Chinese martial arts, often called by the umbrella terms kung fu (; ), kuoshu () or wushu (), are multiple fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in Ancient China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include Shaolinquan  () physical exercises involving All Other Animals () mimicry or training methods inspired by Old Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal (; ), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called external (; ). Geographical association, as in northern (; ) and southern (; ), is another popular classification method.

Terminology

Kung fu and wushu are loanwords from Cantonese and Mandarin respectively that, in English, are used to refer to Chinese martial arts. However, the Chinese terms kung fu and wushu (; ) have distinct meanings. The Chinese equivalent of the term "Chinese martial arts" would be Zhongguo wushu () (Mandarin).

In Chinese, the term kung fu refers to any skill that is acquired through learning or practice. It is a compound word composed of the words 功 (gōng) meaning "work", "achievement", or "merit", and 夫 (fū) which is a particle or nominal suffix with diverse meanings.

Wushu literally means "martial art". It is formed from the two Chinese characters :  (), meaning "martial" or "military" and  or 术 (), which translates into "art", "discipline", "skill" or "method". The term wushu has also become the name for the modern sport of wushu, an exhibition and full-contact sport of bare-handed and weapon forms (), adapted and judged to a set of aesthetic criteria for points developed since 1949 in the People's Republic of China.

Quánfǎ () is another Chinese term for Chinese martial arts. It means "fist method" or "the law of the fist" (quán means "boxing" or "fist", and fǎ means "law", "way" or "method"), although as a compound term it usually translates as "boxing" or "fighting technique." The name of the Japanese martial art kempō is represented by the same hanzi characters.

History
The genesis of Chinese martial arts has been attributed to the need for self-defense, hunting techniques and military training in ancient China. Hand-to-hand combat and weapons practice were important in training ancient Chinese soldiers.

Detailed knowledge about the state and development of Chinese martial arts became available from the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), as the  Central Guoshu Institute established by the Kuomintang regime made an effort to compile an encyclopedic survey of martial arts schools.
Since the 1950s, the People's Republic of China has organized Chinese martial arts as an exhibition and full-contact sport under the heading of  "wushu".

Legendary origins
According to legend, Chinese martial arts originated before the semi-mythical Xia Dynasty over 4,000 years ago. It is said that the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), who ascended to power in 2698 BCE, introduced the earliest fighting systems to China. The Yellow Emperor is renowned as a great general who, prior to becoming China's leader, authored extensive treatises on medicine, astrology, and the martial arts. One of his primary adversaries was Chi You, credited as the progenitor of jiao di, a precursor to modern Chinese wrestling.

Early history
The earliest references to Chinese martial arts are found in the Spring and Autumn Annals (5th century BCE), where a hand-to-hand combat theory, one that integrates notions of "hard" and "soft" techniques, is mentioned.  A combat wrestling system called juélì or jiǎolì () is mentioned in the Classic of Rites. This combat system included techniques such as strikes, throws, joint manipulation, and pressure point attacks.
Jiao Di became a sport during the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE).  The Han History Bibliographies record that, by the Former Han (206 BCE – 8 CE), there was a distinction between no-holds-barred weaponless fighting, which it calls shǒubó (), for which training manuals had already been written, and sportive wrestling, then known as juélì ().
Wrestling is also documented in the Shǐ Jì, Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian (ca. 100 BCE).

In the Tang Dynasty, descriptions of sword dances were immortalized in poems by Li Bai. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, xiangpu(相扑) contests were sponsored by the imperial courts. The modern concepts of wushu were fully developed by the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Philosophical influences
The ideas associated with Chinese martial arts changed with the evolution of Chinese society and over time acquired some philosophical bases:  Passages in the Zhuangzi (), a Taoist text, pertain to the psychology and practice of martial arts. Zhuangzi, its eponymous author, is believed to have lived in the 4th century BCE. The Tao Te Ching, often credited to Laozi, is another Taoist text that contains principles applicable to martial arts. According to one of the classic texts of Confucianism, Zhou Li (), Archery and charioteering were part of the "six arts" (, including rites, music, calligraphy and mathematics) of the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BCE). The Art of War (), written during the 6th century BCE by Sun Tzu (), deals directly with military warfare but contains ideas that are used in the Chinese martial arts.

Taoist practitioners have been practicing Tao Yin (physical exercises similar to qigong that was one of the progenitors to tai chi) from as early as 500 BCE. In 39–92 CE, "Six Chapters of Hand Fighting", were included in the Han Shu (history of the Former Han Dynasty) written by Pan Ku. Also, the noted physician, Hua Tuo, composed the "Five Animals Play"—tiger, deer, monkey, bear, and bird, around 208 CE. Taoist philosophy and their approach to health and exercise have influenced the Chinese martial arts to a certain extent. Direct reference to Taoist concepts can be found in such styles as the "Eight Immortals," which uses fighting techniques attributed to the characteristics of each immortal.

Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589 AD)

Shaolin temple established
In 495 CE, a Shaolin temple was constructed on Song Mountain in Henan province. The initial Buddhist monk who propagated Buddhism there was an Indian monk named Buddhabhadra, known as Batuo in Chinese. Historical records suggest that Batuo's first Chinese disciples, Huiguang and Sengchou, possessed exceptional martial skills. For instance, Sengchou's proficiency with the tin staff is documented in the Chinese Buddhist canon. Following Buddhabhadra, another Indian monk named Bodhidharma, also known as Damo in Chinese, arrived at Shaolin in 527 CE. His Chinese disciple, Huike, was likewise a highly skilled martial artist. There are indications that these first three Chinese Shaolin monks—Huiguang, Sengchou, and Huike—may have had a military background prior to embracing monastic life.

Shaolin and temple-based martial arts

The Shaolin style of kung fu is considered one of the earliest organized Chinese martial arts. The oldest documented evidence of Shaolin's involvement in combat dates back to a stele from 728 CE, which records two significant events: the defense of the Shaolin Monastery against bandits around 610 CE and their subsequent contribution to the defeat of Wang Shichong at the Battle of Hulao in 621 CE. However, between the 8th and 15th centuries, there are no surviving records that provide concrete proof of Shaolin's involvement in combat activities.

Between the 16th and 17th centuries, at least forty sources exist to provide evidence both that monks of Shaolin practiced martial arts, and that martial practice became an integral element of Shaolin monastic life. The earliest appearance of the frequently cited legend concerning Bodhidharma's supposed foundation of Shaolin Kung Fu dates to this period.  The origin of this legend has been traced to the Ming period's Yijin Jing or "Muscle Change Classic", a text written in 1624 attributed to Bodhidharma.

References of martial arts practice in Shaolin appear in various literary genres of the late Ming: the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, military encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and poetry. However, these sources do not point out any specific style that originated in Shaolin. These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang period, refer to Shaolin methods of armed combat. These include a skill for which Shaolin monks became famous: the staff (gùn, Cantonese gwan). The Ming General Qi Jiguang included a description of Shaolin kung fu and staff techniques in his book, Jixiao Xinshu, which can translate as New Book Recording Effective Techniques. When this book spread across East Asia, it had a great influence on the development of martial arts in regions such as Okinawa and Korea.

Modern history

Republican period
Most fighting styles that are being practiced as traditional Chinese martial arts today reached their popularity within the 20th century. Some of these include Baguazhang, Drunken Boxing, Eagle Claw, Five Animals, Xingyi, Hung Gar, Monkey,  Bak Mei Pai, Northern Praying Mantis, Southern Praying Mantis, Fujian White Crane, Jow Ga, Wing Chun and tai chi.  The increase in the popularity of those styles is a result of the dramatic changes occurring within the Chinese society.

In 1900–01, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists rose against foreign occupiers and Christian missionaries in China. This uprising is known in the West as the Boxer Rebellion due to the martial arts and calisthenics practiced by the rebels. Empress Dowager Cixi gained control of the rebellion and tried to use it against the foreign powers. The failure of the rebellion led ten years later to the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the creation of the Chinese Republic.

The present view of Chinese martial arts is strongly influenced by the events of the Republican Period (1912–1949). In the transition period between the fall of the Qing Dynasty as well as the turmoil of the Japanese invasion and the Chinese Civil War, Chinese martial arts became more accessible to the general public as many martial artists were encouraged to openly teach their art. At that time, some considered martial arts as a means to promote national pride and build a strong nation. As a result, many training manuals (拳譜) were published, a training academy was created, two national examinations were organized and demonstration teams traveled overseas. Numerous martial arts associations were formed throughout China and in various overseas Chinese communities. The Central Guoshu Academy (Zhongyang Guoshuguan, 中央國術館) established by the National Government in 1928 and the Jing Wu Athletic Association (精武體育會) founded by Huo Yuanjia in 1910 are examples of organizations that promoted a systematic approach for training in Chinese martial arts. A series of provincial and national competitions were organized by the Republican government starting in 1932 to promote Chinese martial arts. In 1936, at the 11th Olympic Games in Berlin, a group of Chinese martial artists demonstrated their art to an international audience for the first time.

The term kuoshu (or guoshu,  meaning "national art"), rather than the colloquial term gongfu was introduced by the Kuomintang in an effort to more closely associate Chinese martial arts with national pride rather than individual accomplishment.

People's Republic

Chinese martial arts experienced rapid international dissemination with the end of the Chinese Civil War and the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Many well known martial artists chose to escape from the PRC's rule and migrate to Taiwan, Hong Kong, and other parts of the world. Those masters started to teach within the overseas Chinese communities but eventually they expanded their teachings to include people from other ethnic groups.

Within China, the practice of traditional martial arts was discouraged during the turbulent years of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1969–1976). Like many other aspects of traditional Chinese life, martial arts were subjected to a radical transformation by the People's Republic of China to align them with Maoist revolutionary doctrine. The PRC promoted the committee-regulated sport of Wushu as a replacement for independent schools of martial arts. This new competition sport was disassociated from what was seen as the potentially subversive self-defense aspects and family lineages of Chinese martial arts.

In 1958, the government established the All-China Wushu Association as an umbrella organization to regulate martial arts training. The Chinese State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports took the lead in creating standardized forms for most of the major arts. During this period, a national Wushu system that included standard forms, teaching curriculum, and instructor grading was established. Wushu was introduced at both the high school and university level. The suppression of traditional teaching was relaxed during the Era of Reconstruction (1976–1989), as Communist ideology became more accommodating to alternative viewpoints. In 1979, the State Commission for Physical Culture and Sports created a special task force to reevaluate the teaching and practice of Wushu.
In 1986, the Chinese National Research Institute of Wushu was established as the central authority for the research and administration of Wushu activities in the People's Republic of China.

Changing government policies and attitudes towards sports, in general, led to the closing of the State Sports Commission (the central sports authority) in 1998. This closure is viewed as an attempt to partially de-politicize organized sports and move Chinese sport policies towards a more market-driven approach. As a result of these changing sociological factors within China, both traditional styles and modern Wushu approaches are being promoted by the Chinese government.

Chinese martial arts are an integral element of 20th-century Chinese popular culture.
Wuxia or "martial arts fiction" is a popular genre that emerged in the early 20th century and peaked in popularity during the 1960s to 1980s. Wuxia films were produced from the 1920s. The Kuomintang suppressed wuxia, accusing it of promoting superstition and violent anarchy. Because of this, wuxia came to flourish in British Hong Kong, and the genre of kung fu movie in Hong Kong action cinema became wildly popular, coming to international attention from the 1970s. The genre underwent a drastic decline in the late 1990s as the Hong Kong film industry was crushed by economic depression.

In the wake of Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000), there has been somewhat of a revival of Chinese-produced wuxia films aimed at an international audience,  including Zhang Yimou's Hero (2002), House of Flying Daggers (2004) and Curse of the Golden Flower (2006), as well as Su Chao-pin and John Woo's Reign of Assassins (2010).

Styles

China boasts a rich history of martial arts traditions encompassing numerous styles, totaling in the hundreds. Over the course of the past two millennia, a multitude of distinct styles have been developed, each with its own unique techniques and philosophies. These styles are often categorized into "families" (家; jiā), "schools" (派; pai), or "sects" (門; men). While each style possesses its own characteristics, there are also common themes that thread through different styles.

Some styles draw inspiration from animal movements, replicating the agility and power of creatures such as tigers, snakes, or monkeys. Others derive their inspiration from Chinese philosophies, myths, and legends, incorporating their principles and symbolism into their techniques. Certain styles place significant emphasis on harnessing and manipulating qi, while others prioritize competitive aspects, focusing on sparring and tournaments.

The diversity of Chinese martial arts reflects the vast array of cultural and regional influences throughout history. From the graceful and flowing movements of Tai Chi to the explosive and acrobatic techniques of Wushu, China's martial arts traditions showcase a vibrant tapestry of physical prowess, philosophical principles, and cultural heritage.

Chinese martial arts can be split into various categories to differentiate them: For example, "external" () and "internal" (). Chinese martial arts can also be categorized by location, as in "northern" and "southern" as well, referring to what part of China the styles originated from, separated by the Yangtze River; Chinese martial arts may even be classified according to their province or city. The main perceived difference between northern and southern styles is that the northern styles tend to emphasize fast and powerful kicks, high jumps and generally fluid and rapid movement, while the southern styles focus more on strong arm and hand techniques, and stable, immovable stances and fast footwork. Examples of the northern styles include changquan and xingyiquan. Examples of the southern styles include Bak Mei, Wuzuquan, Choy Li Fut, and Wing Chun. Chinese martial arts can also be divided according to religion, imitative-styles (), and family styles such as Hung Gar (). There are distinctive differences in the training between different groups of the Chinese martial arts regardless of the type of classification. However, few experienced martial artists make a clear distinction between internal and external styles, or subscribe to the idea of northern systems being predominantly kick-based and southern systems relying more heavily on upper-body techniques. Most styles contain both hard and soft elements, regardless of their internal nomenclature. Analyzing the difference in accordance with yin and yang principles, philosophers would assert that the absence of either one would render the practitioner's skills unbalanced or deficient, as yin and yang alone are each only half of a whole. If such differences did once exist, they have since been blurred.

Training

Chinese martial arts training consists of the following components: basics, forms, applications and weapons; different styles place varying emphasis on each component. In addition, philosophy, ethics and even medical practice are highly regarded by most Chinese martial arts. A complete training system should also provide insight into Chinese attitudes and culture.

Moreover, many Chinese martial arts styles integrate traditional medical practices into their training. This includes the understanding of meridians, pressure points, and herbal remedies, as well as exercises that promote health, vitality, and longevity. The holistic approach to training seeks to cultivate both internal and external strength, promoting overall well-being and balance.

Furthermore, Chinese martial arts serve as a vessel for preserving and transmitting cultural values and attitudes. Respect for teachers, dedication, discipline, and perseverance are instilled in practitioners, fostering a sense of community and loyalty within martial arts schools and lineages. Chinese martial arts also often incorporate cultural elements such as music, costumes, and rituals, further deepening the connection to Chinese heritage and traditions.

Overall, Chinese martial arts encompass not just physical techniques but a comprehensive system that encompasses philosophy, ethics, medical knowledge, and cultural appreciation. It is this holistic approach that distinguishes Chinese martial arts as not just a means of self-defense but as a way of life, promoting personal growth, cultural understanding, and the pursuit of harmony and excellence.

Basics
The Basics () are a vital part of any martial training, as a student cannot progress to the more advanced stages without them. Basics are usually made up of rudimentary techniques, conditioning exercises, including stances. Basic training may involve simple movements that are performed repeatedly; other examples of basic training are stretching, meditation, striking, throwing, or jumping. Without strong and flexible muscles, management of qi or breath, and proper body mechanics, it is impossible for a student to progress in the Chinese martial arts. A common saying concerning basic training in Chinese martial arts is as follows:

Which translates as:

Stances
Stances (steps or 步法) are structural postures employed in Chinese martial arts training. They represent the foundation and the form of a fighter's base. Each style has different names and variations for each stance. Stances may be differentiated by foot position, weight distribution, body alignment, etc. Stance training can be practiced statically, the goal of which is to maintain the structure of the stance through a set time period, or dynamically, in which case a series of movements is performed repeatedly. The Horse stance (; ) and the bow stance are examples of stances found in many styles of Chinese martial arts.

Meditation
In many Chinese martial arts, meditation is considered to be an important component of basic training. Meditation can be used to develop focus, mental clarity and can act as a basis for qigong training.Through meditation, martial arts practitioners learn to regulate their breath, relax their bodies, and enter a state of deep focus. This kind of concentration helps them to stay present in their movements and techniques, enhancing their responsiveness and physical coordination. Meditation also cultivates the ability for introspection, enabling practitioners to become more keenly aware of their bodily sensations, energy flow, and inner state. Meditation is also closely related to qigong. Through the concentration and adjustments achieved through meditation, martial arts practitioners can better perceive and direct the internal energy (known as "qi" in qigong). They learn to manipulate the flow of qi through deep breathing and visualization exercises to promote bodily balance, harmony, and health. Therefore, meditation, as a part of foundational training, offers Chinese martial arts practitioners a comprehensive approach to cultivating both the internal and external aspects. It assists them in developing various aspects of their body, energy, and mind, thereby enhancing their technical skills.

Use of qi

The concept of qi is encountered in a number of Chinese martial arts. Qi is variously defined as an inner energy or "life force" that is said to animate living beings; as a term for proper skeletal alignment and efficient use of musculature (sometimes also known as fa jin or jin); or as a shorthand for concepts that the martial arts student might not yet be ready to understand in full. These meanings are not necessarily mutually exclusive.  The existence of qi as a measurable form of energy as discussed in traditional Chinese medicine has no basis in the scientific understanding of physics, medicine, biology or human physiology.

There are many ideas regarding the control of one's qi energy to such an extent that it can be used for healing oneself or others. Some styles believe in focusing qi into a single point when attacking and aim at specific areas of the human body. Such techniques are known as dim mak and have principles that are similar to acupressure.

Weapons training

Most Chinese styles also make use of training in the broad arsenal of Chinese weapons for conditioning the body as well as coordination and strategy drills. Weapons training (; ) is generally carried out after the student becomes proficient with the basic forms and applications training. The basic theory for weapons training is to consider the weapon as an extension of the body. It has the same requirements for footwork and body coordination as the basics. The process of weapon training proceeds with forms, forms with partners and then applications. Most systems have training methods for each of the Eighteen Arms of Wushu(; ) in addition to specialized instruments specific to the system.

Application

Application refers to the practical use of combative techniques. Chinese martial arts techniques are ideally based on efficiency and effectiveness. Application includes non-compliant drills, such as Pushing Hands in many internal martial arts, and sparring, which occurs within a variety of contact levels and rule sets.

When and how applications are taught varies from style to style. Today, many styles begin to teach new students by focusing on exercises in which each student knows a prescribed range of combat and technique to drill on. These drills are often semi-compliant, meaning one student does not offer active resistance to a technique, in order to allow its demonstrative, clean execution. In more resisting drills, fewer rules apply, and students practice how to react and respond. 'Sparring' refers to a more advanced format, which simulates a combat situation while including rules that reduce the chance of serious injury.

Competitive sparring disciplines include Chinese kickboxing Sǎnshǒu () and Chinese folk wrestling Shuāijiāo (), which were traditionally contested on a raised platform arena, or Lèitái (). Lèitái were used in public challenge matches first appeared in the Song Dynasty. The objective for those contests was to knock the opponent from a raised platform by any means necessary.
San Shou represents the modern development of Lei Tai contests, but with rules in place to reduce the chance of serious injury. Many Chinese martial art schools teach or work within the rule sets of Sanshou, working to incorporate the movements, characteristics, and theory of their style. Chinese martial artists also compete in non-Chinese or mixed Combat sport, including boxing, kickboxing and Mixed martial arts.

Forms (taolu)

Forms or taolu () in Chinese are series of predetermined movements combined so they can be practiced as a continuous set of movements. Forms were originally intended to preserve the lineage of a particular style branch, and were often taught to advanced students selected for that purpose. Forms contained both literal, representative and exercise-oriented forms of applicable techniques that students could extract, test, and train in through sparring sessions.

Today, many consider taolu to be one of the most important practices in Chinese martial arts. Traditionally, they played a smaller role in training for combat application and took a back seat to sparring, drilling, and conditioning. Forms gradually build up a practitioner's flexibility, internal and external strength, speed and stamina, and they teach balance and coordination. Many styles contain forms that use weapons of various lengths and types, using one or two hands. Some styles focus on a certain type of weapon. Forms are meant to be both practical, usable, and applicable as well as to promote fluid motion, meditation, flexibility, balance, and coordination. Students are encouraged to visualize an attacker while training the form.

There are two general types of taolu in Chinese martial arts. Most common are solo forms performed by a single student. There are also sparring forms — choreographed fighting sets performed by two or more people. Sparring forms were designed both to acquaint beginning fighters with basic measures and concepts of combat and to serve as performance pieces for the school. Weapons-based sparring forms are especially useful for teaching students the extension, range, and technique required to manage a weapon.

Forms in traditional Chinese martial arts
The term taolu (套路) is a shortened version of Tao Lu Yun Dong (套路運動), an expression introduced only recently with the popularity of modern wushu. This expression refers to "exercise sets" and used in the context of athletics or sport.

In contrast, in traditional Chinese martial arts alternative terminologies for the training (練) of 'sets or forms are:

 lian quan tao (練拳套) – practicing a sequence of fists.
 lian quan jiao (練拳腳) – practicing fists and feet.
 lian bing qi (練兵器) – practicing weapons.
 dui da (對打) and dui lian (對練) – fighting sets.

Traditional "sparring" sets, called dui da (對打) or dui lian (對練), were an essential part of Chinese martial arts for centuries. Dui lian means to train by a pair of combatants opposing each other—the character lian (練), refers to practice; to train; to perfect one's skill; to drill. As well, often one of these terms are also included in the name of fighting sets (雙演; shuang yan), "paired practice" (掙勝; zheng sheng), "to struggle with strength for victory" (敵; di), match – the character suggests to strike an enemy; and "to break" (破; po).

Generally, there are 21, 18, 12, 9 or 5 drills or 'exchanges/groupings' of attacks and counterattacks, in each dui lian set. These drills were considered only generic patterns and never meant to be considered inflexible 'tricks'. Students practiced smaller parts/exchanges, individually with opponents switching sides in a continuous flow. Dui lian were not only sophisticated and effective methods of passing on the fighting knowledge of the older generation, but they were also essential and effective training methods. The relationship between single sets and contact sets is complicated, in that some skills cannot be developed with solo 'sets', and, conversely, with dui lian. Unfortunately, it appears that most traditional combat oriented dui lian and their training methodology have disappeared, especially those concerning weapons. There are several reasons for this. In modern Chinese martial arts, most of the dui lian are recent inventions designed for light props resembling weapons, with safety and drama in mind. The role of this kind of training has degenerated to the point of being useless in a practical sense, and, at best, is just performance.

By the early Song period, sets were not so much "individual isolated technique strung together" but rather were composed of techniques and counter technique groupings. It is quite clear that "sets" and "fighting (two-person) sets" have been instrumental in traditional Chinese martial arts for many hundreds of years—even before the Song Dynasty. There are images of two-person weapon training in Chinese stone painting going back at least to the Eastern Han Dynasty.

According to what has been passed on by the older generations, the approximate ratio of contact sets to single sets was approximately 1:3. In other words, about 30% of the 'sets' practiced at Shaolin were contact sets, dui lian, and two-person drill training. This ratio is, in part, evidenced by the Qing Dynasty mural at Shaolin.

For most of its history, Shaolin martial arts was mostly weapon-focused: staves were used to defend the monastery, not bare hands. Even the more recent military exploits of Shaolin during the Ming and Qing Dynasties involved weapons. According to some traditions, monks first studied basics for one year and were then taught staff fighting so that they could protect the monastery. Although wrestling has been a sport in China for centuries, weapons have been an essential part of Chinese wushu since ancient times. If one wants to talk about recent or 'modern' developments in Chinese martial arts (including Shaolin for that matter), it is the over-emphasis on bare hand fighting. During the Northern Song Dynasty (976- 997 A.D) when platform fighting is known as Da Laitai (Title Fights Challenge on Platform) first appeared, these fights were with only swords and staves. Although later, when bare hand fights appeared as well, it was the weapons events that became the most famous. These open-ring competitions had regulations and were organized by government organizations; the public also organized some. The government competitions, held in the capital and prefectures, resulted in appointments for winners, to military posts.

Practice forms vs. kung fu in combat
Even though forms in Chinese martial arts are intended to depict realistic martial techniques, the movements are not always identical to how techniques would be applied in combat. Many forms have been elaborated upon, on the one hand, to provide better combat preparedness, and on the other hand to look more aesthetically pleasing. One manifestation of this tendency toward elaboration beyond combat application is the use of lower stances and higher, stretching kicks. These two maneuvers are unrealistic in combat and are used in forms for exercise purposes. Many modern schools have replaced practical defense or offense movements with acrobatic feats that are more spectacular to watch, thereby gaining favor during exhibitions and competitions. This has led to criticisms by traditionalists of the endorsement of the more acrobatic, show-oriented Wushu competition. Historically forms were often performed for entertainment purposes long before the advent of modern Wushu as practitioners have looked for supplementary income by performing on the streets or in theaters. Documentation in ancient literature during the Tang Dynasty (618–907) and the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1279) suggests some sets, (including two + person sets: dui da also called dui lian) became very elaborate and 'flowery', many mainly concerned with aesthetics. During this time, some martial arts systems devolved to the point that they became popular forms of martial art storytelling entertainment shows. This created an entire category of martial arts known as Hua Fa Wuyi. During the Northern Song period, it was noted by historians this type of training had a negative influence on training in the military.

Many traditional Chinese martial artists, as well as practitioners of modern sport combat, have become critical of the perception that forms work is more relevant to the art than sparring and drill application, while most continue to see traditional forms practice within the traditional context—as vital to both proper combat execution, the Shaolin aesthetic as an art form, as well as upholding the meditative function of the physical art form.

Another reason why techniques often appear different in forms when contrasted with sparring application is thought by some to come from the concealment of the actual functions of the techniques from outsiders.

Forms practice is mostly known for teaching combat techniques yet when  practicing forms, the practitioner focuses on posture, breathing, and performing the techniques of both right and left sides of the body.

Wushu

The word wu (; ) means "martial". Its Chinese character is made of two parts; the first meaning "walk" or "stop" (; ) and the second meaning "lance" (; ).  This implies that "wu 武" is a defensive use of combat. The term "wushu 武術" meaning "martial arts" goes back as far as the Liang Dynasty (502–557) in an anthology compiled by Xiao Tong (), (Prince Zhaoming;  d. 531), called Selected Literature (; ). The term is found in the second verse of a poem by Yan Yanzhi titled: 皇太子釋奠會作詩 "Huang Taizi Shidian Hui Zuoshi".

"The great man grows the many myriad things . . .
Breaking away from the military arts,
He promotes fully the cultural mandates."
 (Translation from: Echoes of the Past by Yan Yanzhi (384–456))

The term wushu is also found in a poem by Cheng Shao (1626–1644) from the Ming Dynasty.

The earliest term for 'martial arts' can be found in the Han History (206BC-23AD) was "military fighting techniques" (; ). During the Song period (c.960) the name changed to "martial arts" (; ). In 1928 the name was changed to "national arts" (; ) when the National Martial Arts Academy was established in Nanjing. The term reverted to wǔshù under the People's Republic of China during the early 1950s.

As forms have grown in complexity and quantity over the years, and many forms alone could be practiced for a lifetime, modern styles of Chinese martial arts have developed that concentrate solely on forms, and do not practice application at all. These styles are primarily aimed at exhibition and competition, and often include more acrobatic jumps and movements added for enhanced visual effect compared to the traditional styles. Those who generally prefer to practice traditional styles, focused less on exhibition, are often referred to as traditionalists.  Some traditionalists consider the competition forms of today's Chinese martial arts as too commercialized and losing much of their original values.

"Martial morality"
Traditional Chinese schools of martial arts, such as the famed Shaolin monks, often dealt with the study of martial arts not just as a means of self-defense or mental training, but as a system of ethics.  Wude () can be translated as "martial morality" and is constructed from the words wu (), which means martial, and de (), which means morality. Wude deals with two aspects; "Virtue of deed" and "Virtue of mind". Virtue of deed concerns social relations; morality of mind is meant to cultivate the inner harmony between the emotional mind (; ) and the wisdom mind (; ). The ultimate goal is reaching "no extremity" (; ) – closely related to the Taoist concept of wu wei – where both wisdom and emotions are in harmony with each other.

Virtues:

Notable practitioners

Examples of well-known practitioners () throughout history:

 Yue Fei (1103–1142 CE) was a famous Chinese general and patriot of the Song Dynasty. Styles such as Eagle Claw and Xingyiquan attribute their creation to Yue. However, there is no historical evidence to support the claim he created these styles.
 Ng Mui (late 17th century) was the legendary female founder of many Southern martial arts such as Wing Chun, and Fujian White Crane. She is often considered one of the legendary Five Elders who survived the destruction of the Shaolin Temple during the Qing Dynasty.
 Yang Luchan (1799–1872) was an important teacher of the internal martial art known as tai chi in Beijing during the second half of the 19th century. Yang is known as the founder of Yang-style tai chi, as well as transmitting the art to the Wu/Hao, Wu and Sun tai chi families.
 Ten Tigers of Canton (late 19th century) was a group of ten of the top Chinese martial arts masters in Guangdong (Canton) towards the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). Wong Kei-Ying, Wong Fei Hung's father, was a member of this group.
 Wong Fei Hung (1847–1924) was considered a Chinese folk hero during the Republican period. More than one hundred Hong Kong movies were made about his life. Sammo Hung, Jackie Chan, and Jet Li have all portrayed his character in blockbuster pictures.
 Huo Yuanjia (1867–1910) was the founder of Chin Woo Athletic Association who was known for his highly publicized matches with foreigners. His biography was recently portrayed in the movie Fearless (2006).
 Ip Man (1893–1972) was a master of the Wing Chun and the first to teach this style openly. Yip Man was the teacher of Bruce Lee. Most major branches of Wing Chun taught in the West today were developed and promoted by students of Yip Man.
 Gu Ruzhang (1894–1952) was a Chinese martial artist who disseminated the Bak Siu Lum (Northern Shaolin) martial arts system across southern China in the early 20th century. Gu was known for his expertise in Iron Palm hand conditioning among other Chinese martial art training exercises.
 Bruce Lee (1940–1973) was a Chinese-American martial artist and actor who was considered an important icon in the 20th century. He practiced Wing Chun and made it famous. Using Wing Chun as his base and learning from the influences of other martial arts his experience exposed him to, he later developed his own martial arts philosophy that evolved into what is now called Jeet Kune Do.
 Jackie Chan (b. 1954) is the famous Hong Kong martial artist, film actor, stuntman, action choreographer, director and producer, and a global pop culture icon, widely known for injecting physical comedy into his martial arts performances, and for performing complex stunts in many of his films.
 Jet Li (b. 1963) is the five-time sport wushu champion of China, later demonstrating his skills in cinema.
 Donnie Yen (b. 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director and producer, action choreographer, and world wushu tournament medalist.
 Wu Jing (b. 1974) is a Chinese actor, director, and martial artist. He was a member of the Beijing wushu team. He started his career as action choreographer and later as an actor.

In popular culture
References to the concepts and use of Chinese martial arts can be found in popular culture. Historically, the influence of Chinese martial arts can be found in books and in the performance arts specific to Asia. Recently, those influences have extended to the movies and television that targets a much wider audience. As a result, Chinese martial arts have spread beyond its ethnic roots and have a global appeal.

Martial arts play a prominent role in the literature genre known as wuxia (). This type of fiction is based on Chinese concepts of chivalry, a separate martial arts society (; ) and a central theme involving martial arts. Wuxia stories can be traced as far back as 2nd and 3rd century BCE, becoming popular by the Tang Dynasty and evolving into novel form by the Ming Dynasty. This genre is still extremely popular in much of Asia and provides a major influence for the public perception of the martial arts.

Martial arts influences can also be found in dance, theater
and especially Chinese opera, of which Beijing opera is one of the best-known examples. This popular form of drama dates back to the Tang Dynasty and continues to be an example of Chinese culture. Some martial arts movements can be found in Chinese opera and some martial artists can be found as performers in Chinese operas.

In modern times, Chinese martial arts have spawned the genre of cinema known as the Kung fu film. The films of Bruce Lee were instrumental in the initial burst of Chinese martial arts' popularity in the West in the 1970s. Bruce Lee was the iconic international superstar that popularized Chinese martial arts in the West with his own variation of Chinese martial arts called Jeet Kune Do. It is a hybrid style of martial art that Bruce Lee practiced and mastered. Jeet Kune Do is his very own unique style of martial art that uses little to minimum movement but maximizes the effect to his opponents. The influence of Chinese martial art have been widely recognized and have a global appeal in Western cinemas starting off with Bruce Lee.

Martial artists and actors such as Jet Li and Jackie Chan have continued the appeal of movies of this genre. Jackie Chan successfully brought in a sense of humour in his fighting style in his movies. Martial arts films from China are often referred to as "kung fu movies" (), or "wire-fu" if extensive wire work is performed for special effects, and are still best known as part of the tradition of kung fu theater. (see also: wuxia, Hong Kong action cinema). The talent of these individuals have broadened Hong Kong's cinematography production and rose to popularity overseas, influencing Western cinemas.

In the west, kung fu has become a regular action staple, and makes appearances in many films that would not generally be considered "Martial Arts" films. These films include but are not limited to The Matrix franchise, Kill Bill, and The Transporter.

Martial arts themes can also be found on television networks.  A U.S. network TV western series of the early 1970s called Kung Fu also served to popularize the Chinese martial arts on television. With 60 episodes over a three-year span, it was one of the first North American TV shows that tried to convey the philosophy and practice in Chinese martial arts. The use of Chinese martial arts techniques can now be found in most TV action series, although the philosophy of Chinese martial arts is seldom portrayed in depth. In the 2006 music video of Knights of Cydonia by Muse, the protagonist can be seen training Chinese martial arts in the opening. In 2022, martial arts and action sequences inspired by Hong Kong cinema can be found in Everything Everywhere All at Once.

The Kung Fu Diaries: The Life and Times of a Dragon Master (1920-2001) is a work of fiction, combining aspects of biography, historical fiction, and guide to instruction purportedly from a collection of diaries or papers left by a Kung-Fu Dragon Master.

Influence on hip hop

In the 1970s, Bruce Lee was beginning to gain popularity in Hollywood for his martial arts movies. The fact that he was a non-white male who portrayed self-reliance and righteous self-discipline resonated with black audiences and made him an important figure in this community. Around 1973, Kung Fu movies became a hit in America across all backgrounds; however, black audiences maintained the films' popularity well after the general public lost interest. Black youth in New York City were still going from every borough to Times Square every night to watch the latest movies.  Amongst these individuals were those coming from the Bronx where, during this time, hip-hop was beginning to take form. One of the pioneers responsible for the development of the foundational aspects of hip-hop was DJ Kool Herc, who began creating this new form of music by taking rhythmic breakdowns of songs and looping them. From the new music came a new form of dance known as b-boying or breakdancing, a style of street dance consisting of improvised acrobatic moves. The pioneers of this dance credit kung fu as one of its influences. Moves such as the crouching low leg sweep and "up rocking" (standing combat moves) are influenced by choreographed kung-fu fights. The dancers' ability to improvise these moves led way to battles, which were dance competitions between two dancers or crews judged on their creativity, skills, and musicality. In a documentary, Crazy Legs, a member of breakdancing group Rock Steady Crew, described the breakdancing battle being like an old kung fu movie, "where the one kung fu master says something along the lines of 'hun your kung fu is good, but mine is better,' then a fight erupts."

See also

 Eighteen Arms of Wushu
 Hard and soft (martial arts)
 Kung fu (disambiguation)
 List of Chinese martial arts
 Wushu (sport)
 Kwoon
 Weapons and armor in Chinese mythology

Notes

References

Sports originating in China

Chinese martial arts


An Homalomena pendula in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Blume, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brink. An Homalomena pendula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Homalomena, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Homalomena

Homalomena pendula


Boris Praunsperger (Zagreb, 19. studenog 1907. – Zagreb, 8. kolovoza 1978.), hrvatski magistar farmacije, mecena, svestrani sportaš, nogometaš i nogometni reprezentativac te sportski djelatnik.

Reprezentativna karijera
Za nogometnu reprezentaciju Kraljevine Jugoslavije odigrao je jednu utakmicu i postigao jedan pogodak.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Jugoslavenski nogometni reprezentativci

Boris Praunsperger


Ural Airlines er et russisk flyselskab med hovedsæde i Jekaterinburg, og hub i den nærliggende Koltsovo Internationale Lufthavn.

Historie
Selskabet blev grundlagt i 1943 som Sverdlovsk State Air Enterprises, og blev senere en del af det statsejede Aeroflot, og stod for driften af Jekaterinburg Lufthavn. Efter opsplitningen af Aeroflot i 1993, blev Ural Airlines omdannet til et joint-stock company under Ruslands lovgivning, og flyselskabets drift blev skilt fra lufthavnen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Ural Airlines officielle websted

Flyselskaber fra Rusland
Etableret i 1993
Jekaterinburg

Ural Airlines


Lord Balfour of Burleigh, in the County of Kinross, is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1607 for Sir Michael Balfour.

He was succeeded by his daughter, Margaret, his only child. She married Robert Arnot, who assumed the surname of Balfour and sat as Lord Balfour of Burleigh in the Scottish Parliament in right of his wife. Their son, the third Lord, fought with the Covenanters at the Battle of Drumclog.

His grandson, the fifth Lord, was tried and convicted of the murder of schoolmaster Henry Stenhouse at Inverkeithing in 1709. He was sentenced to death in 1710 but escaped to freedom by dressing in his sister's clothes. He was primarily known as Master of Burleigh, the title for the heir to the peerage, as he never took his seat in Parliament when his father died in 1713. He took part in the Jacobite rebellion in 1715 and was attainted for his role. He died childless in 1757.

The lordship had been created by charter, a copy of which exists only in the family archives.
The original charter did not specify right of succession. Robert Bruce (1795–1864), MP for Clackmannanshire, asserted his right to sit in the House of Lords as Lord Balfour of Burleigh and Lord Kilwinning. However, Walter Francis Balfour of Fernie, a male-line descendant of the second Lord, opposed Balfour on the grounds that he was the proper heir as heir male of the body. Robert Bruce died in 1864 before the case was decided, but his wife continued the case on behalf of their underage son, Alexander Hugh Bruce. On 21 July 1868, the House of Lords ruled in favour of the Bruces, determining that the original lordship was created with the remainder to heirs general (as evidenced by it being inherited by the original lord's daughter). On 19 March 1869, the attainder was reversed by Act of Parliament.

Alexander Hugh Bruce, the 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh, was the great-great-grandson of Hon. Mary Balfour (d. 1758), daughter of the fourth Lord, and her husband Brigadier-General Alexander Bruce. Since 1869, the lordship has been held by the Bruce family. Lord Balfour of Burleigh was a Conservative politician and sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1876 to 1921 and was Secretary of State for Scotland between 1895 and 1903. His second son, the seventh Lord, was a Scottish Representative Peer from 1922 to 1963. , the title is held by his granddaughter, the ninth Lady, who succeeded his father in that year.

Another member of the Balfour family was James Balfour, 1st Baron Balfour of Glenawley (in the Peerage of Ireland). He was the younger brother of the first Lord Balfour of Burleigh.

The family seat now is Brucefield House, near Clackmannan. The original family seat was Burleigh Castle, near Kinross, which is now in ruins.

Lords Balfour of Burleigh (1607)
Michael Balfour, 1st Lord Balfour of Burleigh (d. 1619)
Margaret Balfour, 2nd Lady Balfour of Burleigh (d. 1639), married to Robert Balfour, 2nd Lord Balfour of Burleigh (d. 1663)
John Balfour, 3rd Lord Balfour of Burleigh (d. 1688)
Robert Balfour, 4th Lord Balfour of Burleigh (d. 1713)
Robert Balfour, 5th Lord Balfour of Burleigh (d. 1757) (forfeit 1715)
Heirs but for the attainder:
Margaret Balfour (d. 1769), sister of the 5th Lord
Robert Bruce, Lord Kennet (1718–1785), nephew of Margaret
Alexander Bruce (1755–1808), son of Robert
Robert Bruce (1795–1864), son of Alexander
Alexander Hugh Bruce, 6th Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1849–1921) (restored 1869)
George John Gordon Bruce, 7th Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1883–1967)
Robert Bruce, 8th Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1927–2019)
Victoria Bruce-Winkler, 9th Lady Balfour of Burleigh (b. 1973)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's daughter the Hon. Laetitia Bruce-Winkler, Mistress of Burleigh (b. 2007).

See also
Balgarvie Castle

References

1607 establishments in Scotland
Lordships of Parliament
Perth and Kinross
Noble titles created in 1607
Lord Balfour

Lord Balfour of Burleigh


Áureo (relativo al oro) hace referencia a varios artículos:

Oro
 Regla de oro o áurea (desambiguación).

 Ley Áurea, por la que se abolió la esclavitud en Brasil (1888).

Numismática
 Aureus, moneda romana de oro de época imperial, equivalente a 25 denarios de plata.
 Áureo, moneda castellana de oro del .

Matemática y arte
 Número áureo, sección, proporción o razón áurea, un número irracional representado por la letra griega φ (phi).
 Composición áurea, método de división ideal de un rectángulo basado en la razón áurea.
 Rectángulo dorado o áureo
 Número áureo (astronomía), rango que tiene un año determinado en el ciclo metónico, que se repite cada 19 años y permite hacer coincidir los ciclos de la luna con los ciclos solares.
 Teorema áureo o ley de reciprocidad cuadrática.

Construcciones, obras y tópicos
 Domus Aurea, palacio de Nerón en Roma
 Aurea aetas o Edad de oro, tópico literario.
 Aurea mediocritas o dorada mediocridad, tópico literario.
 Aurea flamma u oriflamme ("Oriflama"), estandarte de los reyes de Francia.
 La leyenda dorada o Legenda aurea, compilación de hagiografías de Jacopo da Voragine.
 Vitulus Aureus, tratado de alquimia de Johann Friedrich Schweitzer.

Automoción
 Aurea, automóvil fabricado en Turín entre 1921 y 1930.
 Ducati Aurea, motocicleta fabricada entre 1958 y 1962.

Antropónimo
 Áureo (nombre), cuyo femenino es Áurea.
 Áurea de Ostia, mártir y santa romana del , patrona de Ostia.
 Áureo (santo), obispo galo-romano del  martirizado en Maguncia por los hunos, junto con su hermana Justina y otros compañeros (festividad, 16 de junio).
 Oria (santa) o Áurea, santa hispano-cristiana del , también llamada Orea de San Millán.

Topónimo
Áurea, localidad brasileña.Quersoneso áureo o península de Malaca.

Biónimo
FitónimoEchinopsis aurea, especie de planta fanerógama de la familia de las cactáceas.Crocosmia aurea, especie de planta fanerógama de la familia Iridaceae.Crepis aurea, especie de planta herbácea de la familia de las asteráceas.Bidens aurea, especie de planta de la familia Asteraceae.Trifolio aureo, especie de planta herbácea miembro de la familia Ranunculaceae.Calpurnia aurea, especie de árbol de la familia de las fabáceas.Phyllostachys aurea, especie de planta del género de los bambús.Justicia aurea, especie de planta ornamental de forma arbustiva, perteneciente a la familia de las acantáceas.Corydalis aurea, especie de planta medicinal y venenosa originaria de Norteamérica.
ZoónimoEupsittula aurea, especie de ave sudamericana de la familia de los loros (Psittacidae).Pachycephala aurea, silbador áureo, especie de ave.

FarmacopeaAurea Alexadrina'', antídoto y remedio contra cólicos y apoplejía, en cuya composición entraba el oro, de gran fama en la antigua farmacopea.

Notas

Enlaces externos
 (Adjetivo)

Áureo


Gesico (sardisk: Gèsigu) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sud Sardegna i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 300 meters højde og har 846 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 25,62 km² og grænser til kommunerne Escolca, Guamaggiore, Guasila, Mandas, Selegas, Suelli og Villanovafranca.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sud Sardegna

Gesico


Božja Slava Band hrvatski je kršćanski glazbeni sastav.

Povijest
Sastav je nastao iz molitvene zajednice u zagrebačkoj župi Krista Kralja. Prvi puta javno nastupaju 1994. godine na božićnom koncertu u crkvi sv. Katarine. Otada nastupaju na nizu festivala duhovne glazbe poput Uskrs festa i KRAPINAfesta i održavaju mnoge koncerte u klubu Boogaloo, Tvornici kulture i Ciboni. Pratili su Nadbiskupijski zbor mladih na susretu s papom Benediktom XVI. s mladima na zagrebačkom Jelačićevom trgu u lipnju 2011. godine.

Središnji dio njihovog rada čini molitva kroz koju se izgrađuju i stvaraju. Okuplja mlade koji se bave duhovnom glazbom. Snimili su razne prerade strane kršćanske glazbe uz poneko autorsko ostvarenje.

Diskografija
Singlovi (nepotpun popis)
 Moj Isus (2003.)
 On dolazi da spasi vas (2019.)
 Duše Sveti (Katie & Bryan Torwalt cover, 2019.)
 Oče moj (2021.)
 Reci samo riječ

Povezani članci
 Uskrs fest
 Fides

Izvori

 Božja slava band, www.duhovna-scena.com, objavljeno 2002., arhivirano 4. travnja 2006. (HAW)
 Povijest Zajednice, www.dobripastir.com, arhivirano 26. studenog 2020. (IA)

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Božja Slava Band Officcial, službeni youtube kanal

Zagrebački glazbeni sastavi Kršćanski glazbeni sastavi

Božja Slava Band


Holon (græsk ὅλον) er et græsk ord fra holos, der betyder hele (i betydningen "alt"). Det har flere specialiseringer:
 Holon (filosofi)
 Holon (by)
 Holon (kvasipartikel)

Holon


Lutterbek Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 3,23 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 2368 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 114 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Wolf Mönkemeier tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.lutterbek.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Lutterbek


St. Kosmas und Damian ist die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche zu Pulheim (Rhein-Erft-Kreis) in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Die Kirche geht im Kern auf eine fränkische Saalkirche zurück.

Geschichte
Die Pulheimer Pfarrkirche geht vermutlich aus einer Eigenkirche des Pulheimer Fronhofs hervor. Der Fronhof war nach der fränkischen Zeit im Besitz des Kölner Cäcilienstifts und wurde 1067 durch den Kölner Erzbischof Anno II. dem Stift St. Georg geschenkt. Bauuntersuchungen haben für die Zeit um das Jahr 1000 die Existenz einer Saalkirche nachgewiesen, die im heutigen Langhaus der romanischen Kirche noch erhalten ist. In der nördlichen Mittelschiffswand finden sich vier vermauerte kleine rundbogige Fensteröffnungen, die sich unterhalb der größeren heute noch erhaltenen romanischen Fenster befinden. Im Ostgiebel befindet sich ein vermauertes Rundfenster über dem Bogen zum ehemaligen Chorraum der Saalkirche.

Die vorromanische Saalkirche wurde im 12. Jahrhundert um drei Meter erhöht und in der Aufhöhung wurden beiderseits je vier Rundbogenfenster im Obergaden angebracht. Aus dieser Zeit stammt auch der große Westturm. An der Wende vom 14. zum 15. Jahrhundert wurden die Seitenschiffe angefügt, möglicherweise stammt aus dieser Zeit auch das reich gegliederte vierte Turmgeschoss. Im 16. Jahrhundert erfolgte die Einwölbung der Kirche. 1885 wurde an das romanische Langhaus ein massiver neoromanischer Erweiterungsbau mit Querhaus und Chor angefügt, des Weiteren wurden die Seitenschiffe erneuert. 1970 wurde der Erweiterungsbau niedergelegt und durch einen schlichten modernen Bau ersetzt.

Orgel

In einem historischen Prospekt vermutlich von Franz Joseph Schorn aus den 1860er Jahren erbaute Ernst Seifert 1976 eine neue zweimanualige Orgel. Die von Josef Zimmermann aufgestellte Disposition lautet:

 Koppeln: II/I, I/P, II/P
 Traktur: Schleifladen, vollmechanisch

Literatur
 Paul Clemen: Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz, Bd. 4: Landkreis Köln, Düsseldorf 1897.
 Josef Wißkirchen: St. Kosmas und Damian in Pulheim, Pulheim 2010.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude in Pulheim
Pulheim
Pulheim Kosmas und Damian
Baudenkmal in Pulheim
Pulheim
Pulheim
Pulheim

St. Kosmas und Damian (Pulheim)


Pithoragarh (en hindi: पिथौरागढ़ जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Uttarakhand. Código ISO: IN.UL.PI.

Comprende una superficie de 7110 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Pithoragarh.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 485,993 habitantes, de los cuales 245 566 eran mujeres y 240 427 varones.

Lenguas
Kumaoni, con sus varios dialectos, es el idioma más hablado. El hindi es el idioma común entre los lugareños y los extranjeros, y algunas personas hablan inglés, especialmente los profesores, los profesores y los estudiantes de educación terciaria.

Varias lenguas sino-tibetanas de la rama del Himalaya occidental son habladas por pequeñas comunidades. Estos incluyen los tres idiomas estrechamente relacionados de Byangsi, Chaudangsi y Darmiya, así como Rangkas y Rawat. La tribu Van Rawat habla su propia variedad de Kumaoni.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Pithoragarh

Distrito de Pithoragarh


"ඝූමර්" යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ සංජේ ලීලා භන්සාලිගේ 2017 චිත්‍රපටයක් වන පද්මාවතී චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රථම ගීතයයි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරන්නේ දීපිකා පඩුකෝන්, ෂාහිඩ් කපූර්, රන්වීර් සිං සහ ආදිති රාඕ හයිදරි විසිනි. මෙම ගීතය රාජ්පුතානාවේ රාජකීය ජන ගීතයක් වන "ඝූමර්"හි ආභාසය ලද ප්‍රභේදයකි. මෙම ගීතයේ පද්මාවතී චිත්‍රපට ප්‍රභේදයේ ගීතය ගායනා කරන ලද්දේ ශ්‍රේයා ඝෝෂාල් සහ රාජස්ථානි ගායක ස්වරූප් ඛාන් විසින් සංජේ ලීලා භන්සාලිගේ සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය යටතේ ය. මෙහි පද රචනය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ ඒ. එම්. ටුරාස් සහ ස්වරූප් ඛාන් විසිනි.

සංවර්ධනය
"ඝූමර්" පටිගත කෙරුණේ 2016 ජූලි 12 දිනශ්‍රේයා ඝෝෂාල් සමගින් වන අතර, එහි මිශ්‍රකරණය සහ මෙහෙයවීම සිදුකරන ලද්දේ මුම්බායිහි වාව් ඇන්ඩ් ෆ්ලටර් ස්ටූඩියෝවේ දී තානේ ගජ්ජර් විසිනි. ඝෝෂාල් සිය ට්විටර් ගිණුම ඔස්සේ මේ පිළිබඳ ඇයගේ විස්මය පලකළ අතර, ඇය සටහන් කොට තිබුණේ, "අද මම මගේ දිවියේ සන්ධිස්ථානයක් පටිගත කළා. මනස සතුටු කරවන හෘදයාංගම සතුටු ගමනක්. මෙවැනි අවස්ථා අත්විඳීමටයි මම ජීවත්වන්නේ! #සංගීතයේ බලය".   ගීතයේ නර්තන රචනය කෘති මහේෂ් මිද්‍යා විසින් සිදුකළ අතර, ඝූමර් නර්තන පුහුණුව ජ්‍යෝති ඩී. තොම්මාර් විසින් ලබාදෙන ලදී. දිනක පැය තුන බැගින් මාස බාගයක් ලද මේ පුහුණුව දීපිකාට කැමරාව ඉදිරියේ සිය නර්තනය පරිපූර්ණව සිදු කිරීමට ඉවහල් විය.

ගීතයේ රූගත කිරීම් අතරතුර දීපිකා භ්‍රමණයන් 66කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිදුකළා ය. කැරකීම් සහ ඇඹරීම්වලින් යුත් මෙම අපහසු නර්තනය සිදු කිරීමේ දී දීපිකාට බරැති ආභරණවලින් සැරසූ විසිතුරු ඇඳුමක් ද ඇඳීමට සිදු විය. වාර්තා වන අතර, රිම්පල් නාරුලාලෙහෙන්ගාව 30 kg පමණ බරකින් යුතු වූ අතර, එහි ඇස්තමේන්තුගත වියදම රුපියල් ලක්ෂ 30කි. එසේම ඇය 3 kg බරිකින් යුත් ආභරණ ද පැළද සිටියා ය. මේවා සැලසුම් සහ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ තනිෂ්ක් විසින් විශේෂයෙන්ම ගීතය සඳහාම විය. එමගින් චිත්‍රපටය තුළ දීපිකාට රාජ්පුති මනාලියකගේ පනුම හිමි විය. සම්පූර්ණ රන් ආභරණ කට්ටලයට ත්‍රිත්ව බෝල්රා, නාත්, චොකර්, බාසුවාන්ද්, වළලු, පායල් යනාදී ආභරණ ගණනාවක් ඇතුළත් විය.

තනිෂ්ක් අනුව, දින 600ක් පුරා ශිල්පීන් 200කට අදික සංඛ්‍යාවක් රත්රන් 400kg ක් යොදා ගනිමින් පද්මාවතී හි ආභරණ නිර්මාණය කොට තිබේ.

වීඩියෝව
මෙහි වීඩියෝව 2017 ඔක්තෝබර් 25 දින මුදාහැරුණු අතර, එහි දීපිකා පඩුකෝන් රාණි පද්මාවතී ලෙස සැරසී රාවල් රතන් සේන් ලෙස සැරසුණු ෂාහිඩ් කපූර් සහ ඔහුගේ පළමු බිරිඳ වන නාග්මතී ඉදිරියේ "ඝූමර්" නර්තනය ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.

මුදාහැරීම
මෙම ගීතය 2017 ඔක්තෝබර් 25 දින ටී-සීරීස් ඔස්සේ යූටියුබ් පිටුවෙන් මුදාහැරිණි. පැය 24ක් තුළ මෙම ගීතය මිලියන 10 වරක් නරඹා තිබූ අතර, පැය 24ක් තුළ ටී-සීරීස් ලද ඉහළම නැරඹුම් සංඛ්‍යාව මෙය වේ. ලොවපුරා නැඹුරුතාවත් සමගින්, ඝූමර් ට්විටර් තුළ ඉන්දියාවේ ඉහළම ස්ථානය ලබා ගත්තේ ය. ගායිකා ශ්‍රේයා ඝෝෂාල්, දීපිකා පඩුකෝන්, රන්වීර් සිං සහ ෂාහිඩ් කපූර් මෙම ගීතයට ලබාදුන් යහපත් ප්‍රතිචාරය වෙනුවෙන් සිය සමාජ මාද්‍ය ඔස්සේ ප්‍රේක්ෂකයනට සිය කෘතඥතාව පලකළහ. 2017 නොවැම්බර් 4 වන විට, ගීතය නැරඹුම් මිලියන 35 පසුකොට තිබිණි.

මුදාහළ දිනයේම මෙම ගීතය මාර්ගස්ථව සාව්න් සහ ගානා ඔස්සේ ද නිකුත් කෙරිණි

දර්ශකවල ස්ථානය
"ඝූමර්" ගීතය 2017 ඔක්තෝබර් 31අයිටියුන්ස් ගීත දර්ශකයේ ඉහළම බොලිවුඩ් ගීත 20හි පළමු ස්ථානයේ පසු විය. 2017 නොවැම්බර් 4 දින බොලිවුඩ් සඳහා රේඩියෝමිර්චි ටොප් 20 සට‍හනේ 2වන ස්ථානයේ එය පසු විය.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 පද්මාවතී

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
 අයිටියුන්ස්
සාව්න්
ගානා

2017 ගීත
චිත්‍රපට සඳහා ලියැවුණු ගීත
දීපිකා පඩුකෝන් නිරූපිත සංගීත වීඩියෝ

ඝූමර් (ගීතය)


An Carex ohmuelleriana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Friedrich Lang. An Carex ohmuelleriana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex ohmuelleriana


سعيد اللاوندي (1955 - 12 صفر 1441 هـ / 11 أكتوبر 2019م)، كاتب صحفي بالأهرام القاهرية وخبير في العلاقات السياسية، وأستاذ محاضر في جامعات مصر وسويسرا وبلجيكا في العلاقات الدولية. من مواليد قرية «المهندس» التابعة لمدينة شربين بمحافظة الدقهلية. متزوج من عالمة الاجتماع د.فاطمة الحصى، وله ولدان: رامي (مهندس) وشادي (باحث في القانون الدولي).

قدم اللاوندي عدة برامج سياسية وثقافية في إذاعتي مونتي كارلو والشروق وأبرونيوز. كما رأس تحرير جريدة أخبار الجالية المصرية و«اتحاد المصريين بباريس» لعدة سنوات. أسس «المركز المصري لحوار الثقافات» في باريس واهتم اهتماما خاصا بقضايا المغتربين فكان من أوائل من دعا إلى مشاركة المغتربين المصريين في انتخابات بلادهم كذلك اهتم بقضايا المغتربين الخاصة بموت المغترب بالخارج وكيفية إكرام الموتى بالغربة دون اللجوء إلى جمع أموال لنقل المتوفى إلى بلاده.

أجرى اللاوندي حوارات مهمة إلى درجة السبق الصحفي مع مفكرين من الوزن الثقيل أمثال: جاك بيرك، ومحمد أركون، اللذان يعدانه من الأصدقاء المقربين، كذلك أجرى حوارات هامة مع برهان غليون، وأمين معلوف، وعبد الرحمن بدوي، وعبد الرحمن الشرقاوي، وسعد الدين وهبة قبل وفاته بيوم واحد، وغالي شكري في آخر أيامه بباريس، والفنان محمود رضا قبل وفاته بأيام قليله، وكان من المقربين إلى المفكر المصري لويس عوض، والعديد من المفكرين العرب والمصريين والفرنسيين. كان ذلك من خلال صفحة «صباح الخير يا فرنسا» باللأهرام الصادرة بفرنسا وكانت هذة الصفحة والدكتور سعيد اللاوندي بها قبلة المصريين المغتربيين بفرنسا. تحدث في أكثر من مناسبة عن الفساد في مصر في مقالات جريئة ومتعددة حول تزاوج السلطة والمال، وعسكرة الوظائف، وفساد كمال الشاذلي إلى الحد الذي أدى به أن تتوقف مقالاته بجريدة روزاليوسف. يعد الدكتور سعيد اللاوندي أول من استخدم مصطلح «الإسلاموفوبيا» في الصحافة المصرية، وهو أول من استخدم مصطلح «العولمة» في مصر، وأول من دعا إلى إجراء الانتخابات في المؤسسات المختلفة خاصة الجامعات والأزهر للاختيار الرئيس أو العميد فيها.

وفاته
توفي يوم الجمعة 12 صفر 1441 هـ الموافق 11 أكتوبر 2019م.

مراجع

أشخاص من شربين
خريجو جامعة السوربون
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
كتاب سياسة مصريون
مواليد 1377 هـ
مواليد 1955
وفيات 1441 هـ
وفيات 2019

سعيد اللاوندي


"Curtain Call 2" é o segundo álbum de maiores sucessos do rapper estadunidense Eminem, lançado em 5 de agosto de 2022, pelas gravadoras Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records e Interscope Records. Lançado como disco duplo, é um sucessor de seu álbum anterior de grandes sucessos, Curtain Call: The Hits, que foi lançado em 2005. A coletânea cobre os anos mais recentes da carreira de Eminem, desde seu retorno à música de seu hiato, a partir do lançamento de Relapse em 2009. O álbum também inclui três novas músicas, "The King and I" com CeeLo Green (apresentada na trilha sonorado filme Elvis ), "From the D 2 the LBC" com Snoop Dogg e "Is This Love ('09)" com 50 Cent.

Antecedentes e promoção
Curtain Call 2 foi sugerido pela primeira vez por Eminem em um tweet, que promovia o single "From the D 2 the LBC" em 24 de junho de 2022, no qual ele incluiu uma hashtag com o nome do álbum. Eminem anunciou oficialmente o álbum e sua data de lançamento através das redes sociais em 11 de julho. Em 19 de julho, o álbum foi disponibilizado para pré-venda através do site de Eminem, juntamente com vários pacotes de merchandising e vinil de edição limitada. Em 2 de agosto, a lista de faixas do álbum foi revelada.

Arte da capa
Em 11 de julho de 2022, Eminem revelou a arte da capa do álbum no Twitter. A arte emula a arte clássica de máquinas de pinball backglass e contém muitos easter eggs, bem como referências aos seus álbuns anteriores. Algumas das referências incluem um jato de caça de Kamikaze e a casa de infância de Eminem de The Marshall Mathers LP 2, e Eminem em um cemitério segurando uma pá de Music to Be Murdered By. A arte também parece ser uma paródia visual da arte do álbum Floored, da banda estadunidense Sugar Ray.

Performance comercial
Nos Estados Unidos, Curtain Call 2 estreou em sexto lugar na Billboard 200, ganhando 43.000 unidades equivalentes a álbuns em sua primeira semana. Curtain Call 2 foi o álbum mais vendido da semana em vendas puras, com 18.000 cópias vendidas. Ele também estreou no número três no UK Albums Chart. O álbum movimentou um total de 700.000 unidades equivalentes a álbuns em 26 de outubro de 2022, incluindo 32.900 vendas de álbuns puros, 132.100 vendas de músicas, 830 milhões de streams de áudio sob demanda e 130 milhões de streams de vídeo sob demanda de acordo com o HitsDailyDouble. O álbum finalizou 2022 como o vigésimo nono álbum mais vendido do ano, com um total de 827,000 unidades equivalentes a álbuns no Estados Unidos.

Faixas

Desempenho nas paradas musicais

Paradas semanais

Paradas de fim de ano

Certificações

Certificações do álbum

Histórico de lançamento

Álbuns de grandes êxitos de 2022
Álbuns de Eminem
Álbuns produzidos por Eminem

Curtain Call 2


Gemerská Ves este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Revúca din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 990 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna .

Istoric
Localitatea Gemerská Ves este atestată documentar din 1266.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Gemerská Ves


was a town located in Naoiri District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,816 and the density of 33.59 persons per km2. The total area was 83.83 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Naoiri, along with the towns of Kujū and Ogi (all from Naoiri District), was merged into the expanded city of Taketa.

Dissolved municipalities of Ōita Prefecture

Naoiri, Ōita


Hemiphyllum, fosilni rod crvenih alga u porodici Sporolithaceae. Taksonomski je priznat kao zaseban rod. Jedina vrsta je H. atacicum s tipskim lokalitetom u Rennes-les-Bains, Francuska

Izvori

Sporolithales

Hemiphyllum


Magareća smokva (sikomora, lat. Ficus sycomorus), vrsta korisnog drveta iz porodice dudovki raširenog po sjevernoj Africi i istočnom Mediteranu.

Naraste do 20 ili 30 metara visine, veoma je razgranato, a deblo je kratko.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Smokva

Magareća smokva


An Arthragrostis aristispicula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bryan Kenneth Simon. An Arthragrostis aristispicula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Queensland. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arthragrostis

Arthragrostis aristispicula


Konnagar (en bengalí: কোন্নগর ) es una ciudad de la India, en el distrito de Hugli, estado de Bengala Occidental.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 10  a 19 km de la capital estatal, Calcuta, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 80 483 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bengala Occidental

Konnagar


The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\.

The consonant is absent in English, but may be approximated by making  but with the tongue body lowered or  but with the lips apart. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic counterpart of the close back unrounded vowel .  and  with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

In some languages, such as Spanish, the voiced velar approximant appears as an allophone of  – see below.

The symbol for the velar approximant originates from , but with a vertical line. Compare  and  for the labio-palatal approximant.

Features
Features of the voiced velar approximant:

 The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of  from the  vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see below.

Occurrence
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | Aragonese ||  ||  || 'oak tree' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of .
|-
| rowspan="4" | Astur-Leonese || Asturian ||  || || || rowspan="4" | Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of .
|-
| Extremaduran ||  || ||
|-
| Leonese ||  || ||
|-
| Mirandese ||  || ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Catalan ||  ||  || 'water' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Catalan phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Cherokee || ᏩᏥ  ||  || 'watch' || Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ
|-
| Danish || Older speakers ||  ||  || 'tallow' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative . Depending on the environment, it corresponds to  or  in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish. See Danish phonology
|-
| Dutch || Western East Flemish || || || || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Corresponds to a fricative  in other dialects.
|-
| French || Belgian ||  ||  || 'macaw' || Intervocalic allophone of  for some speakers, unless  is realized as a liaison consonant – then, most often, it is realized as a trill . See French phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Galician ||  ||  || 'water' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Galician phonology
|-
| Greek || Cypriot ||  ||  || 'shop' || Allophone of .
|-
| rowspan="2" | Guarani
| ||  ||  || 'near, close to' || Contrasts with
|-
|Ñandewa Paulista-Paranaense
|
|
|'I cut'
|Contrasts with .
|-
| colspan="2" | Hiw || ter̄og ||  || 'peace' || Contrasts with  and with .
|-
| colspan="2" |Ibibio || ufokọ ||  ||  || Intervocalic allophone of ; may be a uvular tap  instead.
|-
| colspan="2" | Icelandic ||  ||  || 'saga' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. See Icelandic phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Irish ||  ||  || 'nine' || Occurs only between broad consonants and front vowels. See Irish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Korean ||  /  ||  || 'doctor' || Occurs only before . See Korean phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Mwotlap || haghag ||  || 'sit' || Contrasts with .
|-
| colspan="2" | Shipibo ||  ||  ||  || Continuant consonant with variable frication and unspecified rounding; allophone of  in certain high-frequency morphemes.
|-
| colspan="2" | Spanish ||  ||  || 'to pay' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of . See Spanish phonology
|-
| Swedish || Central Standard ||  ||  || 'agronomist' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of  in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Tagalog || igriega ||  || 'y (letter)' || Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; intervocalic allophone of . See Tagalog phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Tiwi ||  ||  || 'we (inclusive)' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Venetian || ||  || 'gondola' || See Venetian language
|-
|Vietnamese
|Southern
|gà|
|'chicken'
|Typical realization of  in other dialects. Variant is in complementary distribution before open vowels.
|}

Pre-velar

 Voiced velar bunched approximant

Some languages have a velar approximant that is produced with the body of the tongue bunched up at the velum and simultaneous pharyngealization. This gives rise to a type of retroflex resonance resembling . The extension to the IPA recommends the use of the "centralized" diacritic combined with the IPA sign for the alveolar approximant (as in ) to distinguish the bunched realization from the prototypical apical , which may be specified as . Typically, the diacritic is omitted, so that the sound is transcribed simply with  or  (in broader transcriptions: ), as if it were a coronal consonant.

In ordinary IPA, this sound can be transcribed with  or , depending on whether it can be labialized (see below). This captures pharyngealization (uncommon in velar approximants) but not bunching of the tongue, which can be transcribed by adding a superscript retroflex approximant: ,  (see ).

In Dutch, this type of r is called   'Gooi r'. It is named after het Gooi, a region of the Netherlands where Hilversum (the main centre for television and radio broadcasting) is located.

Features
Features of the voiced velar bunched approximant:

 The body of the tongue is bunched up at the velum, rather than just approaching it as it is the case with the prototypical velar approximant.

Occurrence

 Relation with  and
Some languages have a voiced velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either  or its rounded counterpart . Examples of such languages are Catalan, Galician and Spanish, in which the approximant consonant (not semivowel'') unspecified for rounding appears as an allophone of .

Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the voiced velar approximant consonant as follows:

There is a parallel problem with transcribing the palatal approximant.

The symbol  may not display properly in all browsers. In that case,  should be substituted. In broader transcriptions, the lowering diacritic may be omitted altogether, so that the symbol is rendered , i.e. as if it represented the corresponding fricative.

The velar bunched approximant is typically written with  or  (in broader transcriptions: ), none of which capture its place of articulation. The prototypical ,  and  are all unspecified for rounding like .

See also
 Index of phonetics articles

Notes

References

 .
.

External links

Velar consonants
Pulmonic consonants
Voiced oral consonants
Central consonants

Voiced velar approximant


Duncan II. (škot. Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (?, oko 1060. – kraj Kincardineshirea, 12. studenog 1094.), škotski kralj od proljeća do jeseni 1094. godine. Sin je kralja Malcolma III. i njegove prve žene Ingibiorg.

Više je godina živio kao otac na normanskom dvoru, kamo ga je dao otac Malcolm III., kao zalog mira i podređenosti, engleskom kralju Vilimu I. Osvajaču. Iz zarobljeništva ga je 1078. godine oslobodio engleski kralj Vilim II. Riđi.

Postao je kralj nakon što je, uz normansku pomoć, svrgnuo s vlasti i protjerao svog strica, Donalda III. Ubijen je po naredbi Donalda, nakon čega su on i njegov brat Edmund preuzeli zajedničku vlast nad zemljom.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Duncan II., kralj Škotske - Britannica Online
 Kralj Duncan II. (1094.) - britroyals.com
 Kralj Duncan II. - undiscoveredscotland.co.uk

Škotski vladari
Dunkeldi

Duncan II.


හින්දු ආගමේ දේවාල හින්දු දේවාල ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 කෝවිල්
 හින්දු වාස්තුවිද්‍යාව

හින්දු දේවාල

හින්දු දේවාල


Eine Nachbarschaftswache ist eine privat organisierte Gruppe von Bürgern, die auf freiwilliger Basis in ihrer Nachbarschaft Vandalismus und sonstige Kriminalität zu verhindern sucht. Dabei betreibt sie ihrem Selbstverständnis nach keinen Vigilantismus: Ihre Mitglieder sollen bei verdächtigen Vorkommnissen nicht anstelle des Staates einschreiten, sondern die Behörden informieren. Die Mitglieder sind weder staatlich bestellt noch stehen ihnen Befugnisse zu, die über die Rechte jedes anderen Bürgers (zum Beispiel Notwehr) hinausgehen. Auch Waffen dürfen sie nur tragen, soweit dies in dem jeweiligen Land auch sonst zulässig ist.

Dieses Konzept ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem deutschen Freiwilligen Polizeidienst bzw. der Sicherheitswacht (Bayern u. a.), der Teil der regulären Landespolizei oder zumindest ihr unterstellt ist.
Nachbarschaftswachen sind auch von den historischen, paramilitärischen Bürgerwehren abzugrenzen.

Situation in verschiedenen Staaten

Vereinigte Staaten
In den USA geht das Konzept auf die Kolonialzeit zurück. Damals wurden Bürger als Stadtwachen eingesetzt. Ab den 1960er Jahren entwickelte sich durch erste Gründungen das heutige System der Nachbarschaftswachen, nachdem Kitty Genovese vergewaltigt und ermordet worden war, ohne dass anwesende Zeugen eingeschritten wären. Die National Sheriffs' Association trieb das Konzept ab den 1970er Jahren bundesweit voran. Im Jahr 1979 kam es zur Gründung der Guardian Angels in New York, welche sich auch in anderen Städten inner- und außerhalb des Landes verbreiteten.

Am 26. Februar 2012 wurde in Sanford, Florida der unbewaffnete Afroamerikaner Trayvon Martin von George Zimmermann, einem Mitglied einer Nachbarschaftswache, nach dessen Angaben in Notwehr erschossen, was in den USA zu bundesweiten Protesten gegen Rassendiskriminierung führte. Am 13. Juli 2013 wurde Zimmerman von einer sechsköpfigen Jury nach 16-stündiger Beratung bezüglich der Anschuldigung des Mordes mit bedingtem Vorsatz (second degree murder) für unschuldig (not guilty) erklärt und freigesprochen.

The New York Times berichtete im Juni 2012, dass Nachbarschaftswachen in New York City nach Jahrzehnten des Rückgangs wieder zunähmen.

Deutschsprachiger Raum

Deutschland
In Deutschland sind (bewaffnete) Nachbarschaftswachen verboten, da ausschließlich der Staat zur Ausübung von Gewalt und Zwang berechtigt ist (Gewaltmonopol). Eine Ausnahme besteht in der Ausübung von Notwehr, also der Abwehr eines gegenwärtigen rechtswidrigen Angriffs gegen sich selbst oder andere, oder der Jedermann-Festnahme, bei der ein Straftäter bei beobachteter Tat oder bei Tatverdacht von Bürgern, auch unter Anwendung von Zwang und unmittelbar gebotener Gewalt, festgenommen werden darf. Über die Festnahme müssen Polizeibehörden unverzüglich unterrichtet werden, da die Festnahme sonst den Tatbestand der Freiheitsberaubung erfüllt.

Historisches
In Deutschland waren Nachbarschaftswachen als Blockwarte bis 1945 fester Bestandteil der NSDAP-Parteistruktur. Die sogenannten Blockleiter standen auf der untersten Ebene in der Hierarchie der Parteifunktionäre und mussten ihre "arische" Abstammung bis ins 19. Jahrhundert nachgewiesen haben. Sie erfüllten offiziell verschiedene Funktionen der sozialen Kontrolle, der Überwachung und Denunziation, sowie der Vorbildwirkung im Sinne der NS-Ideologie, bis in die untersten Ebenen der Gesellschaft. In der Bevölkerung waren Blockwarte weithin unbeliebt.

Nach 1945 wurden in der DDR durch das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit inoffizielle Mitarbeiter rekrutiert, die aber nicht an Nachbarschaftsstrukturen organisiert waren. Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter überwachten nicht nur ihre Nachbarn, sondern auch Kollegen in Betrieben, Freunde und Verwandte.

Rechtsextreme Vorfälle
In den Bundesländern Sachsen, Brandenburg und Thüringen trat von 2012 bis 2013 das selbsternannte Deutsche Polizei Hilfswerk in Erscheinung. Mitglieder der der Reichsbürgerbewegung nahestehenden Gruppierung wurden für die ausgeübten Taten mehrfach, unter anderem wegen Freiheitsberaubung und Körperverletzung, verurteilt.

Österreich

In Österreich gibt es mit proNACHBAR eine von Karl Brunnbauer gegründete bundesweite Initiative. Der Verein hat sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, die Kommunikation zwischen den unmittelbaren Nachbarn und der Polizei zu verbessern. Die Aufmerksamkeit der Bürger gegenüber Eigentumsdelikten in ihrer unmittelbaren Nähe verringert messbar kriminelle Aktivitäten. Seit der Gründung 2007 zählt der Verein mehrere tausend Mitglieder. Regelmäßig werden die Mitglieder über neue Kriminalitätsformen sowie Präventions- und Verhaltensmaßnahmen informiert.

proNACHBAR beruht auf drei Säulen:
 Information – diese wird auf der Website von proNACHBAR angeboten, aktuelle Lagemeldungen kommen per Newsletter in das E-Mail-Postfach der Mitglieder.
 Prävention – Einbindung der Nachbarschaft steht im Mittelpunkt, ebenso eine möglichst enge Zusammenarbeit mit den Behörden, Vereinen oder privaten Initiativen, um aktive Vorsorge gegen Eigentumsdelikte treffen zu können.
 Kommunikation – grundlegender Kernpunkt, erforderlich für alle oben beschriebenen Aktivitäten sowie der Zusammenarbeit mit Behörden oder Partnern. Als Mittel dienen Online-Formulare, die "Hotline" des Vereines, E-Mail, die proNACHBAR-Koordinatoren oder einfach das nachbarschaftliche Gespräch über den Zaun.

Mit der Gründung der EUNWA (European Neighbourhood Watch Association) im Oktober 2014 in Wien, wurde ein Meilenstein in der weltweiten Vernetzung von Vereinen zur "Verhinderung der Kriminalität" geschaffen. Als Gründer und Präsident von proNACHBAR war es Karl Brunnbauer ein Anliegen, dass Wissen und die Kommunikation international zu verbessern. Verschiedene Vereine mit ähnlicher Struktur (Nachbarschaftswachen) und Polizeiorganisationen aus 19 Ländern waren anwesend und haben das Gründungsdokument unterzeichnet.

Namibia
In der namibischen Küstenstadt Swakopmund wurde Mitte 2012 die Swakopmund Neighbourhood Watch eingeführt. Seitdem ist die Kriminalität in Swakopmund um bis zu 80 Prozent zurückgegangen. Bisher haben sich etwa 300 Personen der Nachbarschaftswache angeschlossen. Diese patrouillieren jede Nacht sowie zur Hauptferienzeit im Dezember und Januar auch tagsüber in allen Stadtteilen mit Ausnahme von DRC, Mondesa und Tamariskia.

Seitdem wurden auch zahlreiche Nachbarschaftswachen in der Hauptstadt Windhoek, unter anderem in Avis gegründet. Diese sind stets bei der namibischen Polizei registriert, erhalten einen Polizeibeamten als direkten Ansprechpartner und die Mitglieder der Nachbarschaftswache entsprechende Ausweise und Hemden mit Logo. Mit Stand September 2015 gab es in Windhoek 24 Nachbarschaftswachen. Auch eine Registrierung bei der Stadtpolizei Windhoek ist alternativ möglich.

Nordkorea
In Nordkorea wurde Ende der 1960er das System der Inminban eingeführt, welches dem System der Blockwarte im NS-Staat ähnlich ist.

China
In China gibt es danwei (Arbeitseinheiten, entspricht den sozialistischen Brigaden) als Basiseinheit in der Parteiideologie der KPCh, deren enge Überwachung in Werkssiedlungen ermöglicht wird. Aber auch außerhalb davon werden Leistungen und Verhalten von Bürgern im dang'an, einer ständigen und geheimen Aufzeichnung, von Parteioffiziellen festgehalten und mit Hukou, dem patriarchal geführten Einwohnermeldesystem Chinas, kombiniert. Die Inhaber der Aufzeichnung sind meist nicht berechtigt, sie einzusehen; auch geändert werden können sie nur von Parteioffiziellen. Durch die jahrhundertealte Tradition des Guanxi, einem System der Günstlingswirtschaft, welchem der Konfuzianismus gegenüber staatlichen Institutionen den Vorzug gibt, wird einer zentralen Kontrolle durch die Partei mit persönlichen Beziehungen entgegengewirkt, die von Korruption nur schwer zu unterscheiden sind – ein Hindernis, auf das Antikorruptionskampagnen (politische Säuberungen) in China immer wieder stoßen. Guanxi, die persönlich gefärbten Beziehungen gegenseitiger Begünstigung oder Rivalität, hatte auch Auswirkungen auf die Genauigkeit der Einträge im zentralstaatlichen dang'an. Durch die Einführung rechtsstaatlicher Reformen in China wird angenommen, dass Guanxi an Bedeutung verliert und die zentralstaatliche Kontrolle chinesischer Bürger weiter gefestigt wird.

Siehe auch

 Nachbarschaftshilfe

Literatur

 Nina Marie Bust-Bartels: Bürgerwehren in Deutschland. Zwischen Nachbarschaftshilfe und rechtsextremer Raumergreifung. Transcript, Bielefeld 2021. ISBN 978-3-8376-5713-5.
 Anika Hoffmann: Bürgerwehren und ihre Bedeutung im öffentlichen Raum. Abweichendes Verhalten als kriminologisch relevantes Phänomen. Springer, Wiesbaden 2019. ISBN 978-3-658-25948-8.

Weblinks
 www.pronachbar.at
 www.ourwatch.org.uk (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Vigilantismus
Kriminalitätsbekämpfung
!

Nachbarschaftswache


Tümleç, cümlenin yardımcı ögelerindendir. Kendi arasında üç grupta incelenir:

 Nesne
 Dolaylı tümleç
 Zarf tümleci

Yüklemin yöneldiği, bulunduğu, çıktığı yeri gösteren ögedir. Yükleme sorulan "-e", "-de" ve "-den" hâl eklerini alan sorulara aynı ekleri alarak cevap veren sözcük ya da söz öbekleri dolaylı tümleç görevinde bulunur. Soruların ve cevapların aynı ekleri alması zorunluluğu bunun diğer ögelerle karışmasına engel olur.

 Tüm öğrenciler yarın pikniğe gidecekler. (ne zaman, nereye)

Cümlenin ögeleri

Tümleç


A powerful number is a positive integer m such that for every prime number p dividing m, p2 also divides m. Equivalently, a powerful number is the product of a square and a cube, that is, a number m of the form m = a2b3, where a and b are positive integers. Powerful numbers are also known as squareful, square-full, or 2-full. Paul Erdős and George Szekeres studied such numbers and Solomon W. Golomb named such numbers powerful.

The following is a list of all powerful numbers between 1 and 1000:
1, 4, 8, 9, 16, 25, 27, 32, 36, 49, 64, 72, 81, 100, 108, 121, 125, 128, 144, 169, 196, 200, 216, 225, 243, 256, 288, 289, 324, 343, 361, 392, 400, 432, 441, 484, 500, 512, 529, 576, 625, 648, 675, 676, 729, 784, 800, 841, 864, 900, 961, 968, 972, 1000, ... .

Equivalence of the two definitions

If m = a2b3, then every prime in the prime factorization of a appears in the prime factorization of m with an exponent of at least two, and every prime in the prime factorization of b appears in the prime factorization of m with an exponent of at least three; therefore, m is powerful.

In the other direction, suppose that m is powerful, with prime factorization

where each αi ≥ 2.  Define γi to be three if αi is odd, and zero otherwise, and define βi = αi − γi.  Then, all values βi are nonnegative even integers, and all values γi are either zero or three, so

supplies the desired representation of m as a product of a square and a cube.

Informally, given the prime factorization of m, take b to be the product of the prime factors of m that have an odd exponent (if there are none, then take b to be 1). Because m is powerful, each prime factor with an odd exponent has an exponent that is at least 3, so m/b3 is an integer. In addition, each prime factor of m/b3 has an even exponent, so m/b3  is a perfect square, so call this a2; then m = a2b3. For example:

The representation m = a2b3 calculated in this way has the property that b is squarefree, and is uniquely defined by this property.

Mathematical properties

The sum of the reciprocals of the powerful numbers converges.  The value of this sum may be written in several other ways, including as the infinite product

where p runs over all primes, ζ(s) denotes the Riemann zeta function, and ζ(3) is Apéry's constant.
More generally, the sum of the reciprocals of the  sth powers of the powerful numbers (a Dirichlet series generating function) is equal to

whenever it converges.

Let k(x) denote the number of powerful numbers in the interval [1,x]. Then k(x) is proportional to the square root of x. More precisely,

(Golomb, 1970).

The two smallest consecutive powerful numbers are 8 and 9. Since Pell's equation  has infinitely many integral solutions, there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive powerful numbers (Golomb, 1970); more generally, one can find consecutive powerful numbers by solving a similar Pell equation  for any perfect cube . However, one of the two powerful numbers in a pair formed in this way must be a square. According to Guy, Erdős has asked whether there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive powerful numbers such as  in which neither number in the pair is a square.  showed that there are indeed infinitely many such pairs by showing that  has infinitely many solutions.
Walker's solutions to this equation are generated, for any odd integer , by considering the number

for integers  divisible by 7 and  divisible by 3,
and constructing from  and  the consecutive powerful numbers  and  with .
The smallest consecutive pair in this family is generated for , , and  as

and

It is a conjecture of Erdős, Mollin, and Walsh that there are no three consecutive powerful numbers. If a triplet of consecutive powerful numbers exists, then its smallest term must be congruent to 7, 27, or 35 modulo 36.

Sums and differences of powerful numbers
Any odd number is a difference of two consecutive squares: (k + 1)2 = k2 + 2k + 1, so (k + 1)2 − k2 = 2k + 1. Similarly, any multiple of four is a difference of the squares of two numbers that differ by two: (k + 2)2 − k2 = 4k + 4. However, a singly even number, that is, a number divisible by two but not by four, cannot be expressed as a difference of squares. This motivates the question of determining which singly even numbers can be expressed as differences of powerful numbers. Golomb exhibited some representations of this type:

2 = 33 − 52
10 = 133 − 37
18 = 192 − 73 = 35 − 152.

It had been conjectured that 6 cannot be so represented, and Golomb conjectured that there are infinitely many integers which cannot be represented as a difference between two powerful numbers. However, Narkiewicz showed that 6 can be so represented in infinitely many ways such as

6 = 5473 − 4632,

and McDaniel showed that every integer has infinitely many such representations (McDaniel, 1982).

Erdős conjectured that every sufficiently large integer is a sum of at most three powerful numbers; this was proved by Roger Heath-Brown (1987).

Generalization

More generally, we can consider the integers all of whose prime factors have exponents at least k. Such an integer is called a k-powerful number, k-ful number, or k-full number.

(2k+1 − 1)k,  2k(2k+1 − 1)k,   (2k+1 − 1)k+1

are k-powerful numbers in an arithmetic progression. Moreover, if a1, a2, ..., as are k-powerful in an arithmetic progression with common difference d, then

 a1(as + d)k,
a2(as + d)k, ..., as(as + d)k, (as + d)k+1

are s + 1 k-powerful numbers in an arithmetic progression.

We have an identity involving k-powerful numbers:

ak(al + ... + 1)k + ak + 1(al + ... + 1)k + ... + ak + l(al + ... + 1)k = ak(al + ... +1)k+1.

This gives infinitely many l+1-tuples of k-powerful numbers whose sum is also k-powerful. Nitaj shows there are infinitely many solutions of x+y=z in relatively prime 3-powerful numbers(Nitaj, 1995). Cohn constructs an infinite family of solutions of x+y=z in relatively prime non-cube 3-powerful numbers as follows: the triplet

X = 9712247684771506604963490444281, Y = 32295800804958334401937923416351, Z = 27474621855216870941749052236511

is a solution of the equation 32X3 + 49Y3 = 81Z3. We can construct another solution by setting X′ = X(49Y3 + 81Z3), Y′ = −Y(32X3 + 81Z3), Z′ = Z(32X3 − 49Y3) and omitting the common divisor.

See also
Achilles number
Highly powerful number

Notes

References

External links
 Power-full number at Encyclopedia of Mathematics.

 The abc conjecture

Integer sequences

Powerful number


Lažljivi život odraslih talijanska je televizijska serija redatelja Edoarda De Angelisa, temeljena je prema istoimenom romanu Elene Ferrante i distribuirana na međunarodnoj razini na Netflixu od 4. siječnja 2023.

Radnja
Devedesetih godina u Napulju, drska i hrabra teta Vittoria pomaže svojoj zaštićenoj nećakinji da doživi drugu stranu grada, uznemiravajući stroge roditelje tinejdžera.

Glumačka postava

 Giordana Marengo kao Giovanna
 Alessandro Preziosi kao Andrea
 Pina Turco kao Nella
 Raffaella Rea kao Costanza
 Biagio Forestieri kao Mariano
 Valeria Golino kao Vittoria
 Giuseppe Brunetti kao Corrado
 Giovanni Buselli kao Roberto
 Susy Del Giudice kao Margherita
 Rosella Gamba kao Angela
 Azzurra Mennella kao Ida
 Adriano Pantaleo kao Rosario
 Maria Vera Ratti kao Giuliana
 Gianluca Spagnoli kao Tonino

Snimanje
Snimanja serije započela su u listopadu 2021., a završena u ožujku 2022. Lokacije na kojima se snimalo, su Napulj (različita mjesta gornjeg i donjeg dio grada) i Milano.

Izvori

Talijanske serije
Televizijske serije koje su počele 2023.
Televizijske serije koje su završile 2023.

Lažljivi život odraslih (televizijska serija)


Capocannoniere (flertal: capocannonieri) er en titel, som gives den der har scoret flest mål (topscorer) i en sæson i den italienske Serie A. Titlen holdes i på nuværende tidspunkt af Gonzalo Higuaín, som scorede 36 mål med Napoli 2015–16 sæsonen.

Den højeste målscorer i Seria A ligaen er 36 mål,opnået af Gino Rossetti for Torino i 1928–29 og Gonzalo Higuaín for Napoli i 2015–16. Ferenc Hirzer, Julio Libonatti og Gunnar Nordahl deler andenplads for denne rekord da de hver har scoret 35 mål for henholdsvis Juventus, Torino og A.C. Milan.

Gunnar Nordahl har med Milan vundet flest topscorer-titler (pluricapocannoniere), med fem succesfulde sæsoner i 1949–50, 1950–51, 1952–53, 1953–54 and 1954–55, mere end nogen anden spiller i historien af det Italienske mesterskab.

John Hansen (1951-52) og Harald Nielsen (1962-63 og 1963-64) er de eneste danskere der har opnået titlen af Capocannoniere.

Vindere

Serie A

Per spiller

Per klub

Per land

Referencer

Fodbold i Italien

Capocannoniere


Agrilus incerticolor é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Deyrolle, em 1864.

Referências

incerticolor

Agrilus incerticolor


August kan henvise til:

 August – måned er opkaldt efter Augustus
 August (film) – dansk kortfilm fra 2012 af Kim Nørgaard Larsen
 August (navn) – drengenavn
 August (Fringe) – episode af tv-serien Fringe
 August (album) – album af Eric Clapton
 August (band) – band som spillede på Roskilde Festival i 2008
 August (roman) – roman af Knut Hamsun

August (flertydig)


Juliana "Juli" Furtado (* 4. April 1967 in New York City) ist eine ehemalige US-amerikanische Radrennfahrerin und zweifache Weltmeisterin, die Rennen auf der Straße und auf dem Mountainbike bestritt.

Juliana Furtado wuchs in Vermont auf und betrieb von 1981 bis 1987 Skisport und war Mitglied der US-amerikanischen Nationalmannschaft. Nach mehreren schweren Knieverletzungen wandte sie sich dem Radsport zu.

1989 wurde Furtado nationale Meisterin im Straßenrennen. Anschließend bestritt sie hauptsächlich Mountainbike-Rennen. Von 1991 bis 1994 war sie "Overall Champion" der National Off-Road Biking Association (NORBA), von 1991 bis 1995 gewann sie die nationale Grundig-Rennserie und von 1993 bis 1995 den Weltcup. Zweimal wurde sie Mountainbike-Weltmeisterin: 1990 im Cross Country (als erste) und 1992 im Downhill; damit ist sie einzige Sportlerin, der es gelang, in beiden Disziplinen den Titel zu erringen. 1996 startete Furtado bei den Olympischen Spielen in Atlanta im Cross Country und belegte Rang zehn.

Schon im Verlauf des Olympiajahres fühlte sich Juliana Furtado nicht ganz gesund, und 1997 wurde bei ihr Lupus erythematodes, eine Autoimmunkrankheit, diagnostiziert. Sie musste deshalb ihre aktive Radsportlaufbahn beenden. Sie lebt derzeit in Nordkalifornien und propagiert die nach ihr benannten Mountainbikes, genannt Juliana. 1993 wurde sie in die Mountain Bike Hall of Fame und 2005 in die United States Bicycling Hall of Fame aufgenommen.

Literatur
 Morgan Hughes: Juli Furtado: Rugged Racer, Lerner Publishing Group 1998.

Weblinks

 Juliana Furtado auf usbhof.org

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1996
Radsportler (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-amerikanischer Meister (Radsport)
Weltmeister (Radsport)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Mountainbikefahrer
Mitglied der US Bicycling Hall of Fame
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1967
Frau

Juli Furtado


Brig je naseljeno mjesto u gradu Širokom Brijegu, Federacija BiH, BiH.

Povijest

Naseljeno mjesto Brig nastalo je 2016. godine izdvajanjem iz naseljenog mjesta Mokro.

Izvori

Naselja u Zapadnohercegovačkoj županiji
Široki Brijeg

Brig (Široki Brijeg, BiH)


Erik Bergkvist, né le  mai 1965 à Norsjö, est un homme politique social-démocrate suédois.

Biographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des députés européens de Suède de la  - Liste des députés européens de la

Liens externes

Député européen membre du Parti social-démocrate suédois des travailleurs
Député européen du groupe Alliance progressiste des socialistes et démocrates au Parlement européen 2019-2024
Député européen élu en Suède 2019-2024
Naissance en 1965
Naissance dans le comté de Västerbotten

Erik Bergkvist


Mark Gerard Connolly (Monaghan, Irlanda, 16 de diciembre de 1991) es un futbolista irlandés. Juega de defensa y su equipo es el Derry City F. C. de la Premier Division de la Liga de Irlanda.

Selección nacional

Ha sido internacional con la selección de fútbol sub-21 de Irlanda.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Irlanda
Futbolistas del St. Johnstone Football Club
Futbolistas del Bolton Wanderers Football Club
Futbolistas del Macclesfield Town Football Club
Futbolistas del Crawley Town Football Club
Futbolistas del Kilmarnock Football Club
Futbolistas del Dundee United Football Club
Futbolistas del Dunfermline Athletic Football Club
Futbolistas del Dundalk Football Club
Futbolistas del Derry City Football Club

Mark Connolly