The Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine is given each year to a periodical publication related to science fiction or fantasy that meets several criteria having to do with the number of issues published and who, if anyone, receives payment. The award was first presented in 1984, and has been given annually since, though the qualifying criteria have changed. Awards were once also given out for professional magazines in the professional magazine category, and are still awarded for fan magazines in the fanzine category.

In addition to the regular Hugo awards, beginning in 1996 Retrospective Hugo Awards, or "Retro Hugos", have been available to be awarded for years 50, 75, or 100 years prior in which no awards were given. To date, Retro Hugo awards have been awarded for 1939, 1941, 1943–1946, 1951, and 1954, but for each of those years, the Semiprozine category failed to receive enough nominating votes to form a ballot.

At the 2008 business meeting, an amendment to the World Science Fiction Society's Constitution was passed that would have removed the Semiprozine category. The vote to ratify this amendment was held the following year; the ratification failed and the category remained. Instead, a committee was formed to recommend improvements to the category and related categories.

History of winners and nominees
During the 40 nomination years, 40 magazines have been nominated. Of these, only 9 magazines run by 31 editors have won. Locus won 22 times and was nominated every year until a rules change in 2012 made it ineligible for the category. Uncanny Magazine has won 7 times out of 8 nominations, including 5 times in a row in 2016–2020, while Science Fiction Chronicle, Clarkesworld Magazine, and Lightspeed are the only other magazines to win more than once, with 2 awards out of 18 nominations, 3 out of 4, and 2 out of 5, respectively. Ansible has won 1 out of 7 nominations, Interzone has won 1 out of 28, FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction has each won 1 out of 5 nominations, and Weird Tales won 1 out of 4. As editor of Locus Charles N. Brown won 21 of 27 nominations, though he shared 5 of those awards with Kirsten Gong-Wong, 3 with Liza Groen Trombi and 2 with Jennifer A. Hall; as Locus editor Liza Groen Trombi won 1 shared with Kirsten Gong-Wong. Uncannys awards were primarily earned by a team of 5 people, Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Erika Ensign, and Steven Schapansky. The sole editor for Chronicles awards was Andrew I. Porter, while David Pringle earned Interzones, and Ann VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal were the editors for Weird Taless victory. Lightspeeds wins were under John Joseph Adams, Rich Horton, and Stefan Rudnicki, with Wendy N. Wagner and Christie Yant added for the second win, while David Langford was the editor when Ansible was awarded. Clarkesworld Magazines winning years were under Neil Clarke, Sean Wallace, and Kate Baker, with 2 of the three also under Cheryl Morgan and the other under Jason Heller. FIYAHs win was under Troy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, Eboni Dunbar, Brandon O'Brien, Brent Lambert, and L. D. Lewis. The New York Review of Science Fiction has received the most number of nominations without ever winning at 22, under the helm of David G. Hartwell, Kathryn Cramer, Kevin J. Maroney, and 8 other editors.

The Hugo Award nomination process
Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon). The selection process is defined in the World Science Fiction Society Constitution as instant-runoff voting among six nominees, or more in the case of a tie. The works on the ballot are the ones nominated by members that year, ranked according to a complex algorithm, with no limit on the number of works that can be nominated. The 1953 through 1956 and 1958 awards did not include any recognition of runner-up magazines, but since 1959 all six candidates were recorded. Initial nominations are made by members in the first months of each year, while voters vote on the ballot of six nominations in the middle of the year, with exact timing varying from year to year. Prior to 2017, the final ballot consisted of five works; it was changed that year to six, with each initial nominator limited to five nominations.

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was first published. Each date links to the "year in literature" article corresponding with when the work was eligible. Entries with a blue background  won the award for that year; those with a white background are the other nominees on the short-list. Note that Thrust was renamed to Quantum and was nominated under both names; no other magazine has been nominated under multiple names.

  *   Winners and joint winners

Notes

References

External links
Hugo Award official site

Semiprozine
Literary awards for magazines
Awards established in 1984

Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine


NGC 7817 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7817
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7817 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7817 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7800 - 7849

7817

NGC 7817


El picoplano cresticanela (Platyrinchus saturatus), también denominado pico chato copete acanelado (en Venezuela), pico-chato de cresta canela (en Perú), pico-de-pala rufo (en Colombia) o picochato cresticanelo (en Ecuador), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae, perteneciente al  género Platyrinchus. Es nativo de Sudamérica, en el escudo guayanés y parte de la cuenca amazónica.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye desde el este de Colombia, por el sur de Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Guayana Francesa y norte y este de la Amazonia brasileña, al este de los ríos Negro y Madeira, al sur hasta Mato Grosso); y muy localmente en el noreste de Perú y noreste de Ecuador.

Esta especie es considerada poco común en su hábitat natural: el sotobosque de selvas húmedas de terra firme, hasta los 900 m de altitud. Es algo más numeroso en el norte de la Amazonia brasileña.

Descripción

El picoplano cresticanela mide entre 9 y 10 cm de longitud. Sus partes superiores son de color ámbar. El macho presenta una mancha anaranjada sobre la cabeza; las mejillas y la garganta blancas; alas negras con bordes de las plumas rufos y las partes inferiores amarillas con los lados del pecho marrón grisáceo. Su pico es negro con la mandíbula clara. Sus patas son rosadas grisáceas.

Alimentación
Se alimenta de artrópodos, que caza entre el follaje denso entre uno y tres metros de altura del suelo. Ocasionalmente sigue enjambres de hormigas guerreras para atrapar las presas que huyen de ellas.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie P. saturatus fue descrita por primera vez por los zoólogos británicos Osbert Salvin y Frederick DuCane Godman en 1882 bajo el nombre científico Platyrhynchus saturatus; su localidad tipo es: «Montes Merume, Guyana».

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Platyrinchus» se compone de las palabras del griego «πλατυς platus»: 'ancho', y «ῥυγχος rhunkhos»: 'pico'; y el nombre de la especie «saturatus» en latín significa 'ricamente colorido'.

Taxonomía
Los límites taxonómicos entre las subespecie es incierto; los diferencias vocales registradas entre las poblaciones al norte y al sur del río Amazonas probablemente son relativemente menores.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC)  y Clements Checklist/eBird v.2021 se reconocen dos subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Platyrinchus saturatus saturatus , 1882 – este de Colombia, sur de Venezuela, las Guayanas y norte de la Amazonia brasileña. Muy localmente en el noreste de Ecuador (norte de Sucumbíos) y noreste de Perú (Loreto).
 Platyrinchus saturatus pallidiventris , 1968 – Brasil, en la margen sur del río Amazonas (del río Tapajós al norte de Maranhão). También localmente en el norte de Mato Grosso (Alta Floresta) y este de Rondônia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Platyrinchus saturatus en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Platyrinchus saturatus en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  Patinho-escuro Platyrinchus saturatus en Wikiaves.

Saturatus
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Osbert Salvin
Taxones descritos por Frederick DuCane Godman
Animales descritos en 1882

Platyrinchus saturatus


Proklos (d. 8 Şubat 412, Konstantinopolis - ö. 17 Nisan 485, Atina), Platon Akademisi'nin başına geçen ve diğer matematikçilerin çalışmaları hakkındaki yorumları için matematik tarihi açısından önemli olan, ünlü bir Yeni Platoncu Yunan filozof.

Hayatı ve Çalışmaları
Proclus'un babası Particius ve annesi Marcella, Likya'da yüksek sosyal konumdaki vatandaşlardı. Particius, Bizans mahkemelerinde kıdemli bir hukuk görevlisiydi. Proclus, okula gittiği Likya'nın güney kıyısındaki Xanthus'ta büyüdü.

Proclus'un babasını takip etmesi ve hukuk mesleğine girmesi amaçlanmıştı. Bu amaçla İskenderiye'ye gönderildi, ancak çalışmalarının ortasında Bizans'ı ziyaret etti ve hayattaki çağrısının felsefe çalışması olduğuna ikna oldu. İskenderiye'ye döndü ve Yaşlı Olympiodorus'un yanında felsefe okudu, özellikle Aristoteles'in eserlerini derinlemesine inceliyordu. Ayrıca İskenderiye'de matematik öğrendi. Matematik konusundaki öğretmeni Heron'du (ünlü matematikçi değil, Heron o sıralarda yaygın bir isimdi).

Proclus, İskenderiye'de felsefe alanında aldığı eğitimden tam olarak memnun değildi, bu yüzden henüz gençken İskenderiye'den Atina'ya taşındı ve burada Platon Akademisi'nde Atina filozofları Plutarch ve Syrianus (Plutarch'ın öğrencisi) altında okudu. Akademi'de öğrencilikten orada öğretmenliğe doğru ilerledi, sonra Syrianus'un ölümü üzerine Proclus Akademi'nin başına geçti. Diadochus unvanı ona bu sırada verildi, kelimenin anlamı halef olmadır. "Diadokhos" lakabı verilmişti; çünkü onun Platon'un pelerinini miras aldığına inanılıyordu.

Akademi'de Proclus'un durumu iyiydi ve arkadaşlarına ve ailesine maddi olarak yardım etmiş görünüyor. Hiç evlenmedi ve bazı açılardan Pisagor'un önerdiğinden farklı olmayan bir hayat yaşadı. Et yemedi ve tanrılara ilahiler yazarak dini bir hayat yaşamaya çalıştı. İlahilerinin yedi tanesi korunduğu ve bugün hatırı sayılır bir edebi değere sahip olarak görüldüğü için şüphesiz çok düşünülmüştü. Proclus, ölümüne kadar Akademi'nin başı olarak kalacaktı.

Çok bilgili bir adam olan Proclus, çağdaşları tarafından büyük saygı gördü. Plotinus'un kurduğu ve Porphyry ile Iamblichus'un MS 300 civarında geliştirdiği neoplatonist felsefeyi takip etti. Bu fikirlerin diğer geliştiricileri, Proclus'un öğretmenleri Plutarch ve Syrianus'du. Heath eserinde aşağıdaki şekilde yazmıştır:

Elbette, beklenebileceği gibi, birçok dini söze olan inancı, bilimle ilgili birçok konu hakkındaki görüşlerinde son derece önyargılı olduğu anlamına geliyordu. Örneğin, Aristarchus'un önerdiği gibi güneşin gezegenlerin merkezinde olduğu hipotezinden bahseder, ancak inanmamanın hukuka aykırı olduğunu söylediği bir Keldani'nin görüşlerine aykırı olduğu için hemen reddeder.

Proclus, Yunan geometrisinin erken tarihi hakkındaki ana kaynağımız olan Öklid Üzerine Yorum (Commentary on Euclid) adlı eseri yazdı. Kitap kesinlikle Akademi'deki öğretiminin bir ürünüdür. Bu eser, dini inançlarıyla renklendirilmemiştir ve 19. yüzyılın ortalarında yazan Martin bu esere dair şöyle der:

Proclus, şu anda kaybolmuş olan kitaplara erişebiliyordu ve Proclus'un zamanında kaybedilmiş olan diğerleri, Proclus tarafından sunulan diğer kitaplardan alıntılara dayanarak açıklanıyordu. Özellikle Geminus'un eserlerinde olduğu gibi artık kaybolan Eudemus'un Geometri Tarihi 'ni de kesinlikle kullanmıştır. Heath, Proclus'un Öklid Üzerine Yorumunu anlatırken şöyle yazar:

Proclus'un yorumunun bir başka ilginç kısmı, geometri eleştirmenleri hakkındaki tartışmasıdır:

Morrow, eserinde Proclus'a borçlu olduğumuz büyük borcu dile getirmekte ve özellikle de yazdığı Öklid Üzerine Yorumunu doğrulamaktadır:

Son kitap, Proclus'un Öklid'in Elemanları Kitabı I üzerine yaptığı yorumda bulunan yazılarının iyi bir tanımını veriyor. Kitap, Proclus felsefesinin ve özellikle matematik felsefesinin çalışılmasına önemli bir katkıdır.

Proclus ayrıca Hipparchus ve Batlamyus'un astronomik teorilerine bir giriş olan Hypotyposis adlı eseri yazdı ve burada episikl ve eksantriklere dayanan gezegenlerin matematiksel teorisini tanımladı. Gezegenler için episikl teorisinin eksantrik teoriye eşdeğer olduğuna dair geometrik bir kanıt sağlamak için geometrik becerilerini ve astronomi bilgisini birleştirdi. Episikl teorisinde Dünya, çevresinde dönen daha küçük dairelere sahip bir dairenin merkezindedir. Eksantrik teoride gezegenler, merkezleri Dünya ile çakışmayan daireler halinde dönerler.

Buradaki hiçbir şey orijinal değildir ve Proclus ilk olarak Hipparchus ve Batlamyus tarafından verilen sonuçları kanıtlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte Proclus, bu teorinin Akademi'deki öğrencileri tarafından incelenmesi gerektiğine inansa da, eleştirel değildi, teorinin aşırı derecede karmaşık olduğunu ve aynı zamanda çeşitli kısımlarını açıklamak için hiçbir sebep olmayan geçici bir teori olduğunu öne sürdü.

Proclus, astronomik yazılarında Heron tarafından icat edilen su saatinin Güneş'in görünen çapını ölçmek için nasıl kullanılabileceğini anlattı. Proclus'un yöntemi ekinoksta kullanılabilir. Güneş doğarken saatten bir kapta su toplanır. Güneş doğar doğmaz su başka bir kapta toplanır ve bu ölçüm ertesi gün gün doğumuna kadar devam eder. Daha sonra iki kaptaki su ağırlıklarının oranı Güneş'in görünen çapını verir.

Proclus'un pek çok eseri arasında Liber de Causis (Nedenler Kitabı, Book of Causes), Institutio theologica (Teolojinin Unsurları, Elements of Theology), metafiziğin kısa bir açıklaması, büyük ölçüde Aristoteles'in görüşlerini veren Fiziğin Unsurları (Elements of Physics) ve Platon'un metafiziğini veren In Platonis theologiam (Platonik Teoloji, Platonic Theology) bulunmaktadır. Katkısı şu şekilde özetlenmiştir :

Proklos, iki temel kitabı olan Teolojinin Öğeleri ve Platon'un Teolojisi adlı eserlerinde, hem Plotinos'un ve hem de kendisinin görüşlerini ayrıntılı olarak açıklama çabasıyla ün kazanmıştır.

Onuruna aydaki bir kratere onun adı verilmiştir .

Notlar

Kaynakça

 W. Beierwaltes, Proklos (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1965).
 O. Neugebauer, A history of ancient mathematical astronomy (New York, 1975).
 L. J. Rosán, The Philosophy of Proculus (New York, 1949).
 M. Schmitz, Euklids Geometrie und ihre mathematiktheoretische Grundlegung in der neuplatonischen Philosophie des Proklos (Würzburg, 1997).
 T. Whittaker, The NeoPlatonists (Cambridge, 1928).
 E. Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen (Leipzig, 1921).
 E. Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7 (London-New York, 1998), ss. 723-731.
 E. J. Dijksterhuis, Deux traductions de Proclus, Arch. Internat. Hist. Sci. (N.S.) 4 (1951), 602-619.
 F. A. Medvedev, Corniform angles in Euclid's 'Elements' and Proclus's 'Commentaries''' (Rusça), Istor.-Mat. Issled. 32-33 (1990), 20-34.
 G. R. Morrow (ed.), Proclus Appendix : Proclus' notes on definitions, postulates and axioms, in Studies on Euclid's 'Elements' (Hohhot, 1992), ss. 235-350.
 A. E. Taylor, The philosophy of Proclus'', Proc. Aristotlelian Soc. 18 (1918), ss. 600-635.

412 doğumlular
485 yılında ölenler
5. yüzyılda Bizanslılar
5. yüzyıl filozofları
Antik Yunan filozoflar
Antik Yunan matematikçiler
Platon yorumcuları
Antik Roma döneminde Anadolu

Proklos


El zamarrito pechinegro, calzadito pechinegro, calzadito pecho negro o colibrí pantalón de pecho negro (Eriocnemis nigrivestis) es una especie de ave endémica del Ecuador, encontrándose únicamente en los bosques temperados de la cara occidental del volcán Pichincha y el sector del Atacazo, entre los 2800 y 3500 metros de altura.

Descripción

Esta especie alcanza entre los 8 y 9 cm, y presenta cierto dimorfismo sexual: el macho exhibe una notoria coloración negra en el pecho, al contrario de la hembra. Una característica llamativa de esta especie (y en general del género Eriocnemis) es la presencia de zamarros. Los zamarros son un par de abundante plumón blanco en los muslos del colibrí, presente en ambos sexos. No presenta vocalizaciones características, en general es silencioso. Sin embargo, en ocasiones puede emitir un monótono y metálico "tseet tseet tseet" cuando alza vuelo.

Reproducción

En época de reproducción, la tarea del macho se restringirá únicamente a cortejar y fecundar a la hembra, no hay monogamia. El cortejo consta de pequeños vuelos del macho frente a la hembra. Los machos pueden copular con varias hembras. La construcción del nido, el empolle de los huevos y el cuidado de las crías es responsabilidad única de la hembra. El nido está construido a base de musgo y fibras vegetales, e incluso pelaje de animales y plumas.

Se han encontrado nidos con telas de arañas y otros materiales pegajosos,  cualidad que permite que el nido se estire incluso el doble de su tamaño original una vez que los polluelos estén creciendo. Normalmente los nidos suelen encontrarse en ramas bajas y horizontales.

La hembra incuba sola dos huevos blancos. Los recién nacidos son ciegos e inmóviles. La hembra los alimenta regurgitando en su mayoría insectos, ya que el néctar no es suficiente fuente de proteína, necesaria para el desarrollo de los pequeños.

Se cree que una hembra con crías puede atrapar hasta 2.000 insectos por día.  Los polluelos abandonan el nido a los 20 días del nacimiento. Desde abril hasta septiembre suele quedarse entre los 2850 y 3500 metros. Durante la época de apareamiento (noviembre a febrero), no suelen bajar los 3100 metros.

Alimentación

Eriocnemis nigrivestis responde a patrones de floración por estacionalidad, siendo su principal fuente de alimento floraciones de la familia Ericaceae con corolas con orientación colgante como la Macleania macrantha de corola naranja o la Thibaudia floribunda de corola blanca y roja, entre otras, o floraciones del género Fuchsia. Aunque su principal alimento es el néctar, también complementa su dieta ingiriendo insectos.

En áreas que contengan alta cantidad de flores, el colibrí defenderá el territorio, al espantar a otros colibrís intrusos.

Hábitat y Status

Por su restringida distribución geográfica, el Zamarrito está catalogado bajo crítico peligro de extinción. El futuro de esta ave depende de la conservación de áreas claves como son la reserva Yanococha y Verdecocha, unos de los últimos remanentes protegidos de bosque temperado andino occidental al volcán Pichincha. Su hábitat corresponde a bosque húmedo nublado, incluido matorrales aledaños a zonas boscosas.

A pesar de su rango extremadamente limitante, en 2006 fue redescubierta una pequeña población de E. nigrivestis en la cordillera del Toisan, en Esmeraldas y otra en el volcán Imbabura.  Se cree que en la actualidad su rango no supera los 80 km², y apenas sobrevive una población de 250 individuos, aunque puede que para el 2016 la población sea todavía menor. Una de la principal amenaza para esta ave fue la construcción del Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados (OCP), cuya ruta se interpone precisamente por uno de los últimos remanentes de bosque.

Respuesta ecológica

La respuesta de E. nigrivestis a variables de microhábitat y de paisaje es extremadamente sensible. Se cree que se encuentra en desventaja competitiva por el mismo nicho ecológico con otras especies de colibríes, específicamente, con Heliangelus strophianus, aunque se requieren más estudios sobre el tema.

Estudios sobre el efecto de borde sugieren que el Zamarrito puede estar expuesta a estrés, y que por lo tanto, suele evitar moverse hacia estos hábitats modificados. Se cree que observaciones del ave en bordes de bosque corresponden a individuos que están utilizando hábitats sub-óptimos, ya que se ha probado que la fragmentación de bosque promueve la extinción local de especies, así como la modificación en la composición de comunidades de aves, especialmente las sensibles, como E. nigrivestis.

Por otro lado, la variabilidad dentro de un microhábitat, que no corresponda a efecto de borde, no parece afectar al Zamarrito. Estudios previos sobre la especificidad de forrajeo sugieren que  E. nigrivestis no reacciona frente a modulaciones en el microhábitat. Por lo tanto, se ha concluido que sus costumbres alimenticias son generalistas y no depende de floraciones altamente específicas.

Conservación

Para el establecimiento de condiciones de conservación del Zamarrito, se ha encontrado de gran utilidad el entendimiento del uso de parches de bosque. La conservación de fragmentos de bosque que permitan el flujo de individuos por estacionalidades beneficiaría al colibrí, para lo que se necesita conocer más sobre la extensión mínima de vegetación para la subsistencia de esta especie, así como la identificación de corredores que permitan el planteo de nuevas reservas, especializadas para la conservación del Zamarrito.

El 23 de junio de 2005, el Municipio de la ciudad de Quito adoptó a esta especie de colibrí como emblema de la ciudad.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 BirdLife Species Factsheet
 Black-breasted Puffleg videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Photo-High Res; Article mindobirds.com
 Black-breasted Puffleg photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res

nigrivestis
Aves de Ecuador
Taxones descritos por Jules Bourcier
Taxones descritos por Étienne Mulsant
Animales descritos en 1852

Eriocnemis nigrivestis


Kosmos 2523, ruski satelit inspektor iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Napraženije (br. 1). Cjelovita namjena nije poznata široj javnosti.

Lansiran je skupa sa satelitom Kosmos 2519 23. lipnja 2017. godine s kozmodroma Pljesecka, s mjesta 43/4. Lansirani su u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Sojuz-2.1v/Volga.
Kosmos 2519 ispustio je planski Kosmos 2521 23. kolovoza 2017. godine, Kosmos 2523 se odvojio od Kosmosa 2521 listopada 2017. godine.
Kosmosu 2523 orbita je 554 km u perigeju i 653 km u apogeju. Orbitni nagib mu je 97,88°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 42986. COSPARova oznaka je 2017-037-E. Zemlju obilazi u 96,86 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase kg.

Kosmos 2521 ispao je iz orbite 12. rujna 2019. godine. Razgonski blok (međuorbitni tegljač) Volga 14S46 br. 3 ispao je iz niske orbite, a Blok-I 14S54/RD-0110 ostao je kružiti u niskoj orbiti, znatno nižeg perigeja od glavnog satelita.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
N2YO Satellite Database - Tehnical Details - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions (engl.)
Gunter's Space Page Kosmos 2519 / Kosmos 2521 / Kosmos 2523 (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
Состав группировки КНС ГЛОНАСС на 28.01.2012г Состояние ОГ (rus.)
Glonass  (rus.)
Glonass Constellation Status (engl.)
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database (engl.)
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2523


Jesse Neal (10 de abril de 1980) es un luchador profesional estadounidense y un exmiembro de las Fuerzas Armadas de Estados Unidos. Es más conocido por trabajar para Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), donde fue la mitad del equipo Ink Inc., junto a su compañero Shannon Moore.

Carrera militar
Neal se une a la Armada de Estados Unidos de 1998 a 2002, alcanzó el rango de suboficial y estaba a bordo del USS Cole, cuando sucedió el atentado contra el USS Cole. Al ser superviviente encuentra su futuro en el ring de lucha libre.

Neal tiene un tatuaje en su antebrazo derecho de las iniciales de su mejor amigo, que murió en el ataque. Después del ataque Neal fue diagnosticado con trastorno por estrés postraumático y pasó más de un año de servicio en tierra antes de terminar su período de cuatro años con la Marina de Guerra en 2002.

Carrera como luchador profesional

Formación y carrera temprana
En mayo de 2007 Neal comenzó a entrenar lucha libre con los Team 3D en su Academia de la lucha libre profesional y entretenimiento deportivo, con el nombre en el ring "Tribal". Luego luchó en el Circuito independiente.

Total de Nonstop Action Wrestling (2009-2011)

2009
En 2009, Neal firmó un contrato con la Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). Hizo su primera aparición en TNA en Destination X, con su uniforme naval, donde se introdujo por primera vez en el combate entre Brutus Magnus y Eric Young y luego confrontándose con Sheik Abdul Bashir antes de cantar "Dios bendiga a América". Hizo su primera aparición en 9 de abril en Impact! en una entrevista tras bambalinas, donde Rhino se ofreció para entrenar a Neal para convertirlo en un luchador profesional y cumplir su sueño.

Neal luchó su primer combate, el 4 de junio en un episodio de Impact!, perdiendo ante Matt Morgan. Neal comenzó una ángulo, donde Rhino se frustró con Neal, mientras que la formación fracasaba debido a los errores de Neal. El 13 de agosto en la edición de Impact!, perdieron un combate ante the World Elite (Eric Young & Sheik Abdul Bashir) después de que Neal hiciera un "error de novato" y no se cambiara con Rhino, causando su derrota. Luego de la lucha, Rhino cambió a heel al aplicarle una "Spear".

El 27 de agosto Rhino derrotó a Neal, pero el árbitro del partido terminó revirtiendo la decisión después cuando Rhino, una vez más dio un Gore a Neal. Brother Devon corrió para salvar a Neal de una paliza aún más y la semana siguiente 3D anunciaron que iban a entrenar en su escuela de lucha.

Alianza con Team 3D (2009-2010 )
Durante las próximas semanas, mientras que Neal pasó un tiempo fuera de Team 3D televisión, y Rhino se cabezazos sobre el estado de los tres es el futuro de TNA, con Rhino 3D finalmente convencer a unirse para defender sus puntos de talento de los jóvenes que sentían respaldados expresamente por TNA. En la edición de 19 de noviembre de Impact!, Neal regresó a la televisión con un nuevo aspecto con un disparó mohawk y perforaciones en la lengua y los labios, como heel, al interferir en nombre de la banda para ayudar a ganar la segunda de las dos peleas callejeras consecutivos en contra de Matt Morgan, Hernández y D'Angelo Dinero. En las siguientes entrevistas en backstage, Neal se muestra con un comportamiento salvaje de su truco tribales como sus tres entrenadores lo anunció como "el verdadero futuro de TNA". En la edición del 3 de diciembre de Impact! Neal fue derrotado en su partido de vuelta por D'Angelo Dinero. En la semana siguiente Neal cogió su primera victoria derrotando a Hernández en un handicap match de cuatro contra tres, donde se unió a Team 3D y Rhino para hacer frente a Morgan, Hernández y [Suicide (luchador)| suicide]]. En Resolución Final Morgan, Hernández, Dinero y Suicide derrotaron a Neal, Team 3D y Rhino en un partido de eliminación del equipo de ocho hombres.
Cuando Hulk Hogan y Eric Bischoff se hicieron cargo de TNA a principios de 2010, el ángulo de Neal con Rhino 3D y el equipo se elimina, ya que Team 3D pone boca con el fin de pelea con el The Nasty Boys (Sags Jerry y Brian Knobbs), mientras que Rhino y Neal fueron sacados de la televisión por completo. Neal regresó el 4 de febrero en la edición de Impact! en un partido, donde fue aplastado por Samoa Joe. En la edición del 25 de febrero de Impact! Neal regreso como face y volvió a formar su alianza con Team 3D, ayudando a derrotar a los Nasty Boys.

2010-2011

El 26 de abril la edición de Impact!, Neal, después de recibir la bendición de Team 3D, el equipo con Matt Morgan para defender su TNA World Tag Team Championship contra Team 3D. El partido terminó cuando La banda (Kevin Nash y Scott Hall) atacaron a Team 3D, mientras que Morgan se volvió a Neal. Tras el partido, Neal llamó Morgan y pelearon con él, antes de Shannon Moore, a quien Morgan había atacado anteriormente en el show, salió y ayudó a cuidar de Neal de Morgan. Esto llevó a la formación del equipo, Ink Inc., y el 3 de mayo en la edición de Impact! Neal y Moore derrotaron a . Douglas Williams y Brian Kendrick en su primer partido como equipo. A la semana siguiente de Ink Inc. derrotó a Team 3D, Beer Money, Inc. y Motor City Machine Guns en un partido de cuatro vías, cuando Neal cubrió a Brother Ray con una lanza.
En Sacrifice Ink Inc. fracasó en su intento de ganar el TNA World Tag Team Championship de La banda (Kevin Nash y Scott Hall). En el mes siguiente a Slammiversary VIII Ray derrotó a Neal en un partido de individuales después de una distracción del debutante Tommy Dreamer. El 17 de junio en la edición deImpact!, Ink Inc. derrotaron a The Band (Kevin Nash y Eric Young) para avanzar a la final de un torneo, donde se reunirían a Beer Money, Inc. para un tiro en el vacante Campeonato TNA World Tag Team. A la semana siguiente de Ink Inc. fue derrotado por Beer Money, después de que Brother Ray atacó a Neal en backstage antes del partido. En el mes siguiente a Victory Road Neal ante Ray y Devon en un partido de tres vías. Durante el encuentro los miembros del Team 3D se atacaron unos a otros, antes de que Neal accidentalmente clavó Devon y quedó atrapado luego por Ray. El 26 y 27 de julio en las grabaciones de  Xplosion Ink Inc. entró en un torneo de cuatro equipos para determinar el nuevo número uno de los contendientes el TNA World Tag Team Championship. Después de derrotar a Generation Me (Jeremy Buck y Max) en las semifinales, Ink Inc. fue derrotado en la final por Desmond Wolfe y Magnus. En Bound for Glory, Ink Inc. derrotaron a Eric Young y Orlando Jordan, ganando su primer partido en PPV. El 28 de octubre en la edición de Impact!, Ink Inc. recibió un tiro en el campeonato de TNA World Tag Team contra las ametralladoras Motor City en un partido de tres vías, que también incluyó a Generation Me , pero no pudo ganar los títulos. El 5 de diciembre en Final Resolutión, Ink Inc fue derrotado por Beer Money. El 10 de enero de 2011, Neal anunció que había firmado un nuevo contrato de tres años con TNA. En la edición de 3 de marzo de Impact! Ink Inc. solicitado y se les concedió un tiro en TNA Beer Money Campeonato Mundial de Tag Team en Victory Road. El 13 de marzo en el camino de la victoria, Ink Inc. fracasó en su intento de ganar el TNA World Tag Team Championship. Después del encuentro Moore se volvió heel, al negarse a darle la mano a los campeones y en su lugar escupió la cerveza en la cara de Storm. Un espectáculo similar de falta de respeto se llevó a cabo por Moore en la edición del 24 de marzo de Impact! después de que Ink Inc. había sido derrotado por Carmesí y Scott Steiner. El 17 de abril en Lockdown, Ink Inc. derrotó a The British Invasion (Douglas Williams y Magnus), Crimson y Scott Steiner y Eric Young y Orlando Jordania en un partido de cuatro en una jaula de acero para convertirse en el primer contendientes al campeonato de TNA World Tag Team. Antes del 2 de mayo de 2011 en la grabación deTNA Impact , después de la muerte de Osama bin Laden, Neal, con su uniforme de la Marina EE.UU. y la celebración de una bandera de Estados Unidos, llevó a la multitud en una versión de El Star-Spangled Banner.. Después de este evento, una vez más, Moore comenzó a trabajar como un face sin referencia a sus payasadas heelish anteriores. El 15 de mayo en Sacrifice, Ink Inc. fue derrotado por Mexican America (Anarquía y Hernández). En el final del partido, Neal sufrió una lesión en el cuello, lo que le terreno de juego para los próximos cuatro meses . Ink Inc. regresó el 22 de septiembre la edición de Impact! atacando a Mexican America, ahora como campeones del TNA World Tag Team Championship. El 13 de octubre en la edición de Impact!, Toxxin. se alineó con Ink Inc. por salvarlos de Mexican America. El 16 de octubre, durante Bound for Glory Ink Inc. impugnado sin éxito a Mexican America para el Campeonato de TNA World Tag Team. El 13 de noviembre en Turning Point, Ink Inc. no pudo ganar el TNA World Tag Team Championship en un combate que también incluyó a Toxxin y a Sarita. El 17 de noviembre, Neal anunció que iba a separar su camino después de TNA. A pesar de la explosión, Neal apareció en la edición del 1 de diciembre,Lucha de impacto, haciendo equipo con Moore en un número de tres vías TNA Campeonato Mundial de Tag Team coincidir con un contendientes, donde fueron derrotados por el equipo de la D 'Angelo Dinero y Devon. El 12 de diciembre, Neal terminó su fecha de TNA y los medios después se separó de la promoción. Su última aparición tuvo lugar en el TNA el 15 de diciembre donde fue derrotado por Gunner, antes de ser sacadfo en camilla fuera de la arena.

Vida personal
Neal es parte de Nativos Americanos. Antes de la capacitación en lucha Team 3D de la Academia, Neal había estado trabajando en el Blue Martini Orlando. El 27 de julio de 2011, Neal anunció que se había comprometido con Christina Kardooni, que actualmente está trabajando para TNA como Toxxin.

En lucha

 Movimientos finales
 No Mercy Spear (Spear)

 Movimientos de firma
 Overhead belly to belly suplex
 Overhead gutwrench dropped into an inverted shoulderbreaker

 Managers
 Toxxin

 Apodos
 "The American Hero"

Campeonatos y logros
  Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 PWI lo alineó #84'''de los luchadores individuales top 500 de luchadores profesionales de 2011.
 Situado en el Nº306'' en los PWI 500 de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 perfil TNA

Luchadores profesionales de Estados Unidos

Jesse Neal


දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම 2018 ජූලි සහ අගෝස්තු මාසවල ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංචාරය කළේ ටෙස්ට් තරග දෙකක්, එක්දින ජාත්‍යන්තර තරග 5 ක් සහ විස්සයි 20 ජාත්‍යන්තර (විස්සයි 20) තරගයක් ක්‍රීඩා කිරීම සඳහා ය. මුලින් සංචාරය ටෙස්ට් තරඟ තුනක් සඳහා වූ නමුත් තුන්වන තරගය අතහැර දමා ඒ වෙනුවට එක්දින හා ඕවර 20 තරඟ වැඩි කිරීම සිදු විය. 2019 ක්‍රිකට් ලෝක කුසලානය සඳහා සූදානම් වීම සඳහා අමතර එක්දින තරඟාවලි භාවිතා කරන ලදී.

සංචාරයට පෙර ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් (ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් ආයතනය) දිනේෂ් චන්දිමාල් ටෙස්ට් කණ්ඩායමේ නායකයා ලෙස නම් කළේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2018 ජූනි මාසයේදී ශාන්ත ලුසියා හිදී බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් කණ්ඩායමට එරෙහිව පැවති දෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරඟයේදී චන්දිමාල් පන්දුව පළුදු කිරීමේ චෝදනාවට ලක් විය. ඔහුගේ නඩු විභාගය පළමු ටෙස්ට් තරගය ආරම්භ වීමට පෙර සිදු වූ අතර ඔහු වැරදිකරු විය. ඒ සදහා තරග දෙකක තහනමක් ලැබුනි. ඔහු වෙනුවට සුරංග ලක්මාල් ට නායකත්වය ලැබුණි. පළමු ටෙස්ට් තරගය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු ස්වාධීන අධිකරණ කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසින් චන්දිමාල්ට තවත් අත්හිටුවීමේ ලකුණු අටක් ලබා දුන් අතර එයින් අදහස් කළේ ඔහු තරගමාලාවේ පළමු එක්දින තරඟ හතර සඳහා ද අත්හිටුවා ඇති බවයි.

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව 2-0ක් ලෙස ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.

එක්දින තරගාවලිය අතරතුරදී දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ නායක ෆෆ් ඩු ප්ලෙසි තුන්වන තරඟයේදී තුවාල ලබා එක්දින T20 තරඟය ඇතුළුව සෙසු සංචාරයෙන් ඉවත් විය. තරගාවලියේ අවසන් එක්දින තරග දෙක සඳහා දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ නායකයා ලෙස ක්වින්ටන් ඩි කොක් නම් කර තිබේ. විස්සයි20 තරගයේ කණ්ඩායමේ නායකයා ලෙස ද ජේ.පී.ඩුමිනි නම් කර තිබුණා. එක්දින තරගාවලිය 3-2ක් ලෙස දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වි20 තරගය කඩුලු තුනකින් ජය ගත්තේය.

තරගාවලිය ඇරඹීමට පෙර දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු හිටපු ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක ඒබී ඩි විලියර්ස් විසින් ඉන්දියාවේදී, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සමග තරග කිරීම දෙවන පෙළ කණ්ඩායමක් සමග තරග කිරීමක් වැනි ප්‍රකාශයක් සිදුකරන ලදී.

සංචිත

දිමුත් කරුණාරත්න, නිශාන් පීරිස්, ඉසුරු උදාන සහ ජෙෆ්රි වැන්ඩර්සේ එක්දින තරගාවලිය සඳහා සූදානම් ක්‍රීඩකයින් ලෙස නම් කිරීමට ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තීරණය කර තිබේ. වි20 තරගයට පෙර දින තරගය සඳහා ඉසුරු උදාන සහ කසුන් රාජිත ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංචිතයට ඇතුළත් කර තිබේ.

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව

පලමු තරගය

දෙවන තරගය

එක්දින තරගමාලාව

1 වන තරගය

2 වන තරගය

3 වන තරගය

4 වන තරගය

5 වන තරගය

වි20 තරගමාලාව

එකම වි20 තරග

සටහන්

මුලාශ්‍ර

දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා තරග සංචාරය 2018


The National Party of Canada was considered a left-wing nationalist political party that was founded in Canada in 1979 to promote Canadian independence.

The party's leader, Robin Mathews, was an active member and cultural critic for the Waffle movement in the New Democratic Party (NDP).

During the 1980 federal election, held on February 18, 1980, of that year, Mathews ran as the National Party candidate in Ottawa Centre. He placed fifth in a field of 10 candidates, following the Liberal, Progressive Conservative, NDP and Rhinoceros Party candidates but ahead of three independents: John Turmel, a Communist, and a Marxist–Leninist.) Mathews collected 171 votes, or 0.39% of the total.

Don Hayward was the party's candidate in the Toronto riding of Broadview—Greenwood.  He received 53 votes (0.17%), finishing seventh against New Democratic Party candidate Bob Rae. A 33-year-old factory worker, he expressed concern about American dominance of Canadian industry.

The party dissolved during the later part of the 1980s.

It should not be confused with the National Party that nominated candidates in the 1993 election.

See also
 List of political parties in Canada

Footnotes

Federal political parties in Canada
Political parties established in 1979
1979 establishments in Canada
Nationalist parties in Canada
Social democratic parties in Canada
Left-wing nationalist parties

National Party of Canada (1979)


تشين شي هوانغ  كان ملكا لولاية تشين من 246ق.م إلى 221ق.م وإمبراطورا لأسرة تشين من 221 قبل الميلاد إلى 210 قبل الميلاد. وحد ولايات الدول الصينية الست الكبرى المتصارعة المتنافرة من خلال حروب تشين للتوحيد، وادخل عليها إصلاحات هائلة أكتسحت الفساد والأنحلال والتفكك الذي دام أكثر من 500 بعد سقوط سلالة زو الحاكمة. وكانت هذه الأصلاحات من الأسس التي أبقت على الصين وعلى تراثها الحضاري ووحدتها الجغرافية حتى اليوم.

ما قبل شي هوانج تي

كانت الصين قبل هذا الإمبراطور ممزقة، وكان أمراؤها يتصارعون ويتقاتلون. فعاشت هذه الإمارات في ظروف حربية مهلكة. إلا أن إحدى الولايات واسمها الصين (تشين) اعتنقت المبادئ السلوكية الضرورية. أي اعتنقت فلسفة ترى انه من الضروري أن يكون للإنسان وللدولة أيضاً مبادئ قوية وملزمة، وأن هذه المبادئ على الرغم من أن الحاكم هو من يقرها ويضعها ولابد أن تكن سارية على الجميع وأن الحاكم يجب أن يكون قدوة حسنة. وبفضل هذا المبدأ أصبحت هذه الولاية أقوى الولايات الصينية. وأستطاع تشي أن ينصب نفسه ملكاً على الصين كلها أطلق على نفسه «تشي هانج تي» أي إمبراطور الصين العظيم.

سياسة تشي هوانج تي الداخلية

بسرعة شديدة أدخل تشي تعديلات جوهرية لما يجب أن تكون علي باقي الولايات من وحدة واستقرار انضباط، وقام بتقسيم دولته إلى 36 ولاية جعل لكل منها حاكماً مدنياً وجعل لها جيشاً. وعين لكل جيش قائد. ثم أنه جعل هذه المناصب بالتعيين وليست وراثية، إضافة إلى ذلك عين قائداً أو مستشاراً ليوازن بين الحاكم المدني والحاكم العسكري حتى لا يتفرد أحد بالسلطة.

أصدر بعد ذلك قراراً بنقل الأغنياء والطبقة الأرستقراطية إلى العاصمة ليكونوا تحت رقابته الشديدة.

ربط المدن والعواصم بطرق واسعة طيلة وأعلن بضوح: أنه مالم تكن الدولة مرتبطة ببعضها البعض فلن يكون سهلاً على الحاكم أن يسيطر عليها.

وعلى الرغم من ذكائه في اختيار القادة وحكام الولايات ربط البلاط ربطاً محكماً، وتوحيد الصين والموازين والمقاييس وأحجام العربات وأشكال الحروف. فإنه أرتكب أحد أكبر حماقات التاريخ، فإنه احرق كل الكتب في عصره ولم يستبق إلا بعض الكتب عن الزراعة والصناعة، ويقال أنه احتفظ بنسخة من كل كتاب أحرقه وأودعها مكتبة القصر، ولكن لا يوجد أي دليل مؤكد على ذلك. فقد أراد بهذا العمل الأحمق أن يقضي على كونفوشيوس وكل تعاليمه الأخلاقية.

سياسة تشي هوانج تي الخارجية

أما سياسته الخارجية فكانت هي الأخرى عنيفة، فقد كان على علاقة متينة بجيرانه، كما أن جيوشه لم تتوقف عن غزو البلاد الأخرى الواقعة في الشمال وضمها إلى الصين، ثم أنه ربط الأسوار الواقعة على حدود الصين بعضها ببعض، فكان سور الصين العظيم، الذي ما يزال قائماً حتى اليوم وبسبب هذه الحروب الكبيرة فقد فرض ضرائب كبيرة على الناس، فكرهه الناس، وكان من الصعب إسقاطه، لذلك حاول الشعب اغتياله. ولم يفلخ أحد في ذلك. إلا أنه مات في فراشه، وبعد وفاته تولى العرش ابنه الثاني تشين إير شي، ولم يبقى في موقعه سوى أربعة سنوات انتهت باغتياله، وبموت ابنه هذا انهارت إمبراطورية الصين.

إكسير الحياة والموت

عانى هوانج من رعب شديد من الموت وقد أراد أن يعيش ويحكم للأبد، كان هذا ما دفعه للبدء بالبحث عن إكسير الحياة، وقد سعى للحصول على مشورة مختلف الأشخاص منهم فلاسفة وكيميائيون ومشعوذون، ولكن تبيّن في نهاية الأمر أنّ لذلك نتيجة عكسيّة، فبدل أن يطيل "إكسير الحياة" عمر الحاكم أدى إلى تقصيره. استمر هوانج في بحثه حتى أعطاه أحد المشعوذون حبوب زئبق كحلٍّ مؤقت ريثما تصبح خلطة الإكسير جاهزة، لكنّ تناول الملك للزئبق يوميّاً أدى إلى إصابته بالتسمم ودفعه نحو حافة الجنون شيئاً فشيئاً. أصبح هوانج في نهاية الأمر منعزلاً عن العالم كما أنه أخفى نفسه عن الجميع ما عدا بضعة من رجاله المقربين، وقد أمضى أيامه يتحدث إلى "الكائنات النقيّة". قام هوانج في تلك الفترة بإصدار العديد من الأوامر الغريبة، مثل الأمر بدفن العديد من العلماء والباحثين وهم على قيد الحياة، كما قام بنفي ابنه الذي كان الوريث المباشر له.

أدى الزئبق في نهاية الأمر للقضاء على حياة هوانج وقد توفيّ في سنٍّ مبكرة نسبياً إذ لم يكن قد تجاوز 49 عاماً. توفي الحاكم في أثناء قيامه بجولة بين المقاطعات، وقد اكتُشفت جثته في مقصورته الملكية –والتي كانت منزلاً مصغراً على عجلات –من قبل كبير حرسه والذي نقل الخبر بسريّة إلى المستشار الإمبراطوري الموثوق لي سي، كان ذلك في العاشر من سبتمبر عام 210 ق.م. تكتّم الثنائي على خبر موت الإمبراطور، بل واستمروا بالتظاهر بأنه حيّ يرزق إذ كان يتم إرسال الطعام والتقارير الرسميّة إلى المقصورة كلّ يوم، ولأجل أن يخفوا رائحة الجثة والتي بدأت بالتفسخ بمرور الوقت قاموا بوضع عربتي أسماك أمام وخلف المقصورة. بالطبع لم يكونا قادرين على التظاهر للأبد، لكن المستشار لم يرغب أيضاً بأن يصل الابن الأكبر للإمبراطور إلى كرسي الحكم بسبب علاقته السيئة معه وخوفاً من أن يقوم بعزله، وهكذا قام بتزوير وثيقة تأمر الابن الأكبر (فوسو) بأن ينتحر بالإضافة لجنراله المفضل (مينج تيان) ورتبّ لأن يستلم الحكم شخصٌ "مضمون" أكثر وهو الابن الاصغر تشين إير شي. وقد تمّ ذلك. لكن سرعان ما أن استلم مقاليد الحكم لم يكن قادرًا على إدارة البلاد مثل والده واندلعت الثورات بسرعة. كما كان عهده مليء بالاضطرابات المدنية وانهار كل شيء بناه الإمبراطور هوانج، وفي غضون فترة قصيرة قامت إحدى محاولات التمرد الفوري وقامت انتفاضة 209 ق.م بقيادة تشن شنغ ووو غوانغ.

رؤية معاصرة لشي هوانج

اختلف المؤرخون حول قيمة الإمبراطور الأول للصين. أما الشيوعيون فيرون فيه حاكما تقدمياً. ويقارنه الغرب بنابليون، ولكن من المؤكد أن هذا الإمبراطور حقق من الوحدة والانضباط والاستمرار والانضباط كثيراً، ولم يفلح أحد بعد ذلك في تغيير هذا الاستمرار والوحدة التي سادت الصين لأي سبب.

مقبرة تشي شي هوانج

بني الإمبراطور لنفسه مقبره عظيمه حوت ثمانية آلاف تمثال من الصلصال لجنود وخيول وعربات حربية بالحجم الطبيعي، كان اكتشاف ضريح الإمبراطور الأول تشين عام 1974 حدثا مذهل أذهل العالم خصوصا علماء الآثار.

مصادر

أشخاص من هاندان
حكام أطفال من آسيا
شرعوية
قادة عسكريون
قادة عسكريون صينيون
قتلة جماعيون صينيون
قوالب زمن وتاريخ وتقويم
ملكيون صينيون في القرن 3 ق م
مواليد 260 ق م
مواليد في هاندان
مؤسسو دول
وفيات 210 ق م
وفيات في شيان

تشين شي هوانج


Shared Hope International  (SHI) est une organisation non gouvernementale chrétienne qui lutte contre le trafic sexuel et s'occupe des femmes et des enfants victimes de ce trafic. Elle conduit des actions aux États-Unis, en Inde, au Népal et en Jamaïque.

Shared Hope International est fondée en 1998 par l'ancienne parlementaire américaine .

Actions de l'organisation
SHI, qui reçoit des fonds du gouvernement américain, s'engage dans des campagnes de protection, de poursuites judiciaires et de prévention relatives à la traite sexuelle. L'organisation a écrit un rapport sur le trafic sexuel dans plusieurs pays : au Japon, en Jamaïque, aux Pays-Bas et aux États-Unis. Elle remet également un rapport annuel sur l'exploitation sexuelle des enfants à des fins commerciales sur le territoire des États-Unis : le Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking (DMST). Ce rapport est publié presque chaque année depuis environ 2010.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Traite des êtres humains
 Esclavage sexuel ; prostitution forcée
 Trafic d'enfants

Liens externes

Association ou organisme pour la défense des droits et des libertés

Organisme fondé en 1998
Association ou organisme de lutte contre la traite des êtres humains

Shared Hope International


Bosau Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Ostholstein iline bağlı bölge. 64,25 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu 30 Eylül 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 3564 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Mario Schmidt tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-grosser-ploener-see.de

Ostholstein iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Bosau


Diyalektik kavramı, kelime kökü diyalog ve etik kurallı bir şekilde tez ve antitezin ortaya konulmasıyla belli bir konu üzerinden ortak değerlerin inşası anlamına gelir, yani tartışılmış bir şekilde tezden senteze geçmiş, farkında olunmadan tekrar tartışılmasında yine aynı soru ve olası varsayımsal cevaplara ulaşılacak kavram değerlerine verilen genel adlandırmadır.

Başlangıçta tartışma sanatı ya da çelişkili yollardan muhataplarını ikna etme sanatı anlamına gelmektedir. Karşıtlıkları kullanarak gerçekleştirilen akıl yürütme biçimidir, diyalektik ve Sokratik yöntem, tartışma ve düşünme sanatı olarak diyalektiğin Antik Çağ'daki en yetkin hâlidir. Değişimin ve hareketin sürekliliği düşüncesi bu aşamada diyalektik olarak ifade edilmiştir. Bir fikirden ya da ilkeden içerdiği olumlu ve olumsuz bütün düşünceleri çıkarma yöntemine diyalektik denilmekteydi.

Platoncu anlayışta fikirler, gerçek anlamına geldiklerinden diyalektik, fikirlerin diyalektiğidir. Ama başka yönlerde, duyulur olandan nesnelerin fikirlerine ulaşma ve giderek bu nesnelerin ve bilgilerin saf değişmez ilkelerini ya da yasalarını bulgulama anlayışı olarak da ortaya çıktığı görülür. Heraklitos'un "aynı ırmakta iki kez yıkanılmaz" sözü diyalektiğin başlangıç hâlindeki açık tanımını göstermektedir. Diyalektik üzerine bütün çalışmaların başlangıç noktası burasıdır. Oluş ve değişim kavramları bu noktada diyalektik anlayışın temel kavramları olarak belirirler. İlk Çağ filozoflarının birbirine zıt yönlerde de olsalar diyalektikçi oldukları söylenebilir. Sokrates'te ve Sofistler'de diyalektik yöntemin belirli şekillerde kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Aristoteles, diyalektiğin babası olarak Heraklitos'u değil Elealı Zenon'u gösterir. Zenon'un diyalektiği bir tür özdeşlik düşüncesine dayanır. Zenon, diyalektik yöntemi kullanarak hareketin olanaksızlığını gösterir bir dizi paradoksla. Ona göre evrende görülen çokluk ve çeşitlilik yanıltıcıdır, tıpkı hareketin yanıltıcı bir görünüm olması gibi.

Hegel'e gelindiğinde ise tam bir felsefi çalışmayla ortaya konulur diyalektik. Bir yöntem olarak içerimleri kuramsal bir açıklamayla ortaya konur. Buna göre diyalektik, Mutlak Fikir'in tez-antitez-sentez diyalektik üçlü hareketiyle gerçekleşmesi ve bunun bu şekilde anlaşılması yöntemi olarak değerlendirilir. Hegel, düşüncenin hareketinden sezinlediği diyalektiği, evrenin hareketine yöneltmiştir; çünkü Hegel evreni "maddeleşmiş bir fikir" olarak görürdü. Başka bir açıdan Hegel'e göre düşünce ve varlık özdeştirler aslında. Burada diyalektik, bütün düşüncenin ve varlığın gelişim sürecidir.

Marx, bu düşünüş sürecini tersine çevirir, Hegel'in yolundan giderek diyalektiği maddeci bir temelde değerlendirir. Diyalektikte hareket başlangıcından itibaren, çelişki kavramıyla ve dolayısıyla karşıtlık kavramıyla bağlantılı olarak açıklanmaktadır; Marx maddenin hareketinin diyalektik iç çelişkilerinin ürünü olduğunu ileri sürer ve düşüncenin diyalektiği de bu noktada maddenin hareketinin bilince yansıması olarak değerlendirilir. Bu nedenle Marksist felsefe diyalektik materyalizm olarak ifade edilecektir. Böyle algılandığı için de diyalektik yöntem, giderek diyalektik hareketin bilimi hâline gelmiştir. Marx ve Engels ile diyalektik artık tamamen neredeyse bugünkü anlamına kavuşur. Bunun en doğru ve akılcı tarifini Engels vermiştir: Diyalektik, "dış dünyada ve insan düşüncesindeki hareketin genel yasalarını inceleyen bilimdir". Bu tarif ile diyalektiğin gelişmesinin tamamen bilimlerin gelişmesine bağlı olduğu söylenebilir.

Kaynakça
 Diyalektik Düşüncenin Tarihi, Selahattin Hilav, Sosyal yayınları.
 Diyalektik Sorunu Üzerine(Lenin)
 Mantık ve Diyalektik

Felsefi akımlar

Diyalektik


علب آدرس (نجدالبشام) بلدية تقع في الزاوية الشمالية الشرقية من ولاية الترارزة ب موريتانيا بالقرب مقاطعة بتلميت على الحدود مع ولايتي لبراكنة و آدرار على التوالي من جهتي الشرق والشمال.

السكان
يبلغ تعداد سكان البلدية 4000 ساكن يقطن نصفهم تقريبا عاصمة البلدية علب آدرس في حين يتوزع الباقون على تجمعات صغيرة هي يارة، المحمدية ، بوسديرة، العقدة ، بوطليحية، المرعى وانفن، إضافة إلى بعض البدو الرحل الذين يتنقلون هنا وهناك

و يعرف علب آدرس بأنه مضرب رحال قبيلة تندغة حلة الأربعين جوادا ذائعة الصيت في المنطقة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في موريتانيا
بلديات موريتانيا
مدن موريتانيا
ولاية الترارزة
بلديات ولاية الترارزة

علب آدرس


الاسم الكامل (Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail) ليون، فرنسا 3 أكتوبر 1804 ـ باريس 31 مارس 1869، كان مدرساً أكيديمي وكاتب فرنسي، لقب ب: الآن كارديك عرف بترجمته الروحانية وانشائه العقيدة الروحانية.

في 18 أبريل 1857 طبع أول كتاب له باسم : الكتاب الروحاني متألف من 1.019 جزء يوضح الحياة الروحانية على الأرض وتأثيراتها وعلاقتها بالحياة المادية، ومن بعدها اصدر عدة كتب على نفس المنهج منها كتاب الوسيط وكتب أخرى.

انظر أيضًا
 كتاب الأرواح
 أرواحية

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أسماء مستعارة
أشخاص من ليون
روحانية (تيار ديني)
غموضيون في القرن 19
فلاسفة فرنسيون
كتاب روحانية فرنسيون
كتاب فرنسيون
كتاب من ليون
كتاب وكاتبات فرنسيون في القرن 19
محضرو أرواح
مدفونون في مقبرة بير لاشيز
معلمون فرنسيون
مواليد 1804
مواليد في ليون
وفيات 1869
وفيات بسبب أم الدم
وفيات في باريس
وفيات متعلقة بالمرض في فرنسا

ألان كارديك


R c. Grant  est un arrêt de principe de la Cour suprême du Canada rendu en 2009 sur les articles 9, 10 et 24(2) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés (la « Charte »).

La Cour a créé un certain nombre de facteurs à considérer pour déterminer si une personne est détenue aux fins des articles 9 et 10 de la Charte. La Cour a également créé un nouveau critère pour déterminer si la preuve obtenue par une violation de la Charte devrait être exclue en vertu de l'article 24(2) de la Charte, qui remplace le critère de l'arrêt Collins.

Les faits
Trois policiers de Toronto patrouillaient dans une zone scolaire connue pour son taux de criminalité élevé dans le but de surveiller la zone et de maintenir un environnement scolaire sécuritaire. La police a observé Donnohue Grant dans la région,qui agissait de manière suspecte.

Un policier en uniforme est allé parler à M. Grant et lui a demandé ce qui se passait et lui a demandé son nom et son adresse. M. Grant a remis sa pièce d'identité et a continué à agir de façon nerveuse. Il ajuste sa veste, ce qui a incité l'agent à demander à M. Grant de garder ses mains devant lui. Inquiets pour la sécurité du premier policier, deux autres agents de la paix sont arrivés, se sont identifiés et ont entravé la capacité de M. Grant de continuer à avancer.

Des paroles ont été échangées avec M. Grant, par lesquelles il a informé la police qu'il avait de la marijuana et une arme à feu sur lui. M. Grant a été arrêté, et la marijuana et un revolver chargé ont été saisis. M. Grant n'a jamais été informé de son droit de parler à un avocat avant d'être arrêté.

Procès
Le juge du procès a conclu que M. Grant n'avait pas été détenu avant son arrestation et que les articles 9 et 10 de la Charte n'avaient pas été enfreints. L'arme à feu a été admise en preuve et M. Grant a été reconnu coupable d'un certain nombre d'infractions liées aux armes à feu, y compris le transfert d'une arme à feu sans autorisation légale (art. 100(1) du Code criminel).

Jugement d'appel
En appel, la Cour d'appel de l'Ontario a conclu qu'il y a eu détention lorsque M. Grant avait commencé à faire des déclarations incriminantes et qu'il n'y avait aucun motif raisonnable de détenir M. Grant, l'article 9 de la Charte a été violé.

En appliquant le critère de l'arrêt Collins, le critère de l'arrêt Stillman connexe et d'autres jurisprudences subséquentes, la Cour d'appel a conclu que l'admission de l'arme à feu ne compromettrait pas indûment l'équité du procès. Par conséquent, la Cour n'aurait pas exclu l'arme à feu et les condamnations n'ont pas été annulées. La Cour d'appel a également observé que le simple déplacement d'une arme à feu d'un endroit à un autre répondait à la définition de « cession ».

Jugement de la Cour suprême
La Cour suprême accueille le pourvoi  de Grant quant au chef de trafic d'armes, mais elle rejette le pourvoi quant à tous les autres chefs.

Motifs du jugement
Le jugement majoritaire a été rendu par la juge en chef Beverley McLachlin et la juge Louise  Charron.

Articles 9 et 10 de la Charte
Concernant la définition de la détention, la majorité a conclu que :

Quand il n'y a pas de contrainte physique ou d'obligation légale, la Cour énonce les facteurs pouvant mener une personne raisonnable à conclure qu'il y a une détention.

La majorité a ensuite conclu que M. Grant était détenu psychologiquement lorsqu'on lui a dit de garder ses mains devant lui et lorsque les autres agents se sont mis en position pour l'empêcher d'avancer. Par conséquent, il a été arbitrairement détenu et privé de son droit à l'assistance d'un avocat.

Dans une décision concordante, le juge Binnie n'était pas d'accord avec l'analyse de la majorité de la définition de la détention, mais a convenu que M. Grant avait été détenu avant de s'incriminer lui-même, portant atteinte à ses droits garantis par la Charte. Dans une deuxième décision concordante, le juge Deschamps a également convenu que M. Grant avait été détenu avant de s'incriminer.

Article 24 (2) de la Charte
Une fois qu'une violation a été constatée, l'enjeu de l'affaire concerne ensuite l'application de l'article 24(2) de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, qui dispose qu'une fois qu'une violation des droits garantis par la Charte d'un individu a été constatée, la preuve obtenue grâce à la violation doit être exclue si son inclusion risquerait de déconsidérer l'administration de la justice.

Les juges majoritaires ont constaté que le cadre analytique énoncé dans les précédents arrêts de principe R. c. Collins et R. c. Stillman avait engendré des critiques justifiables et la majorité a établi un critère révisé, composé de trois parties :

La premier volet du critère exige une évaluation de la question de savoir si l'utilisation de la preuve jetterait le discrédit sur l'administration de la justice et met l'accent sur la gravité de la conduite de l'État qui a conduit à la violation de la Charte (ce qui comprend une analyse pour déterminer si la violation était délibérée ou intentionnelle, et si les agents ont agi de bonne foi).

Le deuxième volet se concentre sur la façon dont la personne accusée a été affectée par la conduite de l'État (qui comprend une analyse de l'intrusion dans la vie privée de la personne, l'impact direct sur le droit de ne pas être forcé de s'auto-incriminer et l'effet sur la dignité humaine de la personne

Le troisième volet met l'accent sur la fiabilité de la preuve compte tenu de la nature de la violation de la Charte.

Après avoir appliqué les trois parties du critère révisé à la preuve obtenue en l'espèce de M. Grant, la majorité a conclu que l'arme à feu ne devrait pas être exclue comme preuve contre M. Grant.

Le juge Binnie était entièrement d'accord avec l'analyse de la majorité du paragraphe 24(2). Le juge Deschamps a convenu que le test Collins devait être remplacé, mais n'était pas d'accord avec le test proposé par la majorité. Néanmoins, elle était d'accord avec la conclusion finale de la majorité selon laquelle l'arme à feu ne devrait pas être exclue comme preuve contre M. Grant.

Autres questions traitées
Les juges majoritaires sont en désaccord avec l'interprétation des tribunaux inférieurs de la notion de « cession », aux fions de céder une arme à feu sans autorisation légale en vertu de l'article 100(1) du Code criminel. Les juges majoritaires ont conclu que le « transfert » dans un tel contexte nécessitait un certain type de « transaction ». Le juge Deschamps a expressément souscrit à l'analyse de la majorité.

Le juge Binnie n'a fait aucun commentaire sur la question, mais il a déclaré qu'il était d'accord avec la décision finale de es juges majoritaires sur le pourvoi.

Notes et références

Lien externe
Texte intégral de la décision

Voir aussi
R. c. Suberu

Arrêt de la Cour suprême du Canada
Droit pénal au Canada

R. c. Grant


Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character of the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, appearing in all five films in the series. Starting out as a villainous undead pirate in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), the character dies at the end of the film. However, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of Dead Man's Chest before appearing in anti-heroic roles as a Pirate Lord in At World's End (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in On Stranger Tides (2011), and finally as the rich and influential leader of his own pirate fleet in Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). Throughout the series, the character has been conceptualized as a "dark trickster" and the evil counterpart of Captain Jack Sparrow.

Background and development
Originally, Rush was second choice for the role behind Robert De Niro, who turned it down as he expected the film to flop like previous pirate films did. While in the first film, Barbossa was conceptualized as a villain, as a "dark trickster" and evil counterpart to Jack Sparrow, Rush felt that he was playing the unsung hero of the film, who only dreamed about lifting the curse and living as a rich rogue with his prized pirate bride. Johnny Depp proposed the character's first name "Hector" on set of the first film, although it is never mentioned in the film. As it appeared only on the DVD commentary, writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio originally thought it was fan-made when they saw it on the Internet, and decided to use it nonetheless. Actor Geoffrey Rush has expressed fondness with the potential and development of his character, who evolved throughout the series and ventured into different terrains every film, which kept him challenged as an actor: while he was only a classical evil villain in the first film, he turned into a pirate politician, hosting a "G 20 summit of pirate lords", and in the fourth film has turned legitimate and works for the king. As for the fifth installment, Rush has referred to Barbossa as a "corporate pirate" who has amassed immense influence and wealth for his fleet and brags of his showcased riches, although it is revealed in the fifth film that part of the reason Barbossa turned to piracy was the difficult feelings he had to live with after giving up his daughter for adoption. Also, he commented on the selfless sacrifice Barbossa makes to save his daughter, referring to it as a nice and final conclusion to the character's journey of redemption. Due to this, Rush stated that he cannot see himself portraying the character in a potential sequel again, with the exception of a short cameo as a ghost "annoying Jack Sparrow with his wisdom." Barbossa's name is based on Ottoman admiral, Hayreddin Barbarossa.

Fictional character biography

Before the films
Information concerning Barbossa's childhood and youth stem from actor Geoffrey Rush, who devised a backstory for the character in order to portray him more convincingly. According to Rush, Barbossa was born to an impoverished Portuguese noblewoman by an unknown father and hailed from Lisbon in Portugal, a fact that is also deduced by Jack Sparrow based upon his accent in The Price of Freedom. Longing to escape a life of poverty, he ran away from home aged 13 to pursue life as a sailor. At first, Barbossa wanted to be an honest sailor with the merchant marine, but seeing the grandeur of the captains' cabins on the ships on which he served, he realized that a man from his station could never afford a lifestyle like that whilst remaining an honest sailor, choosing a life of piracy instead.

Nothing is known about his early exploits as a pirate prior to The Price of Freedom. In the novel, Barbossa, in his early 40s, is the captain of the pirate schooner Cobra. After plundering a French ivory barque, his ship is attacked and sunk by a crew of rogue pirates, and he is narrowly saved from drowning by his crew members Pintel and Ragetti. After managing to reach Tortuga, the then-Pirate Lord of the Caribbean brings them to Shipwreck Cove to report the incident to an assembly of pirates. A few months later, Jack Sparrow finds out that the attacker is Barbossa's old friend Boris Palachnik, the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea. The attackers are brought before a pirate court that summons Davy Jones, who confirms Palachnik's guilt. Visiting Palachink in prison, Barbossa is unknowingly granted the title of Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea, as Palachink gives him his Piece of Eight and his ship. However, before Barbossa can claim his new vessel, the rogue pirates break out of prison and escape on his ship. After that, he is intent to join Captain Teague's hunting party and has his Piece of Eight carved into a wooden eye for his crew mate Ragetti.

Shortly after Jack Sparrow attains the Black Pearl, Barbossa joins him as his first mate. In the book series Legends of the Brethren Court, Tia Dalma tasks them with securing seven vials of shadow gold to stop the evil Shadow Lord from gaining total control over the seas by destroying the Brethren Court with his Shadow Army. Over the course of the novels, they are able to collect all vials shattered across the world by allying with or fighting against the other Pirate Lords. They are able to defeat the Shadow Lord with the combined efforts of all Pirate Lords, after which Jack wants to sail for Tortuga to recruit a new crew. Barbossa offers him to handle that in his stead, implying that he recruited men with the intent to mutineer against his captain.

Films

The Curse of the Black Pearl

Captain Hector Barbossa, now only known as Barbossa, first appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003).

Ten years before the events of The Curse of the Black Pearl, Barbossa led a mutiny against Jack Sparrow and marooned him on an uncharted island. Arriving at the treasure of Isla de Muerta, 882 identical pieces of Aztec gold, they claim it and spend it all. They realize too late that the cursed gold has turned them into undead. Shortly after the mutiny, Barbossa has Bootstrap Bill Turner killed by attaching a cannon to his foot and throwing him overboard. The crew spend the next years retrieving the Aztec gold and amassing treasure, unable to find the last piece of gold, as Bootstrap Bill had sent it to his son.

When Elizabeth Swann falls into the sea wearing Will's medallion, it alerts the cursed pirates to its location. Barbossa has Port Royal attacked and Elizabeth captured, who poses as "Elizabeth Turner". Mistaking her for Bootstrap Bill's child, he takes her to the Isla de Muerta to use her blood in a ritual to break the curse, which fails. Will reveals himself as Bootstrap's son and offers Barbossa his blood in exchange for Elizabeth's safety. Barbossa has Elizabeth and Jack marooned on exactly the same uncharted island where he marooned Jack years earlier. Before Barbossa can perform the ritual, Jack Sparrow arrives to the island on board a Royal Navy ship and confronts Barbossa. A fight ensues between Barbossa and Jack. As Will breaks the curse, Barbossa is shot to death by his old captain.

Dead Man's Chest and At World's End

While the crew of the Black Pearl visits the voodoo mystic Tia Dalma's shack, trading "Jack" the monkey as payment for the mystic helping Jack Sparrow, they see Barbossa's corpse lying there, with only his boots visible. However, the closing scene of Dead Man's Chest shows that Tia Dalma brought Barbossa back from the dead. It is later revealed in At World's End that Tia Dalma is actually the sea goddess Calypso in human form. In return for his resurrection, Barbossa struck a bargain with her to free the goddess from her human body with the help of the Brethren Court. In order to do so, it is necessary that Jack Sparrow is rescued from Davy Jones' Locker, where he was taken by the Kraken. Their negotiations with Pirate Lord Sao Feng, who possesses a map to the Locker, are interrupted by an ambush by the East India Trading Company. Sao Feng agrees to provide Barbossa with the map and a crew.

After successfully freeing Jack, they are again attacked by the East India Trading Company, as Sao Feng had betrayed them. Nevertheless, they reach Shipwreck Cove, where Barbossa leads a meeting of the nine Pirate Lords. He proposes to free Calypso, which leads to a fight between the parties. When Elizabeth Swann is elected Pirate King, she decides to make a final stand against the trading company. After negotiations fail, Barbossa frees Calypso with the Pieces of Eight and the wrathful sea goddess creates a maelstrom, in which Barbossa captains the Black Pearl in a duel with the Flying Dutchman. During the fight, he officiated the marriage of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann. Barbossa witnessed Will becoming the new captain of the Dutchman upon Davy Jones's death and East India Trading Company's defeat and retreat from the Brethren Court's victory in battle. Later, Hector Barbossa steals the Black Pearl from Jack Sparrow once again and sails away, planning to use Sao Feng's map to find the Fountain of Youth. However, Jack has stolen the map from him in anticipation.

In between films
Sometime after these events Hector fathers Carina Smyth and leaves her in an orphanage after her mother's death. Barbossa also lost the Black Pearl to Edward "Blackbeard" Teach, who attacked the ship without warning and used his magical Sword of Triton to turn the ship against his crew. This attack forced Barbossa to cut off his right leg to escape with his life. Unbeknownst to Barbossa, who believed the Black Pearl was sunk, Blackbeard magicked the Pearl into a ship in a bottle along with a collection of conquered ships.

On Stranger Tides

In On Stranger Tides, set over a decade and seven years after the third film, it is revealed that Barbossa had become a privateer in service to King George II, not revealing his true agenda for revenge against Blackbeard as a goal since the very night it happened. Barbossa excelled so much at his new station that King George personally tasked him with finding the Fountain of Youth, as captain of HMS Providence. By this point, Barbossa gained much information and learned at least the basics on Blackbeard, specifically knowing the name of his ship, his own obsession to find the Fountain, and even the importance of Blackbeard's sword. Barbossa also started wearing a wooden peg leg with a hidden rum supply. After Jack Sparrow's capture and escape from King George, Barbossa forces Joshamee Gibbs, now in possession of the map, into assisting him on his quest. When they arrive at White Cap Bay, the Providence is attacked by mermaids. Making their way through the jungle, Barbossa reaches the ship of Ponce de Leon in search for the two chalices required for the ritual, where he meets Jack Sparrow. The two decide to team up to retrieve the missing chalices from the Spanish camp, where they get captured, and later escape with the chalices. Reaching the Fountain, Barbossa engages Blackbeard in a duel, eventually mortally wounding him with his poisoned blade. He claims Blackbeard's ship, crew, and sword as payment for his lost leg and returns to a life of piracy.

Dead Men Tell No Tales

One year later, during Dead Men Tell No Tales, Captain Hector Barbossa has achieved great success as a pirate and rules the Caribbean with fleet of 10 ships, even having acquired a new golden peg leg. After three of his ships are sunk by the Silent Mary, the ghostly ship of the undead pirate hunter Capitán Armando Salazar, whom Jack Sparrow had unintentionally unleashed, Barbossa confronts Salazar and offers to lead him to Jack Sparrow. When Jack escapes to an island, the ghosts discover they cannot step on land, leading an enraged Salazar starts slaughtering Barbossa's crew. Although Barbossa was able to persuade Salazar to send him to fetch Sparrow, he truly intended to double-cross Salazar and allies with Sparrow to find the Trident of Poseidon. By this point, Barbossa knows of the current state of the Black Pearl as a ship in a bottle. Barbossa releases the Black Pearl, restoring the ship to her former glory, before taking over as captain. Upon seeing Carina's diary, Hector realizes she is his daughter. However, Hector chooses not to tell Carina of her true parentage in order to allow her to keep her idealized picture of her father, whom she imagines to be an astronomer. When they reach the island where the Trident of Poseidon is located, a fight between the Black Pearl and the Silent Mary ensues, which later continues on the bottom of the ocean. Barbossa has himself lowered down with the ship's anchor to rescue Jack, Henry, and Carina. When Carina falls, Barbossa catches her, revealing a tattoo of the star constellation Carina, after which Carina realizes he is her father. Barbossa sacrifices his life to protect Carina from an approaching Salazar. Following these events, Carina takes up the last name Barbossa.

According to actor, Geoffrey Rush, he may not appear in any future Pirates of the Caribbean movies. However, other interviews imply otherwise, as producer Jerry Bruckheimer said they can bring characters back, and Rush himself didn't seem completely opposed to returning to the series because he said, "[Barbossa] could come back like Hamlet's father, as a ghost. Just to annoy Jack."

Other appearances
 In 2006, an animatronic Hector Barbossa was added (along with Captain Jack Sparrow) to the original Pirates of the Caribbean theme park ride at various Disney parks, wherein he appears as captain of the Wicked Wench.
 Hector Barbossa is one of only five Disney villains ever nominated for the MTV Movie Award for Best Villain, the others being Davy Jones, another villain in the Pirates of the Caribbean series, Scar from The Lion King, Jadis the White Witch in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear from Toy Story 3.
 Barbossa (along with another Black Pearl crewman) is pictured on the cover of issue No. 71 Piraten of WAS IST WAS, a German Knowledge-book series, aimed at children and adolescents.
 Barbossa was made into several action figures by NECA. He appeared in the first wave of Curse of the Black Pearl figures in his human form; that same figure was re-released as part of the fourth wave of Dead Man's Chest toys. Barbossa's cursed form was released as a box set, which also featured Jack Sparrow as a zombie, and the chest of cursed Aztec gold. Then, he was also released in the At World's End figure line. However, he did not come with Jack the Monkey, who was released in a figure set along with Marty. Lastly, Barbossa was featured in "On Stranger Tides" action figure wave with his peg leg and privateer suit. Barbossa was made as a plush toy for the M&M Dead Man's Chest.

Video games
 Barbossa was featured in almost all video games related to the series, namely Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Pirates of the Caribbean (2003), Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow (2006), Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007), Pirates of the Caribbean Online (2007), and Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game (2011), in varying roles.
 In the Kingdom Hearts video game serie, Barbossa appears as a villain in the Pirates of the Caribbean setting, Port Royal, of Kingdom Hearts II. In the game, his role is copied and pasted from the film, with the exceptions of the presence of Sora, Donald and Goofy, his alliance with Pete, and his control over the Heartless. Due to the filming of the two sequels back-to-back, which resulted in Geoffrey Rush being unavailable, Hector Barbossa was voiced by Brian George in the English version and by Haruhiko Jō in the Japanese version. He has returned in Kingdom Hearts III, reprising his role from the third film and once again voiced by Brian George.
 Barbossa was one of the original playable characters available in the video game Disney Infinity released in August 2013.
 Captain Barbossa appears as a playble character in the world builder video game Disney Magic Kingdoms.
 He appears also in Sea of Thieves thanks to the extension A Pirate's Life (22 June 2021) which is a crossover with Pirates of the Caribbean universe

References

External links
 Hector Barbossa on IMDb
Hector Barbossa at the Pirates of the Caribbean Wiki

Film characters introduced in 2003
Fictional amputees
Fictional English people
Fictional first officers
Fictional helmsmen
Fictional nobility
Fictional privateers
Fictional Royal Navy personnel
Fictional sea pirate captains
Fictional skeletons
Fictional swordfighters in films
Fictional gunfighters in films
Fictional musketeers and pistoleers
Fictional undead
Fictional suicides
Male characters in film
Pirates of the Caribbean characters
Video game bosses
Action film villains
Male film villains

Hector Barbossa


මහා සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය, ආචාර්ය හරිස්චන්ද්‍ර විජයතුංග විසින් සම්පාදිත පොතකි. මෙහි ප්‍රකාශකයා වන්නේ එම් ඩී ගුණසේන සහ සමාගම වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 හරිශ්චන්ද්‍ර විජයතුංග
 එම් ඩී ගුණසේන සහ සමාගම

මූලාශ්‍ර

මහා සිංහල ශබ්දකෝෂය


La forteresse de Liikkala (en ) est une forteresse située dans le quartier de Sippola à Kouvola en Finlande.

Contexte historique
Le village de Liikkala est cédé à la Russie en 1743 par le Traité d'Åbo.
Pendant la guerre russo-suédoise de 1741-1743, les Russes y construisent un camp militaire et les plus anciennes fortifications pourraient dater de cette époque.

Plusieurs batailles féroces ont lieu dans la zone durant la guerre de Guerre russo-suédoise de 1788-1790.
À la suite de la guerre, les Russes décident de construire un fort pour protéger la frontière et ses routes d'accès et pour empêcher d'éventuelles attaques sur Hamina et plus loin vers Saint-Pétersbourg.
La forteresse fait partie du système de fortification du sud-est de la Finlande.

Architecture
Le fort se compose de deux forts d'angle et de quatre demi-bastions.

Fort central
Le fort central est un rempart défensif en forme d'étoile avec vingt créneaux de tir.
Il mesure 93 mètres de long et 88 mètres de large.
Les escarpements sont en pierre et les escarpements des deux demi-bastions sont en roche excavée.
Le fort central a abrité un bâtiment de caserne, une poudrière, un dépôt de munitions et une cave.

Bâtiments extérieurs
L'enceinte principale est entourée d'un fossé d'environ 2 à 3 mètres de large et d'un contre-remblai.
Un puits est situé dans l'une des douves.
Il y a un fort d'angle du côté sud-ouest et un ravelin triangulaire se trouvait sur le côté nord-ouest.

Redoutes et passerelles
Une redoute a été construite sur le côté nord-est du fort, en utilisant de la pierre et en partie la roche.
Ses murs d'escarpement ont été d'environ 1,6 mètre de haut et les remparts de 6 à 8 mètres de large et de 1 à 2 mètres de haut.

Il y a eu un poste de garde à l'intérieur de la redoute.
Une passerelle de 150 mètres de long a été construite entre le fort central et la redoute. Au milieu se trouvait un petit fort d'angle avec quatre traverses à côté.

Accès
Liikkala est située sur la route régionale 371 reliant Hamina à Kouvola.

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Système de fortification du sud-est de la Finlande
 Liste de fortifications en Finlande

Liens externes

Références

Bâtiment à Kouvola
Fort en Finlande
Histoire militaire de la Finlande
Système de fortification du Sud-Est de la Finlande
Histoire de la Russie
Histoire de la Suède

Forteresse de Liikkala


شاكر الموجي هو ملحن وشاعر مصري، ولد في القاهرة بتاريخ 1 يناير 1952 و اسمه الحقيقي شاكر شعيشع عبد الرسول حسن اختار اسم شاكر الموجي تيمنا بخاله الموسيقار الراحل محمد الموجي. يُعد تعاونه مع المطرب جورج وسوف، أشهر تعاون فني له، ولا زالت أول أغنية لحنها للمطرب السوري «اللي تعبنا سنين في هواه» من روائع ما قدم حتى الوقت المعاصر، إلى جانب تعاونات متفرقة له مع فنانين كــوائل جسار ووائل كفوري ونانسي عجرم وكارول سماحة.

توفي شاكر الموجي يوم السبت بتاريخ 3 أبريل 2021.

بدايته
تخرج من كلية التربية الموسيقية بالزمالك، وكان ترتيبه الأول على الدفعة وكان من نفس دفعته بالكلية الفنان هاني شاكر، ثم عمل معيداً بالكلية، وفي تلك الفترة بدأ كمغني مع فرقة جيتس، ولحن أغنية ألعبلك شيش بيش لأحمد عدوية. ثم سافر في بعثة دراسية لدراسة الماجستير بفرنسا، حيث قرر في تلك الفترة ان يجرب حظه بالغناء في أوروبا، حيث ساعده على هذه الخطوة الموسيقار الراحل حسن أبو السعود وفي باريس التقى مع طروب وصباح ووديع الصافي وغنى ولحن لنفسه في باريس وأعطي لحن أغنية «اللي تعبنا سنين» و«بتحبيني ايوة لا» لجورج وسوف ثم غنى له وليد توفيق ألحان فيلمه «وداعاً للعزوبية» كما غنت له ميادة الحناوي «قدمت الروح» كلمات الشاعر إبراهيم الدروانى رفيقه في رحلة الكفاح.

شاكر الموجي والوسوف
مع بداية الثمنينات تقريباً قدم شاكر الموجي لجورج وسوف أغاني عديدة غناها على دفعات، وهذه الأغاني هي «لويواعدني الهوى»، «بتعاتبني على كلمة»، «جرحونا»، «اوعديني»، «اسمعيني بكلمة»، «روح الروح»، «ويا القدر»، «غلابة في الحب»، «الحب شاطر»، «صياد الطيور»، «طيب جراح»، «زمن العجايب»، «دول مش حبايب»، «فرحة رجوعك يالبنان»، «مانتهاش الشوق»، «خلاص مابقتش توحشني».

ولحن أغنية «معالم الطريق». ولم يغنيها جورج وسوف إلا بعد 25 سنة، وقام جورج وسوف بإعطاء اللحن كهدية للمطربة «نور رحال» قبل أن يغنيها.

و يعتبر المراقبون أن شاكر الموجي هو أفضل من لحن لجورج وسوف على الإطلاق دون أي جدال فشاكر الموجي من الملحنين الذي يدع ألحانه تتحدث عنه ويترك الكلام لدرجة قلما تجد لقاء له سواء مرئي أو مقروء. ملحن عازف على العود درجة أولى، ملحن يهوى الألحان الصعبة يهوى الابتكار وهو مبدع في تركيب الجمل الموسيقية وتأثر كثيرا بخاله الراحل محمد الموجي وسار على نهجه بالتمسك بالموسيقى الشرقية الأصيلة.

شاكر الموجي مع مطربين وشعراء آخرين
وقام باكتشاف العديد من المطربين نذكر منهم نانسي عجرم التي قدمها للجمهور بأول أغانيها «محتاجالك» عام 1998 ومروى بأول ألبوم غنائى لها بعنوان «احترس». ولم يتوقف نشاط شاكر الموجي على اكتشاف المطربين فقط بل امتد أيضا لاكتشاف الشعراء الغنائيين نذكر منهم دسوقي عبد الحافظ، وصفوح شغالة، ونور الدين حمدي، وغيرهم من شعراء الأغنية الحديثة.
كما قدم الحاناَ كثيرة للعديد من المطربين، نذكر منها نهاد طربية «طيب جدا» و«لحظة غضب» ولراغب علامة «رحال» ولأماني السويسي «مغرمة بيك»، ول إبراهيم عبد القادر «أولاً بحبك» ولنور مهنا «متخيل أنساك»، ووائل جسار «يلا نغني»، ولوائل كفوري «ملك الغرام»، ولكارول سماحة «اعتزلت الحب»، ولرجاء بلمليح «أمنتك قلبى».

وفاته
توفي شاكر الموجي يوم السبت بتاريخ 3 أبريل 2021.

مراجع

ملحنون مصريون
وفيات 2021

شاكر الموجي


Forel is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron.

History
The oldest document mentioning the area around Forel (Lavaux) is dated 1140, and mentions Guy de Maligny, the bishop of Lausanne, owning the land with the Lac de Joux Abbey. The document mentioning the forests of Forel (Fores) dates to 1274.  In 1300 it was mentioned as Forel.

In 1298, Pierre and Garnier de Palézieux bought the hamlet of Forel (known today as the "In Forel") and the surrounding forests from Louis I of Savoy. Two years later, the same Baron of Vaud sold the land to the bishop of Lausanne and it became part of the district of the Grande Paroisse de Villette.

After the departure of Lausanne's last prince-bishop in 1536, and the lands came under the administration of Bern, and established the district known as the Place General de Villette.  It was not until 1601 that a representative of the farming area of Forel was invited to join the district council in Cully. The Bernese occupation did little to alleviate the feudal taxes and the inhabitants ended up paying more taxes and the tithes (of cereals, wine, vegetables, hemp, flax, cattle and others).

After the collapse of the ancien régime, Forel from 1798 to 1803 under the Helvetic Republic was under the administration of the Canton of Léman and then the Canton of Vaud. In 1798 it became a part of the district of Lavaux. Forel belonged until 1824 to the Greater Municipality of Villette and was also known as Les Monts de Villette in reference to its mountains. In 1822 petitions to the State Council from residents of Epesses, the Monts de Villette and Aran, signed by some 145 people, reflected a showing the strong desire for local autonomy.

In 1824, the State Council accepted the division of the municipality of Villette into the areas Cully and Chenaux (capital, Cully) Riex, Epesses, Grandvaux and Curson (capital, Grandvaux) Villette and Aran (capital, Villette) and Forel, which included Les Monts de Villette.

A Provisional Council of six members was appointed and a meeting took place on 2 August 1824. Jean-François Noverraz, who had previously represented Les Monts of Forel in Cully, was chosen as a delegate to represent Forel and was approved on 11 August 1826 by the State Council. The electoral assembly of the municipality was convened between 13 and 14 November 1826 and the first municipal council composed of citizens (all men aged thirty years and more) met on 14 December 1826. From 1827 the council used the Regamey farm until 1974 to hold municipal council meetings.

Geography
Forel is located at  above sea level,  east of the capital of the canton of Lausanne (as the crow flies). The scattered settlement community extends to the southeast in the Jorat plateau, north of Lake Geneva basin, in the Vaud Midlands.

Forel (Lavaux) has an area, , of .  Of this area,  is used for agricultural purposes, while  is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  is settled (buildings or roads),  is either rivers or lakes and  is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.6%.  Out of the forested land, 26.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 46.7% is used for growing crops and 16.5% is pastures.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Lavaux District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Forel (Lavaux) became part of the new district of Lavaux-Oron.

The municipal area is drained by the Grenet River which forms part of its natural municipal boundary. The central part is the over  above sea level. To the north lies the town land in the forest area Bois du Grand Jorat (up to  above sea level), which arises from the Carrouge. In the northeast, includes the territory of Petit Jorat at  above sea level. To the west is the gently sloping hillside of Savigny. To the south, the town area extends to the wooded heights of Mont de Gourze at  above sea level, the highest point on the watershed between the basins of the Rhône and Rhine.

The municipality consists of the real estate community center Cornes de Cerf ( above sea level) and numerous hamlets and settlements, including Le Pigeon, Le Plan, Le Grenet, Les Chesaudes and La Tuilière, all located on the southeast Jorat plateau, as well as many individual farms. The municipality is surrounded by Puidoux, Epesses, Riex, Cully, Grandvaux, Villette, Savigny, Les Cullayes, Servion, Essertes, Châtillens and Les Tavernes.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a letter F between Antlers all of Argent.

Demographics
Forel (Lavaux) has a population () of .  , 15.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 13.2%.  It has changed at a rate of 8.7% due to migration and at a rate of 5.3% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (1,571 or 92.2%), with German being second most common (56 or 3.3%) and Portuguese being third (23 or 1.3%).  There are nine people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 488 or about 28.6% were born in Forel (Lavaux) and lived there in 2000.  There were 655 or 38.4% who were born in the same canton, while 232 or 13.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 280 or 16.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 14 live births to Swiss citizens and 8 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 17 deaths of Swiss citizens.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 3 while the foreign population increased by 8.  There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland and 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland.  At the same time, there were 19 non-Swiss men and 5 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 30 and the non-Swiss population increased by 27 people.  This represents a population growth rate of -0.2%.

The age distribution, , in Forel (Lavaux) is; 236 children or 12.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 221 teenagers or 11.7% are between 10 and 19.  Of the adult population, 206 people or 10.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.  291 people or 15.4% are between 30 and 39, 314 people or 16.6% are between 40 and 49, and 239 people or 12.6% are between 50 and 59.  The senior population distribution is 209 people or 11.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 98 people or 5.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 60 people or 3.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 16 people or 0.8% who are 90 and older.

, there were 732 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 793 married individuals, 83 widows or widowers and 96 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 671 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household.  There were 179 households that consist of only one person and 58 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 679 households that answered this question, 26.4% were households made up of just one person and there were 8 adults who lived with their parents.  Of the rest of the households, there are 193 married couples without children, 242 married couples with children  There were 34 single parents with a child or children.  There were 15 households that were made up of unrelated people and 8 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 232 single-family homes (or 54.1% of the total) out of a total of 429 inhabited buildings.  There were 68 multi-family buildings (15.9%), along with 105 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (24.5%) and 24 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.6%).  Of the single-family homes 51 were built before 1919, while 16 were built between 1990 and 2000.  The greatest number of single-family homes (53) were built between 1971 and 1980.  The most multi-family homes (20) were built between 1971 and 1980 and the next most (17) were built before 1919.  There were 3 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

 there were 745 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 212.  There were 38 single room apartments and 233 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 658 apartments (88.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 64 apartments (8.6%) were seasonally occupied and 23 apartments (3.1%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.24%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Economy
Forel was until the second half of the 20th century, a  primarily agricultural village. Agriculture, dairy farming and animal husbandry, and forestry is an important factor in the employment structure of the population. All three industries currently employ about 33% of the workforce.

Since the 1970s, an industrial park was established in the range of Le Pigeon. Here, companies have developed in the construction industry and information technology, in addition there is also a company that manufactures kitchen appliances. Through the construction of numerous single-family homes in the last decades, the village has developed into a residential community. Many workers though are commuters who work mainly in Lausanne and in the Vevey-Montreux region.

, Forel (Lavaux) had an unemployment rate of 3.3%.  , there were 111 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 48 businesses involved in this sector.  247 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 31 businesses in this sector.  232 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 55 businesses in this sector.  There were 886 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.3% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 512.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 84, of which 80 were in agriculture and 4 were in forestry or lumber production.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 239 of which 110 or (46.0%) were in manufacturing and 129 (54.0%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 189.  In the tertiary sector; 80 or 42.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 6 or 3.2% were in the movement and storage of goods, 21 or 11.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.1% were in the information industry, 3 or 1.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 11 or 5.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 9 or 4.8% were in education and 23 or 12.2% were in health care.

, there were 192 workers who commuted into the municipality and 653 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.  Of the working population, 9.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 68.8% used a private car.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 25.4% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the LPS Party (15.75%), the FDP (14.61%) and the SP (14.17%).  In the federal election, a total of 581 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.6%.

Religion
From the , 376 or 22.1% were Roman Catholic, while 927 or 54.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 12 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.70% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.12% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 78 individuals (or about 4.58% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There were 3 individuals (or about 0.18% of the population) who were Jewish, and 21 (or about 1.23% of the population) who were Islamic.  There were 3 individuals who belonged to another church.  249 (or about 14.61% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 70 individuals (or about 4.11% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Forel (Lavaux) about 635 or (37.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 212 or (12.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 212 who completed tertiary schooling, 50.9% were Swiss men, 31.1% were Swiss women, 8.0% were non-Swiss men and 9.9% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 217 students in the Forel (Lavaux) school district.  In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.  During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 665 children of which 232 children (34.9%) received subsidized pre-school care.  The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.  There were 136 students in the municipal primary school program.  The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 81 students in those schools.

, there were 46 students in Forel (Lavaux) who came from another municipality, while 150 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transport
The community is well developed. It lies on the main road from Moudon to Vevey, which is here crossed by the  Lausanne - Oron-la-Ville road. The nearest motorway, inaugurated in 1974, is the A9 road which connects Lausanne to Sion. Forel is connected through the bus line 65.

Notes and references

External links

Forel, Vaud


Kongsfjorden er en fjord på nordsiden af Varangerhalvøen i Berlevåg kommune i Troms og Finnmark   fylke i Norge. Fjorden er 15 kilometer lang, og  har indløb mellem Nålneset i vest og Vestneset i øst, og går mod sydvest til Austerbotn. Risfjorden er en lille fjordarm på vestsiden af fjorden lige syd for Nålneset. Syd for Risfjorden ligger landsbyen Kongsfjord. Myrvoll er en lille bygd på vestsiden helt inderst i fjorden ved Vesterbotn.

Der ligger en række øer og holme i fjorden, blandt andet Grønøya, Helløya, Kongsøya og Skarvholmen. Veidnesodden er et næs som går omkring 5 km ud i fjorden fra vestsiden. Den indre del af fjorden bliver kaldt Straumen eller Strømmen, som igen deler sig i de to bugter Vesterbotn og Austerbotn. Indløbet til Straumen er et smalt sund.

Fylkesvej 890 går langs vestsiden af fjorden. Den 	38,5 km lange Kongsfjordelven munder ud i Austerbotn.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Troms og Finnmark
Berlevåg

Kongsfjorden (Berlevåg)


Atomculuk Okulu, maddeci filozoflar Empedokles ve Anaxagoras'ın ardından Leukippos ve onun öğrencisi Demokritos tarafından benzer bir materyalizm doğrultusunda oluşturdukları ve geliştirdikleri atom düşüncesiyle anılan felsefe okulu.

Atomcu okul bir yandan Parmanides'ın monist yaklaşımına öte yandan Anaxagoras'ın çoğulcu yaklaşımına bir tür tepki olarak gelişmiştir; özellikle de birincisine karşı. Demokritos yalnızca varolanları değil ruhu da atomlardan oluşan bir şey olarak düşünerek materyalizmi ileri noktalara taşımış, felsefe tarihinde materyalizm eğilimi için en güçlü başlangıç noktalarından birini meydana getirmiştir.

Atomcu okula göre evren bileşik cisimlerden oluşur, bunlarsa maddenin en küçük ve bölünemez parçası olarak kabul edilen atomlardan meydana gelir. Başka bir açıdan bu okul, evrendeki her şeyin boşluk içindeki hareketleri sonucu meydana geldiğini, dolayısıyla evrende mutlak anlamda bir nedenselliğin varolduğunu, insan ruhunun da daha incelmiş atomların hareketinden oluştuğunu, hatta bir yerde tanrıların bile maddesel olduklarını öne sürer. Atomculuk, materyalizmin bir biçimi olarak daha sonra Epiküros ve Lukretius tarafından savunulacak ve uzun bir dönem sonra etkisini kaybedecektir. 17. yüzyıldaysa bilimsel çalışmalar ve teoriler içinde yeniden canlanmıştır.

Kaynakça
 Materyalizmin Tarihi ve Günümüzdeki Anlamının Eleştirisi, F.A.Lange.

Deneycilik
Felsefi akımlar

Atomculuk


Kings Langley es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Dacorum, en el condado de Hertfordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Kings Langley tiene una superficie de 8,32 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Kings Langley tenía 5072 habitantes (48,8% varones, 51,2% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 609,62 hab/km². El 20,76% eran menores de 16 años, el 70,47% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 8,77% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 40,12 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 22,14% estaban solteros, el 61,61% casados, y el 16,25% divorciados o viudos.

El 92,41% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 2,86% de la población, mientras que el 4,73% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 96,61% eran blancos, el 1,42% mestizos, el 1,2% asiáticos, el 0,26% negros, el 0,18% chinos, y el 0,28% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 72,04%, el budismo por el 0,12%, el hinduismo por el 0,61%, el judaísmo por el 1,01%, el islam por el 0,34%, el sijismo por el 0,08%, y cualquier otra religión por el 0,55%. El 16,4% no eran religiosos y el 8,85% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 2063 hogares con residentes, 73 vacíos, y 4 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Hertfordshire
Parroquias civiles de Hertfordshire

Kings Langley (Hertfordshire)


පරිමාමිතික ප්ලාස්කුව (මිනුම් ප්ලාස්කුව හෝ ක්‍රමාංකිත ප්ලාස්කුව) යනු පරීක්ෂණාගාරයන් තුල භාවිතාවට ගැනෙන, නිශ්චිත උෂ්ණත්වයක් සඳහා නිශ්චිත පරිමාවක් ක්‍රමාංකණය කර ඇති වීදුරු වලින් නිර්මිත විද්‍යාගාර උපකරණයකි. ප්‍රාමාණික ද්‍රාවණයන් පිළියෙල කිරීමට සහ ද්‍රාවණ තනුක කිරීම් සඳහා පරිමාමිතික ප්ලාස්කු යොදා ගැනේ. පේයර්-හැඩයකින් හා පැතලි අඩියකින් යුක්ත වන මෙම ප්ලාස්කු, වීදුරු හෝ ප්ලාස්ටික් වලින් නිමවා තිබෙයි. ප්ලාස්කුවෙහි මුව කොටස ප්ලාස්ටික් ඉස්කුරුප්පු වැස්මකින් ආවරණය කොට තැබිය හැකි අතර ගෙල ප්‍රදේශය සිහින් දිගැටි අයුරින් නිමවා තිබෙයි. ගෙල ප්‍රදේශයෙහි පරිමාමිතික ප්ලාස්කුවෙහි අදාල පරිමාව දක්වන වලයාකාර සීමාව සළකුණු කොට තිබෙයි.

මීට අමතරව පරිමාමිතික ප්ලාස්කුවෙහි බද කොටසහි, එහි නාමික පරිමාව, වර්ගය, අදාල නිමැවුම් සම්මත සහ නිශ්පාදකයින්ගේ සලකුණ ආදිය ලේබල් ගත කොට තිබේ. මිලි ලීටර 1 සිට 10 000 දක්වා පමණ ද්‍රාවණ පරිමාවන් මැන ගත හැකි පරිමාමිතික ප්ලාස්කු දැකගත හැකි වේ.

පරිමාමිතික ප්ලාස්කුව