The Polish diaspora comprises Poles and people of Polish heritage or origin who live outside Poland. The Polish diaspora is also known in modern Polish as Polonia, the name for Poland in Latin and many Romance languages.

There are roughly 20,000,000 people of Polish ancestry living outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the world and one of the most widely dispersed. Reasons for displacement include border shifts, forced expulsions, resettlement by voluntary and forced exile, and political or economic emigration.

Substantial populations of Polish ancestry can be found in their native region of Central and Eastern Europe and many other European countries as well as in the Americas and Australia.

The Polonia in English-speaking countries often uses a dialect of Polish called Ponglish. It is made up of a Polish core with many English words inside it.

There are also smaller Polish communities in most countries of Asia and Africa, most notably in Kazakhstan and South Africa.

History
Poles participated in the creation of the first European settlements in the Americas. In the 17th century, Polish missionaries arrived for the first time in Japan. Vast numbers of Poles left the country during the Partitions of Poland for economic and political reasons as well as the ethnic persecution practised by Russia, Prussia and Austria.

Many of the Poles who emigrated were Jews, who make up part of the Jewish diaspora. The Second Polish Republic was home to the world's largest Jewish population. It was followed by invasions of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Around 6 million Polish citizens perished during World War II: about one fifth of the pre-war population. Around 3 million of which were Polish Jews murdered in the Holocaust by Nazi Germany during World War II. Most survivors subsequently migrated to Mandate Palestine since Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah without visas or exit permits at the end of the war. Many remaining Jews, including Stalinist hardliners and members of security apparatus, left Poland during the 1968 political crisis, when the Polish United Workers' Party, pressured by Leonid Brezhnev, joined the Soviet "anti-Zionist" campaign that was triggered by the Six-Day War. In 1998, Poland's Jewish population was estimated at 10,000 to 30,000.

A recent, large emigration of Poles took place after Poland acceded to the European Union and opening of the EU's labour market. About 2 million primarily young Poles took up jobs abroad.
Most Poles live in Europe, the Americas, and Australia, but a few Poles have settled in smaller numbers in Asia, Africa, and Oceania, as economic migrants or as part of Catholic missions.

Europe
All countries and areas of residence thereafter are listed in alphabetical order.

Austria

Azerbaijan

An estimated 2,000 ethnic Poles live in Azerbaijan.

Belarus

According to the census, there are 396,000 Poles living in Belarus (official 1999 census; the estimates are higher according to various NGOs). They form the second-largest ethnic minority in the country, after Russians. Most Poles live in western Belarus (including 294,000 in the Grodno Region, ).

During the Second World War, the Soviet Union forcibly resettled large numbers of Belarusian Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. Few Belarusian Poles now live in Siberia and the Russian Far East, and some of those who managed to survive resettlement returned to Poland after 1956.

The census of 1959 had 538,881 ethnic Poles in Belarus (332,300 in Grodno Region, 83,800 in Vitebsk Region, 70,000 in Minsk Region including Minsk, 42,100 in Brest Region, 7,200 in Gomel Region and 3,500 in Mogilev Region).

Benelux
Polish immigration to the Netherlands has steadily increased since Poland joined the EU, and now 173,231 Polish people live in the country (2021, first generation. Most of them are guest workers from the European Union contract labour program, as more Poles obtain light industrial jobs. The number of Polish nationals could double in the next decade, depending on economic conditions in Poland. Most Poles in the Netherlands are in The Hague (30,000), but Polish émigrés have been long settled in Amsterdam and industrial towns or cities like Utrecht and Groningen. Polish immigrants arrived to find employment in the country in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Belgium has 70,000 Poles, but the number of Belgians of Polish descent could be as high as 200,000). Present queen of the Belgians, Queen Mathilde, is daughter to a Pole, Countess Anna Maria d'Udekem d'Acoz, née Komorowska.

Luxembourg has almost 3,000.

Czech Republic

The Polish community in the Czech Republic is concentrated in Cieszyn Silesia (or Trans-Olza), in the northeast of the country. It traces its origins to border changes after the First World War that partitioned the area between Poland and what was then Czechoslovakia, leaving many Poles on what is now the Czech side of the border. The Polish population was 38,218 at the 2021 census.

Denmark
It is estimated that around 40,000 Poles live in Denmark. Most live in the capital, Copenhagen.

Faroe Islands
Poles make up 0.2% of the population of the Faroe Islands, followed by Norwegians. Most live in the capital, Tórshavn.

Finland
The history of the Polish community in Finland dates from the early 19th century when many Poles from the Russian-controlled part of the country settled there. In 1917, there were around 4,000 Poles in Finland, mostly soldiers of the Russian Imperial Army, and almost all had returned to their homeland by 1921. Finland has never been a major destination for Polish immigrants, and only around 5,400 Poles live there. Most are well-educated: musicians, medical doctors, engineers and architects with families. Around half lives in Helsinki, and the biggest Polish organization there is the Polish Association, founded on April 3, 1917.

France

Between 500,000 and one million people of Polish descent live in France. They are concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, the metropolitan areas of Lille and Paris and the coal-mining basin (Bassin Minier) around Lens and Valenciennes. Prominent members have included Frédéric Chopin, Adam Mickiewicz, René Goscinny, Marie Curie, Michel Poniatowski, Raymond Kopa, Ludovic Obraniak and Edward Gierek. For centuries, there was an alliance between the France and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: the longest-reigning queen consort of France has been a Pole, Marie Leszczyńska. Many Poles settled in France after the rule of Napoleon and the collapse of the Duchy of Warsaw, when 100,000 Poles, largely political refugees, fled the Russians and Prussians, who took over Poland. The Great Emigration, from the first half of the 19th century onwards, caused many Poles to be enlisted to fight in the French army. Another wave of Polish migration took place between the two World Wars when many were hired as contract workers to work temporarily in France. Polish refugees also fled the Nazi and Soviet occupations in the 1940s. From 100,000 to 200,000 Poles have been estimated to live in Paris. Many EU immigrants are in southern France, including the cities of Arles, Marseille and Perpignan.

Germany

The second-largest Polonia in the world and the largest in Europe is the Polish minority in Germany. Estimates of the number of Poles living in Germany vary from 2 million to about 3 million.
The main Polonia organization is Kongres Polonii Niemieckiej / Polnischer Kongress in Deutschland.

Greece

The Polish minority in Greece numbers more than 50,000, most of whom are first-generation immigrants. There might be many more since the Greek Orthodox Church administers Greek names for marriage and christening. Statistics show that over 300,000 Poles visit Greece each year for tourism, especially during the summer months. Famous people with mixed Polish and Greek ethnicity include Polish singer Eleni Tzoka.

Hungary
The Polish minority in Hungary is around 10,000 and has a long history of over 1000 years. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth included 16 towns of Hungarian territories and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918) included the Polish region of Galicia. Hungary–Poland relations are strong and positive and best described in a poem, "Pole, Hungarian, two good friends," about the fraternal sense of commonality in both Polish and Hungarian cultures. Budapest is home to a large Polish community, and there are also ethnic Poles in the northern part of the country, bordering Slovakia and Ukraine. Most Polish-Hungarians are practising Roman Catholics, but many are members of the Eastern (Polish-Carpathian or Carpato-Ukrainian) and Greek Catholic Churches.

Iceland
The Polish minority in Iceland is relatively new. As of 2019, Poles constitute roughly 5% of the total population of Iceland and are, by far, the largest ethnic minority in the country.

Ireland

After Poland joined the European Union in 2004, Ireland immediately opened its borders and welcomed Polish workers as relatively cheap qualified labour (only the United Kingdom and Sweden did the same). Ireland quickly became a key destination for young Poles seeking work outside the country. According to the 2011 census, there are 122,585 Poles living in Ireland, the largest ethnic minority in the country.

Italy
The Polish minority in Italy is 97,986, but estimates have 130,000 Poles in Italy. Most Poles are late-20th-century immigrants drawn by the Italian economy's desire for imported labour. Large Polish immigrant communities are found in Rome, Milan and Venice. Polish immigration to Italy might continue while the EU contract labour program between the two countries remains in place.

Latvia
Poles form about 2.3% of Latvia's total population and number 51,548 people. They are mainly concentrated in Latvia's largest cities: Riga and Daugavpils. Since most of them don't use Latvian as their primary language their citizenship status can vary.

Lithuania

According to 2021 census, Poles are 6.52% of Lithuania's population and over 16% of Vilnius population.

Malta

Norway

Norway has recently experienced an influx of Polish migrant workers. This is because Norway is a member of the European Economic Area, providing the same free movement of labour as between members of the European Union. According to the Norwegian Statistics Burea, there are 108,255 Poles in Norway (2019 Official Norway estimate) and makeup 2.10% of the Norwegian population. It is the largest ethnic minority in the country.

Portugal
There are, as of December 2022, approximately 4,326 Poles in Portugal, mainly recent immigrants. In addition, around 300 Poles have acquired Portuguese citizenship since 2008 thus making the number of Poles in the country stand at around 4,650 people. Amongst the most notable Luso-Poles there are José de Chelmicki, general of the Portuguese army, revolutionary , architect , writer , intellectual , historian Samuel Schwartz and footballer Tomás Podstawski.

Romania

According to the 2002 census, 3,671 Poles live in Romania, mainly in the villages of the Suceava County (). There are even three exclusively Polish villages: Nowy Sołoniec (Soloneţu Nou), Plesza (Pleşa), and Pojana Mikuli (Poiana Micului). Poles in Romania form an officially recognised national minority and have one seat in the Chamber of Deputies (currently held by Ghervazen Longher) and access to Polish elementary schools and cultural centres (known as "Polish Houses").

Russia and former Soviet Union

During the Second World War, the Soviet Union annexed large parts of Poland's former eastern territories of Kresy. Many Poles were expelled, but a significant number remained in what is now Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities also forcibly resettled large numbers of Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. The following post-Soviet countries retain significant Polish minorities.
 Belarus – 396,000. See Polish minority in Belarus for details.
 Kazakhstan – between 60,000 and 100,000. See Poles in Kazakhstan.
 Lithuania – between 250,000 and 300,000. See the Lithuania section in this article and the Polish minority in Lithuania article for details.
 Latvia – between 60,000 and 75,000. See the Latvia section in this article and the Polish minority in Latvia article for details.
 Moldova and Transnistria – between 4,000 and 20,000. See Poles in Moldova and Poles in Transnistria for details.
 Russia – about 47,000. See Polish minority in Russia for details.
 Ukraine – 144,000. See the Polish minority in Ukraine article for details.

Serbia
There is a small community of descendants of Silesian miners in Ostojićevo. In the 2011 census, 741 declared themselves as Poles.

Slovakia
According to the 2011 Slovak census results, there are 3,084 (0.1%) Poles living in Slovakia. Compared to the Hungarian census of 1910, there has been a significant decrease, as then there were 10,569 Polish-language speakers in the territory of present Slovakia.

Spain

The Polish minority in Spain numbers between 45,000 and 60,000. The Polish population is mainly guest workers who took advantage of Spain's economic boom during the 1990s. Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, San Sebastian and Valencia have significant Polish populations. The Polish minority in Spain is relatively young, 74% are between 20 and 49 years old.

Sweden

Like only the United Kingdom and Ireland, Sweden let Poles work in the country once Poland joined the European Union in 2004. The Poles in Sweden has been estimated to be around 103,191 people, 88,704 of who were born in Poland and 14,487 with both of their parents being born in Poland. Poles are thus Sweden's fifth-largest immigrant group, after Finns, Iraqis, former Yugoslavs (Bosnians, Croats, Serbs) and Syrians. Most of them are guest workers who have been invited to Sweden since 1990 by contracts with the Swedish government. Most Polish residents live in Stockholm, and the rest live south of the city, toward the Baltic Sea. Historically, Poland and Sweden had some cultural exchange, and the Swedish Empire occupied the Polish Baltic Sea coast (Gdańsk and Pomerania) in various times from the 13th to the 18th centuries.

Switzerland
Like the Polish community of Finland, some Polish diasporans from Germany were come from the Rhine-Ruhr basin, as immigrant workers to Switzerland. The biggest Polish diaspora community lives in Northern Switzerland.

Turkey
In 1842, Prince Adam Czartoryski founded the village of Adampol for Polish immigrants who came to Turkey after the failed November Uprising. The village still exists and is now called Polonezköy (Turkish for Polish Village). It is the main centre of the small but historic Polish community in Turkey.  The Polish minority in Turkey has been estimated to be around 4,000 people. However, it is higher than the Turkish census indicates because of Turkified Poles who marry Turks. For example, Leyla Gencer's mother was Atiye Çeyrekgil, who was born Alexandra Angela Minakovska and converted to Islam after the death of her husband. Also, Nazım Hikmet Ran's mother, Ayşe Celile Hanım, was a descendant of Mustafa Celaleddin Pasha, who was born as Konstantin Borzecki in 1826. He immigrated to Ottoman Empire after Greater Poland Uprising and embraced Islam in 1848. He later became an Ottoman General and died in 1876.

Ukraine

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, 144,130 Poles were residing in the country.

Poles began settling in the territory of present Ukraine in the 14th century, after Red Ruthenia had become part of the Kingdom of Poland. The number of Poles in Ukraine gradually increased over the centuries, but after World War II, it drastically decreased, as a result of the Soviet mass deportation of the Poles in Ukraine to Siberia and other eastern regions of the USSR as well as a campaign of ethnic cleansing, which was carried out in the early 1940s by Ukrainian nationalists in the western part of the country (see Massacres of Poles in Volhynia). There was a Polish Autonomous District near Zhytomyr that was created in 1926, but it was disbanded in 1935 and its Polish inhabitants were either murdered or deported to Kazakhstan. The majority of those who survived the war in Ukraine were forcibly deported to the former eastern territories of Germany after Poland was shifted to the west by the Allied Potsdam Agreement after World War II.

United Kingdom

It was only after the First World War that Poles settled in large numbers in London – many from the Prisoner of War camps in Alexandra Palace and Feltham. During the Second World War many Poles came to the United Kingdom as political émigrés and to join the Polish Armed Forces in the West being recreated there. When the Second World War ended, a Communist government was installed in Poland and was hostile to servicemen returning from the West. Many Poles felt betrayed by their wartime allies and were understandably reluctant to return home. Many soldiers refused to return to Poland, and around 150,000, after occupying resettlement camps, later settled in the UK. The Polish Government in London was not dissolved until 1991 when a freely elected president took office in Warsaw.

After Poland entered the European Union in May 2004, Poles gained the right to work in some other EU countries. While France and Germany put in place temporary controls to curb Central European migration, the United Kingdom (along with only Sweden and Ireland) did not impose restrictions. Many young Poles have come to work in the UK since then.

Estimates for the total number of people now living in the UK and born in Poland or of Polish descent vary significantly. There were an estimated 831,000 Polish-born residents in 2015 and one million by 2017. Other than London, Poles have settled in Southampton in Hampshire, Manchester, Bolton and Bury in Greater Manchester and Chorley in Lancashire. There are also large concentrations in Bradford, Leeds, Coventry and Nottingham, as well as South Yorkshire, South Wales, Herefordshire, Rugby, Banbury, Slough, Redditch and Swindon.

The economic crisis in the UK and the growing economy in Poland reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK. By the last quarter of 2008, it was claimed by the IPPR that up to half of those that had come to the UK to work may have returned home. However, the 2011 UK Census also indicates that it was probably never true.

According to the UK Office for National Statistics, Poland had overtaken India as the most common overseas country of birth for foreign-born people living in the United Kingdom in 2015.

Vatican City
Although they do not settle in Vatican City, the world's smallest country, many Polish priests spend time of their training studying in one of the universities of the Holy See in Rome. The most famous Pole who settled there  was, for institutional reasons, former Archbishop of Kraków cardinal Karol Wojtyła, as Pope John Paul II (1978–2005).

North America

The United States and Canada were the major focus of Polish political and economic migration since 1850 up until the fall of the Iron Curtain.

Canada

According to the Canada 2016 Census, there are 1,106,585 Polish Canadians. The population is widely dispersed across Canada. The first Polish immigrants came to Canada in the 19th century. One of the largest concentrations of Polish-Canadians is in the Roncesvalles area of Toronto. The area holds an annual Polish Festival, Canada's largest. The Canadian Polish Congress is an umbrella organization, founded in 1944 by Polish Canadians to coordinate the activities and to articulate the concerns of the community on public policy issues.

United States
There are approximately 10 million Polish Americans living in the United States.

There are approximately 185,000 Polish-speakers in the Chicago metropolitan area. The Poles in Chicago are felt in a large number of Polish-American organizations in the city such as the Polish Museum of America, the Polish American Association, the Polish National Alliance and the Polish Highlander's Alliance of North America.

Pittsburgh, Toledo, Cleveland, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Minneapolis, Buffalo, Brooklyn, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, Baltimore and New Britain also have very large Polish populations. Older Polish Americans are rapidly migrating to the Southeast (Florida), the Southwest (Arizona) and the West Coast (California) but also to Poland itself since the 1990s.Buffalo is seen as Polonia's second city in the US, as it is also home to many Polish-Americans. Its steel mills and automobile factories provided jobs for many Polish immigrants in the early 20th century. The only city to have official celebrations inspired by the popular Polish custom of Dyngus Day is Buffalo. A section of New Britain was officially designated "Little Poland" in 2007 by a unanimous vote of the city's Common Council.

The major Polonia organization is the Polish American Congress, whose purpose is to continue steady relations with Poland and its government on behalf of Polish-Americans.

Mexico

The first Polish immigrants to Mexico arrived in the late 19th century. During World War II, Mexico received thousands of refugees from Poland, primarily of Jewish origin, who settled in the states of Chihuahua and Nuevo León.

Haiti

About 5,000 Poles fighting in Polish Legions in the Napoleonic armies were sent to fight against the rebelling Haitians. Many of the Poles who were sent there felt it wrong to fight against the Haitians who were fighting for their freedom—just like the Poles in the Napoleonic armies—and some 400 Poles changed sides. After the war, the Haitian constitution stated that because the Poles switched sides and fought for their cause, all Poles could become Haitian citizens. Many of the Poles who were sent to Haiti stayed there. Most of their descendants live in Cazale and Fond-des-Blancs.

South America
There has been political and economic migration of Poles to South America since the mid-19th century. The largest number went to Brazil, followed by Argentina.

Argentina

In Argentina, Poles are one of the most significant minorities, with around 500,000. The Parliament of Argentina has declared June 8 to be Polish Settlers' Day.

Brazil

The number of people of Polish descent in Brazil is estimated at 3 million. Most Polish Brazilians are Catholic, but there are Jews and nonreligious minorities. The oldest (1871) and largest concentration of Poles is in the city of Curitiba, Paraná. Another large communities is to be found in Rio Grande do Sul and Espírito Santo. Both are in the South and Southeastern Regions.

Chile

A small number of Poles came to Chile. The first came during the Napoleonic Wars. In the early 20th century, there were around 300 Poles in Chile, but they were considered Germans. After World War II, from 1947 to 1951, around 1,500 Poles, mostly Zivilarbeitero as well as some former soldiers and Nazi concentration camp inmates settled in Chile, and in 1949, the Association of Poles in Chile was founded. An estimate of 45,000 ethnic Poles live in Chile. Most live in Santiago de Chile. One of the notable Polish Chileans is Ignacy Domeyko.

Colombia

It is estimated that around 3,000 Poles live in Colombia, mostly in Bogotá.

Uruguay
Polish immigration in Uruguay brought Poles to settle in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. An estimated 10,000–50,000 Polish descendants are thought to live in Uruguay, mostly in Montevideo, the capital. Often, Poles came when the Germans and the Russians ruled Poland and so were known as "Germans" or "Russians".

Venezuela

The Polish colony in Venezuela is well dispersed throughout the country, but most of the Poles and their descendants live in big cities like Caracas, Maracaibo and Valencia.

Oceania

Australia

The first Polish settlers arrived in South Australia in 1856. After World War II, many displaced persons migrated from Poland to Australia, including soldiers from the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade (the "Rats of Tobruk").
Between 1947 and 1954, over 50,000 Polish individuals migrated to Australia, seeking refuge after many were displaced during World War II.

There are now 45,884 Polish-born Australians according to the 2021 census.

According to the 2021 census, there are 209,284 Polish Australians.

New Zealand

In 1944, more than 700 Polish orphans, survivors of forced resettlement of Poles to Soviet Siberia, and their caregivers were temporarily resettled at a refugee camp at Pahiatua, New Zealand. It was initially planned for the children to return to Poland after World War II ended, but as they had no homes or families to return to, they were eventually allowed to stay in New Zealand after the end of the war.

At the 2013 census, Polish New Zealanders numbered 1,944 by birth and 2,163 by ethnicity; of them, 42 percent lived in the Auckland Region and 23 percent in the Wellington Region.

Asia

Azerbaijan
In nation, there is a long history of Poles in Azerbaijan (Polish: Polacy w Azerbejdżanie, Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan polyakları). However the current Polish population of the Republic of Azerbaijan is smaller than in former times, the number of people of Polish descent in Baku is around 2,000 and several thousand self-identified Poles live in Azerbaijan. Poles as an ethnic group have lived in Azerbaijan for centuries. The Russian Empire included Azerbaijan and parts of Poland during the 19th century, this was a large cause of the Polish minority in Azerbaijan.

India
The Indian maharaja Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji, following the news of Poland being divided by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany at the World War II, had welcomed a large number of Polish refugees, mostly children. They were the first Polish group to be in India. After the war, a small number of Poles decided to stay, forming the first Polish diaspora group in India.

Japan
Recently 1,626 residents from Poland were registered in Japan from 2000 to 2018.

Kazakhstan
The first Pole to travel to Kazakhstan was probably Benedict of Poland, sent as part of the delegation of Pope Innocent IV to the Khagan Güyük of the Mongol Empire. Later more Poles came to Kazakhstan during the Post-Soviet times. Today these Poles live in Karaganda with a population of 47,300 people.

Israel
In the early years of Zionism, Jewish immigrants from Poland (then divided between Austria-Hungary, The Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire) were a significant part of the ideologically motivated immigration to the then Palestine during the Second Aliya and the Third Aliyah. Many Jews of Polish origin had prominent roles in building up the Yishuv, the autonomous Zionist-oriented Jewish community in Mandatory Palestine from which Israel developed. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many Jewish Displaced Persons in Europe who eventually got to Israel were also of Polish origin. In later generations, they generally abandoned the Polish and Yiddish languages, in favour of Modern Hebrew.
About 4,000 non-Jewish ethnic Poles live in Israel. There are also about 50,000 Jewish immigrants from Poland, with an affinity to the Polish language and culture and about 150,000 of their descendants with very little of that affinity left.

Pakistan

Philippines
During Spanish colonization, most Poles immigrated to the Philippines mostly for the Catholic clergy missionary work in other Asian countries. One of these Polish men was Wojciech Męciński a Jesuit missionary from Krakow. Later on, other Poles came to the Philippines but mostly they were Polish Americans, including Michael Sendzimir, a second lieutenant who worked in the 98th Infantry Division during World War II. Today the Polish community in the Philippines has about 93 people. Some of these Poles today come to the Philippines as immigrants, ex-pats, foreign exchange students, or settled down in the Philippines by their Filipino spouses. some members of the Polish community in the Philippines, include Robert Jaworski a basketball player and an ex-senator, Zaldy Zshornack (1937-2002) and an Australian Polish man Peter Pysk founded a Polish restaurant called Babci Kuchnia. Most of the Poles live in Metro Manila, and the Polish community is the Fourth-largest Central European community after the German, Hungarian, and Albanian communities in the country.

United Arab Emirates
Recently there are 2,000 Poles living in UAE, the Poles came to the UAE for work. Today the Polish Community in the UAE is the largest Polish population in the Arab World.

Africa

South Africa
According to the Council of Polonia in South Africa, 25,000 to 30,000 Poles live there. The Polish community in South Africa dates to World War II when the South African government agreed to the settlement of 12,000 Polish soldiers as well as around 500 Polish orphans who were survivors of forced resettlement of Poles to Soviet Siberia. More Poles came in the 1970s and 1980s, with several of them specialists coming for work contracts and deciding to stay there. Magda Wierzycka, who is Polish, is the wealthiest woman in South Africa.

List of countries by the population of Polish ethnicity

See also
 Demographics of Poland
 Great Emigration
 Hotel Lambert
 Polish Charter
 World Polonia Games

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Marek Żukow-Karczewski, Polonia zagraniczna w czasach II Rzeczypospolitej (Foreign Polonia during the Second Polish Republik), "Życie Literackie", No. 33, 1989, p. 10.

External links

 Reassessing what we collect website – Polish London: History of Polish London with objects and images
 Cultural Fusion: Poles in Latin America

European diasporas
Polish diaspora in Italy

Polish diaspora


Masaccio (asıl adı Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone (Simone) Cassai, d. 21 Aralık 1401, San Giovanni Altura (günümüzde San Giovanni Valdarno) - ö. 1428, Roma),   İtalyan  Rönesans akımı başlangıç döneminin ilk önemli ressamlarındandır.

Bilimsel perspektif kullanışı alanında getirdiği yenilikler modern realistik resme giriş teşkil etmiştir. Hümanizm içeren çizimleri, daha önce hiç görünmemiş plastikliği ilk defa kullandı

Hayatı ve eserleri
Massicio,  Tommaso'ya mizahı bir yaklaşımdı. Manası "büyük", "dağınık" Tom manasına geliyordu. Sebebi de büyük ihtimal organize olmayan ve kişisel hijyeninin olmaması yüzündendi. Başka bir sebebi de, iş arkadaşı Tommaso ile aynı isim taşıdığı içindi; o da Masolino (küçücük Tom) ismini kullandı.

Floransa'ya gelip ressam Biççi di Lorenzo'ye atölyesinde çırak oldu. 1422'de ressamlar loncasına katıldı. Çok dikkat çeken kendine has stili o dönemden önceki ressamlardan, belki 14. yy. resim üstadlarından olan Giotto hariç olarak, çok değişikti. O zamanlarda Floransa'da çalışan bir mimar olan Brunelleschi ve heyketraş Donatello'dan çok etkilendi. Brunelleschi'den bilimsel oranlar bilgilerini aldı ve bu da bilimsel perspektif kullanabilmesine ona destek sağladı. Donatello'dan klasik antik Yunan ve Romalı sanatlarını öğrendi ve bu o zaman çok yaygınca resim sanatında moda stil olan Gotik resim stilinden ayrılmasına baş neden oldu. Çizime bilimsel bir bakış açısı sunan Masaccıo; Gotik tarzdan uzaklaştı ve realizm konusuna yöneldi. Resimde süsten ve ayrıntılara önem vermekten vazgeçerek resim eserinde basitlik ve birlik beraberlik prensiplerine önem veren ve düz düzeyler yerine üç boyutluluk illüzyonu doğuran daha realistik ve daha doğal görünüm sağlayan bir resim stili ortaya çıkarttı. Brunelleschi ve Donatello ile birlikte Massaçio Rönesans stili resmin kurucuları oldular.

Massaçio eserleri olarak günümüze gelen tablolardan hiç tartışma doğurmayan sadece dört eser bulunmaktadır. Diğer Massaçio'ya atıf eden eserler bulunmakta ve bazıları (özellikle üç tanesi) çok tartışma doğurmaktadır. Bütün eserleri dinsel temalar taşımaktadır veya kilise veya manastır sunak ana resimleri veya duvarlar veya tavanlarda bulunan fresklerdir.

Masaccio'nun eserleri kendini takip eden Floransa ressamları ve sanatçıları üzerine büyük etkiler yaratmıştır. Özellikle Michelangelo onun büyük etkisinde kalmıştır.

Masaccıo 1427'de (belki de 1428)'de çok genç yaşta bilinmeyen nedenlerden dolayı Roma'da öldü.

Seçilmiş eserleri
 1422 : San Giovenale Triptiki, tuval üzerine tempera, Masaccio Muzesi, Cascia di Reggello
 1423-1425:Trittico Carnesecchi, tuval üzerine tempera, kismen kayip
 Storie di San Giuliano, Horne Muzesi, Floransa
 1424-1425: Sant'Anna Metterza,  Madonna col Bambino ve ustinde ve altinda 'Angelo reggicortina,  Uffizi Galerisi, Floransa
 1424-1425: Madonna dell'Umiltà, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
 1425-1426:  Brancacci Sapeli, Santa Maria del Carmine Kilisesi, Floransa
 Cacciata di Adamo ed Eva dal Paradiso terrestre, fresk
 Pagamento del tributo, fresk
 Battesimo dei neofiti, fresk
 San Pietro guarisce il figlio di Teofilo e san Pietro in cattedra (Filippino Lippi tarafından tamamlandi), fresk
 San Pietro guarisce con l'ombra, fresk
 Distribuzione dei beni e morte di Anania, fresk
 Pentimento di San Pietro, sinopia
 1426: Pisa Poliptiki, tuval üzerine tempera (parcalara ayrilmis)
 Madonna col Bambino, National Gallery, Londra
 Crocifissione, Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte , Napoli
 San Paolo, Museo Nazionale di San Matteo, Pisa
 Sant'Andrea, Jean Paul Getty Müzesi, Los Angeles
 Santo carmelitano barbuto, Staatliche Müzesi, Berlin
 Santo carmelitano imberbe, Staatliche Müzesi, Berlin
 Sant'Agostino, Staatliche Müzesi, Berlin
 San Girolamo, Staatliche Müzesi, Berlin
 Predella
 Storie di san Giuliano e san Nicola, Staatliche Müzesi, Berlin
 Adorazione dei Magi, Staatliche Müzesi, Berlin
 Martirio di san Pietro ve Decollazione di san Giovanni Battista, Staatliche Müzesi, Berlin
 1426: Desco da parto,, tuval üzerine tempera, sul recto: Scena di nascita, sul verso: Putto con animaletto, Staatliche Muzesi, Berlin
1426-1427: Madonna Casini,tuval üzerine tempera, Uffizi Galerisi, Floransa
1427-1428: Trinità, fresk, Santa Maria Novella Kilisesi, Floransa
1423-1424 veya 1428, Santa Maria Maggiore Polptiki, tuval üzerine tempera
 Santi Girolamo e Giovanni Battista, National Gallery, Londra

Tartışmalı atıflar
 yak. 1422: Santo vescovo,  , fresk, San Lorenzo Kilisesi, San Giovanni Valdarno
 yak. 1430:Orazione nell'orto e San Girolamo penitente,  tuval üzerine tempera, Lindenau Muzesi, Altenburg
 yak. 1430:Ritratto di giovane, tuval üzerine tempera, Isabella Stewart Gardner Muzesi, Boston

Kayıp eserleri
 Carnesecchi Triptik'inin bir panosu
 Pisa Poliptik'inin bir panosu
 Sant'Ivo fresco, Badia Fiorentina Manastiri, Floransa
 San Paolo, fresk, sol kanatta  Santa Maria del Carmine kilisesi,,Floransa
 |La Sagra, 1423-1424, fresk, Santa Maria del Carmine kilisesi, Floransa
 Cristo libera l'indemoniato, tavan, Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio evinde
 Annunciazione, tavan, San Niccolò Oltrarno Kilisesi
 Nudo maschile e femminile, tavan, Palla Rucellai evinde

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 "Web Gallery of Art WGA": Masaccio
 Giorgio Vasari, Le Vite de piu eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani, da Cimabue insino a' tempi nostri: descritte in lingua Toscana, da Giorgio Vasarı Pittore Aretino, Firenze, 1550.

1401 doğumlular
1428 yılında ölenler
15. yüzyıl İtalyan ressamları

Masaccio


Karachay-Cherkessia (), officially the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus. It is administratively part of the North Caucasian Federal District. Karachay-Cherkessia has a population of 469,865 (2021 Census). Cherkessk is the largest city and the capital of the republic.

Karachay-Cherkessia is one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Caucasian-Turkic Karachay people and the Cherkess or Circassian people. Karachays form the largest ethnic group at around 44% of the population, followed by ethnic Russians (27%) and Cherkess (13%). The Cherkess are mostly of the Besleney and Kabardin tribes. The republic has five official languages: Russian, Abaza, Cherkess (Kabardian), Karachay-Balkar, and Nogai.

The majority of the republic's territory is within the Caucasus Mountains, except for a small strip at the northern edge of the Don Steppe. Karachay-Cherkessia is bordered by Krasnodar Krai to the west, Stavropol Krai to the north-east, Kabardino-Balkaria to the south-east, and an international border with Georgia to the south-west. Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain in Europe, is located on the border with Kabardino-Balkaria.

Geography

The republic is located at the slopes of northwestern Caucasus and borders with Krasnodar Krai in the west and northwest, the Kabardino-Balkar Republic in the southeast, Georgia (including Abkhazia) in the south and west, and with Stavropol Krai in the northeast. It stretches for  from north to south and for  from east to west. Mountains cover 80% of the republic's territory; Mount Elbrus, which at  is the highest peak in the Caucasus, is located on the republic's border with Kabardino-Balkaria. The republic is rich in water resources. A total of 172 rivers flow through its territory, with the largest one being the Kuban, Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Maly Zelenchuk, Urup, and Laba. There are about 130 mountain lakes of glacial origin and an abundance of mineral springs. Climate is moderate, with short winters and long, warm, humid summers. The average January temperature is , and the average July temperature is . Average annual precipitation varies from  in the plains to  in the mountains. Natural resources include gold, coal, clays, and more.

History
The Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was founded on January 12, 1922, in the early years of the Soviet Union. It was split into Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Cherkess National Okrug on 26 April 1926. The Cherkess National District was elevated to an autonomous oblast status on 30 April 1928.

In November 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was abolished, the Karachay people were accused of collaboration with the Nazis and 70,000 were subsequently deported to the Kazakh and Uzbek republics. Most of the Karachay territory was split between Stavropol Krai and the Georgian SSR. The remaining territory populated by the Cherkessians was known as Cherkess Autonomous Oblast until 9 January 1957 when it was incorporated into Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast in its former borders due to the rehabilitation of the Karachay.

On July 3, 1991, the autonomous oblast was elevated to the status of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia (under the jurisdiction of the Russian SFSR). With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, congresses of deputies of various nationalities proclaimed:
Karachay Soviet Socialist Republic (; Karachay-Balkar: Къарачай Совет Социалист Республика) on 18 November 1990 (renamed Karachay Republic (; Karachay-Balkar: Къарачай Республика) on October 17, 1991)
Batalpashinsk Cossack Republic () and Zelenchuk-Urup Cossack Soviet Socialist Republic () on August 19, 1991 (united as the Upper Kuban Cossack Republic () on November 30, 1991)
Cherkess Republic () on October 27, 1991
Abazin Republic () in November 1991

After demonstrations in December 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Karachay-Cherkessia adopted an appeal for the recognition of the individual republics. Also in December 1991, the words "Autonomous Soviet Socialist" were dropped from the official name of Karachay-Cherkessia.

In January 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin was prepared to accept the division of Karachay-Cherkessia and introduced draft laws to the Supreme Soviet of Russia for the reconstitution of the Karachai Autonomous Oblast and Cherkess Autonomous Oblast within the Russian Federation. A commission on formation of three autonomous regions – Karachai, Cherkess, and Batalpashinsk – was established in the Supreme Soviet.

On March 28, 1992, a referendum was held in which, according to official results, the majority of the population of Karachay-Cherkessia voted against splitting the republic and, on December 9, 1992, the republic was recognized as the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

Politics

The head of the government in Karachay-Cherkessia is the Head (until June 28, 2012, the official title was "President"). Until February 2011, the President was Boris Ebzeyev, a former judge of the Constitutional Court of Russian Federation. Rashid Temrezov is currently the Head of the republic.

Ethnic tension is a considerable problem in the republic. In May 1999, Karachay-Cherkessia conducted its first-ever free regional presidential election. When Vladimir Semyonov, a Karachay, won the election over Stanislav Derev, a Circassian, there were protests by supporters of Derev, with widespread allegations of fraud. A court ruling later upheld the election result, prompting thousands of Derev's supporters to march in protest, many advocating the partitioning of the republic.

Although activity by separatists in the region pales compared to Chechnya and Dagestan, militant groups exist in Karachay-Cherkessia. A car bomb that killed two people in March 2001 was blamed on Chechen separatists. Muslim separatist groups have formed, and dozens of their members have been killed by the Russian authorities.

In September 2007, the FSB killed ethnic Abazin Rustam Ionov ("Abu-Bakar"), head of the Karachaevo Jamaat (assembly), along with his wife.

Administrative divisions

Demographics

Population:

Life expectancy:

Vital statistics

Sources: 1970 to 2008; 2009–2013; 2014–...

Ethnic groups
According to the 2021 Census, Karachays make up 44.4% of the republic's population, followed by Russians (27.5%), and Cherkess and Abazins together make up 20.8%.

Religion

According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people, 64% of the population of Karachay-Cherkessia adheres to Islam, 13% to the Russian Orthodox Church, 2% to the Karachay and Circassian native faith, 2% are unaffiliated Christians, unchurched Orthodox Christian believers or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches. In addition, 10% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 3% are atheist, and 6% are other/undeclared.

Notable people

 Zuhra Bayramkulova - Dairy farmer and Hero of Socialist Labour.

Science
The republic is the home of what was the largest telescope in the world from 1975 until 1993 (the BTA-6), a very large radio telescope (576 meters in diameter, RATAN-600), and the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science dedicated to the study of astronomy. These facilities are located on the bank of the Zelenchuk River, between the villages of Zelenchukskaya and Arkhyz.

Gallery

See also
Abazinia

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Collection of images of Karachay-Cherkessia, trombicula.narod.ru
Images of Karachay-Cherkessia, travel-images.com
An account of the disputed 1999 election, nupi.no
Collection of images of Karachay-Cherkessia, with a focus on caves, tls-msu.narod.ru
Circassianworld.com
Karachay-Cherkess Republic News Portal
Medical Institute of North Caucasian State Humanitarian Technological Academy

North Caucasus
North Caucasian Federal District
States and territories established in 1991
Russian-speaking countries and territories
Regions of Europe with multiple official languages
Republics of Russia

Karachay-Cherkessia


Torre della Ghirlandina eller Ghirlandina er klokketårnet på katedralen i Modena i Emilia-Romagna i Italien.

Med en højde på 86,12 m er det Modenas traditionelle vartegn, der er synligt fra alle sider uden for byen.

Tårnet blev opført i 1179 i fem etager og hed oprindeligt Torre di San Geminiano. For at konkurrere med Bolognas tårne tilføjede Modena det karakteristiske ottekantede spir, der blev tegnet af Arrigo da Campione, som var en af de talrige mestre fra Campione, der deltog i katedralens renoveringer i 1200-1400-tallet. Det blev dekoreret med to ghirlander (rækværk i marmor), som gav tårnet navn

I tårnet findes rummet Sala della Secchia med berømte kalkmalerier fra 1400-tallet, som viser Secchia rapita, der mindes tårnets betydning som byens skatkammer. I Sala dei Torresani-salen på 5. etage findes en række udsmykkede kapitæler.
De fem klokker i tårnet er C-dur-klokker, der er støbt i renæssancen.

Eksterne henvisninger

Modena
Verdensarvsområder i Italien

Torre della Ghirlandina


Hou Hanru (Çince: 侯瀚如 pinyin: Hóu Hànrú, 1963, Guangzhou, Çin doğumlu) Paris'te yaşayıp çalışan bağımsız eleştirmen ve küratördür. Amsterdam'daki Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten'de danışmanlık yapmakta ve ders vermektedir. İlgilendiği konular arasında küreselleşme ve kimlik, çağdaş sanatın bölgesel ve coğrafi sınırların ötesinde varoluşu sayılabilir. 2007 yılında düzenlenen olan 10. Uluslararası İstanbul Bienali'nin küratörlüğüne getirilmiştir.

1963 doğumlular
Çin doğumlular
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Çinli gurbetçiler
Çin asıllı Amerikalılar
Sanat eleştirmenleri
Sanat küratörleri
Yaşayan insanlar

Hou Hanru


Digital Art Museum (DAM) ist ein Projekt, das sich dem Einfluss des Computers und des Digitalen auf Kunst und Gesellschaft widmet.

Im Vordergrund steht dabei die inhaltliche Auseinandersetzungen mit Grafik, Animation, Netzkunst, Softwarekunst, Hacktivism und interaktive Kunst und Ähnlichem im Kontext digitale Kunst bzw. Computer.

Präsentiert wird Computerkunst in dem Online-Museum DAM und den beiden Galerien "[DAM]Berlin" und "[DAM]Cologne".
Außerdem wird in Kooperation mit dem Sony Center digitale Kunst im öffentlichen Raum vorgestellt. Von 2004 bis 2005 wurden auf dem 20 Quadratmeter großen LED-Screen des Sony Centers täglich Animationen und Softwarekunst präsentiert und auf diese Weise ein breites Publikum erreicht. Das Projekt wurde 2011 erneut aufgenommen. Das Programm wechselte alle 3–4 Monate.

Online-Museum
Das Digital Art Museum wurde 1998 als Online-Museum gegründet. Erklärtes Ziel ist es, ein Forum für die Geschichte und Praxis der digitalen Kunst zu entwickeln und gleichzeitig die Marktchancen für Künstler zu verbessern. Museum bietet eine vergleichende Dokumentation der Schaffensphasen der Künstler.

Das Museum wurde von Wolf Lieser konzipiert und entwickelt. Mike King als Dozent an der Guildhall University, London ermöglichte eine erste Finanzierung durch den AHRB Art and Humanities Research Board.  Das Digital Art Museum Logo (das [DAM] Symbol) und das Design dieser Seite sind von Kerry J. Andrews lizenziert, für die technische Umsetzung war Alan Hicks verantwortlich.

Lieser zeichnet sich gemeinsam mit dem Beraterstab für die Auswahl der Künstler auf der Website verantwortlich. Vorschläge können von jedem der Mitglieder gemacht werden. Das Gremium besteht aus 7 Experten aus dem Bereich der digitalen Medien:
 Sue Gollifer (Computerkünstlerin, Dozentin für bildende Kunst und Druckgrafik an der University of Brighton, GB, Kuratorin mehrerer internationaler Ausstellungen digitaler Kunst)
 Roger Malina (Herausgeber von Leonardo on-line)
 Bonnie Mitchell (Bowling Green University, USA und ACM SIGGRAPH)
 Frieder Nake (Computerkünstler, Autor)
 Cynthia Beth Rubin (Rhode Island School of Art, USA, und Vorstandsmitglied des International Symposium of Electronic Art)
 Anne Morgan Spalter (wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin an der Brown University, Providence, USA, und Autorin im Bereich der digitalen Kunst)
Rejane Spitz (Computerkünstler, Professor der Abteilung für Kunst & Design an der Pontifica Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien, und Kurator mehrerer Ausstellungen digitaler Kunst in Südamerika)

Galerien
Wolf Lieser gründete 1994 eine Galerie für zeitgenössische in Wiesbaden und engagierte sich seit 1999 zusätzlich in der 1997 von Keith Watson eröffneten Colville Place Gallery in London, der ersten Galerie für digitale Kunst. Im Jahr 2002 wurden beide Galerien geschlossen. Im Frühjahr 2003 eröffnete Lieser die Galerie [DAM]Berlin, 2010 folgte [DAM]Cologne. In den Räumlichkeiten werden sowohl zeitgenössische junge Computerkünstler als auch Pioniere der digitalen Kunst vertreten.

Der Preis
Der "dam digital art award" [ddaa], ehemals d.velop digital art award, wurde 2005 mit dem
Ziel initiiert, den Digitalen Medien in der zeitgenössischen Kunst eine breitere Akzeptanz zu verschaffen. Der Preis ehrt entsprechende Künstler für ihr Lebenswerk oder eine bestimmte Werkgruppe.
Der Preis ist mit 20.000 Euro dotiert und wird alle zwei Jahre verliehen. Der Preisträger wird im darauffolgenden Jahr mit einer Ausstellung in der Kunsthalle Bremen vorgestellt, die durch einen Katalog ergänzt wird.

Die d.velop AG förderte den [ddaa] seit 2005 bis einschließlich 2011. Der zweite Sponsor, die Hauptpharma AG unterstützte den Preis von 2008 bis 2011. Ständiger Partner des Preises ist die Kunsthalle Bremen. Sponsor ist die Agentur Kommunikation Lohnzich aus Münster.

Preisträger
 2005: Vera Molnár
 2006: Manfred Mohr
 2008: Norman White
 2010: Lynn Hershman Leeson

Publikationen
2009 erschien das Buch Digital Art von Wolf Lieser, ein einführendes Werk über digitale Kunst, 2010 eine erweiterte Version mit beiliegender DVD.

Weblinks
 dam.org
 digitalartmuseum.org

Einzelnachweise

Kunstmuseum in Deutschland
Computerkunst
Medienkunst
Virtuelles Museum
Gegründet 1998

Digital Art Museum


1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska u sezoni 2008./09. je predstavljala prvi stupanj županijske lige u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Sudelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bila "Lokomotiva" iz Rijeke.

Ljestvica

 ljestvica bez rezultata jedne utakmice

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska
 4. HNL – Zapad 2008./09.

Vanjske poveznice
 nspgz.hr - Nogometni savez primorsko-goranske županije
 sportcom.hr, Prva županijska

Izvori

  rsssf.com, Croatia 2008/09

2008-09
Primorsko-goranska-1

1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska 2008./09.


El edificio de la Comandancia en Jefe de la Armada de Chile, también conocido como edificio de la Intendencia de Valparaíso, por el primer uso que se le dio, es un edificio de estilo neoclásico francés de 5 pisos de altura y 8000 metros cuadrados, localizado en la Plaza Sotomayor de Valparaíso frente al Monumento a los Héroes de Iquique.

Este edificio ha sido escenario de numerosos y relevantes eventos históricos y sociales. El 23 de enero de 1979 fue declarado Monumento Histórico de Chile, al mismo tiempo que fue declarada Zona Típica y de Protección tanto la Plaza Sotomayor como todos los edificios que la circundan.

Historia

El antiguo edificio (1831-1906)
En 1831, en el lugar donde actualmente se emplaza el edificio, el arquitecto inglés Juan Stevenson proyectó un primer edificio que fue utilizado originalmente como sede de la Aduana de Valparaíso. Más de dos décadas después, con la inauguración del Edificio de la Aduana el 1 de septiembre de 1855, este edificio pasó a ser la sede del Intendente.

Hacia fines del  el edificio comenzó a presentar problemas en sus cimientos, a causa de los sucesivos temblores e inundaciones de invierno, razón por la cual debió ser demolido en 1900. El ingeniero Pedro Palma diseñó un proyecto de remodelación, que sin embargo no alcanzó a ejecutarse, pues el terremoto de Valparaíso de 1906 destruyó gran parte de la ciudad y cambió las prioridades.

La nueva intendencia de Valparaíso (1907-1973)

Un año después del terremoto, se convocó a un concurso arquitectónico para la construcción de un nuevo edificio, en el mismo lugar que el anterior, que sirviera al mismo tiempo como sede de la Intendencia de Valparaíso y de la Gobernación Provincial, residencia del intendente, lugar de recepciones oficiales y residencia de verano para los presidentes de la República.

El ganador del concurso fue el arquitecto Ernesto Urquieta, responsable de otras obras importantes en la ciudad, como la casa central de la Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, el Teatro Imperio y el Banco Franco-Belga. El diseño de Urquieta, basado en palacios franceses como el Palacio Consistorial de París, contempló un edificio de cinco pisos: los tres primeros para oficinas de la Intendencia, la Comandancia General de Armas, la Dirección de Obras Públicas y la Tesorería Fiscal; los últimos dos para la casa del intendente y el apartamento presidencial.

El edificio se inauguró en 1910, durante las fiestas del Centenario de Chile, para servir como sede del poder político local. Desde su inauguración se convirtió en un lugar de encuentro para la aristocracia porteña. Eran famosas las fiestas organizadas para celebrar acontecimientos históricos como el 21 de mayo o el 18 de septiembre. Hacia 1914 se realizaban bailes de máscaras en su Salón de Invierno. De acuerdo con el arquitecto viñamarino Tomás Eastman Montt, a mediados de los años 1920 se realizó en el Salón Rojo del edificio un baile en honor a Humberto de Saboya, príncipe heredero al trono del Reino de Italia, mientras que en los años 1950, el intendente Rivas Vicuña organizó una fastuoso baile de máscaras, similar a los que se hacían en 1914. El edificio funcionó como residencia presidencial hasta 1929, año en que el presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, en plena crisis económica, mandó a construir el Palacio Presidencial de Cerro Castillo en Viña del Mar.

En la década de 1960, con motivo de la obtención de un campeonato de fútbol del equipo local, Santiago Wanderers, el intendente Enrique Vicente (DC) organizó la primera gran fiesta no aristocrática en las dependencias del edificio, a la cual fueron invitados los jugadores del equipo, los dirigentes y parte de la hinchada. Años más tarde, durante la presidencia de Salvador Allende (1970-1973), el edificio se utilizó durante los meses de verano para congregar al gabinete presidencial y recibir a dirigentes sociales que pedían audiencia con el presidente. El 30 de noviembre de 1971, durante la visita de Fidel Castro, este pronunció un discurso desde uno de los balcones a una multitud congregada en la Plaza Sotomayor.

Dictadura militar (1973-1990)
Durante el Golpe de Estado del 11 de septiembre de 1973, que dio inicio a la dictadura militar liderada por el general Augusto Pinochet, el Edificio de la Intendencia y otros edificios públicos fueron tomados desde muy temprano por los marinos de la Armada de Chile, que regresaron al puerto de Valparaíso luego de haber zarpado el día anterior para participar de la Operación UNITAS concertada por Estados Unidos. Al intendente de entonces, Luis Gutiérrez, el Golpe lo tomó por sorpresa.

Poco después, el edificio pasó al mando de la Comandancia en Jefe de la Primera Zona Naval de la Armada. Hasta entonces la Comandancia en Jefe se ubicaba en la calle Prat, y solo la Guarnición Militar funcionaba en el primer piso del edificio. La Intendencia, por su parte, fue trasladada en 1982 a un edificio de 19 pisos construido para tal efecto en las cercanías de la plaza Aníbal Pinto de Valparaíso, junto a la Plaza de la Ciudadanía.

Bajo este nuevo mando, hubo casos de marinos de la Armada que torturaron gente dentro del edificio, como es el caso del periodista Hugo Maldonado, detenido el 4 de octubre en La Calera por su conexión con marineros opositores al golpe. Maldonado fue llevado hasta allí por detectives, antes de ser trasladado finalmente al cuartel Silva Palma, donde estuvo preso cinco años.

En 1979, por propuesta del Servicio Nacional de Turismo, el edificio fue declarado Monumento Histórico, por sus méritos históricos y arquitectónicos. La Plaza Sotomayor junto a sus demás edificios aledaños, por su parte, fueron declarados Zona Típica.

Retorno a la democracia y actualidad

Luego de la transición a la democracia, el edificio ha continuado perteneciendo a la Armada y siendo utilizado específicamente por la Comandancia en Jefe de la Primera Zona Naval, la Guarnición Militar de Valparaíso y el Cantón de Reclutamiento 23. Si bien han surgido algunas críticas sociales a favor de devolver al edificio su uso original, como sede de la política local, al menos hasta 2008 ni la Intendencia ni las autoridades habían pedido su devolución.

En 2013, el Centro de Estudios Patrimoniales de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, por encargo de la Armada de Chile y con el apoyo del Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales y la Ilustre Municipalidad de Valparaíso, restauró la fachada del edificio. Se pintó todo su exterior, incluyendo cubiertas, columnas, ornamentas y muros. El color gris que tenía el edificio por entonces, fue reemplazado por un azul más vistoso como el original. Además se instaló un sistema de luces led para destacar la obra de noche.

Hasta la actualidad, el edificio continúa recibiendo, como desde sus inicios, visitas protocolares de autoridades extranjeras. Así, por ejemplo, en 2016 recibió con honores al príncipe Eduardo, Conde de Wessex.

Características

El diseño del edificio está basado en el ecléctico neoclasicismo francés utilizado en los palacios franceses como el que posee el actual Ayuntamiento de París. Es una estructura sólida de finas terminaciones, que consta de cinco pisos y tres cuerpos, los cuales poseen numerosas habitaciones y salones. Los tres primeros pisos fueron diseñados para contener oficinas, mientras que los últimos dos, para hospedaje. Los salones del cuerpo central se han utilizado como salones de visitas, para conferencias y reuniones oficiales, así como para recibir a dignatarios y visitas ilustres.

En su fachada conviven volúmenes de entrantes y salientes, junto con ornamentos variados de yeso y piedra artificial. La estructura está coronada por mansardas que dan hacia la Plaza Sotomayor, y en su cuerpo central hay un reloj y una cúpula. Su color original era un azul como el que se conserva actualmente. A inicios de los años 1970, estaba pintada de un color pastel, y durante el período de la dictadura militar el edificio fue pintado de color gris.

En cuanto a su interior, destaca la conservación de sus lámparas y de casi todo su fino mobiliario, fabricado en 1884 y traído de la casa Leroux de París. Una escalera de mármol conduce desde el pórtico central al segundo piso. Un tragaluz va desde el techo hasta el segundo piso, enmarcado por columnas con figuras en relieve.

Véase también
 Plaza Sotomayor
 Anexo:Monumentos nacionales de la Región de Valparaíso

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Arquitectura de Valparaíso
Armada de Chile
Monumentos Históricos de la Región de Valparaíso
Edificios y estructuras terminadas en 1910
Arquitectura neoclásica en Chile
Arquitectura de Chile de los años 1910
Chile en 1910
Edificios institucionales de Chile
Arquitectura château

Edificio Armada de Chile


Merchánskoye  es un selo del raión de Krymsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado cerca de la orilla derecha del Abín, afluente del Adagum, de la cuenca del Kubán, 12 km al nordeste de Krymsk y 71 km al oeste de Krasnodar. Tenía 983 habitantes en 2010

Es cabeza del municipio Merchánskoye, al que pertenecen asimismo Vesioli, Mova, Yastrebovski y Mayorovski.

Historia

La localidad fue fundada en 1864, como lugar de asentamiento de colonos griegos. Pertenecía al otdel de Temriuk del óblast de Kubán hasta 1920.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Мерчанское.
 Sitio web del municipio
 [http://history.kubsu.ru/pdf/gr_mer.pdf K. G. Dmítriyev, F. V. Kristoforidi. Los griegos del pueblo Merchánskoy (Historia de la localidad] .
 Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793—1985 гг.) / Autores: A. S. Azarenova, I. Y. Bondar, N. S. Vertysheva — Krasnodar: Краснодарское кн. изд-во, 1986. — 394 p.

 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net.''

Localidades del raión de Krymsk del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1864

Merchánskoye


Wolfgang Peter Lucht, geboren Wolfgang Wanner (* 30. Mai 1964 in Sindelfingen) ist ein deutscher Physiker und Geographieprofessor der Bereiche Klimaforschung, Erdsystemanalyse und Nachhaltigkeitswissenschaft. Er ist Chair der Abteilung Erdsystemanalyse am Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung und hält am Geographischen Institut der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin den Alexander von Humboldt Chair in Sustainability Science.

Im Juli 2016 wurde er zur Beratung der Bundesregierung in den Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen berufen. Wolfgang Lucht veröffentlichte bereits zahlreiche Publikationen zum Thema Nachhaltigkeit, Erdsystemanalyse und Klimawandel. Unter anderem wirkte er in mehreren Berichten des UN-Weltklimarates (IPCC) als Ko- und Leitautor mit.
Er wird von Clarivate Analytics zu den meistzitierten Forschern der Welt gezählt.

Leben
Wolfgang Lucht studierte an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel und legte 1990 sein Diplom im Fachbereich mathematischer Physik und 1993 seinen Doktor im Fachbereich extraterrestrischer Physik ab. Am selben Institut arbeitete er weiter als Postdoc, bevor er 1994 zum Center for Remote Sensing and Department of Geography (Boston University) wechselte. Dort war er bis 1998 als Projektleiter an der Entwicklung des NASA Satelliten MODIS beteiligt. Seit 1999 ist Wolfgang Lucht am Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung angestellt, an welchem er bis 2007 unter anderem als Gruppenleiter tätig war. Von 2007 bis 2008 übernahm er dort die Leitung der Abteilung Earth System Analysis, welche er seit 2012 wieder innehat und von 2008 bis 2012 die Leitung der Abteilung Climate Impacts and Vulnerability. Von 2005 bis 2009 unterrichtete Wolfgang Lucht als Professor am Institut für Geoökologie der Universität Potsdam. Seit 2009 hält er den
Alexander von Humboldt Chair in Sustainability Science am Geographischen Institut der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin inne. 2016 wurde er zur Beratung der Bundesregierung in den siebenköpfigen Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen berufen.

Forschung
Wolfgang Lucht arbeitet und forscht zu verschiedenen Fragestellungen in Themenbereichen der Erdsystemanalyse und -modellierung, des Klimawandels und der
Nachhaltigkeitswissenschaften. Dabei behandelt er die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Mensch und Umwelt, sowie Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das System
Erde, die Transformation der Biosphäre durch den Menschen und Prozesse des Landnutzungswandels.

Publikationen (Auswahl)

Artikel in Fachzeitschriften (als Erstautor)

Artikel in Fachzeitschriften (als Ko-Autor)

Weblinks
 Seite von Wolfgang Lucht bei PIK
 Wolfgang Lucht am Geographischen Institut
 Veröffentlichungen von Wolfgang Lucht

Einzelnachweise

Person (Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung)
Hochschullehrer (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Klimatologe
Physiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Verfasser eines IPCC-Berichts
Deutscher
Geboren 1964
Mann

Wolfgang Lucht


Duke Ragan (Cincinnati, 18 de setembro de 1997) é um boxeador estadunidense, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Ragan conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após confronto na final contra o russo Albert Batyrgaziev na categoria peso pena. Ele ainda se tornou o primeiro boxeador profissional a ganhar uma medalha para a equipe dos Estados Unidos.

Pugilistas olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Pugilistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Duke Ragan


1. rujna
Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske dr. Tuđman u intervjuu dnevniku Die Welt rekao da Srbi u Hrvatskoj nisu podčinjeni, te istakao da im se garantiraju sva prave i pozvao ih da kažu što još žele.
Na nekim cestama u Kninu ponovno straže naoružanih civila koji ne dopuštaju da u taj grad hrvatski redarstvenici.
Nakon 45 godina iz egzila se u Hrvatsku vratio Vinko Nikolić, jedna od najpoznatijih osoba hrvatske emigracije.

4. rujna
Građani srpske nacionalnosti gospićke općine održali referendum o izdvajanju 16 mjesnih zajednica iz općine Gospić, te izglasali da se pripoje općini Gračac.

5. rujna
Na sjednici Predsjedništva Republike Hrvatske zaključeno da su nemiri dijela srpskog stanovništva nanijele velike štete gospodarstvu kao i da vlast u Kninu drže ljudi koji ne žele suradnju.

9. rujna
Lokalni srpski radio Knin objavio apel tzv. savjeta narodnog otpora građana Knina da se na svim javnim mjestima u gradu odmah izvjese jugoslavenske zastave, jer se, navodi se u apelu, u ovim trenucima brani Jugoslavija.
Regionalni odbor Srpske demokratske stranke za Baniju uputio Predsjedništvu SFRJ brzojav upozorenja u kojemu se između ostalog kaže: Srpski narod na Baniji izložen je teroru hrvatske vlasti te stoga tražimo da nas savezni organi zaštite.

10. rujna
Delegacija hrvatskog vrhovništva s Josipom Boljkovcem na čelu i delegacija Srpskog nacionalnog vijeće pod vodstvom dr. Milana Babića sastale se u Donjem Lapcu i tom prilikom dogovorile da Srbi počnu vraćati oružje pričuvnog sastava Stanice javne sigurnosti Knin.

14. rujna
Na skupu u Krnjaku nedaleko Karlovca vođa SDS dr. Jovan Rašković najavio da će, ako dođe do konfederacije, u Jugoslaviji biti osnovana još jedna samostalna država, a zvat će se Krajina i imat će više od tri milijuna stanovnika.

17. rujna
Slovenija pripremila moguće elemente konfederalnog ugovora, prema kojem bi svaka članica bila samostalna država odnosno međunarodni pravni subjekt.
U Kninu samo dvojica anonimnih građana vratila dvije automatske puške i pet okvira s municijom ukradenih u Stanici milicije u Kninu.
Naoružane grupe Srba iz okolice Knina nastavljaju s maltretiranjem putnika na cestama oko toga grada.

19. rujna
Skupština Socijalističke Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, kao najviši organ vlasti, jasno se opredijelila za BiH kao suverenu, demokratsku republiku u sklopu federativno uređene Jugoslavije.

20. rujna
Skupština općina Dvor na Uni, na prijedlog Kluba odbornika Srpske demokratske stranke, donijela odluku da se od Ministarstva unutrašnjih poslova i vrhovništva Republike Hrvatske zatraži osnivanje Regionalnog SUP-a za Baniju i Kordun s obrazloženjem da na tom području živi pretežno srpsko stanovništvo.

22. rujna
Hrvatski predsjednik dr. Franjo Tuđman održao predavanje na Yaleu, najuglednijem američkom sveučilištu.
U svom izvješću senatu nakon posjeta Jugoslaviji američki senator Bob Dole izvijestio da srpska vlada upravlja državom bez suglasnosti federalne vlade, te kako je duboko zabrinut zbog kršenja ljudskih prava na Kosovu.

26. rujna
Predsjednik Hrvatske dr. Franjo Tuđman sastao se u Washingtonu s američkim predsjednikom Georgom Bushom i tom prigodom uspostavio bitno drugačije temelje hrvatsko-američkih odnosa, a američka strana prihvatila konfederalno rješenje za jugoslavensku krizu.
Zbog naredbe Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Hrvatske o povlačenju dijela naoružanja pričuvnog sastava milicije iz SUP-a Sisak, u Petrinji i tom dijelu Banije stražare članova Raškovićeve Srpske demokratske stranke potpuno paralizirale promet.

30. rujna
U Petrinji i još nekim gradovima nastavljaju se okupljanja srpskog stanovništva, tako se nekoliko stotina građana okupilo ispred kasarne Vasilj Gaćeša u Petrinji.
Srpski nasilnici upali u Stanicu javne sigurnosti Donji Lapac a zabilježene i provokacije militantnih Srba u Pakracu i Srbu.

Izvori

1990/9

Kronologija Domovinskog rata: rujan 1990.


Bonniers litterära magasin (BLM), numită uneori "Blemman", a fost o revistă literară suedeză. BLM a fost publicat în perioada 1932-2004, cu o pauză în anii 2000-2002, de către Albert Bonniers förlag.

Istoric
Fondată în 1932, Bonniers Litterära Magasin a fost un element important în proiectul de transformare a companiei de familie Bonniers într-un grup media, care putea să încheie contracte de exclusivitate mai avantajoase cu tinerii scriitori. Bonniers a cumpărat în 1929 editura Åhlén & Åkerlunds förlag, care publica mai multe reviste. Primul redactor al BLM a fost tânărul istoric de artă Georg Svensson, care fusese anterior editorul revistei Natur och Kultur.

BLM a fost în cea mai mare parte a secolului al XX-lea o revistă suedeză importantă în materie de critică literară și semnalări de noi apariții literare. Până în anii 1970 apăreau zece numere pe an, inclusiv o ediție de vară pentru cele trei luni ale sezonului estival. Revista conținea contribuții literare, eseuri și studii privind literatura suedeză și străină, precum și recenzii de cărți. Erau recenzate, de asemenea, filme și spectacole de teatru, iar Harry Schein a fost critic al revistei pe aceste domenii între anii 1948 și 1956. Departamentul de recenzii a constituit o parte importantă a revistei încă de la început.

Revista a fost închisă în 1999, dar a fost relansată în ianuarie 2002. A fost închisă pentru a doua oară în aprilie 2004, după apariția a doar 14 numere. În perioada de publicare de la sfârșitul anilor 1990 și în perioada 2002-2004 revista a avut revista aproximativ 1.300 de abonați. Ea a fost publicată apoi în patru numere pe an.

Conținut și stil
Primul număr din februarie 1932 a avut articole scrise de John Landquist, Marika Stiernstedt, Sven Stolpe, Agnes von Krusenstjerna, Rütger Essén, Waldemar Hammenhög, Artur Lundkvist, Louis Bromfield, Ansgar Roth (1879-1949), revistul revistei Georg Svensson și Sigfrid Svensson. Prețul unui număr era de o coroană, iar un abonament anual, cu zece numere, costa nouă coroane.

Redactori

 Georg Svensson februarie 1932 – 1948
 Åke Runnquist 1949–1961
 Daniel Hjorth 1962–1966
 Lars Gustafsson 1962 – februarie 1972
 Leif Zern 1966–1970
 Jan Stolpe 1970–1971
 Theodor Kallifatides martie 1973 – 1976
 Hans Isaksson 1977–1984
 Lars Grahn 1977–1982
 Lennart Hagerfors 1982–1987
 Ola Larsmo 1985–1990
 Åsa Beckman 1988–1990
 Magnus Palm 1991
 Maria Schottenius 1992–1993
 Stephen Farran-Lee 1993–1996
 Astrid Trotzig 1997
 Jan Henrik Swahn 1997–1999
 nu a apărut în perioada 2000–2002
 Kristoffer Leandoer și Aase Berg 2002-2004

Note

Surse
 Om BLM på Nationalmuseums webbplats

Legături externe
 Digitaliserade årgångar av BLM på Projekt Runeberg
 Arne Johnsson: Anteckningar om en hädanfärd i Aftonbladet den 14 december 1999

Reviste literare din Suedia

Bonniers Litterära Magasin


The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards, commonly shortened to the Eisner Awards, are prizes given for creative achievement in American comic books, referred to as the comics industry's equivalent to the Academy Awards. The awards are regarded by many as the most prestigious, significant awards in the comics industry. They are named in honor of the pioneering writer and artist Will Eisner, who was a regular participant in the award ceremony until his death in 2005. The Eisner Awards include the Comic Industry's Hall of Fame.

The nominations in each category are generated by a five- to a six-member jury, then voted on by comic book professionals and presented at the annual San Diego Comic-Con held in July, usually on Friday night. The jury often consists of at least one comics retailer, one librarian (since 2005), and one academic researcher, among other comics experts.

History
The Eisner Awards and Harvey Awards were first conferred in 1988, both created in response to the discontinuation of the Kirby Awards in 1987. Dave Olbrich started the non-profit organization.

There was no Eisner Award ceremony, or awards distributed, in 1990, due to widespread balloting mix-ups. The previous administrator, Dave Olbrich, left the position, and Jackie Estrada has been the award administrator since 1990. The Eisner Award ceremony has been held at the San Diego Comic-Con every year since 1991.

In 2006, it was announced that the archives of the Eisner Awards would be housed at the James Branch Cabell Library of Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond.

Categories
The Eisner Awards are awarded in the following categories:

Current
, awards are presented in 32 categories for works published in 2020.

Best Short Story (1993–present)
Best Single Issue/One-Shot (1988–2008, 2010–present)
Best Continuing Series (1988–present)
Best Limited Series (1988–present)
Best New Series (1988–present)
Best Publication for Early Readers (2012–present)
Best Publication for Kids (2008–present)
Best Publication for Teens (2008–present)
Best Humor Publication (1992–present)
Best Anthology (1992–present)
Best Reality-Based Work (2006–present)
Best Graphic Memoir (2021–present)
Best Graphic Album — New (1991–present)
Best Graphic Album — Reprint (1991–present)
Best Adaptation from Another Medium (2013–2014, 2016, 2018–present)
Best U.S. Edition of International Material (1998–present)
Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia (2010–present)
Best Archival Collection/Project—Strips (2006–present)
Best Archival Collection/Project — Comic Books (2006–present)
Best Writer (1988–present)
Best Writer/Artist (1988–present)
Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team (1994–present)
Best Painter/Digital Artist (1993–2011, 2013–present)
Best Cover Artist (for multiple covers) (1992–present)
Best Coloring (1992–present)
Best Lettering (1993–present)
Best Comics-Related Periodical/Journalism (2008–present)
Best Comics-Related Book (1992–present)
Best Academic/Scholarly Work (2012–present)
Best Publication Design (1993–present)
Best Digital Comic (2005–present)
Best Webcomic (2017–present)

Past awards
Best Graphic Album (1988–1989)
Best Art Team (1988–1989)
Best Black-and-White Series (1988–1991)
Best Editor (1992–1997)
Best Comics-Related Product/Item (1992, 1994–2002)
Best Comics-Related Periodical/Publication (1992–2000, 2002–2007)
Best Archival Collection/Project (1993–2005)
Best Serialized Story (1993–2006)
Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition (1995–2006)
Best Writer/Artist — Humor (1995–2008)
Best Title for Younger Readers/Best Comics Publication for a Younger Audience (1996–2007)
Best Writer/Artist — Drama (1997–2008)
Best Comics-Related Sculpted Figures (1999)
Best Comics-Related Publication (Periodical or Book) (2003)
Best U.S. Edition of International Material–Japan (2007–2009)
Special Recognition (2007–2008)
Best Writer/Artist–Nonfiction (2010)
Best Adaptation from Another Work (2010–2011)

Past winners

See also
Other comic-related awards given at the San Diego Comic-Con:
Inkpot Award
Russ Manning Promising Newcomer Award (1982–present)
Kirby Award (1985–1987)
The Bill Finger Award For Excellence In Comic Book Writing (2005–present)

Other comics-related awards:
Alley Award
Eagle Award
GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comic Book
Harvey Award
Ignatz Award
National Comics Award
Ringo Award
Shazam Award

References

External links
Eisner Awards from 1988 - 2007. WebCitation archive.
Archive of 2005 Eisner awards from Comic-Con.org. WebCitation archive. Original page.
2006 Eisner Award winners, Comic-Con.org. WebCitation archive.
2007 Eisner Award winners, Comic-Con.org. WebCitation archive.
2008 Eisner Award winners, Comic-Con.org. WebCitation archive.
2009 Eisner Award winners, Comic-Con.org. WebCitation archive.
1985-1989 Eisner Award winners, Comic-Con International San Diego. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013.
1991-1999 Eisner Award winners, Comic-Con International San Diego. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014
2000-2009 Eisner Award winners, Comic-Con International San Diego. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015.
2010-2020 Eisner Award winners, Comic-Con International San Diego. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020.

1988 establishments in the United States
Annual events in the United States
Awards established in 1988

Eisner Awards


San Lorenzo é uma localidade e município no Departamento Salgadas, província de Correntes, Argentina. Localiza-se a uns 81 quilómetros da Cidade de Correntes.
É conhecida como a Capital do tijolo.

População
Conta com  (Indec,), o que representa um incremento de 22% em frente aos  (,) do censo anterior.

História
O 14 de julho de 1908 funda-se o povo de San Lorenzo nas inmediaciones do Passo Zamora e do Arroio San Lorenzo.

Seu nome foi imposto em homenagem ao combate de San Lorenzo livrado o 3 de fevereiro de 1813 entre as forças realistas e os Granaderos a Cavalo de José de San Martín. O lugar já se chamava San Lorenzo na época da viagem de Fray Pedro José de Parras (Diário e derrotero de suas viagens:1749-1753)

San Lorenzo são chamados o arroio, o povo e a estação do caminho-de-ferro, pertencentes à 3.ª. Secção do departamento Salgadas. Dista 23 quilómetros de Salgadas e 21 de Empedrado, entre as quais se encontra.

O 14 de julho de 1908 a proprietária dos terrenos imediatos à estação, doña Juana María Romero de Jara, fez doação das terras e o 15 de junho de 1913 o presidente da Subcomisión Municipal solicita ao governo provincial uma mensura do povo.

Por lei N.º 315 do 27 de setembro de 1920, San Lorenzo obtém o primeiro governo municipal próprio, organizado segundo as bases constitucionais em Comissão de Alavancagem.

O 16 de maio de 1936 cria-se a Sub-receptoría de Rendas e pelo N.º 769 o Julgado de Paz.

Ligações externas
 Coord. geográficas
 San Lorenzo em Google maps.
 Lugar federal
 DEYC. Mapa do município

Corrientes (cidade)

San Lorenzo (Corrientes)


Telemetria (din ) este transmiterea valorilor măsurate  de la un senzor amplasat în punctul de măsurare către o locație separată spațial. La acest punct de recepție, valorile măsurate pot fi colectate și înregistrate sau evaluate imediat.

Note

Legături externe

 International Foundation for Telemetering
 IRIG 106 — Digital telemetry standard
 The European Society of Telemetering

Măsurare
Telecomunicații

Telemetrie


Melody Tung Chan est une mathématicienne et violoniste américaine qui travaille comme professeure associée de mathématiques à l'université Brown. Elle est lauréate du prix Alice T. Schafer et du Prix de recherche AWM–Microsoft en algèbre et théorie des nombres. Ses recherches portent sur l', la théorie des graphes et les mathématiques tropicales.

Formation et carrière
Chan a été inspirée pour devenir violoniste en tant qu'enfant d'âge préscolaire, en voyant Yo-Yo Ma sur Sesame Street. En tant qu'étudiante de première année à la  à Scarsdale, New York, elle est devenue la plus jeune lauréate de la première place du Concours des jeunes artistes de 1997 de l'orchestre de chambre du Sarah Lawrence College. Elle a étudié le violon à la Juilliard School avec Itzhak Perlman et Dorothy DeLay de 2000 à 2001. En 2002, elle a joué un concerto de Vivaldi pour quatre violons aux côtés de Perlman dans une performance au Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts qui a été diffusée sur PBS .

Elle s'est ensuite spécialisée en informatique et en mathématiques à l'Université de Yale. À Yale, elle a joué du violon dans l'Orchestre symphonique de Yale . Elle a remporté une  et le prix Hart Lyman de l'université pour le meilleur étudiant junior, et est devenue vice-présidente de la section locale de Phi Beta Kappa . Elle est diplômée summa cum laude de Yale en 2005.

Après avoir étudié pour le Mathematical Tripos à l'université de Cambridge de 2005 à 2006, Chan a travaillé avec Paul Seymour à l'université de Princeton, y obtenant une maîtrise en 2008. Elle a terminé son doctorat en 2012 à l'université de Californie à Berkeley. Sa thèse, intitulée Tropical curves and metric graphs, a été dirigée par Bernd Sturmfels.

Chan est devenue chercheuse postdoctorale à l'université Harvard de 2012 à 2015, puis a rejoint Brown en tant que professeure adjointe Manning en 2015.

Prix et distinctions
En tant qu'étudiante de premier cycle à Yale, Chan a remporté le prix Alice T. Schafer 2005 pour ses recherches de premier cycle, qui ont abouti à trois articles publiés sur la  des graphes de Cayley.

Chan a reçu une bourse de recherche Sloan en 2018. Elle est la lauréate 2020 du prix de recherche AWM–Microsoft en algèbre et théorie des nombres, « en reconnaissance des progrès de Chan à l'interface entre la géométrie algébrique et la combinatoire », y compris « un résultat stupéfiant » sur la cohomologie des espaces de modules, « un travail fondamental sur les modules des graphes métriques et des courbes tropicales », et « de beaux nouveaux résultats sur le nombre de tours attendu dans un tableau de Young aléatoire ».

Elle a été nommée Fellow de l'American Mathematical Society, dans la promotion 2022, « pour ses contributions à la recherche à l'interface de la géométrie algébrique et de la combinatoire, et au mentorat et à l'exposition mathématique ».

Références

Liens externes

 Page personnelle à Brown

Membre de l'American Mathematical Society
Professeur à l'université Brown
Étudiant de l'université de Californie à Berkeley
Étudiant de l'université de Princeton
Étudiant de l'université de Cambridge
Étudiant de l'université Yale
Élève de la Juilliard School
Lauréate du prix Schafer
Mathématicienne américaine
Mathématicien américain du XXIe siècle

Melody Chan