Arthur Preuss, auch Arthur Preuß, (* 23. Februar 1878 in Königsberg; † 20. August 1944 in Wien) war ein  deutscher Opernsänger (Tenor), Kammersänger, Komponist und Gesangspädagoge.

Leben

Als Sohn eines Kaufmannes entschied er sich 1893 für die Sängerlaufbahn und wurde in Berlin Schüler von Benno Stolzenberg und Franz Krolop. Von 1899 bis 1915 wirkte er hauptsächlich unter dem Komponisten Gustav Mahler als Vertreter des Buffo-Faches an der Wiener Hofoper, etwa 1903 in der Neuinszenierung von Tristan und Isolde (mit Erik Schmedes als Tristan, und Anna von Mildenburg als Isolde) und 1905 in der Neuinszenierung von Feuersnot (Richard Strauss) am 5. Juni 1905 neben Ensemble-Kollegen wie Hermine Kittel oder Leopold Demuth. Der Kammersänger Preuss trat erfolgreich beim Salzburger Mozartfest auf (1906) und gastierte auch an der Kölner Oper. 1915 erhielt Preuss ein Engagement an der Wiener Volksoper, wo er sich bis 1930 dem leichten Fach widmete. Als gefeierter Konzerttenor sang er u. a. 1919 in Arnold Schönbergs Gurre-Liedern. Seine klangvolle und ausdrucksstarke Stimme ist auf Schallplatten erhalten. Preuss, dessen Atemtechnik, Paraphrasierung und Tongebung sehr korrekt waren, wirkte in Wien auch als Gesangspädagoge. Als Hobby-Buchbinder stellte er eine Autographensammlung von Wiener Komponisten zusammen, die nach seinem Tod teilweise wieder zerstreut wurde.

Familie

Arthur Preuss Senior war verheiratet mit Gretl Preuss, geb. Hrdliczka (Tochter des Holzindustriellen Max Hrdliczka) und hatte einen Sohn Arthur Preuss Junior. Arthur Preuss Senior fand unter der NS-Herrschaft während eines Gestapoverhörs (sein Sohn war im Widerstand tätig bei der tschechischen Partisanenbrigade Jan Žižka) den Tod, als er am 20. August 1944 tot zusammenbrach. Bekannt von seiner Familie ist besonders sein Vetter Hugo Preuß, der die  Weimarer Reichsverfassung entworfen hat, ursprünglich jedoch ohne den berüchtigten § 48.

Filmografie
 1908: Martha: Mag der Himmel dir vergeben
 1908: Lucia di Lammermoor: Sextett
 1933: Wenn du jung bist, gehört dir die Welt

Rollen (Auswahl)
 Schubert (H. Berté, Das Dreimäderlhaus)
 Lancelot (E. Audran, La poupée)
 David (R. Wagner, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg)
 Alfred (G. Verdi, La traviata)
 Lobetanz (L. Thuille, Lobetanz)

Literatur
 Ludwig Eisenberg: Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert. Verlag von Paul List, Leipzig 1903, S. 793, ().
 Jahrbuch der Wiener Gesellschaft, 1929
 Karl J. Kutsch / Leo Riemens: Unvergängliche Stimmen. Sängerlexikon. Francke, Bern 1975
 100 Jahre Wiener Oper am Ring. Jubiläumsausstellung in sämtlichen Redoutensälen der Hofburg, 17. Mai bis 28. September 1969. Hrsg. vom Aktionskomitee 100-Jahr-Feier der Wiener Staatsoper. Metten, Wien 1969

Weblinks

 Arthur Preuss Tonaufnahme aus dem Archiv der Österreichischen Mediathek: ("Wenn eure Seele je empfunden" aus Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor)

Einzelnachweise

Opernsänger
Tenor
Komponist (Deutschland)
Filmkomponist
Stummfilmschauspieler
Gesangspädagoge
Deutscher
Geboren 1878
Gestorben 1944
Mann

Arthur Preuss (Sänger)


Sikkim septentrional (en hindi: उत्तर सिक्किम जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Sikkim. Código ISO: IN.SK.NS.

Comprende una superficie de 4 226 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Mangan.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 43 354 habitantes, de los cuales 18 841 eran mujeres y 24 513 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sikkim Septentrional

Distrito de Sikkim septentrional


Le bombardement de Bilohorivka est survenu le 7 mai 2022 lorsqu'une école de Bilohorivka, dans le raïon de Sievierodonetsk, dans l'oblast de Louhansk, en Ukraine, a été bombardée lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie de 2022. Au moins deux personnes sont mortes alors que les autorités estiment que le nombre de morts est plus élevé.

Bombardement
Environ quatre-vingt-dix personnes s'abritaient à l'intérieur du sous-sol du bâtiment lors du bombardement. Le bâtiment a été touché par une frappe aérienne russe, mettant le feu au bâtiment et emprisonnant un grand nombre de personnes à l'intérieur.

Au moins 30 personnes ont été secourues. Il a été confirmé que deux personnes avaient été tuées, mais le gouverneur de l'oblast de Louhansk, Serhiy Haidaï, a déclaré que les 60 personnes restantes auraient été tuées.

Réactions
Le ministère ukrainien des Affaires étrangères a condamné l'attaque.

Notes et références

Crime de guerre russe en Ukraine
Mai 2022
2022 en Ukraine

Bombardement de Bilohorivka


Autour d'une évasion est un film documentaire français réalisé par Jacques Brunius en collaboration avec Cesare Silvagni, sorti en 1934.

Le film est dédié à la mémoire d'Albert Londres.

Synopsis

Le film raconte l'histoire d'Eugène Dieudonné, accusé d'être membre de la bande à Bonnot, condamné au bagne puis gracié après l'intervention d'Albert Londres. Il témoigne de la vie des forçats à Cayenne. Dieudonné s'évade en 1927 et se retrouve au centre d'une bataille médiatique.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Autour d'une évasion
 Réalisation : Jacques Brunius, Cesare Silvagni
 Scénario : d'après les livres Au bagne et L'Homme qui s'évada d'Albert Londres (non crédité)
 Production : Distribution Générale Cinématographique
 Producteur : Jean-Placide Mauclaire
 Musique : Maurice Jeanjean, Serge Glyzkon
 Montage : Jacques Brunius
 Type : Noir et blanc
 Durée : 65 minutes
 Date de sortie : 1934

Distribution
 Eugène Dieudonné : narration

Production
Cesare Silvagni, entre-autres décorateur de cinéma italien, avait ramené à Paris en 1933 des séquences de films tournées en Guyane et abimées par la chaleur et l'humidité. Il les confie à Jacques Brunius, qui en fait un docu-fiction sur l'histoire d'un médecin évadé du bagne, raconté en fait par un véritable bagnard, Eugène Dieudonné.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 https://base.atelierdesarchives.com/index.php?urlaction=doc&id_doc=403743&id_lang=FR

Film français sorti en 1934
Film documentaire français
Film français en noir et blanc
Film documentaire sur la prison
Film sur une évasion
Film documentaire sur une personnalité criminelle

Autour d'une évasion


Gaz Volga (în ) este un automobil cu originea în Uniunea Sovietică produs de fabrica GAZ ca înlocuitor al cunoscutei GAZ-M20 Pobeda în 1956. Folosirea ei de către nomenclatura sovietică au transformat-o într-un simbol cultural contemporan. Au fost produse mai multe generații de mașini.

În ciuda activităților de modernizare continuă, compania GAZ a considerat că este din ce în ce mai dificil să păstreze mașina îmbătrânită pe piața tot mai competitivă din Rusia de la începutul anilor 2000. Președintele companiei GAZ Bo Andersson a decis să întrerupă producția modelului Volga în 2010.

Prima generație, GAZ M-21

Dezvoltarea
Primul model Volga a fost inițial dezvoltat ca un înlocuitor pentru automobilul de dimensiuni medii GAZ-M20 Pobeda, care a fost produs începând din 1946. În ciuda aspectului foarte progresist, evoluția rapidă a design-ului auto postbelic și a mecanismului de propulsie a determinat elaborarea unor planuri de înlocuire a automobilului Pobeda în 1951, iar un an mai târziu au fost dezvoltate două proiecte: Zvezda ("Steaua"), cu un aspect mai revoluționar, și Volga, cu un aspect mai convențional, care era mai adecvată posibilităților de producție din anii 1950.

În primăvara anului 1954 au fost testate primele prototipuri Volga. Noua mașină a introdus o serie de completări și avantaje față de Pobeda. În afară de faptul că era mai mare, avea parbrize panoramice, un motor mai mare cu patru cilindri, un sistem centralizat de lubrifiere a principalelor elemente ale șasiului, un angrenaj hipoid la puntea din spate și o cutie de viteze hidromecanică automată. Designul exterior al automobilului a fost conceput de Lev Yeremeev și, deși influențat de vehiculele nord-americane din aceeași perioadă, în special de Ford Mainline din 1954, proiectul a fost cea mai mare parte independent, cu o excepție pentru transmisia automată, care a fost derivată din cea cu trei viteze a modelului Ford-O-Matic. După o testare a mașinii, care a durat o perioadă de doi ani, autoritățile și-au dat acordul în cele din urmă și primul automobil a ieșit pe porțile companiei GAZ pe 10 octombrie 1956.

Deși au fost mai multe modele și versiuni ale mașinii, producția ei poate fi totuși împărțită în trei generații distincte și două derivate. În total au fost construite 639.478 de automobile Volga din 1956 până în 1970.

A doua generație, GAZ-24, GAZ-3102 și GAZ-3110
Dezvoltarea unui înlocuitor pentru GAZ-21 Volga a început în 1961. La momentul respectiv, industria de automobile nord-americană era încă perceput ca liderul mondial în design și inovație și era firesc ca industria de automobile sovietică să încerce să o imite. În ciuda sloganului populist al lui Nikita Hrușciov de a "ajunge din urmă și depăși America", economia planificată sovietică nu-și putea permite să urmeze tradiția americană de a scoate câte un nou model de mașină în fiecare an și nici fabricile ei centralizate nu erau capabile fizic să facă acest lucru. Astfel, a fost luată o măsură mai conservatoare ce prevedea folosirea unui model timp de  7-10 ani, tipic industriei auto din Europa. GAZ-24 Volga a a fost planificată să aibă o astfel de durată de viață prin anii 1970. Cu toate acestea, chiar înainte de lansarea acestui model în 1968, industria auto intrase deja în întârziere și ca urmare a începerii perioadei stagnării în URSS, în urma reformei economice sovietice elaborate de Alexei Kosîghin în 1965, mașina a devenit o caracteristică iconică a epocii, atât din punct de vedere estetic, cât și din punct de vedere tehnic. Dezvoltată la mijlocul anilor 1960 și cu o producție inițială care s-a întins pe mai mult de un deceniu și jumătate, s-au adoptat o serie de modernizări și modificări, care nu au avut succes în găsirea unui înlocuitor (GAZ-3105, GAZ-3111 și Siber).

Referințe

Legături externe
 Owners club
 Volga Auto
 GAZ Website
 Autosoviet on the Volga
 German Volga importer
 About Volga GAZ-24 in English
 About Volga GAZ-21 in English
 Scaldia Volga M24D in English
 Jay Leno's Volga GAZ-21

Automobile sovietice

GAZ Volga


L'acrylate de diméthylaminoéthyle, ou , est un composé chimique de formule . C'est l'ester d'acide acrylique  et de diméthylaminoéthanol . Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide clair, incolore à jaunâtre, à l'odeur d'amine, particulièrement toxique. Il est miscible avec l'eau, réagit avec les bases et s'hydrolyse rapidement en acide acrylique et diméthylaminoéthanol. Ses vapeurs sont susceptibles de former des mélanges inflammables avec l'air. Il tend à polymériser spontanément à température élevée, sous l'effet d'un rayonnement ou encore en présence d'un amorceur radicalaire. Il doit par conséquent être proprement stabilisé et conservé dans un endroit frais (température inférieure à ), sec et protégé de la lumière.

Synthèse

On obtient l'acrylate de diméthylaminoéthyle par transestérification d'esters acryliques tels que l'acrylate de méthyle  ou l'acrylate d'éthyle  avec le diméthylaminoéthanol sous catalyse acide par des composés d'étain (comme des ) ou de titane (comme l'isopropylate de titane). Il est possible d'obtenir des rendements supérieurs à 95 %.

La réaction doit être menée en présence d'inhibiteurs de polymérisation tels que la phénothiazine en raison de la forte tendance des réactifs et des produits à polymériser. Avec l'acrylate d'éthyle, il se forme de l'éthanol , qui doit être éliminé du mélange réactionnel par distillation afin d'obtenir des rendements élevés. Le produit est purifié par distillation sous vide et stabilisé avec environ 0,1 % de 4-méthoxyphénol (MeHQ).

Utilisation

L'acrylate de diméthylaminoéthyle est un ester acrylique portant un groupe fonctionnel basique. Il réagit par conséquent en tant que composé carbonylé α,β-insaturé dans une réaction d'addition avec les nucléophiles selon une addition de Michael. C'est un monomère réactif, qui forme des homopolymères et des copolymères avec les amides, les esters et les sels de l'acide acrylique, ainsi qu'avec les méthacrylates , l'acrylonitrile , les esters d'acide maléique HOOCCHCHCOOH, l'acétate de vinyle , le chlorure de vinyle , le  , le styrène , le  , les polyesters insaturés et les huiles siccatives. Le DMAEA des copolymères améliore leur nature nucléophile, leur caractère basique, leur solubilité dans l'eau et leur adhérence aux substrats polaires chargés négativement, ainsi que la facilité de coloration des fibres acryliques avec des teintures anioniques. De tels copolymères sont utilisés comme résines, peintures, revêtements, adhésifs et même en spray fixant pour les cheveux.

La principale utilisation de l'acrylate de diméthylaminoéthyle est la réaction de Menshutkin avec des agents alkyants tels que le chlorométhane , le sulfate de diméthyle  ou le chlorure de benzyle  pour former des sels d'ammonium quaternaire.

Notes et références

Ester acrylique
Amine tertiaire

Acrylate de diméthylaminoéthyle


Byron Bay (Minjungbal: Cavvanbah) is a beachside town located in the far-northeastern corner of the state of New South Wales, Australia on Bundjalung Country. It is located  north of Sydney and  south of Brisbane. Cape Byron, a headland adjacent to the town, is the easternmost point of mainland Australia. At the 2021 census, the town had a permanent population of 6,330. It is the largest town of Byron Shire local government area, though not the shire's administrative centre (which is Mullumbimby).

History
Byron Bay and surrounds is located on unceded land of the Bundjalung Nation of the Arakwal, Minjungbal and the Widjabul people who have lived by the coast for at least 22,000 years. Traditional custodians of the region believe that the land and people were created by Nguthungulli, who rests at what is now called Julian Rocks. The traditional name of the township area was Cavvanbah, meaning "meeting place". Significant totems for the area include Wajung and Kabul.

In 1770 Lieutenant James Cook found safe anchorage and named Cape Byron after a fellow sailor Vice Admiral 'Foul-Weather Jack' John Byron, circumnavigator of the world and grandfather of the poet Lord Byron. European settlement in the area took place in the 1830s. A massacre took place in the 1850s, south of Suffolk Park where the quarry is today.

The first industry in Byron was cedar logging from the Australian red cedar (Toona ciliata). The timber industry is the origin of the word "shoot" in many local names – Possum Shoot, Coopers Shoot and Skinners Shoot – where the timber-cutters would "shoot" the logs down the hills to be dragged to waiting ships. Timber getting became insignificant after World War I. As a result, many former timber workers became farmers.

Gold mining of the beaches was the next industry to occur.  Gold was discovered in Byron Bay in 1870. Up to 20 mining leases set up on Tallow Beach to extract gold from the black sands around the 1870s.

Byron Bay has a history of primary industrial production (dairy factory, abattoirs, fishing, and whaling until 1963) and was a significant, but hazardous, sea port. The poet Brunton Stephens spoke of cattle grazing on the "mossy plains" of Cape Byron in a poem he penned in 1876.

The first jetty was built in 1886, and the railway was connected in 1894, and Cavvanbah became Byron Bay in 1894. Dairy farmers cleared more land and settled the area. In 1895, the Norco Co-operative was formed to provide cold storage and manage the dairy and processes meat industry. The introduction of paspalum grass improved production, and Byron Bay exported butter from its depots at Murwillumbah and Lismore to the world.

The Cape Byron Lighthouse was built in 1901 at the most easterly point on the Australian mainland. Its construction destroyed a significant Arakwal men's ceremonial ground.

In 1930, the first meatworks opened. The smell from the meat and dairy works was appalling and the annual slaughter of migrating whales in the 1950s and 1960s made matters worse. Sand mining for monazite (zircon, uranium and thorium) between the World Wars damaged the environment further. Mining ceased in 1968 and processing in 1972.

Longboard surfers arrived in the 1960s and used natural breaks at The Pass, Watego's, and Cosy Corner. This was the beginning of Byron Bay as a travellers' destination, and by 1973, when the Aquarius Festival was held in nearby Nimbin, its reputation as a hippy, happy, alternative town was established, although tourism facilities remained minimal. From the 1980s, tourism began to develop in earnest, with the cash-poor surfers and hippies supplemented, and to a degree supplanted, by cash-rich conspicuous consumers who in turn stimulated the development of retail precincts and accommodation more tuned to their needs.

In 1994, a native title claim was made by Arakwal Elders Lorna Kelly, Linda Vidler and Yvonne Graham. After seven years of negotiation, an Indigenous Land Use Agreement was formed with the State of New South Wales in 2001, a national first and precedent for subsequent agreements around Australia. Two further local agreements also followed.

Today, Byron Bay is one of the most up-market residential areas on the Australian east coast with the growth in multi-million dollar mansions now pushing the median value of house sales up beyond AU$1.5 million in 2017, over a 100% increase since 2013, based on 2018 data from realestate.com.au. At the same time, the town has not lost its attraction to a diverse range of visitors including surfers, backpackers and general tourists interested in the natural attractions of the area, and also supports a healthy cross section of creative persons including artists, craftspersons and musicians, while its more recent hippy/new age past is reflected to a degree in a prevalence of alternative "new-age" shops, "spiritual" services such as meditation and yoga classes, and holistic healing/"wellness" retreats. As at 2018, the town is cited as having around 5,000 permanent residents, while being visited by 2 million tourists each year.

A number of shipwrecks litter the bay and surrounding areas. A total 16 are known with the most famous of these being the 'Wollongbar' which due to bad conditions sank off the eastern tip of Belongil beach, it now rests about  from the coast and is still visible above water during low tide.

Heritage listings
Byron Bay has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 Casino–Murwillumbah railway: Byron Bay railway station
 61 Jonson Street: Byron Bay Post Office
 Lighthouse Road: Cape Byron Lightstation

Population
According to the 2021 census, there were 10,914 people in Byron Bay.
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.8% of the population.
 63.6% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 5.6% and New Zealand 2.6%.
 77.6% of people spoke only English at home.
 The most common response for religion was No Religion at 58.6%.

Geology and Geography
Byron Bay is part of the erosion caldera of an ancient shield volcano, the Tweed Volcano, which had erupted 23 million years ago. The volcano formed as a result of the Indo-Australian Plate moving over the East Australia hotspot.
Although was named a Bay when discovered, it is in fact in geological terms a "Bight" as the angle of curvature from Cape Byron to Hastings point is less than 25 degrees.

Climate
Byron Bay has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification) with warm summers and mild winters. Winters have daily maximums usually reaching 19.4 °C and a minimum of 12 °C. Summer can be hot, with a daily average of 27 °C. Summer evenings can be wet, cooling the day down. Due to its location on an ocean-facing cape, it is, therefore, more exposed to moist easterly flows, hence its annual rainfall above 1,500 mm, which is higher than that of Brisbane and the Gold Coast.

Tourism

The town is a resort popular with both domestic and international tourists, not the least backpackers. It has several beaches that are popular for surfing and the scenery attracts skydivers. An oceanway allows visitors to walk and cycle from the centre of town to Cape Byron Lighthouse.

The area is noted for its wildlife, with whale watching a significant contributor to the local economy. Temperate and tropical waters merge here, making it a popular place for scuba diving and snorkelling. Most diving is done at Julian Rocks, 2.5 kilometres from the town and part of the Cape Byron Marine Park. Subtropical rainforests are nearby, and areas such as the Nightcap National Park and its Minyon Falls are within easy reach of the town.

Byron Bay is a popular destination for Schoolies week during late November and early December.

Events
Festivals held in or near Byron Bay include the East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival at Tyagarah at Easter, Falls Festival NYE and Splendour in the Grass, the Byron Bay International Fashion Festival on 29 April each year, the Byron Bay Writers Festival, the Byron Bay Film Festival, Byron Bay Surf Festival, Byron Spirit Festival and the Byron Underwater Festival. The Byron Bay Triathlon is held on the second Saturday in May every year; 1,300 competitors from many countries enter this Olympic Distance event. The vibrant musical community has produced internationally renowned bands such as Blue King Brown, Parkway Drive and 50 Lions.

Markets
Byron Bay has a number of regular markets including a weekly farmers' market at the Cavanbah Centre every Thursday with over 70 local farmers selling fresh produce. There is also a Byron Community Market held on the same site on the first Sunday of each month and the Artisan Market held on Saturday evenings at Railway Park from October to Easter. There are three annual specialist Beachside Markets held in January, Easter and September.

Transport
A bus interchange is located west of the old railway station along Butler Street and is served by Greyhound Australia, NSW TrainLink and Premier Motor Services coach services from Sydney and Brisbane.

The privately run Byron Bay Train operates a shuttle service on a rehabilitated 3 km section of the disused Murwillimbah line between Byron Bay station in the Byron township and North Beach station, adjacent to the Elements of Byron resort. The service opened in December 2017, and uses an ex-NSWGR railmotor, converted to run exclusively on solar power using panels on top of the train and at the stations.

Until 2004, Byron Bay railway station was a stop on the Casino to Murwillumbah railway line. It was served by trains from Sydney and, for various periods, also by services originating at Casino that connected with expresses running between Sydney and South Brisbane.

An earlier local train service, known as the Byron Bay Tram conveyed passengers from about 1928 until about 1954 between the railway station and the "new jetty" where connections were made with passenger carrying ships of the North Coast Steam Navigation Company. Motive power was a Simplex petrol locomotive, locally known as the "Green Frog", and the passenger vehicles comprised former Newcastle B2 class steam tram trailer 74B and former Sydney C class electric tram C37. After the trams stopped running both the cars went to a heritage tramway in Parramatta Park where 74B was destroyed by fire. The Simplex was built in Bedford England and went into service in 1923 shunting freight to and from the "old" jetty adjacent to the township and then to "new" jetty to the north when it was completed in 1928. Later it hauled whales from the jetty to the rendering down works, livestock to the meat works, mineral sands and meat wagons to the station for onward movement and regularly shunted Norco and other railway sidings and between these duties ran the passenger tramway until the coastal passenger shipping service stopped. The Simplex locomotive was retired in 1984 when the meat works closed and is now stored in a shed near the Kendall Street level crossing under the care of volunteers and the Byron Bay Council.

Education
Byron Bay schools include Byron Bay Public School, Byron Bay High School, St Finbarr's Primary School, Byron Bay Community School, and Cape Byron Rudolf Steiner School. Among these are a number of early childhood facilities including Byron Bay Preschool and Periwinkle Preschool. In the fields of adult education, there are Lexis English Centres and Lexis Training (previously Global Village English Centres), the Byron Region Community College, which is a registered training organisation and the SAE Institute Byron Bay which is a government-accredited, degree-granting institution in the fields of audio engineering, digital film making, multimedia and animation.

Sport and recreation
The Byron Bay Surf Club is the longest-standing current sports club; it has been one of Australia's leading surf clubs and has been in continuous operation for more than 105 years. The rugby league club the Byron Bay Red Devils and the Australian rules football team Byron Magpies are well known.

Byron Bay FC has won 14 top grade honours in Football Far North Coast competitions including 4 ANZAC Cups (2003, 2004, 2007 and 2017), 5 premierships (2006, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2019) and 5 Cyril Mayo Cups for winning the grand final (2005, 2006, 2013, 2017 and 2018).  Byron Bay was created as a junior club in 1963 and formed their first senior team in 1966.  In 1982 Byron Bay joined Lismore & District Soccer Association competitions.  In 2017 Byron Bay became one of only 5 clubs to win the treble (ANZAC Cup, premiership and Cyril Mayo Cup) in the same season, and became the first, and so far only club to win the treble and Summer Youth League (which began in 2008).

Other clubs include Byron Bay Golf Club, Byron Bay Cricket Club, Byron Bay Rugby Union Club, Byron Bay Gliding Club, Byron Bay Hang Gliding / Paragliding Club and the Byron Bay Bowling Club.

The Byron Bay Ocean Swim Classic is held every year.

Media
The Byron Bay area has a number of newspapers:
 The Byron Shire Echo (Independent weekly A3)
 The Byron Shire News (APN weekly A3)
 The Saturday Star (Independent A5 monthly)
 The Bagg (Independent weekly A3 gig guide)
 The Northern Star (APN daily, produced in nearby Lismore)

The community radio station Bay FM broadcasts on 99.9 FM from within Byron Bay itself. Other local stations in the Byron area are:
 2LM 900 AM (commercial)
 100.9 ZZZ FM (commercial)
 ABC North Coast 94.5 FM
 River-FM 92.9 FM (community)

All major television channels are available in Byron Bay and the wider Northern Rivers region:
 Seven (formerly Prime7), 7HD, 7two, 7mate, 7flix, 7Bravo, ishop tv (Seven Network owned and operated channels, major-commercial)
 Nine (NBN), 9HD, 9Go!, 9Gem, 9Life, Extra (Nine Network owned and operated channels, major-commercial)
 10 Northern NSW, 10 HD, 10 Bold, 10 Peach, 10 Shake and Sky News Regional (Network 10/WIN Television, minor-commercial)
 ABC TV, ABC HD, ABC TV Plus, ABC Kids,  ABC ME and ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, semi-commercial)
 SBS, SBS HD, SBS World Movies, SBS Viceland, NITV, SBS Food and SBS WorldWatch (Special Broadcasting Service, Public but still ads so semi-commercial)

Notable people
Notable people from or who have lived in Byron Bay include:
 Daevid Allen – musician
 Simon Baker – actor
 Renee Bargh – TV presenter
 Camille Barr – poet and singer-songwriter
 Jordan Barrett – fashion model
 John Butler – guitarist, founder of the John Butler Trio
 Toni Childs – musician
 William (Bill) Clifford – General Manager of NORCO in the 1920s, described as founder of the dairy industry, lived in Byron Bay from the late nineteenth century until the 1920s.
 John Cornell – businessman and Delvene Delaney, actress and co-host of Sale of the Century
Shelley Craft, television presenter
 Eka Darville – actor
 Parkway Drive – a metalcore band formed in 2002 that have toured around the world several times
 Zac Efron – actor
 Peter Gifford – bassist for Midnight Oil
 Chris Hemsworth – actor
 Paul Hogan – actor, and Linda Kozlowski, actress
 Andy Holm – musician, semi-finalist on the 2012 season of Australia's Got Talent
 In Hearts Wake – metalcore band
 The Jezabels – lead singer Hayley Mary and keyboardist Heather Shannon
 Jack Johnson – musician
 Elle Macpherson – model, entrepreneur
 Jeff Martin – lead singer for The Tea Party
 Maia Mitchell – actress and singer
 Pauline Menczer – professional surfer, 1993 Women's World Champion
 Olivia Newton-John –  singer, songwriter, actress, novelist
 Kerry O'Brien – journalist
 Dylan O'Donnell – astrophotographer and YouTube personality
 Scott Owen – bassist for The Living End
 Parcels – band, formed at Cape Byron Rudolf Steiner School, now based in Berlin
 Garret Parkes – surfer
Kieren Perrow, professional surfer and first WSL commissioner
 Elsa Pataky – actress
 Mouche Phillips – actress
 Ric Richardson – inventor
 Space Cowboy – a record-breaking "sword swallower" and street performer who hails from Byron Bay
Taylor Steele – filmmaker
 Mel Symons, television presenter
 Andrew Thompson – racing driver
 Naomi Watts – actress
Danny Wills – professional surfer
Anatole Serret – drummer of Parcels
Beau Walker – professional surfer and television presenter
Cleopatra Coleman – actress and model, appeared in The Last Man on Earth and In the Shadow of the Moon
Dinesh Palipana  – doctor, legal professional and disability advocate
Hayley McGlone – singer and lead vocalist of The Jezabels
Katherine Hicks – actress, appeared in Rescue: Special Ops
Marty Mayberry – para-alpine skier, competed at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Paralympics
Nathan Baggaley – sprint canoeist and surfskier, competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Samuel Lockwood — guitarist of The Jezabels
Stan Walker – singer, winner of Australian Idol in 2009
Jake Duncombe – professional skateboarder
Egg – ten time mosh champion and Channel Nine TV personality
Pete Murray – Singer-songwriter

In fiction

John Macgregor's 1986 novel Propinquity is partly set in Byron Bay and nearby Mullumbimby. The 2008/2009 ABC drama series East of Everything, written by Deb Cox and Roger Monk, is set in the fictional town of Broken Bay which is based on a somewhat more run-down version of Byron Bay and its surrounds, with much of the filming taking place in and around Byron Bay including obviously recognisable landmarks such as the lighthouse and local beaches. Parts of the 2014 film The Inbetweeners 2 take place in Byron Bay. The town also features in the 2016 open world racing video game, Forza Horizon 3 and is where the Horizon Byron Bay Festival is situated. In July 2019 Byron Bay was used in Neighbours for the return storyline for Dee Bliss.

The driver's license of Zak in Fern Gully (1992) indicates that he resides in Byron Bay, suggesting that the plot of the movie occurs in Australia.

Gallery

References

External links

 Northern Rivers Geology Blog – Byron Bay
visitnsw.com – Byron Bay
List of Byron Bay festivals

Towns in New South Wales
Tweed Volcano
Bays of New South Wales
Northern Rivers
Seaside resorts in Australia
Entertainment districts in Australia
Surfing locations in New South Wales
Populated places established in 1770
Arts districts
1770 establishments in the British Empire
Coastal towns in New South Wales
Whaling stations in Australia
Fishing communities in Australia

Byron Bay


Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabî (; d. 28 Temmuz 1165 - 10 Kasım 1240) ya da tam adıyla Muhyiddîn Muhammed bin Ali bin Muhammed el-Arabî el-Hâtimî et-Tâî (), ünlü İslâm düşünürü, mutasavvıf, yazar ve şair. Şeyhü'l Ekber unvanı ile de bilinir.

Hayatı
Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabi, Muvahhidler döneminde, 28 Temmuz 1165'te Mursiye (Murcia), Endülüs'te doğdu. Bilinmeyen bir sebeple sekiz yaşında ailesiyle birlikte İşbiliye'ye geldi. Ailesi Arap Tayy kabilesine mensuptu. Akrabaları arasında tasavvufî bilgilere sahip kimseler vardı. İsminin sonunda yer alan el-Hâtimî et-Tâî, onun cömertliği ve hayırseverliğiyle ün kazanmış olan Taî kabilesine mensup Adî b. Hâtim et-Taî'nin kardeşi Abdullah b. Hâtîm et-Taî'nin soyundan geldiğini göstermektedir. Bu kabilenin Arap olması sebebiyle İbn Arabî ve ataları "Arabî" (Arab) diye tanınmışlardı. Endülüs'te bir süre daha kaldıktan sonra çıktığı seyahatte Şam, Bağdad ve Mekke'ye giderek orada bulunan tanınmış âlim ve şeyhlerle görüşmeler yaptı. Babası, kendisinde bir değişiklik olduğunu fark ederek İbnü'l-Arabî ile görüşmek isteyen filozof İbn Rüşd'e ondan bahsetmişti. İbn Rüşd, gerçek bilginin akıl yoluyla elde edildiğini savunurken İbnü'l-Arabî; gerçek bilginin sadece aklımızdan vücuda gelmediğine, böyle bir bilginin daha çok tasavvuf yoluyla elde edilebileceğine inanıyordu. Daha sonra Sufizmi benimsedi ve hayatını manevî yola adadı.

İbnü'l-Arabî, kendisine "Manevî annenim ve dünyevî annenin ışığıyım" diyen Kordovalı Fatma adında 95 yaşından büyük bir kadına hizmet etti. Takvası ve tevekkülü ile bilinen bu kadın, kendisi üzerinde de oldukça büyük bir etki bırakmıştı.

[[Dosya:الفتوحات_المكية.jpg|alt=|sol|küçükresim|İbnü'l Arabi tarafından el yazısıyla yazılan ''el-Fütûḥâtü'l-Mekkiyye, Konya]]

 Seyahatleri
İbnü'l-Arabî, ilk defa 36 yaşında İspanya'dan ayrıldı ve 1193'te Tunus'a geldi. Tunus'ta bir yıl geçtikten sonra 1194'te Endülüs'e döndü. Babası İbnü'l-Arabî'nin Sevilla'ya gelmesinden kısa bir süre sonra öldü. Annesi de birkaç ay sonra öldüğünde İspanya'yı ikinci kez terk etti ve iki kız kardeşi ile 1195'te Fas'ın Fez kentine gitti. 1198'de İspanya'nın Córdoba şehrine döndü ve son kez 1200'de İspanya'yı Cebelitarık'tan geçerek tamamen terk etti. Mağrip'teki bâzı yerleri ziyaret ederek 1201'de Tunus'tan ayrıldı ve 1202'de hac etti. Üç yıl Mekke'de yaşadı ve orada el-Fütûḥâtü'l-Mekkiyye () adlı eserini yazmaya başladı.

Mekke'de vakit geçirdikten sonra Suriye, Filistin, Irak ve Anadolu'ya seyahat etti.

1204 yılında İbnü'l-Arabî, Selçuklu döneminde büyük tanınmış bir şeyh olan Mecdüddin İshak ile buluştu. İbnü'l-Arabî, bu kez kuzeye yöneldi; önce Medine'yi ziyaret ettiler ve 1205'te Bağdat'a gittiler. Bu ziyaret, ona Şeyh Abdülkâdir Geylânî'nin doğrudan öğrencileriyle tanışma fırsatı sundu. İbnü'l-Arabî, âlim Ali bin Abdullah bin Câmî'yi görmek için Musul'u ziyaret etmek istediği için sadece 12 gün orada kaldı. Orada Ramazan ayını geçirdi ve et-Tenezzülâtü'l-Mevṣıliyye ile el-Celâl ve'l-cemâli yazdı.

 Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabî ve Ekberî Öğretisi

Varlık birliği (Vahdet-i Vücud) öğretisinin baş sözcüsü olmakla birlikte kendisinden sonra vahdet-i vücud görüşünü benimseyen sufiler için Muhyiddin İbn Arabi'nin lakaplarından olan Şeyh-i Ekber'e atıfla Ekberî sıfatı kullanılmıştır. Her ne kadar varlığın bir olduğunu kabul etmiş olsalar da Ekberî sufiler, bâzı görüşlerinde farklılıklar sergilemişlerdir. Meselâ Abdülkerim el-Cili ve Sadreddin Konevî her ikisi de Ekberî olmakla birlikte özgün görüşleri de olan ve başlı başına bir sufi metafiziği ve felsefesine sahip olan düşünürlerdir.

 İbnü'l-Arabi'ye yönelik eleştiriler
Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabî'ye karşı öğretisini benimseyenlerce Şeyh-i Ekber (en büyük şeyh), öğretisine karşı çıkanlar tarafından Şeyh-i Ekfer (en kâfir şeyh) gibi birbirine taban tabana zıt lakapların verilişi, İbnü'l-Arabî'nin İslâm tarihinde üzerine en sert tartışmaların yapıldığı kişilerden biri olduğunun göstergesidir. İbnü'l-Arabî'ye ait birçok görüş tartışılagelmiş, fakat üzerinde en çok durulan konu şüphesiz vahdet-i vücud düşüncesidir.

İbnü'l-Arabî, vahdet-i vücud (varlığın birliği) dolayısıyla panteizmi savunduğu, yani varlığın Tanrı olduğunu söylemesi iddiasıyla hem bâzı fakihlerden, hem de bâzı sufîlerden ılımlı ve sert eleştiriler almıştır.

Fakat Fususu'l-Hikem şârihlerinden Ahmed Avni Konuk, panteizmin vahdet-i vücud kavramından farklı olduğunu ifade eder ve 11 madde ile açıklar. Bu maddelerden ikisi şöyledir:

Madde 4: Vahdet-i vücudu müşahede edenler, taayyünat ve eşyanın hakikatinin Hak olduğunu söylerler; fakat taayyünatın ve eşyanın kendisine Hak demezler. "Hak, Hak'tır ve eşyalar da kendi zatlarında eşyadır" derler. Vücûdîler (panteistler) ise eşyanın taayyünlerinin ve zatlarının Hak olduğunu söylerler.

Madde 8: Vahdet-i vücudu müşahede edenler, Cenabı Hakk'ı hem "tenzih", hem  "teşbih" ederler. Vücûdîler (panteistler) ise yalnız  "teşbih" ederler.

İbnü'l-Arabî'nin en sert eleştirmenlerinin başında gelen kişi Hanbelî Mezhebi geleneğinden beslenen âlim İbn Teymiyye'dir. İbn Teymiyye'ye göre vahdet-i vücud küfürdür, dolayısıyla onu savunanlar da kâfirdir.
Bâzı tasavvuf ehilleri Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabî'nin geldiği idrak ve ilâhî anlayış seviyesinin peygamberler hariç insanlığın gelebileceği en yüksek seviye olduğu görüşündedirler. Tasavvuf çevrelerindeki genel kanaat, gelmiş geçmiş en büyük birkaç şeyhten biri olduğu yönündedir; bu da "Şeyh-ül-Ekber" yakıştırması ile paraleldir. Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabî'nin öğretisinin ve anlayışının ancak onun düzeyinde olanlarca anlaşılabileceği, yani ancak cüz'î iradenin tamamen devre dışı bırakılması ile anlaşılmasının mümkün olabileceği; aksi hâlde cüz'î iradeden tamamen kopamayan ve ilâhî iradeyle tamamen bütünleşemeyen bir kişinin Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabî'nin bu yöndeki söylemlerini dillendirmesinin bir mânâda yalan beyan olacağı ifade edilmiştir.

 Sadreddin Konevî'den günümüze kadar İbnü'l-Arabî ekolünü devam ettiren sufilerden bazıları

 Eserleri
Nefahat'a göre, Bağdad Uleması'ndan birisi Muhyiddin İbnu'l-Arabî üzerine bir kitap te'lif etmiş ve bu kitapta musannefatının 500'den fazla olduğunu söylemiştir. İbnü'l-Arabî'nin eserlerinin sayısı kendine de malum değildi denir. Hayatında dostlarının isteği üzerine birkaç defa bunların fihristini yapmak istedi. Bu fihristler birbirinden ayrı üç yazma hâlinde bugüne kadar geldi. Bugüne gelenlerin bazıları:
 Fütûhat-ı Mekkiyye fi Esrâri'l-Mahkiyye ve'l Mülkiye, (Kendi el yazısı ile olan nüsha, Türk-İslâm Eserleri Müzesi no. 1845-1881'dedir. Bu nüsha 31 cilt hâlinde tertib edilmiştir.)
 Fusûsu'l-Hikem, (Türkçeye tercüme eden Molla Câmî, Hoca Muhammed Parsa'nın "Füsûs" için, "can", "Fütûhat" için "gönül" dediğini rivayet eder.)
 Kitabu'l-İsrâ ilâ Makâmi'l-Esrâ,
 Muhadaratü'l-Ebrâr ve Müsameretü'l-Ahyâr,
 Kelamu'l-Abâdile,
 Tacu'r-Resâil ve Minhâcu'l-Vesâil,
 Mevâqîu'n-Nucûm ve Metâli' Ehilletü'l-Esrâr ve'l-Ulûm,
 Rûhu'l-Quds fi Münâsahâti'n-Nefs,
 et-Tenezzülâtü'l-Mevsîliyye fi Esrâri't-Tahârat ve's-Salavât,
 Kitâbu'l-Esfâr,
 el-İsfâr an Netâici'l-Esfâr,
 Divân,
 Tercemânu'l-Eşvâk,
 Kitâbu Hidâyeti'l-Abdal,
 Kitâbu Tâci't-Terâcim fi İşârâti'l-İlm ve Latâifi'l-Fehm,
 Kitâbu'ş-Şevâhid,
 Kitâbu İşârâti'l-Qur'an fî 'Alâimi'l-İnsân,
 Kitâbu'l-Ba,
 Nisâbü'l-Hirâq,
 Fazlu Şehâdeti't-Tevhîd ve Vasfu Tevhîdi'l-Mükinîn,
 Cevâbü's-Su'âl,
 Kitâbu'l-Celâl ve hüve Kitâbu'l-Ezel,
 Kitâbu'l-Cem ve't-Tafsîl fî Esrâri'l-Ma'ânî ve 't-Tenzîl, (Meryem Sûresi'ne kadar yazdığı Kur'ân-ı Kerîm tefsiridir. Her âyeti Celâl, Cemâl ve İ'tidal olmak üzere üç ayrı makamda incelediğini belirtir. İbn Arabî'ye göre Kur'ân-ı Kerîm'i bu tarzda tefsir eden hiç olmamıştır. Sadece 64 defter Kehf Sûresi'ndeki "Ve iz kâle Mûsâ li fetâhu lâ ebrahu ..." (18/60) âyetine ayrılmıştır.)
 eş-Şeceretü'n-Nu'mâniyye.

 Türkçede İbn Arabî
 Fusus'ül-Hikem, çev. Ekrem Demirli, Kabalcı Yayıncılık
 Fütuhat-ı Mekkiye, çev. Ekrem Demirli, I.-XVIII. cilt, Litera Yayıncılık
 Fususu'l - Hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi I, Ahmed Avni Konuk, Hazırlayan: Doç. Dr. Selçuk Eraydın, IV cilt, Marmara Üniv. İlahiyat Fak. Vakfı
 Arzuların Tercümanı, İz Yayıncılık
 Fenâ Risâlesi, İz Yayıncılık
 Fenâ Risâlesi - Arzuların Tercümanı, İz Yayıncılık
 Marifet Kitabı, İz Yayıncılık
 Marifet ve Hikmet, İz Yayıncılık
 Nurlar Hazinesi, İz Yayıncılık
 Saatlerin Hazinesi, Sümer Yayınları
 Tedbirât-ı İlâhiyye -Tercüme ve Şerhi-, İz Yayıncılık
 Ahadiyyet Risalesi, İlk Harf Yayınevi, 2012.
 Allah'ın İsimlerinin Sırları ve Manalarının Keşfi, Gelenek Yayıncılık, 2010.
 Bir Sufinin Portresi/ Şeyh-i Ekber'in Kaleminden Zunnun-ı Misri, Gelenek Yayıncılık.

 İbn Arabî Üzerine
 Yetkin İlker Jandar, İbn Arabî ve Ekberilik, Ataç Yayınları
 Tahir Uluç, İbn Arabî'de Sembolizm, İnsan Yayınları
 İbn Arabî Anısına, ed. İbrahim Medkur, Çev: Tahir Uluç, İnsan Yayınları
 Suad El-Hakim, İbnü'l Arabî Sözlüğü, Çev: Ekrem Demirli, Kabalcı Yayınları
 Claude Addas, İbn Arabî-Kibriti Ahmer'in Peşinde, Çev: Atila Ataman, Gelenek Yayınları
 Michel Chodkiewicz, Sahilsiz Bir Umman: Muhyiddin İbn Arabî, Çev: Atila Ataman, Gelenek Yayınları
 Şeyh Mekkî Efendi ve Ahmed Neylî Efendi, Yavuz Sultan Selim'in Emriyle Hazırlanan İbn Arabî Müdafaası, Gelenek Yayınları
 Seyfullah Sevim, İslâm Düşüncesinde Marifet ve İbn-i Arabî, İnsan Yayınları
 İsmail Fenni Ertuğrul, Vahdeti Vücud ve İbn Arabî, Hazırlayan: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kara, İnsan Yayınları
 Mustafa Fevzi, Vahdet-i Vücud Meselesi, Hece Yayınları
 Metin Yasa, İbn Arabî ve Spinoza'da Varlık, Elis Yayınları
 William Chittick, Hayal Âlemleri, İbn Arabî ve Dinlerin Çeşitliliği Meselesi, çev: Mehmet Demirkaya, Kaknüs Yayınları
 Ekrem Demirli, İbn'ul Arabî Metafiziği, Sufi kitap yayınları, 2013.

 Batı Dillerine Çevirilen Eserleri
  The Bezels of Wisdom (Fusus al-Hikam), Arabî'nin Magnum Opusu olarak değerlendirilen eseri.
 The Meccan Illuminations (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya), Mistik felsefesinden tasavvufî pratiklere kadar kadar geniş bir konu yelpazesine sahip en hacimli eseridir.
 The Meccan Revelations, Volume I (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya), edited by Michel Chodkiewicz. Translated by William C. Chittick & James W. Morris. Preface and Introduction by James Morris. Pir Press, New York, 2002.
 The Meccan Revelations, Volume II (Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya), edited by Michel Chodkiewicz. Translated by Cyrille Chodkiewicz and Denis Gril. Introduction by Michel Chodkiewicz. Pir Press, New York, 2004.
 The Mysteries of Bearing Witness to the Oneness of God and Prophethood of Muhammad. A translation by Aisha Bewley of three chapters of the Futuhat and a portion of the Introduction. The greatest part of the book consists of the translation of the last chapter of the Futuhat (Chapter 560), called here "Advice Which Benefits the Seeker". Great Books of the Islamic World, 2002
 The Diwan, beş ciltlik şiir koleksiyonu
 The Holy Spirit in the Counselling of the Soul (Ruh al-quds), Mağrip'deki çeşitli tasavvuf üstadlarıyla edindiği deneyimlerin özetini de içeren ruh üzerine risalesi.
 Contemplation of the Holy Mysteries (Mashahid al-asrar), On dört rüyet ve Tanrı ile diyaloglarını içermektedir.
 Divine Sayings (Mishkat al-anwar), Anqa Publishing, new edition 2010, Arabî'nin hadis koleksiyonu.
 The Book of Annihilation in Contemplation (K. al-Fana' fi'l-mushahada), Zühdün anlamı üzerine kısa bir risale.
 Devotional Prayers (Awrad), Arabî'nin gündüz ve gece okuduğu dualar.
 The Four Pillars of Spiritual Transformation (Hilyat al-abdal) Translation and Arabic edition by Stephen Hirtenstein, Arabî'nin tasavvuf yolunda tanıştığı velilerle ilgili eseri.
 A Prayer for Spiritual Elevation and Protection (al-Dawr al-a'la or Hizb al-wiqaya) Study, translation, transliteration and Arabic text by Suha Taji-Farouki
 The Universal Tree and the Four Birds – Treatise on Unification (al-Ittihad al-kawni) Introduction, translation and commentary by Angela Jaffray, Arabic text edited by Denis Gril.
 The Universal Tree and the Four Birds – Treatise on Unification (al-Ittihad al-kawni)
 Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi - A Commemorative Volume, edited by Stephen Hirtenstein and Michael Tiernan. A selection of papers and translations.
 Divine Governance of the Human Kingdom, Interpreted by Tosun Bayrak from the Ottoman Turkish, Fons Vitae, 1997.
 The Seven Days of the Heart, Prayers for the nights and days of the week, Translation into English of Ibn 'Arabi's Awrâd al-usbû (Wird), with introduction and notes. Translated by Pablo Beneito and Stephen Hirtenstein. Read an Extract on the publisher's website. Anqa Publishing, 2000
 La Production des Cercles, Kitâb inshâ ad-dawâ'ir al-ihâtiyya  Book of the Description (i.e. drawing) of the Circles Encompassing the Correspondence of Man to Creator and Creatures. Parallel text - Arabic / French translation, with introduction and notes by Paul Fenton & Maurice Gloton. Éditions de l'Éclat, 1996 Las contemplaciones de los misterios (Mashahid al-asrar al-qudsiya wa-matali al-anwar al-ilahiyya) Muhyi l-Din Ibn 'Arabi This includes a critical edition made by Suad Hakim and Pablo Beneito of the Arabic text of the Mashâhid al-asrâr of Ibn 'Arabi, and their introduction and translation of the text into Spanish. This was the basis for the English translation by Cecilia Twinch, Contemplation of the Holy Mysteries. Editora Regional de Murcia, first printed 1994, reprinted 2003
 Le Dévoilement des Effets du Voyage, Kitâb al-isfar 'an natâij al-asfâr Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi Describes the kinds of journeys travelled by human beings, with specific reference to the model journeys of the prophets. Parallel text - Arabic / French translation, with introduction and notes by Denis Gril. Read a Review from the Journal. Éditions de l'Éclat, 1994
 L'Interprète des Désirs by Ibn 'Arabi The Tarjuman al-Ashwaq translated into French with introduction and notes. Includes Ibn 'Arabi's full commentary. Translated by Maurice Gloton. Albin Michel, Paris, 1996
 El lenguaje de las alusiones - amor, compasión y belleza en el sufismo de Ibn 'Arabi''' Pablo Beneito. This book includes three chapters related to essays which appear in English on this website, on The Divine love of Beauty, and The Servant of the Loving One - reflections on the Divine Names al-Jamil and al-Wadud, and on The Presence of Superlative Compassion (Rahamût). Altogether there are seven chapters. Editora Regional de Murcia,2005

Yabancı Dillerde İbn Arabî ve Okulu
 Masataka Takeshita: Ibn 'Arabi's Theory of the Perfect Man and Its Place in the History of Islamic Thought, Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1987
 William C. Chittick: Ibn 'Arabi's Imaginal Worlds: Creativity of Imagination and the Problem of Religious Diversity
 The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-'Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination
 Ibn 'Arabi - Heir to the Prophets.
 Imaginal Worlds.
 The Self-Disclosure of God
 Stephen Hirtenstein: The Unlimited Mercifier: The Spiritual Life and Thought of Ibn 'Arabi
 Prayer and Contemplation: The Principles of Spiritual Life according to Ibn 'Arabi.
 Henry Corbin: Creative Imagination of the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi
 Alone with the Alone: Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi.
 Claude Addas: Looking for the Red Sulphur: The Story of the Life of Ibn 'Arabi (İbn Arabi: Kibrit-i Ahmer'in Peşinde adıyla Türkçeye çevrildi)
 The Voyage of No Return
 Michel Chodkiewicz: An Ocean without Shore -Ibn 'Arabi, The Book and the Law.
 The Seal of the Saints
 The Spiritual Writings of Amir Abd al-Kader
 Peter Coates: Ibn 'Arabi and Modern Thought - The History of Taking Metaphysics Seriously
 Alexander D. Knysh: Ibn 'Arabi in the later Islamic Tradition
 Titus Burckhardt:  Mystical Astrology According to Ibn 'Arabi
 Universal Man by Abd al-Karim al-Jili translated with commentary
 Michael Sells: Mystical Languages of Unsaying
 Ronald L. Nettler: Sufi Metaphysics and Qur'anic Prophets: Ibn 'Arabi's thought and method in the Fusûs al-Hikam
 Toshihiko Izutsu: Sufism and Taoism (Fusus'daki Anahtar Kavramlar ve Lao Tzu'da Anahtar Kavramlar adıyla Türkçeye iki cilt olarak tercümesi yapıldı)
 Caner K. Dağlı: The Ringstones of Wisdom (Fusús al-hikam)translation, introduction & glosses by Caner K. Dagli.
 E. A. Afifi: Ibn Arabi: Life and Works,
 Mohamed Haj Yousef: Ibn 'Arabi – Time and Cosmology - İbn Arabî'nin zamanın kozmos ve yaratıcıyla ilişkisini ele aldığı eseri.
 Pablo Beneito:  La taberna de las luces, İbn Arabî, Şusterî ve diğer sufilerin İspanyolca'ya çevirilen şiirlerini içeren seçki. Editora Regional de Murcia, 2004

Eserlerinden Alıntılar, Tez ve Makaleler
 Muhyiddin İbn Arabi-Eserleri ve hakkındaki makaleler
 Muhyiddin ibn Arabi'nin Eserlerinden Bölümler
 ÇAKMAKOĞLU, M. Mustafa (2005), Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabi'ye Göre Dil-Hakikat İlişkisi Marifetin İfadesi  (Doktora Tezi)
  An Analysis of Ibn al-'Arabi's al-Insan al-Kamil (Yüksek Lisans Tezi)
 Selections from Ibn Arabi's "Meccan Revelations" (al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya)
 William Chittick-Ibn Arabi Ekolünde Sadreddin Konevî'nin Rolü
  Carl W. Ernst, Controversies over Ibn Al-Arabi's Fusus
 On Whoso knoweth himself knoweth his Lord
 Ibn al-'Arabi, by William C. Chittick

Popüler kültürde yeri
2014 - 2019 yılları arasında TRT 1'de yayınlanan Diriliş "Ertuğrul" dizisinde İbnü'l-Arabî'yi oyuncu Osman Soykut canlandırmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Abdülkerim el-Cili
 Davud-u Kayseri
 Fusus'ül Hikem
 Fütuhat-ı Mekkiyye
 Panenteizm
 Panteizm
 Sadreddin Konevi
 Spinoza
 Tasavvuf
 Vahdet-i Vücud

Dipnotlar

Kaynakça
 Molla Cami, Nefahat'ül Üns
 İbn Arabi, Fütuhat-ı Mekkiyye ve Füsus'ül Hikem
 Wikipedia-İbn Arabi
 İbn Arabi-Prof.Dr. Süleyman Uludağ-Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları
 İbn Arabi'nin Menkıbeleri, Ebu'l-Hasen'Ali b. İbrahim el-Kari', İz Yayıncılık
 İcazetname: İbn Arabi'nin kendi kaleminden icazet aldığı hocaların ve yazdığı eserlerin listesi, (çev.: Veysel Kaya),

Dış bağlantılar ve diğer İnternet sayfaları
 İbni arabi'nin tanrı anlayışı, eleştirel
  Ibn al-Arabi Foundation
 Ibn Arabi Society
 Kozmik Adam Muhyiddin Arabi
 Şeyh-ül Ekber Muhyiddin İbn Arabi
 Muhyiddin İbn-i Arabî
 "eş-Şeceretü'n-Nu'mâniyye" İsimli Eserindeki İşaretler
 Muhyiddin ibn Arabi Okumaları
 İbn Arabi Üzerine Bir Söyleşi
 mor'a doğru: isa celik makale:tasavvufta varoluş mertebeleri
 Ibn Arabi & Mystical Journey:The Journey to the Lord of Power
 Correspondences between the Sufi Ideas of Ibn Arabi and Physics
 Ibn Arabi
 Ibn Al Arabi in the West

İkiliksizlik
Vahdet-i Vücud
Mutasavvıflar
Endülüslü bilim insanları
Ekberi sufiler/filozoflar
İslam filozofları
Kahinler
1165 doğumlular
1240 yılında ölenler
12. yüzyılda Araplar
Osmanlı müderrisleri

Muhyiddin İbnü'l-Arabî


Isotta ist:
 Isotta (Vorname), italienischer weiblicher Vorname (siehe dort auch zu Namensträgerinnen)
 Isotta Fraschini, italienischer Autohersteller

Isotta


Felm Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 15,33 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1110 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Walter Selle tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-daenischer-wohld.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Felm


Agave gentryi ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave). Ein englischer Trivialname ist "Gentry´s Agave".

Beschreibung
Agave gentryi wächst solitär oder mit spärlichen Ausläufern mit einem Durchmesser von 60 bis 100 cm. Die grünen bis bläulichen, an der Basis breiten, steifen, konkaven, spitz zulaufenden Blätter sind 60 bis 100 cm lang und 17 bis 26 cm breit. Die Blattränder sind hornig und unregelmäßig gezahnt. Der kräftige, dunkelbraune bis graue Enddorn wird 4 bis 6,5 cm lang.

Der rispige, elliptische Blütenstand wird 3 bis 5 m hoch und ist dicht mit fleischigen Brakteen umhüllt. Die zahlreichen gelben Blüten sind 60 bis 70 mm lang, erscheinen am oberen Teil des Blütenstandes und bilden sich bis zur Spitze an den locker und variabel angeordneten Verzweigungen. Die trichterige Blütenröhre ist 11 bis 16 mm lang.

Die länglichen, dunkelbraunen, dreikammerigen Kapselfrüchte sind 60 bis 75 mm lang und 20 bis 25 mm breit. Die schwarzen, glänzenden Samen sind 7 bis 8 mm lang und bis 6 mm breit.

Die Blütezeit reicht von Mai bis Juli.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave gentryi ist in Mexiko in den Bundesstaaten Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Durango, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, México und Puebla weit verbreitet. Sie wächst an Kalksteinhängen, in Waldland oder in Chaparral-Regionen in 1850 bis 2800 m Höhe und ist vergesellschaftet mit Agave montana, Yucca carnerosana und zahlreichen Kakteen- und Sukkulentenarten.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch Bernd Ullrich ist 1990 veröffentlicht worden.

Agave gentryi ist ein Vertreter der Gruppe Salmianae und wächst in den Höhenlagen der Sierra Madre Oriental in Ost- bis Südmexiko in unwirtlichen Gegenden mit strengen Frösten in den Wintermonaten. Charakteristisch ist der dicht mit Brakteen umhüllte Blütenstand. Agave gentryi, (nach Gentry, 1982 S. 598–601 Agave macroculmis ist ein Synonym von Agave atrovirens) und ist nahe verwandt mit Agave montana, jedoch sind Unterschiede in Größe, Blatt- und Blütenstruktur erkennbar. In den Überlappungsgebieten von Agave montana und Agave gentryi sind Zwischenformen bekannt.

Agave gentryi kann bei trockenem Stand kurze Frostperioden bis minus 15 °C überstehen.

Literatur
 Howard Scott Gentry: Maguey del Cumbre. In: The American Horticultural Magazine. Band 43, Nr. 7, 1964, S. 158–160 (PDF).
 Howard Scott Gentry: Agaves of Continental North America. The University of Arizona Press, 1982.
 Thomas Heller: Agave gentryi. In: Agaven.  Münster 2006, S. 89–90.
 Ivana Richter: Die Gattung Agave. A.I.A.S., 2011.

 Bernd Ullrich: Ein neuer Standort für Agave atrovirens Karwinski ex Salm-Dyck in Guerrero. In: Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten. Band 41, Nummer 5, 1990, S. 98.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Agaven
Gentryi

Agave gentryi


79087 Scheidt este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
79087 Scheidt este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,58 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 12,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 79001-80000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1977
Centura de asteroizi

79087 Scheidt


Slægten Hamilton er en skotsk adelsslægt, der har forgreninger i England og Sverige.

Efter at det skotske slot Cadzow kom i slægtens besiddelse, voksede byen Hamilton op omkring slottet.

Slægten blev indgift i den skotske kongefamilie. De erhvervede sig Isle of Arran, og de blev optaget i den skotske tronfølge. Slægten kom dog aldrig på tronen.

Britiske medlemmer af slægten
 Alexander Hamilton (1755 – 1804), amerikansk statsmand, født på Nevis i Britisk Vestindien med den skotske godsejersøn James Hamilton som far, opvokset på Sankt Croix i Dansk Vestindien.
 James Hamilton, 3. hertug af Abercorn (1869–1953), oldefar til Diana, prinsesse af Wales (1961–1997).
 Cynthia Hamilton, grevinde Spencer (1897–1972), farmor til Diana, prinsesse af Wales (1961–1997).

Slægtens steder på de britiske øer
Den skotske by Hamilton.

Svenske medlemmer af slægten
 Henning Hamilton (1814 – 1886), svensk kultusminister, som gesandt i København 1861-64 forsøgte han forgæves at få Sverige til at støtte Danmark mod Tyskland i tiden op mod 2. Slesvigske Krig.
 Gustaf Axel Knut Hamilton (1831 – 1913), universitetslærer i Uppsala og Lund.
 Josef Holstein-Ledreborg (1874 – 1951), dansk lensgreve, (søn af den danske konseilspræsident Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg (1839 – 1912)), gift på Ovesholm i Skåne med Louise Christina komtesse Hamilton (12. februar 1887 på Ovesholm – 26. april 1974), datter af greve Raoul Gustaf Hamilton (1855 – 1931),
 Agnes von Krusenstjerna (1894 – 1940), datterdatter af Adolf Ludvig Hamilton, forfatterinde.
 Erna Hamilton født Simonsen (1900 – 1996), gift i 1919 med den svenske greve Douglas Hamilton (1892 – 1942).

Slægtens steder i Sverige
Ovesholm i Skåne.

Fiktive personer
 Carl Gustaf Gilbert Hamilton, er fiktiv agent i Jan Guillous spændings-serie Hamilton.

Adelsslægter fra Skotland
Adelsslægter fra England
Adelsslægter fra Sverige

Hamilton (adelsslægt)


ෂින්ජොං රැජින(හංගුල්: 신정왕후, හන්ජා: 神貞王后; 1809 ජනවාරි 21 - 1890 ජූනි 4) හෙවත් හ්යෝයු වැන්දඹු රැජින (효유왕대비) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ජොසොන් හි කිරුළ හිමි හ්යෝමියොං කුමරුගේ එකම පතිනිය වන අතර, ඇය ජොසොන් හි හොන්ජොං රජුගේ මෑණියන් ය. 1864-1873 අතර කාලයෙහි, ඇය විසින් ගෝජොං රජු සිංහාසනයට පත්කොට, ජොසොන් රාජ්‍යයේ නාමික රාජ්‍යාධිකාරිණිය ලෙස කටයුතු කළා ය. එහි දී සත්‍ය රාජ්‍ය බලය, ලාබාල රජුගේ  පියා වූ හූංසොන් දේවොන්ගුන් සතු විය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

https://thetalkingcupboard.com/joseon/royal-ladies-of-joseon-dynasty/

1809 උපත්
1890 මරණ
19වන සියවසේ රාජ්‍ය පාලිකාවෝ
කොරියාවේ රාජ්‍යාධිකාරීන්
ජොසොන් රාජවංශයේ රාජකීය බිසෝවරු

ෂින්ජොං රැජින


Kardinal, Hristiyan Katolik Kilisesi'nin ruhban sınıfının Papa'dan sonra en yüksek mevkiye sahip din adamı. Kardinal olacak din adamları mevcut Papa tarafından aday gösterilirler. Bir sonraki Papa'yı kendi aralarından seçerler.

Kardinal kelimesi Latince cardo/cardin (menteşe) kelimesinden türemiştir. Kilisenin temel dayanağı anlamında bu isim verilmiştir.

Kardinallik kurumu tamamen kilise hukukuna dayanır. Kökü belli değildir. İlk zamanlarda gerek Roma'da, gerek Roma dışında papaz kardinallik veya diyakoz kardinallik kilisenin önemli kişilerine (majores romange ecclesiae) verilen isimdi. 7. yüzyıldan itibaren papalar Roma çevresine dağılmış bulunan küçük piskoposları törenlerde ve yönetimde kendilerine yardımcı olmaları için Roma'ya çağırmaya başladılar. Bu piskoposlara 8. yüzyılda kardinal unvanı verildi. Kısaca, eskiden kardinallik Roma'da papanın en önemli yardımcılarına ve danışmanlarına verilen unvandı. 1059'da papa Nicolaus II, kardinallere papanın seçiminde önemli fakat tekelci olmayan bir rol verdi. 1179'da toplanan Üçüncü Laterano meclisinde papayı seçme hakkı kardinallerin tekeline verildi (2/3 çoğunlukla).

Zaman zaman din alanından çıkarak politik konularda da görüş beyan etmektedirler. İtalyan Kardinal Gaicomo Biffi İtalyan hükûmetinin İtalya'nın "ulusal kimliğini" korumak için Müslüman göçmenlerin sayısını dengelemek amaçlı Katolik göçmenlere de destek vermesi gerektiğini söylemiş ve tartışmalara yol açmıştır.

Görevleri
Kilise yasası kardinallerin görevlerini şöyle tanımlar:

 Kardinaller, papanın senatosunu meydana getirir.
 Katolik kilisesinin yönetiminde onun başlıca danışman ve yardımcılarıdır.
 Bir sonraki Papa'yı kendi aralarından seçerler.

Dipnotlar

Kilise unvanları

Kardinal


Eagle Butte bezeichnet mehrere

Orte
 Eagle Butte (South Dakota), Vereinigte Staaten
 Eagle Butte (Alberta), Kanada

Sonstiges:
 Eagle Butte Mine, Kohlemine in Wyoming
 Eagle Butte (Krater), Einschlagkrater in Alberta, Kanada

Eagle Butte


Paularo (furlanisch: Paulâr) ist eine nordostitalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Region Friaul-Julisch Venetien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 66 Kilometer nordnordwestlich von Udine und gehört zur Comunità Montana della Carnia. Der Monte Sernio erhebt sich in der Gemeinde auf 2.187 Meter und der Monte Zermula auf über 2.104 Meter.

Geschichte
Auf Grund der Zerstörung des Archivs des Ortsteils Villamezzo 1709 ist die Geschichte der Gemeinde nur schwer zu erschließen. Die Gräber, die in der Nähe des Ortsteils Misincinis gefunden wurden, sind der Latènekultur zuzuordnen.

Am 3. April 2022 trat das Dorf der internationalen Initiative Bergsteigerdörfer bei.

Gemeindepartnerschaft
 Kirchbach, Kärnten (seit 2003)
 Sillingy, Département Haute-Savoie
 Bucine, Provinz Arezzo

Persönlichkeiten
 Manlio Scopigno (1925–1993), Fußballspieler und -trainer

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in Friaul-Julisch Venetien
Ort im Einzugsgebiet Tagliamento

Paularo


Penajul colorat este un film românesc din 1987 regizat de Ion Bostan.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1987 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1987

Penajul colorat


Sonu Kakkar (n. 20 de octubre de 1979 en Rishikesh) es una cantante de playback o reproducción india, su nombre verdadero es Niti Kakkar. A la edad de cinco años comenzó su carrera artística como cantante participando en los jagrans (reuniones devocionales hindúes). Después de algunos años con su familia se trasladó a Nueva Delhi. Entonces el famoso director de música de Bollywood Sandeep Chowta, en un concurso notó que su voz era el resultado para entrar a los estudios de grabaciones-

Ella grabó una canción de baile que fue uno de los más populares de los últimos tiempos, desde entonces, se habituó en los Bollywood, interpretando temas musicales para los playbacks.

Sencillos
 "Aali re Sali re" (No One Killed Jessica) (2011)
 "Relarey" Telugu Film (Kedi) (2010)
 "Abe Saale" (Toss) (2009)
 "Blue theme" (Blue) (2009)
 "Bareilly ke bazzar mein (Jail) (2009)
 "Rama Rama" (Shivamani), Kannada [2009]
 "Jeena" (Mukhbiir) (2008)
 "Hitchki" (Risk) (2007)
 "O sikandar" (Corporate) (2006)
 "Dhinam Dhinam Deepavali" Tamil Film Varalaru (2006)
 "Bin Laden" Kannada Film Jogi (2005)
 " Mudduletti" Telugu Film (Super) (2005)
 "Mallika i hate you" (mallika i hate you)
 "Sun charkhe di" (call of the lover- mitti)
 "Yaadan teri yaad" (now that's sandeep chowta)
 "Ni main yaar manana ni" (virus)
 "Babuji zara dheere chalo" (Dum) (2003)
 "Ishq da tadka" (Naach) (2003)
 "lawani" (Bombay to Goa)
 "Hypnotize" - Karen David feat. Sonu Kakkar & Ishq Bector

Enlaces externos
 - Hindi Song
 - Sonu Kakkar perfoming [sic] live in Ludhiana

Personas de Uttarakhand
Cantantes de playback de India

Sonu Kakkar


35325 Claudiaguarnieri este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
35325 Claudiaguarnieri este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul San Vittore din Bologna. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,23 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 1,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 35001-36000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

35325 Claudiaguarnieri


A designated marksman (DM), squad advanced marksman (AD) or squad designated marksman (SDM) is a military marksman role in an infantry squad. The term sniper was used in Soviet doctrine although the soldiers using the Dragunov SVD were the first to use a specifically designed designated marksman rifle. The analogous role in the Israel Defense Forces is sharpshooter.

The DM's role is to supplement the attached squad by providing accurate fire upon enemy targets at distances up to .  Due to the need for repeated effective fire, the DM is usually equipped with a scoped semi-automatic rifle called a designated marksman rifle (DMR).  Like snipers, DMs are trained in scouting and precise shooting, but unlike the more specialized "true" sniper (who often operate independently), they operate as an intrinsic part of an infantry fireteam and are tasked to lay down accurate support fire at valuable targets as per tactical necessity, thus extending the reach of the fireteam.

The growth of the DM rifle can be attributed to two main influences; the near-universal adoption of intermediate cartridges, such as 5.56×45mm, 5.45×39mm, and 7.62×39mm for standard service rifles, which limit the typical effective range of a standard infantryman to within ; and the increasing specialization over the last 15 years (mid-2000s to late 2010s) of Western sniper rifles and their employment of more powerful rounds, such as .300 Winchester Magnum and .338 Lapua Magnum, which are more suitable for targets beyond .  These two influences have left a gap in the firepower of the rifle platoon that a more accurate optic-equipped service rifle derivative can usefully fulfill, especially in theaters such as Afghanistan where the shortcomings of standard 5.56mm service rifles at ranges over 300 meters became apparent.

DM/sniper differences

The DM role differs significantly from that of a specially trained sniper. A sniper is a specialist highly trained in fieldcraft, who carries out a range of ISTAR-specific missions independent of others, and more specialized than standard infantry tasks. In contrast, a DM is a soldier who has received additional marksmanship training. Within a fireteam, the DM's role is to provide an additional capability to the infantry platoon, which is the ability to engage targets at greater ranges than the other members of the squad or section.

The DM operates as an integral member of the infantry platoon, providing a niche capability contributing to the overall firepower of the platoon in the same way as a grenadier with a rifle-mounted grenade launcher, allowing the team to engage more numerous targets and vehicles; or the automatic rifleman who employs the squad/section machine gun to lay down suppressing fire for area denial to the enemy. The DM weapon provides a capability to the infantry platoon in the shape of increased precision at a greater range than that provided by the standard infantry rifle, by virtue of its sighting system and/or larger caliber. By comparison, the sniper role is much more specialized, with very comprehensive selection, training and equipment.

Snipers are ordinarily equipped with specialized, purpose-built bolt-action or semi-automatic sniper rifles or anti-materiel rifles; while DMs are often equipped with accurized battle rifles or assault rifles fitted with optical sights and heavy barrels.

Snipers are mainly employed for targets at ranges from  up to more than . In the UK, US, and other Western countries over the last 15 years, sniper rifles chambered for standard military calibers, such as 7.62×51mm, have been replaced with those that employ larger, more specialized rounds, such as .300 Winchester Magnum or .338 Lapua Magnum, which give better accuracy at longer ranges than the standard military rifle calibers. An example of this is the British Army's replacement of the Accuracy International L96A1 in 7.62×51mm with the similar but larger and more powerful Accuracy International L115A3 rifle chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum.

DMs are utilized for targets at ranges between approximately  using a rifle chambered with standard-issue rifle ammunition, usually either 5.56×45mm or 7.62×51mm. While snipers often take a fixed strategic position and camouflage themselves (e.g. with a Ghillie suit), a DM will tactically move with his unit and is otherwise equipped in the same way as other members of the infantry platoon.

Equipment

Rifles

The designated marksman is intended to fill the gap between the typical infantry rifle and longer-range sniper rifles. The typical service rifle is intended for use at ranges up to a maximum of 300 meters, while sniper rifles are generally optimized for ranges of 600 meters and greater. Designated marksman rifles are designed to fill this gap, typically being employed at ranges of .

In some cases, the designated marksman rifle is simply an accurized version of the standard service rifle, such as the Mk 12 SPR (which is built on an M16 platform), while in other cases the rifle is a larger caliber rifle design, such as the British L129A1, Soviet SVD, or US rifles based on the M14, AR-10, or HK417.

Whether a modified existing service rifle or a specific design, the DM rifle will be chambered for a round already used in the infantry battalion, such as 5.56×45mm or 7.62×51mm, and it will retain semi-automatic firing capability with a magazine capacity of 10, 20, or 30 rounds, depending on the firearm in question.

Sidearm
Designated marksmen will carry whichever service pistol is specified in their unit's TOE for their billet or Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), if one is specified or available at all.

Worldwide use

Australian Army

A typical Australian Army fireteam of four soldiers will include a scout employing an F88S Austeyr (5.56 NATO) fitted with an enhanced optic device, usually either an ACOG or ELCAN C79. Additionally, 7.62 mm marksman rifles (SR-25s) are employed by the maneuver support teams in the platoon. However, HK417 rifles have been procured by the Army as a substitute for the F88S during operations in Afghanistan and possibly thereafter. The SASR also uses the Mk 14 EBR amongst its four-man infantry sections.

British Army
Recently, the L86A2 Light Support Weapon was used in the designated marksman role due to its longer barrel compared to the standard L85A2 service rifle, which gives an increased range of up to 1000 m (1094 yd) while also capable of giving accurate automatic fire; the automatic fire role is now usually delivered by the Minimi. The Parachute Regiment, Royal Marines and United Kingdom Special Forces also use the HK417 rifle in the designated marksman role.

On 28 December 2009, the UK Ministry of Defence announced the adoption of the L129A1 Sharpshooter rifle made by Lewis Machine and Tool Company of the US for use as a semi-automatic DM rifle, firing the 7.62×51mm NATO round, providing accurate fire of up to 1000m as an urgent operational requirement (UOR) in Afghanistan.

Indian Army
The Indian Army uses a locally manufactured licensed variant of the SVD Dragunov in the Designated Marksman role. The Dragunov is used in conjunction with the INSAS family of weapons to give flexibility and striking power, in short to mid range firefights, to Indian Army infantry units engaged with opposing forces.

Israel Defense Forces (IDF)

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) implemented significant changes to sharpshooting doctrine in the 1990s. Doctrine, training program, and courseware were completely rewritten and snipers were issued the bolt-action M24 SWS instead of the M14 rifle. A major change was the introduction of a new battle profession – the designated marksman (קלע סער, "kala sa'ar" in Hebrew) – intended to improve the accuracy and firepower of an infantry platoon and compromise between the role of a sniper and an assault rifleman. These soldiers were generally called "squad snipers" to describe their role. They are armed with SR-25 rifle and sharpshooter variations of the IMI Tavor TAR-21 (STAR-21), M16A2E3 and M4 carbine.

United States Armed Forces

United States Marine Corps
The U.S. Marines use M14s that have been rebuilt at Marine Corps Base Quantico and designated as Designated Marksman Rifles, which are being replaced by the M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle. The Corps also utilizes two different adaptations of the M16 assault rifle: the Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle (SAM-R), and the Mk 12 Mod 1 SPR. They also utilize the M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle.

United States Army
The United States Army 101st Airborne Division recognized the need for a Squad Designated Marksman when they encountered fires beyond the 300-600m range. In 2004, they began issuing M14s to specially trained soldiers for Designated Marksman work. The 82nd Airborne Division deployed with designated marksmen, trained on the M-4 using ACOGs with great success out to 600m, some 82nd Airborne units were issued M14s. The 3rd Infantry Division saw limited use of a modified M16, which was accurized in a manner similar to the U.S. Marines SAM-R, unofficially designated the AMU Squad Designated Marksman Rifle (SDM-R). This rifle was designed for engagements up to 1000m.

The U.S. Army DM also uses the predecessor of the M16 rifle, the M14, in certain infantry line units. These are commonly equipped with Leupold optics, a Sage stock and are designated the M14SE Crazy Horse.

United States Navy
The United States Navy SEAL Teams employs SDM rifles in roughly the same manner as the Marine Corps and Army, although there is no specific "Designated Marksman" role in a SEAL platoon. Known used weapons include, but are not limited to, the Mk 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle, M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System, MK11/SR-25, the MK12 Mod X, the "SEAL Recon Rifle" and in some cases even regular M14 Rifles fitted with optical scopes.

The United States Navy Naval Expeditionary Combat Command employ Expeditionary Designated Marksman to support COCOM / DOD tasking as required. Known used weapons are the MK 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle or M4 Rifle with fitted optical scopes. Previously, Designated Marksman assigned to NECC's Helicopter, Visit, Search, and Seizure teams were equipped with the M21 (SWS) w/ Leupold Mk4 LR/T after training with the USMC, US Army, and training organizations to deploy the rifle from various platforms (helicopter, ship, ground).

Soviet snipers

Although referred to as "snipers", the Soviet Union and its allies have since World War II employed specially-equipped and trained "sharpshooting" soldiers at a section ("squad") and platoon level to increase the range of their section to . This is commonly accepted as the first example of what came to be known as a designated marksman as opposed to a true sniper.

Since 1963, these soldiers have been equipped with the Dragunov SVD rifle that shares all the characteristics typical of a designated marksman rifle (Semi-automatic fire, telescopic sight, chambered for standard military rifle cartridge).

See also

List of books, articles and documentaries about snipers

References

External links
Field Manual 3–22.9; Rifle Marksmanship – See Chapter 7, Section VII – Squad Designated Marksman Training

Infantry
Combat occupations
Sniper warfare
Military snipers
Marksmanship

hu:Mesterlövész#Raj-mesterlövész

Designated marksman


An Hetaeria baeuerlenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Hetaeria baeuerlenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hetaeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hetaeria

Hetaeria baeuerlenii


Doru Moțoc (n. 12 iunie 1939, Sibiu) este un scriitor român, dramaturg și poet.

Biografie
După ce a absolvit Facultatea de Litere din București, a lucrat ca animator și actor la Teatrul Popular din Râmnicu Vâlcea.

Opere literare
 Catedrala pierdută , Ed. Antim Ivireanul, 2012, a primit Premiul "Octavian Goga"

Teatru
 La Colorado, aproape de stele (1976). Piesa a fost adaptată pentru televiziune în regia lui Cornel Todea, cu actorii Dan Nuțu, Jean Lorin Florescu, Mircea Anghelescu, Tamara Crețulescu, Adrian Georgescu, Elana Racinede, Vasile Nițulescu, Ovidiu Schumacher, Eusebiu Ștefănescu, Aurel Rogalski, Zephi Alsec, Luchian Botez, Eugenia Bădulescu, Olga Bucătaru
 Înainte de revărsatul zorilor, Editura Eminescu, (1977)
 Undeva o lumină, piesă în două părți, Editura Eminescu (1980)
 Acolo
 Capcana
 Ape și stele
 Provocare sau Zborul - ce fericire!
 Cam târziu, domnule Godot! Adaptarea radiofonica și regia artistica: Mihai Lungeanu, cu actorii Dan Puric, Radu Beligan, Ada Navrot, Dorin Andone, Orodel Olaru, Maria Varsami, Mircea Constantinescu, Costina Ciuciulica, Florin Anton.
 Foca albastră - desemnată Piesa anului 2007 de către membrii Clubul Dramaturgilor Uniunii Scriitorilor.
 "Dialog nocturn despre o piesă nescrisă (spectacol lectură)

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Textul, înainte de toate – o comedie într-o parte- de Doru Moțoc

Nașteri în 1939
Scriitori români în viață
Dramaturgi români
Sibieni

Doru Moțoc


الطريق الجهوية رقم 118 أو ط ج 118 طريق ثانوية بالجنوب التونسي تصل بين مدينة جرجيس والطريق الوطنية رقم 1 على مستوى قرية درغولية.

الطرقات الجهوية - تونس

الطريق الجهوية رقم 118 (تونس)


Húsavík er sveitabær í sunnanverðum Steingrímsfirði við samnefnda vík. Þar er rekinn sauðfjárbúskapur sala á sauðfjárafurðum. Við sunnanverða víkina er gil, Húsavíkurkleif með surtabrandslagi og þar finnast einnig steingervingar.

Hlekkir

 Grein um gilið Húsavíkurkleif

Strandir
Íslenskir sveitabæir

Húsavík (Steingrímsfirði)


Gouvea oder Gouvêa ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Alberto Moreira Gouvea (* 1998), brasilianischer Fußballspieler
 Carlos Gouvêa Coelho (1907–1964), brasilianischer Geistlicher, römisch-katholischer Erzbischof von Olinda e Recife
 Fernando Q. Gouvêa (* 1957), brasilianischer Mathematiker

Siehe auch:
 Gouvêa

Gouvea


An Piptospatha elongata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nicholas Edward Brown. An Piptospatha elongata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Piptospatha, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Piptospatha

Piptospatha elongata


Das Sondermunitionslager Wesel-Diersfordt ist ein ehemaliges Depot für Nuklearwaffen im Ortsteil Diersfordt 8 km nordwestlich von Wesel. Die atomaren Sprengköpfe waren für das in der Schill-Kaserne, Wesel, stationierte Raketenartilleriebataillon 150 bestimmt, darunter ab 1961 Nukleargefechtsköpfe W52 für die Kurzstreckenrakete MGM-29 Sergeant, ab 1977 Nukleargefechtsköpfe W70 für die Kurzstreckenrakete MGM-52 Lance. Etwa im Jahre 1991 wurde das Lager geräumt.

Siehe auch: Atomwaffen in Deutschland, Liste von Nuklearsprengköpfen

Einzelnachweise

WeselDiersfordt
Bauwerk in Wesel
Kernwaffen in Deutschland

Sondermunitionslager Wesel-Diersfordt


Body er en kortfilm instrueret af Karen Kristensen efter eget manuskript.

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2009
Kortfilm fra Danmark

Body


James Clark Ross (15 apríl 1800 – 3 apríl 1862) var breskur herforingi í sjóhernum og heimskautalandkönnuður.

Er hans einkum minnst fyrir landkönnunarleiðangra sína. Hann tók þátt í tveim leiðöngrum sem frændi hans, John Ross, stóð í forsvari fyrir, fjórum undir stýrimennsku William Parry, og loks þeim sem helst er minnst sem hann stóð í forsvari fyrir sjálfur 1839 - 1843. Er nefndur eftir honum Ross-sjór, næststærsti innsjórinn á Suðurskautslandinu.

Breskir landkönnuðir
Breskir sjóliðar

James Clark Ross


Taysir Abu Saada (nacido en 1951 en la Franja de Gaza) es un antiguo miembro de la OLP y el fundador del Ministerio cristiano "Hope For Ishmael" Después se convirtió al cristianismo. Él era chofer personal de Yasser Arafat.

Finalmente se trasladó a los Estados Unidos

Véase también
 Mosab Hassan Yousef

Enlaces externos
 Hope For Ishmael website

Referencias

Activistas de Palestina
Conversos al protestantismo desde el islam
Cristianos de Palestina

Taysir Abu Saada


Suff Daddy (* in Düsseldorf, eig. David Bormann) ist ein in Berlin lebender Musikproduzent.

Leben
Suff Daddy begann bereits 1999 mit der Produktion eigener Musik mittels "Sony Acid". Da er sich nicht sonderlich dafür interessierte, dass seine Musik auch Abnehmer fand, spezialisierte er sich auf Instrumental-Songs.

Nach dem Vertragsabschluss mit Melting Pot Music änderte sich dies, so finden sich seine Produktionen unter anderem bei Fleur Earth und Miles Bonny, darunter auch Remixe für Morlockk Dilemma.

2012 schloss er sich mit Dexter und Brenk Sinatra zum Produzententrio Betty Ford Boys zusammen, das 2013 ein Album veröffentlicht hat.

Seit 2016 steht er beim Label Jakarta Records unter Vertrag.

Diskografie (Auswahl)
 2008: Efil4ffus
 2009: Hi-Hat Club, Vol. 2: Suff Draft
 2010: The Gin Diaries
 2012: Suff Sells
 2013: Leaders of the Brew School (mit Betty Ford Boys)
 2013: Erdgeschoss (mit Fleur Earth)
 2013: Sympathy For The Liquor
 2013: Bricks & Mortar (Split-EP mit Ta-Ku)
 2014: Retox (mit Betty Ford Boys)
 2015: Schmutzige Rapper (Co-Produktion für Audio88 & Yassin, auf Juice No 127 beziehungsweise dem Album Normaler Samt veröffentlicht)
 2016: Birdsongs
 2019: Magic Single mit J. Lamotta und Ill Camille
 2019: Remix Boy EP
 2020: Pompette
 2020: Misery Funk (EP mit elo)
 2022: Basically Sober
 2023: Hair of the Dog

Weblinks
 Künstlerprofil auf mpmsite.com

Einzelnachweise

Pseudonym
Hip-Hop-Produzent
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Suff Daddy


28854 Budisteanu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
28854 Budisteanu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Socorro, New Mexico, în cadrul proiectului LINEAR. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,28 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 7,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Numele asteroidului
Asteroidul a primit numele în onoarea lui Ionuț Alexandru Budișteanu (n.1993), informatician și inventator român.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 28001-29000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi
Asteroizi cu nume de oameni

28854 Budisteanu


Walungu ist ein Bezirk in der Provinz Sud-Kivu, der Demokratischen Republik Kongo, der im Norden an den Sud-Kivu-Bezirk Kabare stößt, im Osten an Ruanda und den Sud-Kivu-Bezirk Uvira, im Süden an den Sud-Kivu-Bezirk Mwenga und im Westen an den Sud-Kivu-Bezirk Shabunda.

Im Bezirk Walungu sind Blauhelm-Truppen der MONUSCO, im Rahmen eines der größten friedenssichernden Einsätze der Vereinten Nationen, stationiert.

Weblinks
 Karte von Sud-Kivu des UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
 http://www.liso-goldmines.com/index.php/de/geschaeftsbereiche/projekte/walungu

Verwaltungseinheit in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo
Sud-Kivu

Walungu (Bezirk)


A couch, also known as a sofa, settee, chesterfield, or davenport, is a cushioned item of furniture for seating multiple people (although it is not uncommon for a single person to use a couch alone). It is commonly found in the form of a bench with upholstered armrests and is often fitted with springs and tailored cushion and pillows. Although a couch is used primarily for seating, it may be used for sleeping. In homes, couches are normally put in the family room, living room, den, or lounge. They are sometimes also found in non-residential settings such as hotels, lobbies of commercial offices, waiting rooms, and bars. Couches can also vary in size, color, and design.

Etymology
The term couch originally denoted an item of furniture for lying or sleeping on. Couch is predominantly used in North America, Australia, South Africa, and Ireland, whereas the terms sofa and settee (U and non-U) are most commonly used in the United Kingdom and India. The word couch originated in Middle English from the Old French noun , which derived from the verb meaning "to lie down".

The word sofa comes from the Turkish language and is derived from the Arabic word  ("ledge/bench"), cognates with the Aramaic word  ("mat").

The word settee or setee comes from the Old English word , which was used to describe long benches with high backs and arms, but is now generally used to describe small upholstered seating structures.

Other terms which can be synonymous with the above definition are divan, davenport, lounge, and canapé.
In Canadian English, the word chesterfield is used to describe any couch or sofa, particularly among older Canadians. According to a 1992 survey conducted in the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario, the term is quickly vanishing.

 Types

The most common types of couches include the two-seater, sometimes referred to as a loveseat, and the sofa. The loveseat is designed for seating two people, while the sofa has more than two cushion seats. A sectional sofa, often just referred to as a "sectional", is formed from multiple sections (typically two, three, and four) and usually includes at least two pieces which join at an angle of 90 degrees or slightly greater. Sectional sofas are used to wrap around walls or other furniture.

Other variants include the divan, the fainting couch (backless or partial-backed) and the canapé (an ornamental three-seater). To conserve space, some sofas double as beds in the form of sofa beds, daybeds, or futons.

A furniture set consisting of a sofa with two matching chairs is known as a "chesterfield suite" or "living-room suite". In the UK, the word chesterfield was used to refer to any couch in the 1900s. A chesterfield now describes a deep buttoned sofa, usually made from leather, with arms and back of the same height. The first chesterfield, with its distinctive deep buttoned, quilted leather upholstery and lower seat base, was commissioned by Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773).

 Materials
A couch consists of a frame, springs, padding, and a covering. The frame is usually made of wood, but can also be made of steel, plastic or laminated boards. Sofa padding is made from foam, down, feathers, fabric or a combination thereof. Sofa coverings are usually made out of soft leather, corduroy or linen. Couches commonly have springs under the padding for more support, although some don't.

 Image gallery

 See also
 Bean bag
 Klippan (sofa)
 Couch potato
 Davenport (sofa)
 Divan (furniture)
 Ottoman (furniture)
 Settle (furniture), wooden furniture with similar usage
 Slipcover
 Wing chair
 Window seat (type of sofa)

 Citations

 General references
 John Gloag, A Short Dictionary of Furniture'' rev. ed. 1962. (London: Allen & Unwin)

Further reading

External links

Furniture
Upholstery

Couch


La Serie B de México, antes llamada Liga de Nuevos Talentos de México, es el torneo de tercer nivel de fútbol profesional dentro del sistema de ligas de fútbol en México. Fue creada en la segunda mitad del año 2008, con la participación y aprobación de los dueños de los equipos de Segunda y Tercera División, siendo junto a la Serie A parte de la Segunda División de México.

Historia
Esta liga nació en el torneo Apertura 2008 con el nombre de Liga de Nuevos Talentos, cuando la Federación Mexicana de Fútbol con la aprobación de los presidentes de los equipos, tanto de Segunda como de Tercera División, decidió modificar el formato de la Segunda División repartiendo el número de equipos en dos divisiones, la Liga Premier de Ascenso y la Liga de Nuevos Talentos.

En 2017 el formato se volvió a modificar, el torneo en general pasó de ser llamado Segunda División a Liga Premier, mientras que la Liga Premier de Ascenso se transformó en Serie A y la Liga de Nuevos Talentos en Serie B.

En 2018 el torneo sufrió una modificación de su formato, se pasó a jugar en torneo largo. Además, debido a la salida de varias franquicias, los equipos participantes fueron colocados en un grupo único. En 2020 se suspendió esta liga por los efectos económicos provocados por la pandemia de COVID-19, por lo que muchos clubes no participaron y otros tomaron parte de la Serie A. Para la temporada 2021-2022 la liga regresa a la actividad regular y vuelve cambiar su formato ya que se recuperaron los dos torneos cortos por temporada. Sin embargo el formato de dos torneos por temporada tendría una corta duración, ya que para el ciclo 2023-2024 la liga regresó al formato de un torneo por temporada con liguilla.

Sistema de competencia
En la Serie B están involucrados los equipos de la Segunda División denominados como en desarrollo, ya que cuentan con menor infraestructura que los de la Serie A, pero con el compromiso de trabajar para que en un tiempo corto puedan aspirar a jugar en la Serie A. Cuenta con 15 equipos, de los cuales, califican a la liguilla los siete mejores equipos, el líder del grupo se verá beneficiado pasando directamente a las semifinales, mientras que los otros seis equipos iniciarán la fase final con la etapa de reclasificación. El campeón de la temporada accederá a la Serie A, siempre y cuando cumpla con los requisitos para competir por el ascenso a la Liga de Ascenso. Si los equipos de esta rama logran mejorar su infraestructura, estos pueden ser promovidos a la categoría superior sin necesidad de conseguir un logro deportivo.

Equipos participantes (Temporada 2023-24)
Lista de equipos participantes para la temporada 2023-24, anunciada el 18 de julio de 2023.

Historial

Campeonatos por club

Véase también

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de la Serie B

Segunda División de México
Ligas de fútbol de México

Serie B de México


شامبلو  هي قصة للكاتبة الأمريكية كاثرين لوسيل مور. وظهرت أول مرة عام 1933 في سلسلة حكايات غريبة. تتحدث القصة عن البطل (نورث ويست) والذي يظهر كثيرا في قصص الكاتبة كاثرين لوسيل مور والذي يرى فتاة تتم مطاردتها من قبل سكان المدينة على إحدى الكواكب فيقوم بانقاذها ولكنه يتفاجا ان الحشد من الناس لا يغضب عليه بل يشعرون بالاسى من اجله، فياخذها إلى شقته وبعد فترة يظهر ان هذه الفتاة لديها مجسات في راسها تشبه الافاعي التي لدى ميدوسا في الاساطير الاغريقية وتقوم بالتغذى على طاقة حياة الاشخاص وبعدها يموتون بفترة ليست بالطويلة وتعطيهم نوعا من الإدمان والنشوة الجنسية حتى لا يبتعدون عنها، المهم ان البطل تبدا قوته بالانخفاض وتتدهور حالته إلى ان ياتي أحد اصدقائه وهو من كوكب فينوس ويقوم بانقاذه لانه يعرف هذه المخلوقات التي تسمى بال «شامبلو» ويقوم بقتلها ثم يخبر البطل بان اسطورة ميدوسا على الأرض كانت بطلتها إحدى مخلوقات الشامبلو التي اتت إلى الأرض قبل مئات السنين.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

المريخ في الخيال
روايات 1933
روايات أمريكية
قصص قصيرة 1933
قصص قصيرة تقع أحداثها في المريخ
قصص قصيرة خيال علمي
قصص قصيرة في الولايات المتحدة

شامبلو


العاكس الكهربائي أو المحول  انفرتر هو جهاز كهربائي يقوم بتحويل التيار المستمر إلى تيار متردد (متناوب). قد تكون آلية العاكس الكهربي كهروميكانيكية (أجزاء متحركة) أو إلكترونية (أعضاء ثابتة). يستخدم المحول بكثرة في السيارات وأيضًا في بعض أجهزة التكييف للتحكم بسرعة الضاغط حسب الحاجة.
كما يستخدم العاكس الكهربائي في محطات الطاقة الشمسية لتحويل التيار المستمر إلى تيار متردد.

العمل
يقوم جهاز المحول بتحويل التيار الكهربائي في دخل العاكس من تيار مستمر (وحيد الإتجاه) إلى تيار متردد (متناوب).

يدخل التيار إلى دارة خاصة لتحويل التيار من مستمر إلى تيار متردد (متناوب) ولكن بسرعة يتحكم بهِ بواسطة متغيرات قابلة للبرمجة. يحفظ البرنامج للتحكم بالمحرك عن طريق ذاكرة (مجموعة IC) خاصة تحفظ كافة المتغيرات التي ادخلت لبرنامج العاكس عن طريق لوحة تحكم صغيرة لإدخال المتغيرات على البرنامج.

مثال
نريد التحكم بمحرك AC سرعته الاسمية حوالي 1300 دورة في الدقيقة وذلك كما يلي:

 أن يبدأ الدوران بسرعة 30 دورة في الدقيقة ثم يبدأ في التسارع حتى تبلغ سرعته الاسمية 1300 دورة في الدقيقة بدون أن يتأثر عزم المحرك (قوة المحرك) عند الدوران بسرعة 30 دورة.
 أن يتباطأ قبل أن يتوقف تماماً عن الدوران خلال فاصل زمني وقدره 20 ثانية.

يمكن تحقيق ذلك وأكثر عن طريق جهاز المحول ففي بعض الأجهزة الحديثة يمكن تخزين أكثر من ثلاثين متغير للتحكم بعمل المحرك. يمكن وصل هذا الجهاز مع «جهاز تحكم منطقي قابل للبرمجة» أو «PLC» وهي دارات ذات وثوقية عالية في مجال التحكم الصناعي المبرمج بالآلات ويمكن وصل عدة أجهزة مع هذه الدارات بحيث تسيطر على المحركات جميعاً في الآلة الواحدة عن طريق الـ PLC التي تشغل هذه المحركات وتراقبها وتنسق العمل فيما بينها.

البطاريات
يعتمد وقت تشغيل العاكس الكهربائي على مقدار الطاقة التي تستطيع البطارية تزويدها وكمية الطاقة المستهلكة من البطارية، كلما ازاد استهلاك طااقة البطارية كلما قل وقت التشغيل العاكس.

ولحساب سعة البطارية تستخدم المعادلة التالية:

سعة البطارية (امبير/ساعة AH) = الحمل الكلي (واط) X الوقت المستخدم (ساعة) / فولتية الدخل (فولت)

يمكن زيادة عدد البطاريات للعاكس الكهربائي وذلك من خلال طريقتين:

ربط البطاريات على التوالي:

ربط البطاريات على التوالي يؤدي الي زيادة الجهد الداخل Volt إلى العاكس الكهربائي، تلف أي بطارية يؤدي إلى ايقاف جميع البطاريات الأخرى في ايصال الطاقة إلى العاكس.

ربط البطاريات على التوازي:

إذا كان الغرض هو زيادة سعة تخزين البطاريات واطالة وقت تشغيل العاكس، ربط البطاريات على التوازي يؤدي ايضاً إلى زيادة مقدار التيار الكهربائي (أمبير) الخارج إلى العاكس الكهربائي

إذا فرغت بطارية واحدة، فستفرغ البطاريات الأخرى من خلالها. يمكن أن يؤدي هذا إلى تفريغ سريع للبطاريات بأكملها، أو حتى زيادة التيار واحتمل حدوث حريق محتمل. لتجنب ذلك، يمكن توصيل البطاريات الكبيرة المتوازية عبر الثنائيات أو المراقبة الذكية مع التبديل التلقائي لعزل البطارية ذات الجهد المنخفض عن البطاريات الأخرى.

مميزات ووظائف المحول

 بدء الحركة / ايقاف وتنظيم السرعة
 تحديد السرعة مقدمآ
 وقاية المحرك ومغير السرعة
 التشغيل المتذبذب
 توفير الطاقة
 الإمساك الإلى بحمل دوار مع سرعة البحث
 الفرملة الديناميكية، والفرملة حتى التوقف
 التقييد الآلى لزمن التشغيل
 تحديد أقصى، واقل سرعة للعمل تحت الظروف العادية
 تحديد زمن التسارع والتباطؤ
 التحكم الاتوماتيكى في التباطؤ
 الدوران العكسى
 التحكم عن طريق 2 أو 3 وصلات
 الفرملة التتابعية
 السرعات المحددة سابقآ
 التحكم في طريقة التوقف
 التشغيل التلقائى بعد زوال الخطأ

انظر أيضًا
 محول.
 مقوم.

مراجع

دارات كهربائية
مكونات نظم الطاقة الكهربائية

عاكس كهربائي


Markus Ritterbach (* 24. Juli 1963 in Köln) ist ein deutscher Unternehmer, Karnevals- und Fußballfunktionär.

Als geschäftsführender Gesellschafter leitet Markus Ritterbach die Ritterbach Verlag GmbH sowie die Marken- und Strategieberatung Ritterbach GmbH. Der Ritterbach Verlag verlegt die Schriften des Ministeriums für Schule und Bildung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen und bietet darüber hinaus eine große Auswahl an Fachbüchern und Publikationen für die Schulpraxis in NRW an.

Ritterbach war 12 Jahre lang Präsident des Kölner Festkomitees und war von 2012 bis 2019 Vizepräsident des 1. FC Köln.

Ehrenämter
1998–2000: Vorsitzender der Wirtschaftsjunioren Köln e.V.
2004–2017: Geschäftsführer der Gemeinnützigen Gesellschaft des Kölner Karnevals mbH
2005–2017: Präsident des Festkomitees Kölner Karneval von 1823 e.V.
seit 2014: Beirat des Fußball-Leistungszentrums Frechen, Gold-Kraemer-Stiftung
 seit 2015: Kuratoriumsmitglied der Kulturstiftung Kölner Dom
 seit 2015: Vorsitzender des Stiftungsrat Stiftung 1. FC Köln
 seit 2017: Geschäftsführer der Joblinge gAG Köln
 seit 2017: Mitglied Aufsichtsrat Festkomitee Kölner Karneval
 Ehrenpräsident Festkomitee Kölner Karneval
 Ehrenmitglied in ca. 60 Karnevalsgesellschaften

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Webauftritt der Ritterbach GmbH

Unternehmer (Köln)
Person (Kölner Karneval)
Sportfunktionär (1. FC Köln)
Deutscher
Geboren 1963
Mann

Markus Ritterbach


La bataille d'Ekona Mbenge a lieu du  au  pendant la crise anglophone au Cameroun à Ekona Mbenge dans la région du Sud-Ouest du pays. Elle oppose l'armée aux Forces de défense de l'Ambazonie (FDA).

Prélude
Le , des séparatistes érigent des barrages routiers sur la route reliant la ville de Kumba à celle de Buéa.

Déroulement
Informé des barrages routiers érigés par les séparatistes, l'armée est déployée avec quelques chenilles dans la région pour dégager l'autoroute.

Le , il est fait état de violents affrontements entre l'armée et des éléments des Forces de défense de l'Ambazonie (FDA) à Ekona Mbenge, l'armée aurait pris d'assaut le fief du groupe séparatiste dans la ville, neutralisant quelques de ses membres. Il est également apparu qu'au cours des combats, certaines maisons sont incendiées.

Conséquences
Cinq civils sont abattus, certains sont morts alors qu'ils se rendaient à l'hôpital. Les habitants racontent que plusieurs convois militaires ont été vus avec des corps se dirigeant vers l'annexe de l'hôpital régional de Buéa. Un séparatiste est tué mais le nombre exact de victimes de la bataille d'Ekona reste inconnu.

Notes et références

Bataille impliquant le Cameroun
Bataille de 2018
Ambazonie
Juin 2018
Crise anglophone au Cameroun

Bataille d'Ekona Mbenge


Piazza del Doumo oder Piazza Duomo steht für folgende Plätze in Italien:

 Piazza del Duomo (Altamura), Region Apulien
 Piazza del Duomo (Catania), Region Sizilien
 Piazza del Duomo (Florenz), Region Toskana
 Piazza del Duomo (L'Aquila), Region Abruzzen
 Piazza del Duomo (Mailand), Domplatz in Mailand, Region Lombardei
 Piazza Duomo (Padua), Region Venetien
 Piazza del Duomo, offizieller Name des Piazza dei Miracoli, Platz in Pisa, Region Toskana
 Piazza del Duomo (Reggio Emilia), Region Emilia-Romagna
 Piazza del Duomo (San Gimignano), Region Toskana
 Piazza del Duomo (Siena), Region Toskana

Piazza del Duomo