Szeréna Fáy, Simai Gyuláné, nume la naștere Szeréna Frankl, () a fost o actriță maghiară, profesoară la Academia de Teatru și membru perpetuu al Teatrului Național din Budapesta.

Biografie
Provenea dintr-o familie evreiască. Prin intervenția scriitorului Mór Jókai și a actriței Róza Laborfalvi (care îi era rudă) a fost admisă la Academia de Teatru din Budapesta la vârsta de 12 ani, unde l-a avut ca profesor pe József Szigeti. După absolvirea studiilor, în 1880, a devenit actriță la Teatrul Național din Budapesta, condus pe atunci de Ede Paulay, iar din 1918 a devenit membru perpetuu. A jucat aproape în întregime numai pe scena Teatrului Național, cu două scurte întreruperi: în 1888 la Volkstheater din Viena și în perioada 1899-1900 la Cluj.

Întrucât la început Mari Jászai și Emilia Márkus obțineau majoritatea rolurilor tragice, ea a început să joace cu mare succes roluri de eroine dramatice. Jocul său era patetic după tradițiile clasice, dar a fost în același timp dinamic și viguros. El a avut succes, de asemenea, în interpretarea rolurilor comice. Începând din 1925 până în 1934 a predat tehnici dramatice și de comedie la Academia de Teatru din Budapesta. I-a instruit pe tinerii actori în tradițiile vechii școli de teatru, având un simț pedagogic excelent. A jucat în mai multe filme.

A murit în 1934 și a fost înmormântată în cimitirul Kerepesi din Budapesta. Pe mormântul ei a fost amplasată o statuie realizată de sculptorul Ede Margó, ce reprezintă o figură feminină frumoasă.

Rózsa Ignácz a afirmat că Szeréna Fáy avea un spirit caritabil. Iubea mult animalele de companie și s-a îmbrăcat în doliu atunci când a murit câinele ei preferat.

Premii și distincții
 În 1885 a primit Premiul Farkas-Ratko.
 Pe 24 noiembrie 1921 directorul și artiștii Teatrului Național din Budapesta au sărbătorit aniversarea a 40 de ani de prezență a Szerénei Fáy pe scena Teatrului Național cu spectacolul Árva László király de Ferenc Herczeg.

Roluri în teatru
 Adél (Károly Hugó: Bankár és báró)
 Éva (Imre Madách: Tragedia omului, jucat în 1894 de 150 de ori).
 Volumnia (Sh. Coriolanus);
 mama Teréza (Mór Jókai: Omul de aur);
 Wolfné (Gerhart Hauptmann: A bunda);
 Melinda, Gertrudis (József Katona: Bánk bán);
 Goneril (William Shakespeare: Regele Lear);
 Gertrud (Shakespeare: Hamlet);
 Erzsébet (Friedrich Schiller: Maria Stuart);
 Margit királyné (Shakespeare: Richard al III-lea);
 Todorescuné (Viktor Rákosi: Elnémult harangok);
 Anna Pavlovna (Lev Tolstoi: Cadavrul viu);
 Erzsébet (J. Szigeti: Rang és mód).
 Julis, a feleség (Lajos Bibó: Juss)
 Aladár Schöpflin: A pirosruhás hölgy című, comedie în trei acte, 19 noiembrie 1926.

Filmografie
 Omul de aur (după romanul lui Mór Jókai, film regizat de Sándor Korda, 1919) - mama Teréza
 Matyólakodalom (1920);
 Leánybecsület (1923)

Note

Bibliografie
 Magyar életrajzi lexikon I. (A–K). Főszerk. Kenyeres Ágnes. Budapesta: Akadémiai. 1967.
 Magyar színházművészeti lexikon. Főszerk. Székely György. Budapesta: Akadémiai. 1994. ISBN 9630566354
 Nyugat, 1921. 1. szám. Figyelő rovat: Pataki József: S. Fáy Szeréna
 Budapesti Negyed 1999. VII. évf. 3. szám.
 Magyar zsidó lexikon. Szerk. Ujvári Péter. Budapesta: Magyar Zsidó Lexikon. 1929. 271. o.  Acces online

Lectură suplimentară
 Csathó Kálmán: Ilyeneknek láttam őket (Bp., 1957);
 Ignácz Rózsa: Malvolio tanár úr és a többiek (Prospero szigetén, Bp., 1960).
 Blaha Lujza emlékalbum. Szerk. Porzsolt Kálmán. [Bp.], Blaha Lujza Emlékbizottság, [1927].
 Magyar asszonyok lexikona. Összeáll., előszóval és történelmi résszel ellátta Bozzay Margit. Bp., 1931. Stephanum ny.
 Gulyás Pál: Magyar írók élete és munkái. Bp., Magyar Könyvtárosok és Levéltárosok Egyesülete, 1939-2002. 7. kötettől sajtó alá rend. Viczián János.
 Das geistige Ungarn. Biographisches Lexikon. Hrsg. Oscar von Krücken, Imre Parlagi. Wien-Leipzig, W. Braumüller, 1918.
 A magyar legújabb kor lexikona. Szerk. Kerkápoly M. Emil. Bp., 1930. Europa ny.
 Magyar filmlexikon. Szerk. Veress József. Bp., Magyar Nemzeti Filmarchivum, 2005.
 Magyar Színművészeti Lexikon. Szerk. Erődi Jenő és Kürthy Emil összegyűjtött anyagának felhasználásával... Schöpflin Aladár. [Bp.], Országos Színészegyesület és Nyugdíjintézete, [1929].
 Színészeti lexikon. Szerk. Németh Antal. Bp., Győző Andor, 1930.
 A Pallas nagy lexikona, az összes ismeretek enciklopédiája. 1-16 k. (17-18. pótk. Szerk. Bokor József). Bp., Pallas-Révai, 1893-1904.
 Révai nagy lexikona. Bp., Révai, 1911-.
 Révai Új Lexikona. Főszerk. Kollega Tarsoly István. Szekszárd, Babits, 1996-.
 Színház az egész!... Játékos színháztörténeti keleidoszkóp a múlt század színi világából. Összeáll. Füle Péter. [Bp.], Palatinus, 2005.
 Tolnai új világlexikona. Bp., Tolnai, 1926-1933.
 Új magyar életrajzi lexikon. Főszerk. Markó László. Bp., Magyar Könyvklub

Nașteri în 1865
Decese în 1934
Actrițe maghiare
Evrei maghiari

Szeréna Fáy


Eduardo Freitas est un officiel du sport automobile et directeur de course portugais.

Entre 2002 et 2022, il est directeur de course pour le championnat FIA GT, le championnat d'Europe FIA des voitures de tourisme, l'European Le Mans Series, l'Asian Le Mans Series et le championnat du monde d'endurance FIA. Dans ce rôle, il supervise la logistique des week-ends de voitures de sport, de voitures de tourisme et de courses d'endurance, veillant à ce que les voitures, les pistes et les pilotes soient conformes aux réglementations de la Fédération internationale de l'automobile avant, pendant et après une course.

En 2022, il remplace l'ancien directeur de course Michael Masi en tant que directeur de course de Formule 1 aux côtés de Niels Wittich.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Né au Portugal, Eduardo Freitas fait remonter sa passion pour les motos à son adolescence, vers 1977 : il . Un ami l'a ensuite incité .

Débuts
Tout comme l'ancien directeur de course de Formule 1 Charlie Whiting, Eduardo Freitas commence sa carrière dans le sport automobile, lorsqu'un ami l'invite à travailler comme mécanicien de karting lors du championnat du monde de karting à Estoril en 1979. Il gravit ensuite les échelons de commissaire de piste à directeur de course en karting.

Au cours de son travail en tant que commissaire de piste sur le circuit d'Estoril en 2002, il est invité à diriger le championnat FIA GT et ETCC pendant une saison, rôle qu'il conserve jusqu'à la fin 2009. La FIA le promeut alors au championnat mondial FIA GT1 et, en 2012, le nomme directeur de course en championnat du monde d'endurance FIA.

Eduardo Freitas travaille ainsi dans le sport automobile en tant que mécanicien, commissaire de piste et directeur de course pour des courses de monoplaces, de voitures de tourisme et d'endurance pendant plus de , dont vingt en tant que directeur de course pour le FIA WEC et les 24 Heures du Mans Series, European Le Mans Series et Asian Le Mans Series.

Formule 1
Lors des conférences et des réunions des directeurs de course de la FIA, Eduardo Freitas travaille aux côtés des anciens directeurs de course de Formule 1 Michael Masi et Charlie Whiting. Lors du Grand Prix du Portugal 2020, pour sa course à domicile sur le circuit de l'Algarve à Portimão, il intègre l'équipe de direction de course menée par Masi.

À la suite de la fin controversée du Grand Prix d'Abou Dabi 2021, au cours de laquelle les décisions de Michael Masi sont remises en cause, une pétition est lancée par des fans de Formule 1 pour nommer Freitas nouveau directeur de course.

Le , la FIA démet Masi de ses fonctions de directeur de course après avoir analysé les événements du Grand Prix d'Abou Dabi 2021. Eduardo Freitas et Niels Wittich sont nommés directeurs de course en remplacement de Masi et Herbie Blash est nommé conseiller principal permanent.

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Championnat du monde d'endurance de la FIA
  Automobile Club de l'Ouest
  Fédération internationale de l'automobile

Personnalité de la Formule 1
Dirigeant sportif portugais
Naissance au Portugal

Eduardo Freitas


الشرفية، هي طريقة صيد تقليدية اشتهرت بها جزر قرقنة في تونس. تقول الأسطورة أن بدايات الشرفية ترجع إلى القرن السابع عشر إثر اقتراح الأميرة عزيزة عثمانة على الباي تقسيم ضفاف البحر إلى أقسام صغيرة يمكن لسكان الجزر استغلالها لصيد السمك. يقع تقسيم المساحة الموكولة للشرفية بتصفيف سعف النخيل حولها، ويقع اصطياد السمك بعد أن يتم جذبه في غرفة صغيرة يقع ترتيبها داخل كل قسم. يوجد في قرقنة حوالي 500 محل للسمك تستعمل طريقة الشرفية. يسمى السمك المصطاد ب«الحوت الشرفي».في سنة 2020، تمّ إدراج الصيد بالشرفية ضمن التراث اللامادي للإنسانية.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

مقال عن الشرفية (بالفرنسية)

اقتصاد تونس
ثقافة تونسية
قرقنة
معدات صيد السمك

الشرفية


An Biarum davisii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Bertram Turrill. An Biarum davisii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Biarum, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Kriti. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Biarum

Biarum davisii


Beaulieu-sur-Loire (, literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.

Population

See also
Communes of the Loiret department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Loiret

Beaulieu-sur-Loire


Tütüncüler, Artvin - Artvin ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Tütüncüler, Bozdoğan - Aydın ili Bozdoğan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Tütüncüler, Pazar - Rize ili Pazar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Tütüncüler, Bafra - Samsun ili Bafra ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Tütüncüler, Akçaabat - Trabzon ili Akçaabat ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Tütüncüler


Cornelia Möhring (nascida a 9 de janeiro de 1960) é uma política alemã. Nascida em Hamburgo, ela representa a Esquerda. Cornelia Möhring serve como membro do Bundestag do estado de Schleswig-Holstein desde 2009.

Biografia
Cornelia Möhring estudou economia social na Universidade de Ciências Aplicadas em Hamburgo, com foco em sociologia organizacional e psicologia social. Mais tarde, tornou-se membro do Bundestag após as eleições federais alemãs de 2009. É membro da Comissão do Trabalho e dos Assuntos Sociais. Ela é a porta-voz do seu grupo sobre a política das mulheres.

Ligações externas

Naturais de Hamburgo
Membros do Bundestag 2009-2013
Membros do Bundestag 2013-2017
Membros do Bundestag 2017-2021
Membros do Bundestag 2021-2025
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1960
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Cornelia Möhring


وادي الساورة هو وادي متقطع الجريان ناشئ من اندماج وادي قير ووادي زوزفانة بمنطقة إقلي ويمر بعدة مدن انطلاقا من ايقلي. كان تدفق النهر في الماضي ثابتًا ووفيرًا، لكنه تضاءل في السنوات الأخيرة بسبب بناء سد جرف التربة على وادي قير.

مسار
يمر وادي الساورة من إقلي عبر ولاية بشار من الشمال إلى الجنوب مروراً بني عباس ثم الواتة ثم كرزاز ثم تيمودي حتى أولاد خضير والقصابي ثم يمر تحت الطريق الوطني رقم 6 قبل أن يصل إلى بحيرة سبخة مالح.

المراجع

أنهار الجزائر
أودية الجزائر
جغرافيا ولاية بشار

وادي الساورة


ප්‍රබල පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයකදී () පක්ෂවලට ඉඩ ලැබී ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී සම්ප්‍රදායක් බිහි වුවද අනෙකුත් පක්ෂවලට බලය ලබා ගැනීමට ඉඩක් නැතැයි සැලකේ. සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී දේශපාලන, සමාජ හා ආර්ථික තත්ත්ව සහ මහජන මතවාද මෙයට හේතුවේ. තවත් සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී එනම් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය එතරම් තහවුරු වී නැතිවිට, රාජ්‍ය අනුග්‍රහය හා මැතිවරණ දූෂණ යොදාගනමින් අධිපති පක්ෂය බලයේ රැදේ. මෙවන් විට ඒක පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය සහ ප්‍රබල පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය අතර වෙනස අතුරුදහන්වේ. ප්‍රබල පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයට උදාහරණ ලෙස සිංගප්පූරුවේ " පීපල්ස් ඇක්ෂන් පාටි " සහ දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ "ඇෆ්‍රකන් නැෂනල් කොංග්‍රසය " දැක්විය හැක. ප්‍රබල ඒක පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් 1990 දශකය දක්වා මෙක්සිකෝවේ "ඉන්ස්ටිටියුශනල් රෙවලුෂණරි පාටි " පැවති අතර ඩි‍මොක්‍රටික් පක්ෂය හරහා ඇමරිකාවේ 1930 සිට 1970 දක්වා පැවතුණි. "පාටි ඕෆ් ද ෆන්ක්ෂනල් ගෲප්ස් " හරහා 1970 සිට 1998 දක්වා ඉන්දුනිසයාවේ ද පැවතී ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත
 Loyal opposition
 Multi-party system
 Party of power
 Separation of powers
 Soft despotism
 Two-party system
 Types of democracy

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

Political party systems
ඡන්ද විමසීම්
Political systems

ප්‍රබල පක්ෂ ක්‍රමය


Le Tour de Bretagne féminin 2022 est la  édition de cette course cycliste féminine par étapes. Il a lieu du 3 mai au  et fait partie du calendrier de l'Union cycliste internationale en catégorie 2.1.

Marta Bastianelli remporte les deux premières étapes au sprint. Alena Ivanchenko gagne le contre-la-montre, mais c'est Vittoria Guazzini qui s'empare de la tête du classement général. Martina Alzini gagne le sprint de la quatrième étape. Marta Lach s'impose sur l'ultime étape légèrement détachée. Au classement général, Vittoria Guazzini devance Cédrine Kerbaol et Ally Wollaston. Guazzini est également meilleure jeune. Marta Bastianelli gagne le classement par points, Victorie Guilman celui de la montagne.

Parcours

Équipes

Étapes

Résultats et classement

étape
Marta Bastianelli s'impose au sprint.

étape
Marta Bastianelli s'impose dans un sprint en côte.

étape
Alena Ivanchenko remporte le contre-la-montre individuel. Vittoria Guazzini prend la tête du classement général.

étape

étape

Classements finals

Classement général

Points UCI

Classements annexes

Classement par points

Classement de la montagne

Classement de la meilleure jeune

Évolution des classements

Liste des participantes

Notes et références

Liens externes

Cyclisme en France en 2022
Cyclisme sur route en 2022
Cyclisme en mai 2022
Sport en France en mai 2022

Tour de Bretagne féminin 2022


هذه قائمة ميداليات الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 1968 التي أقيمت في المكسيك وقد تحصلت الولايات المتحدة على المركز الأول برصيد 45 ذهبية.

المرجع
 International Olympic Committee – Mexico City 1968 Medal Table

الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1968
جداول ميداليات الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية

قائمة ميداليات الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1968


Norsk bremuseum blev etableret i 1991 og ligger i bygden Fjærland inderst i Fjærlandsfjorden i Sogndal kommune i Sogn og Fjordane fylke i Norge. Museet er tegnet af Sverre Fehn og drives uden offentlig støtte. I juli 2007 passerede museet én million besøgende.
Norsk bremuseum ved arkitekt Sverre Fehn blev tildelt arkitekturprisen Betongtavlen for 1992 og Houens fonds diplom for 1994.

Bremuseet viser en indholdsrig forklaring på hvordan bræerne fungerer og hvordan de opstod. dertil er der mange spændende udstillinger og modeller af bræen og dens egenskaber. Der findes også en biografsal hvor man kan se en film om Jostedalsbreen.

Museet er åbent dagligt fra april til oktober. Det er oprettet som et fællesprojekt mellem Den Norske Turistforening, International Glaciological Society, the Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat, Norsk Polarinstitutt, Høgskulen i Sogn og Fjordane, Universitetet i Bergen og Universitetet i Oslo.

Torsdag 19. juli 2007 blev der åbnet et nyt center for klimaforståelse ved museet. Ulltveit-Moe var den største af støttepersonerne som gav hele 15 millioner til Norsk Bremuseum for at museet kunne bygge denne ekstra klimadel. Tidligere vicepræsident i USA, Walter Mondale, var til stede for at foretage åbningen. Mondale stammer fra bygden og navnet Mondale kommer af Mundal i Fjærland.

Se også
 Jostedalsbreen nationalpark

Kilder og henvisninger

 Officielt websted
 Kulturnett

Sogn og Fjordane
Bremuseum
Sogndal
Modtagere af Betongtavlen
Museer etableret i 1991

Norsk bremuseum


Hedgesville bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Hedgesville (Montana)
 Hedgesville (New York)
 Hedgesville (West Virginia)

Hedgesville


Ineke De Moortel est une mathématicienne appliquée belge travaillant en Écosse, où elle est professeur de mathématiques appliquées à l'université de St Andrews, directrice de recherche à la School of Mathematics and Statistics de St Andrews et présidente de la Société mathématique d'Édimbourg. Ses recherches portent sur la modélisation informatique et mathématique de la , et en particulier de la couronne solaire.

Formation et carrière
De Moortel a obtenu un master en mathématiques en 1997 à la KU Leuven. Elle a terminé un doctorat en physique solaire en 2001 à l'Université de St Andrews ; sa thèse, intitulée Theoretical & Observational Aspects of Wave Propagation in the Solar Corona, a été supervisée par . Elle est restée à St Andrews en tant que chercheuse postdoctorale et chercheuse, y devenant lectrice en 2008 et professeure en 2013. Depuis 2019, elle est membre du comité de rédaction de la revue Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Reconnaissance
En 2005, De Moortel est devenue membre de la Royal Astronomical Society. En 2009 elle a reçu le prix Philip-Leverhulme en Astronomie et Astrophysique. Elle a été élue à la Société mathématique d'Édimbourg en 2015 et a précédemment coprésidé sa société affiliée, la Young Academy of Scotland avant de devenir présidente de la Société mathématique d'Édimbourg.

Références

Liens externes

 Page personnelle

Membre de la Royal Society of Edinburgh
Membre de la Royal Astronomical Society
Professeur à l'université de St Andrews
Étudiant de l'université de St Andrews
Étudiant de la Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Mathématicienne du XXIe siècle
Mathématicien écossais
Mathématicienne belge

Ineke De Moortel


La reserva Corazón de la Isla es un área natural protegida de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, ubicada en la zona centro de la provincia, al norte del lago Fagnano, entre Tolhuin y el parque nacional Tierra del Fuego.

Fue creada por decreto provincial n.º 1499 en 1995 con la categoría de «manejo de reserva de usos múltiples». En 2000 se ampliaron los límites de la reserva y se incorporó la categoría de reserva recreativa natural y reserva provincial de uso múltiple. Forma parte del Sistema Provincial de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (S.P.A.N.P.) establecido por la ley provincial n.º 272 en 1996 que incluye seis áreas naturales protegidas para la conservación de ecosistemas de la provincia.

Objetivos
La creación de la reserva fue promovida por el Instituto Fueguino de Turismo, interesado en establecer nuevos circuitos de atracción y fortalecer la integración de la región centro y norte de la isla a la oferta turística y recreativa natural, como así también desarrollar un turismo de naturaleza, entendido como modalidad de turismo responsable.

Características
Tiene 100.000 ha de superficie. El clima es templado frío con temperaturas medias anuales de 4,5 °C y 450 mm de precipitaciones anuales. Algunos cursos de agua desaguan en el Océano Atlántico y otros en el Lago Fagnano, como el río Claro, el que constituye una cuenca binacional que incluye los lagos Yehuin y Chepelmut. Es una zona de bosque caducifolio con dos principales especies de árboles, el ñire y la lenga, y bosques de guindo sobre el faldeo de la margen norte del Lago Fagnano. También hay presencia de pastizales y turbales.

Fauna
Durante la época estival se concentra gran cantidad de guanacos. También es hábitat del zorro colorado fueguino, y de una gran variedad de aves, como el cauquén común, el cauquén real, el águila mora, el cóndor, el cisne de cuello negro, la cotorra austral o cachaña, la bandurria austral y el carpintero patagónico.

Véase también
 Anexo:Sitios relevantes para la observación de aves en Argentina

Referencias

Reservas naturales de Argentina
Departamento Tolhuin
Áreas naturales protegidas de la provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur
Sitios relevantes para la observación de aves en Argentina

Reserva Corazón de la Isla


Denne liste indeholder alle 518 '''medlemmer af Europa-Parlamentet fra 1984 til 1989.

A
 Jean-Pierre Abelin
 Victor Abens
 Carlos Aboim Inglez
 Gordon Adam
 Dimitrios Adamou
 Jochen van Aerssen
 Heinrich Aigner
 Alexandros Alavanos
 Siegbert Alber
 Jean-Marie Alexandre
 Rui Manuel Almeida Mendes
 Giorgio Almirante
 José María Alvarez de Eulate Peñaranda
 José Álvarez de Paz
 Giuseppe Amadei
 Rui Amaral
 Werner Amberg
 Georgios Anastassopoulos
 Hedy D'Ancona
 Ettore Giovanni Andenna
 Anne André-Léonard
 Niall Andrews
 Magdeleine Anglade
 Dario Antoniozzi
 Bernard Antony
 Víctor Manuel Arbeloa Muru
 Pedro Argüelles Salaverria
 Miguel Arias Cañete
 Rudi Arndt
 Evangelos Averof-Tossitsas
 Paraskevas Avgerinos

B
 Jean-Paul Bachy
 Monique Badénes
 Gianni Baget Bozzo
 Louis Baillot
 Richard Balfe
 Francisco Pinto Balsemão
 Juan María Bandrés Molet
 Mary Elizabeth Banotti
 Carla Barbarella
 Otto Bardong
 Enrique Barón Crespo
 Carlos Barral Agesta
 Sylvester Barrett
 José Barros Moura
 Roberto Barzanti
 Robert Batailly
 Robert Battersby
 Dominique Baudis
 Denis Baudouin
 Charles Baur
 Bernardo Bayona Aznar
 Christopher Beazley
 Peter Beazley
 Hans-Joachim Beckmann
 Luis Filipe Pais Beirôco
 Maria Belo
 Carlos Manuel Bencomo Mendoza
 Gérard Benhamou
 Pierre Bernard-Reymond
 Giovanni Bersani
 Jean Besse
 Nicholas Bethell
 Vincenzo Bettiza
 Bouke Beumer
 Luc Beyer de Ryke
 John Bird
 Philipp von Bismarck
 Birgit Bjørnvig
 Undine-Uta Bloch von Blottnitz
 Roland Blum
 Erik Blumenfeld
 Reinhold Bocklet
 Jørgen Bøgh
 Alfons Boesmans
 Alain Bombard
 Aldo Bonaccini
 Jens-Peter Bonde
 Emma Bonino
 Margherita Boniver
 Elise Boot
 Franco Borgo
 Bodil Boserup
 Ioannis Boutos
 Ursula Braun-Moser
 Georges de Brémond D'Ars
 Jürgen Brinckmeier – død 28. november 1984, afløst af Rüdiger Hitzigrath
 José António Brito Apolonia
 Elmar Brok
 Beata Brookes
 Paulin-Christian Bruné
 Carlos María Bru Purón
 Janey O'Neil Buchan
 Hubert Jean Buchou
 José Miguel Bueno Vicente
 Martine Buron
 Antonino Buttafuoco

C
 Esteban Caamaño Bernal
 Pío Cabanillas Gallas
 Jesús Cabezón Alonso
 José Cabrera Bazan
 Rafael Calvo Ortega
 Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo
 Michel de Camaret
 Jorge Campinos
 Eusebio Cano Pinto
 Antonio Nicola Cantalamessa
 Manuel Cantarero del Castillo
 Alain Carignon
 Angelo Carossino
 José Vicente Carvalho Cardoso
 Carlo Casini
 Jean-Pierre Cassabel
 Maria Luisa Cassanmagnago Cerretti
 Bryan Cassidy
 Luciana Castellina
 Barbara Castle
 Fred Catherwood
 Marco Cellai
 José Emilio Cervera Cardona
 Giovanni Cervetti
 Dominique Chaboche
 Robert Chambeiron
 Raphaël Chanterie
 Gisèle Charzat
 Mauro Chiabrando
 Roger Chinaud
 Vittorino Chiusano
 Louis Chopier
 Nicole Chouraqui
 Ib Christensen
 Ejner Hovgård Christiansen
 Efthymios Christodoulou
 Michelangelo Ciancaglini
 Roberto Cicciomessere
 Maria Lisa Cinciari Rodano
 Mark Clinton
 José Coderch Planas
 Robert Cohen
 António Antero Coimbra Martins
 Juan Luis Colino Salamanca
 Michel Collinot
 Kenneth Collins
 Joan Colom I Naval
 Michele Columbu
 Francesco Compasso
 Fernando Condesso
 Petrus Cornelissen
 Roberto Costanzo
 Alfred Coste-Floret
 Jean-Pierre Cot
 Richard Cottrell
 John de Courcy Ling
 Christine Crawley
 Rodolfo Crespo
 Lambert Croux
 Jean Crusol
 George Robert Cryer
 David Curry

D
 Joachim Dalsass
 Margaret Daly
 Pieter Dankert
 Rika de Backer-Van Ocken
 Michel Debatisse
 Karel De Gucht
 Antonio del Duca
 Robert Delorozoy
 Danielle de March
 Luigi Ciriaco de Mita
 Jean-François Deniau
 Pancrazio de Pasquale
 Gérard Deprez
 Stéphane Dermaux
 Claude Desama
 Dimitrios Dessylas
 Gilbert Devèze
 Gijs de Vries
 August de Winter
 Ramón Diaz del Rio Jaudenes
 Mario di Bartolomei
 Mario Dido'
 Carmen Díez De Rivera Icaza
 Nel van Dijk
 Chrysanthos Dimitriadis
 Aristides Dimopoulos
 Georges Donnez
 Charles Wellesley
 José Manuel Duarte Cendán
 Daniel Ducarme
 Bárbara Dührkop Dührkop
 Peter Duetoft
 Anne-Marie Dupuy
 Emilio Duran Corsanego
 Josep Antoni Duran I Lleida
 Raymonde Dury

E
 Manfred Artur Ebel
 Diana Elles
 James Elles
 Michael Elliott
 Vassilis Ephremidis
 Sergio Ercini
 Arturo Juan Escuder Croft
 José Antonio Escudero
 Nicolas Estgen
 Rafael Estrella Pedrola
 Dimitrios Evrigenis
 Winifred Ewing
 Louis Eyraud

F
 Sheila Faith
 Roger Fajardie
 Alexander Falconer
 Guido Fanti
 André Fanton
 Léon Fatous
 Ludwig Fellermaier
 António José Fernandes
 Basil de Ferranti
 Concepció Ferrer
 Bruno Ferrero
 Ove Fich
 António Jorge de Figueiredo Lopes
 Konstantinos Filinis
 Gene Fitzgerald
 James Fitzsimons
 Seán Flanagan
 Colette Flesch
 María Elena Flores Valencia
 Gaston Flosse
 Katharina Focke
 Nicole Fontaine
 Glyn Ford
 Roberto Formigoni
 André Fourçans
 Manuel Fraga Iribarne
 Otmar Franz
 Bruno Friedrich
 Ingo Friedrich
 Isidor Früh
 Yvette Fuillet

G
 Colette Gadioux
 Gerardo Gaibisso
 Yves Galland
 Max Gallo
 Carlo Alberto Galluzzi
 José Augusto Gama
 Juan Antonio Gangoiti Llaguno
 Juan Carlos Garaikoetxea Urriza
 Vasco Garcia
 Manuel García Amigo
 Ludivina García Arias
 Antonio Garcia-Pagan Zamora
 José Luis Garcia Raya
 Salvador Garriga Polledo
 Carles-Alfred Gasòliba I Böhm
 Natalino Gatti
 Roland Gaucher
 Roger Gauthier
 Fritz Gautier
 Jas Gawronski
 Nikolaos Gazis
 Kyriakos Gerontopoulos
 Marietta Giannakou-Koutsikou
 Giovanni Giavazzi
 Vincenzo Giummarra
 Emmanouil Glezos
 Ernest Glinne
 Fernando Manuel Santos Gomes
 Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe Zu Baringdorf
 Jacqueline Grand
 Carlo Alberto Graziani
 Eva Gredal
 Maxime François Gremetz
 Winston James Griffiths
 Julián Grimaldos Grimaldos
 Anselmo Guarraci
 Guy Jean Guermeur
 Julén Guimon Ugartechea
 Antoni Gutiérrez Díaz

H
 Otto von Habsburg
 Wolfgang Hackel
 Klaus Hänsch
 Benedikt Härlin
 Wilhelm Hahn
 Else Hammerich
 José Happart
 Brigitte Heinrich
 Fernand Herman
 José Ramón Herrero Merediz
 Robert Hersant
 Ien van den Heuvel
 Michael Hindley
 Rüdiger Hitzigrath – afløser for Jürgen Brinckmeier (død)
 Magdalene Hoff
 Jacqueline Hoffmann
 Karl-Heinz Hoffmann
 Geoffrey Hoon
 Paul Howell
 Leslie Huckfield
 Stephen Hughes
 Jean-Paul Hugot
 John Hume
 Alasdair Henry Hutton

I
 Antonio Iodice
 Felice Ippolito
 John Iversen

J
 Caroline Jackson
 Christopher Jackson
 Erhard Jakobsen
 James Janssen Van Raay
 Marie Jepsen
 Lionel Jospin
 Alain Juppé

K
 Edward Kellett-Bowman
 Michael Kilby
 Mark Killilea
 Egon Klepsch
 Jan Klinkenborg
 Michael Klöckner
 Spyridon Kolokotronis
 Frode Kristoffersen
 Willy Kuijpers
 Leonidas Kyrkos

L
 Antonio Augusto Lacerda de Queiróz
 José María Lafuente López
 Leonidas Lagakos
 Patrick Joseph Lalor
 Panayotis Lambrias
 Horst Langes
 Jessica Larive
 Pierre Lataillade
 Jean Lecanuet
 Jean-Marie le Chevallier
 Martine Lehideux
 Bram van der Lek
 Eileen Lemass
 Gerd Ludwig Lemmer
 Marcelle Lentz-Cornette
 Marlene Lenz
 Jean-Marie Le Pen
 Sylvie le Roux
 Marie-Noëlle Lienemann
 Giosuè Ligios
 Salvatore Lima
 Rolf Linkohr
 Anne-Marie Lizin
 Carmen Llorca Vilaplana
 César Llorens Barges
 Alfred Lomas
 Gérard Longuet
 Charles-Emile Loo
 Hendrik Louwes
 Francisco António Lucas Pires
 Zenon-José Luis Paz
 Rudolf Luster
 Finn Lynge

M
 John Joseph Mccartin
 Giulio Maceratini
 Michael Mcgowan
 Hugh Mcmahon
 Edward McMillan-Scott
 Ray Mac Sharry
 Luís Filipe Madeira
 Emmanuel Maffre-Baugé
 Thomas Joseph Maher
 Hanja Maij-Weggen
 Kurt Malangré
 Philippe Malaud
 Christian de la Malène
 Jacques Mallet
 Jean-François Mancel
 Georges Marchais
 Pol Marck
 Francesca Marinaro
 Luís Marinho
 Alain Marleix
 António José Marques Mendes
 António Joaquim Marques Mendes
 John Leslie Marshall
 Claudio Martelli
 David Martin
 Simone Martin
 Renato Massari
 Vincenzo Mattina
 Georgios Mavros
 Federico Mayor Zaragoza
 José Manuel Medeiros Ferreira
 Manuel Medina Ortega
 Thomas Megahy
 Meinolf Mertens
 Alman Metten
 Alberto Michelini
 Karl-Heinrich Mihr
 Joaquim Miranda
 Ana Miranda De Lage
 Alfeo Mizzau
 Poul Møller
 Emilio Molinari
 Andoni Monforte Arregui
 José María Montero Zabala
 James Moorhouse
 Fernando Morán López
 Alberto Moravia
 Raúl Morodo Leoncio
 Giovanni Moroni
 David Morris
 Didier Motchane
 Jean Mouchel
 Ernest Mühlen
 Günther Müller
 Werner Münch
 Joaquim Muns Albuixech
 Hemmo Muntingh
 François Musso

N
 Alessandro Natta
 Antonio Navarro
 Giovanni Negri
 Lore Neugebauer
 Arthur Stanley Newens
 Edward Newman
 Bill Newton Dunn
 Jørgen Brøndlund Nielsen
 Tove Nielsen
 Egbert Nitsch
 Hans Nord
 Jean-Thomas Nordmann
 Tom Normanton
 Wolfgang von Nostitz
 Diego Novelli

O
 Tom O'Donnell
 Charles Towneley Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan
 Francisco Oliva Garcia
 Christopher Gerard O'Malley
 Jeanette Oppenheim
 Olivier D'Ormesson

P
 Ian Paisley
 Giancarlo Pajetta
 Roger Palmieri
 Marco Pannella
 Konstantina Pantazi
 Nikolaos Papakyriazis
 Giovanni Papapietro
 Christiane Papon
 Christos Papoutsis
 Eolo Parodi
 Roger Partrat
 Jean-Claude Pasty
 George Benjamin Patterson
 Andrew Pearce
 Jorge Pegado Liz
 Jiří Pelikán
 Jean Penders
 Manuel Pereira
 Virgílio Pereira
 José Pereira Lopez
 Fernando Pérez Royo
 Luis Guillermo Perinat Elio
 Nicole Pery
 Johannes Wilhelm Peters
 Francesco Petronio
 Gabriele Peus
 Gero Pfennig
 Pierre Pflimlin
 Dorothee Piermont
 Carlos Pimenta
 Sergio Pininfarina
 Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
 Pedro Augusto Pinto
 René-Emile Piquet
 Fritz Pirkl
 Ferruccio Pisoni
 Nino Pisoni
 Terrence Pitt
 Luis Planas Puchades
 Spyridon Plaskovitis
 Charles Henry Plumb, Baron Plumb
 Hans Poetschki
 Hans-Gert Pöttering
 Lydie Polfer
 Mario Pomilio
 Michel Poniatowski
 Bernard Pons
 Josep Pons Grau
 Gustave Pordea
 Lars Poulsen
 Derek Prag
 Pierre-Benjamin Pranchère
 Peter Price
 Christopher Prout
 James Provan
 Alonso José Puerta
 Eduardo Punset I Casals

Q
 Joyce Quin

R
 Renate-Charlotte Rabbethge
 Thomas Raftery
 Andrea Raggio
 Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia
 Alfredo Reichlin
 Marcel Remacle
 María Dolores Renan I Manen
 Mario Rigo
 Günter Rinsche
 Shelagh Dame Roberts
 Carlos Robles Piquer
 François Roelants du Vivier
 Dieter Rogalla
 Rosario Romeo
 Georgios Romeos
 Domènec Romera I Alcàzar
 Pino Romualdi
 Yvonne van Rooy
 Walter Rosa
 Giorgio Rossetti
 André Rossi
 Tommaso Rossi
 Mechtild Rothe
 Willi Rothley
 Jean-Pierre Roux
 Xavier Rubert De Ventós
 Richie Ryan

S
 Henri SabylBernhard Sälzer
 Jannis Sakellariou
 Heinke Salisch
 Felipe Sanchez-Cuenca Martinez
 Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes
 Manuel dos Santos Machado
 Francisco Javier Sanz Fernández
 Enrique Sapena Granell
 Georgios Saridakis
 Giuseppe Schiavinato
 Dieter Schinzel
 Ursula Schleicher
 Gerhard Schmid
 Barbara Schmidbauer
 Lydie Schmit
 Konrad Schön
 Heinz Schreiber
 Frank Schwalba-Hoth
 James Scott-Hopkins
 Christiane Scrivener
 Barry Seal
 Horst Seefeld
 Hans-Joachim Seeler
 Sergio Camillo Segre
 Lieselotte Seibel-Emmerling
 Madron Richard Seligman
 Gustavo Selva
 Alexander Sherlock
 Mateo Sierra Bardají
 José Silva Domingos
 Richard Simmonds
 Barbara Simons
 Anthony Simpson
 Llewellyn Smith
 Leopold Spaeth
 Altiero Spinelli
 Vera Squarcialupi
 Paul Staes
 Giovanni Starita
 Franz Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg
 Konstantinos Stavrou
 George Stevenson
 Kenneth Stewart
 Jack Stewart-Clark
 Jean-Pierre Stirbois
 Fernando Suárez González
 Georges Sutra de Germa

T
 John David Taylor
 Wilfried Telkämper
 Bernard Thareau
 Diemut Theato
 Jacqueline Thome-Patenotre
 Carlo Tognoli
 Claus Toksvig
 Teun Tolman
 John Tomlinson
 Carole Tongue
 Günter Topmann
 Enzo Tortora
 Raymond Tourrain
 Michel Toussaint
 Giovanni Travaglini
 Alberto Tridente
 Antonino Tripodi
 Renzo Trivelli
 Osvalda Trupia
 Frederick Tuckman
 Amédée Turner
 Ioannis Tzounis

U
 Jakob von Uexküll
 Jef Ulburghs

V
 Maurizio Valenzi
 José Valverde López
 Jaak Vandemeulebroucke
 Marijke van Hemeldonck
 Jean-Marie Vanlerenberghe
 Karel Van Miert
 Peter Vanneck
 Grigorios Varfis
 Marie-Claude Vayssade
 José Vázquez Fouz
 Luis Vega Y Escandon
 Simone Veil
 Herman Verbeek
 Josep Verde I Aldea
 Willem Vergeer
 Paul Vergès
 Jacques Vernier
 Willy Vernimmen
 Heinz Oskar Vetter
 Nikolaos Vgenopoulos
 Phili Viehoff
 Ben Visser
 Silvio Vitale
 Kurt Vittinghoff
 Thomas von der Vring

W
 Leen van der Waal
 Manfred Wagner
 Gerd Walter
 Kurt Wawrzik
 Beate Weber
 Rudolf Wedekind
 Michael Welsh
 Charles Wendeling
 Norman West
 Klaus Wettig
 Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul
 Florus Wijsenbeek
 Karl von Wogau
 Joseph Wohlfart
 Claude Wolff
 Eisso Woltjer
 Francis Wurtz

Z
 Mario Zagari
 Hans-Jürgen Zahorka
 Axel Zarges
 Spyridon Zournatzis

Kilde
 Europa-Parlamentet

1984-1989

Liste over medlemmer af Europa-Parlamentet 1984-1989


9033 Kawane este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
9033 Kawane este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Susono de Makio Akiyama și Toshimasa Furuta. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,15 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 16,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 9001-10000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

9033 Kawane


6365 Nickschneider este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6365 Nickschneider este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Siding Spring de Schelte J. Bus. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,86 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 8,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Note

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1981
Centura de asteroizi

6365 Nickschneider


İbrahim Sadun Aren (d. 1922 Erzurum – ö. 8 Mart 2008 Ankara), Türk iktisat profesörü ve siyaset adamı.

Hayatı

Gençliği
Sadun Aren, 1922 yılında doğdu. Annesi, Mevlevi tarikatına mensup olduğu için çocukken Kuran öğrensin diye onu mahalle mektebine gönderdi. Kendi söylemiyle 'ilk toplumsal eylemini' 16 yaşında yaptı;

1940'ta Eskişehir Lisesi'ni, 1944'te Siyasal Bilgiler Okulu'nu bitirdi. 1945'te aynı okulda asistan, 1950'de doçent oldu. 1951'de İngiltere'ye gönderildi. 1956'da ülkeye dönünce siyasi bir davadan yargılandı ve beraat etti. 1957'de profesör oldu. Eylül 1960'ta Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı'nda danışmanlığa getirildi. 1962'ye kadar bu görevde kaldı. Sosyalist Kültür Derneği'nin kurucuları arasında yer aldı.

Türkiye İşçi Partisi yılları
Sadun Aren, TİP'in kuruluşuyla birlikte Parti'ye girdi ve Parti yönetiminde görev aldı.

TİP, 1965 seçimlerinde yüzde 3 oy oranıyla TBMM'de 14 Milletvekilliği ve bir Senatörlük sandalyesi kazandı. Prof. Aren, Mehmet Ali Aybar ve Çetin Altan ile birlikte İstanbul'dan Milletvekili oldu. 1965 seçimlerinde uygulanan "Milli Bakiye Sistemi" sayesinde Meclis'e 14 milletvekiliyle giren TİP, parlamentoda güçlü bir muhalefet sergiledi. Çetin Altan'ın TBMM'de "Nâzım Hikmet, Türkiye'nin en büyük şairidir" demesi üzerine çıkan kavgada, Sadun Aren ve Çetin Altan Meclis çatısı altında Adalet Partisi'ne üye Milletvekillerinin linç girişimine maruz kaldılar.

1968'de Sovyetler Birliği, Varşova Paktı'ndan kopmaya çalışan Çekoslovakya'yı tanklarıyla işgal etti. Çekoslovakya'da Prag Baharı diye adlandırılan bağımsızlık arayışının askeri yöntemlerle bastırılması, dünyadaki pek çok sosyalist partide olduğu gibi TİP içinde de bölünmelere yol açtı. Özgürlükçü ve bağımsızlık yanlısı Mehmet Ali Aybar işgali kınarken, TİP'in etkili isimleri olan Behice Boran ve Sadun Aren işgali olumlu karşıladılar.

1968 yılından itibaren Aybar'ın dile getirdiği "Türkiye'ye has sosyalizm" söylemi, Prof. Aren'in de içinde olduğu bir grup partili tarafından ideolojik sapma olarak görüldü. Bu grup Emek dergisi çevresinde bir araya geldi. Dergi çevresinde yürütülen mücadele sonunda Mehmet Ali Aybar TİP'den istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. Yapılan Genel Kurul sonrası TİP'in Genel Başkanlığı'na Sadun Aren'in de desteklediği Behice Boran getirildi. "Boran-Aren Dönemi" olarak da anılan bu evre, TİP'in çeşitli engellemelerle karşılaştığı ve iç bölünmeler yaşadığı bir dönemdir.

12 Mart dönemi
Aren, 12 Mart askerî darbesinden sonra gözaltına alınarak Yıldırım Bölge'ye götürüldü. Bir hafta sonra çıkarıldığı mahkemece tutuklanarak Mamak Askeri Cezaevi'ne gönderildi. Tutukluyken mide kanaması geçirerek Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi'ne kaldırıldı. Bu arada TCK'nın 141/1 maddesi gereği yargılandığı dava da sürmekteydi. 1972'de dava karara bağlandı ve 12 yıl 5 ay ağır hapis cezasına çarptırıldı. Türkiye İşçi Partisi yöneticisi diğer arkadaşlarıyla birlikte cezasının geri kalan kısmını çekmek üzere Niğde Cezaevi'ne gönderildi. 1974'te çıkan genel aftan yararlanarak tahliye oldu. Cezaevindeyken Marksizm ve üniversitede okutulan ekonomiyi anlatan bir kitap üzerinde çalışmaya başladı. Bu kitap daha sonraki tutuklanması için gerekçe oldu.

1974 affıyla serbest bırakıldıktan sonra DİSK'te görev aldı. Bu dönemde Politika gazetesinde yazdı.

12 Eylül darbesi
Sadun Aren 12 Eylül döneminde, önce ders notları (Marksist içerikli denilerek) sonra DİSK'te görev alması nedeniyle tutuklandı. 1984'te tahliye oldu.

Tahliyesinden sonra yeniden fakülteye dönmesine izin verilmedi. Çeşitli konferanslara ve seminerlere katıldı. 1976'da İstanbul'a giderek DİSK'e danışman oldu. 1977'de yeniden Ankara'ya döndü. Yeni kurulan DİSK Araştırma Enstitüsü'nün başına geçti. 12 Eylül 1980 darbesi ile enstitü kapanana kadar bu görevi yürüttü.

Sadun Aren, Nisan 1981'de tekrar gözaltına alınarak 1. Şube'ye götürüldü. 15 gün burada kaldıktan sonra önce İstanbul Metris'e, oradan Selimiye Cezaevi'ne gönderildi, çıktığı mahkemece tahliye edildi. 1982'de yeniden tutuklandı ve Mamak Askeri Cezaevi'ne gönderildi. Buradan da avukatlarının talebi üzerine kendi durumundaki tutukluların bulunduğu Dil Okulu'na gönderildi. Niğde Cezaevi'nde yazdığı kitabı nedeniyle açılan davadan beraat etti ancak DİSK davası sürdüğünden yeniden Metris Cezaevi'ne gönderildi. 1984 yılında diğer DİSK davası sanıkları ile birlikte tahliye edildi. Bu arada Türkiye Barış Derneği dolayısıyla da hakkında dava açıldı ancak o davadan beraat etti.

90'lar ve yeniden siyasal mücadele
Sadun Aren, 1991'de Sosyalist Birlik Partisi'nin Genel Başkanlığı'na seçildi. Daha sonra Birleşik Sosyalist Parti (BSP) Genel Başkanlığı'nı sürdürdü. 8 Mart 2008'de Ankara'da hayata veda eden Aren, öldüğünde de Özgürlük ve Dayanışma Partisi'nin (ÖDP) Onursal Genel Başkanı ve Türkiye İnsan Hakları Kurumu Vakfı (TİHAK) Kurucu Üyesiydi.

Aren'in ekonomi ile ilgili çeşitli kitap ve makaleleri ve TİP'i anlatan kitapları vardır. Bunların yanında Mahir Çayan, kendisi kaleme aldığı "Aren Oportünizminin Niteliği" adlı yazısında Sadun Aren'i eleştirmiştir. Sadun Aren 2008 yılında Ankara'da hayatını kaybetti. Mezarı Ankara'dadır.

Eserleri

 Sosyalizmin Yeni Yolu
 İstihdam Para ve İktisadi Politika
 100 Soruda Ekonomi El Kitabı
 100 Soruda Para ve Para Politikası
 Puslu Camın Arkasından

 Bir Dönemden Yazılar (1980-1988)
 Ekonomi Dersleri
 Yeni Sağ Yeni Aldatmaca (karma kitap)
 TİP Olayı (1961-1971)

Kaynakça

Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
1922 doğumlular
2008 yılında ölenler
Türk ekonomi akademisyenleri
Türk profesörler
Erzurum doğumlu siyasetçiler
TBMM 13. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
Türk marksistler
TBMM Plan ve Bütçe Komisyonu
Cebeci Asri Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türkiye İşçi Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler

Sadun Aren


2013 පෙබරවාරි 16 දිනදී, පාකිස්තානයේ, ක්වේටා අවට ප්‍රදේශයේ, හාසරා නගරයෙහි වෙළෙඳපොලකදී,  වතුර ටැංකියක සඟවා තිබුණු බෝම්බයක් පුපුරායෑම නිසා අවම වශයෙන් 84 දෙනෙක් මිය ගොස් 190 දෙනෙක් තුවා ලදහ. මෙම ප්‍රහාරයට ගොදුරුවූ බොහෝදෙනා ප්‍රමුඛ වශයෙන් ට්වෙල්වර් ෂියා වාර්ගික හාසරා ප්‍රජාවට අයත් වූවන් වන අතර, දරුණු තුවාල ලද්දවුන්ගේ මහත්වූ සංඛ්‍යාව නිසා මරණය ලද ගණන ඉහළ යන බවට බලධාරිහූ බලාපොරොත්තු වූහ. ෂියා හාසරාවරුන්ට එරෙහිව එක් මසක් තුලඑල්ලවූ දෙවන ප්‍රධාන ප්‍රහාරය වන මෙහි වගකීම ලෂ්කාර්-ඊ-ජෑන්ග්වී කණ්ඩායම භාර ගත්හ.

ආශ්‍රිත

 2013 දී පාකිස්තානයේ සිදුවූ ත්‍රස්තවාදී සිද්ධි
ක්වේටාහී ඉතිහාසය
අනුප්‍රතිපාදිත පුපුරණ උපකරණ මගින් පාකිස්තානයේ බෝම්බ පිපිරවීම්
ඉස්ලාමීය ත්‍රස්තවාදය
 2013 දී සිදුවූ සමූල ඝාතන
 වයඹ දිග පාකිස්තානයේ යුද්ධය
 හාසරා ජනයාට හිංසා කිරීම

පෙබරවාරි 2013 ක්වේටා බෝම්බ පිපිරීම


Šisandra (lat. Schisandra), biljni rod listopadnih i zimzelenih visećih grmova iz porodice Schisandraceae. Postoji dvadesetak priznatih vrsta iz južne i jugoistočne Azije, te jugoistoka SAD-a i Meksika.

Vrste

 Schisandra arisanensis Hayata
 Schisandra bicolor W.C.Cheng
 Schisandra cauliflora N.T.Cuong, D.V.Hai, N.Q.Hung & M.H.Dat
 Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.
 Schisandra elongata (Blume) Baill.
 Schisandra glabra (Brickell) Rehder
 Schisandra glaucescens Diels
 Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook. fil. & Thomson
 Schisandra henryi C.B.Clarke
 Schisandra incarnata Stapf
 Schisandra lancifolia (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) A.C.Sm.
 Schisandra longipes (Merr. & Chun) R.M.K.Saunders
 Schisandra macrocarpa Q.Lin & Y.M.Shui
 Schisandra micrantha A.C.Sm.
 Schisandra neglecta A.C.Sm.
 Schisandra parapropinqua Z.R.Yang & Q.Lin
 Schisandra perulata Gagnep.
 Schisandra plena A.C.Sm.
 Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill.
 Schisandra pubescens Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson
 Schisandra pubinervis (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) R.M.K.Saunders
 Schisandra repanda (Siebold & Zucc.) Radlk.
 Schisandra rubriflora (Franch.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson
 Schisandra sphaerandra Stapf
 Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E.H.Wilson
 Schisandra tomentella A.C.Sm.
 Schisandra wilsoniana A.C.Sm.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Šisandrovke

Šisandra


الحليماوات  هي فوق فصيلة من الديدان الأسطوانية من رتبة الحجناوات الواسعة. كباقي الديدان الأسطوانية ليس لها لا جهاز دوران ولا جهاز تنفس.

عائلات الحجناوات هي:
 Pneumospiruridae
 Rhabdochonidae
 Thelaziidae

مراجع

حجناوات
ديدان أسطوانية
طفيليات

حليماوات


Ronaldo adlı kişiler:

 Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima, 1976 doğumlu Brezilyalı futbolcu
 Ronaldo Guiaro, 1974 doğumlu Brezilyalı defans oyuncusu
 Cristiano Ronaldo, 1985 doğumlu Portekizli futbolcu
 Ronaldinho (Ronaldo de Assis Moreira), 1980 doğumlu Brezilyalı futbolcu

Ronaldo


أندالجالورنيس (Andalgalornis) جنس من طيور رعب المفترسة، وقد عاشت في الأرجنتين خلال الميوسين و البليوسين.

يبلغ طول هذا الطائر متر ونصف المتر. وينتمي إلى فصيلة Patagornithinae. وطبقا للبحوث الأحفورية؛ فإنه يبدو أشبه بفورسراكوس صغير الحجم باستثناء المنقار، حيث أن المنقار هو الأكبر من حيث الجحم بين كل الأجناس.

مصادر

 Alvarenga, Herculano M. F. & Höfling, Elizabeth (2003): Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 43(4): 55-91 PDF fulltext
 Kraglievich, Lucas (1931): Contribución al conocimiento de las aves fósiles de la época araucoentrerriana. Physis 10: 304-315. [Article in Spanish]

أجناس الطيور
أجناس الطيور ما قبل التاريخ
أصنوفات أحفورية وصفت في 1960
طيور الرعب
طيور منقرضة لا تطير
مستحاثات الأرجنتين

أندالجالورنيس


Adrianskoga mora sirena, hrvatski je barokni spjev. Jedan je od temeljnih hrvatskih spjevova i važnog nacionalno-identitetskog simbola hrvatske povijesti i kulture.

Hrvatska je inačica mađarskog izvornika, epa Adriai tengernek Syrenaia što ga je na temu turske opsade i zauzeća tvrđave Siget 1566. godine spjevao Petrov brat Nikola Zrinski, objavivši spjev u Beču 1651. godine. Petrov hrvatski prepjev otisnut u Veneciji 1660. godine ostao je do 19. stoljeća najljepšom hrvatskom tiskanom knjigom i spomenikom rodu i djelu Zrinskih.

Osobitost Petrova prepjeva bratova djela ogleda se u njegovim nastojanjima da izbjegne doslovno prenošenje značenja predloška (primjerice, tursku pobjedu zbog velikih vojnih gubitaka smatra neuspjehom i početkom konačnoga turskog sloma), te da da svoje filozofske i moralizatorske misli i poglede unosi u stihove »jednako kad je riječ o turskom pijančevanju kao i o ljepoti ljubavi« (Josip Bratulić).

Osim Obside Sigecke kao glavnog sadržaja spjeva, Adrijanskoga mora sirena obuhvaća i niz lirskih pjesama ‒ idile, epigrame sigetskim junacima, pjesmu o Kristu i zaključnu pjesmu "Ispivanje" u kojoj Nikola kao pjesnik izvornika progovara o vlastitu ratničkom habitusu.

Novo kritičko izdanje priredio je 2016. godine akademik Josip Bratulić koji je stihove Petra Zrinskog popratio komentarima, rječnikom i znanstvenom studijom o autoru i poetičkim aspektima hrvatske Zrinijade, njezinim kulturnopovijesnim implikacijama i njezinom trostoljetnom recepcijom.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Adrianszkoga mora syrena, digitalna.nsk.hr

Hrvatska književnost
Knjige
Zrinski
Nikola VII. Zrinski

Adrianskoga mora sirena


Alchemilla taernaensis er fjölær jurt af rósaætt (Rosaceae). Hann er frá Skandinavíu.

Heimildir

Maríustakkar

Alchemilla taernaensis


Blåstrømpe (japansk: 青鞜, Seitō) var et japansk feministisk tidsskrift grundlagt i 1911 af de fem kvinder Raichō Hiratsuka, Yasumochi Yoshiko, Mozume Kazuko, Kiuchi Teiko og Nakano Hatsuko, alle med til at grundlægge Blåstrømpe-foreningen (青鞜社 Seitō-sha). Første nummer udkom i september 1911.

Bladet havde i begyndelsen fokus på kvindelitteratur, men ændre sig til mere og mere at have indlæg om kvindefrigørelse. Dette gjorde, at bladet flere gange blev blokeret af censuren, og også adfærden hos de centrale kvinder bag bladet vakte forargelse i tiden. I takt med faldende oplagstal blev det sidste nummer udsendt i februar 1916.

Feminisme
Tidsskrifter fra Japan
Etableret i 1911
Ophørt i 1916

Blåstrømpe (tidsskrift)


Heinz Hopf (19 November 1894 – 3 June 1971) was a German mathematician who worked on the fields of topology and geometry.

Early life and education
Hopf was born in Gräbschen, German Empire (now , part of Wrocław, Poland), the son of Elizabeth (née Kirchner) and Wilhelm Hopf. His father was born Jewish and converted to Protestantism a year after Heinz was born; his mother was from a Protestant family.

Hopf attended Karl Mittelhaus higher boys' school from 1901 to 1904, and then entered the König-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Breslau. He showed mathematical talent from an early age. In 1913 he entered the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University where he attended lectures by Ernst Steinitz, Adolf Kneser, Max Dehn, Erhard Schmidt, and Rudolf Sturm. When World War I broke out in 1914, Hopf eagerly enlisted. He was wounded twice and received the iron cross (first class) in 1918.

After the war Hopf continued his mathematical education in Heidelberg (winter 1919/20 and summer 1920) and Berlin (starting in winter 1920/21). He studied under Ludwig Bieberbach and received his doctorate in 1925.

Career
In his dissertation, Connections between topology and metric of manifolds (German Über Zusammenhänge zwischen Topologie und Metrik von Mannigfaltigkeiten), he proved that any simply connected complete Riemannian 3-manifold of constant sectional curvature is globally isometric to Euclidean, spherical, or hyperbolic space. He also studied the indices of zeros of vector fields on hypersurfaces, and connected their sum to curvature. Some six months later he gave a new proof that the sum of the indices of the zeros of a vector field on a manifold is independent of the choice of vector field and equal to the Euler characteristic of the manifold. This theorem is now called the Poincaré–Hopf theorem.

Hopf spent the year after his doctorate at the University of Göttingen, where David Hilbert, Richard Courant, Carl Runge, and Emmy Noether were working. While there he met Pavel Alexandrov and began a lifelong friendship.

In 1926 Hopf moved back to Berlin, where he gave a course in combinatorial topology. He spent the academic year 1927/28 at Princeton University on a Rockefeller fellowship with Alexandrov. Solomon Lefschetz, Oswald Veblen and J. W. Alexander were all at Princeton at the time. At this time Hopf discovered the Hopf invariant of maps  and proved that the Hopf fibration has invariant 1. In the summer of 1928 Hopf returned to Berlin and began working with Pavel Alexandrov, at the suggestion of Courant, on a book on topology. Three volumes were planned, but only one was finished. It was published in 1935.

In 1929, he declined a job offer from Princeton University. In 1931 Hopf took Hermann Weyl's position at ETH, in Zürich. Hopf received another invitation to Princeton in 1940, but he declined it. Two years later, however, he was forced to file for Swiss citizenship after his property was confiscated by Nazis, his father's conversion to Christianity having failed to convince German authorities that he was an "Aryan".

In 1946/47 and 1955/56 Hopf visited the United States, staying at Princeton and giving lectures at New York University and Stanford University. He served as president of the International Mathematical Union from 1955 to 1958.

Personal life
In October 1928 Hopf married Anja von Mickwitz (1891–1967).

Honors and awards
He received honorary doctorates from Princeton University, the University of Freiburg, the University of Manchester, the University of Paris, the Free University of Brussels, and the University of Lausanne. In 1949 he was elected a corresponding member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1957, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961, and the American Philosophical Society in 1963. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Zürich in 1932 and a Plenary Speaker at the ICM in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1950.

In memory of Hopf, ETH Zürich awards the Heinz Hopf Prize for outstanding scientific work in the field of pure mathematics.

See also
 Co-Hopfian group
 Cohomotopy group
 EHP spectral sequence
 Hopfian group
 Hopfian object
 Quantum group

Selected publications
 Alexandroff P., Hopf H. Topologie Bd.1 — B: 1935

References

Further reading

External links

 "On the curvature integra of closed hypersurfaces," transl. by D. H. Delphenich
 "Vector fields in n-dimensional manifolds," transl. by D. H. Delphenich

1894 births
1971 deaths
Differential geometers
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Geometers
20th-century German mathematicians
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Switzerland
20th-century Swiss mathematicians
Topologists
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Wrocław
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Presidents of the International Mathematical Union
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Heinz Hopf


Ryan Jacob Paevey-Vileger dit Ryan Paevey est un mannequin et acteur américain, né le  à Torrance, en Californie (États-Unis). Il se fait connaître grâce au rôle de l'enquêteur Nathan West dans le feuilleton Hôpital central (2013-2018).

Biographie

Jeunesse
Ryan Paevey naît le  à Torrance, en Californie. Il grandit à Los Angeles, avec son père, Les Vlieger, et sa mère, Linda Paevey. Il est d'origine néerlandaise et indonésienne par son père.

Carrière
Au début des années 2000, Ryan Paevey commence sa carrière de mannequin, aux côtés de Katy Perry et Cher. Il apparaît dans les clips musicaux  de Robin Thicke, en 2009, et
 de Toni Braxton, en 2010, ainsi que  de Christina Aguilera, en 2012.

Après ses débuts de mannequins, il est encouragé à s'essayer à la carrière d'acteur. En 2011, il apparaît dans le court métrage  de Lindsay Seim.

En 2013, après une apparition dans un épisode de la série , il décroche le rôle de l'enquêteur Nathan West dans le feuilleton Hôpital central (), diffusé sur la chaîne ABC, jusqu'à sa décision du départ en 2018.

En 2015, il est engagé pour interpréter un rôle principal dans le téléfilm Amour, orgueil et préjugés () de David Winning, qui diffusera sur Hallmark Channel en 2016 et qui aura pour suite Mariage, orgueil et préjugés () de Steven R. Monroe, en 2018.

Filmographie

Cinéma

Long métrage
 2012 :  de Mike Campbell et Todd Johnson : Jonathan

Court métrage
 2011 :  de Lindsay Seim : Tom

Télévision

Téléfilms
 2016 : Amour, orgueil et préjugés () de David Winning : Donovan Darcy
 2017 :  de Damián Romay : Draven
 2017 : L'Amour dans le pré () de Christie Will Wolf : Will
 2018 : Mariage, orgueil et préjugés () de Steven R. Monroe : Donovan Darcy
 2018 : Un nouveau chapitre pour Noël () d'Alex Wright : Mac
 2019 : Mon mariage avec mon meilleur ami () d'Andrew Cymek : Ted Cooper
 2019 : Coup de foudre à Big Mountain () de David Winning : Richard Belmont
 2019 : Noël au palace () de Ron Oliver : Nick Perrelli
 2020 : Coup de foudre à la Saint-Valentin () de Siobhan Devine : Daniel O'Connor
 2020 : Noël au manoir enchanté () de Ron Oliver : Charles Whitley
 2021 : Le Camp des cœurs brisés () de Terry Ingram : Ben Meyers
 2021 : Amour, star et beauté () de Heather Hawthorn Doyle : Darin Mitchell
 2021 : L'invité surprise de Noël () de David I. Strasser : Dylan Bailey
 2022 : La fable magique de Noël (Sneak Peek - A Fabled Holiday) de Janet D. Munro : Anderson

Séries télévisées
 2013 :  : Simon (saison 2, épisode 10 : )
 2013 : Hôpital central () : Nathan West (284 épisodes)
 2018 :  : Victor Lake (saison 5, épisode 20 : )
 2019 :  : Bryce (3 épisodes)

Clips musicaux
 2009 : , de Robin Thicke
 2010 : , de Toni Braxton
 2012 : , de Christina Aguilera

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur américain de cinéma
Acteur américain de télévision
Mannequin homme américain
Naissance en septembre 1984
Naissance à Torrance

Ryan Paevey


Lichtenhain ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Sebnitz im Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, Sachsen. Der Ort liegt im Elbsandsteingebirge und ist bekannt durch den Lichtenhainer Wasserfall und das Lichtenhainer Blumenfest.

Geographie

Lichtenhain liegt im rechtselbischen Teil der Sächsischen Schweiz auf der Hochfläche zwischen den Flüssen Sebnitz im Norden und Kirnitzsch im Süden. Der Ort befindet sich im Zentrum einer fast rundum von bewaldeten Hanglagen umgebenen Rodungsfläche, der Dorfkern liegt dabei am Beginn eines rechten Seitentälchens des Kirnitzschtals. Der darin verlaufende Lichtenhainer Dorfbach bildet kurz vor seiner Mündung in die Kirnitzsch den Lichtenhainer Wasserfall, eine bekannte Touristenattraktion der Sächsischen Schweiz. Wenige 100 Meter südöstlich des Wasserfalls befinden sich das Felsentor Kuhstall und die Burg Wildenstein, die zu Bad Schandau gehören. Ein weiterer Wasserfall auf Lichtenhainer Flur ist der Beuthenfall, etwas weiter flussabwärts der Kirnitzsch. In der Mitte zwischen Lichtenhainer Wasserfall und Beuthenfall stand die beim Hochwasser im August 2010 eingestürzte Haidemühle. Vom nahe der Ortslage Lichtenhain befindlichen Pfarrberg bietet sich eine Rundumsicht.

Lichtenhain hat 515 Einwohner. (Stand: 2011) Die Gemarkung Lichtenhain grenzt im Westen an Mittelndorf und im Osten an Ottendorf. Nordöstlich bzw. nördlich benachbart sind Hertigswalde und Hainersdorf. Im Nordwesten grenzt Ulbersdorf, ein Ortsteil von Hohnstein, und im Süden der Bad Schandauer Ortsteil Ostrau an.

Wichtigste Straßen im Ort sind die beiden von Bad Schandau nach Sebnitz führenden Staatsstraßen 165 (Kirnitzschtalstraße) und 154 (Hohe Straße, auch als Panoramastraße bezeichnet). Letztere wurde um 1930 aus dem Ortskern heraus nach Norden verlegt und erhielt deshalb den Namen Neue Straße. Von ihr zweigt die Kreisstraße 8730 nach Ulbersdorf ab. An den ÖPNV ist Lichtenhain über die Buslinie 260 des Regionalverkehrs Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge angebunden. Am Lichtenhainer Wasserfall befindet sich außerdem die Endstation der Kirnitzschtalbahn, einer vorrangig touristischen Zwecken dienenden Überlandstraßenbahn. Darüber hinaus liegt der Lichtenhainer Wasserfall an mehreren Fernwanderwegen, darunter Fremdenweg, Malerweg, Dichter-Musiker-Maler-Weg und Lausitzer Schlange.

Geschichte

Der Ortsname ist, genau wie die Namen der meisten Orte in der Umgebung, nicht slawischen, sondern deutschen Ursprungs. Er setzt sich zusammen aus den Bestandteilen Licht und Hain. Erstmals erwähnt wurde das Dorf 1409. Die Schreibweise "Lichtinhayn" war 1430 in Gebrauch, 1495 gibt es zwei Varianten nebeneinander: "Lichtenaw alias et vero Lychtenhan". Im Jahre 1791 hieß der Ort "Lichtenhayn".

Lichtenhain entstand als Waldhufendorf im Zuge der Deutschen Ostsiedlung. Schon um 1500 befand sich im Ort eine Pfarrkirche, die zum Archidiakonat der nahen Oberlausitz gehörte. Ihr zugeordnet war bis 1459 sowie 1539 bis 1545 als Filialkirche der Vorgängerbau der Bad Schandauer St.-Johannis-Kirche. Eingepfarrt sind traditionell die Nachbarorte Altendorf und Mittelndorf, bis 1545 auch Rathmannsdorf. Die Lichtenhainer Kirche wurde 1697/98 umgebaut und erweitert. Damals entstand auch das dreistöckige barocke Altarretabel vom Zittauer Bildhauer Johann Konrad Edelwehr. Vermutlich war die Heilige Stiege ein Verbindungsweg von Schmilka zur Lichtenhainer Kirche. Während der schweren Verwüstungen des Dreißigjährigen Krieges 1633/34 versteckten sich die Einwohner in den Felsgebieten oberhalb des Kirnitzschtals.

Als Amtsdorf unterstand Lichtenhain mit seiner rund 19 Hufen großen Waldhufenflur in grundherrschaftlicher, erbgerichtlicher und verwalterischer Hinsicht vom 16. bis ins 19. Jahrhundert direkt dem Amt Hohnstein, die Bauern des Ortes waren außerdem zu einem kleinen Teil dem Lichtenhainer Pfarrer zinspflichtig. Die Verwaltung des Ortes oblag 1856 dem Gerichtsamt Schandau. Auf Grundlage der Landgemeindeordnung von 1838 erlangte Lichtenhain Selbstständigkeit als Landgemeinde. Diese war 1875 Teil der Amtshauptmannschaft Pirna, die Größe der Gemeindeflur betrug im Jahre 1900 rund 797 Hektar. Das 1890 teilweise abgebrannte Oberdorf wurde anschließend neu errichtet.

Ab 1952 gehörte Lichtenhain zum Kreis Sebnitz. Am 1. April 1974 wurden die Nachbarorte Altendorf und Mittelndorf nach Lichtenhain eingemeindet; am 1. März 1994 schlossen sich Lichtenhain, Ottendorf und Saupsdorf zur neuen Gemeinde Kirnitzschtal zusammen, deren Verwaltung in Lichtenhain saß. Aus dem Kreis Sebnitz ging im selben Jahr durch eine Fusion zunächst der Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz und 2008 der Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge hervor. Seit dem 1. Oktober 2012 gehört Lichtenhain nach der Eingliederung von Kirnitzschtal zur Stadt Sebnitz. Das Gebäude mit der ältesten Bausubstanz ist heute der Vierseithof des Erblehngerichts, weitere alte Bauernhöfe sind im Niederdorf und über dem Talgrund zu finden. Seit 1963 wird im Ort das Lichtenhainer Blumenfest gefeiert.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Weblinks

 Adressbuch Lichtenhain von 1925

Einzelnachweise und Fußnoten

Geographie (Sebnitz)
Ort im Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge)
Ort in der Sächsischen Schweiz
Ersterwähnung 1409
Gemeindeauflösung 1994
Staatlich anerkannter Erholungsort in Sachsen

Lichtenhain (Sebnitz)


El Rompido ist ein Ort an der Mündung des Río Piedras in den Atlantischen Ozean, rund 20 Kilometer Luftlinie westsüdwestlich der Großstadt Huelva. Der Ort gehört zur Stadtgemeinde Cartaya.

Ursprünglich war El Rompido ein kleiner Fischereihafen mit zwei Leuchttürmen, davon einer aus dem 19. Jahrhundert. Ab den 1980er Jahren prägte der Tourismus das örtliche Leben und wurde zum bestimmenden Wirtschaftsfaktor.

Geografie
Die dynamischen Prozesse zwischen Meer und Flussmündung schufen eine bemerkenswerte Landschaftsformation an diesem Abschnitt der Ausgleichsküste von Lepe bis Cartaya. Südlich des Ortes, auf der anderen Seite des Flusses, erstreckt sich eine ausgedehnte Nehrung, mit einer ursprünglichen Dünenvegetation und einem feinsandigen, breiten Strand: Die Flecha del Rompido. Sie ist nur über eine Fähre oder zu Fuß vom gut 5 km westlich gelegenen Ort La Antilla erreichbar; deshalb finden sich dort weite, wenig berührte Strandabschnitte. Gemeinsam mit den diesseits des Flusses gelegenen, den Gezeiten unterworfenen Sumpfmarschen der Marismas de San Miguel bildet die Flecha ein zusammenhängendes Naturschutzgebiet.

Geschichte
Funde in der näheren Umgebung belegen menschliche Ansiedlung an der Mündung des Río Piedras seit der Altsteinzeit. Im Jahr 1971 wurden an einer Fundstelle am nördlichen Flussufer 208 Werkstücke aus Quarzit aus dem Zeitraum vom 9. bis zum 3. Jahrtausend vor Christus gefunden. Die Jäger, Sammler und Fischer jener Epoche fanden ein Umfeld mit reichen Ressourcen zum Überleben.

In den Weidegründen von San Miguel fand man einen Brennofen aus der Römerzeit. Er diente zum Brennen von Amphoren, in denen vermutlich Lebensmittel eingesalzt wurden. Er ist ein Indiz für die Existenz einer römerzeitlichen Siedlung, in der Fisch verarbeitet wurde.

Über die örtlichen Verhältnisse während der islamischen Herrschaft gibt es keine Kenntnisse.

1262 eroberte Alfons X. die muslimische Stadt Libla, das heutige Niebla, und unmittelbar danach die gesamte umgebende Region. Im 15. Jahrhundert erlebte die Region eine Blütezeit. Der Marqués von Gibraleón warb mit Privilegien und Steuervergünstigungen um Siedler. Es entstanden die Orte Cartaya, Sanlúcar de Guadiana, und 1458 San Miguel Arca de Buey am Standort des heutigen alten Leuchtturms von El Rompido. Auf dem höchsten Punkt des Hügels, dem heutigen Standort des Hotels Fuerte del Rompido, wurden die Burg Castillo de San Miguel und die Pfarrkirche erbaut. Ihr Friedhof wurde erst kürzlich bei Ausgrabungen entdeckt. Gemeinsam mit den beiden Leuchttürmen, die unter Philipp II. Ende des 16. und Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts erbaut wurden, überwachte die Burg die Einfahrt zum Fluss und damit den Zugang zu den Häfen von Cartaya und Lepe.

Die Bevölkerung von San Miguel litt unter häufigen Überfällen türkischer und berberischer Piraten, die diese Küste heimsuchten. Mehrmals wurde der Ort geplündert, sodass die Einwohner nach und nach wegzogen. 1597 warb der Marqués Don Francisco Lopez de Zuniga Gibraleón y Sotomayor wieder mit Privilegien, um neue Ansiedler für den fast menschenleeren Ort zu gewinnen – vergeblich. Um 1630 lebte niemand mehr dauerhaft dort. 1651 stellte der Amtmann (Corregidor) von Gibraleón, Don José de Hermosilla, die Entvölkerung fest. Die nächstgelegene Stadt Cartaya eignete sich dann das Gebiet der verlassenen Küstengemeinde an.

Das Rathaus von San Miguel stand bis 1681. Die Pfarrkirche und die letzten stehen gebliebenen Häuser fielen schließlich dem Erdbeben von 1755 zum Opfer. Die Glocken und einige Bilder aus der Kirche wurden anscheinend von den Kirchen von Cartaya und Aljaraque übernommen. Die Ruinen der Burg überdauerten bis ins 19. Jahrhundert. Mit einem Teil der Steine wurde 1861 der kleine Leuchtturm gebaut. Letzte Überreste der Burg wurden für den Bau des Hotels Fuerte del Rompido zerstört. So überdauerte keine sichtbare Spur des alten Ortes San Miguel bis heute.

Ende des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts siedelten um den Leuchtturm herum einige Fischer mit ihren Hütten; es entstand das Fischerdorf, das bis zum Aufkommen des Tourismus in den 1970er Jahren Bestand hatte.

Wirtschaft

Tourismus
Um 1960 erschienen die ersten Besucher am Ort; ab den 1970er Jahren begann der Tourismus in nennenswertem Umfang. Diese Besucher integrierten sich noch in das familiäre Umfeld des Ortes. Später änderte der Ort seinen Charakter; landeinwärts und Richtung Osten dehnte sich der Ort aus und wurde zu einer Tourismus-typischen semi-urbanen Siedlung, einer Urbanización. Mit Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts wurde der Ort grundlegend modernisiert. Vier Luxushotels und mehrere große Golfplätze entstanden.

Fischfang

Am kleinen Fischereihafen mit einem Tiefgang von gut einem Meter können nur kleine Fischerboote anlegen. Angelandet werden vor allem Fänge aus der Schleppnetzfischerei, insbesondere Plattfische und Garnelen.

Ortstypische Festtage
Am letzten Wochenende im Juli feiert der Ort das Fest zu Ehren der Virgen del Carmen, der Lieben Frau auf dem Berg Karmel. Mit dem Bildnis der Heiligen fahren Fischer und Seeleute eine Schiffsprozession auf dem Fluss. Sie opfern ihr zu Ehren Blumen, die sie ins Wasser streuen, als Dank, dass es ihre Lebensgrundlage bietet. Zahlreiche Touristen am Ufer bestaunen die Prozession. In den 1980er und 1990er Jahren wurde das Fest bei der Jugend der gesamten Provinz Huelva so populär, dass sich bis zu 3.000 Besucher an dem kleinen Fischereihafen drängten. In den Jahren seit 2000 hat der Andrang etwas nachgelassen, und das Fest gewann etwas von seinem traditionellen, familiären Charakter zurück.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Informationen der Stadtverwaltung Cartaya zu El Rompido

Ort in Andalusien
Cartaya

El Rompido


تشوجي أكيميتشي ، هي أحد شخصيات مسلسل الأنمي ناروتو. فتى ضخم البنية يقضي معظم وقته في الطعام أو التفكير في الطعام. وهو غير متحمس القتال والطريقة الوحيدة لحمله على القتال أو المساعدة بالطعام. ولكن عندما يناديه أحد بالممتلئ أو بالسمين فإنه لن يتراجع عن قتاله مهما كانت الأسباب. تشوجي يعرف عدة من تقنيات القتال القوية كتقنية مضاعفة الحجم وتقنية الرصاصة الإنسانية. كما يثبت تشوجي نفسه في كافة أنحاء المسلسل على أنه شخص عطوف وصديق جيد ولطيف.

مراجع

شخصيات خيالية ظهرت في 2000
شخصيات ناروتو

تشوجي أكيميتشي


Aceasta este o listă de jamo (litere din hangul ce reprezintă consoane și vocale în coreeană; ele sunt componentele blocurilor silabice) care include și litere arhaice. Lista conține informații despre amplasarea lor în Unicode.

În listele de mai jos,
 punctele de cod afișate cu  au fost adăugate în Unicode 5.2. Acestea ar trebui să formeze un bloc silabic pătrat atuci când sunt combinate cu alte jamo, dar fonturile, browserele și/sau sistemele de operare neactualizate le pot afișa incorect.
 punctele de cod afișate cu  au fost corectate în Unicode 5.1 și în KS X 1026-1.
 punctele de cod evidențiate cu  fac parte din setul contemporan de hangul și pot fi compuse aritmetic (în grupuri de 2–3) într-unul dintre cele 11 172 de blocuri silabice aflate în intervalul U+AC00–U+D7AF (vezi explicații mai jos):
 U+1100–U+1112: 19 jamo reprezentând consoane inițiale coreene moderne
 U+1161–U+1175: 21 jamo reprezentând vocale coreene moderne
 U+11A8–U+11C2: 27 jamo reprezentând consoane finale coreene moderne
 toate celelalte jamo (afișate fără fundal galben) sunt învechite; ele nu se folosesc în coreeana contemporană, iar unele procesoare de text nici nu le suportă.
  este asocierea folosită în procesorul de text Hangul, versiunile Wordian–2007, care asocia caracterele jamo cu puncte de cod din regiunea  din Unicode. Începând cu Hangul Office 2010,  a fost înlocuită cu abordarea standard din Unicode.

Caracterele jamo de compatibilitate (U+3130–U+318F) sunt codate în Unicode pentru compatibilitatea cu standardul sud-coreean KS X 1001. Caracterele de compatibilitate și cele de lățime înjumătățită (U+FFA0–U+FFDC) nu sunt combinabile în blocuri pătrate (din cauza ambiguității delimitării silabelor), dar pot fi folosite în aplicații vechi care nu suportă sau nu pot afișa corect întregul set de silabe din hangul, cum ar fi terminalele ieftine sau imprimantele vechi; aceste caractere de compatibilitate pot exista fie în variante de lățime întreagă, fie în variante de lățime înjumătățită (folosite mai ales la terminale de rezoluție mică).

Unicode definește și un set larg de silabe hangul precompuse (U+AC00–U+D7AF), formate din două sau trei jamo, pentru uz general în coreeana contemporană (asocierile lor pentru descompunere canonică nu se găsesc în Baza de Date de Caractere din Unicode, dar sunt specificate printr-un algoritm aritmetic în capitolul 3 din Standardul Unicode) și pot fi descompuse în secvențe de două sau trei jamo (din subintervalele menționate mai sus). Codarea lor inițială (din Unicode 1.0) era diferită (și incompatibilă cu versiunile ulterioare), fiind bazată pe caracterele jamo de compatibilitate (ceea ce înseamnă că ignorau distincția dintre consoanele inițiale și cele finale, rezultând uneori în compuneri automate ambigue sau incorecte).

Consoane

Vocale

Alte caractere
Acestea nu sunt jamo, dar se folosesc împreună cu jamo și silabe din hangul.

 Spații libere
 : U+115F (inițială), U+1160 (medială)
 : U+3164
 : U+F784 (inițială), U+F806 (medială), U+F86A (finală)
 : U+FFA0
 Diacritice tonale arhaice (/ bangjeom), scrise la stânga blocului silabic, dar codate după, folosite și în scrierea verticală (de exemplu în Hunminjeongeum eonhae):
 Punct (/ geoseong) (, ·): U+302E (ton înalt); a nu se confunda cu jamo-ul învechit  (U+318D), folosit ca medială într-un bloc silabic.
 Două puncte (/ sangseong) (, :): U+302F (ton ascendent).
 Absența marcajelor de ton indica tonul jos (/ pyeongseong).
 În scrierea orizontală, marcajele de ton mută silaba (și textul următor) mai la dreapta. În scrierea verticală, poziția textului rămâne neschimbată, dar marcajele apar tot la stânga silabei.

Referințe

Limba coreeană

Listă de jamo


Ünye-Ceyhan Boru Hattı, Ünye ile Ceyhan arasında oluşturulmak istenen petrol boru hattı.

Kazakistan ve Azerbaycan'dan gelecek petrolü Boğazlar'dan geçirmeden Akdeniz'e indirmeyi hedefliyor.

Halihazırda Samsun ile Rusya arasında Karadeniz'in altından bir doğalgaz boru hattı (Mavi Akım) geçiyor. Türkiye bu hatta paralel bir diğer doğalgaz hattı daha istiyor. Ancak bazı akademisyenler Rusya'ya bağımlılığı daha fazla arttıracağı gerekçesiyle Rusya ile yeni projelerde temkinli olunması gerektiğini savunuyorlar.

Bu hattın daha önceden başlangıç noktası, Samsun olarak belirlenmişken, projeyi uygulayacak olan firma, hattın başlangıç noktasını Samsun'dan Ünye'ye kaydırmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Petrol boru hatları listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ünye Belediyesi Resmi Sitesi
 Ünye Kaymakamlığı Resmi Sitesi

Türkiye'deki petrol boru hatları
Rusya ekonomisi
Türkiye ekonomisi
Ceyhan
Ünye
2012'de Rusya
2012'de Türkiye
2012'de kurulan oluşumlar
Rosneft

Ünye-Ceyhan Boru Hattı


Mussaenda arcuata es una especie de plantas con flores perteneciente a  la familia de las rubiáceas.

Descripción
Es un arbusto erecto o trepador, con flores de color amarillo con el centro peludo  que se vuelve marrón con la edad y frutas de color naranja.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los bosques y la orilla de arroyos. Está muy extendida en África tropical y Madagascar.

Taxonomía
Mussaenda arcuata fue descrita por Jean Louis Marie Poiret y publicado en Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 392, en el año 1797.
Sinonimia
Landia astrographa Comm. ex DC.
Landia stelligera Commerson
Landia stelligera Comm. ex DC.
Mussaenda abyssinica Chiov.
Mussaenda arcuata var. parviflora S.Moore
Mussaenda arcuata var. pubescens Wernham
Mussaenda laurifolia A. Chev.
Mussaenda stenocarpa Chevalier

Referencias

Enlaces externos

arcuata

Mussaenda arcuata


Wynonna Earp er en canadisk-amerikansk overnaturlig western horror tv-serie  og den er baseret på tegneserien af Beau Smith. Melanie Scrofano spiller seriens hovedrolle.

Medvirkende
 Melanie Scrofano som Wynonna Earp
 Shamier Anderson som Deputy Marshal Xavier Dolls
 Tim Rozon som Doc Holliday, Wyatt Earps partner
 Dominique Provost-Chalkley som Waverly Earp, Wynonnas yngre søster

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Gyserserier fra USA
Tv-programmer fra Syfy

Wynonna Earp (tv-serie)


Udsholt er en landsby i Blistrup Sogn i Gribskov Kommune (Region Hovedstaden). Indtil Kommunalreformen i 1970 lå det i Holbo Herred (Frederiksborg Amt) der efter i Græsted-Gilleleje Kommune (Frederiksborg Amt) frem til Kommunalreformen i 2007.

Historie

I 1682 bestod Udsholt af 13 gårde og 4 huse uden jord. Det samlede dyrkede areal udgjorde 458,5 tønder land skyldsat til 79,90 tdr hartkorn. Dyrkningsformen var trevangsbrug.

Noter

Litteratur
 Karl-Erik Frandsen: Vang og tægt. Studier over dyrkningssystemer og agrarstrukturer i Danmarks landsbyer 1682-83 (Bygd 1983),
 Henrik Pedersen: De danske Landbrug fremstillet paa Grundlag af Forarbejderne til Christian V.s Matrikel 1688. Udgivet efter hans Død paa Bekostning af Carlsbergfondet (København MCMXXVIII; Reprotryk for Landbohistorisk Selskab, København 1975),

Byer i Gribskov Kommune

Udsholt


|}
Lennox Claudius Lewis (London, 2. rujna 1965.) je britanski bivši profesionalni boksač. Rođen u Londonu, posjeduje i kanadsko državljanstvo. Jedan je od petorice boksača koji su osvajali naslov svjetskog prvaka u teškoj kategoriji tri puta. Predstavljao je Kanadu kao amater na Olimpijskim igrama 1984. i 1988. 2009. uvršten je u Međunarodnu boksačku kuću slavnih (IBHOF).

Britanski športaši
Boksači

Lennox Lewis


Le décipium ou décepium était un nouvel élément chimique supposément isolé par Marc Delafontaine de la samarskite. Il a publié sa découverte en 1878 puis un article de suivi en 1881.

Le décipium était considéré comme faisant partie du groupe du cérium des terres rares.

Plus tard, il a été démontré que le décipium était un mélange de samarium et d'autres terres rares.

Références

Samarium
Élément chimique hypothétique
1878

Décipium


Notodden skysstasjon, tidligere Notodden kollektivterminal, er en busterminal i byen Notodden i Norge, der blev indviet 24. september 2002. 25. august 2004 blev den desuden taget i brug som jernbanestation, da den erstattede Notodden Station som endestation for togene på Bratsbergbanen, men denne funktion blev imidlertid flyttet tilbage i august 2015. I stedet kører der shuttlebusser mellem busterminalen og stationen i forbindelse med togene.

Udover lokalbusserne, der køres af Nettbuss på kontrakt med Telemark fylkeskommune (Farte), trafikeres busterminalen også af NOR-WAY Bussekspress rute NW180 Haukeliekspressen (Telemark Bilruter/Tide Buss) og NW185 Rjukanekspressen (Tinn Billag), og Nettbuss express rute NX1 (Nettbuss).

Terminalen ligger for enden af et ca. 800 m langt spor, der grener fra ved Notodden Stations østlige indkørsel, og ca. 50 m vest for byens første station. Der er ingen bemanding og kun et enkelt spor uden elektrificering. Togtrafikken blev flyttet tilbage til Notodden Station 10. august 2015, da der ikke var midler til en elektrificering. Noget der ellers ville være nødvendigt, da de dieseldrevne tog af type Y1 fra den dato blev erstattet af de elektriske type 69. Efterfølgende afgav Stortingets transportudvalg en indstilling i december 2015, der indebar penge til en elektrificering af sporet til terminalen.

Terminalen blev oprindeligt bygget uden faciliteter for passagerer og kun med bænke og små overdækninger uden vægge ved busstoppestederne. 11. april 2014 åbnede der imidlertid en terminalbygning med ventesal, informationstavler og toiletter. Samtidig blev navnet ændret fra Notodden kollektivterminal til Notodden skysstasjon.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Tinnosbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 2002
Busser

Notodden skysstasjon


نواف مبارك، من مواليد 31 أغسطس 1981، لاعب كرة قدم إماراتي يلقب برونالدينهو الشارقة و لعب سابقاً مع منتخب الإمارات لكرة القدم و أندية الشارقة و الأهلي و بني ياس. لاعب مميز جداً يملك إمكانيات ومهارات كبيرة في الاحتفاظ بالكرة يمتاز بقدم يسرى قوية و يعرف بتسديداته من خارج منطقة الجزاء ويميل إلى اللعب الجماعي و يكون هادئ في الملعب ولا يتأثر ويتنرفز في الملعب.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

 نواف مبارك: نحن الجيل الذهبي
 مبارك لاعب الشارقة الإماراتي الدولي سعيد بعودتي لصفوف المنتخب-1-0.htm نواف مبارك لاعب الشارقة الإماراتي الدولي: سعيد بعودتي لصفوف المنتخب

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إماراتيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الإماراتي
لاعبو نادي شباب الأهلي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإماراتي
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2004
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2007
لاعبو كرة قدم إماراتيون
لاعبو كرة قدم في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2002
لاعبو منتخب الإمارات العربية المتحدة لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الشارقة
لاعبو نادي العروبة (الإمارات)
لاعبو نادي بني ياس
منافسون في الألعاب الآسيوية من الإمارات العربية المتحدة
مواليد 1401 هـ
مواليد 1981
مواليد في الشارقة

نواف مبارك


7233 Majella este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7233 Majella este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Giovanni de Sanctis. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,67 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 12,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1986
Centura de asteroizi

7233 Majella


A magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid, or MRF) is a type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid. Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid when in its active ("on") state can be controlled very accurately by varying the magnetic field intensity. The upshot is that the fluid's ability to transmit force can be controlled with an electromagnet, which gives rise to its many possible control-based applications.

MR fluid is different from a ferrofluid which has smaller particles. MR fluid particles are primarily on the micrometre-scale and are too dense for Brownian motion to keep them suspended (in the lower density carrier fluid). Ferrofluid particles are primarily nanoparticles that are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. As a result, these two fluids have very different applications.

How it works
The magnetic particles, which are typically micrometer or nanometer scale spheres or ellipsoids, are suspended within the carrier oil and distributed randomly in suspension under normal circumstances, as below.

When a magnetic field is applied, however, the microscopic particles (usually in the 0.1–10 µm range) align themselves along the lines of magnetic flux, see below.

Material behavior
To understand and predict the behavior of the MR fluid it is necessary to model the fluid mathematically, a task slightly complicated by the varying material properties (such as yield stress).
As mentioned above, smart fluids are such that they have a low viscosity in the absence of an applied magnetic field, but become quasi-solid with the application of such a field. In the case of MR fluids (and ER), the fluid actually assumes properties comparable to a solid when in the activated ("on") state, up until a point of yield (the shear stress above which shearing occurs). This yield stress (commonly referred to as apparent yield stress) is dependent on the magnetic field applied to the fluid, but will reach a maximum point after which increases in magnetic flux density have no further effect, as the fluid is then magnetically saturated. The behavior of a MR fluid can thus be considered similar to a Bingham plastic, a material model which has been well-investigated.

However, MR fluid does not exactly follow the characteristics of a Bingham plastic. For example, below the yield stress (in the activated or "on" state), the fluid behaves as a viscoelastic material, with a complex modulus that is also known to be dependent on the magnetic field intensity. MR fluids are also known to be subject to shear thinning, whereby the viscosity above yield decreases with increased shear rate. Furthermore, the behavior of MR fluids when in the "off" state is also non-Newtonian and temperature dependent, however it deviates little enough for the fluid to be ultimately considered as a Bingham plastic for a simple analysis.

Thus our model of MR fluid behavior in the shear mode becomes:

Where  = shear stress;  = yield stress;  = Magnetic field intensity  = Newtonian viscosity;  is the velocity gradient in the z-direction.

Shear strength

Low shear strength has been the primary reason for limited range of applications. In the absence of external pressure the maximum shear strength is about 100 kPa. If the fluid is compressed in the magnetic field direction and the compressive stress is 2 MPa, the shear strength is raised to 1100 kPa. If the standard magnetic particles are replaced with elongated magnetic particles, the shear strength is also improved.

Particle sedimentation

Ferroparticles settle out of the suspension over time due to the inherent density difference between the particles and their carrier fluid. The rate and degree to which this occurs is one of the primary attributes considered in industry when implementing or designing an MR device. Surfactants are typically used to offset this effect, but at a cost of the fluid's magnetic saturation, and thus the maximum yield stress exhibited in its activated state.

Common MR fluid surfactants

MR fluids often contain surfactants including, but not limited to:

 oleic acid
 tetramethylammonium hydroxide
 citric acid
 soy lecithin

These surfactants serve to decrease the rate of ferroparticle settling, of which a high rate is an unfavorable characteristic of MR fluids. The ideal MR fluid would never settle, but developing this ideal fluid is as highly improbable as developing a perpetual motion machine according to our current understanding of the laws of physics. Surfactant-aided prolonged settling is typically achieved in one of two ways: by addition of surfactants, and by addition of spherical ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Addition of the nanoparticles results in the larger particles staying suspended longer since the non-settling nanoparticles interfere with the settling of the larger micrometre-scale particles due to Brownian motion. Addition of a surfactant allows micelles to form around the ferroparticles. A surfactant has a polar head and non-polar tail (or vice versa), one of which adsorbs to a ferroparticle, while the non-polar tail (or polar head) sticks out into the carrier medium, forming an inverse or regular micelle, respectively, around the particle. This increases the effective particle diameter. Steric repulsion then prevents heavy agglomeration of the particles in their settled state, which makes fluid remixing (particle redispersion) occur far faster and with less effort. For example, magnetorheological dampers will remix within one cycle with a surfactant additive, but are nearly impossible to remix without them.

While surfactants are useful in prolonging the settling rate in MR fluids, they also prove detrimental to the fluid's magnetic properties (specifically, the magnetic saturation), which is commonly a parameter which users wish to maximize in order to increase the maximum apparent yield stress. Whether the anti-settling additive is nanosphere-based or surfactant-based, their addition decreases the packing density of the ferroparticles while in its activated state, thus decreasing the fluids on-state/activated viscosity, resulting in a "softer" activated fluid with a lower maximum apparent yield stress. While the on-state viscosity (the "hardness" of the activated fluid) is also a primary concern for many MR fluid applications, it is a primary fluid property for the majority of their commercial and industrial applications and therefore a compromise must be met when considering on-state viscosity, maximum apparent yields stress, and settling rate of an MR fluid.

Modes of operation and applications
An MR fluid is used in one of three main modes of operation, these being flow mode, shear mode and squeeze-flow mode. These modes involve, respectively, fluid flowing as a result of pressure gradient between two stationary plates; fluid between two plates moving relative to one another; and fluid between two plates moving in the direction perpendicular to their planes. In all cases the magnetic field is perpendicular to the planes of the plates, so as to restrict fluid in the direction parallel to the plates.

Flow mode (a.k.a. valve mode)

Shear mode

Squeeze-flow mode

The applications of these various modes are numerous. Flow mode can be used in dampers and shock absorbers, by using the movement to be controlled to force the fluid through channels, across which a magnetic field is applied. Shear mode is particularly useful in clutches and brakes - in places where rotational motion must be controlled. Squeeze-flow mode, on the other hand, is most suitable for applications controlling small, millimeter-order movements but involving large forces. This particular flow mode has seen the least investigation so far.
Overall, between these three modes of operation, MR fluids can be applied successfully to a wide range of applications. However, some limitations exist which are necessary to mention here.

Limitations
Although smart fluids are rightly seen as having many potential applications, they are limited in commercial feasibility for the following reasons:

 High density, due to presence of iron, makes them heavy. However, operating volumes are small, so while this is a problem, it is not insurmountable.
 High-quality fluids are expensive.
 Fluids are subject to thickening after prolonged use and need replacing.
 Settling of Ferro-particles can be a problem for some applications.
 Cannot operate at extremely High/Low temperatures

Commercial applications do exist, as mentioned, but will continue to be few until these problems (particularly cost) are overcome.

Advances in the 2000s
Studies published beginning in the late 2000s which explore the effect of varying the aspect ratio of the ferromagnetic particles have shown several improvements over conventional MR fluids. Nanowire-based fluids show no sedimentation after qualitative observation over a period of three months. This observation has been attributed to a lower close-packing density due to decreased symmetry of the wires compared to spheres, as well as the structurally supportive nature of a nanowire lattice held together by remnant magnetization. Further, they show a different range of loading of particles (typically measured in either volume or weight fraction) than conventional sphere- or ellipsoid-based fluids. Conventional commercial fluids exhibit a typical loading of 30 to 90 wt%, while nanowire-based fluids show a percolation threshold of ~0.5 wt% (depending on the aspect ratio). They also show a maximum loading of ~35 wt%, since high aspect ratio particles exhibit a larger per particle excluded volume as well as inter-particle tangling as they attempt to rotate end-over-end, resulting in a limit imposed by high off-state apparent viscosity of the fluids. This range of loadings suggest a new set of applications are possible which may have not been possible with conventional sphere-based fluids.

Newer studies have focused on dimorphic magnetorheological fluids, which are conventional sphere-based fluids in which a fraction of the spheres, typically 2 to 8 wt%, are replaced with nanowires. These fluids exhibit a much lower sedimentation rate than conventional fluids, yet exhibit a similar range of loading as conventional commercial fluids, making them also useful in existing high-force applications such as damping. Moreover, they also exhibit an improvement in apparent yield stress of 10% across those amounts of particle substitution.

Another way to increase the performance of magnetorheological fluids is to apply a pressure to them. In particular the properties in term of yield strength can be increased up to ten times in shear mode and up five times in flow mode. The motivation of this behaviour is the increase in the ferromagnetic particles friction, as described by the semiempirical magneto-tribological model by Zhang et al. Even though applying a pressure strongly improves the magnetorheological fluids behaviour, particular attention must be paid in terms of mechanical resistance and chemical compatibility of the sealing system used.

Applications
The application set for MR fluids is vast, and it expands with each advance in the dynamics of the fluid.

Mechanical engineering
Magnetorheological dampers of various applications have been and continue to be developed. These dampers are mainly used in heavy industry with applications such as heavy motor damping, operator seat/cab damping in construction vehicles, and more.

As of 2006, materials scientists and mechanical engineers are collaborating to develop stand-alone seismic dampers which, when positioned anywhere within a building, will operate within the building's resonance frequency, absorbing detrimental shock waves and oscillations within the structure, giving these dampers the ability to make any building earthquake-proof, or at least earthquake-resistant.

Military and defense
The U.S. Army Research Office is currently funding research into using MR fluid to enhance body armor. In 2003, researchers stated they were five to ten years away from making the fluid bullet resistant. In addition, HMMWVs, and various other all-terrain vehicles employ dynamic MR shock absorbers and/or dampers.

Optics
Magnetorheological finishing, a magnetorheological fluid-based optical polishing method, has proven to be highly precise. It was used in the construction of the Hubble Space Telescope's corrective lens.

Automotive
If the shock absorbers of a vehicle's suspension are filled with magnetorheological fluid instead of a plain oil or gas, and the channels which allow the damping fluid to flow between the two chambers is surrounded with electromagnets, the viscosity of the fluid, and hence the critical frequency of the damper, can be varied depending on driver preference or the weight being carried by the vehicle - or it may be dynamically varied in order to provide stability control across vastly different road conditions. This is in effect a magnetorheological damper. For example, the MagneRide active suspension system permits the damping factor to be adjusted once every millisecond in response to conditions.  General Motors (in a partnership with Delphi Corporation) has developed this technology for automotive applications. It made its debut in both Cadillac (Seville STS build date on or after 1/15/2002 with RPO F55) as "Magneride" (or "MR") and Chevrolet passenger vehicles (All Corvettes made since 2003 with the F55 option code) as part of the driver selectable "Magnetic Selective Ride Control (MSRC)" system in model year 2003.  Other manufacturers have paid for the use of it in their own vehicles, for example Audi and Ferrari offer the MagneRide on various models.

General Motors and other automotive companies are seeking to develop a magnetorheological fluid based clutch system for push-button four wheel drive systems. This clutch system would use electromagnets to solidify the fluid which would lock the driveshaft into the drive train.

Porsche has introduced magnetorheological engine mounts in the 2010 Porsche GT3 and GT2.  At high engine revolutions, the magnetorheological engine mounts get stiffer to provide a more precise gearbox shifter feel by reducing the relative motion between the power train and chassis/body.

As of September 2007, Acura (Honda) has begun an advertising campaign highlighting its use of MR technology in passenger vehicles manufactured for the 2007 MDX model year.

Aerospace
Magnetorheological dampers  are under development for use in military and commercial helicopter cockpit seats, as safety devices in the event of a crash. They would be used to decrease the shock delivered to a passenger's spinal column, thereby decreasing the rate of permanent injury during a crash.

Human prosthesis
Magnetorheological dampers are utilized in semi-active human prosthetic legs. Much like those used in military and commercial helicopters, a damper in the prosthetic leg decreases the shock delivered to the patients leg when jumping, for example. This results in an increased mobility and agility for the patient.

Haptic feedback input devices
The company XeelTech and CK Materials Lab in Korea use magnetorheological fluid to generate the haptic feedback of their HAPTICORE rotary switches. The MR actuators are primarily used as input devices with adaptive haptic feedback to enable new possibilities in user interface design. The HAPTICORE technology functions like a miniature MR brake. By changing the magnetic field created by a small electromagnet inside the rotary knob, the friction between the outer shell and the stator is modified in such a way that the user perceives the braking effect as haptic feedback.

By modifying the rheological state of the fluid in near real time, a variety of mechanical rotary knob and cam switch haptic patterns such as ticks, grids, and barriers or limits can be simulated. In addition, it is also possible to generate new forms of haptic feedback, such as speed-adaptive and direction-dependent haptic feedback modes. This technology is used, for example, in HMIs of industrial equipment, household appliances or computer peripherals.

See also
Smart fluid
Ferrofluid
Electrorheological fluid
Rheology
Rheometry

References

Notes

Sources
 R. Tao, Editor (2011). Electro-Rheological Fluids And Magneto-Rheological Suspensions: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference. World Scientific. .
Chunlin Miao, et al., "Magnetorheological fluid template for basic studies of mechanical-chemical effects during polishing," Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6671 pp. 667110 (2007), abstract and full text (pdf)
Stanway, R – Smart Fluids: Current and Future Developments. Materials Science and Technology, 20, pp931–939, 2004
Jolly, M R; Bender, J W and Carlson D J – Properties and Applications of Commercial Magnetorheological Fluids. SPIE 5th Annual Int Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, 1998.

External links

Some freely-accessible MRF articles
Experimenting with magnetorheological fluids - Preparation instructions
Howstuffworks.com liquid body armor
Howstuffworks.com smart structures

Smart materials
Fluid dynamics

Magnetorheological fluid


Er De med? er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1954 instrueret af Ole Berggreen.

Handling
I efteråret 1954 afholdtes den store militærøvelse med operationsbetegnelsen "Skandaek-Mist". Også civilforsvaret deltog i øvelsen, for at personalet kunne få anledning til at gennemprøve sine planer og sit materiale i en tænkt katastrofesituation. Filmen viser scener fra civilforsvarets arbejde og appellerer til publikum om at deltage i denne del af Danmarks beredskab.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1954

Er De med?


Woman Jumping from Rock to Rock (em tradução livre, Mulher pulando de pedra em pedra) é um filme mudo britânico em curta-metragem realizado em 1887, parte do estudo do inventor e fotógrafo Eadweard Muybridge à respeito da locomoção humana e animal.

Não se trata de um filme como entendemos hoje, mas de uma sequência de fotografias de apenas alguns segundos, dispostas de forma a criar a impressão de movimento.

Sinopse
Uma modelo nua da cintura para cima, e usando uma saia transparente, pulando de uma pedra para outra pedra. Começa em vista frontal e termina em vista lateral. Assim como em outros filmes de seu estudo sobre o movimento, Muybridge explora a nudez. Ele considerava que a ausência de roupas e outros adereços tornava a locomoção humana mais fácil de ser estudada.

Ligações externas

Filmes do Reino Unido de 1887
Curtas-metragens de 1887
Curtas-metragens do Reino Unido
Documentários do Reino Unido
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes mudos
Filmes em domínio público
História do cinema
Filmes dirigidos por Eadweard Muybridge

Woman Jumping from Rock to Rock