A blockade runner is a merchant vessel used for evading a naval blockade of a port or strait.  It is usually light and fast, using stealth and speed rather than confronting the blockaders in order to break the blockade.  Blockade runners usually transport cargo, for example bringing food or arms to a blockaded city.  They have also carried mail in an attempt to communicate with the outside world.

Blockade runners are often the fastest ships available, and come lightly armed and armored. Their operations are quite risky since blockading fleets would not hesitate to fire on them. However, the potential profits (economically or militarily) from a successful blockade run are tremendous, so blockade-runners typically had excellent crews. Although having modus operandi similar to that of smugglers, blockade-runners are often operated by state's navies as part of the regular fleet, and states having operated them include the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, and Germany during the World Wars.

In history

Ancient Greece, Peloponnesian War

There were numerous blockades and attempts at blockade running during the Peloponnesian War.
With his fleet blockaded, Leon of Salamis dispatched blockade runners to seek reinforcements from Athens.

Ancient Rome, Punic Wars
During the Punic Wars, the Carthaginian Empire attempted to evade Roman navy blockades of its ports and strongholds. At one point, blockade runners brought in the only food reaching the city of Carthage.<ref>Kern, Paul Bentley: Ancient siege warfare (p. 294)</ref>

 Middle age

During the 14th century, while Queen Margaret I of Denmark's forces were besieging Stockholm, the blockade runners who came to be known as the Victual Brotherhood engaged in war at sea and shipped provisions to keep the city supplied.

 American Revolutionary War
Blockade runners in the American Revolution eluded the British naval blockades in order to supply resources to the army. French naval aid was vital.

 American Civil War

During the American Civil War, blockade running became a major enterprise for the Confederacy due to the Union's Anaconda Plan to cut off the Confederacy's overseas trade.  Twelve major ports and approximately 3,500 miles of coastline along the Confederate States were patrolled by some 500 ships that were commissioned by the Union government.

Great Britain played a major role in blockade running.  Britons had investments in the south, and were suffering from the Lancashire Cotton Famine.  Great Britain also controlled many of the neutral ports in the Caribbean, and in the Bahamas and Bermuda.  To protect their interests British investors had engineered steamships that were longer, narrower and considerably faster than most of the conventional steamers guarding the American coastline, thus enabling them to outmaneuver and outrun blockaders. Among the more notable was the CSS Advance that completed more than 20 successful runs through the Union blockade before being captured.

These vessels brought badly needed supplies, especially firearms, and Confederate mail.  The blockade played a major role in the Union's victory over the Confederate states, but blockade runners may also have played a major role in prolonging the conflict by two years, possibly killing 400,000 additional Americans.  By the end of the Civil War the Union Navy had captured more than 1,100 blockade runners and had destroyed or run aground another 355 vessels.

 Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)

Greek blockade runners supplied the Christians during the Cretan revolt (1866–1869).  Names of the ships include: Arkadion (named after the Arkadi Monastery, sunk by the Ottoman sloop-of-war Izzedin in August 1867); Hydra; Panhellenion; and Enosis (Unification), which was detained in Syros by Hobart Pasha in December 1868, just about the time the rebellion collapsed.

 Prohibition era

 World War I

During World War I the Central Powers, most notably Germany, were blockaded by the Entente Powers. In particular the North Sea blockade made it nearly impossible for surface ships to leave Germany for the then neutral United States and other locations.

The blockade was run with cargo submarines, also called merchant submarines, Deutschland and Bremen, which reached the then neutral United States.

The Marie successfully ran the British North Sea blockade and docked, heavily damaged, in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now called Jakarta) on May 13, 1916.

In 1917 Germany tried unsuccessfully to supply their forces in Africa by sending Zeppelin LZ104.

 World War II

 Axis blockade runners

On the outbreak of war, the Royal Navy imposed a naval blockade of Germany. However, the fall of France provided the German occupying forces with access to the French Atlantic coast, and between 1940 and 1942, many blockade running trips succeeded in delivering cargoes of critical war supplies - especially crude rubber - through the port of Bordeaux; a trade that increased with the entry of Japan into the war in December 1941.  Allied attempts to disrupt these operations initially had only a limited effect; as in Operation Frankton.  From 1943, however, improved Allied air supremacy over the Bay of Biscay rendered blockade running by surface ships effectively impossible.  By some counts, during the war Germans sent 32 (surface) blockade runners to Japan, only 16 of them reaching their destination. Later in the war, most of the trade between Germany and Japan was by cargo submarine.

A number of Italian units, interned in Spain after Italy entered in the war in June 1940, crossed the Bay of Biscay to Bordeaux, and some of them, such as Fidelitas and Eugenio C, dashed through the English Channel bound for Germany and Norway.

In an attempt to transfer technology to Imperial Japan, on 25 March 1945 Nazi Germany dispatched a submarine, U-234, to sail to Japan. Germany surrendered before the ship could arrive in Japan. The Japanese submarine I-8 completed a similar mission.

The German ship Ramses was in China when the war started. On Nov. 23, 1942, she attempted to sail from Batavia (now called Jakarta), to Bordeaux with a cargo of rubber. The hope was that maintaining a sharp 24-hour lookout they could evade the Allied blockade. HMAS Adelaide (1918) caught and sank her.

A small number of planes succeeded in flying between the Axis-controlled Europe and the Japanese-controlled parts of Asia. The first known flight was by an Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 Marsupiale, which flew in July 1942, according to various sources, either from Zaporozhye to Baotou or from Rhodes Island to Rangoon. Later, German Junkers Ju 290-A aircraft prepared for (or, according to some sources, completed) similar flights.

 Allied blockade runners

During World War II, trade between Sweden (which remained neutral throughout the war) and Britain was severely curtailed by the German blockade of the Skagerrak straits between Norway and the northern tip of Denmark. In order to import vital materiel from Sweden, such as ball bearings for the British aircraft industry, five Motor Gun Boats, such as the Gay Viking, were converted into blockade runners, using winter darkness and high speed to penetrate the German maritime blockade. Larger Norwegian ships succeeded in escaping through the blockade to Britain in Operation Rubble but later attempts failed.

 Modern era

In modern times, tracking equipment such as radar, sonar, and reconnaissance satellites make evading a total blockade by a world power nearly impossible. Drug smugglers and groups like the Tamil Tigers are able to run blockades due to the partial nature of the blockade, or because the navy imposing the blockade is weak and under-equipped.  Reminiscent of earlier German attempts, drug smugglers have used semi-submersibles (narco-submarines) in their smuggling operations.

 See also

Blockade runners of the American Civil War
Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States § Blockade runners
List of ships captured in the 19th century § American Civil War
Airbridge (logistics), the route and means of delivering material by an airlift, sometimes across blockades
CSS Lark
Merchant submarine, first invented for blockade running in World War I
Type 4 Ka-Tsu
Hobart Pasha
Swedish overseas trade during World War II
Tantive IV, fictional spaceship in the Star Wars film series, referred to as a blockade runner

References

 Bibliography
 Coker, P. C., III. Charleston's Maritime Heritage, 1670-1865: An Illustrated History''. Charleston, S.C.: Coker-Craft, 1987. 314 pp.

 Url1 Url2
 Url1

Blockades
Privateering

Blockade runner


La pitié est un concept philosophique qui renvoie à un sentiment d'affliction face aux souffrances d'autrui.

Thèses

La pitié comme sentiment purement humain
Selon Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau, la pitié serait un sentiment purement humain et il le justifie dans une de ses lettres :«  L'homme serait un loup pour l'homme, si cet instinct involontaire de pitié ne le distinguait pas des animaux stupides et féroces ; et cette inestimable faculté de s'attendrir nous rend seuls capables de commercer avec nos semblables, en nous inspirant, presque à notre insu, cette bienveillance mutuelle qui nous avertit d'avoir recours à nos semblables, et d'être toujours prêts à les secourir. »Jean-Jacques Rousseau fait de cette faculté originaire et naturelle de la pitié l'un des pivots de sa philosophie morale, notamment dans l'Émile ou De l'éducation. Il écrit que la pitié est le . Elle vient de ce qu'on sait « qu'il y a des êtres semblables à lui qui souffrent ce qu'il a souffert ». Ainsi, on se laisse émouvoir par la pitié « en nous transportant hors de nous ».

La pitié comme phénomène local
Aristote remarque qu'on ne ressent de la pitié que pour des gens situés à une certaine distance (pas sa famille), et dont on pense qu'ils ne méritent pas leur malheur. Ce philosophe grec décrit la pitié comme une sorte de douleur, c'est-à-dire une émotion.

La pitié comme ressort de l'aide apportée à l'autre
Baruch Spinoza, dans l'Éthique, définit la pitié comme cette , qui se rapporte à la tristesse. C'est un affect passif, qui cause une diminution de ma puissance. Cette pitié peut donner naissance au désir d'aider l'autre : .

La pitié comme une alliée du mépris
Le philosophe britannique David Hume observe que la pitié, qui est composée d'une grande partie de bonne volonté, est une proche alliée du mépris, qui est une forme de dégoût, augmenté de fierté. Alain, dans ses Propos sur le bonheur, écrit que la pitié est , car c'est « une bonté qui assombrit la vie, une bonté qui est tristesse ». Ainsi, la pitié n'est jamais « ni noble, ni belle, ni utile ».

Hannah Arendt, dans De la Révolution, critique la pitié. Due à ce que les hommes sont « attirés par les hommes faibles ». Elle « peut être la perversion de la compassion ». La seule alternative véritable est la solidarité, situation où l'on forme délibérément une communauté d'intérêt avec les opprimés et les exploités.

Différences entre pitié et compassion
La pitié peut reposer sur une sorte de condescendance, qui ne se retrouve pas dans la compassion, laquelle implique un sentiment d'humanité partagée, au-delà de toute considération sociale, et lui est donc moralement supérieure. Selon la philosophe française Agata Zielinski, la compassion repose sur la reconnaissance de la vulnérabilité inhérente à la condition humaine permettant de « rencontrer autrui sans se tenir dans une position de surplomb, d'établir une certaine égalité dans l'asymétrie de la relation ». La compassion est « intersubjective, là où la pitié est unilatérale. Dans son mouvement, je considère l'autre comme un égal – comme un sujet, et non comme un objet de compassion. »

Le philosophe français Paul Ricœur différencie la compassion de la . Ainsi, développe Zielinski, « le sentiment de pitié aurait pour caractéristique le retour sur soi ou la projection de soi en l'autre, guidés par la crainte de souffrir. Effet de miroir : j'ai pitié dans la mesure où j'ai l'intuition que cette souffrance pourrait me toucher aussi – et c'est alors sur ma possible souffrance que je m'apitoie. [...] Or, dans la compassion, ce n'est pas le versant de crainte qui domine ou nous anime, mais la bienveillance qui tourne vers autrui. »

Alors que la pitié peut être brève et ne pas mener à agir, la compassion se distingue par sa durée et son intensité, laquelle pousse à l'action pour remédier à la souffrance d'autrui.

La clémence est un terme utilisé pour décrire la pitié et la compassion montrée par une personne vis-à-vis d'une autre, ou une requête d'une personne à l'autre pour exercer les sanctions d'une manière moins rigoureuse que la simple application des règlements. Elle s'applique généralement en matière de justice et présente souvent comme une vertu.

Notes et références

Émotion

Pitié (philosophie)


Claude Bernard Aubry ( - ) était un administrateur de bibliothèque canadien. Son nom a été donné à un prix littéraire.

Biographie

Il naît à Morin-Heights et fait ses études au Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal. Il travaille pour une société fiduciaire de Montréal, puis poursuit ses études en bibliothéconomie à l'Université McGill. Aubry est devenu directeur du personnel à la Bibliothèque publique de Montréal en 1945. En 1949, il est nommé bibliothécaire adjoint à la Bibliothèque publique d'Ottawa. Aubry a été bibliothécaire en chef de la bibliothèque d'Ottawa de 1953 jusqu'à sa retraite en 1979.

Il est membre de l'Association France-Canada et est président de l'Association des bibliothèques d'Ottawa. En 1974, Aubry est nommé membre de l'Ordre du Canada. Il est également nommé à l'Ordre international du Bien Public français. En 1981, IBBY Canada a créé le prix Claude-Aubry en son honneur.

Les livres d'Aubry sont traduits en plusieurs langues dont l'anglais, le chinois et le roumain. Il a également traduit des livres de Brian Doyle et James Archibald Houston en français.

Aubry est décédé à Ottawa à l'âge de .

Œuvres choisies

 La Vengeance des hommes de bonne volonté, littérature jeunesse (1944), a reçu un prix du Département de l'Instruction publique du Québec, réédité sous le titre Le loup de Noël
 Les îles du roi Maha Maha II, littérature jeunesse, a reçu le prix de littérature jeunesse de l'Association canadienne d'éducation de langue française

Notes et références

Liens externes

Membre de l'Ordre du Canada
Bibliothécaire canadien
Naissance en octobre 1914
Naissance dans les Laurentides (région administrative)
Décès en novembre 1984
Décès à Ottawa
Décès à 70 ans

Claude Aubry (écrivain)


The Bad River (Lakota: wakpá-šiča; "river-bad") is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately  long, in central South Dakota in the United States.
The river is formed at Philip, South Dakota, by the confluence of its North and South forks. The North Fork Bad River rises in eastern Pennington County and flows  east-southeast to Philip, while the South Fork Bad River rises at the confluence of Whitewater Creek and Big Buffalo Creek in Jackson County, within the Buffalo Gap National Grassland, and flows  northeast to Philip. The main stem of the Bad River flows east-northeast from Philip, passing Midland and Capa. It joins the Missouri at Fort Pierre. The Bad drainage basin is about  and is located south of the Cheyenne River in the Pierre Hills and Southern Plateaus.

The river basin is noted for deposits of manganese and fuller's earth. At the river mouth near Fort Pierre, the Bad River flood stage contains large quantities of silt. The Bad carries hard water of generally poor quality.

The name recalls an incident around the spring of 1738 when a flash flood on the Bad River inundated the camp of a north-traveling band, causing a large loss of life, including all their horses. The Bad River was called the Teton River by Lewis & Clark in 1804 as the place where they parlayed with Teton Lakota, but the name did not catch.
At Fort Pierre, the river has a mean annual discharge of .

Industrial use
As of November 2019, TC Energy was applying for permits in the state to tap the Bad River to use water for the construction of Phase 4 of the Keystone pipeline, including camp construction to house transient construction workers.

See also
List of rivers of South Dakota

References

Rivers of South Dakota
Tributaries of the Missouri River
Rivers of Haakon County, South Dakota
Rivers of Pennington County, South Dakota
Rivers of Jackson County, South Dakota
Rivers of Stanley County, South Dakota

Bad River (South Dakota)


Helge Muxoll Schrøder, né le  à Horsens et mort le  à Jonstorp, est un rameur d'aviron danois.

Carrière
Helge Muxoll Schrøder participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948 à Londres ainsi qu'aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1952 à Helsinki ; ilremporte la médaille d'argent en quatre sans barreur en 1948. Il est aussi champion d'Europe de quatre sans barreur en 1953 à Copenhague et vice-champion d'Europe de huit en 1950 à Milan et en 1951 à Mâcon.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1924
Naissance à Horsens
Rameur danois (aviron)
Rameur (aviron) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948
Rameur (aviron) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1952
Médaillé d'argent olympique danois
Champion d'Europe d'aviron
Décès en mars 2012
Décès en Suède
Décès à 87 ans

Helge Muxoll Schrøder


Panik veya panik hali (), aşırı ve normalin dışına taşmış korku halidir.

Tanım
Aniden başlayan otonom (Sempatik-Parasempatik) sinir sistemi aktivitesiyle birlikte baş dönmesi, çarpıntı, titreme, sararma, terleme, kusma, idrar yapma veya dışkılama arzusu söz konusudur. Ani başlayan nöbetin süresi, genellikle sınırlı olmakla birlikte, birkaç dakikadan birkaç saate kadar sürebilir. Bu süre içinde zihnin kontrol faaliyeti imkânsızdır ve panik olan gayesizce dolaşır durur. Şahsiyetini kaybetmiş gibidir ve gerçekleri değerlendirme kabiliyeti kalmamıştır. Nöbet, panik olanı takatsiz bırakır.

Psikolojik bozukluk
Tedavide, çabuk etkili bir müsekkini damardan vererek, nöbet kolaylıkla sonlandırılabilir. Başka tedavilerin başlatılmasından önce durumun sebebi araştırılmalı ve tedaviye ona göre yön verilmelidir.

Panik

Panik


Planeti, op. 32, orkestralna je suita sa sedam stavaka engleskog skladatelja Gustava Holsta, skladana između 1914. i 1916. godine. Svaki stavak suite, prema Holstovim riječima, dobio je ime po planetu Sunčeva sustava i njemu pripadajućem astrološkom načelu.

Od premijere do danas suita je ostala vrlo popularna i utjecajna te ju se često izvodi i snima. Međutim, djelo je prvi put potpuno u javnosti bilo izvedeno tek nekoliko godina nakon njegovog dovršetka. Iako je od rujna 1918. do listopada 1920. suita bila izvedena četiri puta, koncerti su ili bili privatni (prvi nastup, u Londonu) ili nepotpuni (druga dva londonska nastupa i jedan u Birminghamu). Premijera suite održana je 29. rujna 1918. u Queen's Hallu te je koncertom dirigirao Holstov prijatelj Adrian Boult pred pozvanom publikom od 250 ljudi. Prvi potpuni javni koncert 15. studenog 1920. u Londonu održao je Londonski simfonijski orkestar uz dirigenta Alberta Coatesa.

Pozadina

Djelo se konceptualno oslanja na astrologiju umjesto na astronomiju (zbog čega u suiti nema planeta Zemlje, no Sunce i Mjesec također nisu uvršteni u nju, dok se u njoj pojavljuju netradicionalni planeti Uran i Neptun): Holst je svakim stavkom namjeravao prikazati ideje i osjećaje koje se povezuje s utjecajem planeta na ljudsku psihu, a ne božanstva iz rimske mitologije. Ideju za djelo Holstu je predložio Clifford Bax, koji ga je upoznao s astrologijom kad su tijekom proljeća 1913. bili dio manje grupe engleskih umjetnika na odmoru na Mallorci; Holsta je tema astrologije vrlo zainteresirala te je iz zabave prijateljima pisao horoskope. Također se poslužio knjigom Alana Lea Što je horoskop? kako bi ojačao vlastite ideje, ali i radi nadahnuća za podnaslove stavaka (primjerice, "Donositelj...").

Holst je 17. siječnja 1914. otišao u Queen's Hall na izvedbu Schönbergova djela Pet komada za orkestar; koncertom je dirigirao Schönbergov učenik Edward Clark. Holst je ubrzo nabavio primjerak partiture; bila je to jedina Schönbergova partitura koju je ikad posjedovao. To ga je djelo toliko nadahnulo da je privremeni naziv njegove skladbe bio Sedam komada za veliki orkestar.

Holst je u vrijeme skladanja Planeta prvotno napisao partituru za dva klavira za sve stavke osim za Neptun, za koji je napisao partituru za orgulje, vjerujući da je zvuk klavira previše udaran za tako misteriozan i udaljen svijet kao što je Neptun. Holst je tad prilagodio suitu za velik orkestar te je u tom obliku postala vrlo popularna. Njegova je orkestracija bila vrlo maštovita i raznobojna, nadahnuta tadašnjim suvremenim skladateljima kao što su Igor Stravinski i Arnold Schönberg, ali i kasnim ruskim romantičarima kao što su Nikolaj Rimski-Korsakov i Aleksandr Konstantinovič Glazunov. Novi oblici sonornosti sadržani u djelu učinili su ga uspješnim u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, ali i u inozemstvu. Iako su Planeti i dalje Holstovo najpoznatije djelo, sam ga skladatelj nije smatrao jednim od svojih najboljih uradaka; kasnije se požalio da je njegova popularnost potpuno nadišla sva njegova ostala djela. Međutim, ipak je bio zadovoljan popularnošću Saturna, svog omiljenog stavka.

Premijere

Orkestralna premijera suite Planeti, kojom je na Holstov nagovor dirigirao Adrian Boult, održala se 29. rujna 1918. godine u Queen's Hallu bez adekvatne prethodne pripreme, tijekom posljednjih tjedana Prvog svjetskog rata i uz financijsku pripomoć Holstova prijatelja i kolege skladatelja H. Balfoura Gardinera. Orkestar je užurbano uvježbavao sviranje suite; glazbenici orkestra Queen's Hall partiture za složenu glazbu prvi su put vidjeli tek dva sata prije izvedbe, a zbor za stavak "Neptun" činili su učenici iz Morley Collegea i St Paul's Girls' Schoola (škole u kojoj je Holst predavao). Koncertu je prisustvovalo oko 250 pozvanih suradnika, no Holst ga je svejedno smatrao javnom premijerom suite, napisavši na Boultovu partituru: "Ovaj primjerak partiture vlasništvo je Adriana Boulta, zbog kojeg su Planeti prvi put javno zasjali i kojemu je zbog toga Gustav Holst vrlo zahvalan."

Prvi javni koncert održao se 27. veljače 1919. u Londonu pod pokroviteljstvom Royal Philharmonic Societyja te je i njime dirigirao Boult. Pet od sedam stavaka bilo je odsvirano ovim redoslijedom: Mars, Merkur, Saturn, Uran i Jupiter. Boult je samostalno odlučio ne odsvirati svih sedam stavaka tijekom tog nastupa. Smatrao je da je publici bio predočen potpuno nov glazbeni jezik i da "ga je mogla pratiti najviše pola sata". Anonimni kritičar u časopisu Hazell's Annual opisao je djelo "izvanredno složenom i inteligentno skladanom suitom". Na koncertu simfonijskog orkestra u Queen's Hallu 22. studenog te godine sam je Holst bio dirigent tijekom stavaka Venera, Merkur i Jupiter (bila je to prva javna izvedba stavka Venera). Još jedna nepotpuna javna izvedba održala se u Birminghamu 10. listopada 1920. godine; tijekom nje bilo je odsvirano pet stavaka (Mars, Venera, Merkur, Saturn i Jupiter). Ne zna se je li tada orkestrom dirigirao Appleby Matthews ili sam skladatelj.

Njegova se kći Imogen prisjetila: "Mrzio je nepotpune izvedbe Planeta, iako je nekoliko puta bio primoran na dirigiranje orkestrom tijekom tri ili četiri stavka na koncertima u Queen's Hallu. Pogotovo mu je išlo na živce kad je koncert morao dovršiti Jupiterom radi nekakvog 'sretnog završetka' jer, kao što je i sam rekao, 'u stvarnom svijetu završetak uopće nije sretan'".

Prva se potpuna javna izvedba suite održala tek 15. studenog 1920. godine; tad je Londonskim simfonijskim orkestrom dirigirao Albert Coates. Tad je stavak Neptun prvi put bio javno odsviran, dok su svi ostali stavci bili izvedeni i ranije.

Prva cjelovita izvedba suite tijekom koje je sam skladatelj dirigirao orkestrom održala se 13. listopada 1923. godine u Promenade Concertu s orkestrom Queen's Hall. Holst je dirigirao tim orkestrom na dvjema snimljenim izvedbama Planeta: prva izvedba bila je snimljena akustično u razdoblju od 1922. do 1924. godine (danas je pod vlasništvom Pearla, podružnice diskografske kuće Pavilion Records); druga snimka nastala je 1926. godine uz pomoć tada nove tehnike električnog snimanja (godine 2003. tu je izvedbu na CD-u objavio IMP, dok ju je Naxos Records kasnije objavio izvan SAD-a). Budući da ploča sa 78 okretaja po minuti nije mogla zabilježiti dulje vremenske intervale, tempo je na tim izvedbama puno brži nego što je uobičajeno.

Instrumentacija
Djelo je skladano za velik orkestar koji se sastoji od navedenih glazbala. (Stavci se razlikuju po kombinacijama korištenih glazbala).

Drvena puhačka glazbala

Limena puhačka glazbala

Udaraljke (za 4 svirača)

Glazbala s tipkama

Glazbala sa žicama

U stavak "Neptun" dodana su dva trodjelna ženska zbora (od kojih se svaki sastoji od 2 sopranistička dijela i jednog dijela za alt) koji se tijekom izvedbe nalaze u obližnjoj sobi skrivenoj od publike.

Struktura
Suita se sastoji od sedam stavaka, od kojih je svaki ime dobio po planetu Sunčeva sustava i njemu pridruženom astrološkom načelu:

I: Mars, Donositelj Rata (1914.)
II: Venera, Donositeljica Mira (1914.)
III: Merkur, Krilati Glasnik (1916.)
IV: Jupiter, Donositelj Veselosti (1914.)
V: Saturn, Donositelj Starosti (1915.)
VI: Uran, Čarobnjak (1915.)
VII: Neptun, Mistik (1915.)

Holstov je prvotni naziv djela, kao što se može vidjeti na rukom pisanoj prvoj partituri, bio je "Sedam komada za veliki orkestar". Holst je 1914. godine gotovo sigurno otišao na ranu izvedbu Schönbergovih Pet komada za orkestar (iste je te godine skladao stavke Mars, Venera i Jupiter), i nabavio partituru za to djelo, što je postala jedina Schönbergova partitura koju je ikad posjedovao. Svaki je stavak Holstova rada u početku nosio samo drugi dio svakog imena (I "Donositelj Rata", II "Donositeljica Mira" i tako dalje); današnji su naslovi nastali tijekom prve (nepotpune) javne izvedbe djela u rujnu 1918. godine, no nikad nisu bili uvršteni u prvotnu partituru.

Prosječna izvedba svih sedam stavaka traje oko pedeset minuta, iako električna snimka Holstove izvedbe iz 1926. godine traje četrdeset dvije i pol minute.

Jedno objašnjenje strukture suite koje je ponudio Raymond Head, stručnjak za Holstova djela, jest da su stavci raspoređeni po astrološkim znakovima po planetima: ako se znakove s njima pripadajućim planetima ispiše prema tradicionalnom nizu koji počinje znakom ovna te ignorira duplikacije i svjetlosna tijela (Sunce i Mjesec), poredak stavaka podudarat će se s tim nizom. Kritičar David Hurwitz ponudio je drugo objašnjenje za strukturu djela: da je Jupiter središnji dio suite i da su stavci koji ga okružuju zrcalni odrazi. Tako Mars označava pokret, dok je Neptun statičan; Venera je uzvišena, dok je Uran vulgaran; Merkur je svijetao i razigran, dok je Saturn težak i usporen. Toj se hipotezi pripisuje vjerodostojnost zbog činjenice da su dva vanjska stavka, Mars i Neptun, skladana u neuobičajenom peteročetvrtinskom ritmu.

Budući da je Holst patio od neuritisa u desnoj ruci, pri pisanju partiture za Planete bio je primoran zatražiti pomoć Vally Lasker i Nore Day, dviju prepisivačica.

Neptun je jedan od prvih orkestralnih uradaka koji završava fade-outom, iako je nekoliko skladatelja (među kojima je Joseph Haydn i završetak njegove Simfonije br. 45) uspjelo postići sličan učinak koristeći se različitim metodama. Holst je istaknuo da ženski zborovi moraju "biti smješteni u susjednu sobu čija će vrata biti otvorena do posljednjeg takta skladbe, kad ih se treba polako i tiho zatvoriti" te da posljednji takt (skladan za same zborove) "treba ponavljati dok se zvuk ne izgubi u daljini". Iako je danas uobičajen, taj je efekt očarao tadašnju publiku, u vrijeme prije širenja snimljene glazbe—nakon izvorne probe 1918. godine Holstova kći Imogen (osim što je vidjela kako čistačice u krilima zgrade plešu tijekom "Jupitera") komentirala je da je završetak "bio nezaboravan sa svojim skrivenim refrenom ženskih glasova koji postaju sve tiši i tiši... sve dok mašta nije mogla razlikovati zvuk i tišinu".

Dodatci drugih skladatelja
Iz različitih se razloga u Holstovu suitu nekoliko puta pokušalo uvrstiti dodatnu glazbu, no na najvećem broju koncerata i snimki glazbenici i dalje sviraju izvornu inačicu sa sedam stavaka.

Pluton
Pluton je otkriven 1930., četiri godine prije Holstove smrti, i tadašnji su ga astronomi prozvali devetim planetom. Holst, međutim, nije planirao skladati stavak za nj. Razočarala ga je popularnost suite jer je smatrao da je ostavila sve njegove ostale radove u svojoj sjeni.

U posljednjem radijskom prijenosu serije Young People's Concerts u ožujku 1972. dirigent Leonard Bernstein odsvirao je suitu s Njujorškim filharmonijskim orkestrom iako je odbacio Saturnov stavak jer je smatrao da tematika starosti nema veze s koncertom za djecu. Prijenos je završio improviziranom izvedbom koju je nazvao "Pluton, Nepredvidljivi". Snimljeni nastup može se pogledati na DVD-setu Kultur.

Godine 2000. orkestar The Hallé zatražio je britanskog skladatelja Colina Matthewsa, stručnjaka za Holstova djela, da sklada novi, osmi stavak, koji je nazvao "Pluton, Obnovitelj". Posvećen preminuloj Imogen Holst, kćeri Gustava Holsta, stavak je prvi put odsviran 11. svibnja 2000. u Manchesteru, a orkestrom Hallé dirigirao je Kent Nagano. Matthews je također djelomično izmijenio Neptunov završetak kako bi taj stavak mogao direktno ući u Plutonov stavak. Sam je Matthews izjavio da bi Imogen Holst, usprkos posveti, "bila i zabavljena i zaprepaštena tim pothvatom".

Trouvèreova Zemlja iz Planeta
Japanski skladatelj Jun Nagao 2003. godine aranžirao je Planete za kvartet Trouvère Quartet i djelu dodao stavke za Zemlju i Pluton jer se u to vrijeme Pluton i dalje smatralo planetom. Cijela je suita potom bila prilagođena orkestru i njezina se premijera održala 2014. godine. To djelo sadrži originalnu glazbu, glazbu iz Planeta, ali i ostale popularne Holstove melodije.

Nepovezana, ali slična djela

Pjesme udaljene Zemlje

Međunarodna astronomska unija (IAU) 24. je kolovoza 2006. godine definirala koncept "planeta" u Sunčevu sustavu. Ta je definicija Plutonu negirala status planeta i dodala ga u novu kategoriju "patuljastih planeta", u kojoj se nalaze tijela poput Eride i Cerere. Nakon IAU-ove odluke Kenyon D. Wilson skladao je komad za trombonski kvintet pod imenom "Pjesme udaljene Zemlje". Ime djela preuzeto je iz naslova istoimenog romana Arthura C. Clarkea. Za razliku od Matthewsove skladbe to djelo nije nastalo sa svrhom da ga se uvrsti u Holstovu suitu.

Skladba se sastoji od pet stavaka, od kojih je svaki nazvan po jednom od pet tada poznatih patuljastih planeta:

Erida
Pluton
Haumea
Makemake
Cerera

Asteroidi
Godine 2006. Berlinski filharmoničari sa Sirom Simonom Rattleom i EMI Classicsom zatražili su četiri skladatelja (Kaiju Saariaho, Matthiasa Pintschera, Mark-Anthonyja Turnagea i Bretta Deana) da skladaju suitu s četiri stavka utemeljenu na asteroidima u Sunčevu sustavu. Orkestar je naknadno izveo i snimio tu suitu. Četiri su stavka:
 Asteroid 4179: Toutatis (Saariaho)
 Prema Ozirisu (Pintscher)
 Cerera (Turnage)
 Komarovljev Pad (Dean)

Adaptacije

Neorkestralni aranžmani
Klavirski duet (za četiri ruke) – John York pronašao je ugravirani primjerak Holstova vlastita aranžmana za klavirski duet.
Dva klavira (duo) – Budući da je patio od neuritisa u desnoj ruci, Holst je izvorno skicirao djelo za dva klavira. Njegove dvije prijateljice, Nora Day i Vally Lasker, pristale su odsvirati suitu na dvama klavirima dok im je diktirao detalje partiture za orkestar. Te su upute samostalno ispisale na partituru za dva klavira i koristile se njima kad je došlo vrijeme da se napiše partitura za orkestar. Aranžman za dva klavira bio je objavljen 1949. godine. Holstovi se izvorni rukopisi sada nalaze u zakupu Royal College of Musica (Mars, Venera, Saturn, Uran, Neptun), Royal Academy of Musica (Merkur) i British Libraryja (Jupiter, Saturn, Uran).
Pianola – Početkom 1990-ih britanski pijanolist Rex Lawson osmislio je aranžman za samosvirajući klavir koji je objavila diskografska kuća Perforetur.
Orgulje – Američki čembalist i orguljaš transkribirao je Planete za orgulje.
Komorni orkestar – Engleski orkestrator George Morton transkribirao je Planete za petnaesteročlani ansambl odnosno komorni orkestar.
Moog – Isao Tomita transkribirao je Planete za Moog i ostale sintesajzere i elektronička glazbala. Izvorni je album na gramofonskoj ploči danas vrlo rijedak zbog sudskog postupka Zaklade Holst. Patrick Gleeson također je 1976. godine snimio elektroničku inačicu skladbe, pod imenom Beyond the Sun.
Puhački orkestar – Stephen Roberts, jedan od dirigenta Engleskog simfonijskog orkestra, transkribirao je cijelu suitu za puhački orkestar.
Marširajući sastav – Jay Bocook aranžirao je stavke "Mars", "Venera" i "Jupiter" za marširajući sastav. Paul Murtha zaslužan je za aranžman zborskog dijela stavka "Jupiter" za marširajući sastav.
Simfonijski sastav – Postoje mnogobrojne transkripcije cijele suite za simfonijski sastav.
Ansambl udaraljki – James Ancona osmislio je aranžman za Merkur za ansambl udaraljki. Sastoji se od dvaju glokenšpila, dvaju ksilofona, dvaju vibrafona, dvije marimbe, pet timpana, male činele i dvaju trianglova.
Bubnjarski i puhački korpus – godine 1985. dijelovi suite sačinjavali su dio repertoara skupine The Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps, dok je cijelu suitu izvela 1995. godine na javnom koncertu. Suita se pojavila i tijekom njihovog nastupa "Men Are from Mars" 2017. godine. Sličnu je izvedbu za CD snimila grupa Star of Indiana za svoj serijal Brass Theater.
 Rock sastavi:
King Crimson odsvirao je Marsov stavak u rock aranžmanu 1969. godine.
Death metal grupa Aeon snimila je inačicu stavka "Neptun, Mistik" i objavila ju na albumu Aeons Black. Iako je dosta kraća od originala, sastoji se od nekolicine glavnih melodija
Britanske metal skupine: početak Diamond Headove skladbe "Am I Evil?", kao i glavni rif u pjesmi "Black Sabbath" te prijelazna melodija u pjesmi "Children of the Grave" skupine Black Sabbath djelomično su utemeljeni na Marsovu stavku. Tijekom Black Sabbathove promidžbene turneje za album Tyr 1990. godine dijelovi stavka "Mars" svirali su dok je Cozy Powell svirao bubnjarske solodionice. Saxon se krajem 1980-ih služio dijelovima stavka "Jupiter" kao uvodnom špicom za svoje nastupe.
 Japanska pjevačica Ayaka Hirahara 2003. je godine objavila pop inačicu stavka "Jupiter". Našla se na drugom mjestu ljestvice Oricon i bila je prodana u gotovo milijun primjeraka, zbog čega je 2004. godine postao treći najprodavaniji singl na tržištu japanske popularne glazbe. Na ljestvicama je ostao više od tri godine.

U popularnoj kulturi
 Johna Williamsa nadahnule su melodije i instrumentacija Marsova stavka dok je skladao glazbu za filmski serijal Zvjezdani ratovi (a posebno pri skladanju skladbe "The Imperial March")
 Hans Zimmer koristio se melodijama, instrumentacijom i orkestracijom Marsa radi nadahnuća za glazbu za film Gladijator do te mjere da je Zaklada Holst podnijela tužbu za narušavanje autorskih prava
 Jazz rock sastav Safety Squad poslužio se poznatim ritmom iz stavka "Mars" na pjesmi "Mr. Mungo's Revenge".
 Neptunov stavak pojavio se u sekvenciji prije zasluga u četvrtoj epizodi druge sezone američkog serijala Mr. Robot.

Himne

Holst je 1921. godine melodiju iz središnjeg dijela Jupitera prilagodio metrici pjesmi "I Vow to Thee, My Country". Kao melodija himne nosi naziv Thaxted prema istoimenom gradu u Essexu u kojem je Holst živio mnogo godina. Melodiju se iskoristilo i za druge himne kao što su "O God Beyond All Praising" i "We Praise You and Acknowledge You", čiji je tekst napisao vlč. Stephen P. Starke.

Stihove za "I Vow to Thee, My Country" napisao je Sir Cecil Spring Rice između 1908. i 1918. godine; pjesma je postala poznata kao odgovor na velik broj žrtvi Prvog svjetskog rata. Himna je prvi put bila odsvirana 1925. godine.

Melodija je također bila prilagođena stihovima pjesme "World in Union" Charlieja Skarbeka. Ta je pjesma postala naslovna skladba za Svjetski kup u ragbiju te se često reproducira prije utakmica i na televizijskim prijenosima.

Izvori

Bibliografija

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice
 Poveznice za partiture Planeta u javnom vlasništvu:
 Planeti: Suita za veliki orkestar
 Partitura za Thaxted (PDF)
 Snimke na internetu:
 Besplatne MIDI snimke "Planeta" (s nekim pogreškama)
 Dokumentarac "The Planets" Kena Russella iz 1983. godine na IMDB-u
 Partiture:
 Suita Planeti (sadrži rijedak potpuni klavirski aranžman stavka "Jupiter")

Klasične skladbe 20. stoljeća

Planeti (suita)


Wilhelm von Gottberg (born 30 March 1940) is a German politician of the Alternative for Germany.

Wilhelm von Gottberg was born in 1940, the son of Hans Heinrich von Gottberg (1900–1973) and his wife Gertrud, née Freiin von der Goltz (1908–1997). He was descended of two noble families, the Gottberg family and the Von der Goltz family. He was born in Woopen in Landkreis Bartenstein (now Poland), East Prussia. His family fled from East Prussia during World War II.

Gottberg is president of the Territorial Association of East Prussia (since 1992) and Vice President of the Federation of Expellees (since 1992) in Germany. He is also a member of the board of the Ostpreußische Kulturstiftung, and was mayor of the community of Schnega in Lower Saxony. Gottberg used to be a member of the Christian Democratic Union, but joined the Alternative for Germany in 2016.

Literature
Jens Mecklenburg (Hrsg.): Handbuch deutscher Rechtsextremismus. Elefanten-Press, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-88520-585-8, S. 462–463.

References

External links
 Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen - Biography
Der Holocaust – "Mythos", "Dogma", "jüdische 'Wahrheit'"

1940 births
Living people
People from Pravdinsky District
Politicians from East Prussia
German untitled nobility
German Protestants
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Members of the Bundestag for the Alternative for Germany
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag for Lower Saxony
Mayors of places in Lower Saxony

Wilhelm von Gottberg


Lalremsiami Hmarzote (en ) née lé 30 mars 2000 à Kolasib dans l'état de Mizoram, est une joueuse professionnelle de hockey sur gazon indienne.

Carrière
Elle a été nommée dans l'équipe indienne pour les Jeux Olympiques de Tokyo 2020 annoncés en juin 2021. Elle est devenue la première sportive féminine du Mizoram à représenter l'Inde aux Jeux. Son équipe a terminé quatrième, leur meilleur résultat aux Jeux, et a été classée huitième au classement mondial, leur plus haut jamais atteint.

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse indienne de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en mars 2000
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance dans le Mizoram

Lalremsiami Hmarzote


The Guardian යනු බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ප්‍රකාශයට පත්වන දිනපතා පුවත්පතක් වේ. එය 1821 වසරේ දී The Manchester Guardian නමින් ආරම්භ වී පසුව1959 වසරේ දී නම වෙනස් කිරීමක් සිදුවිය.

ආශ්‍රිත

 Guardian Monthly
 The Guardian Weekly

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

1821 establishments in England
Centre-left newspapers
Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom
History of Manchester
Liberal media in the United Kingdom
National newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in London
Newspapers published in Manchester
Progressivism in the United Kingdom
Publications established in 1821
Republicanism in the United Kingdom
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners
Podcasting companies

ද ගාඩියන්


In calculus, the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) is a technique for numerical integration, i.e., approximating the definite integral:

The trapezoidal rule works by approximating the region under the graph of the function
 as a trapezoid and calculating its area. It follows that

The trapezoidal rule may be viewed as the result obtained by averaging the left and right Riemann sums, and is sometimes defined this way. The integral can be even better approximated by partitioning the integration interval, applying the trapezoidal rule to each subinterval, and summing the results. In practice, this "chained" (or "composite") trapezoidal rule  is usually what is meant by "integrating with the trapezoidal rule". Let  be a partition of  such that  and  be the length of the -th subinterval (that is, ), then

When the partition has a regular spacing, as is often the case, that is, when all the  have the same value  the formula can be simplified for calculation efficiency by factoring  out:.

The approximation becomes more accurate as the resolution of the partition increases (that is, for larger , all  decrease).

As discussed below, it is also possible to place error bounds on the accuracy of the value of a definite integral estimated using a trapezoidal rule.

History
A 2016 Science paper reports that the trapezoid rule was in use in Babylon before 50 BCE for integrating the velocity of Jupiter along the ecliptic.

Numerical implementation

Non-uniform grid
When the grid spacing is non-uniform, one can use the formula

wherein

Uniform grid
For a domain discretized into  equally spaced panels, considerable simplification may occur. Let

the approximation to the integral becomes

Error analysis

The error of the composite trapezoidal rule is the difference between the value of the integral and the numerical result:

There exists a number ξ between a and b, such that

It follows that if the integrand is concave up (and thus has a positive second derivative), then the error is negative and the trapezoidal rule overestimates the true value. This can also be seen from the geometric picture: the trapezoids include all of the area under the curve and extend over it. Similarly, a concave-down function yields an underestimate because area is unaccounted for under the curve, but none is counted above. If the interval of the integral being approximated includes an inflection point, the error is harder to identify.

An asymptotic error estimate for N → ∞ is given by

Further terms in this error estimate are given by the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula.

Several techniques can be used to analyze the error, including:
Fourier series
Residue calculus
Euler–Maclaurin summation formula
Polynomial interpolation

It is argued that the speed of convergence of the trapezoidal rule reflects and can be used as a definition of classes of smoothness of the functions.

Proof
First suppose that  and . Let  be the function such that  is the error of the trapezoidal rule on one of the intervals, . Then

and

Now suppose that  which holds if  is sufficiently smooth. It then follows that

which is equivalent to
, or

Since  and ,
 and

Using these results, we find

and

Letting  we find

Summing all of the local error terms we find

But we also have

and

so that

Therefore the total error is bounded by

Periodic and peak functions
The trapezoidal rule converges rapidly for periodic functions. This is an easy consequence of the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula, which says that
if  is  times continuously differentiable with period

where  and  is the periodic extension of the th Bernoulli polynomial. Due to the periodicity, the derivatives at the endpoint cancel and we see that the error is .

A similar effect is available for peak-like functions, such as Gaussian, Exponentially modified Gaussian and other functions with derivatives at integration limits that can be neglected. The evaluation of the full integral of a Gaussian function by trapezoidal rule with 1% accuracy can be made using just 4 points. Simpson's rule requires 1.8 times more points to achieve the same accuracy.

Although some effort has been made to extend the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula to higher dimensions, the most straightforward proof of the rapid convergence of the trapezoidal rule in higher dimensions is to reduce the problem to that of convergence of Fourier series. This line of reasoning shows that if  is periodic on a -dimensional space with  continuous derivatives, the speed of convergence is . For very large dimension, the shows that Monte-Carlo integration is most likely a better choice, but for 2 and 3 dimensions, equispaced sampling is efficient. This is exploited in computational solid state physics where equispaced sampling over primitive cells in the reciprocal lattice is known as  Monkhorst-Pack integration.

"Rough" functions
For functions that are not in C2, the error bound given above is not applicable. Still, error bounds for such rough functions can be derived, which typically show a slower convergence with the number of function evaluations  than the  behaviour given above. Interestingly, in this case the trapezoidal rule often has sharper bounds than Simpson's rule for the same number of function evaluations.

Applicability and alternatives
The trapezoidal rule is one of a family of formulas for numerical integration called Newton–Cotes formulas, of which the midpoint rule is similar to the trapezoid rule. Simpson's rule is another member of the same family, and in general has faster convergence than the trapezoidal rule for functions which are twice continuously differentiable, though not in all specific cases. However, for various classes of rougher functions (ones with weaker smoothness conditions), the trapezoidal rule has faster convergence in general than Simpson's rule.

Moreover, the trapezoidal rule tends to become extremely accurate when periodic functions are integrated over their periods, which can be analyzed in various ways. A similar effect is available for peak functions.

For non-periodic functions, however, methods with unequally spaced points such as Gaussian quadrature and Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature are generally far more accurate; Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature can be viewed as a change of variables to express arbitrary integrals in terms of periodic integrals, at which point the trapezoidal rule can be applied accurately.

Example
The following integral is given:

Solution

See also
 Gaussian quadrature
 Newton–Cotes formulas
 Rectangle method
 Romberg's method
 Simpson's rule

Notes

References

External links

Trapezium formula. I.P. Mysovskikh, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, ed. M. Hazewinkel
Notes on the convergence of trapezoidal-rule quadrature
An implementation of trapezoidal quadrature provided by Boost.Math

Numerical integration (quadrature)

Trapezoidal rule


Freda Indursky (Porto Alegre, 20 de maio de 1940) é uma linguista brasileira conhecida por seus trabalhos em análise do discurso, sendo considerada pioneira nos estudos pecheutianos no Brasil. É professora titular da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Obras selecionadas
Livros

 A fala dos quartéis e as outras vozes (1997)
 O discurso do/sobre o MST: movimento social, sujeito, mídia (2019)

Artigos e capítulos

 "Leitura como suporte para a produção textual" (com Maria Alice Kauer Zinn, 1985)
 "Polêmica e denegação: dois fundamentos discursivos da negação" (1990)
 "Da heterogeneidade do discurso à heterogeneidade do texto e suas implicações no processo da leitura" (2001)
 "Lula lá: estrutura e acontecimento" (2003)
 "Remontando de Pêcheux a Foucault: uma leitura em contraponto" (2005)
 "O texto nos estudos da linguagem: especificidades e limites" (2006)

Mulheres linguistas
Professores da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Naturais de Porto Alegre

Freda Indursky


Little Red Monkey (titul oringinal: Case of the Red Monkey) este un film polițist britanic din 1955 regizat de Ken Hughes. În rourile principale joacă actorii Richard Conte, Rona Anderson și Russell Napier.

Prazentare

Distribuție

Note

Legătui externe

Filme în limba engleză
Filme din 1955
Filme britanice

Little Red Monkey


Jennifer Niven est une auteure américaine du New York Times et de best sellers internationaux. Elle est surtout connue pour avoir écrit le roman jeune adulte All the Bright Places (Tous nos jours parfaits) sorti en 2015.

Biographie
Jennifer Niven est née à Charlotte en Caroline du Nord aux États-Unis. Elle a grandi principalement dans l'État de L'Indiana, bien qu'elle ait vécu à Okinawa et dans le Maryland. Son déménagement dans l'Indiana, en quatrième année, a d'ailleurs suscité l'écriture d'un de ses premiers livres : My Life in Indiana: I Will Never be Happy Again. Elle y a obtenu son diplôme d'études secondaires. Par la suite, elle est allée à l'université dans le New Jersey et elle a ensuite fréquenté une école supérieure à Los Angeles.

En plus d'être romancière, elle a aussi travaillé en tant que productrice, journaliste et productrice associée pour la compagnie ABC Television.

Sa mère est écrivaine et elle ne partage pas beaucoup d'informations sur son père. Jennifer Niven est fille unique.

Sa mère lui a donné le goût de l'écriture et lui a permis de voir l'inspiration partout.

À l'âge de dix ans, Jennifer Niven avait déjà écrit de nombreuses chansons, des poèmes, deux autobiographies, un conte de Noël, plusieurs albums illustrés, une pièce de théâtre, une série de polar, un recueil de nouvelles et un roman inachevé sur le Vietnam.

Dans son interview pour Booktopia, elle dit que lorsqu'elle avait douze ans, elle voulait être une détective rock star internationale (comme un mélange entre Charlie's Angel et Josie et les Pussycats). À ses dix-huit ans, elle souhaitait devenir actrice pour le côté « glamour ». Enfin à trente ans, elle voulait être écrivain car l'écriture est la chose qu'elle aime le plus faire dans la vie.

Elle a connu plusieurs épreuves dans sa vie comme le divorce de ses parents, la mort de son grand-père (qui a été la première perte qu'elle ait connue), la mort d'un de ses amis, des cousins et plus récemment ses parents, ce qui lui a permis de comprendre qu'elle n'avait aucun pouvoir sur ça. Mais ces épreuves lui ont aussi appris à laisser un impact et une empreinte derrière elle, et à comprendre de quoi elle est faite.

Jennifer Niven partage son temps entre la Géorgie côtière et Paris, en France, avec son mari et ses « chats littéraires ».

Inspiration
Ray Bradbury's short stories, Johnny Cash's At Folsom Prison et Dancing Queen du groupe ABBA l'ont beaucoup inspiré et lui ont appris que le succès pouvait être puissant et expressif, et donc lui ont appris à être plus directe.

Écriture
Les deux premiers livres qu'elle a écrit sont des récits de non-fiction intitulés The Ice Master (Pris dans les glaces) publié en 2000 et Ada Blackjack: A True Story of Survival in the Arctic (Ada Blackjack, survivante de l'Arctique) publié en 2003. En 2010, elle a publié un mémoire de ses années lycée appelé The Aqua Net Diaries: Big Hair, Big Dreams, Small Town (non traduit).

Elle a commencé à écrire de la fiction Young Adult après avoir connu une histoire d'amour avec un garçon qu'elle n'arrivait pas à retranscrire dans un récit autobiographique. Elle a beaucoup lu de livres de littérature jeune adulte, pour le plaisir et trouve que ce genre est brillant, audacieux et fantastiquement imaginatif.

Les retours sur All the Bright Places sont très bons. Ce livre a permis de mettre en avant des sujets tabous, tels que la santé mentale des adolescents.

Jennifer Niven a l'intention d'écrire beaucoup plus de livres pour adolescents, un livre de non-fiction pour adultes, un ou deux romans pour adultes dont un sur une idée de sa mère qu'elle n'a jamais pu écrire. Elle espère voir d'autres de ses livres transformés en films ou en comédies musicales.

En 2000, elle a commencé à écrire à plein temps, et elle n'a jamais arrêté. Elle a écrit de la non-fiction et de la fiction, à la fois historique et contemporaine, pour adultes et adolescents. À première vue, ses livres n'ont pas de points communs, mais ce sont tous "des histoires de gens ordinaires faisant des choses extraordinaires", comme elle l'explique.

Jennifer Niven est l'auteure à succès  du New York Times et de onze livres primés aux Emmy Awards, dont les romans All the Bright Places, Holding up the Universe, Breathless et Take Me With You When You Go (avec David Levithan). Ses livres ont été traduits dans plus de 75 langues et elle a plus de dix éditeurs.

Le premier roman jeune adulte de Jennifer Niven est All the Bright Places (Tous nos jours parfaits) qui est sorti en 2015 dans lequel nous suivons deux adolescents Violet et Finch qui tentent de combattre des problèmes de santé mentale. Ce roman a remporté le prix Goodreads choice award for Best Young Adult Fiction 2015 et a été sélectionné pour le prix Guardian Children's Fiction Prize 2015. Il a été adapté en film par Netflix dont les acteurs principaux sont Elle Fanning, Justice Smith, Keegan-Michael Key, Alexandra Shipp, et Luke Wilson. Le film a commencé à être produit début octobre 2018 et il est sorti le 28 février 2020.

Elle a sorti un nouveau livre jeune adulte qui a lui aussi été un best seller en 2016 appelé Holding Up the Universe (Les Mille Visages de notre histoire) et son troisième roman jeune adulte, Breathless (L'Été de tous les possibles), publié en 2020.

Jennifer écrit actuellement le scénario de la version cinématographique de Holding Up the Universe et travaille sur son cinquième roman pour jeunes adultes. Elle supervise également Germ, un magazine Web littéraire et de style de vie pour le lycée et au-delà.

Bibliographie

Non fiction
 2000 : Pris dans les glaces (The Ice Master)
 2003 et 2019 : Ada Blackjack
 2009 : The Aqua Net Diaries

Série Velva Jean
 2009 : Velva Jean Learns to Drive
 2011 : Velva Jean Learns to Fly
 2012 : Becoming Clementine
 2014 : American Blonde

Young Adult
 2015 : Tous nos jours parfaits (All the Bright Places)
 2016 : Les Mille Visages de notre histoire (Holding Up the Universe)
 2020 : L'Été de tous les possibles (Breathless)
 2021 : Take Me With You When You Go (avec David Levithan)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Scénariste américaine de cinéma
Romancière américaine du XXIe siècle
Naissance en mai 1968

Jennifer Niven


Ecoinformatics, or ecological informatics, is the science of information in ecology and environmental science. It integrates environmental and information sciences to define entities and natural processes with language common to both humans and computers. However, this is a rapidly developing area in ecology and there are alternative perspectives on what constitutes ecoinformatics.

A few definitions have been circulating, mostly centered on the creation of tools to access and analyze natural system data. However, the scope and aims of ecoinformatics are certainly broader than the development of metadata standards to be used in documenting datasets. Ecoinformatics aims to facilitate environmental research and management by developing ways to access, integrate databases of environmental information, and develop new algorithms enabling different environmental datasets to be combined to test ecological hypotheses. Ecoinformatics is related to the concept of ecosystem services.

Ecoinformatics characterize the semantics of natural system knowledge. For this reason, much of today's ecoinformatics research relates to the branch of computer science known as knowledge representation, and active ecoinformatics projects are developing links to activities such as the Semantic Web.

Current initiatives to effectively manage, share, and reuse ecological data are indicative of the increasing importance of fields like ecoinformatics to develop the foundations for effectively managing ecological information. Examples of these initiatives are  National Science Foundation Datanet projects, DataONE, Data Conservancy, and Artificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability.

References

External links
ecoinformatics.org, Online Resource for Managing Ecological Data and Information
Ecoinformatics Collaboratory, Research links and public wiki for discussion.
Ecoinformatics Education, Ecosystem Informatics at Oregon State University
industrial Environmental Informatics, Industrial Environmental Informatics at HTW-Berlin, University of Applied Sciences
International Society for Ecological Informatics
Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics Research, Ecoinformatics at the University of Ottawa, Canada
Ecoinformatics program at the National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis
Ecological Informatics: An International Journal on Computational Ecology and Ecological Data Science
Ecological Data
NSF DataNet call for proposals
DataONE
Data Conservancy
, EcoInformatics Summer Institute, an NSF-funded REU site (Research Experience for Undergraduates)

Ecology
Information science

Ecoinformatics


The Albany River Rats were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. They played in Albany, New York at the Times Union Center.

History

Before the formation of the franchise
Without a viable indoor arena with an ice surface, through the end of the 1980s the city of Albany had never had a minor league professional hockey team.   Three separate attempts to establish teams in the neighboring cities of Schenectady and Troy had proven unsuccessful.

The first was in the 1952-53 season when the Capital Region had its first foray into pro hockey in the form of the Troy Uncle Sam Trojans, who played a single season in the Eastern Hockey League, finishing last in the five-team loop and folding after the season.

Professional hockey would not return to the Capital Region until the 1980s, with a pair of failed attempts to establish franchises in the low-level Atlantic Coast Hockey League.   The Schenectady Chiefs were awarded a charter franchise in the ACHL's inaugural 1981-82 season, but after drawing minuscule crowds in a rink built in a converted department store, that team folded on November 18, 1981 after just nine games.  Roughly five years later, the Troy Slapshots joined the same league and played just 6 games before folding in November 17, 1986.

After this troubled period for hockey in the region, construction of the palatial Knickerbocker Arena in downtown Albany in 1990 changed the face of the sport in the Capital District.  The week that the new arena opened, plans were unveiled worldwide for the formation of the fledgling Global Hockey League, a challenger to the NHL with teams in North America and Europe that would begin play in November of that year. One of six inaugural franchises announced in the league's initial press conference was the Albany Admirals, which was to be owned by businessman Joseph O'Hara and had signed a lease to play in the Knickerbocker Arena.  The Capital hockey community was abuzz with excitement, and commitments for over 3,000 season tickets were received.  However, by the end of May, disagreements between O'Hara and the league founders led O'Hara to withdraw his franchise from the new league.  In June, the league postponed its opening season by a year, but the venture never materialized and the Global Hockey League never made it to the ice.

Since 1979, Capital Region hockey fans, press and media had effectively adopted the Adirondack Red Wings as their pseudo-home team.  Although the American Hockey League team was based 45 minutes north of Albany in Glens Falls, NY, it relied on fans from the Capital Region as a vital part of their market. The situation set the stage for a flurry of activity as other teams and leagues eyed the area.

It began when area investors tried to secure an expansion American Hockey League franchise for Albany, but the Adirondack Red Wings nixed the effort by invoking their territorial rights to the Tri-Cities area.  Soon after, an attempt to establish an International Hockey League franchise at the "Knick" was vetoed by IHL Governors concerned about the travel costs for teams in the Midwest-based league.  Then attempts to lure the A-Wings to the new arena were thwarted when that franchise signed a new ten-year lease to remain in Glens Falls.

In the summer of 1990, David Welker, the owner of the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League, having made an arrangement to absorb a portion of other teams' travel costs, announced he was moving his franchise to Knickerbocker Arena, and the Albany Choppers were born.

The Birth of the Capital District Islanders
Officials of the established American Hockey League felt that the Midwest-based IHL was invading their territory, and the hockey war was on.  The AHL hoped to create a situation that might somehow force the IHL team out of the market.  League officials felt that if they added an additional AHL franchise to the market,  they'd create a natural rival for the Adirondack Red Wings. Although the Choppers had the distinct advantage of the new arena, the AHL was hoping to counter that advantage with the established fan base of the AHL, the affiliations of NHL clubs, the higher classification and better quality of play of the AHL, and the new rivalry between the established Wings and the fledgling Islanders.

The AHL knew the market was not big enough to support three professional hockey teams, but they were willing to take the risk.  The AHL convinced the Adirondack Red Wings to waive their territorial rights to the Capital Region, and a new AHL team was granted to neighboring Troy.  Local car dealer Mike Cantanucci formed the Capital District Islanders, who would play in the RPI's Houston Fieldhouse and be affiliated with the NHL's New York Islanders.

Despite playing in the state-of-the-art Knickerbocker Arena, the Choppers became the casualty of the Tri-Cities price and attendance wars.   Welker's management style turned off advertisers, sponsors, and fans alike, and on February 11, 1991 with dwindling attendance, high lease and travel costs, no NHL affiliation to help pay expenses, and not enough money to meet player payroll, the Choppers folded in midseason.

The AHL was the clear winner in the battle for hockey in the Capital Region, and the result was a new AHL franchise that would become the predominant hockey franchise in the metropolitan area for the next two decades.

The team competed in the AHL as the Capital District Islanders for three seasons, playing on campus at RPI located across the Hudson River in Troy, New York.

The Islanders showed slow but modest improvement in their three years in Troy, moving from a seventh-place division finish in their inaugural season to a fourth-place finish and playoff berth in season two, to a 34-34-12 record in 1992-93, good for third in the division and another first-round playoff exit.

Transition from the Islanders to the River Rats

Significant changes were made for the 1993-94 season.  Cantanucci sold the franchise to local insurance executive Al Lawrence, and the team switched affiliations from the Islanders to the New Jersey Devils. With the Knickerbocker Arena untapped as a hockey facility, the franchise moved from the campus of RPI to the 15,000-seat downtown arena, and changed their nickname to the Albany River Rats.

The Rats' glory days came in the mid- to late-1990s making seven consecutive playoff appearances, winning two division titles, and taking home the AHL's Calder Cup in 1995. Also in 1995, their parent club, the New Jersey Devils, won the Stanley Cup.

However, wins declined after the 1997–98 season, the last time Albany won a playoff series. By 1998, owner Al Lawrence had been mired in bankruptcy court and was forced to sell the River Rats hockey team.  Walter Robb purchased the franchise, allowing the franchise to remain in Albany.

The River Rats finished last in each of the six seasons between 2000–01 and 2005–06. A new affiliation with the Carolina Hurricanes beginning in the 2006–07 season brought hope of a return to AHL glory not seen in Albany since the late 1990s.

On March 22, 2006, the Devils announced that they were cutting ties with the River Rats after the 2005–06 AHL season, as the parent club announced the purchase of the Lowell Lock Monsters. Despite the move, the River Rats were not relocated. In April 2006, The Carolina Hurricanes signed a one-year agreement (with the option to renew for two additional) with the River Rats to be their farm affiliate; the end result was essentially a swap of AHL affiliates as the Lowell franchise had previously been the top affiliate of Carolina. Later on, Carolina was joined by the Colorado Avalanche in a one-year partnership agreement. On February 22, 2007, the Carolina Hurricanes and Albany River Rats announced that their affiliation agreement had been extended through the 2008–09 season.

On April 24, 2008, the River Rats lost 3–2 to the Philadelphia Phantoms in the (until then) longest game played in AHL history. The Phantoms' Ryan Potulny scored 2:58 into the fifth overtime. Albany gave up 101 shots on goal, and goaltender Michael Leighton made 98 saves.

2009 bus crash
On February 19, 2009, five people were seriously injured when a bus carrying the team home from a game in Lowell struck a guard rail and rolled on its side on Interstate 90 in Becket, Massachusetts. Nicolas Blanchard, Joe Jensen, Jonathan Paiement, Casey Borer, and the River Rats radio color commentator John Hennessy were taken to Berkshire Medical Center in Pittsfield with serious injuries.

Move to Charlotte
In late January, 2010, word began to leak out of Raleigh that the franchise was about to be sold and moved to Charlotte, North Carolina.  On February 10, it became official as the Albany River Rats website announced that the sale of the franchise had been completed, and that the team  would be moving to Charlotte at the conclusion of the 2009–10 AHL Season. "Capital District Sports, Inc. announced today that its subsidiary, the Albany River Rats, has sold its American Hockey League franchise to MAK Hockey, LLC located in Charlotte, North Carolina.  The sale will not affect the remainder of the 2009-10 season, with regular season games concluding on April 10, 2010 followed by the 2010 Calder Cup Playoffs."

The relocated team, to be known as the Charlotte Checkers, would remain the top affiliate of the Carolina Hurricanes and replace that city's ECHL franchise of the same name.

Hockey in Albany after the River Rats
Shortly after the announcement of the sale of the franchise, officials in Albany, as well as AHL President Dave Andrews, told media outlets that the city would likely have a team for the 2010-2011 season and might even keep the River Rats nickname and logo, which remained the property of former owner Walter Robb.  On March 15, it was reported in the Albany Times Union and the Portland Press Herald that Albany officials had their sights set on the AHL's Portland Pirates as a potential candidate for relocation, but talks between the Times Union Center and Pirates ownership eventually broke off.

Although relocation of the Portland franchise would not come to fruition, Albany did not go long without an AHL franchise.  On June 6, it was announced that the Lowell Devils would be relocating to Albany, reestablishing the city's connection with the New Jersey Devils. Despite the tradition of the River Rats branding, officials announced that as a separate entity from the previous franchise, the new team would be known as the Albany Devils. The relationship only lasted through the 2016–17 season, after which the Devils announced they would be relocating their AHL team to Binghamton, New York to replace the Ottawa Senators' team after they relocated.

Affiliates
New Jersey Devils (1993–2006)
Colorado Avalanche (2006–2007)
Carolina Hurricanes (2006–2010)

This market was previously served by: Albany Choppers of the IHL (1990–91)
The franchise was replaced by: Albany Devils of the AHL, a relocation of the Lowell Devils (2010–2017)
The franchise was later known as: Charlotte Checkers

Season-by-season results

Regular season

Playoffs

Team records

Single season
Goals: 46  Jeff Williams (1998–99)
Assists: 63  Keith Aucoin (2006–07)
Points: 99  Keith Aucoin (2006–07)
Penalty Minutes: 348  Matt Ruchty (1994–95)
GAA: 2.10  Michael Leighton (2007–08)
SV%: .931  Michael Leighton (2007–08)

Career
Career goals: 155  Steve Brûlé
Career assists: 214  Steve Brûlé
Career points: 369  Steve Brûlé
Career penalty minutes: 1197  Rob Skrlac
Career goaltending wins: 77  Peter Sidorkiewicz
Career shutouts: 8  Peter Sidorkiewicz
Career games: 423  Jiri Bicek

References

External links
The Internet Hockey Database - Albany River Rats

Carolina Hurricanes minor league affiliates
Colorado Avalanche minor league affiliates
New Jersey Devils minor league affiliates
Sports in Albany, New York
Ice hockey teams in New York (state)
Ice hockey clubs established in 1993
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2010
1993 establishments in New York (state)
2010 disestablishments in New York (state)

Albany River Rats


Leaving Neverland   este un film american documentar din 2019 regizat și produs de regizorul britanic Dan Reed. Este format din două părți și prezintă separat experiențele a doi băieți, James "Jimmy" Safechuck, 10 ani, și Wade Robson, 7 ani.

Prezentare

Filmul se concentrează asupra a doi bărbați, Wade Robson și Jimmy Safechuck, care susțin că au fost abuzați sexual de către vedeta pop Michael Jackson atunci când erau copii.

Leaving Neverland descrie cum Jackson a început relațiile cu cei doi tineri fani, cu vârsta de 7 și 10 ani și cu familiile lor. Include interviuri cu Safechuck și Robson și cu mamele, soțiile și frații lor pentru a reprezenta un portret al abuzului susținut și pentru a explora sentimentele complicate care i-au determinat pe cei doi bărbați să se confrunte cu experiențele lor după ce au avut copii mici.

Fundal
În acuzațiile împotriva lui Michael Jackson din 1993, Jackson a fost acuzat de molestarea sexuală a lui Jordan Chandler de 13 ani. El a negat acuzațiile și a soluționat cazul civil în afara unei instanțe judecătorești contra unei sume de bani nedivulgată. Nu au fost formulate acuzații penale. În 2005,  un juriu l-a găsit pe Jackson nevinovat de molestarea lui Gavin Arvizo și a acuzațiilor conexe.

Producție
Filmul este o co-producție între postul britanic Channel 4 și cel american Home Box Office (HBO).

Lansare și primire
A avut premiera la Festivalul de film Sundance la 25 ianuarie 2019 și va fi difuzat mai târziu în 2019 în două părți în Marea Britanie.

Note

Lectură suplimentară

Legături externe

Vezi și
Procesul lui Michael Jackson

Filme din 2019
Filme americaneFilme britanice
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Dan Reed
Filme documentare americane
Filme despre Michael Jackson
Filme cu Michael JacksonFilme Channel 4
Filme HBO

Leaving Neverland


Pediculidele (Pediculidae) este o familie de insecte aptere (lipsite de aripi) din subordinul anoplure, ectoparazite pe om și maimuțe, cu corpul turtit dorsoventral și aparatul bucal conformate pentru înțepat și supt. Dezvoltarea lor se face fără metamorfoză. La eclozare, nimfa este foarte asemănătoare cu adultul; cele trei stadii nimfale se hrănesc ca și adulții cu sânge. Familia cuprinde un gen, Pediculus,  cu 3 specii: Pediculus schaeffi, parazit pe cimpanzei, Pediculus mjobergi, parazit pe maimuțele din Lumea Nouă și Pediculus humanus, parazit al omului, care include 2 supspecii - păduchele de corp (Pediculus humanus humanus) și păduchele de cap (Pediculus humanus capitis). Importanța epidemiologică a păduchilor de corp este legată de faptul că ei pot fi vectori biologici care transmit omului tifosul exantematic produs de Rickettsia prowazeki, febra recurentă produsă de Borrelia recurrentis și febra de tranșee produsă de Rochalimaea quintana.

Note

Anoplura
Păduchi

Pediculide


Pagan sözcüğü buraya yönlendirilmiştir. Sözcüğün diğer anlamları için pagan (anlam ayrımı) sayfasına bakınız.

Paganizm, kökenleri dünyanın kadim doğa dinlerine uzanan spiritüel bir yaşam tarzıdır. Temelde kökleri Avrupa'nın eski inanç biçimi ve bu dinlerinin genel adıdır. Bu dinlere mensup kişilere ise pagan denir.

20. yüzyıldan itibaren paganizm terimi (ya da neopaganizm), İbrahimi dinler öncesi eski pagan dinlerinin canlandırılmasıyla yeniden gündeme gelmiştir. Pagan terimi çok geniş kapsamlı olduğundan ve tanımları muğlak olduğundan çoğu kez bu başlık altında incelenebilecek bir din tanımlanırken daha belirli isimler tercih edilir: politeizm, şamanizm, animizm, panteizm ve panenteizm gibi.

 Etimolojisi"Baştan vurgulanması gereken önemli kısım; 20.yüzyıla kadar insanların dinî pratiklerini tanımlarken kendilerini pagan olarak adlandırmadıklarıdır. Bugün genel olarak anlaşıldığı üzere Pagan kavramı erken dönem Hristiyan Kilisesi tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Pagan kavramı, Hıristiyanların kendilerini tanımlama sürecinin merkezinde yer alan antitezlerden biri olarak Hıristiyanların başkalarına uyguladıkları bir etiketti. Hal böyle olunca da tarih boyunca genellikle aşağılayıcı, küçültücü bir anlamda kullanılmıştır."— Owen Davies, Paganism: A Very Short Introduction, 2011

Latince paganus yani kırsal sözcüğünden türemiştir. Özellikle köylü erken dönemlerden beri Hristiyanlık, kırsal kesimlerden ziyade şehirlerde yayılmıştı. Böylece kısa bir süre içinde Hristiyan olmayan kişi ile köylü neredeyse eş anlamlı hale geldi ve modern anlamına yakın olarak kullanılan pagan terimi ortaya çıktı.Pagan sözcüğünün kullanımı birçok Batı dilinde çok eski zamanlardan beri var olsa da, paganizm sözcüğünün kullanımı daha yenidir. Örneğin İngilizcede pagan sözcüğüne 14. yüzyılda rastlanırken, paganizm sözcüğüne 17. yüzyıldan önce rastlanmamıştır.

 Pagan Sınıflandırması
Isaac Bonewits tarafından yapılmış pagan tasnifi:
 Paleo-Paganizm: "Neopaganizm" teriminin karşıtı olan bir retronim, diğer kültürler tarafından müdahaleye maruz kalmamış pagan kültürlerini tanımlamakta kullanılmaktadır. Bu terim Hinduizm, Şinto, göç öncesi Cermen paganizmi, Kelt politeizmi, Yunan ve Roma dinleri.
 Mezo-Paganizm: Monoteistik, dualistik veya teistik olmayan dünya görüşleri, inanç veya öğretilerden etkilenmiş olsa da dini uygulamalar açısından bağımsızlığını korumuş pagan kültürlerini tanımlar. Buna Amerikan yerlileri, Avustralya aborijinleri, Farmasonluk, Teosofi ve Sihizm vb. dahildir.
 Neopaganizm: Modern insanlar tarafından çoğunlukla doğa ile (insanlık ve yaşam arasında) yeniden sıkı bir bağ kurmak temelinden yola çıkan, doğal, Hristiyanlık öncesi veya diğer doğa temelli ruhani öğreti ve inançların yeniden canlandırılmaya çalışılması. Bu tanıma Slavianstvo, Neo-Druidizm ve Vika dahildir.

 Notlar
  Oxford English Dictionary, (online) 2nd Edition (1989), post-klasik Latince paganus sözcüğünün "Hristiyan olmayan" anlamında kullanımının semantik gelişimi belirsizdir. Zamansal süreçte tartışmalıdır fakat 4. yüzyıl olabilir. Daha erken bir ön ek Tertullian'da, De Corona Militis xi, bulunur; "Apud hunc [sc. Christum] tam miles est paganus fidelis quam paganus est miles infidelis," fakat burada paganus sözcüğü Hristiyan olmayan yerine sivil'' anlamında da kullanılmış olabilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Putperestlik
 Politeizm
 Neopaganizm

Kaynakça

Paganizm


Erick Augusto Mejia (Villa Mella, 9 de novembro de 1994) é um jogador de beisebol dominicano, que joga na posição de defensor.

Carreira

Mejia compôs o elenco da Seleção Dominicana de Beisebol nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, onde conquistou a medalha de bronze após derrotar a equipe sul-coreana na disputa pelo pódio.

Beisebolistas olímpicos da República Dominicana
Beisebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos do beisebol

Erick Mejia


Il furioso all'isola di San Domingo es un melodramma en tres actos con música de Gaetano Donizetti y libreto en italiano de Jacopo Ferretti, basado en Don Quijote de Cervantes. Se estrenó el 2 de enero de 1833 en el Teatro Valle en Roma.

Posteriormente se presentó en el Teatro de La Scala (octubre de 1833), el Teatro Regio de Parma (1834), el Teatro Comunale di Bologna (1835), el Teatro della Canobbiana (1835), el Teatro Nacional de São Carlos (1835), y el Teatro San Carlos de Nápoles (1836).

Es una ópera poco representada. En las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con solo una representación en el período 2005-2010.

Notas y referencias

Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Óperas de 1833
Óperas de Gaetano Donizetti
Óperas en italiano
Óperas ambientadas en España
Óperas estrenadas en Roma
Óperas basadas en Don Quijote

Il furioso all'isola di San Domingo


La  est l'une des quatre circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture d'Ehime au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La première circonscription de la préfecture d'Ehime correspond à une grande partie de la ville de Matsuyama.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Première circonscription de la préfecture d'Ehime


Saccharomyces uvarum, kromozom sayılarının karışık olmasından dolayı S. cerevisiae ve S. monacensis mayalarının bir melezi olduğu düşünülen bir maya türüdür.  Biracılıkta alt fermantasyon mayası olarak tanımlanır.

1883'te Danimarka'daki Carlsberg birahanesinde  Emil Christian Hansen tarafından keşfedilmiş olduğu için Saccharomyces carlsbergensis adıyla daha yayginca bilinir.  Carlsberg'in sahibi J. C. Jacobsen bu yeni keşfedilen maya türünü patentlemek yerine kamu malı yapmıştır.   Martinus Willem Beijerinck bu maya türünü daha çok incelemeye devam etmiş ve 1898'de S. bayanus ile aynı tür olduğunu ilan etmiştir.  2005 yılında bu iki maya türünün farklılıkları tekrar ilan edildi .

Alt fermantasyon mayaları bira imalatı sırasında fermantasyon tankının dibine çöker.  Alt fermantasyon mayalarından yapılan biralara lager denir ve bu yüzden bu tür mayalar da "lager mayası" olarak adlandırılır.

Dış bağlantılar
 : Carlsberg Birahanelerinin tarihçesi   (İngilizce)
 : H. V. Nguyen & C. Gaillardin (2005) Evolutionary relationships between the former species Saccharomyces uvarum and the hybrids Saccharomyces bayanus and Saccharomyces pastorianus; reinstatement of Saccharomyces uvarum (Beijerinck) as a distinct species. FEMS Yeast Res. 5:471–483 (İngilizce)

Kaynakça

Saccharomycetaceae

Saccharomyces uvarum


Pokolj u Kijevu Dolu 13. studenoga 1991. je bio ratni zločin kojeg su počinili velikosrpski pripadnici JNA za vrijeme Domovinskog rata.

U ovom ratnom zločinu velikosrpski su teroristi u selu Kijevu Dolu pobili 8 staraca. To je bio prvi masovni zločin nad civilnim stanovništvom u BiH.

Selo je imalo hrvatsku relativnu većinu te je kao takvo bilo prepreka velikosrpskim osvajačima čija je namjera bila osvojiti i etnički očistiti taj prostor od Hrvata.

Poveznice

Popis masovnih zločina nad Hrvatima u Domovinskom ratu

Izvori

Kijev Do


Svantesson ist der Nachname folgender Personen:

 Elisabeth Svantesson (* 1967), schwedische Politikerin
 Tobias Svantesson (* 1963), schwedischer Tennisspieler

Svantesson


Abdoulaye Keïta, né le  à Conakry en Guinée, est un militaire et homme politique guinéen. Il est général de brigade  section.

Le , il est nommé par décret conseiller du Conseil national de la transition en tant que représentant des forces de défense et de sécurité.

Notes et références

Naissance en avril 1962
Naissance à Conakry
Militaire guinéen
Personnalité politique guinéenne
Membre du Conseil national de transition guinéen de 2021
Général guinéen

Abdoulaye Keita (général de brigade)


Le kennitala est un numéro d'identification national en Islande.

Présentation
Le kennitala est un numéro d'identification attribué à chaque Islandais à la naissance. Il est constitué de , dont les six premiers correspondent à la date de naissance et le dernier au siècle de naissance (par exemple 9 pour le  et 0 pour le ).

Il est utilisé dans un cadre administratif (soins médicaux, prestations sociales, fiscalité) mais aussi lors de transactions commerciales. Il est ainsi nécessaire pour louer un appartement, ouvrir un compte en banque, payer une facture ou acheter une voiture, par exemple.

Le kennitala figure aussi sur les cartes bancaires et chaque entreprise en possède également un. Il est donc nécessaire à obtenir pour tout étranger qui souhaiterait s'installer en Islande. À cette fin, il faut s'inscrire au registre national de population.

Références

Identifiant
Identification personnelle

Kennitala


Les élections législatives françaises de 1951 se tiennent le . Ce sont les deuxièmes élections législatives de la Quatrième République.

Mode de scrutin

Représentation proportionnelle plurinominale suivant la méthode de la plus forte moyenne dans 103 circonscriptions, conformément à la loi des apparentements : les listes qui se sont « apparentées » avant l'élection remportent tous les sièges de la circonscription si leurs voix ajoutées obtiennent la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés. Il y a  à pourvoir.
Il faut obtenir au moins 6% des exprimés pour participer à la répartition des sièges, sauf dans le 75 et le 78.
Le vote préférentiel est admis.

Pour les départements de la Seine et de la Seine-et-Oise, les apparentements ne sont pas possibles et la répartition se fait au plus fort reste et non à la plus forte moyenne.

Le département élit cinquante-sept députés. Les législateurs ne voulant pas que les circonscriptions dépassent une dizaine de sièges, le département est découpé en 6 circonscriptions :

la ville de Paris est découpée en trois circonscriptions :
La première correspond aux 5e, 6e, 7e, 13e, 14e et 15e arrondissement de Paris, soit la Rive gauche. Elle est dotée de 10 sièges,
La deuxième, dotée de 11 sièges, regroupe les 1er, 2e, 8e, 9e, 16e, 17e et 18e arrondissement de Paris soit l'ouest de la Rive droite,
La troisième, également dotée de 11 sièges, regroupe les 3e, 4e, 10e, 11e, 12e, 19e et 20e arrondissement de Paris soit l'est de la Rive droite ;

 le reste du département est également découpé en trois :
La quatrième circonscription, dite de "Seine-Sud", regroupe les cantons de Nogent-sur-Marne,  Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, Charenton-le-Pont, Ivry-sur-Seine, Villejuif, Sceaux et Vanves. 11 sièges y sont à pourvoir,
La cinquième dite "Seine-Nord-Ouest" réunit les cantons de Boulogne-Billancourt, Puteaux, Colombes, Courbevoie, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Levallois-Perret, Asnières-sur-Seine, Clichy et Saint-Ouen. Elle élit 9 députés,
La sixième, dite "Seine-Nord-Est", regroupe les cantons de Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, Pantin, Noisy-le-Sec, Montreuil-sous-Bois, Vincennes. 7 députés y sont à élire.

Élus

Résultats

Première circonscription  (Paris Rive Gauche)

Deuxième circonscription  (Paris Rive Droite Ouest)

Troisième circonscription  (Paris Rive Droite Est)

Quatrième circonscription  (Seine-Sud)

Cinquième circonscription  (Seine-Nord-Ouest)

Sixième circonscription  (Seine-Nord-Est)

Articles connexes
 Liste des circonscriptions législatives de la Seine
 Liste des députés de la Seine
 Élections législatives françaises de 1951

Notes et références

Seine
législatives, 1951

Élections législatives de 1951 dans la Seine


Studije kurikula su studije unutar naukovnih osnova koje se tiču razumijevanja kurikula kao aktivne snage ljudskog obrazovnog iskustva.

Pregled
Specifična pitanja vezana uz nastavni plan su:

 Što treba učiti u školama?
 Zašto to učiti? Tko bi to trebao učiti?
 Što znači biti obrazovan čovjek?

Komponente studija kurikula ispituju odnos između teorije kurikula i obrazovne prakse i odnos između školskog programa i konture društva, te kulture u kojima se škole nalaze. Postoje programi u području studija kurikula u nekoliko sveučilišta širom svijeta. Također, tudije kurikula su bili i prvi odsjek Američke obrazovne istraživačke udruge, poznate kao Odsjek B.

Važne knjige za studije kurikula su The Curriculum: Perspective, Paradigm, and Possibility Williama Schuberta (New York: Macmillan, 1986); Understanding Curriculum Williama Pinara (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1995).

Studije kurikula su se pojavile kao prepoznatljiva struka u kasnim 1960-ima i početkom 1970-ih godina od strane profesora usmjerenih na razvoj nastavnih programa. Pomak od razvijanja i vrednovanja kurikula do njegova razumijevanja poznat je kao "rekonceptualizacija" polja nastavnog plana i programa.

Dio studija kurikula koji proučava kako društvo prenosi kulturu s koljena na koljeno se zove "skriveni kurikul". Na primjer, jedan od osnivača sociologije Emile Durkheim, primijetio je da se u školama više nauči nego što je navedeno u kurikulu udžbenika i nastavnih pomagala. U Moralnom odgoju Durkheim je pisao:

 "U školi postoji cijeli sustav pravila koji unaprijed određuju ponašanje učenika. Ono mora redovito dolaziti na nastavu, mora stići u određeno vrijeme i uz odgovarajući stav. Ne smije poremetiti stvari tijekom nastave. Mora odraditi svoje zadatke i obavljati svoju zadaću razumno dobro. Postoji, dakle, niz obveza koje dijete treba obaviti. Te obveze zajedno čine instituciju škole kakvom je znamo. Upravo kroz praksu škole možemo potaknuti duh discipline u djetetu. (Durkheim, Emile (1961 [1925]), Moralni odgoj. New York, Free Press.s. 148)"

Phillip W. Jackson (1968.) je uveo pojam "skriveni kurikul" u svojoj knjizi Život u učionicama. On je tvrdio da osnovna škola naglašava specifične vještine: mirno čekanje, suzdržanost, obavljanje zadataka do kraja, surađivanje, pokazujući odanost, kako nastavnicima, tako i kolegama, biti uredan i precizan, itd. (Jackson, Philip (1968), Život u učionicama.). Sociolog Robert Dreeben (1968. O tome što se uči u školi) je došao do sličnog zaključka da kurikul uči studente da "formiraju prolazne društvene odnose, gube mnogo svog osobnog identiteta i prihvaćaju legitimnost kategorijskog tretmana". Dreeben je tvrdio da formalno školovanje neizravno prenosi učenicima vrijednosti kao što su neovisnost i postignuća, bitni za njihovo kasnije članstvo u društvu.

Od tada, istraživači kurikula iz spektra paradigmi - od konzervativnih strukturno-funkcionalnih do neo-marksista te narativnih i umjetničkih istraživača - su razmatrali formalni kurikul, iskusni kurikul i skriveni kurikul. Progresivni istraživači, kao što su Paul Willis (1977, Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs), Jean Anyon (1980, Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work, Journal of Education 162), te Annette Lareau (1989. Home Advantage: Social Class, and Parental Intervention in Elementary Education), i Annette Lareau (1989. Home Advantage: Social Class, and Parental Intervention in Elementary Education) su ispitali načine na koje skriveni i jasni kurikuli reproductiraju položaj društvene klase. Narativni i umjetnički istraživači kao što su Thomas Barone (2001, Touching Eternity: The Enduring Outcomes of Teaching) su raspravljali o dugoročnim učincima kurikuluma na studentske živote.

Kritički teoretičari, kao što su Henry Giroux (1983. Theories of Reproduction and Resistance in the New Sociology of Education: A critical analysis, Harvard Educational Review 53), su počeli ispitivati uloge učenika i nastavnika u odluci kurikula, kako službenih tako i skrivenih. Takozvani "teoretičari otpora" su koncipirali studente i nastavnike kao aktivne agente koji rade na potiskivanju, odbacivanju ili promjeni kurikula. Istaknuli su da "kurikul" nije bio jedinstvena struktura, već nedosljedna, proturječna i kontradiktorna poruka. Drugi su istraživači ispitali interakcije između rasnih i etničkih kultura i dominantnih kurikula u školama. Na primjer, antropolog John Ogbu pregledava kurikul koji su utemeljili afro-američkih studenti (Signithia Fordham i John Ogbu 1986 "Black Students' School Success: Coping with the Burden of 'Acting White' The Urban Review 18). Kritički rasni teoretičari kao što je Daniel Solórzano ispitali su kako rasni stavovi predstavljaju još jedan "skriveni" kurikul u programima obrazovanja nastavnika (1997, Images and Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory and Racial Stereotyping, and Teacher Education, Teacher Education Quarterly, 24). Osim toga, Judith Stacey je predložila da su škole 60-ih godina prenijele skriveni kurikul koji je poticao seksistička uvjerenja, stavove i vrijednosti tog vremenskog razdoblja (1974 "And Jill Came Tumbling After Sexism in American Education").

Zainteresiranost za studij kurikula je stoga od sve veće važnosti za obrazovno istraživanje i filozofiju obrazovanja.

Sveučilišni programi

 Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona, SAD.
 Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Sveučilište u Torontu http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/ctl/Prospective_Students/CTL_Graduate_Programs/Curriculum_Studies_and_Teacher_Development_%28CSTD%29/index.html
 University of British Columbia in Vancouver: www.ubc.ca
 University of Illinois at Chicago: http://www.uic.edu/gcat/EDCIE.shtml#e
 Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey: www.monmouth.edu
 Arcadia University, Philadelphia, PA, S AD
 Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, SAD
 University of Alberta in Edmonton: http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/secondaryed/
 North West University, North West, South Africa
 Indiana University, Bloomington, IN: www.iub.edu
 Purdue University: http://www.edci.purdue.edu/curriculum_studies/
 Texas Christian University: https://web.archive.org/web/20140225210058/http://www.coe.tcu.edu/graduate-students-curriculum-studies.asp
 Brock University, St.Catharines, Ontario, Kanada: http://www.brocku.ca/education/futurestudents/graduateed/mastersofed/program-description Curriculum Studies is now known as Social and Cultural Contexts of Education (*due to the change of the MEd program requirements commencing in 2008-09 http://www.brocku.ca/webcal/2007/graduate/educ.html)
 Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK: http://education.okstate.edu/cied
 Western University, London, ON : http://www.edu.uwo.ca/graduate-education/Program%20Brochures/PhD%20-%20Field%20of%20Curriculum%20Studies.pdf

Vidi još

 Kurikul

Linkovi

Odgoj i obrazovanje

Studije kurikula


Dos (post-1964) autopistas en el estado estadounidense de California han sido designadas como Ruta 117:
Ruta Estatal de California 117 (1964-1965), Junipero Serra Boulevard en el Área de la Bahía de San Francisco
Ruta Estatal de California 117 (1972-1986), Otay Mesa Road cerca de San Diego (ahora SR 905)

Ruta Estatal de California 117


عرضة  هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء زغرتا في محافظة الشمال.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
مدن لبنان

عرضة (قرية لبنانية)


Sankt Eustacius , Sankt Eustachius/Eustathius (latin) eller Saint Eustace (engelsk), var en kristen martyr og soldaterhelgen. Ifølge overleveringerne levede han i det 2. århundrede. En helgen med dette navn æres i den anglikanske kirke. Han fejres 20. september.

Liv
Ifølge overleveringerne skal han før sin omvendelse til kristendommen have været den romerske hærfører Placidus, der gjorde tjeneste under kejser Trajan. Under en jagt på en kronhjort i Tivoli ved Rom så han noget, der lignede et skinnende kors mellem hjortens takker. Kristus talte til ham gennem hjorten, Det fik Placidus til at omvende sig til kristendommen sammen med sin familie, og han tog navnet Eustacius.

Han blev udsat for en række prøvelser, der skulle teste hans tro. Således døde hans tjenere af pest; på en sørejse kidnappede kaptajnen Eustacius' hustru; da han sammen med sine sønner krydsede en flod blev sønnerne taget af en løve og en ulv. I lighed med Job klagede Eustacius sin nød, men han stod prøvelserne igennem.

Eustacius blev senere genforenet med sin familie, der ikke var døde, som han havde troet. Efter hans omvendelse til kristendommen, havde Hadrian afløst Trajan, og han ville fejre sin hærførers hjemkomst. Ifølge nogle legender skal Hadrian have bemærket, at Eustacius ikke ville ofre for genforeningen med familien, idet Eustacius holdt fast i sin kristne tro og kun ville ofre til Gud. Dette hensatte Hadrian i vrede, så han lod Eustacius og hans familie kaste for løverne, der imidlertid tilbad familien som helgener. Derpå lod Hadrian dem kaste levende i en ovn, men dagen efter blev deres lig taget ud af ovnen - helt uskadte. Andre kristne fik dem begravet på et helligt sted og opførte et kapel på stedet. Denne legende afvises dog af den romerskkatolske kirke som  "fuldstændig usand".

Referencer i moderne tid

Han er tæt forbundet med jagt på grund af omstændighederne ved hans omvendelse. Derudover er han helgen for Madrid i Spanien, og den caribiske ø Sint Eustatius er opkaldt efter ham. Han æres desuden så forskellige steder som County Kildare i Irland, landsbyen Mittatharkulam i Tirunelveli-distriktet i Sydindien, Tocco da Casauria i Abruzzo i det centrale Italien – alle tre steder er der kirker tilegnet Eustacius.

Endvidere indeholder bomærket for bitteren Jägermeister nogle af hans kendetegn i form af korset mellem hjortetakkerne.

Referencer

Kristne martyrer
Helgener fra Italien

Sankt Eustacius


Magical Mystery Tour kan henvise til:

 Magical Mystery Tour (album)
 Magical Mystery Tour (sang)
 Magical Mystery Tour (film)

Magical Mystery Tour


Halifaška eksplozija naziv je pomorske nesreće koja se u jutro 6. prosinca 1917. dogodila u glavnom gradu kanadske pokrajine Nove Škotske, Halifaxu te predstavlja najjaču ljudskim utjecajem uzrokovanu eksploziju prije pada atomske bombe. Zanimljivost je što je dotad najjača zabilježena eksplozija izazvana krajem Prvog svjetskog rata dok je atomska bomba prvi put upotrijebljena krajem Drugog svjetskog rata - tako su se jedne od najrazornijih eksplozija u ljudskoj povijesti dogodile krajem dva najrazornija i najkrvavija oružana sukoba u 20. stoljeću.

Norveški brod SS Imo morao je u halifaškoj luci pričekati zakašnjelu isporuku ugljena. Francuski brod Mont-Blanc prevozio je eksploziv na istoj trasi na kojoj se nalazio norveški brod te je došlo do sudara iako su ga oba broda pokušala izbjeći. Sudar je uzrokovao eksploziju jačine 2,9 kilotona TNT-a tj. 12 000 gigadžula, a oblak prašine pružao se 3600 metara uvis. Paradoks je i u tome što su se brodovi sudarili pri brzini od jednog čvora (oko 2 km/h) te je Mont-Blanc eksplodirao 20 minuta kasnije, oko 9 sati i 5 minuta prijepodne.

Eksplozija je uzrokovala tsunami koji je razorio okolnu obalu raznosivši ostatke Ima i Mont-Blanca kilometrima u daljinu te potpuno uništivši naselje Macmac Indijanaca na istočnoj halifaškoj obali, a valovi su dosezali visinu od 18 metara. Prema izjavama preživjelih, nije bilo kuće u Halifaxu bez razbijenih prozora. Svaka zgrada u krugu 2,6 kilometara (njih oko 12000) bila je ili uništena ili teško oštećena.

Još istoga dana vojna bolnica "Camp Hill" primila je 1400 ranjenika. Vatrogasci su pristizali iz mjesta udaljenih i 260 kilometara kako bi pomogli u gašenju požara i pronalaženju nestalih pod ruševinama grada. Snažni eksplozivni val širio se brzinom od 1000 m/s temperature 5000 °C. Eksplozija se osjetila i u 207 kilometara udaljenom Cape Bretona te na 180 kilometara udaljenom Otoku Princa Edvarda. Područje u krugu 160 hektara od mjesta eksplozije potpuno je bilo uništeno u eksploziji.

U eksploziji i tsunamiju poginulo je 1600 ljudi te 9000 ozljeđeno, od čega je 300 ljudi kasnije podleglo ozljedama i preminulo. Ukupan broj žrtava iznosi 1950 te ju je potvrdila statistička ustanova Nove Škotske 2002. godine. Oko 6000 ljudi ostalo je bez krova nad glavom, a njih još 25000 bilo je smješteno u skloništima. Tada procijenjena šteta od 35 milijuna kanadskih dolara u današnjoj protuvrijednosti iznosi 570 milijuna CAD-a.

Izvori

Bilješke

Literatura
 Kitz, Janet; Payzant, Joan (2006.). December 1917: Revisiting the Halifax Explosion. Nimbus Publishing. .
 Krehl, Peter (2007.). History of shock waves, explosions and impact a chronological and biographical reference. Springer. .
 Mac Donald, Laura (2005.). Curse of the Narrows: The Halifax Explosion of 1917. HarperCollins. .
 Ruffman, Alan; Howell, Colin D. (1994.). Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 Explosion in Halifax Harbour. Nimbus Publishing. .

Pomorske nesreće
Katastrofe u Kanadi
Nova Škotska

Halifaška eksplozija


An Amorphophallus richardsiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephan Ittenbach. An Amorphophallus richardsiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Amorphophallus, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Amorphophallus

Amorphophallus richardsiae


Naomi Levine (June 24, 1939 – May 25, 2007) was an American actress, artist and filmmaker. She was a friend of Jack Smith and pop artist and filmmaker Andy Warhol. In 1964, she directed the film titled Yes. In 1973, several of her films were screened at the Museum of Modern Art.

Filmography

As actress

 Jack Smith, Normal Love (1963)
 Andy Warhol, Tarzan and Jane Regained... Sort of (1963) as Jane
 Andy Warhol, Naomi's Birthday Party (1963)
 Andy Warhol, Kiss (1963)
 Andy Warhol, Naomi and Rufus Kiss (1964)
 Andy Warhol, Batman Dracula (1964)
 Andy Warhol, Couch (1964)

As filmmaker
 Yes (1963)
 Jeremelu (1964)
 Optured Fraiken Chaitre Joe (1968)
 Prismatic (1968)
 From Zero to 16 (1969)
 London Bridges Falling Down (1969)
 Premoonptss (1969)
 At My Mother's House (1970)
 Zen, and the Art of Baseball (1970)
 Aspects of a Hill, Part 1: The Periphery (1971)
 Story of a Dot (1971)
 Aspects of a Hill, Part II: The Grass'' (1972)

References

External links

American film actresses
American film directors
American women film directors
1939 births
2007 deaths
People associated with The Factory

Naomi Levine


Las Primarias del Partido Republicano de 2012 en Misisipi se hicieron el 13 de marzo de 2012. Las Primarias del Partido Republicano fueron unas Primarias, con 40 delegados para elegir al candidato del partido Republicano para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2012.  En el estado de Misisipi estaban en disputa 40 delegados.

Elecciones

Resultados

Véase también
 Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Destino 2012 en Univision (en español)
 Calendario de las Primarias en Misisipi (en inglés)
 Primarias y Primarias en CNN (en inglés)
 Candidatos a las Primarias (en inglés)

2012
Misisipi


Agar.io je MMO videoigra koju je izmislio Matheus Valadares. Igrači kontroliraju jednu ili više stanica na karti koja predstavlja Petrijevu zdjelicu. Cilj je dobiti što je više moguće mase tako što ćete jesti agar i stanice manje od vaše dok izbjegavate veće, koje mogu jesti vas. Svaki igrač započinje s jednom stanicom, ali igrači mogu podijeliti stanicu u dvije kada dostignu dovoljnu masu, dopuštajući im da kontroliraju više stanica. Ime dolazi od tvari agar, koja se koristi za kultiviranje bakterija.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Videoigre

Agar.io