Thomas Anthony Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest (born 8 January 1967) is a British politician who served as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2019. A Member of the House of Lords since 2022, he was Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich East from 2001 to 2019.

Born in Sheffield, Watson was raised in Kidderminster where he was educated at King Charles I School. He first became involved in Labour Party and trade union activism when studying at the University of Hull and was chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1992 to 1993. After working in marketing and advertising, he began working full-time for the Labour Party, including on its 1997 general election campaign, and then for the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union.

Elected MP for West Bromwich East at the 2001 general election, Watson was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Veterans from May to September 2006 and Parliamentary Secretary for the Cabinet Office from 2008 to 2009. In October 2011, Ed Miliband appointed him as the Labour Party's National Campaign Coordinator and Deputy Chair. He resigned from both roles in July 2013, following a controversy over the selection of a new parliamentary candidate for Falkirk.

On 12 September 2015, Watson was elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, alongside new leader Jeremy Corbyn, gaining 198,962 votes or 50.7%, including second preference votes from those who voted for other candidates. Following the conviction of Carl Beech in July 2019 for making false allegations of paedophilia, Watson was criticised by high-profile victims and their relatives for his role in the affair. On 6 November 2019, Watson announced that he would be standing down both as an MP and as Deputy Leader, and leave office on 12 December 2019, stating that his reasons for standing down were "personal, not political". He later admitted that he had voted for Owen Smith in the 2016 leadership election. In March 2020, he was appointed chair of UK Music and later that year was made a senior adviser on problem gambling to Flutter Entertainment.

Early life and career
Watson was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, and educated at King Charles I School, Kidderminster, although he left before completing his A-Levels. At the age of 17, in 1984, he became a trainee library assistant at the Labour Party's Walworth Road headquarters. He then worked as a marketing officer and advertising account executive.

He later studied as a mature student at the University of Hull, where he was active in the Hull University Labour Club and elected President of the Students' Union in 1992, although he did not complete his degree. He was chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1992 to 1993.

In 1993, he again worked for the Labour Party as National Development Officer for Youth and then worked on the party's 1997 general election campaign. He then left to become the National Political Officer of the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union.

Early parliamentary career
Watson was elected MP for West Bromwich East at the 2001 general election. He served on the Home Affairs Select Committee from 2001 to 2003, and supported the committee's recommendation on UK drug policy to "initiate a discussion within the Commission on Narcotic Drugs of alternative ways – including the possibility of legalisation and regulation – to tackle the global drugs dilemma". In his first year in parliament, he launched a campaign to ban album sales of convicted sex offender Gary Glitter.

In 2002, Watson moved a Ten Minute Rule Bill to change organ donation laws. Later that year, he was a leading candidate for the chair of the Labour Friends of Israel alongside Stephen Byers.

In 2003, Watson voted in favour of going to war with Iraq, and subsequently voted consistently against an investigation into the war.

In 2004 he won the New Statesman New Media Award in the category of elected representative for being one of the first MPs to use his blog to further the democratic process.

Watson was campaign chair for Labour in the Birmingham Hodge Hill by-election in July 2004. The campaign drew criticism for its dirty tactics, particularly a Labour leaflet proclaiming "Labour is on your side – the Lib Dems are on the side of failed asylum seekers", for which Watson later admitted responsibility and expressed regrets.

In government
Watson was appointed as an assistant government whip in September 2004. He was promoted in May 2006 to Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Veterans and was instrumental in ensuring that soldiers shot for cowardice in the First World War received posthumous pardons. On 5 September 2006, it was reported he had signed a letter to Tony Blair urging the Prime Minister's resignation to end the uncertainty over his succession. The Chief Whip, Jacqui Smith, told Watson that evening to either withdraw his signature to the letter or resign his post. On 6 September 2006, he resigned his ministerial position and released a further statement calling on Blair to resign. Blair was quoted by the BBC as saying the statement and letter from Watson were "disloyal, discourteous and wrong" and that he would be seeing Watson later that day.

Watson returned as a government whip in July 2007, after Gordon Brown became prime minister. As Parliamentary Secretary for the Cabinet Office from January 2008 to June 2009, he was Minister for Digital Engagement and Civil Service Issues. Watson took a particular interest in digital affairs and in making non-personal government data more available to the public – promoting innovative data use and open source software.

Watson served on the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee from July 2009 to September 2012. He led a number of MPs in speaking out firmly against the Digital Economy Act 2010, as the bill was being passed through Parliament in April 2010. He took part in a protest against the bill outside parliament on 24 March 2010.

Expenses

On 10 May 2009 it was revealed that since being re-elected to parliament in 2005, Watson had claimed the maximum £4,800 allowance for food in a single year. From 2005 to 2009, Watson and Iain Wright claimed over £100,000 on a central London flat they shared. Watson responded that a "pizza wheel" that appeared on a Marks & Spencer receipt he had submitted was given as a free gift after he spent £150 at the store. He added: "All claims were made under the rules set out by the House of Commons authorities. I fully understand why the public expects the system to be reformed. I voted for this last week and only hope that reforms can go even further as quickly as possible."

Early opposition career
In October 2011 Watson was promoted to become the Labour Party National Campaign Coordinator and Deputy Chair of the Labour Party, to work with Jon Trickett and Michael Dugher in the Shadow Cabinet Office, running Labour's elections and campaigns. He resigned from this position in July 2013, in light of the 2013 Labour Party Falkirk candidate selection row.

In 2013, Watson joined a cross-party campaign in support of a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union. He supported an amendment by the Conservative MP Adam Afriyie which called for a referendum to be held before the 2015 general election.

Media
Watson has been critical of conservative former Fox News host Glenn Beck, claiming Beck's "type of journalism is dangerous and can have wide-ranging negative effects on society. The kind of material broadcast by Glenn Beck is not unique; a number of other 'shock jocks' operate in the States. However, none has displayed intolerance on such a frequent and irresponsible scale as Glenn Beck. It is vital that that kind of 'news' is not made or broadcast in the UK. However, the proposed acquisition of BSkyB by News Corporation means that there is an increased chance of it becoming a reality."

Watson played a significant role in the News International phone hacking scandal by helping to bring the series of events at the News of the World into the open. As a member of the Culture, Media and Sport Committee, he questioned Rupert and James Murdoch, along with former News of the World editor Rebekah Brooks, in a Committee session on 19 July 2011. After the subsequent re-questioning of James Murdoch on 10 November 2011, Watson likened him to a mafia boss.

In July 2011 it was announced that Watson and his co-author Martin Hickman, a journalist from The Independent, were writing a book dealing with the relationship between newspapers belonging to Rupert Murdoch's News International and senior British politicians and police officers. Watson wrote his book at the same time as The Guardian journalist Nick Davies was writing his, which was subsequently released as Hack Attack: How the Truth Caught Up with Rupert Murdoch. Watson and Davies subsequently met and discussed their respective projects. The publication date and title of Watson's book, Dial M for Murdoch: News Corporation and the Corruption of Britain, were released just three days before it was due to go on sale amid fears News International would try to prevent the launch. On the day details of the book were revealed, Watson indicated on his blog his belief that the book would be controversial: "Very excited to say we've finally finished the book. It's out this Thursday. I have a hunch it will be one of the most attacked books this year."

Operation Midland

On 24 October 2012, Watson suggested in the House of Commons that a paedophile network may have existed in the past at a high level, protected by connections to Parliament and involving a close aide to a former Prime Minister; neither the aide nor the former Prime Minister were named. He called on the Metropolitan Police to reopen a closed criminal inquiry into previous allegations. In December 2012, the Metropolitan Police stated that, after Watson had passed information to them, they had established Operation Fairbank to investigate the allegations. However, by March 2016 The Daily Telegraph reported that Operation Fairbank caused much speculation on the internet but made little progress in exposing the alleged paedophile ring.

In 2015, Watson was criticised for consistently refusing to comment after it was revealed that the police had been pushed into investigating rape allegations against Leon Brittan by Watson, who wrote to the Director of Public Prosecutions, and that the police later had to apologise that Brittan's family were not told that the case was dropped before his death. Watson had repeated the allegations after the death. The rape allegations were examined by the Metropolitan Police but officers could not find evidence that would lead to further action. The person making the original allegations, Carl Beech, was later found guilty of making up the Westminster VIP paedophile ring.

Watson was described in March 2019 at the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse by lawyers for the falsely accused former MP, Harvey Proctor, as a "vehicle for conspiracy theorists". After Beech's conviction in July 2019, Lady Brittan said: "It is too late for Tom Watson to apologise but his attempt to distance himself from the false allegations of Carl Beech in the wake of the guilty verdict is disingenuous and untruthful". Harvey Proctor said "The Metropolitan Police were lapdogs to Mr Watson's crude dog whistle. It's time for the torchlight to take a closer look at Mr Watson. It is now beyond doubt that all of these allegations could never have been true and only someone with spectacular bad judgement could think that they might be. It is time for an apology from him to me..." Proctor added, "He denies it now, but he was the cheerleader in chief for Mr Beech. He was in the team. Tom Watson scared the Metropolitan Police to death over phone hacking. He intended to do the same for historic child sexual abuse. Not because Tom Watson has got any interest in historic child sexual abuse. Tom Watson has got a great interest in himself, and in grandstanding, just as he is doing currently on his so-called anti-Semitism campaign." Proctor later asked the Labour Party to suspend Watson and to investigate his behaviour on the grounds of breaching the party's membership code and bringing it into disrepute. Lord Bramall's son also demanded an apology. One of the daughters of the late Greville Janner, who was also accused by Beech, Rabbi Janner-Klausner, said "We have a system where people are believed instantly before the evidence is examined instead of being listened to compassionately and the allegations properly investigated. People were able to accuse (my father) without a shred of evidence and were believed straight away." Daniel Janner QC, his son, said "Tom Watson should resign. He appointed himself Britain's chief paedo-finder general and created a moral panic. His motive was personal political advancement riding on a bandwagon of public frenzy which he had whipped up. He should hang his head in shame. For him to take the moral high ground in the Labour Party against antisemitism is completely hypocritical."

Watson had also lobbied successfully Alison Saunders, the Director of Public Prosecutions to reopen Operation Vincente, an investigation into an alleged rape in 1967 by Leon Brittan. The police had concluded initially that the allegation, made in 2014 by a woman with a history of mental health problems, was false. As a result of reopening the case, Brittan was interviewed under caution and was not told before his death that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him.

In October 2019, details of the Henriques report emerged. The report said, of Watson, "His interest, however, in both Operation Midland and Operation Vincente created further pressure upon MPS officers."; specifically, "A possible inference is that the officers, then responsible, were in a state of panic induced by Mr Watson's letter." It adds that Watson described Lord Brittan as being as "close to evil as any human being could be", saying he "grossly insulted" the former home secretary. Harvey Proctor said: "The problem was that the police assigned to interview Beech lacked common sense and yielded to intense pressure from Tom Watson, an irresponsible politician out for his own publicity in order to galvanise his advancement to become deputy leader of the Labour party." Lady Brittan said "The extent of Tom Watson's involvement in the witch-hunt of innocent people has been laid bare. His subsequent attempts to distance himself show a complete lack of integrity. By misusing his public office to recklessly repeat false allegations, and to characterise himself as a victim, he has shown that he is unfit to hold the office of MP."

Deputy Leader of the Labour Party

On 8 May 2015, the day after the Labour Party lost the general election, Watson announced his intention to stand in the ensuing deputy leadership election, becoming the first to declare. Watson was nominated by 59 Members of Parliament, more than any other candidate, and quickly emerged as the front runner. On 12 September he was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party with 198,962 votes or 50.7% in the third round, including second preference votes from those who voted for other candidates. He was also appointed Chair of the Labour Party and Shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office by new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn. In 2019 after he stood down both as an MP and as Deputy Leader he said he had voted for Owen Smith in the 2016 Leadership election.

Watson is Vice Chair of Trade Union Friends of Israel (TUFI).

In December 2015, Watson spoke about Labour members who took part in a vigil against proposed UK airstrikes on Syria outside the office of Stella Creasy MP, saying that "if there were Labour party members on that [anti-war] demonstration, intimidating staff members of an MP like that, then I think they should be removed from the party." His spokesman later said that Watson was unaware that the office was empty at the time.

In October 2016, Watson abstained, along with 100 other Labour MPs who abstained on or voted against the Labour Party's unsuccessful motion to withdraw UK support from the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen. The Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen had led to thousands of civilian casualties.

Watson announced in October 2017 that he had gone on hunger strike, in support of two Guantánamo Bay detainees also on hunger strike, after the US government changed its policy on prisoners who refuse food; they will not be fed at all, instead of being force fed.

In the October 2016 shadow cabinet reshuffle, Watson was made Shadow Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. In that role, he called for greater scrutiny of a planned takeover of Sky UK by Murdoch-owned Fox, backed the TV licence fee, criticised government pressure on Ofcom in relation to regulation of the BBC, and proposed fairer rail ticketing for football fans. In 2017, he announced the Labour Party would launch a review of the NHS treatment of gambling addiction. The review was published in 2018 which proposed a blanket ban in the use of credit cards for betting. Watson said making gambling payments with credit cards "significantly increases the risk gamblers will gamble more than they can afford."

In June 2017, Ian Lavery replaced Watson as Labour Party Chair.

In March 2018, Watson backed calls for a statue to be erected in memory of women's rights campaigner Mary Wollstonecraft.

In September 2018, Watson vowed that if Labour won the next general election he would set up an independent, cross-party commission to investigate ways of preventing type-2 diabetes, with the aim of eliminating the estimated rise in cases within five years.

Following defections of Labour MPs in 2019 to The Independent Group, later Change UK, Watson set up the Future Britain Group of Labour politicians. He was criticised for continuing to accept funding from property developer David Garrard, who was reported to have given Change UK £1.5 million and to have financially supported Joan Ryan and Ian Austin since their departure from Labour. Watson has also received funding from businessman Trevor Chinn.

In July 2019, Watson was criticised by Labour's General Secretary Jennie Formby for being irresponsible in criticising Labour's handling of antisemitism claims. Formby said he risked exacerbating fears in the Jewish community and that, while antisemitism was a real problem, steps had been taken to tackle it. Watson had asked for a copy of the party response to a request by the Equality and Human Rights Commission to be released to the Shadow Cabinet and the NEC, which Formby said she had already offered sight of to Watson (she did not address the subject of releasing it to the rest of the Shadow Cabinet and NEC), and had previously asked to be copied in on individual complaints, which had data protection issues. In response to Watson's claim that the party's response to the Panorama programme Is Labour Anti-Semitic had "smeared" the former Labour staff members and "breached all common standards of decency", Formby stated that all current Labour staff members had access to an "Employee Assistance Programme" but said the party was not made aware of the distress suffered by staff members at the time and she was "very concerned" to hear about it for the first time in the Panorama documentary. Watson was also criticised for attacking Formby when she was undergoing chemotherapy treatment for cancer.

The same month, former Labour and Respect MP George Galloway and former Conservative MP Harvey Proctor announced individually that they planned to stand against Watson at the next general election, Galloway as a pro-Brexit pro-Corbyn independent, and Proctor in protest at Watson's role in the false paedophilia allegations of Operation Midland. July also saw Watson be the subject of a complaint to the Labour Party for making allegedly antisemitic remarks; he had in his Easter message asked readers to recall the arrest of Christ by "a squad of Roman soldiers under the direction of a servant to the High Priest." The complainant, Geoffrey Alderman, said that the fact this was not antisemitic under the IHRA definition adopted by the Labour Party highlighted the definition's "flaws". This was also the month in which cartoonist Steve Bell protested to The Guardian after it refused to run an installment of his long running 'If...' cartoon strip, which portrayed Watson as an "antisemite finder general".

In September 2019, Watson made a speech urging Labour to become a pro-remain party, in order to win back disaffected remain voters. He has been quoted by The Guardian as saying that "most of those who've deserted us over our Brexit policy did so with deep regret and would greatly prefer to come back; they just want us to take an unequivocal position that, whatever happens, we'll fight to remain, and to sound like we mean it." Jeremy Corbyn rejected his proposition, saying that Labour would continue to represent both sides of the Brexit divide.

Resignation
On 6 November 2019 Watson announced that he would be standing down both as an MP and as Deputy Leader and leave office on 12 December 2019. He stated his decision was "personal, not political" and declared his intention to continue campaigning on health issues. The Jewish Labour Movement described his decision to step down as "shocking and saddening".

Expanding on the reasons for his resignation in an interview in December 2019, he said "two weeks before I resigned, a guy was arrested for giving me a death threat. He was a Labour supporter. The police got in touch and said, 'We've arrested this guy', assuming I knew about it. But I didn't. The Labour party had sent out a fundraising email that he had responded to with a death threat. The party reported it to the police, but didn't tell me... the brutality and hostility is real and it's day to day. So I just thought: now's the time to take a leap, do something different. You've had a good innings. You've done good stuff. Go now." His former constituency, West Bromwich East, went to the Conservative Party for the first time since its foundation in 1974, with the Conservatives gaining a 12.1 swing on Labour.

Later career

In March 2020, Watson was appointed chair of UK Music.

In the summer of 2020, Watson participated in the ITV reality programme Don't Rock The Boat, which was broadcast in November 2020.

In September 2020, Watson, who had previously been heavily critical of the gambling industry, took a job as a senior adviser on problem gambling to Flutter Entertainment, which runs the UK gambling companies Paddy Power, Betfair and Sky Bet.

He produced an autobiographical book, "Downsizing" (2020) and presented a two-part documentary on ITV "Giving Up Sugar for Good" (2021) documenting his personal experience of losing seven stone in less than twelve months and putting his type 2 diabetes into remission by following a low-carbohydrate lifestyle.

Peerage

In January 2020, it was reported that Watson had been nominated for a peerage. According to John Rentoul, who wrote in The Independent, his nomination was subsequently rejected by the House of Lords Appointments Commission, the body who vet nominees for "propriety".  Watson is believed to have been rejected due to his actions surrounding Operation Midland.

In August 2020, it was reported by The Daily Telegraph that Watson was to once again be nominated for a peerage, in this instance by the Labour leader Keir Starmer.

It was announced on 14 October 2022, that as part of the 2022 Special Honours, Watson would receive a life peerage. On 21 November 2022, he was created Baron Watson of Wyre Forest, of Kidderminster in the County of Worcestershire.

Personal life
Watson was married to Siobhan and they had two children before separating in 2012.

In September 2018, during an interview with BBC Radio 4's The Today Programme, Watson revealed that he had been diagnosed with type-2 diabetes but had "reversed" the condition through diet and exercise. Watson explained that between the summer of 2017 and September 2018, he had lost . Watson also revealed that he had "battled weight since my early 20s".

Tom Watson is a gamer and a regular reviewer of games for New Statesman and other titles. He finds it relaxing and confessed to spending too much time on Portal 2 while preparing for questions during the hacking story interviews. He is also a fan of alternative rock music, especially the band Drenge, whom he recommended to the Labour leader Ed Miliband in his letter of resignation when stepping down from the post of party general election co-ordinator. He additionally likes the music of Courtney Jaye, Danny Coughlan, Billy Bragg, Elvis Costello, Primal Scream and Public Enemy.

Bibliography
2012 – Dial M for Murdoch (Allen Lane)
2020 – Downsizing (Kyle Books)
2020 – The House [with Imogen Robertson] (Little, Brown)

Notes

References

External links

 Official blog

 Tom Watson MP on the Open Rights Group wiki
 Full text of resignation letter, BBC News Online, 6 September 2006
 The Sun pays damages to Labour MP Tom Watson, James Robinson, The Guardian'', 28 September 2009
 Urgent question on BSkyB, Parliament.uk, 1 July 2011

 Role of Minister for Digital Engagement and Civil Service Issues, 3 April 2009

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1967 births
Alumni of the University of Hull
British Anglicans
British bloggers
British feminists
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Friends of Israel
Living people
Male feminists
People associated with the News International phone hacking scandal
Politicians from Sheffield
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Charles III

Tom Watson, Baron Watson of Wyre Forest


Playa Zacharo (en griego: Παραλία Ζαχάρως) es el nombre de una playa que se encuentra en las proximidades de Zacharo, en el sudoeste de Grecia. Está situada en la costa del Mar Jónico, en la zona del Golfo de Kyparissia. La playa cuenta con un terreno blando y arenoso, y es una de las más alargadas en Grecia. Ha sido distinguida con la clasificación Bandera Azul por la calidad del agua y la gestión ambiental.

Referencias

Playa Zacharo


Rafflesia, dünyanın en büyük çiçeğine sahip bitki cinsi. 1818 yılında Joseph Arnold tarafından Endonezya Yağmur Ormanlarında bulunmuştur. Ömrü yalnızca 2 haftadır. Dünyada sadece Endonezya'nın Sumatra ve Borneo adaları ve Tayland'daki Khao Sok Milli Parkı'nda görülen Rafflesia
, bir hafta içinde çiçek açıp ikinci haftada da ölüyor. Genişliği 1 metreye kadar büyüyebilen Rafflesia'nın ağırlığı ise 11 kilograma kadar ulaşabiliyor.

Türleri
Ekim 2020 itibarıyla, Plants of the World Online tarafından tanınan türler:
Rafflesia arnoldii
Rafflesia aurantia
Rafflesia azlanii
Rafflesia baletei
Rafflesia banaoana Malabrigo  R. leonardi diğer kaynaklarda sinonimi olarak
Rafflesia bengkuluensis
Rafflesia borneensis Koord.
Rafflesia camarinensis F.B.Valenz., Jaucian-Adan, Agoo & Madulid
Rafflesia cantleyi
Rafflesia ciliata Koord.
Rafflesia consueloae
Rafflesia gadutensis
Rafflesia hasseltii
Rafflesia horsfieldii R.Br.
Rafflesia keithii
Rafflesia kemumu Susatya, Hidayati & Riki
Rafflesia kerrii
Rafflesia lagascae
Rafflesia lawangensis
Rafflesia leonardi
Rafflesia lobata
Rafflesia manillana
Rafflesia meijeri Wiriad. & Sari
Rafflesia micropylora
Rafflesia mira
Rafflesia mixta
Rafflesia parvimaculata Sofiyanti, K.Mat-Salleh, Khairil, Zuhailah, Mohd.Ros. & Burs
Rafflesia philippensis
Rafflesia pricei
Rafflesia rochussenii
Rafflesia schadenbergiana
Rafflesia sharifah-hapsahiae J. H.Adam, R.Mohamed, Aizat-Juhari & K.L.Wan
Rafflesia speciosa
Rafflesia su-meiae M.Wong, Nais & F.Gan
Rafflesia tengku-adlinii
Rafflesia tuan-mudae
Rafflesia verrucosa
Rafflesia witkampii Koord.
Rafflesia zollingeriana Koord.

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Amorphophallus titanum
 Bitkisel parazitlik

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Dış bağlantılar
 Rafflesia flower and threats
 Parasitic Plant Connection: Rafflesia Gallery
 ARKive: images and movies of the rafflesia (Rafflesia spp)

Kaynakça

Parazitik bitkiler
Rafflesiaceae

Rafflesia


Timothy Michael Dolan (San Luis, Estados Unidos, 6 de febrero de 1950) es un cardenal y arzobispo católico estadounidense. Fue uno de los cardenales papables para el cónclave de 2013.

Vida

Primeros años
Obtuvo el título de Grado en filosofía en el Seminario Kenrick–Glennon de Shrewsbury (Misuri), pasando a cursar sus estudios de posgrado en Roma, en el Pontificio Colegio Norteamericano primero y en la Universidad Pontificia de Santo Tomás de Aquino después, donde obtuvo el máster (denominado Licentia en las universidades eclesiásticas) en Teología Sagrada en 1976.

El 19 de junio 1976 fue ordenado sacerdote del clero de San Luis (Misuri) por el entonces obispo auxiliar de Indianápolis, Edward Thomas O'Meara. Trabajó como pastor asistente en varias parroquias de su diócesis, colaborando con el Nuncio Apostólico en Estados Unidos y con el rector del Pontificio Colegio Norteamericano.

En 1979 comenzó su doctorado en la Universidad Católica de América. Al terminar su doctorado, volvió a Misuri en 1983, para realizar su trabajo pastoral. En 1992 fue nombrado vicerrector de su alma máter, el Seminario Kenrick–Glennon. También fue profesor de teología en la Universidad de San Luis. Entre 1994 y 2001 fue rector del Pontificio Colegio Norteamericano en Roma. En 1994 el papa Juan Pablo II le otorgó el título de monseñor.

Episcopado

Obispo Auxiliar de San Luis
El 19 de junio de 2001, el Papa Juan Pablo II lo nombró Obispo titular de Natchez y Obispo Auxiliar de la Arquidiócesis de San Luis.

Recibió la ordenación episcopal el 15 de agosto de 2001 de las manos del cardenal Justin Francis Rigali (arzobispo de San Luis) y los consagrantes Joseph Fred Naumann y Michael John Sheridan (obispos auxiliares de la misma arquidiócesis).

Arzobispo de Milwaukee
El 25 de junio de 2002, el Papa Juan Pablo II lo designó X Arzobispo Metropolitano de la Arquidiócesis de Milwaukee.

Entre el 28 de septiembre de 2007 y el 9 de julio de 2008 fue también administrador apostólico de Green Bay.

Arzobispo de Nueva York
El 23 de febrero de 2009, el Papa Benedicto XVI lo nombró XIII Arzobispo Metropolitano de la Arquidiócesis de Nueva York, sustituyendo al cardenal Edward Michael Egan, quien renunció por razones de edad.

En 2010, fue elegido por los obispos presidente de la Conferencia Episcopal de Estados Unidos.

Cardenalato
El 6 de enero de 2012 el papa Benedicto XVI anunció que sería nombrado cardenal en el consistorio del 18 de febrero de 2012 con el titulus de cardenal presbítero de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe en Monte Mario. Participó en el Cónclave de 2013 donde fue considerado uno de los cardenales papables, pero en este fue elegido el papa Francisco.

El 29 de julio de 2014 fue nombrado miembro de la Congregación para la Evangelización de los Pueblos.

El 15 de mayo de 2019 fue confirmado como miembro de la Congregación para las Iglesias Orientales in aliud quinquennium.

El 13 de octubre de 2020 fue confirmado como miembro de la Congregación para la Evangelización de los Pueblos  ad aliud quinquennium.

El 22 de junio de 2021 fue confirmado como miembro de la Congregación para la Educación Católica ad aliud quinquennium.

El 25 de abril de 2023 fue nombrado miembro de la Sección para las cuestiones fundamentales de la evangelización en el mundo del Dicasterio para la Evangelización.

Publicaciones
El prelado es autor de varios textos: "To Whom Shall We Go?" (2008), "Called to Be Holy" (2005), "Priests for the Third Millennium" (2000) y "Some Seed Fell on Good Ground: The Life of Edwin V. O'Hara" (1992).

Sucesión

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Archdiocese of New York - Timothy Cardinal Dolan (en inglés)
 Archdiocese of Milwaukee, Archbishop Timothy M. Dolan (en inglés)
 Sala Stampa della Santa Sede. Dolan Card. Timothy Michael (en italiano)
 Zenit. Arzobispo de Nueva York pide diálogo sobre la mezquita de la "Zona Cero". 20-08-2010

Alumnado de la Universidad Católica de América
Arzobispos de Milwaukee
Arzobispos de Nueva York
Cardenales de Estados Unidos
Cardenales creados por Benedicto XVI
Obispos nombrados por Juan Pablo II
Arzobispos nombrados por Benedicto XVI
Alumnado del Angelicum
Comendadores de la Orden del Santo Sepulcro de Jerusalén
Caballeros grandes cruces de la Orden de los Santos Mauricio y Lázaro
Bailíos grandes cruces de justicia de la Sagrada Orden Militar Constantiniana de San Jorge
Nacidos en San Luis (Misuri)

Timothy Michael Dolan


Hababam Sınıfı Askerde, 2004 yapımı Türk komedi filmi.

Yaşıtları çoktan iş güç sahibi olan Hababam Sınıfı'nın dur durak bilmez haylazlıkları artık dayanılmaz boyutlara gelmiştir. Okul müdürü Deli Bedri çareyi Hababam'ı askere göndermekte bulur.

Oyuncular ve karakterler

 Mehmet Ali Erbil (Deli Bedri/Binbaşı Bedri)
 Halit Akçatepe (Tuğgeneral Necmi)
 Hülya Avşar (Zehra Binbaşı)
 Şafak Sezer (Ercüment)
 Memet Ali Alabora (Matkap Emre)
 Peker Açıkalın (Psiko)
 Cengiz Küçükayvaz (Kötü Kenan)
 Melih Ekener (Beberuhi)
 Ceyhun Yılmaz (Kermit)
 Volkan Severcan (Uzman Çavuş Demir İçbükey)
 Ümit Okur (Emir Eri Besim)
 Kerem Alışık (Sabit)
 Zihni Göktay (Yusuf Hoca, Doktor Yusuf Yarbay)
 Tuncay Akça (Bacaksız)
 Nejat Birecik (Saim Saban)
 Hamit Haskabal (Niyazi Hoca, Başçavuş Niyazi)
 Mustafa Turan (Hüseyin)
 Ceylan Güvenç (Kız Asker)
 Melisa Toros (Kız Asker)
 Helin Avşar (Kız Asker)
 Seçkin Piriler (Arzu)
 Duran Uruç (Tomarzalı)
 Fadı Mahfouz (Dozer)
 Burak Öncü (Bekçi Asker)

Kaynakça

2003 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Askerde
Ferdi Eğilmez'in yönettiği filmler
Kemal Kenan Ergen'in senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
Melih Kibar'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
Arzu Film filmleri
Türk devam filmleri
2000'lerde Türkçe filmler
Türk komedi-savaş filmleri
Ertunç Şenkay'ın görüntülediği filmler
2003 çıkışlı komedi filmleri

Hababam Sınıfı Askerde


Nora Brockstedt (* 20. Januar 1923 in Oslo; † 5. November 2015 ebenda) war eine norwegische Sängerin und Entertainerin.

Sie betrat als Zwanzigjährige erstmals die Musikbühnen und hatte in den 1950er Jahren einige Radiohits, darunter "En liten pike i lave sko", "Augustin" und "Tango for to". Als Gewinnerin des Melodi Grand Prix 1960 durfte sie als erster Beitrag Norwegens überhaupt beim Eurovision Song Contest 1960 in London teilnehmen. Ihr Schlager Voi-voi erreichte den vierten Platz. Ein Jahr später gewann sie erneut die Vorauswahl und erreichte beim Grand Prix Eurovision 1961 in Cannes mit der Ballade Sommer i Palma den siebten Platz.

Ab den 1960er Jahren war sie als Sängerin verstärkt im Bereich Jazz tätig. So arbeitete sie mit der Gruppe Fire Fyrer um Espen Rud und Torbjørn Sunde (Prøysen goes jazz, 2012). Im Jahr 1983 erhielt Brockstedt den norwegischen Gammlengprisen für ihre  musikalische Lebensleistung.

Diskografie (Auswahl)

Alben

Weitere Alben
 1959:  Lördag Hela Veckan
 1972: I Lave Sko

Singles

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Sänger
Interpret eines norwegischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Teilnehmer am Melodi Grand Prix
Musiker (Norwegen)
Person (Oslo)
Träger des Spellemannprisen
Norweger
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 2015
Frau

Nora Brockstedt


Valni oblik (eng. waveform), odnosno more, vizualna predodžba zvučnoga signala.
U elektronici, akustici i odnosnim područjima, valnim oblikom signala naziva se oblik grafa kao funkcije vremena, neovisna o njegovoj vremenskoj i veličinskoj ljestvici i ikakva razmještaja u vremenu.

Izvori

Obrada zvuka

Valni oblik


In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD () (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) is a common organizational structure (a document format). IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.

Overview

Original research articles are typically structured in this basic order
Introduction – Why was the study undertaken? What was the research question, the tested hypothesis or the purpose of the research?
Methods – When, where, and how was the study done? What materials were used or who was included in the study groups (patients, etc.)?
Results – What answer was found to the research question; what did the study find? Was the tested hypothesis true?
Discussion – What might the answer imply and why does it matter? How does it fit in with what other researchers have found? What are the perspectives for future research?

The plot and the flow of the story of the IMRaD style of writing are explained by a 'wine glass model' or hourglass model.

Writing, compliant with IMRaD format (IMRaD writing) typically first presents "(a) the subject that positions the study from the wide perspective", "(b) outline of the study", develops through "(c) study method", and  "(d) the results", and concludes with "(e) outline and conclusion of the fruit of each topics", and "(f) the meaning of the study from the wide and general point of view".  Here, (a) and (b) are mentioned in the section of the "Introduction", (c) and (d) are mentioned in the section of the "Method" and "Result" respectively, and (e) and (f) are mentioned in the section of the "Discussion" or "Conclusion".

In this sense, to explain how to line up the information in IMRaD writing, the 'wine glass model' (see the pattern diagram shown in Fig.1) will be helpful (see pp 2–3 of the Hilary Glasman-deal ). As mentioned in abovementioned textbook, the scheme of 'wine glass model' has two characteristics. The first one is "top-bottom symmetric shape", and the second one is "changing width" i.e. "the top is wide and it narrows towards the middle, and then widens again as it goes down toward the bottom".

The First one, "top-bottom symmetric shape", represents the symmetry of the story development. Note the shape of the top trapezoid (representing the structure of Introduction) and the shape of the trapezoid at the bottom are reversed. This is expressing that the same subject introduced in Introduction will be taken up again in suitable formation for the section of Discussion/Conclusion in these section in the reversed order. (See the relationship between abovementioned  (a), (b) and (e), (f).)

The Second one, "the change of the width" of the schema shown in Fig.1, represents the change of generality of the view point. As along the flow of the story development, when the viewpoints are more general, the width of the diagram is expressed wider, and when they are more specialized and focused, the width is expressed narrower.

As the standard format of academic journals
The IMRAD format has been adopted by a steadily increasing number of academic journals since the first half of the 20th century. The IMRAD structure has come to dominate academic writing in the sciences, most notably in empirical biomedicine. The structure of most public health journal articles reflects this trend. Although the IMRAD structure originates in the empirical sciences, it now also regularly appears in academic journals across a wide range of disciplines. Many scientific journals now not only prefer this structure but also use the IMRAD acronym as an instructional device in the instructions to their authors, recommending the use of the four terms as main headings. For example, it is explicitly recommended in the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" issued by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (previously called the Vancouver guidelines): The text of observational and experimental articles is usually (but not necessarily) divided into the following sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. This so-called "IMRAD" structure is not an arbitrary publication format but rather a direct reflection of the process of scientific discovery. Long articles may need subheadings within some sections (especially Results and Discussion) to clarify their content. Other types of articles, such as case reports, reviews, and editorials, probably need to be formatted differently.
The IMRAD structure is also recommended for empirical studies in the 6th edition of the publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style). The APA publication manual is widely used by journals in the social, educational and behavioral sciences.

Benefits
The IMRAD structure has proved successful because it facilitates literature review, allowing readers to navigate articles more quickly to locate material relevant to their purpose. But the neat order of IMRAD rarely corresponds to the actual sequence of events or ideas of the research presented; the IMRAD structure effectively supports a reordering that eliminates unnecessary detail, and allows the reader to assess a well-ordered and noise-free presentation of the relevant and significant information. It allows the most relevant information to be presented clearly and logically to the readership, by summarizing the research process in an ideal sequence and without unnecessary detail.

Caveats
The idealised sequence of the IMRAD structure has on occasion been criticised for being too rigid and simplistic. In a radio talk in 1964 the Nobel laureate Peter Medawar criticised this text structure for not giving a realistic representation of the thought processes of the writing scientist: "… the scientific paper may be a fraud because it misrepresents the processes of thought that accompanied or gave rise to the work that is described in the paper". Medawar's criticism was discussed at the XIXth General Assembly of the World Medical Association in 1965. While respondents may argue that it is too much to ask from such a simple instructional device to carry the burden of representing the entire process of scientific discovery, Medawar's caveat expressed his belief that many students and faculty throughout academia treat the structure as a simple panacea. Medawar and others have given testimony both to the importance and to the limitations of the device.

Abstract considerations
In addition to the scientific article itself a brief abstract is usually required for publication. The abstract should, however, be composed to function as an autonomous text, even if some authors and readers may think of it as an almost integral part of the article. The increasing importance of well-formed autonomous abstracts may well be a consequence of the increasing use of searchable digital abstract archives, where a well-formed abstract will dramatically increase the probability for an article to be found by its optimal readership. Consequently, there is a strong recent trend toward developing formal requirements for abstracts, most often structured on the IMRAD pattern, and often with strict additional specifications of topical content items that should be considered for inclusion in the abstract. Such abstracts are often referred to as "structured abstracts". The growing importance of abstracts in the era of computerized literature search and information overload has led some users to modify the IMRAD acronym to AIMRAD, in order to give due emphasis to the abstract.

Heading style variations
Usually, the IMRAD article sections use the IMRAD words as headings. A few variations can occur, as follows:
 Many journals have a convention of omitting the "Introduction" heading, based on the idea that the reader who begins reading an article does not need to be told that the beginning of the text is the introduction. This print-era proscription is fading since the advent of the Web era, when having an explicit "Introduction" heading helps with navigation via document maps and collapsible/expandable TOC trees. (The same considerations are true regarding the presence or proscription of an explicit "Abstract" heading.)
 In some journals, the "Methods" heading may vary, being "Methods and materials", "Materials and methods", or similar phrases. Some journals mandate that exactly the same wording for this heading be used for all articles without exception; other journals reasonably accept whatever each submitted manuscript contains, as long as it is one of these sensible variants.
 The "Discussion" section may subsume any "Summary", "Conclusion", or "Conclusions" section, in which case there may or may not be any explicit "Summary", "Conclusion", or "Conclusions" subheading; or the "Summary"/"Conclusion"/"Conclusions" section may be a separate section, using an explicit heading on the same heading hierarchy level as the "Discussion" heading. Which of these variants to use as the default is a matter of each journal's chosen style, as is the question of whether the default style must be forced onto every article or whether sensible inter-article flexibility will be allowed. The journals which use the "Conclusion" or "Conclusions" along with a statement about the "Aim" or "Objective" of the study in the "Introduction" is following the newly proposed acronym "IaMRDC" which stands for "Introduction with aim, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion."

Other elements that are typical although not part of the acronym
 Disclosure statements (see main article at conflicts of interest in academic publishing)
 Reader's theme that is the point of this element's existence: "Why should I (the reader) trust or believe what you (the author) say? Are you just making money off of saying it?"
 Appear either in opening footnotes or a section of the article body
 Subtypes of disclosure:
 Disclosure of funding (grants to the project)
 Disclosure of conflict of interest (grants to individuals, jobs/salaries, stock or stock options)
 Clinical relevance statement
 Reader's theme that is the point of this element's existence: "Why should I (the reader) spend my time reading what you say? How is it relevant to my clinical practice? Basic research is nice, other people's cases are nice, but my time is triaged, so make your case for 'why bother'"
 Appear either as a display element (sidebar) or a section of the article body
 Format: short, a few sentences or bullet points
 Ethical compliance statement
 Reader's theme that is the point of this element's existence: "Why should I believe that your study methods were ethical?"
 "We complied with the Declaration of Helsinki."
 "We got our study design approved by our local institutional review board before proceeding."
 "We got our study design approved by our local ethics committee before proceeding."
 "We treated our animals in accordance with our local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee."
 Diversity, equity, and inclusion statement
 Reader's theme that is the point of this element's existence: "Why should I believe that your study methods consciously included people?" (for example, avoided inadvertently underrepresenting some people—participants or researchers—by race, ethnicity, sex, gender, or other factors)
 "We worked to ensure that people of color and transgender people were not underrepresented among the study population."
 "One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as living with a disability."
 "One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as transgender."

Additional standardization (reporting guidelines)

In the late 20th century and early 21st, the scientific communities found that the communicative value of journal articles was still much less than it could be if best practices were developed, promoted, and enforced. Thus reporting guidelines (guidelines for how best to report information) arose. The general theme has been to create templates and checklists with the message to the user being, "your article is not complete until you have done all of these things." In the 1970s, the ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) released the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (Uniform Requirements or URM). Other such standards, mostly developed in the 1990s through 2010s, are listed below. The academic medicine community is working hard on trying to raise compliance with good reporting standards, but there is still much to be done; for example, a 2016 review of instructions for authors in 27 emergency medicine journals found insufficient mention of reporting standards, and a 2018 study found that even when journals' instructions for authors mention reporting standards, there is a difference between a mention or badge and enforcing the requirements that the mention or badge represents.

The advent of a need for best practices in data sharing has expanded the scope of these efforts beyond merely the pages of the journal article itself. In fact, from the most rigorous versions of the evidence-based perspective, the distance to go is still quite formidable. FORCE11 is an international coalition that has been developing standards for how to share research data sets properly and most effectively.

Most researchers cannot be familiar with all of the many reporting standards that now exist, but it is enough to know which ones must be followed in one's own work, and to know where to look for details when needed. Several organizations provide help with this task of checking one's own compliance with the latest standards:
 The EQUATOR Network
 The BioSharing collaboration (biosharing.org)

Several important webpages on this topic are:
 NLM's list at Research Reporting Guidelines and Initiatives: By Organization
 The EQUATOR Network's list at Reporting guidelines and journals: fact & fiction
 TRANSPOSE (Transparency in Scholarly Publishing for Open Scholarship Evolution), "a grassroots initiative to build a crowdsourced database of journal policies," allowing faster and easier lookup and comparison, and potentially spurring harmonization

Relatedly, SHERPA provides compliance-checking tools, and AllTrials provides a rallying point, for efforts to enforce openness and completeness of clinical trial reporting. These efforts stand against publication bias and against excessive corporate influence on scientific integrity.

See also
 Case report
 Case series
 Eight-legged essay
 Five paragraph essay
 IRAC
 Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS)
 Literature review
 Meta-analyses
 Schaffer paragraph

References

Writing
Academic publishing
Scientific documents
Technical communication
Style guides for technical and scientific writing
Academic terminology
Medical publishing

IMRAD


نهر المكرية أو نهر الشاه نهر بعد نهر التاجية، وجاء بعد تداول السنين والأعوام إثر طم نهر التاجية الذي آل إلى الخراب، فأصدر الشاه طهماسب الصفوي سنة 943 الأمر بحفر نهر من الفرات إلى الكوفة ثم إلى النجف، غير أنه لم يتوفق لذلك، فإنه قد وصل إلى قرب المكان المعروف : بالنمرود، ووقف العمل، ويعرف النهر بنهر الطهماسية، نسبة إلى الشاه طهماسب، فصحف إلى الطهمازية، ثم إنه لما جاء الشاه عباس الأول إلى النجف لزيارة مقام الإمام علي أمير المؤمنين () سنة 1032 أمر بتنظيف النهر الذي حفره الشاه إسماعيل الأول من الفرات سنة زيارته مرقد جده الإمام علي (  ) وهي سنة 914، حيث أنه قد طم في زمن محاصرة الروم أرض النجف أيام السلطان سليم، فحفر وعمر وجرى الماء فيه حتى دخل مسجد الكوفة، ومعرفة هذا النهر بنهر الشاه، ترجع إلى الشاه عباس المذكور.

المصادر

تاريخ العراق

نهر المكرية


Acı yonca (Menyanthes trifoliata), Menyanthaceae familyasına dahil cinslerden Menyanthes içindeki tek tür olan, çok yıllık ve otsu bir çiçekli bitkidir.

Asya'nın kuzeyi, Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika'da, sulak arazilerde ve bataklıklarda bulunan acı yoncanın Amerika'da görüleni sıklıkla bir varyete olarak kabul görür ve bilimsel olarak "M. trifoliata var. minor Michx." diye adlandırılır. Türkiye'de daha çok Kuzeydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde izlenen ve Türkçede "su yoncası" ya da "ateş yoncası" adları ile de anılabilen acı yoncanın İngilizcedeki yaygın adları "bog-bean" ve "buckbean", Almancadaki yaygın adları ise "bitterklee" ya da "fieberklee" olarak geçer.

Yatay, kalın, silindrik ve sürünücü köksaplı (rizom) ile ondan çıkan almaşık dizili, uzun saplı ve üç yaprakçıklı (trifoliate) yapraklardan oluşan acı yoncanın çiçek durumu (inflorescence), dik bir sürgün ile onun ucunda yer alan beyaz ya da pembemsi beyaz çiçeklerden oluşan bir çiçek salkımıdır. Kökleri ile kötü kokulu ve çok acı olan yapraklar tıpta kullanılır.

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Wikipedia'daki Menyanthes maddesinin 10 Eylül 2006 sürümü.
 Türk Dil Kurumu Güncel Sözlüğü'nde acı yonca maddesi.
 Bitkisel Tedavi sitesinde, Şifalı Bitkiler Listesi.
 T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Sulakyurt Sağlık Meslek Lisesi'nin sitesinde, Su yoncasi (Menyanthes trifoliata) maddesi.
 Şifalı bitkiler rehberi , (Yabani Yonca)''' maddesi.

Menyanthaceae

Su yoncası


6084 Bascom este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6084 Bascom este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Carolyn S. Shoemaker și Eugene M. Shoemaker. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,31 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 23,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi binari

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

6084 Bascom


El Club Deportivo Chaco Petrolero es un club de fútbol con sede en la ciudad de El Alto, Bolivia. Fue fundado el 15 de abril de 1944. Fue campeón de la Primera División de Bolivia en 1970, siendo uno de los 17 equipos que ha conseguido ser campeón del fútbol en Bolivia. Actualmente juega en la Asociación de Fútbol de La Paz.

En torneos internacionales ha jugado en la Copa Libertadores de América en la ediciones de 1971 y 1972.

Historia

El club fue fundado el 15 de abril de 1944. Fue campeón nacional boliviano en 1970 y subcampeón en 1971. Participó en la Copa Libertadores de América en 2 oportunidades.

Fundado un 15 de abril de 1944 actualmente juega en la Primera A de la Ciudad de La Paz

Como logros en su palmarés tiene el Título obtenido el año 1970 y el subcampeonato en 1971.

Por lo que le dio el boleto para participar en la Copa Libertadores de América, de 1971 enfrentando a The Strongest, Peñarol y Nacional de Uruguay. El único triunfo lo obtuvo ante The Strongest por 3-1, y un empate ante Peñarol por 1-1 en La Paz.

El año siguiente en 1972 participó en la Copa Libertadores con Oriente Petrolero, Barcelona y America de Quito, ambos clubes de Ecuador, el único triunfo lo consiguió ante Oriente Petrolero en la Ciudad de La Paz, por 1-0.

Uniforme
 Uniforme titular: Camiseta blanca con rayas verticales verdes, pantalón blanco y medias blancas.
 Uniforme alternativo: Camiseta blanca, pantalón verde y medias blancas.

Instalaciones

Estadio

Anteriormente Chaco Petrolero disputaba sus partidos como local en el Estadio Hernando Siles de la ciudad de La Paz. Actualmente ejerce sus partidos de local en el Complejo Deportivo De Ciudad Satélite que posee una capacidad aproximada para 3 500 espectadores.

Datos del club
 Puesto en la clasificación histórica de Primera División: 22.º
 Temporadas en Primera División: 11
 Participaciones en Copa Simón Bolívar: 6 (1995, 2001, 2006, 2013-14, 2020, 2023).
 Primer partido en torneos internacionales: 1 - 2 vs. The Strongest (14 de febrero de 1971 por la Copa Libertadores 1971).
 Mayores goleadas a favor
 En torneos internacionales: 3 - 1 vs. The Strongest (28 de marzo de 1971 por la Copa Libertadores 1971).
 Mayores goleadas en contra
 En torneos internacionales: 0 - 5 vs. Oriente Petrolero (27 de febrero de 1972 por la Copa Libertadores 1972).
 Jugador con más partidos disputados: Rogelio Delfín (132 encuentros).
 Jugador con más goleador: Ramiro Portugal (35 goles).
 Jugador con más goles en torneos internacionales: Ovidio Messa (4 goles).

Participaciones internacionales

Chaco Petrolero en competiciones internacionales

Palmarés

Torneos nacionales (1)

Torneos regionales (9)

Jugadores

Goleadores históricos en competiciones internacionales

Entrenadores

Cronología
Los entrenadores interinos aparecen en cursiva.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Club Deportivo Chaco Petrolero


Girona Futbol Club, S.A.D. je španjolski nogometni klub iz Girone. U sezoni  se natječe se u La Ligi, u prvom razredu španjolskog nogometa.

Osnovani su 23. srpnja  godine, a  prvi put igraju u Segunda División. Prvi put su se plasirali u La Ligu u sezoni  nakon što su završili drugoplasirani iza Levantea. Domaće utakmice igraju na Estadi Montilivi, koje može primiti 14,450 gledatelja. Girona ima i svoju žensku ekipu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Španjolski nogometni klubovi

Girona FC


Paul Albert Masvidal (Miami, Florida, 20. siječnja 1971.) američki je gitarist, glazbenik i producent. Gitarist je, pjevač i izvorni član sastava Cynic. Također je svirao sa sastavima kao što su Death, Onward With Love, Æon Spoke i Portal. Vodi samostalni projekt Masvidal.

Privatni život
Masvidal je vegetarijanac od 1989. godine. U svibnju 2014. objavio je da je homoseksualac.

Diskografija

 Death

 Human (1991.)

 Cynic

 Focus (1993.)
 Traced in Air (2008.)
 Kindly Bent to Free Us (2014.)

 Æon Spoke

 Above the Buried Cry (2004.)
 Æon Spoke (2007.)

Izvori

Američki gitaristi heavy metala

Paul Masvidal


මෙය ජාත්‍යන්තර ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් ලැයිස්තුවකි.

ප්‍රවර්ගය අනුව

කෘෂිකර්මය
List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities
List of countries by apple production
List of countries by apricot production
List of countries by artichoke production
List of countries by barley production
List of countries by cereal production
List of countries by coconut production
List of countries by coffee production
List of countries by cherry production
List of countries by cucumber production
List of countries by eggplant production
List of countries by forest area
List of countries by garlic production
List of countries by irrigated land area
List of countries by papaya production
List of countries by pineapple production
List of countries by plum production
List of countries by potato production
List of countries by soybean production
List of countries by tomato production

පරිභෝජනය
 List of countries by meat consumption
 List of countries by beer consumption per capita
 List of countries by milk consumption per capita
 List of countries by natural gas consumption
 List of countries by electricity consumption
 List of countries by oil consumption
 List of countries by seafood consumption
 Annual cannabis use by country
 List of countries by prevalence of opiates use
 List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use

සංස්කෘතිය
List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film
List of World Heritage Sites by country
Books published per country per year

ආර්ථිකය
World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report
World Economic Forum: Financial Development Index
International Institute for Management Development: World Competitiveness Yearbook
Gini index: ආදායම් සමතාවය අනුව රටවල් ලැයිස්තුව
Bloomberg Innovation Index
Global Innovation Index
International Innovation Index
Index of Economic Freedom
Ease of doing business index
Indigo Index
Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index

ලැයිස්තු
List of countries by economic complexity
List of countries by external debt
List of countries by long-term unemployment rate
List of countries by net international investment position per capita
List of countries by average wage
List of minimum wages by country
List of countries by public debt
List of countries by wealth per adult
List of countries by credit rating
List of countries by government budget
Gross national income
List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita
List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita
Lists of countries by GDP
List of countries by GDP sector composition
දදේනි (නාමික) අනුව රටවල් ලැයිස්තුව
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
දදේනි (ක්‍රශසා) අනුව රටවල් ලැයිස්තුව
List of countries by real GDP growth rate
List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio
List of countries by largest historical GDP

අධ්‍යාපනය සහ නවෝත්පාදනය
List of countries by spending on education (% of GDP)
List of countries by 25- to 34-year-olds having a tertiary education degree
Education Index
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
Programme for International Student Assessment
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
List of countries by literacy rate
World Intellectual Property Indicators
List of countries by tertiary education attainment
List of countries by secondary education attainment
EF English Proficiency Index
Programming Ability Index
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement: Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
Educational Testing Service: 2003-2004 TOEFL Test Year Data Summary
Webometrics Ranking of World Universities
List of Nobel laureates by country

පරිසරය
List of countries by air pollution
List of countries by natural disaster risk
Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI)
Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI)
Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI)
Happy Planet Index (HPI)
List of countries by ecological footprint
Sustainable Society Index (SSI)
The Global 100 (G100)
List of countries by freshwater withdrawal
List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita
List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

අපනයන
 List of countries by net exports
 List of countries by exports per capita
 List of countries by aluminium exports
 List of countries by natural gas exports
 List of countries by net oil exports
 List of countries by oil exports
 List of countries by refined petroleum exports
 List of countries by gold exports
 List of countries by copper exports
 List of countries by iron-ore exports
 List of countries by diamond exports
 List of countries by electricity exports
 List of countries by truck exports
 List of countries by ship exports
 List of countries by automotive component exports
 List of countries by aircraft component exports
 List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports
 List of countries by engine exports
 List of countries by gas turbine exports
 List of countries by computer exports
 List of countries by integrated circuit exports
 List of countries by telephone exports
 List of countries by telecommunications equipment exports
 List of countries by pharmaceutical exports
 List of countries by maize exports
 List of countries by wheat exports
 List of countries by coffee exports
 List of countries by cotton exports

සාමාන්‍යය
Good Country Index
Linguistic diversity index
Soft Power 30 (on Wikipedia)
Country Brand Index

භූගෝලවේදය
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area (all)
භූමිප්‍රමාණය අනුව රටවල් හා පරායත්ත භූමිප්‍රදේශ නාමාවලිය

සෞඛ්‍යය
List of countries by health insurance coverage
List of countries by quality of healthcare
List of countries by health expenditure covered by government
List of countries by hospital beds
List of countries by cancer rate
List of countries by risk of death from non-communicable disease
Euro health consumer index (EHCI)
Global Hunger Index (GHI)
List of countries by life expectancy
List of countries by infant mortality rate
List of average human height worldwide
List of countries by body mass index
List of countries by obesity rate
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
Prevalence of tobacco consumption
List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
List of countries by suicide rate
List of the oldest people by country

කර්මාන්ත
 List of countries by electricity production
 List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources
 List of countries by uranium production
 List of countries by platinum production
 List of countries by gold production
 List of countries by silver production
 List of countries by copper production
 List of countries by steel production
 List of countries by aluminium production
 List of countries by aluminium oxide production
 List of countries by bismuth production
 List of countries by mercury production
 List of countries by bentonite production
 List of countries by feldspar production
 List of countries by lithium production
 List of countries by palladium production
 List of countries by iridium production
 List of countries by manganese production
 List of countries by magnesium production
 List of countries by tin production
 List of countries by zinc production
 List of countries by salt production
 List of countries by silicon production
 Lists of countries by mineral production
 List of countries by oil production
 List of countries by natural gas production
 List of countries by coal production
 List of countries by bauxite production
 List of countries by cement production
 List of wine-producing countries

මිලිටරි
List of aircraft carriers by country
List of countries by firearms holding
List of countries by military expenditures
List of countries by military expenditures per capita
List of countries by Military Strength Index
List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
Composite Index of National Capability

දේශපාලනය
UN e-Government
Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer and Corruption Perceptions Index
V-Dem Democracy indices
Democracy Index (The Economist)
Freedom House: Freedom in the World
Reporters Without Borders: Worldwide Press Freedom Index
List of countries by consultation on rule-making
Global Terrorism Index
Worldwide Governance Indicators
Fragile States Index
World Justice Project Rule of Law Index
presidentialism index
Citizen-initiated component of direct popular vote index
Polity data series
Democracy-Dictatorship Index
Gallagher index
Effective number of parties
Democracy Ranking

සංචිත
 List of countries by coal reserves
 List of countries by natural gas proven reserves
 List of countries by proven oil reserves
 List of countries by thorium resources
 List of countries by uranium reserves
 List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves
 List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)

සමාජය
Dashboard of Sustainability (includes a ranking by Millennium Development Goals)
Economist Intelligence Unit: Where-to-be-born Index 2013
Globalization Index
Global Gender Gap Report
Global Retirement Index
Legatum Prosperity Index
List of countries and dependencies by population
List of countries and dependencies by population density
List of countries by discrimination and violence against minorities
List of countries by guaranteed minimum income
List of countries by gun ownership
List of countries by homeless population
List of countries by incarceration rate
List of countries by intentional homicide rate
List of countries by public spending in tertiary education
List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level
Save the Children: State of the World's Mothers report
Social Progress Index
Urbanization by country
එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවර්ධන වැඩසටහන: මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකය
Walk Free Foundation: Global Slavery Index
World Giving Index
World Happiness Report

ක්‍රීඩා
 Archery
 Athletics
 Badminton (junior)
 Beach soccer
 Baseball & softball
 Basketball (men, women)
 Boxing
 Chess
 Cricket (Test, ODI, T20I)
 Curling
 Cycling (road)
 Darts (PDC)
 Figure skating
 Floorball
 Football (men, Elo men, women)
 Golf (men, women, amateur)
 Field hockey
 Ice hockey
 Korfball
 Muay Thai
 Netball
 Olympic Medals
 Paralympic Medals
 Roller hockey
 Rugby league (men, women, wheelchair)
 Rugby union
 Snooker
 Squash (men, women)
 Table tennis
 Tennis (men, women, team)
 Volleyball (beach)
 Water Polo

තාක්ෂණය
UN International Telecommunication Union: ICT Development Index
Economist Intelligence Unit: Government Broadband Index
List of countries by Internet connection speeds
List of countries by 4G LTE penetration
List of countries by mobile banking usage
Google: List of countries by smartphone penetration
List of countries by stem cell research trials
OECD: List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions
List of countries by number of Internet hosts
Space Competitiveness Index (SCI)
World Wide Web Foundation: Web Index

ප්‍රවාහනය
 Logistics Performance Index
 List of countries by rail usage
 List of countries by rail transport network size
 List of countries by traffic-related death rate
 List of countries by vehicles per capita
 List of countries by waterways length

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 Index number
 List of globalization-related indices
 List of freedom indices
 List of democracy indices

භාහිර සබැඳි
CSGR Global Benchmarking Database
Catalogue of Indices 2016 - Global Observatory

Social science indices

ජාත්‍යන්තර ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් ලැයිස්තුව


Pigott Street is a road in Poplar, Tower Hamlets, London. The blocks of flats on it form part of the last phase of the building of the Lansbury Estate, and border the southern end of Burdett Road on the west.

The housing was completed in 1982 by the Greater London Council, although earlier phases in the Lansbury Estate were implemented by the London County Council. In 1998, ownership of part of the estate including Pigott Street transferred to a local housing association, Poplar HARCA.

Along with various other nearby streets, it is named after the family of Francis Pigott Stainsby Conant, MP for Reading Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man 1860–1863. This family held  of land in Poplar and Limehouse in the 19th century.

See also
 List of eponymous roads in London

References

Streets in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Poplar, London

Pigott Street


Pira Paraná je rijeka u Kolumbiji, u departmanu Vaupés. Pritoka je rijeke Apaporís i pripada porječju rijeke Amazone.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Pritoke Apaporísa

Pira Paraná


Marayat Rollet-Andriane, formerly Marayat Krasaesin () or her birthname Marayat Bibidh (; ; born 19 January 1932 – 12 June 2005), known by the pen name Emmanuelle Arsan, was a Thai-French novelist, best known for the novel featuring the fictional character Emmanuelle, a woman who sets out on a voyage of sexual self-discovery under varying circumstances. It was later claimed that the real author of the book was her husband, Louis-Jacques Rollet-Andriane.

Early life
Arsan was born Marayat Bibidh on 19 January 1932 in Bangkok, Thailand, into an aristocratic Siamese family closely connected to the royal family. Marayat's family home was in the affluent Ekkamai District of the Thai capital, where she reportedly discovered her sexuality in the company of her little sister Vasana.

After attending primary school in Thailand, Marayat was sent by her parents to Switzerland to continue her studies at the extremely selective Institut Le Rosey boarding school, located in Rolle, Canton of Vaud. The school offered a bilingual English-French education to the offspring of the international elite. At a ball there in 1948, the 16-year-old Marayat first met her future husband, 30-year-old French diplomat Louis-Jacques Rollet-Andriane. Although it was love at first sight, they did not marry until 1956, then settled in Thailand, where Louis-Jacques was given a diplomatic posting at the UNESCO mission in Bangkok.

Bangkok in the late 1950s was a relatively small, secretive, and highly respectable city. It was not yet the open-air brothel that it would become during the mid-1960s and early 1970s. That change was partly due to the Vietnam War, when thousands of off-duty U.S. servicemen, assigned to the US Air Force airbases in Thailand, flooded the capital's streets in search of cheap sex. They were soon to be followed by Western tourists.

Within the selective atmosphere of the Sports Club, Louis-Jacques and Marayat, with their hedonistic philosophy of communal sex, quickly created a sensation among the expatriate interlopers, diplomats, pseudospies, bored spouses, and jet-setters who drifted in and out.  As a result, the couple's reputation soon spread beyond the restricted circle of the initiated and turned the Thai capital into a popular destination for swingers.  At this time, they had their first encounter with the idle Italian Prince Dado Ruspoli, who belonged to the international playboy elite of the 1950s and whose discourse on sex had a profound impact on Marayat and Louis-Jacques. They immediately made Dado their "spiritual guide" and "high priest of love".

In 1963, Louis-Jacques was posted to Italy, and for five years, the couple resided in both Venice and Rome, where they again met Ruspoli. He introduced them to the high society of transalpine libertinage. From 1968 to 1980, Marayat and her husband often alternated between Paris and Bangkok.

Literary career
The novel Emmanuelle was initially published and distributed clandestinely in France in 1959, without an author's name. Successive editions were ascribed to Emmanuelle Arsan, who was subsequently revealed to be Marayat Rollet-Andriane. Though the novel was sometimes hinted to be quasi-autobiographical, it was later revealed that the actual author was her husband Louis-Jacques Rollet-Andriane. Several more novels were published under the Emmanuelle Arsan pseudonym.

Between 1974 and 1976, Arsan and her husband, in association with Just Jaeckin, published the erotic magazine Emmanuelle, le magazine du plaisir (Emmanuelle, the pleasure magazine) in France, contributing photographs and text.

Film and TV career
Following the success of the eponymous 1974 film adaptation of her novel, directed by Just Jaeckin, Arsan was the titular director and scriptwriter of the film Laure (1976) about the sexual discoveries of a younger "Emmanuelle" named Laure, again in an exotic setting. The film was in fact directed by Louis-Jacques Rollet-Andriane and Roberto D'Ettorre Piazzoli, though Rollet-Andriane, reportedly frustrated by problems related to his collaboration with the producer, Ovidio G. Assonitis, asked that Emmanuelle Arsan's name not be associated with the project, resulting in the film being credited to an anonymous director.

Using the screen name "Marayat Andriane", Arsan appeared in the film The Sand Pebbles (1966), and in an episode of the American series The Big Valley ("Turn of a Card", 1967). Although she signed a contract with 20th Century Fox, she never worked as an actress for that company again. Her only other film appearance, credited as Emmanuelle Arsan, was in Laure, which was also released under the alternative title Forever Emmanuelle.

Personal life
Marayat spoke fluent Thai, French, and English.  Her hobbies and passions included writing, reading, photography, cinema, and antiques, among others.  Louis-Jacques Rollet-Andriane and she had two daughters, Sophie and Danièle. She is known to have had relationships with the French beatnik writer, mime, and photographer Théo Lesouac'h, and allegedly with the American actor Steve McQueen, during the shooting of The Sand Pebbles, although what really went on between them remains a mystery.

Later life
At the beginning of the 1980s, Louis-Jacques and Marayat decided to settle down in France for a much quieter life. An Iranian friend offered the couple a plot of land in the south of the country, near the commune of Callas, in the Var.  It was in this woodland domain they constructed their retirement place, "Chantelouve d'Emmanuelle", an isolated single-storey house built around a vast patio. Louis-Jacques continued with his writing, happy to correspond with Emmanuelles fans under his pen name Emmanuelle Arsan, while Marayat, her dreams of stardom far behind her, was content to grow old gracefully, with the occasional visit to Bangkok. It was at this point that Nitya Phenkun entered their lives. She was an old acquaintance of Louis-Jacques, having been his secretary (and mistress) during his diplomatic posting in Bangkok, and on moving to Chantelouve, she took up her former functions, reportedly forming a threesome with the Rollet-Andriane couple.

Illness and death
Their idyll was shattered in 2001, when Marayat suddenly fell ill. She was diagnosed with systemic scleroderma, a rare and incurable autoimmune disease, which had first given her trouble at the age of 20. After a period of remission that had lasted for 49 years, the disease returned and attacked her legs, causing her acute suffering and rapidly affecting her mobility. Her health further deteriorated when gangrene rapidly ensued, and both of her legs had to be amputated above the knee. She was, therefore, forced to spend the remaining four years of her life bedridden, being treated at home by a private nurse. Marayat Rollet-Andriane died on 12 June 2005 at Chantelouve, aged 73. Her husband died three years later, in April 2008.

Nitya Phenkun, the sole beneficiary of the copyright of Emmanuelle, returned to Thailand soon after Louis-Jacques' death, and put Chantelouve up for sale.

Works

BooksIn French 1959 Emmanuelle – Éric Losfeld (clandestine edition), 308 pages
 1960 Emmanuelle L'anti-vierge – Éric Losfeld (clandestine edition), 356 pages
 1967 Emmanuelle – La leçon d'homme – Paris, Éric Losfeld, Le Terrain Vague, 232 pages
 1968 Emmanuelle – L'anti-vierge – Paris, Éric Losfeld, Le Terrain Vague, 296 pages
 1968 Epître à Paul VI (Lettre ouverte au pape, sur la pilule) - Paris, Éric Losfeld
 1969 Nouvelles de l'érosphère – Paris, Éric Losfeld, Le Terrain Vague, 215 pages
 1969 Dessins érotiques de Bertrand vol. 1- Pistils ou étamines, une liesse promise - Paris, Eric Losfeld
 1971 Emmanuelle à Rome (under the pseudonym Bee Van Kleef) – Paris, Eureditions, 280 pages. reprint: Montréal, Les Presses Libres, 1972. reprint: Toulouse, Livre d'Oc, 1979. reprint: Paris, Belfond, 2013
 1974 Mon "Emmanuelle", leur pape, et mon Éros – Paris, Christian Bourgois, 219 pages
 1974 L'Hypothèse d'Éros – Paris, Filipacchi, 287 pages
 1975 Les Enfants d'Emmanuelle – Paris, Opta, 317 pages
 1976 Laure – Paris, Pierre Belfond, 312 pages
 1976 Néa – Paris, Opta, 264 pages
 1978 Toute Emmanuelle - Paris, Pierre Belfond, 224 pages
 1979 Vanna – Paris, Pierre Belfond, 315 pages
 1983 Sainte louve - Paris, Pierre Belfond, 352 pages
 1988 Les Soleils d'Emmanuelle - Paris, Pierre Belfond, 264 pages. reprint: Paris, Belfond, 2013
 1988 Emmanuelle (Première édition intégrale) [first unabridged edition] – Paris, Robert Laffont/Jean-Jacques Pauvert
 1989 Les Débuts dans la vie - Paris, Le Grand Livre du mois, 191 pages. reprint: Paris, Belfond, 2013
 1989 Valadié - Paris, Éditions Lignes, 190 pages
 1991 Chargée de mission - Paris, Pierre Belfond, 201 pages
 1993 Bonheur - Les Cahiers de l'Égaré, 91 pages
 1994 Aurélie - Paris, Pierre Belfond, 213 pages. reprint: Paris, Belfond, 2013
 2003 La Siamoise nue - Paris, Le Cercle, 552 pages
 2008 Bonheur 2 - Les Cahiers de l'Égaré, 125 pages
 2008 Parce qu'ils ne pouvaient pas s'en empêcher, in: Disparition by Michel Bories, Les Cahiers de l'Égaré, 250 pages
 2016 La Philosophie nue - Éditions Le Sélénite, 116 pagesIn English translation'''

 1978

Film
 1966 The Sand Pebbles 1967 The Big Valley (episode "Turn of a Card")
 1976 LaureSee alsoEmmanuelle (novel)EmmanuelleForever EmmanuelleJust Jaeckin
Roberto D'Ettorre Piazzoli
Sylvia Kristel

 Footnotes

References
Clovis Goux, Emmanuelle était un homme, Lui magazine n.º 4, 4 February 2014, pp. 128–134.
Francis Leroi, 70, années érotiques, éditions La Musardine, 1999.
Ovidio G. Assonitis, Beyond the Screen. Il cinema di Ovidio G. Assonitis'', "Nocturno dossier", n.° 82, May 2009, pp. 46–51.

External links

 Emmanuelle Arsan. French (adult) website devoted to Emmanuelle Arsan.

1932 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from scleroderma
French erotica writers
20th-century French novelists
21st-century French novelists
20th-century French women writers
21st-century French women writers
Emmanuelle Arsan
Pseudonymous women writers
French people of Thai descent
Emmanuelle
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey

Emmanuelle Arsan


Le parc du château de Nymphenburg  fait partie des plus beaux et les plus importants exemples de conception de jardins en Allemagne. Intégré avec les bâtiments du palais, les pavillons d'entrée du Grand Cercle et le vaste paysage du parc forment l'ensemble de la résidence d'été des ducs et rois bavarois, située dans le quartier moderne de Munich Neuhausen-Nymphenburg. Le site est un monument du patrimoine culturel, un Paysage Protégé et une zone Natura 2000.

La juxtaposition d'éléments de jardins à la française et de parc à l'anglaise est considérée comme un chef-d'œuvre de conception de jardin et le complexe spacieux de palais et de parc a toujours été une attraction populaire pour les résidents et les touristes. A l'est, le parc jouxte les bâtiments du palais et le Grand Cercle. Au sud et à l'ouest, le parc est en grande partie entouré par le mur d'origine du jardin et borde le jardin botanique de Munich au nord et au-delà de Menzinger Straße, la périphérie du parc se confond en partie avec la forêt de Kapuzinerhölzl.

Les jardins à la française du château de Vaux-le-Vicomte et du château de Versailles ont été les modèles du jardin classique originel. La forme actuelle est le résultat de la refonte décisive de Friedrich Ludwig Sckell à partir de 1799. Le parc à l'intérieur des murs a une superficie de 180 hectares, la superficie de l'ensemble du complexe est de 229 hectares.

Histoire
Les conceptions des jardins baroques originaux avaient été largement calquées sur les jardins à la française de Vaux-le-Vicomte et de Versailles. L'aménagement moderne du parc est le résultat d'une refonte fondamentale par Friedrich Ludwig Sckell, à partir de 1799.

Le jardin se compose de la grande partie paysagée à l'ouest et de la zone régulièrement aménagée près du château. Le canal central divise le paysage du parc en une zone nord et une zone sud. L'approvisionnement en eau provient de l'ouest du Würm via le canal Pasing-Nymphenburg. L'eau est détournée vers l'est et le nord-est via deux canaux et vers le nord via le Hartmannshofer Bach.

Dans la partie nord, il y a le lac Pagodenburger See avec le pavillon Pagodenburg, dans la partie sud le lac Badenburg See avec le temple d'Apollon et le pavillon Badenburg. La Maison fontaine verte avec les roues hydrauliques et les pompes à pression pour les fontaines du jardin se trouve dans le village de la partie sud du parc. Le pavillon d'Amalienburg détermine la partie sud-est du parc.

La naissance du prince électeur Max Emmanuel de Bavière de la noble famille Wittelsbach en 1662 fut l'occasion de construire un château avec un jardin entre les villages de Neuhausen et Obermenzing en cadeau pour la jeune mère, l'électrice Henriette Adélaïde de Savoie. La première pierre du «  » a été posée en 1664. Contrairement à une idée reçue largement répandue, le nom italien «  » a été créé pour la première fois au 19ème siècle. Le complexe a été conçu comme un palais de plaisance dans le style des villas de campagne italiennes ; Le complexe du palais baroque, qui pouvait servir de résidence d'été et d'alternative à la Résidence de Munich, siège du gouvernement, n'a été agrandi qu'une génération plus tard sous Max Emmanuel. Le modèle était le pavillon de chasse piémontais La Venaria, dont l'architecte Amedeo Castellamonte (1613-1683) a fourni les premiers projets de Nymphenburg. Agostino Barelli a été employé comme premier architecte et l'architecte de la cour Markus Schinnagl en tant que directeur du site. Les travaux ont commencé par la construction d'un bâtiment de château de forme de carrée et la création d'un jardin à l'ouest du château. C'était un petit parterre de conception italienne.

Entre 1701 et 1704, des modifications et des extensions du jardin dans le style baroque français sont réalisées par Charles Carbonet. Cela s'accompagna de la construction du canal et de l'approvisionnement en eau apportée par la Würm. Le dessin fut réalisé à partir de 1715 par Dominique Girard, qui avait auparavant travaillé dans les jardins de Versailles créés par André Le Nôtre, et Joseph Effner, élève de Germain Boffrand. A la manière des modèles français, des allées rectilignes sont tracées, des rangées d'arbres et des arcades sont plantées, ce qui structure rigoureusement le jardin.

À partir de 1715, Max Emmanuel fait transformer la forêt qui jouxte le parc du château, presque jusqu'au lac de Starnberg, en parc de chasse au cerf. Comme à l'intérieur du parc, mais à plus grande échelle, des allées sont créées et trois pavillons de chasse sont construits.

Le changement décisif de la forme actuelle du jardin a été initié par la refonte de Friedrich Ludwig Sckell. Sckell avait précédemment réalisé une fusion harmonieuse des styles de jardin français et anglais avec sa conception du jardin du château de Schwetzingen. Les travaux à Nymphenburg ont pris plus de temps en raison de la taille du jardin. À partir de 1799, Sckell a d'abord conçu le jardin du prince héritier délimité comme un jardin spécial. La création d'un vaste parc paysager sur le modèle anglais a commencé en 1804 avec la partie sud du parc, qui s'est achevée en 1807, et s'est achevée avec la partie nord en 1810-1823.
Cependant, contrairement à Lancelot Brown en Angleterre, qui a créé de vastes parcs paysagers en détruisant les jardins baroques, Sckell a procédé avec plus de prudence. Il a conservé le parterre côté jardin du château ainsi que l'axe central avec le canal et la cascade finale. De cette façon, il a réussi à subdiviser discrètement le parc en deux zones paysagères de taille comparable, chacune avec son propre caractère, auxquelles deux lacs conçus par Sckell ont apporté une contribution significative.

Cette astuce fait du parc de Nymphenburg un exemple de synthèse de deux formes de jardin fondamentalement différentes : le jardin classique français ordonné, qui met en valeur la nature par le biais de l'art, avec le parc paysager anglais, qui met en scène le libre jeu de la nature. Le jardin a été ouvert au grand public en 1792 sous l'électeur Karl Theodor.

Après la fin de la monarchie
À l'origine, les allées, le château circulaire, le château principal et le jardin formaient un ensemble qui s'étendait sur plus de trois kilomètres dans le sens est-ouest et se situait loin des portes de Munich. La croissance de la ville a permis aux bâtiments et au réseau routier d'avancer de plus en plus près dans les environs. Avec la construction du large pont Ludwig Ferdinand sur le canal de Nymphenburg, la construction de bâtiments résidentiels le long de l'allée nord et sud du château et la construction d'une ligne de chemin de fer à l'ouest, le parc et le château ont été complètement absorbés et sont devenus une partie de Munich.

Après l'abolition de la monarchie bavaroise en 1918, le parc et le palais sont devenus une partie des Anciens Domaines de la Couronne et ont été administrés par l'État. Avec la fin de la République de Weimar, les nazis s'emparent des lieux. Depuis l'été 1936, la revue La Nuit des Amazones, avec chevaux et danseuses, est représentée. Après l'appropriation violente de l'église du monastère dans l'aire de l'orangerie, un musée de la chasse est ouvert dans cette partie du château en octobre 1938. La direction du groupe local du NSDAP a reçu un bunker souterrain. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le palais principal et l'Amalienburg ont reçu un camouflage pour se protéger des raids aériens, les surfaces claires des allées ont été assombries et des parties du canal central ont été recouvertes. Les bassins d'eau du côté ville du château ont également été remplis plus tard. L'église du château, le parvis, le Badenburg et la Grande Cascade ont été détruits ou gravement endommagés par les bombes, des dommages ont également été causés au groupe de personnages de Pan et aux arbres du parc. Les soldats de l'occupation ont fait exploser un vieux bâtiment au sud de la Grande Cascade, qui avait été utilisé comme arsenal.

La réparation des structures et la restauration du jardin progressent lentement. Bien que la restauration ait été effectuée selon les modèles historiques, un certain nombre de pertes n'ont pas été compensées. Le terrain de sport à l'extrémité sud du parc, aménagé avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, représente un empiétement important et continu sur le parc.

Lors des Jeux olympiques d'été de 1972, des épreuves d'équitation se déroulaient dans les jardins du palais, notamment les compétitions de dressage. Les statues ont été déplacées, un manège et des tribunes ont été construits comme installations temporaires et les dépendances du château ont été utilisées comme écuries.

Les allées
Les avenues d'accès nord et sud accompagnent le canal qui relie la ville au château. Elles sont la seule partie d'un système d'avenues en forme d'étoile prévu par Joseph Effner pour une ville baroque idéale (« Carlstadt ») . En outre, il était prévu de relier les trois résidences d'été de l'électeur (Nymphenburg, château de Schleissheim et ) par des canaux, d'une part pour que la société courtoise puisse passer d'un plaisir à l'autre en gondole, d'autre part - à l'instar du modèle néerlandais - comme voie de transport pour les produits agricoles et les matériaux de construction.

Les très longues allées du château le long du canal du château servaient à afficher le pouvoir absolutiste. Le trajet était censé impressionner les invités princiers : le visiteur qui s'approchait du château par l'est en calèche remarquait que la toile de fond croissante du bâtiment dénotait sa grandeur.

Les parterres
Le parterre est un élément du jardin à la française encore visible aujourd'hui. Au cours de la refonte du parc par Sckell, il a été simplifié, mais a conservé sa taille d'origine : en 1815, un parterre de broderie en six parties a été transformé en une pelouse en quatre parties avec une bordure fleurie. La vue du spectateur debout sur les marches du château est dirigée à travers le parterre avec la fontaine centrale du jardin jusqu'à l'axe de l'eau.

Aujourd'hui, le parterre est divisé en quatre bordures, dont ceux à l'est, face au château, sont nettement plus longs que ceux à l'ouest. Ce raccourcissement de perspective crée une profondeur spatiale supplémentaire, vue depuis les escaliers du château, effet qui est renforcé par la fontaine. Le parterre est aménagé à la manière d'un parterre à l'angloise avec pelouse, qui est bordé d'une rangée de fleurs.

Le jardin du Prince héritier
Le Kronprinzengarten (Ludwigsgarten) rectangulaire se trouve au nord-est de l'Amalienburg. Il s'agissait de la première œuvre de Sckell à Nymphenburg, qui créa en 1799 ce jardin maniable, qui présente déjà les caractéristiques du style de jardin anglais, pour le jeune Louis Ier. Le Pavillon a également été construit pour lui, une structure en bois à deux étages, dont la partie principale octogonale comporte deux pièces avec le même plan sur les deux étages. Du porche, qui est populairement connu comme la « maison de la sorcière », un escalier mène au premier étage. Sa peinture extérieure doit donner l'impression d'une ruine artificielle. Les murs à l'intérieur sont décorés de papier peint imprimé à la main. Un petit ruisseau émerge entre les pierres comme s'il venait d'une source rocheuse naturelle ; il est alimenté par l'eau du canal sud via un aqueduc en pente. Le jardin est séparé du reste du jardin Amalienburg par une clôture en bois. Le jardin du prince héritier a été restauré en 1982-83.

Les jardins d'agrément
Il y a trois jardins d'agrément au nord du parterre de jardin. Ils bordent les anciennes serres auxquelles ils sont spatialement liés. Ces jardins fleuris ont été conçus par Friedrich Ludwig Sckell comme des jardins à la française (1810-1820), dont la régularité doit contraster avec le parc paysager.

Les pavillons
Les châteaux du parc ne sont pas de simples bâtiments pour le personnel, mais des palais de plaisance avec des chambres confortables qui représentent des joyaux architecturaux. Le Pagodenburg se dresse sur le petit lac du nord, le Pagodenburger See. Le Badenburg est situé sur le plus grand lac du sud, également connu sous le nom de lac de Badenburg. L'Amalienburg, le plus grand des pavillons, est au centre d'une partie rectangulaire du jardin jouxtant le parterre au sud.

Le Badenburg
Le Badenburg est situé à l'extrémité sud-est du Grand Lac. La structure domine une partie du lac car elle est intelligemment insérée dans un axe visuel et peut également être vue du nord. Le château a été construit par Joseph Effner entre 1718 et 1722. C'était le premier grand bâtiment en Europe depuis des siècles à être utilisé uniquement dans le but de pouvoir profiter d'une salle de bains confortable. Dans le cadre de la restauration de 1983 à 1984, le toit en bardeaux de bois et la palette de couleurs jaune ocre du bâtiment ont été restaurés.

Le Pagodenburg
Le Pagodenburg a été construit comme une maison de plaisance sous la direction de Joseph Effner de 1716 à 1719, selon la tradition, en utilisant un plan d'étage de Max Emmanuel. Dès 1767, une révision par François Cuvilliés l'Ancien eut lieu dans le style rococo. Le terme Pagodenburg est déjà utilisé dans les reportages contemporains et désigne la décoration intérieure selon la mode de la Chinoiserie. À cette époque, le terme pagode était compris comme désignant à la fois les temples païens d'Asie et les divinités qui y sont représentées. Ce dernier se retrouve également dans les peintures murales du rez-de-chaussée du Pagodenburg.

L'Amalienburg

L'Amalienburg se trouve dans le jardin Amalienburg. Le bâtiment rococo d'un étage était un cadeau de l'électeur Karl Albrecht à son épouse Marie-Amélie. L'édifice qui porte son nom a été construit d'après les plans de François Cuvilliés l'Ancien de 1734 à 1739 comme pavillon de chasse pour la chasse au faisan. C'est un palais d'été typique de la période baroque tardive.

Les lacs
Les deux lacs façonnent considérablement le parc Nymphenburg. Ce sont des plans d'eau artificiels qui ont été créés au cours de la refonte de Ludwig von Sckell. Déjà à l'époque baroque, il y avait deux petits étangs existants, liés aux pavillons de Badenburg et Pagodenburg. Sckell a ainsi poursuivi l'idée. L'excavation a fourni le matériau qui a été utilisé pour créer les vallées des prairies.
Le plus grand des deux lacs s'appelle Badenburger See. Il est situé dans la partie sud du parc. Il doit son nom au pavillon Badenburg sur sa rive sud. Aménagé entre 1805 et 1807, sa superficie est de 5,7 hectares. Sur un promontoire au nord se trouve le temple d'Apollon, construit sous la forme d'un monopteros, qui domine la partie nord-ouest et est clairement visible de divers points du rivage. Il y a trois petites îles dans le lac.

Dans la partie nord du parc se trouve le petit lac, le Pagodenburger See. Achevé en 1813, il est déterminé par le Pagodenburg, qui est situé sur une île formée par un canal, qui occupe en grande partie la partie nord du lac et est accessible via deux ponts piétonniers. La superficie du lac comprenant l'île d'environ un hectare est de 2,9 hectares. L'eau alimente le ruisseau Hartmannshofer Bach, qui coule librement vers le nord à travers le Pagodenburger Tal, une belle prairie, et s'écoule 420 mètres plus au nord dans le Kugelweiher - une création typique de Sckell. L'entrée d'eau du lac est souterraine à partir du canal central, l'entrée était à l'origine camouflée comme une grotte rocheuse. Un barrage recouvert de bois épais protège le lac du sud au canal central supérieur.

Canaux, écluses et ponts
Les canaux du parc du palais font partie du canal de Nymphenburg, qui traverse une grande partie de l'ouest de Munich. Si le canal central rappelle les jardins à la française, l'ensemble du système est basé sur des modèles hollandais, notamment de Het Loo. La plupart des canaux pouvaient être navigués en bateau jusqu'en 1846. Des vestiges des écluses du XVIIIe siècle sont situés à l'Umflutkanal derrière la Grande Cascade et entre le village et l'Amalienburg dans le sud du canal du parc.
À l'origine, il y avait seize ponts basculants. Les ponts qui existent aujourd'hui sont plus récents (Nymphenbrücke 1902, Bogenbrücke 1903, Badenburgbrücke 1906, Ponts du Cygne 1969). Ils sont faits de béton, ont des décorations et des balustrades de pont astucieusement forgées. Ils ne peuvent pas être ouverts, et un passage en bateau n'est plus possible.

Écologie
Le parc du château de Nymphenburg, avec ses divers éléments paysagers, a non seulement une signification culturelle et une fonction récréative importante, mais c'est aussi un habitat pour de nombreuses espèces végétales et animales. 17 espèces de mammifères et 175 espèces d'oiseaux ont été identifiées. La forêt mixte quasi naturelle avec de nombreux arbres très anciens doit être soulignée. Les parties de bois mort sont particulièrement précieuses, fournissant un espace de nidification et de vie aux espèces chronoxyles. Les cerfs vivent dans le parc depuis l'époque du terrain de chasse royal. Les autres mammifères sont le renard, les lapins et une petite population de putois. Quelques castors ont été recensés, et des hermines ont parfois été observées. La chauve-souris noctule et les chauves-souris pygmées vivent dans le parc.

Parmi les oiseaux nicheurs, le faucon hobereau (liste rouge : en voie de disparition), l'épervier, le martin-pêcheur (en voie de disparition), le moucherolle pie, la fauvette des bois et les chouettes cohabitent avec la chouette hulotte comme éminent représentant et figure de proue du parc. Le parc est un habitat important pour la migration des oiseaux ou comme quartiers d'hiver. En hiver, par exemple, le fuligule milouin (menacé d'extinction en Bavière) se reproduit. Presque chaque hiver, il y a aussi des jaseurs. Certains hivers, ces oiseaux du nord de l'Europe envahissent le sud de la Bavière avec des milliers de spécimens, et le parc Nymphenburg est traditionnellement leur habitat hivernal le plus important .

Contrairement à sa disposition initiale, le parc du palais est maintenant complètement entouré de zones d'habitation en raison de l'avancée du développement urbain. Un échange biologique avec des populations extérieures est difficilement possible, à l'exception des oiseaux, des insectes volants et de quelques autres espèces très mobiles.

Le parc du château de Nymphenburg est une zone de protection du paysage. Il a également été signalé à l'Union européenne comme zone d'habitat faune-flore du réseau européen Natura 2000. Une proposition de la ville de Munich pour désigner une réserve naturelle est en place depuis 1987. Il y a plusieurs monuments naturels dans le parc : deux groupes de six ou neuf vieux ifs près de l'Amalienburg, ainsi que des arbres individuels remarquables. Les interventions humaines comme l'entretien des pelouses, les plantations artificielles et l'enlèvement de bois mort sont classées comme de faible intensité. La tonte des prairies est considérée comme positive pour la biodiversité.

Dans les arts
La splendeur du jardin est visible dans deux tableaux du peintre italien du XVIIIè siècle Bernardo Bellotto. Le réalisateur Alain Resnais a tourné des plans intérieurs de l'Amalienburg et des vues du parc de Nymphenburg et Schleissheim dans son film L'année dernière à Marienbad (1961). L'intrigue du roman satirique Der Ruinenbaumeister de  (1969) se déroule dans les sentiers forestiers sinueux du parc.

Références

Source de traduction

Parc ou jardin public à Munich
Parc ou jardin public en Allemagne
Parc à fabriques
Munich

Parc du château de Nymphenburg