulering samt servicering af mekaniske og eltekniske komponenter
Det er også muligt at gennemføre specialet som talentspor eller som EUX-uddannelse, hvor man både får en erhvervsuddannelse og en gymnasial uddannelse på en gang.

Ventilationstekniker
Varighed 4 år.

På specialet ventilationsteknik lærer man at skabe godt indeklima. Uddannelsen gør lærlingen i stand til at installere, servicere og indregulere ventillationsanlæg i både stor og lille skala.

I løbet af uddannelsen får lærlingen færdigheder i:
 Klima- og ventilationsanlæg
 Udsugningsanlæg
 Varmegenvindingsanlæg
 Airconditionanlæg
 Udsugningsanlæg fra industrielle processer som svejserøg, støv, sand, sod træspåner, metalstøv og andre faste partikler
 Klima- og ventilationsanlæg fra servicebrancher som laboratorier, storkøkkener, frisørsaloner, dyrehandler, etc.
 Klima- og ventilationsanlæg med særlige formål som styring af luftfugtighed (befugter og affugter), styring af luftblanding (ilt, m.v.), filtrering/behandling af luft med lugtgener
 Servicering, indregulering, fejlfinding og programmering på klima- og ventilationsanlæg
 Automatik og styringer i klima- og ventilationsanlæg
 Fremstilling af beslag, kanaldele og faconstykker i klima- og ventilationsanlæg
 Tildannelse af præfrabrikerede rør, profiler og kanaler til klima- og ventilationsanlæg

Vvs og blikkenslager
Varighed 4 år

På specialet vvs-og blikkenslager lærer lærlingen at forskønne tage, facader, tårne og spir med pladearbejde i f.eks. kobber, zink og aluminium. Derudover lærer lærlingen at udføre basalt vvs-arbejde.

En lærling, der vælger specialet vvs og blikkenslager, vil i løbet af uddannelsen tilegne sig færdigheder inden for:
 Udfoldning og forarbejdning af tyndplade til agrender og nedløb
 Tage, tårne og facader i kobber, zink, aluminium, rustfast stål, stål eller skifer
 Inddækning af bygningsdele og ved gennembrud i tage og facader
 Afslutningsdetaljer i tyndplade ved murværk, træ-, plast-, beton-, glas-, stål- og tagkonstruktioner
 Beklædning af tag og facader med præfabrikerede pladeelementer
Installation og reparation af:
 Vand fra vandværk til taphane
 Gas til komfurer, varmtvand og rumopvarmning
 Varme med olie- eller gasfyr samt varmepumper.
 Fjernvarme fra kraftværk til radiator
 Køkkenvask, håndvask, toilet, bidet, brusekabiner og andet inventar i køkken, bad og bryggers
 Afløb i bygninger
 Mindre ventilationsanlæg

Videreuddannelse
Der er mulighed for at læse videre som vvs-installatør og energiteknolog på et af landets erhvervsakadamier.

Det er muligt at blive "Autoriseret" ved at gennemgå en kontrol, som udføres af en række instanser, overvåget af Sikkerhedsstyrelsen.

Noter

VVS
Håndværk

VVS-energiuddannelsen


Yalancı yem, tüy ve iplikten yapılan sinekler, bir veya daha çok uçlu iğne ile donatılmış yumuşak plastik yemler, muhtelif kaşıklar, döner kanatlı yemler, çeşitli şekillerde ve renkte yemlerdir.

Deniz ürünleri

Yalancı Yem


Benny Goodman (n. 30 mai 1909 - d. 13 iunie 1986) a fost un compozitor, dirijor, clarinetist, lider de formație și muzician de jazz și swing american, care a primit Premiul Grammy pentru întreaga carieră în 1986.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1909
Nașteri pe 30 mai
Muzicieni americani
Decese pe 13 iunie
Decese în 1986

Benny Goodman


U sezoni 2016./17. NK Osijek II natjecao se u Trećoj HNL – Istok. Bila je to prva natjecateljska sezona za drugu momčad NK Osijek.

Natjecanja

Utakmice

Treća HNL – Istok

Statistika igrača
ažurirano: 3. lipnja 2017.

Strijelci

Vratari po broju utakmica bez primljenog pogotka

Kartoni

Nastupi i pogodci

Povezani članci
 NK Osijek 2016./17.

Izvori i bilješke

2016-17

NK Osijek II 2016./17.


Richard Christopher Carrington (26 May 1826 – 27 November 1875) was an English amateur astronomer whose 1859 astronomical observations demonstrated the existence of solar flares as well as suggesting their electrical influence upon the Earth and its aurorae; and whose 1863 records of sunspot observations revealed the differential rotation of the Sun.

Life
Carrington was born at Chelsea, the second son of Richard Carrington, the proprietor of a large brewery at Brentford, and his wife Esther Clarke Aplin. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1844; but, though destined for the church, rather by his father's than by his own desire, his scientific tendencies gradually prevailed, and received a final impulse towards practical astronomy from Professor Challis's lectures on the subject. This change in the purpose of his life was unopposed, and he had the prospect of ample means; so that it was purely with the object of gaining experience that he applied, shortly after taking his degree as thirty-sixth wrangler in 1848, for the post of observer in the University of Durham. He entered upon his duties there in October 1849, but soon became dissatisfied with their narrow scope. The observatory was ill supplied with instruments, and the leisure left him for study served only to widen his aims. Friedrich Bessel's and Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander's star-zones, above all, struck him as a model for imitation, and he resolved to complete by extending them to the pole. Desirous of advancing so far beyond his predecessors as to include in his survey stars of the tenth magnitude, he vainly applied for a suitable instrument, and at last, hopeless of accomplishing any part of his design at Durham, or of benefiting by any further stay, he resigned his position there in March 1852. He had not, however, been idle. Some of his observations, especially of minor planets and comets, made with a Fraunhofer equatorial of 6½ inches aperture, had been published, in a provisional state, in the 'Monthly Notices' and 'Astronomische Nachrichten,' and the whole were definitively embodied in a volume entitled 'Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Observatory of the University, Durham, from October 1849 to April 1852' (Durham, 1855). His admission as a member of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), 14 March 1851, conveyed a prompt recognition of his exceptional merits as an observer.

In June 1852 he fixed upon a site for an observatory and dwelling-house at Redhill, Surrey. In July 1853 a transit-circle of 5½ feet focus, reduced in scale from the Greenwich model, and an equatorial of 4½ inches aperture, both by Simms, were in their places, and work was begun. On 9 December 1853, Carrington presented to the RAS, as the result of a preliminary survey, printed copies of nine draft maps, containing all stars down to the eleventh magnitude within 9° of the Pole (Monthly Notices, xiv. 40). Three years' steady pursuance of the adopted plan produced, in 1857, 'A Catalogue of 3,735 Circumpolar Stars observed at Redhill in the years 1854, 1855, and 1856, and reduced to Mean Positions for 1855.' The work was printed at public expense, the decision to that effect by the Lords of the Admiralty rendering unnecessary the acceptance of Leverrier's handsome offer to include it in the next forthcoming volume of the 'Annales' of the Paris observatory. It was rewarded with the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, in presenting which, 11 February 1859, Mr. Main dwelt upon the eminent utility of the design, as well as the 'standard excellence' of its execution (ib. xix. 162). It included a laborious comparison of Schwerd's places for 680 stars with those obtained at Redhill, and an elaborate dissertation on the whole theory of corrections as applied to stars near the pole. Ten corresponding maps, copper-engraved, accompanied the catalogue.

Meanwhile, Carrington had adopted, and was cultivating with his usual felicity of treatment, a 'second subject' at that juncture of peculiar interest and importance. While his new observatory was in course of construction, he devoted some of his spare time to examining the drawings and records of sun-spots in possession of the RAS, and was much struck with the need and scarcity of systematic solar observations. Sabine's and Wolf's discovery of the coincidence between the magnetic and sunspot periods had just then been announced, and he believed he should be able to take advantage of the pre-occupation or inability of other observers to appropriate to himself, by 'close and methodical research,' the next ensuing eleven-year cycle. He accordingly resolved to devote his daylight energies to the sun, while reserving his nights for the stars. Solar physics as a whole, however, he prudently excluded from his field of view. He limited his task to fixing the true period of the sun's rotation (of which curiously discrepant values had been obtained), to tracing the laws of distribution of maculæ, and investigating the existence of permanent surface-currents. Adequately to compass these ends, new devices of observation, reduction, and comparison were required. Leaving photography to his successors as too undeveloped for immediate use, he chose a method founded on the idea of making the solar disc its own circular micrometer. An image of the sun was thrown upon a screen placed at such a distance from the eyepiece of the 4½-inch equatorial as to give to the disc a diameter of 12 to 14 inches. In the focus of the telescope, which was firmly clamped, two bars of flattened gold wire were fastened at right angles to each other, and inclined about 45° on either side of the meridian. Then, as the inverted image traversed the screen, the instants of contact with the wires of the sun's limbs and of the spot-nucleus to be measured were severally noted, when an easy calculation gave its heliocentric position (ib. xiv. 153).

In this manner, during seven and a half years, 5,290 observations were made of 954 separate groups, many of which were besides accurately depicted in drawings. By the sudden death of his father, however, in July 1858, and the consequent devolution upon Carrington of the management of the brewery, the complete execution of his project of research was frustrated. He continued for some time to supervise the solar work he had previously carried on in person; but in March 1861, seeing no prospect of release from commercial engagements, he thought it advisable to close the series. The results appeared in a quarto volume, the publication of which was aided by a grant from the Royal Society. Its title ran as follows: Observations of the Spots on the Sun from November 9, 1853, to March 24, 1861, made at Redhill (London, 1863). Never were data more opportunely furnished. Perhaps more effectually than the pronouncements of spectrum analysis, they served to revolutionise ideas on solar physics.

Efforts to ascertain the true rate of solar rotation had been continually baffled by what were called the 'proper motions' of the spots serving as indexes to it. Carrington showed that these were in reality due to a great 'bodily drift' of the photosphere, diminishing apparently from the equator to the poles (ib. xix. 81). There was, then, no single period ascertainable through observations of the solar surface. By equatorial spots the circuit was found to be performed in about two and a half days less than by spots at the (ordinarily) extreme north and south limits of 45°. The assumed 'mean period' of 25.38 solar days applied, in fact, only to two zones 14° from the equator; nearer to it the time of rotation was shorter, further from it longer, than the average. Carrington succeeded in representing the daily movement of a spot in any heliographical latitude l, by the empirical expression 865′ ± 165 . sin 7/4 (l – 1°). But he attempted no explanation of the phenomenon. It formed, however, the basis of Faye's theory (1865) of the sun as a gaseous body ploughed through by vertical currents, which finally superseded Herschel's idea of a flame-enveloped, but cool, dark, and even habitable globe.

Carrington's determinations of the elements of the sun's rotation are still of standard authority. The inclination of the solar equator to the plane of the ecliptic he fixed at 7° 15′; the longitude of the ascending node at 73° 40′ (both for 1850) . A peculiarity in the distribution of sun-spots detected by him about the time of the minimum of 1856, afforded, as he said, 'an instructive instance of the regular irregularity and the irregular regularity' characterising solar phenomena (ib. xix. 1). As the minimum approached, the belts of disturbance gradually contracted towards and died out near the equator; shortly after which two fresh series broke out, as if by a completely new impulse, in comparatively high latitudes, and spread equatorially. No satisfactory rationale of this curious procedure has yet been arrived at. It is, nevertheless, intimately related to the course of sun-spot development, since Wolf found evidence of a similar behaviour in Böhm's observations of 1833–6, and it was perceived by Spörer and Secchi to recur in 1867.

While still in his apprenticeship at Durham, Carrington repaired to Sweden on the occasion of the total solar eclipse of 28 July 1851, and made at Lilla Edet, on the Göta river, observations printed in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (xxi. 58). The experience thus gained was turned to public account in the compilation of Information and Suggestions addressed to Persons who may be able to place themselves within the Shadow of the Total Eclipse of the Sun on September 7, 1858, a brochure printed and circulated by the lords of the admiralty in May 1858. The eclipse to which it referred was visible in South America.  A visit to the continent in 1856 gave him the opportunity of drawing up a valuable report on the condition of a number of German observatories (Monthly Notices, xvii. 43), and of visiting Schwabe at Dessau, to whose merits he drew explicit attention, and to whom, in the following year, he had the pleasure of transmitting the Gold Medal of the RAS. He fulfilled with great diligence the duties of secretary to that body, 1857–62, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 7 June 1860.

The great solar storm of 1859
Carrington, independently with fellow amateur Mr. Hodgson, were documenting sunspots and directly witnessed the extraordinary solar outburst of 1 September 1859. Carrington and Hodgson compiled independent reports which were published side by side in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, and exhibited their drawings of the event at the November 1859 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society.

The geomagnetic solar flare hit the Earth the following days, the main body of which fell over the American continents. In these early days of electrical communication, the telegraph systems was the most affected. Lines all over Europe and North America failed, in some cases giving telegraph operators electric shocks.
Telegraph pylons threw sparks.
Some telegraph operators could continue to send and receive messages despite having disconnected their power supplies. Based on Carrington's observation of the solar storm, this event now bears the name of the Carrington Event, and events of similar magnitude are classified as "Carrington-class" events.

Late life and demise
But the lease by which he held his powers of useful work was unhappily running out. A severe attack of illness in 1865 left his health permanently impaired. In 1869, he married Rosa Ellen Jeffries (1845–75), and, having disposed of the brewery, he retired to Churt, Surrey, where, on the top of an isolated conical hill, 60 feet high, locally known as the Middle Devil's Jump, in a lonely and picturesque spot, he built a new observatory (ib. xxx. 43). Its chief instrument was a large altazimuth on Steinheil's principle, but there are no records of observations made with it. He no longer attended the meetings of the RAS, and his last communication to it, 10 January 1873, was on the subject of a 'double altazimuth' of great size which he had thoughts of erecting (ib. xxxiii. 118).

A deplorable tragedy, however, supervened. On the morning of 17 November 1875 his wife was found dead in her bed, as it seemed, through an overdose of chloral. The event, combined perhaps with the censure on a supposed deficiency of proper nursing precautions conveyed by the verdict of the coroner's jury, tolled heavily on her husband's spirits. He left his house on the day of the inquest, and returned to it after a week's absence, only to find it deserted by his servants. He was seen to enter it on 27 November, but was never again seen alive. After a time some neighbour gave the alarm, the doors were broken open, and his dead body was found extended on a mattress locked into a remote apartment. A poultice of tea-leaves was tied over the left ear, as if for the relief of pain, and a post-mortem examination showed death to have resulted from an effusion of blood on the brain. A verdict of 'sudden death from natural causes' was returned.

Legacy
Carrington's manuscript books of sun-spot observations and reductions, with a folio volume of drawings, were purchased after his death by Lord Lindsay (later Earl of Crawford), and presented to the Royal Astronomical Society (ib. xxxvi. 249). To the same body Carrington bequeathed a sum of £2,000. Among his numerous contributions to scientific collections may be mentioned a paper 'On the Distribution of the Perihelia of the Parabolic and Hyperbolic Comets in relation to the Motion of the Solar System in Space,' read before the Astronomical Society, 14 December 1860 (Mem. R. A. Soc. xxix. 355). The result, like that of Mohn's contemporaneous investigation, proved negative, and was thought to be, through uncontrolled conditions, nugatory; yet it perhaps conveyed an important truth as to the original connection of comets with the solar system.

Work

Even though he did not discover the 11-year sunspot activity cycle, Carrington's observations of sunspot activity after he heard about Heinrich Schwabe's work led to the numbering of the cycles with Carrington's name. For example, the sunspot maximum of 2002 was Carrington Cycle No. 23.

Carrington also determined the elements of the rotation axis of the Sun, based on sunspot motions, and his results remain in use today. Carrington rotation is a system for measuring solar longitude based on his observations of the low-latitude solar rotation rate.

Carrington made the initial observations leading to the establishment of Spörer's law.

Carrington won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) in 1859.

Carrington also won the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1864, for his Observations of Spots on the Sun from 9 November 1853 to 24 March 1861, Made at Redhill. This award was not reported in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, probably due to Carrington's bitter, acrimonious and public criticism of Cambridge University over the appointment of John Couch Adams, Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry, as the non-observing Director of the Cambridge Observatory. As a measure of displeasure Carrington withdrew Observations from official considerations of the RAS for what would likely have been the book's second gold medal, for the year 1865.

Carrington super flare

On 1 September 1859, Carrington and Richard Hodgson, another English amateur astronomer, independently made the first observations of a solar flare. Because of a simultaneous "crochet" observed in the Kew Observatory magnetometer record by Balfour Stewart and a geomagnetic storm observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solar-terrestrial connection. For this reason, the geomagnetic storm of 1859 is often called the Carrington Event.
Worldwide reports on the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by Elias Loomis which supported the observations of Carrington and Balfour Stewart.

Selected writings

 {{Citation | author = Carrington, Richard Christopher | title = Observations of the Spots on the Sun from 1853 to 1861 (1863) Williams and Norgate | year = 1863 | url =  https://archive.org/details/observationsofsp00carr }}

 References

 Further reading

  – Originally published in the July 1960 issue of Sky & Telescope''

  – an obituary
 Charbonneau, Paul. Richard Christopher Carrington (1826–1875) (short biographical sketch), Groupe d'Astrophysique de l'Université de Montréal (University of Montreal), 27 December 2001.

External links
 "Carrington's star billing": an article in The Times Literary Supplement by John North, 24 October 2007

 Extensive history and timeline about Carrington by Astronomer Sten Odenwald
 R. Carrington @ Astrophysics Data System

1826 births
1875 deaths
19th-century British astronomers
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Recipients of the Lalande Prize
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge

Richard Christopher Carrington


Derya Baykal (d. 1 Şubat 1957, Ankara), Türk oyuncudur.

Yaşamı
Konservatuvarda öğrenciyken TRT Ankara Radyosu'nda çocuk saati ve radyo tiyatrosunda programlar yaptı. 1975 yılında Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı'ndaki eğitimini tamamladı, ardından Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu'na girdi. Ertesi yıl Levent Baykal ile evlendi ve bu evlilikten oğlu Mert Baykal doğdu. Derya Baykal, Devlet Tiyatrosu'nda yaklaşık 10 yıl görev yapmıştır. Tiyatro sanatçısı Oya İnci'nin kardeşidir. Derya Baykal, Rita adlı oyundaki rolüyle "Sanat Kurumu Yılın Kadın Oyuncusu" seçildi. Televizyonda, Adile Naşit'ten sonra "Masalcı Abla" olarak çalıştı. TV sunuculuğu ve seslendirme çalışmaları yaptı. Televizyon dizilerinde yer aldı. Bu çalışmalarından ötürü, yılın seslendirme sanatçısı, yılın sunucusu, yılın en iyi dublaj sanatçısı olarak değişik ödüller aldı. Spiker Orhan Ertanhan ile ikinci bir evlilik yapan Derya Baykal, devlet tiyatrosundan ayrılarak özel tiyatrolarda çalıştı; 1983 yılında Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu'nda Bir Şehnaz Oyun adlı oyunda rol aldı.

1986 yılında Muzır Müzikal oyunu ile Ortaoyuncular'a katıldı. Uzun yıllar Ortaoyuncular'la çalıştı. 1988'de Ferhan Şensoy ile evlendi. Bu evlilikten Müjgan Ferhan ve Neriman Derya adlı iki kızı oldu. 1994 yılında Ferhan Şensoy'un yazdığı tek kişilik Şu Gogol Delisi adlı oyundaki rolü ile "Avni Dilligil En İyi Kadın Oyuncu" ödülünü aldı. 1995'te Fransız televizyonunda Ester ve Sarah adlı bir filmde rol aldı. 1997 yılında Ortaoyuncular'da Haldun Taner Kabare adlı oyunu sahneye koydu. Eşi Ferhan Şensoy ile ayrılmaya karar verince Ortaoyuncular'dan da ayrıldı. Daha sonra televizyonculuğa yönelen Baykal, el işleri hakkında yaptığı televizyon programı ile tanındı.

Tiyatro oyunları
 Sahibinden Satılık 1. El Ortaoyunu: Ferhan Şensoy - Ortaoyuncular - 2001
 Fişne Pahçesu: Ferhan Şensoy - Ortaoyuncular - 2000
 Şu an Mutfaktayım: Ferhan Şensoy - Ortaoyuncular - 1999
 Üç Kurşunluk Opera: Ferhan Şensoy - Ortaoyuncular - 1995
 Şu Gogol Delisi: Ferhan Şensoy - Ortaoyuncular - 1994
 Köhne Bizans Operası: Ferhan Şensoy - Ortaoyuncular - 1993
 Aşkımızın Gemisi Fındık Kabuğu: Ferhan Şensoy - Ortaoyuncular - 1991
 Hababam Sınıfı Müzikali: Rıfat Ilgaz
 Rita: Willy Russell - Adana Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1981
 Elif Ana: Turan Oflazoğlu - Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1979
 Bir Ölümün Toplumsal Anatomisi: Oktay Arayıcı - Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1978
 İki Kova Su: A. E. Gredianus - Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1978
 Türkmen Düğünü: Ali Yürük - Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1976
 Çıkmaz: Ahmet Muhip Dranas - Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1977
 Yasak Defter: Alba De Cespedes - Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1976
 Küçük Esma Sultan: Adnan Giz - Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1975
 Düşüş: Nahit Sırrı Örik / Kemal Bekir - Ankara Devlet Tiyatrosu - 1975

Filmografisi
 Maske Kimsin Sen? - 2022 (Ağaç - yarışmacı)
 Menajerimi Ara - 2020 (Konuk oyuncu 3. bölüm)
 Çakallarla Dans 3: Sıfır Sıkıntı - 2014
 Sil Baştan - 2004
 Kadın İsterse - 2004
 Cumhurbaşkanı Öteki Türkiye'de - 2004
 Yeter Anne - 2002
 Hepsi Bir Düştü - 1999
 Dostlar Pasajı - 1997
 Boşgezen ve Kalfası - 1995
 Varsayalım İsmail - 1991
 Bir İlkbahar Sabahı - 1985

TV programları
 Masalcı Abla
 Deryalı Günler
 Derya Gibi...
 Derya'nın Dünyası
 İşin Sırrı Derya'da (FOX)
 Derya Baykal'la Gülümse (teve2)

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1957 doğumlular
Ankara doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Türk kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
Türk kadın sinema oyuncuları
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
Türk televizyon sunucuları
Türk kadın seslendirme sanatçıları
Devlet tiyatroları sanatçıları
20. yüzyılda Türk kadın oyuncular
21. yüzyılda Türk kadın oyuncular

Derya Baykal


China Airlines Flight 120 var en regelmæssigt planlagt flyvning fra Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport i Taoyuan County (nu Taoyuan City), Taiwan til Naha Lufthavn i Okinawa, Japan. Den 20. august 2007 brød Boeing 737-800-flyet, der stod for flyvningen, i brand og eksploderede efter landing og parkeringen til gateområdet ved Naha Lufthavn. Fire personer (tre fra flyet og en lufthavnsmedarbejder) kom til skade i ulykken.

Baggrund
China Airlines-flyet, registrering B-18616, blev leveret i juli 2002. Ligesom andre Boeing 737 Next Generation-fly var det udstyret med CFM56-7B26-motorer.

Der var 157 passagerer om bord på flyet, herunder 2 spædbørn. Af antallet var 110 passagerer fra Taiwan, 23 var fra Japan og 24 var fra andre lande. Besætningen på otte var hovedsagelig taiwanske, med et japansk besætningsmedlem.

Henvisninger

Flyulykker og -hændelser i 2007
Taiwans historie

China Airlines Flight 120


Netorare (jap. , dt. "Ausgespanntwerden"), häufig abgekürzt als NTR, ist ein Genre, welches vor allem in pornografischen Anime und Manga (Hentai) vorkommt. Es beschreibt Handlungen, in deren Verlauf einer der Partner aus einer Liebesbeziehung fremdgeht und dies vom Geliebten, seltener der Geliebten, ohnmächtig als Zuschauer erduldet werden muss. Es ist in Manga, Anime und Computerspielen verbreitet und wird häufig kontrovers betrachtet.

Grammatisch ist netorare grob die Nominalisierung der Passivform des Verbs netoru (寝取), welches sich aus den Schriftzeichen 寝 für "schlafen" und 取 für "nehmen" zusammensetzt. Damit werden Werke bezeichnet, in denen der Protagonist passiv das Ausspannen erlebt. Ist der Protagonist wiederum derjenige, der aktiv ausspannt, wird das Genre als Netori ("Ausspannen") bezeichnet, wenngleich dies nicht immer konsequent gehandhabt wird.

Handlungsrahmen
Ein häufiger Aufhänger für Handlungen dieses Genres sind junge Ehepaare und Paare, die kurz davor sind, sich ihre Liebe zu gestehen, wobei die Reinheit der Beziehung oder des Partners im Mittelpunkt steht beziehungsweise besonders betont wird. Zur einfacheren Beschreibung des darauf aufbauenden Ablaufs wird das weitaus häufiger anzutreffende Szenario, das "Fremdgehen der Frau", näher betrachtet.

Folgend auf der Einleitung, die das Liebespaar, dessen Beziehung und Umfeld beschreibt, kommt es zu einer Situation, in der sich die Partnerin entweder auf einen sexuellen Akt mit einer anderen Person freiwillig einlässt oder dazu gezwungen wird. Typische Szenarien sind unter anderem ein Wiedersehen mit einem alten Schulfreund, eine heimliche Beziehung mit dem besten Freund des Partners, die Unterwerfung unter einen Vorgesetzten oder auch eine Vergewaltigung durch ein Familienmitglied oder Fremde. Der Akt selbst wird derart illustriert, dass diese "verbotene Liebesbeziehung" von ihr als viel intensiver wahrgenommen wird. Dabei werden insbesondere Themen wie z. B. der Penisneid aufgegriffen, während der zurückgelassene Liebespartner passiver Zeuge wird, wie sie sich zunehmend hemmungslos dazu hingibt. Sei es, dass er geschockt auf der Türschwelle steht, überwältigt und gefesselt daneben sitzt oder dies per Videoübertragung zu sehen bekommt.

Der Höhepunkt der Handlung ist dabei der Moment, wo sich die Frau vom Mann abwendet und ihm gegenüber offenbart, dass der Sex außerhalb der Beziehung sehr viel besser sei und sie ihn daher nicht mehr lieben könne. Dies kann direkt während des Aktes geschehen oder auch erst später während eines weiteren Aktes mit ihrem ursprünglichen Partner, den sie als nicht zufriedenstellend empfindet. Dabei reicht ihre Reaktion von geistesabwesender Hingabe bis zur Verhöhnung des minderwertigen Partners.

Netorare versucht den Leser gegen den Antagonisten sowie in manchen Fällen gegen den Partner des Protagonisten aufzubringen. Dies geschieht meistens dadurch, dass am Anfang der Erzählung eine Sympathie gegenüber der Hauptfigur aufgebaut wird und deren Unschuld in den Vordergrund gestellt wird.

Beziehung zu BDSM
Die Werke des Genres Netorare richten sich an ein Zielpublikum, dessen männlicher Part in der BDSM-Szene als Cuckold bezeichnet wird – ein Mann, der beim Fremdgehen der Partnerin einen Lustgewinn empfindet. Im Genre selbst werden die betrogenen Partner jedoch in der Regel als Leidtragende dargestellt, um den Effekt zu steigern.

Weblinks
 Netorare als Genre bei TV Tropes

Japanische Pornografie

Netorare


StepMania is a cross-platform rhythm video game and engine. It was originally developed as a clone of Konami's arcade game series Dance Dance Revolution, and has since evolved into an extensible rhythm game engine capable of supporting a variety of rhythm-based game types. Released under the MIT License, StepMania is open-source free software.

Several video game series use StepMania as their game engines. This includes In the Groove, Pump It Up Pro, Pump It Up Infinity, and StepManiaX. StepMania was included in a video game exhibition at New York's Museum of the Moving Image in 2005.

Development
StepMania was originally developed as an open-source clone of Konami's arcade game series Dance Dance Revolution (DDR). During the first three major versions, the Interface was based heavily on DDR's. New versions were released relatively quickly at first, culminating in version 3.9 in 2005. In 2010, after almost 5 years of work without a stable release, StepMania creator Chris Danford forked a 2006 build of StepMania, paused development on the bleeding edge branch, and labeled the new branch StepMania 4 beta. A separate development team called the Spinal Shark Collective forked the bleeding-edge branch and continued work on it, branding it sm-ssc. On 30 May 2011, sm-ssc gained official status and was renamed StepMania 5.0. Development on the upcoming version, 5.1, has gone cold over the past few years after a couple of betas were released over at GitHub. Project OutFox (formerly known as StepMania 5.3, initially labeled as FoxMania) is a currently closed-source fork of the 5.0 and 5.1 codebase originally planned to reintegrate in StepMania, however further in development, it was decided to become an independent project due to its larger scope of goals while still sharing codebase improvements to future versions of StepMania. These improvements include modernizing the original codebase to improve performance and graphical fidelity, refurbishing aspects of the engine that have been neglected, and to improve and expand its support for other game types and styles.

Gameplay
The primary game type features the following game play: as arrows scroll upwards on the screen, they meet a normally stationary set of target arrows.  When they do, the player presses the corresponding arrows on their keyboard or dance mat. The moving arrows meet the targets based on the beat of the song. The game is scored based upon how accurately the player can trigger the arrows in time to the beat of the song. The player's efforts are given a letter grade and a number score that tell how well they have done. An award of AAA+ (triple A plus, formerly AAAA or quadruple A) is the highest possible award available on a standard installation and indicates that a player has triggered all arrows with "Flawless" timing (within 0.0225 seconds under official settings) and avoided all mines and completed all hold (freeze) arrows. An E indicates failure for a player to survive the length of the song without completely draining their life gauge. Default scoring and grading for StepMania is similar to scoring in Dance Dance Revolution; however, timing and scoring settings can easily be changed.

During a song, if the player successfully triggers all arrows with "great" or better timing, the player will receive the message "Full combo" alongside their grade. Players can also achieve "Full perfect combo" for completing a song with all arrows triggered with perfect timing or better, and a "Full flawless combo" if all arrows are triggered with "flawless" timing.

StepMania allows for several input options. Specialized adapters that connect console peripherals like PS2 and Xbox controllers or dance pads to one's computer can be used. Alternatively, the keyboard can be used to tap out the rhythms using arrow or other keys. Many song charts designed for keyboard are unable to be passed using a pad. In addition, the game possesses the capability to emulate other music games, such as Beatmania itself, o2Jam and DJMax's 7-key arrangement, Pump It Up and TechnoMotion - scoring however, remains similar to old DDR-style play by default (i.e. more weight is given for later notes).

Features
Custom Songs ("Stepfiles") also known as "Simfiles": StepMania allows users to create their own custom dance patterns to any song in .ogg or .mp3 format. The program includes a comprehensive Step editor to aid the creation of these stepfiles. Many Simfile websites exist where users share and distributed Simfiles for songs. Additionally, official DDR and In The Groove songs with their original steps are commonly available for StepMania.
Background animations: Support for many types of animations behind the arrows onscreen, including sprite-based animation sequences, a single full-motion video or multiple FMV visualization overlays but are disabled if the song contains exclusive video.
Modifiers: Visual mods that affect the scroll of arrows and either increase or decrease difficulty. StepMania includes multiple modifiers featured in Dance Dance Revolution as well as dozens of additional modifiers created exclusively for StepMania, including custom SPEED options.
Multiple arrow types:
 Mines ("Shock" arrows in DDR X): An object that scrolls onto the screen along with the arrows. If a player triggers the mines, they will be penalized by having their dance gauge reduced and, customizing a theme, breaks the current combo chain that the player had going. However, the mines in StepMania are different from the Shock Arrows in DDR X in that the latter also turns the notes invisible for a brief period of time and breaks the current combo chain that the player had going. This step type was developed for the StepMania-based arcade game In The Groove, and was ported into StepMania itself during development of that title. There are several variations of these objects that effect scoring in different ways.
 Holds (also called Freeze Arrows): A long arrow that requires you to keep your feet or finger on the corresponding panel for its duration.
 Rolls: A special hold arrow which requires a rapid tap on to keep alive. This step type was developed for the sequel to In The Groove, In the Groove 2.
 Lift: a special type of arrow (colored Gray by default) which requires the key (or panel) to be held down before the note passes and released when the note passes the target arrows. This is different from freeze arrows in that the timing of the press is not important, only when the note is released.
 Multiple game types, including partial simulation of other rhythm games like Pump It Up, ParaParaParadise and beatmania IIDX.
 Real-time lyrics, which display on the opposite side of the screen for stepfiles that have accompanying lyric data.
 Custom themes: users can create their own skins for StepMania. Themes can vary from simple replacement of images to drastic changes that can be implemented by scripting its Lua backend.
 Dancing characters: 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional character models that dance in the background according to a pre-defined routine.
 Infinite BPMs: an official implementation in StepMania 4 of a bug in the 3.9 series that could be exploited to create "warps" in stepcharts using negative speeds.
 Network play: support for lobby-based online play, dubbed StepMania Online. Typically, users connect through the StepMania Online centralized server. Support for network play was added to the StepMania tree in 2005 and is available in all later builds. All players must have a copy of the song chosen by the host in order to play.

Availability

Some versions of StepMania will run on most common operating systems (Microsoft Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Vista/7/8, Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X), as well as the Xbox console. It has also been used as the base engine in a variety of free software and proprietary products for various platforms.

Use in products
Several StepMania-based commercial games have been released due to its open nature:

In the Groove (ITG) is an arcade dance game series developed by the core StepMania developers, and is based on 3.9 and a CVS build of StepMania often known as version 3.95. To prevent unauthorized copying, StepMania was re-licensed under a more permissive license (changed from GPL to the MIT License with the agreement of all coders, in exchange for their names appearing on the ITG credits screen), not requiring source code to be published on derivative works, and thus allowing ITG's copy control to remain proprietary and closed source.
Pump It Up Pro is a spinoff of the Pump it Up series headed by former ITG developers and musicians. The game utilizes a build of StepMania 4 for its engine, which also led to improved Pump support in StepMania itself.
Pump It Up Infinity is another spinoff of the Pump it Up series aimed primarily at North American audiences. Unlike the Pro series, however, it is managed directly by Andamiro. The game is based on StepMania 5.
 StepManiaX is a spiritual successor to In The Groove, with the addition of the Center panel and other features.

StepMix
StepMania developers conducted StepMix contest for step builders to create stepcharts/stepfiles that can be played using StepMania. StepMix 1, 2, 3, and 4 were run successfully. Participants need to have a song to be used in the stepchart/stepfile. The song must be under a compatible license for distribution or be authorized for use in StepMix 4, or the entry is automatically disqualified. Additionally, if the graphics used in the entry are found to have been copied from another artist and used without their authorization (as happened once in StepMix 2), the entry may be disqualified.

The scoring is determined by the overall quality of the song, steps and graphics.

Reception
StepMania became a quite popular free software game; the game was downloaded alone over SourceForge between 2001 and May 2017 over 6.3 million times.

See also

List of open source games
PaRappa the RapperFrets on Fireosu!UltraStar''

References

External links

Cross-platform software
Dance video games
Fan games
Free game engines
Free software programmed in C++
Open-source video games
Linux games
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
MacOS games
Music video games
Software using the MIT license
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with custom soundtrack support
Windows games

StepMania


Michael James Duff FRS, FRSA is a British theoretical physicist and pioneering theorist of supergravity who is the Principal of the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Abdus Salam Chair of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College London.

Education
Duff completed his Bachelor of Science in Physics Queen Mary College, London in 1969. He then went on to his Doctor of Philosophy in theoretical physics in 1972 at Imperial College London supervised by the Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam. He did postdoctoral fellowships at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, King's College London, Queen Mary College London and Brandeis University.

Academic career
After his postdoctoral fellowships, he returned to Imperial College in 1979 on a Science Research Council Advanced Fellowship and joined the faculty there in 1980. He took leave of absence to visit the Theory Division in CERN, first in 1982 and then again as a Staff Member from 1984 to 1987 when he became Senior Physicist. He has held Visiting Professorships and Fellowships at the University of Texas, Austin; the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of Kyoto and the Isaac Newton Institute, University of Cambridge. He took up his professorship at Texas A&M University in 1988 and was appointed Distinguished Professor in 1992. In  1999 he moved to the University of Michigan, where he was Oskar Klein Professor of Physics. In 2001, he was elected first Director of the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics and was re-elected in 2004. He returned again to Imperial College, London and became Professor of Physics and Principal of the Faculty of Physical Sciences in 2005.  He was appointed Abdus Salam Professor of Theoretical Physics in 2006. He won the Dirac Medal of the IOP in 2017.

Contributions
His interests lie in unified theories of the elementary particles, quantum gravity, supergravity, Kaluza–Klein theory, superstrings, supermembranes and M-theory.  He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (UK), a  Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and Recipient of the 2004 Meeting Gold Medal, El Colegio Nacional, Mexico.

He is the editor of The World in Eleven Dimensions: Supergravity, Supermembranes and M-theory, ., a collection of notable scientific articles on string theory.

References

External links

 Imperial College faculty page for Duff

1949 births
Academics of Imperial College London
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Alumni of Imperial College London
British theoretical physicists
People associated with CERN
English physicists
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
Scientists from Manchester
British string theorists
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Michael Duff (physicist)


Çeribaşı, Balıkesir ilinin Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Balıkesir il merkezine 52, Bigadiç ilçesine 17 km. uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Bigadiç'in mahalleleri

Çeribaşı, Bigadiç


حزب الزراع الفلسطيني حزب سياسي فلسطيني سابق، تأسس في 1924. كان من أهم أسباب نشؤه شعور أهل الريف والبدو بأن أهل المدن لهم نصيب الأسد في شتى المجالا السياسية والاقتصادية وضرورة وجود حزب ينادي بمطالب هؤلاء على ان يكون حزبا له تأثير قوي على الحكومة للمطالبة بالحقوق.

كانت عضوية الحزب من القرويين والمزراعين ومن نخبة من كبار الإقطاعيين والتجار.

مراجع

أحزاب فلسطين السابقة
سياسة فلسطين

حزب الزراع الفلسطيني


Odo I. ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Odo I. (Blois) (um 950–995/996), Graf von Blois, Chartres, Châteaudun, Provins und Omois
 Odo I. (Burgund) (um 1058–1102), Herzog von Burgund

Odo I.


Le grand cercle artériel de l'iris (ou  grand cercle artériel irido-ciliaire)  est formé par l'anastomose des artères ciliaires antérieures avec les artères ciliaires postérieures longues au niveau du corps ciliaire. Il alimente l'iris, le corps ciliaire et la choroïde.

Le drainage veineux du grand cercle artériel de l'iris  se fait par 4 veines vorticineuses qui se jettent dans la veine ophtalmique.

Artère de la tête et du cou

Grand cercle artériel de l'iris


A cooperação militar entre a Bielorrússia e a Venezuela começou sob o presidente Hugo Chávez.

Em 8 de dezembro de 2007, em Caracas, foi assinado um acordo sobre a criação de um sistema unificado de defesa aérea e guerra eletrônica por especialistas militares Bielorrussos na Venezuela. Em 2008, dez conselheiros militares das Forças Armadas bielorrussas chegaram ao país latino-americano. Mais tarde, esse número aumentou. O grupo foi liderado pelo general Oleg Paferov. Em 2013, os bielorrussos terminaram seu trabalho.

De 28 de março a 18 de abril de 2008, 16 funcionários do Grupo Alfa (agência de segurança do estado), das tropas internas do Ministério do interior da República da bielorrússia, do serviço de segurança do Presidente da República da Bielorrússia e da empresa a equipe esportiva do Dínamo partiu em uma expedição à Venezuela. O lema do evento é "Forças Especiais de Países amigos na luta contra o terrorismo internacional". Toda a expedição foi liderada por Andrei Krasovsky, chefe do centro de treinamento especial do Dínamo. As forças especiais realizaram um seminário de combate ao terrorismo, fizeram um curso de sobrevivência na selva e escalaram o Pico Bolívar em 11 de abril.

No período de 2008 a 2011, 10 lutadores DISIP/SEBIN visitaram a Bielorrússia e fizeram um curso de treinamento no centro de treinamento da Sociedade Esportiva Dínamo e na 5ª brigada especial separada.

Em 2006-2011, a República da Bielorrússia forneceu ativamente armas à Venezuela, incluindo o Pechora-2M bielorrusso-russo (modernização do S-125 ) e o sistema de defesa aérea Tor-M1.

Bibliografia
 Михайлевский, Е. Перспективное сотрудничество: Венесуэла — окно в Латинскую Америку для белорусского ВПК / Е. Михайлевский // ВПК. Беларусь. — 2012. — N.º 3. — С. 56—65.
Relações exteriores da Venezuela
Relações exteriores da Bielorrússia
Forças armadas da Venezuela
Forças Armadas da Bielorrússia

Cooperação militar entre a Bielorrússia e a Venezuela


The word lady is a term for a girl or woman, with various connotations. Once used to describe only women of a high social class or status, the equivalent of lord, now it may refer to any adult woman, as gentleman can be used for men. Informal use is sometimes euphemistic ("lady of the night" for prostitute) or, in American slang, condescending in direct address (equivalent to "mister" or "man").

"Lady" is also a formal title in the United Kingdom. "Lady" is used before the family name or peerage of a woman with a title of nobility or honorary title suo jure (in her own right), or the wife of a lord, a baronet, Scottish feudal baron, laird, or a knight, and also before the first name of the daughter of a duke, marquess, or earl.

Etymology
The word comes from Old English ; the first part of the word is a mutated form of , "loaf, bread", also seen in the corresponding , "lord". The second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, "to knead", seen also in dough; the sense development from bread-kneader, or bread-maker, or bread-shaper, to the ordinary meaning, though not clearly to be traced historically, may be illustrated by that of "lord".

Usage

The primary meaning of "mistress of a household" is now mostly obsolete, save for the term "landlady" and in set phrases such as "the lady of the house". This meaning is retained in the southern states of the United States. In some contexts "lady" is synonymous with the old-fashioned word "gentlewoman", meaning someone of high social status by birth and upbringing, but not necessarily titled. The term is also used in titles such as first lady and lady mayoress, the wives of elected or appointed officials.

In many European languages the equivalent term serves as a general form of address equivalent to the English Mrs (French , Spanish , Italian , German , Polish , etc.). In those languages it is correct to address a woman whose name is unknown as , , etc., but in polite English usage "lady" has for centuries only normally been a term of address in the plural, which is also the case for "gentleman".  The singular vocative use (i.e. to address someone directly) was once common but has become mostly confined to poetry.  In some dialects it may still be used to address an unknown woman in a brusque manner, often in an imperative or interrogatory context, analogous to "mister" for an unknown male: e.g., "Hey, lady, you aren't allowed in here!" In this usage, the word "lady" is very seldom capitalized when written. The usual English term for politely addressing a woman is madam or its abbreviation ma'am.

In English, relatively few job titles are un-gendered. Some names for jobs are gender-neutral, e.g. mail carrier (postal worker), but where there is a common word with a -man suffix, sometimes -lady may be used as an equivalent, e.g. postman and (sometimes) postlady. Using "lady" in professional job titles which had previously been male preserves fell out of favour with second-wave feminism (lady doctor, lady engineer, lady judge), though lady doctor is sometimes used by a healthcare receptionist when booking an appointment at a group practice health centre so that the situation is clear to the patient. It is still used in some other occupations, to give dignity and express respect to less skilled work such as tea ladies in offices and hospitals, lunch ladies (or dinner ladies) in school canteens, cleaning ladies in private homes and in business premises, and healthcare ladies for female healthcare assistants.

Both British and American commentators noted the shifting uses of "lady" in the mid-twentieth century. The American journalist William Allen White noted one of the difficulties in his 1946 autobiography. He relates that a woman who had paid a fine for prostitution came to his newspaper to protest, not against the fact that her conviction had been reported, but that the newspaper had referred to her as a "woman" rather than a "lady". After the incident, White assured his readers, his papers referred to human females as "women", with the exception of police court characters, who were all "ladies". The British historian Nancy Mitford wrote an influential essay in 1954, "U vs. non-U", in which she noted the class distinctions: lower class women strongly preferred to be called "ladies", while those from higher social backgrounds were content to be identified as "women". Commenting on the word in 1953, C. S. Lewis wrote that "the guard at Holloway said it was a ladies''' prison!" The term "a bag lady" (vagabond) is a euphemism for a woman who has fallen on hard times; a "lady of the night" is a polite term for a prostitute.

In British English, "lady" is often, but not always, simply a courteous synonym for "woman". Public toilets are often distinguished by signs showing simply "Ladies" or "Gentlemen". "Lady" can have a formal and respectful quality, being used to describe an elderly woman as "an old lady" or when speaking about a woman to a child (e.g. "Give the money to the lady.")   It remains in use as a counterpart to "gentleman", in the plural phrase "ladies and gentlemen", and is generally interchangeable (in a strictly informal sense) with "woman" (as in, "The lady at the store said I could return this item within thirty days"). However, some women, since the rise of second-wave feminism, have objected to the term used in contexts such as the last example, arguing that the term sounds patronising and outdated when used in this way; a man in the same context would not necessarily be referred to as a "gentleman". One feminist proponent of language reform, Robin Lakoff, in her book Language and Woman's Place (1975), notably raised the issue of the ways in which "lady" is not used as the counterpart of "gentleman". It is suggested by academic Elizabeth Reid Boyd that feminist usage of the word "lady" has been reclaimed in the 21st century.

 British titles
Formally, "Lady" is the female counterpart to higher ranks in society, from gentlemen, through knights, to peers of the realm. During the Middle Ages, princesses or daughters of the blood royal were usually known by their first names with "Lady" prefixed, e.g. The Lady Elizabeth; since Old English and Middle English did not have a female equivalent to princes or earls or other royals or nobles.  Aside from the queen, women of royal and noble status simply carried the title of "Lady".

As a title of nobility, the uses of "lady" in Britain are parallel to those of "lord". It is thus a less formal alternative to the full title giving the specific rank, of marchioness, countess, viscountess or baroness, whether as the title of the husband's rank by right or courtesy, or as the lady's title in her own right. A peeress's title is used with the definite article: Lord Morris's wife is "the Lady Morris". A widow's title derived from her husband becomes the dowager, e.g. The Dowager Lady Smith.

The title "Lady" is also used for a woman who is the wife of a Scottish feudal baron or laird, the title "Lady" preceding the name of the barony or lairdship. In the case of younger sons of a duke or marquess, who have the courtesy title "Lord" prefixed to their given and family name, the wife is known by the husband's given and family name with "Lady" prefixed, e.g. Lady John Smith. The daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls are by courtesy "ladies"; here, that title is prefixed to the given and family name of the lady, e.g. Lady Jane Smith, and this is preserved if the lady marries a commoner, e.g. Mr John and Lady Jane Smith. "Lady" is also the customary title of the wife of a baronet or knight, but in this case without Christian name: "Lady" with the surname of the husband only, Sir John and Lady Smith. When a woman divorces a knight and he marries again, the new wife will be Lady Smith while the ex-wife becomes Jane, Lady Smith.

Female members of the Order of the Garter and Order of the Thistle who do not hold a higher style also receive the prefix of "Lady"; here that title is prefixed to the given and family name of the lady, e.g. Lady Marion Fraser, LT, with the post nominal LG or LT, respectively, and this is preserved if the lady marries.

Other meanings
The special use of the word as a title of the Virgin Mary, usually Our Lady, represents the Latin Domina Nostra. In Lady Day and Lady Chapel, the word is properly a genitive, representing hlǣfdigan "of the Lady".

The word is also used as a title of the Wiccan Goddess, The Lady.

Margaret Thatcher was informally referred to in the same way by many of her political colleagues when Prime Minister of Great Britain. Her husband was later created a baronet, thus making her "Lady Thatcher" as of right. After she retired, she was given a barony as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, and was thereafter known as "The Lady Thatcher".

Elsewhere in the Commonwealth, the word is used in a similar fashion to aristocratic usage in Britain. In Ghana, for example, the consort of the Asantehene of the Ashanti people is known as Lady Julia Osei Tutu. In Nigeria,  the Yoruba aristocrats Kofoworola, Lady Ademola and Oyinkansola, Lady Abayomi made use of the title due to their being the wives of British knights.

 See also
 Girl
 Dame, a title parallel to Sir

References

 Merriam Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (Merriam-Webster, 1989), .
 Lakoff, Robin. Language and Woman's Place'' (New York, Harper & Row, 1975). .

Titles
Women's social titles
Noble titles
English words
Terms for women
Gentry
British noble titles
Styles (forms of address)

Lady


Pușca mitralieră Hotchkiss, model 1909 a fost o armă de infanterie de calibrul 8 mm, din categoria puștilor mitraliere, aflată în înzestrarea Armatei Franceze și a altor armate, în perioada Primului Război Mondial și în perioada interbelică. Pușca mitralieră a fost utilizată și de Armata României, începând cu campania din anul 1917, fiind achiziționate din Imperiul Rus, un număr total de 5.230 de bucăți.

Principii constructive
Pușca mitralieră Hotchkiss era o armă bazată pe principiul recuperării energiei de recul a gazelor arse. Avea țeavă ghintuită, zăvorâtă cu port-închizător mobil și închizător rotativ.  Sistemul de alimentare era automat, cu încărcarea cartușelor dintr-o bandă cu 30 de cartușe. Evacuarea tuburilor trase se făcea printr-un orificiu din cutia culatei, cu ajutorul unui mecanism extractor cu gheară. Pușca mitralieră era portabilă, fără tripod, pe timpul acțiunilor militare fiind sprijinită pe două brațe montate în partea din față a țevii.

Dezvoltarea

Primul Război Mondial

Note

Bibliografie
 Complete Guide to the Hotchkiss Machine Gun, Gale & Polden Ltd., London, 1917

Vezi și
 Armamentul Armatei României în Primul Război Mondial

Legături externe

  Hotchkiss Model 1909 (Mle 1909 / Benet-Mercie) Light Machine Gun (LMG) (1909)

Armata României
Armamentul de infanterie al Armatei României din Primul Război Mondial
 Arme din Primul Război Mondial
 Arme din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial
 Puști mitralieră
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Pușcă mitralieră Hotchkiss, model 1909


Etibank, 1935 yılında kurulup 2001 yılında kapatılan banka.

14 Haziran 1935 tarihinde, Atatürk'ün direktifi ile Türkiye'nin yer altı kaynaklarını işletmek ve değerlendirmek üzere, sanayinin ihtiyacı olan madenleri, endüstriyel hammaddeleri, enerjiyi üretmek ve bu işlerin yapılması için gerekli sermayenin toplanacağı her türlü bankacılık işlemini yapması için kuruldu.

Demir madenciliği ve demir-çelik üretimi 1955'te Türkiye Demir Çelik İşletmeleri'ne, kömür madenciliği de 1957'de Türkiye Kömür İşletmeleri Kurumu'na devredildi.

Önce Eti Holding A.Ş. olarak, sonra da Eti Maden İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü  bugün, artık yalnızca Türkiye'deki Bor madenlerinin işletmesini yürüten bir maden-kimya sektörü kurumudur. Bütün hisseleri T.C. Hazinesine aittir. 2 tane yurt dışı iştiraki vardır, bunlarda Ab Etiproducts Oy ve Etimine SA. şirketleridir. Eti Maden'in Kırka, Emet ve Bandırma'da tesis edilmiş üç büyük kimya fabrikası Türkiye'deki konsantre bor üretiminin tamamını gerçekleştirmektedir.

Etibank 2 Mart 1998'de Özelleştirme çerçevesinde Dinç Bilgin ve Cavit Çağlar tarafından satın aldı.

Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurulu'nun (BDDK) 27 Ekim 2000 tarihinde aldığı kararı ile Etibank'ın temettü hariç ortaklık hakları ile yönetim ve denetimi TMSF'ye devredildi.

İnterbank ve Esbank ile birlikte Etibank bünyesi altında birleştirildikten sonra, tamamı TMSF'ye ait olan Bayındırbank ile altında birleştirilmiştir.

Etibank davası
29 Ağustos 2001 günü davanın ilk duruşmasında sanıklar suçlamaları kabul etmedi. Cavit Çağlar Nergis Holding'in bankalarda 300 milyon dolar kredibilitesi olduğunu ve 7 milyon dolar için böyle bir yolsuzluk yapmayacağını belirtti. Tabela firmalara kredi kullandırttığı iddialarını yalanlayarak, "söz konusu 5 firmanın 1998 ihracatının 30 milyon ve cirolarının 5 trilyon olduğunu, Nergis Holding'in 1998 cirosunun 1.1 milyar dolar, ihracatının ise 447 milyon dolar olduğunu" belirtti. mahkeme kararında, bankanın zarara uğratılmasına ilişkin "nitelikli dolandırıcılık" suçundan Cavit Çağlar'ı 3 sene, Mustafa Çağlar'ı 1.5 sene hapis cezasına çarptırdı ancak cezalar ertelendi.

26 Ocak 2010 tarihinde Etibank'ın zarara uğratılmasına ilişkin bankanın eski sahibi Dinç Bilgin ile oğlu Şevket Önay Bilgin'in de aralarında bulunduğu 27 sanığın yargılandığı davada, Cumhuriyet Savcısı Selamettin Celep esas hakkında mütalaa verdi. Mütalaada, sanıklardan Dinç Bilgin ve Şevket Önay Bilgin'in "cürüm işlemek için örgüt oluşturmak, yönetmek ve üye olmak, nitelikli dolandırıcılık ve özel belgede sahtecilik" suçlarından açılan kamu davasının kaldırılması ve "nitelikli ve teselsülen zimmet" suçundan cezalandırılması talep edildi.

Kaynakça

Etibank


The pyramidal tracts include both the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract. These are aggregations of efferent nerve fibers from the upper motor neurons that travel from the cerebral cortex and terminate either in the brainstem (corticobulbar) or spinal cord (corticospinal) and are involved in the control of motor functions of the body.

The corticobulbar tract conducts impulses from the brain to the cranial nerves. These nerves control the muscles of the face and neck and are involved in facial expression, mastication, swallowing, and other motor functions.

The corticospinal tract conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It is made up of a lateral and anterior tract. The corticospinal tract is involved in voluntary movement. The majority of fibres of the corticospinal tract cross over in the medulla oblongata, resulting in muscles being controlled by the opposite side of the brain. The corticospinal tract contains the axons of the pyramidal cells, the largest of which are the Betz cells, located in the cerebral cortex.

The pyramidal tracts are named because they pass through the pyramids of the medulla oblongata. The corticospinal fibers converge to a point when descending from the internal capsule to the brain stem from multiple directions, giving the impression of an inverted pyramid. Involvement of the pyramidal tract at any level leads to pyramidal signs.

The myelination of the pyramidal fibres is incomplete at birth and gradually progresses in cranio-caudal direction and thereby progressively gaining functionality. Most of the myelination is complete by two years of age and thereafter it progresses very slowly in cranio-caudal direction up to twelve years of age.

Structure

The term pyramidal tracts refers to upper motor neurons that originate in the cerebral cortex and terminate in the spinal cord (corticospinal) or brainstem (corticobulbar). Nerves emerge in the cerebral cortex, pass down and may cross sides in the medulla oblongata, and travel as part of the spinal cord until they synapse with interneurons in the grey column of the spinal cord.

There is some variation in terminology. The pyramidal tracts definitively encompass the corticospinal tracts, and many authors also include the corticobulbar tracts.

Corticospinal tract

Nerve fibres in the corticospinal tract originate from pyramidal cells in layer V of the cerebral cortex. Fibres arise from the primary motor cortex (about 30%), supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex (together also about 30%), and the somatosensory cortex, parietal lobe, and cingulate gyrus supplies the rest. The cells have their bodies in the cerebral cortex, and the axons form the bulk of the pyramidal tracts. The nerve axons travel from the cortex through the posterior limb of internal capsule, through the cerebral peduncle and into the brainstem and anterior medulla oblongata. Here they form two prominences called the medulla oblongatary pyramids. Below the prominences, the majority of axons cross over to the opposite side from which they originated, known as decussation. The axons that cross over move to the outer part of the medulla oblongata and form the lateral corticospinal tract, whereas the fibres that remain form the anterior corticospinal tract. About 80% of axons cross over and form the lateral corticospinal tract; 10% do not cross over and join the tract, and 10% of fibres travel in the anterior corticospinal tract.

The nerve axons traveling down the tract are the efferent nerve fibers of the upper motor neurons. These axons travel down the tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord until they reach the vertebral level of the muscle that they will innervate. At this point, the axons synapse with lower motor neurons. The majority of axons do not directly synapse with lower motor neurons, but instead synapse with an interneuron that then synapses with a lower motor neuron. This generally occurs in the anterior grey column. Nerve axons of the lateral corticospinal tract that did not cross over in the medulla oblongata do so at the level of the spinal cord they terminate in.

These tracts contain more than 1 million axons and the majority of the axons are myelinated. The corticospinal tracts myelinate largely during the first and second years after birth. The majority of nerve axons are small (<4μm) in diameter. About 3% of nerve axons have a much larger diameter (16μm) and arise from Betz cells, mostly in the leg area of the primary motor cortex. These cells are notable because of their rapid conduction rate, over 70m/sec, the fastest conduction of any signals from the brain to the spinal cord.

Corticobulbar tract

Fibres from the ventral motor cortex travel with the corticospinal tract through the internal capsule, but terminate in a number of locations in the midbrain (cortico-mesencephalic tract), pons (Corticopontine tract), and medulla oblongata (cortico-bulbar tract). The upper motor neurons of the corticobulbar tract synapse with interneurons or directly with the lower motor neurons located in the motor cranial nerve nuclei, namely oculomotor, trochlear, motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, abducens, facial nerve and accessory and in the nucleus ambiguus to the hypoglossal, vagus and accessory nerves. These nuclei are supplied by nerves from both sides of the brain, with the exception of the parts of the facial nerve that control muscles of the lower face. These muscles are only innervated by nerves from the contralateral (opposite) side of the cortex.

Function
The nerves within the corticospinal tract are involved in movement of muscles of the body. Because of the crossing-over of fibres, muscles are supplied by the side of the brain opposite to that of the muscle. The nerves within the corticobulbar tract are involved in movement in muscles of the head. They are involved in swallowing, phonation, and movements of the tongue. By virtue of involvement with the facial nerve, the corticobulbar tract is also responsible for transmitting facial expression. With the exception of lower muscles of facial expression, all functions of the corticobulbar tract involve inputs from both sides of the brain.

The extrapyramidal system refers to tracts within the spinal cord involved in involuntary movement but not part of the pyramidal tracts. Their functions include the control of posture and muscle tone.

Clinical significance

 Damage to the fibres of the corticospinal tracts, anywhere along their course from the cerebral cortex to the lower end of the spinal cord, can cause an upper motor neuron syndrome.
 A few days after the injury to the upper motor neurons, a pattern of motor signs and symptoms appears, including spasticity, hyperactive reflexes, a loss of the ability to perform fine movements, and an extensor plantar response known as the Babinski sign.
 Symptoms generally occur alongside other sensory problems.
 Causes may include disorders such as strokes, cerebral palsy, subdural hemorrhage, abscesses and tumours, neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple system atrophy, inflammation such as meningitis and multiple sclerosis, and trauma to the spinal cord, including from slipped discs.
 If the corticobulbar tract is damaged on only one side, then only the lower face will be affected, however if there is involvement of both the left and right tracts, then the result is pseudobulbar palsy. This causes problems with swallowing, speaking, and emotional lability.
 Severe disabling involuntary movements such as hemiballismus or severe chorea might exhaust the patient and become a life-threatening situation.
 In the past, this condition was treated by partial section of the pyramidal tract either at the primary motor cortex or at the cerebral crus (pedunculotomy).

Additional images

In popular culture
In National Lampoon's European Vacation, the Griswold family wins a vacation on a game show called Pig in a Poke when their opponents fail to correctly answer a question about the pyramidal tracts, despite Clark Griswold (played by Chevy Chase) mistakenly answering that they are a housing development outside Cairo.

References

External links

 McGill

Central nervous system pathways
Motor system

Pyramidal tracts


L'eau froide este un film din 1994, regizat de Olivier Assayas. Filmul a fost prezentat la Festivalul de la Cannes în 1994, în secțiunea un certain Regard.

Prezentare

Povestea are loc în Paris, în 1972. Christine este o tânără adolescentă, introvertită și tulburată de o situație familială complicată. Părinții sunt divorțați, iar mama sa, cu care locuiește, nu este foarte prezentă. Gilles, la rîndul său, este un băiat nerăbdător din principiu față de regulile societății, iar situația sa școlară este un dezastru. Se cunosc, se plac, devin iubiți. Într-o zi, Christine comite un furt într-un supermarket. Descoperită, sfârșește într-o instituție de corecție. Reușește să scape și se întâlnește cu Gilles. Cei doi, rătăcind, au dat peste o petrecere, la o fermă, unde se împrietenesc cu un grup de băieți și fete. Petrec noaptea în compania lor și fumează "iarbă" în timp ce la pick-up se transmit melodiile cele mai în vogă din acea perioadă. Dimineața următoare Christine și Gilles decid să călătorească împreună spre o destinație nespecificată.

Referințe

Link-uri externe

 (EN) L ' eau froide, pe AllMovie, Toate mass-Media de Rețea.
 (EN) L ' eau froide, pe Rotten Tomatoes, Facebook, Inc.
 (EN, ES) L ' eau froide, pe Researchgate.

Filme din 1994

L'eau froide


El CS Luceafărul Oradea es un club de fútbol rumano de la ciudad de Oradea, fundado en 2001. El equipo disputa sus partidos como local en el Stadionul Luceafărul y juega en la Liga II.

Historia
El club fue fundado por una serie de personas vinculadas al FC Bihor Oradea, el principal club de la ciudad, entre ellas Gavrilă Ghilea, un expresidente del club. En un principio el equipo estaba dedicado al entrenamiento de niños y adolescentes, pero finalmente alcanzó estatus profesional.

En la temporada 2007-08 logró el ascenso a Liga II, pero tuvo que retirarse antes del comienzo de la competición por problemas económicos y su puesto lo ocupó el recién fundado Ştiinţa Bacău. En febrero de 2009 los empresarios Giani Nedelcu y Mircea Crainiciuc se hicieron cargo de las deudas del club y el equipo volvió a jugar, aunque aún bajo el nombre del Ştiinţa hasta final de temporada. En la campaña 2008-09 el club descendió a Liga III por nuevos problemas financieros, pero regresó a Liga II en 2010–11.

Palmarés

Liga III:

Campeones (1): 2007–08, 2010–11

Referencias

Equipos de fútbol fundados en 2001
Equipos de fútbol de Rumania
Oradea

CS Luceafărul Oradea


Carpanthea pomeridiana ist die einzige Art der monotypischen Pflanzengattung Carpanthea aus der Familie der Mittagsblumengewächse (Aizoaceae). Der botanischen Name der Gattung leitet sich von den griechischen Worten carpos für 'Frucht' sowie anthos für 'Blüte' ab und verweist vermutlich auf die geöffneten Früchte der Art, die geöffnet wie eine sternförmige Blüte aussehen.

Beschreibung
Carpanthea pomeridiana wächst als einjährige, krautige Pflanze. Ihre Triebe, die Blattränder und der Kelch sind mit langen Haaren besetzt, die den Blasenzellen entspringen. Die flachen paarigen Laubblätter sind löffel- oder lanzenförmig und enthalten in ihrer Epidermis keine Wachsplättchen.

Die Blüten stehen in großen zymösen Blütenständen, die die gesamte Pflanze umfassen. Ihre zahlreichen schlanken Kronblätter sind goldgelb und an ihrer Außenseite rötlich gefärbt. Die fünf Kelchblätter sind ungleich groß.

Die an ihrer Basis mehr oder weniger becherförmigen 12- bis 20-fächrigen Kapselfrüchte sind an ihrer Spitze ähnlich geformt. Ihre schmalen Quellleisten enden in Grannen. Die Früchte enthalten schwärzlich braune, D-förmige und abgeflachte Samen, deren Samenschale papillat ist.

Die Chromosomenzahl ist .

Systematik und Verbreitung
Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Carpanthea pomeridiana erstreckt sich in Südafrika in allen westlichen Distrikten der Provinz Westkap. Sie wächst auf sandige Ebenen mit Winter-Niederschlagsmengen von weniger als 300 Millimeter jährlich.

Die Erstbeschreibung der Gattung durch Nicholas Edward Brown wurde 1925 veröffentlicht. Als einzige Art stellte er die 1762 von Carl von Linné als Mesembryanthemum pomeridianum beschriebene Art in seine neue Gattung.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Mittagsblumengewächse
Aizoaceae

Carpanthea pomeridiana


Facilities engineering evolved from "plant engineering" in the early 1990s as U.S. workplaces became more specialized. Practitioners preferred this term because it more accurately reflected the multidisciplinary demands for specialized conditions in a wider variety of indoor environments, not merely manufacturing plants.

Today, a facilities engineer typically has hands-on responsibility for the employer's Electrical engineering, maintenance, environmental, health, safety, energy, controls/instrumentation, civil engineering, and HVAC needs.  The need for expertise in these categories varies widely depending on whether the facility is, for example, a single-use site or a multi-use campus; whether it is an office, school, hospital, museum, processing/production plant, etc.

History
The term Facilities Engineer emerged in the 1990s from the already existing vocation of the Plant Engineer. This evolution occurred in order to match the rapid advancements in technology at the time. There was a need for a more specialized and dynamic type of engineer, while still having the general background knowledge and experience of a plant engineer or a stationary engineer. These skills consisted of, but were not limited to: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, environmental engineering, civil engineering, business management, statistical analysis, communications, and effective supervision skills. The result of this development was a jack-of-all-trades engineer who takes their specialization into a facility and helps it operate unhindered at its highest level of efficiency. That is to say that a facilities engineer is quite simply a plant engineer placed into a position where they must utilize a certain set of skills based upon the necessity of the employer. This need generally calls for hands-on maintenance but can also include managerial or even supervisory responsibilities. While the purpose of a facilities engineer may seem straight forward, the large variety in facilities within different industries calls for a very broad range of training.

Responsibilities
Facilities engineers have the responsibility of establishing different projects in support of the plant's design and operation needs to be able to ensure an efficient and all the different aspects of safety are met up to standard. The industries that Facilities engineers can go into are the one that would typically require different plant layout plans, need organizational needs, and require different equipment and purchasing needs such as Health Care, Aerospace/Defense, and Energy/Utilities industries. They can also seek employment position such as operating engineer, a chief engineer, a facilities manager, maintenance foreman, or as a building maintenance supervisor. (learn.org) Facilities Engineers may be given management positions in the plants that they are working on to supervise the other facilities engineers and their license requirements, equipment provided, and getting the rights vendors hired to be able to meet the needs for the plant or facility. When working on certain projects, facilities engineers must meet the appropriate amount of resources such as hands and materials.

Due to the broad nature of a Facilities Engineer, the responsibilities utilized in one facility could be drastically different than in another. For example, a facilities engineer working at NASA Ames located at Moffet Field, would be responsible for helping to oversee and assist specialists in building, renovating/modernizing, and preserving the facilities on the campus; the facilities engineering branch also includes architectural engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, environmental engineering, and pressure system safety.

In short, the responsibilities entail any type of engineering support that goes on at the facilities' location in addition to the construction and renovation of the facilities themselves. While, a facilities engineer working for the Indian Health Service would be responsible to ensure that health care facilities and related support facilities are in a safe and functional condition. These skills entail civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering, as well as specialization in medical equipment, property management, and various aspects of engineering support.

Similarities lie in the maintenance of the physical structure of the facilities, while the differences are in regards to what machinery and systems are present within the facilities. This will differ based on the nature of the facility and its intended purpose. Other types of skills and projects can include inventive methods in order to increases in the energy efficiency of a facility. For example, a team of engineering and technical professionals and facilities engineers at Naval Base Coronado in San Diego, California successfully implemented a multipurpose solar power grid capable of providing enough power to sustain 935 homes per day, while also providing shade in their parking lot. This project ultimately provides greater energy efficiency, energy independence, and cost reduction for the facility in addition to contributing to and supporting renewable and sustainable energy.

Careers
Facilities engineering is a broad study of engineering that makes it difficult to put facilities engineers into one category of jobs. According to a survey by Buildings.com the most common career fields for facilities engineer are construction, project management, facility management, energy management, design, staff engineering and staff architecture. While the aerospace and green building sector are not majority of employment for facilities engineering, the two sectors have grown and recruited heavily for facilities engineer in recent years. Another thing to consider is that most facilities engineers do not stay stationary in their careers. The careers of facilities engineer usually start off with operations, specialization, maintenance, and consulting. Then after years of experience most facilities engineers pursue positions as director of facilities, energy manager, facilities manager, facilities maintenance supervisor, and facilities planner.

Day to Day Operations
Operations Engineer
Ensure a company's operations are working properly
Inspect operations, equipment and machinery
Plan for maintenance and upgrade machinery
Reduce or protect the company's product from defects
Specialist Engineer
Running diagnostics and test on specific machinery
Determining the problems of the machinery by examining test
Analyze the cost to repair or maintenance required to specific machinery
Work on the specific machinery to fix or maintenance require
Maintenance Engineer
Installation and maintenance of industrial equipment
routine inspections and preventive maintenance of equipment
troubleshooting issues on industrial equipment
make on site repairs
Consulting Engineer
Understand and analyze an engineering system of different clients
Find improvements or solutions in the engineering systems
Calculate numbers to show clients savings, advantages and cost
Plan the operations need to complete the project
Sell the project to the client
Analyzing, designing, and developing basic systems and plants knowledge to be able to improve quality and production
Lead/analyze projects and technical responsibilities that a typical facility would have to go through on a day-to-day basis
Be able to be a leader and function well in professional teams and overlooking staff/workers in a project
Being able to Communicate effectively with different methods such as speaking and writing, and be able to argue efficiently and compellingly when having the positions of a foreman, manager or a supervisor
Knowing professional and ethical morals when pushing forward the safety and regulation of a system operating efficiently and having the maintenance skills to be able to solve any problems presented

Training
Due to a major advancement in industrial and commercial construction, in conjunction with a highly increased emphasis on energy efficiency, it is not uncommon for colleges and universities to have courses and degrees specifically allocated to facilities engineering. For example, in the late 1990s Purdue University created a graduate course with an emphasis on the various mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and control skills necessary to maintain and increase the efficiency of these facilities. These skills consist of: mechanical measurements, calculations, basics of HVAC, the piping included in systems and associated equipment, efficiency in electricity and power, induction motors and variable speed drives, electrical systems, wiring, and lighting. Since facilities engineering has such a broad scope due to its wide array of necessary skills, courses tend to include education and hands-on training in virtually every aspect of engineering. This includes principles from software engineering and basic programming and coding in at least one language. However, the main focuses of these facilities engineering degrees tend to be on HVAC and energy efficiency. Other methods of training are certification courses sponsored and offered by the Association for Facilities Engineers. The Association for Facilities Engineers (AFE) was created by the American Institute of Plant Engineers, which was consisted of a highly regarded group of like-minded engineers or aspiring engineers who shared a common goal. This goal was to create new methods in which facilities engineers, plant engineers, facilities managers, and facility supervisors could become more efficient and productive in their various trades. This in turn would not only benefit the prospective engineers and managers, but was also intended to help economically advance the industries in which these trainees work. These certifications help to train engineers, supervisors, and maintenance managers in accordance with the methods necessary to maintain and efficiently work in and/or run a plant operating based on modern technological standards. With all of this training facilities engineers are capable of working in just about any facility, which can come in some variety.

Educational Requirements
Facilities engineers are not required to have at least a bachelor's degree but most of them do for experience and it is not unusual to see many facilities engineers with master's degrees in the given fields. They must have that degree in either structural engineering, mechanical engineering, or manufacturing engineering. Most employers require one to have 3–10 years of experience before they will consider someone as eligible for the given job. Depending on how skilled the job is. Licensure and certification are required by a lot of employers, consisting of a professional engineer license, an EPA certification and boiler operator license, and an EPA certification. EPA also was known as Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of protecting human health and the environment, and the certificate for Facilities engineer makes sure the person receiving the certificate is well aware of these dangers. Most importantly all Facilities engineers must be able to problem.  solve, be able to communicate there verbal and written skills, know the building process of the specific job, and know the specific code requirements for the given job. Some facilities engineers can the bachelors in science degree and required license but they can also receive an associate degree applied in science for Facilities engineering technology.

Course Work Requirements
The subjects that a Facilities engineer is typically required to know is:

Employment
Additionally the US Department of Defense (DoD) has created a Facilities Engineering career field as part of the Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics workforce.  That career field is not limited to indoor environments.  In the DoD, the field also encompasses Real Estate, Ranges and the management of Linear Structures such as roadways, fences, and pipelines. DoD offers three levels of certification for professionals in this field.

The licenses and level of education that come with working as a Facilities Engineer relates to different positions such as Mechanical Engineer, Civil Engineer, or working as a construction manager in major or minor projects.

The salary is dependent on position, degree level, and the number of years of experience. The median salary for a Facilities Engineer with a bachelor's degree in FE (Facilities Engineering) is $72,093. Their annual salaries can range from $42,475-$120,801.

Associations

 Association for Facilities Engineering (AFE)

Areas of Research

The research done by facilities engineer is involved in the energy sector. Facilities engineer try to find new ways in order to improve efficiency and save power for industrial equipment and buildings. This has pushed many innovations in the move to green buildings and energy storage. The green building movement has caused research into how to reduce energy waste in industrial buildings. Some of the innovations involve smart lights, thermal curtains, cool roofs, green insulation and rainwater storage. The goal of the green building is to make a building that is sustainable and has no negative impact on the environment. The energy storage research focus on innovating new equipment to store energy in off-peak hours and use during peak hours. These new innovations technologies range from flywheel storage to hydrogen production during off-peak hours.

References

 Bernard T. Lewis, James P. Marron, Facilities and plant engineering handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1973

External links
 Association for Facilities Engineering (AFE)

Facilities engineering

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Facilities engineering


La estación de Albert es una estación ferroviaria francesa, de la línea férrea París-Lille, situada en la comuna de Albert, en el departamento de Somme (Alta Francia). Por ella transitan únicamente trenes regionales que unen Amiens y Rouen con el norte de Francia.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 155,296 de la línea férrea París-Lille. Antaño formaba también parte de una red local de ancho métrico cerrada tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Historia
Fue inaugurada en la segunda mitad del  por parte de la Compañía de ferrocarriles del Norte. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, quedó totalmente destruida tras la sangrienta batalla del Somme. En 1920 se reconstruyó la estación. En 1937, pasó a ser explotada por la SNCF.

La estación
Construida por Gustave Umbdenstock, para la Compañía de Ferrocarriles del Norte en 1920 la estación luce un inconfundible estilo flamenco que combina ladrillos en sus paredes con pizarra en sus techos de dos vertientes. La obra de gran tamaño fruto de la importancia de la estación hasta la creación de la línea de alta velocidad entre París y Lille tiene su fachada decorada con escudos y varios arcos, el mayor sirve de acceso principal. Una delgada torre con reloj corona la estructura. En su interior se expone una avión Potez 36/14 monoplano de ala alta y dos plazas.

Dispone de tres vías con acceso a dos andenes uno central y otro lateral aunque la estación se completa con ocho vías más de servicio frecuentemente usadas por trenes de mercancías. Existe también otra vía más, usada para el tráfico de viajeros aunque sin acceso a andén.

Servicios ferroviarios

Regionales
El tráfico de pasajeros se limita en la actualidad a trenes regionales.

 Línea Amiens - Lille.
 Línea Amiens - Albert.
 Línea Rouen - Lille.

Enlaces externos

Estaciones de ferrocarril de Francia inauguradas en el siglo XX
Estaciones de ferrocarril inauguradas en 1920
Estaciones de la línea París-Norte a Lille
Estaciones de ferrocarril del departamento de Somme
Francia en 1920

Estación de Albert