Boat building is the design and construction of boats and their systems.  This includes at a minimum a hull, with propulsion, mechanical, navigation, safety and other systems as a craft requires.

Construction materials and methods

Wood
Wood is the traditional boat building material used for hull and spar construction. It is buoyant, widely available and easily worked. It is a popular material for small boats (of e.g.  length; such as dinghies and sailboats). Its abrasion resistance varies according to the hardness and density of the wood and it can deteriorate if fresh water or marine organisms are allowed to penetrate the wood. Woods such as teak, totara and some cedars have natural chemicals which prevent rot whereas other woods, such as Pinus radiata, will rot very quickly. The hull of a wooden boat usually consists of planking fastened to frames and a keel. Keel and frames are traditionally made of hardwoods such as oak while planking can be oak but is more often softwood such as pine, larch or cedar.

Plywood is especially popular for amateur construction but only marine ply using waterproof glues and even laminates should be used. Cheap construction plywood often has voids in the interior layers and is not suitable to boat building as the voids trap moisture and accelerate rot as well as physically weaken the plywood. No plywood is rot resistant and should be coated with epoxy resin and/or a good paint system. Varnish and Linseed oil should not be used on the exterior of a hull for waterproofing. Varnish has about 60% of the water resistance of a good paint system. Only boiled linseed oil should be used on a boat and only in the interior as it has very little water resistance but it is very easy to apply and has a pleasant smell. Note that used linseed rags should not be left in a pile as they can catch fire. A valuable 200-year-old waka (Maori canoe) caught fire in New Zealand in June 2014 when restorers left rags piled overnight. Raw linseed oil is not suited to boats as it stays damp and oily for a long time. Mildew will grow well on raw linseed oil treated timber but not on boiled linseed oil. More recently introduced tropical woods as mahogany, okoumé, iroko, Keruing, azobé and merbau. are also used. With tropical species, extra attention needs to be taken to ensure that the wood is indeed FSC-certified. Teak or iroko is usually used to create the deck and any superstructure. Glue, screws, rivets and/or nails are used to join the wooden components. Before teak is glued the natural oil must be wiped off with a chemical cleaner, otherwise the joint will fail.

Traditional wood construction techniques can be classified into the "shell-first" method (also called "planking first") and the "frame first" method. With "shell first", the form of the hull is determined by joining shaped planks that are fastened together, followed by reinforcing the structure with the frames (or ribs) that are fitted to the inside. With "frame first", the hull shape is established by setting up the frames on the keel and then fastening the planking on the outside.

Some types of wood construction include:

Carvel, in which a smooth hull is formed by edge joined planks attached to a frame. The planks may be curved in cross section like barrel staves. Carvel planks are generally caulked with oakum or cotton that is driven into the seams between the planks and covered with some waterproof substance. It takes its name from an archaic ship type and is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean. A number of boat building texts are available which describe the carvel planking method in detail.
Clinker is a planking-first technique originally identified with the Scandinavians and Ingveonic people in which wooden planks are fixed to each other with a slight overlap that is beveled for a tight fit. The planks are mechanically connected to each other with copper rivets, bent over iron nails, screws or in modern boats with adhesives. Often, steam bent wooden ribs are fitted inside the hull.
Strip planking is yet another type of wooden boat construction similar to carvel. It is a glued construction method which is very popular with amateur boatbuilders as it is quick, avoids complex temporary jig work and does not require shaping of the planks.
Sheet plywood boat building uses sheets of plywood panels usually fixed to longitudinal long wood such the chines, inwhales (sheer clamps) or intermediate stringers which are all bent around a series of frames. By attaching the ply sheets to the longwood rather than directly to the frames this avoids hard spots or an unfair hull. Plywood may be laminated into a round hull or used in single sheets. These hulls generally have one or more chines and the method is called Ply on Frame construction. A subdivision of the sheet plywood boat building method is known as the stitch-and-glue method, where pre-shaped panels of plywood are drawn together then edge glued and reinforced with fibreglass without the use of a frame. Metal or plastic ties, nylon fishing line or copper wires pull curved flat panels into three-dimensional curved shapes. These hulls generally have one or more chines. Marine grade plywood of good quality is designated "WBP" (which stands for water- and boiled-proof) or more usually BS 1088. Australian plywood manufacturers and suppliers have issued warnings that some Asian nations are selling ply stamped BS 1088 which does not meet international standards. Specifically, they say outer plies are too thin (should be  minimum) or are very thin (less than ) or high-grade surface ply such as Okoume is combined with a much heavier and wider inner cores. Most high-grade marine Okoume (Gaboon) ply uses lightweight poplar inner cores. Often the 1088 stamp is blurred in the poor Asian ply so it is not clear. In Australia and New Zealand a higher-grade marine ply than BS1088 is AS2272. It requires both faces to be "A" quality, with even-thickness plies. The most common plywood used for this grade is plantation-grown Hoop Pine which is fine grained, very smooth, moderately light (at  it is the same weight as Meranti ply and about 13% heavier than genuine poplar cored BS1088 Okoume). Hoop pine has a very high stress rating of F17, indicating high strength. Meranti (Lauan) ply has a stress rating of F14 and Okoume ply F8. Okoume ply is commonly coated with epoxy to increase strength and impact resistance as well as to exclude water. Both types of plywood construction are very popular with amateur builders, and many dinghies such as the Vaurien, Cherub, Tolman, Moth and P class  (ply on frame construction) and FJs, FDs and Kolibris (stitch-and-glue method) have been built from it. Another variation is tortured ply where very thin() and flexible (often Okoume)preshaped panels ply are bent into compound curves and sewn together. Little or no framework or longitudinal wood is used. This method is mainly confined to kayaks.
 Cold moulding is a composite method of wooden boat building that uses two or more layers of thin wood, called veneers, oriented in different directions, resulting in a strong monocoque structure, similar to a fibreglass hull but substantially lighter. Sometimes composed of a base layer of strip planking followed by multiple veneers. Sometimes just veneers are used. Cold-moulding is popular in small, medium and very large, wooden super-yachts. Using different types of wood, the builder can lighten some areas such as bow and stern and strengthen other high-stress areas. Sometimes cold-moulded hulls are protected either inside or out or both with fibreglass or similar products for impact resistance, especially when lightweight, soft timber such as cedar is used. This method lends itself to great flexibility in hull shape.Cold-moulded refers to a type of building one-off hulls using thin strips of wood applied to a series of forms at 45-degree angles to the centerline. This method is often called double-diagonal because a minimum of two layers is recommended, each occurring at opposing 45-degree angles. The "hot-moulded" method of building boats, which used ovens to heat and cure the resin, has not been widely used since World War II; and now almost all curing is done at room temperature.

Lashed-lug, is a boat-building techniques of the Austronesian peoples. It is characterized by the use of sewn holes and later dowels ("treenails") to stitch planks edge-to-edge. The planks are further lashed together and onto ribs with fiber ropes wrapped around protruding carved lugs on the inside surfaces. This is a shell-first (or planking first) method of construction The seams between planks are also sealed with absorbent tapa bark and fiber that expands when wet or caulked with resin-based preparations.

Metal

Iron and steel
Either used in sheet or alternatively, plate for all-metal hulls or for isolated structural members. It is strong, but heavy (despite the fact that the thickness of the hull can be less). It is generally about 30% heavier than aluminium and somewhat more heavy than polyester. The material rusts unless protected from water (this is usually done by means of a covering of paint). Modern steel components are welded or bolted together. As the welding can be done very easily (with common welding equipment), and as the material is very cheap, it is a popular material with amateur builders. Also, amateur builders which are not yet well established in building steel ships may opt for DIY construction kits. If steel is used, a zinc layer is often applied to coat the entire hull. It is applied after sandblasting (which is required to have a cleaned surface) and before painting. The painting is usually done with lead paint (Pb3O4). Optionally, the covering with the zinc layer may be left out, but it is generally not recommended. Zinc anodes also need to be placed on the ship's hull. Until the mid-1900s, steel sheets were riveted together.

Aluminum
Aluminum and aluminum alloys are used both in sheet form for all-metal hulls or for isolated structural members. Many sailing spars are frequently made of aluminium after 1960. It is the lightest material for building large boats (being 15–20% lighter than polyester and 30% lighter than steel). Aluminium is relatively cheap in comparison with wood or steel in most countries. In addition it is relatively easy to cut, bend and weld. Galvanic corrosion below the waterline in salt water is a serious concern, particularly in marinas where there are other conflicting metals. Aluminium is most commonly found in yachts, pontoon and power boats that are not kept permanently in the water. Aluminium yachts are particularly popular in France.

Cupronickel
A relatively expensive metal used only very occasionally in boatbuilding is cupronickel. Arguably the ideal metal for boat hulls, cupronickel is reasonably tough, highly resistant to corrosion in seawater, and is (because of its copper content) a very effective antifouling metal. Cupronickel may be found on the hulls of premium tugboats, fishing boats and other working boats; and may even be used for propellers and propeller shafts.

Fiberglass
Fiberglass (glass-reinforced plastic or GRP) is typically used for production boats because of its ability to reuse a female mould as the foundation for the shape of the boat. The resulting structure is strong in tension but often needs to be either laid up with many heavy layers of resin-saturated fiberglass or reinforced with wood or foam in order to provide stiffness. GRP hulls are largely free of corrosion though not normally fireproof. These can be solid fiberglass or of the sandwich (cored) type, in which a core of balsa, foam or similar material is applied after the outer layer of fiberglass is laid to the mould, but before the inner skin is laid. This is similar to the next type, composite, but is not usually classified as composite, since the core material in this case does not provide much additional strength. It does, however, increase stiffness, which means that less resin and fiberglass cloth can be used in order to save weight. Most fibreglass boats are currently made in an open mould, with fibreglass and resin applied by hand (hand-lay-up method). Some are now constructed by vacuum infusion where the fibres are laid out and resin is pulled into the mould by atmospheric pressure. This can produce stronger parts with more glass and less resin, but takes special materials and more technical knowledge. Older fibreglass boats before 1990 were often not constructed in controlled temperature buildings leading to the widespread problem of fibreglass pox, where seawater seeped through small holes and caused delamination. The name comes from the multitude of surface pits in the outer gelcoat layer which resembles smallpox. Sometimes the problem was caused by atmospheric moisture being trapped in the layup during construction in humid weather.

Composite material
"Composite construction" involves a variety of composite materials and methods: an early example was a timber carvel skin attached to a frame and deck beams made of iron. Sheet copper anti-fouling ("copper=bottomed") could be attached to a wooden hull provided the risk of galvanic corrosion was minimised. Fast cargo vessels once were copper-bottomed to prevent being slowed by marine fouling.  GRP and ferrocement hulls are classic composite hulls, the term "composite" applies also to plastics reinforced with fibers other than glass.  When a hull is being created in a female mould, the composite materials are applied to the mould in the form of a thermosetting plastic (usually epoxy, polyester, or vinylester) and some kind of fiber cloth (fiberglass, kevlar, dynel, carbon fiber, etc.). These methods can give strength-to-weight ratios approaching that of aluminum, while requiring less specialized tools and construction skills.

Ferrocement

First developed in the mid-19th century in both France and Holland, ferrocement was also used for the D-Day Mulberry harbours. After a buzz of excitement among homebuilders in the 1960s, ferro building has since declined.

Ferrocement is a relatively cheap method to produce a hull, although unsuitable for commercial mass production. A steel and iron "armature" is built to the exact shape of the hull, ultimately being covered in galvanised chicken netting. Then, on a single day, the cement is applied by a team of plasterers. The cement:sand ratio is a very rich 4:1. As the hull thickness is typically 2.5 to 3 cms,  ferrocement is unsuitable for boats less than about 15 metres LOA as there is a weight penalty; above that length there is no penalty. Properly plastered ferrocement boats have smooth hulls with fine lines, and amateur builders are advised to use professional plasterers to produce a smooth finish. In the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in Australia and New Zealand, the cheapness of ferro construction encouraged amateur builders to build hulls larger than they could afford, not anticipating that the fitting-out costs of a larger boat can be crippling.

The advantages of a ferro hull are:
 cannot burn, rot, or rust; & no osmosis
 good insulation: cool in summer, warm in winter
 tougher than GRP, and almost as tough as a steel vessel; (and if damaged, easily repaired almost anywhere in the world)
 properly built, a ferro hull is as fair as a GRP hull.
 they may be cheap to buy (see disadvantages, below)

The disadvantages are:
 many home-built ferro boats are lumpy, overweight and ugly.
 some early builders, realising that their creation proved to be disappointing, scuttled their vessels and fraudulently claimed insurance.
 accordingly, ferro yachts may be difficult to sell and nigh impossible to insure.

See also: concrete ship, concrete canoe.

Hull types

There are many hull types, and a builder should choose the most appropriate one for the boat's intended purpose. For example, a sea-going vessel needs a hull which is more stable and robust than a hull used in rivers and canals. Hull types include:

 Smooth curve hull: these are rounded and free of chines or corners.
 Chined hulls: these hulls have flat panels (typically plywood) which meet at a sharp angle known as the "chine". Chined hulls range from simple flat-bottomed boats where the topsides and bottom meet at about 110 degrees (such as banks dories and sharpies) to skiffs where the bottom is arced rather than flat. Multi-chine hulls allow an approximation of a round hull shape.
 Flat-bottomed hull: flat-bottomed hulls are suitable for canals and non-tidal rivers. They are often shallow-draft, and may operate in shallower water. They are cheap to build but, being less stable and having no keel to give directional stability, they are unsuitable for sea-going vessels. (However, large ships are almost always flat bottomed, having a suitably large draft to overcome the problems of small flat-bottomed boats).
 Displacement hulls: a displacement hull always remains partly submerged. Such a hull has a maximum "hull speed" which is a function of its waterline length. An exception is the catamaran, whose twin hulls are usually so fine that they do not engender a bow wave.
 Planing hulls: planing hulls have a shape that allows the boat to rise out of the water as the speed increases. Sail boats that plane are typical V-shaped at the bows and flat-bottomed aft. Hydroplanes are very light, flat bottomed, high powered speed boats that plane easily on flat water, but they become unstable in rough water. Powerboats designed for rough water are usually deep V-bottomed with a deadrise angle of about 20–23 degrees. The most common form is to have at least one chine to allow for stability when cornering and for a supportive surface on which to ride while planing. Planing hulls allow much higher speeds to be achieved, as they are not limited by the waterline length the way displacement hulls are. Planing hulls need sufficient power to "reach the plane", after which the lack of drag allows high speeds yet with reduced power consumption.

Glossary

Anchor: a device for holding a boat to the seabed, typically with chain and rope. Traditional anchors include the fisherman, Danforth, and plough types (such as the "CQR" and "Delta"). Recently, far more effective anchors with more reliable holding include the "Rocna" and the "Ultra", both of which are spade anchors.
Bitts: a pair of short strong posts of wood or steel on the deck of a boat intended to take mooring lines. Also called "bollards".
Bilge: the lowest part of the interior of a hull. Water, fuel tanks, ballast, and heavy stores are variously placed in the bilge to lower the craft's centre of gravity.
Bilge keels: a pair of short keels fitted on either side of the hull.  Less hydro-dynamically efficient than a fin keel, they have a shallower draft. Full-length bilge keels add rigidity to a hull. Bilge keel craft are found in areas with large tidal ranges to keep the vessel upright when dried out.
Bilge pump: a manual or electric pump for draining the bilge.  Set at the lowest point, its inlet is protected by a screen to minimize blockages.
Block: a pulley used to give a line a fair lead and multiply its hauling power.  Single and double sheave blocks are common, triple rare.
Bobstay: a stay attached between the stem and outer end of a bowsprit to prevent it from rising under the tension of sail.
Bow: The forward end of a watercraft.
Bowsprit: a spar that extends forward of the stem to provide an anchor for a jib.
Breasthook: A roughly triangular component located immediately aft of the stem and between the inwales, sheer clamps, or rails of a small boat.
Bulkhead: internal transverse walls dividing a hull.
Bulwarks: topsides which extend above the deck, often capped with a rail and fitted with scuppers.
Cam cleat: a mechanical device for holding a line fast between two spring-loaded jaws.
Catheads: timbers protruding approximately at right angles from the foredeck to support an anchor outboard of the hull.
Capstan a vertical winch secured to the foredeck, used primarily to hoist an anchor.
Carlin: a longitudinal strip parallel to, but inboard of, the inwale (sheer clamp) for supporting the inboard edge of the side deck and the side of the cabin cladding.
Chainplate: a metal bracket through-bolted through the hull for anchoring a shroud.
Centreboard: (also dagger board) a movable keel which may be raised and lowered to accommodate shallow water and point of sail.  It is held in place within a centerboard trunk.
 Chine: the part of a hull at the turn of the bilge.  It may be "hard" (i.e. sharply angled) or "soft" (gradually contoured). A chine made of a single timber is known as a chine log.
Cleat: a fitting designed to tie off lines. The most common form has a central anchor point and opposing protrusions for taking turns of a line.  Also cam and jam cleats.
Coaming: any vertical surface on a ship designed to deflect or prevent entry of water
Cockpit: the seating area aft in a small decked vessel where the helm is.
Counter stern: a stern rising well above the waterline ending in a point or rounded contour rather than a vertical transom. A variation is the "truncated counter".
Companionway: a passage, fitted with either steps or a ladder, for transiting between decks.
Crosstree: a form of spreader mounted athwarts a mast for attaching or tensioning shrouds or stays.
Deck: a structure covering part or all of a hull, supported by beams.
Deck beam: A beam for supporting the deck.
Dolphin striker: a short downward-facing spar fitted mid-way along a bowsprit to tension the bobstay.
Dorade box: a ventilation intake consisting of a pivoting cowling atop a deck mounted self-draining box, named after the 1931 yacht Dorade where it was first used.
Epoxy resin: a two-part thermosetting polymer increasingly used in modern wooden boat building variously as an adhesive, filler (admixed with other materials), and a moisture-resistant barrier in hull and deck construction, sometimes applied in conjunction with reinforcing cloths such as fibreglass, kevlar or carbon fibre.
Fairlead: a deck fitting for redirecting a line and minimizing chafe.
Fiddle (or fiddle rail). a low rail on a counter, stove, or table for preventing items from sliding off when the boat is heeled at sea. Catamarans have less need than monohulls for fiddles.
Freeboard: the part of the hull between the waterline and deck of a vessel.
Furling headsail: a jib or other headsail attached to a rotating mechanism that furls and unfurls it, manually or automatically.
Garboard: the strake immediately on either side of the keel.
Gimbal: a device that allows a stove or compass to self-level by pivoting in two horizontal planes simultaneously.
Gooseneck: a pivoting metal fitting that joins a boom to a mast. Many goosenecks can be adjusted to trim the luff of a sail.
Grab rail: an extended horizontal handhold, usually atop a cabin.
Gudgeon: the female part of a pintle-and-gudgeon pivot or hinge, characteristically used to attach a rudder to a vessel.
Gunwale: (pronounced "gunnel") the upper longitudinal structural member of the hull, typically fitted with scuppers to drain the deck.
Hatch: an opening in the deck or cabin of a vessel, with a hinged, sliding, or removable cover.
Heads: a marine toilet, deriving from toileting at the catsheads in square rigger days.
Hull: the bottom and sides of a vessel.
Inwale (or "sheer clamp"): the upper, inner longitudinal structural member of the hull, to which topside panels are fixed.
Keel: the main structural member of a traditional vessel, running fore and aft from bow to stern on its centerline.  It provides ballast for stability, and resistance to leeway moving through the water.
Keelson: an internal beam fixed to the top of the keel to strengthen the joint of the upper members of the boat to the keel.
King plank: the central board of a foredeck. Its sides are notched to receive the tapered forward ends of deck planking so that no end grain is exposed.
Knee: a short L shaped piece of wood that joins or strengthens the joint in boat parts that meet between roughly 60 and 120 degrees. It may be a natural crook from a suitable wood species, sawn from a larger piece of timber, or laminated to size. Commonly used on thwarts to join topsides or keelsons to join transoms. A hanging knee sits upright beneath a thwart to support it. Hanging knees often support carlins where a full frame would be inconvenient.
Locker: an enclosed storage space
Mast: a large vertical spar which supports the sails. It may be supported by standing rigging, but some rigs (such a junks) have unstayed masted.
Mast step: a socket to take the downward thrust of the mast and hold it in position. May be on the keel or on the deck in smaller craft. A deck-stepped mast may be supported by a column below the deck.
Mizzen: the aftmost mast and sail in a yawl or ketch, or in a vessel with three or more masts.
Oar a wooden pole enlarged on one end to resist the water when pulled.
Painter: a short line at the bow of a small boat for tying it off.
Parrot beak: a spring-loaded stainless steel fitting on the end of a spinnaker pole attaching it to the sail.
Pintle: the male half of a pintle-and-gudgeon pivot or hinge.
Ratlines (traditionally ratlins): lines woven horizontally between the shrouds of a square-rigged ship to provide footholds for ascending to the yards.
Rib: a thin strip of pliable timber laid athwarts inside a hull from inwale to inwale at regular close intervals to reinforce its planking.  Ribs differ from frames or futtocks in being far smaller dimensions and bent in place compared to frames or futtocks, which are normally sawn to shape, or natural crooks that are shaped to fit with an adze, axe or chisel.
Rigging: standing rigging (either "stays" or shrouds") are the wire cables or rods that support the mast(s).  Running rigging are the ropes ("sheets") to control the sails.
Rowlock (pronounced "rollock";(also "oarlock"): a 'U' shaped metal device that secures an oar and acts as a fulcrum during the motion of rowing.
Rudder: a hinged vertical plate at the stern for steering a craft. There may be more than one rudder.
Sampson post: a strong vertical post which supports a ship's windlass and the heel of its bowsprit, also used to making off mooring lines.
Scuppers: gaps in the bulwarks permitting water to drain off the deck.
Shackle: a U-shaped fitting secured by a removable pin for securely connecting chains, lines, and other fittings.  Known as a "snap shackle" when fitted with a spring-loaded pin.
Sheave box: a plastic or stainless steel box that holds a pulley that is fixed in position as on a mast head.
Sheer: the generally curved shape of the upper hull. It is traditionally lowest amidships to maximize freeboard at the ends of the hull. Sheer can be reverse, higher in the middle to maximize space inside, or straight or a combination of shapes.
Sheet: a line which controls the clew of a sail.
Skeg: a vertical blade beneath the hull, typically to support and protect the rudder and to promote the rudder's efficiency by preventing "stalling".
Spar: s length of timber, aluminium, steel or carbon fibre of approximately round or pear shaped cross-section which supports a sail or sails. Spars include the mast, boom, gaff, yard, bowsprit, prod, boomkin, pole and dolphin striker.
Sole: the floor of a cabin or cockpit.
Spinnaker (or "kite"): a large, lightweight, down-wind sail used on fore and aft rigged yachts such as sloops to dramatically increase sail area typically used running with the wind.
Spring: the amount of fore and aft curvature in the keel.
Stanchions: a post for holding life lines on a deck.
Stainless steel: a corrosion-resistant alloy of mild steel and small percentages of such metals as copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel.  Common alloys are "18/8" (known as "surgical stainless steel") and "316" ("marine grade"), which contains more salt-water resistant nickel.
Stays/shrouds: standing or running rigging which holds a spar in position (e.g. forestay, backstay, bobstay). Formerly made of rope, typically of braided stainless steel wire, occasionally solid metal rod.
Stem: a continuation of the keel upwards at the bow where the two sides of the hull meet.
Stern: the aftmost part of a boat, often ending in a transom.
Stern sheets a flat area or deck, inboard of the transom in a small boat. It may contain hatches to access below decks or provide storage on deck for life saving equipment.
Strake: planking, running from the "garboard" strake affixed to the keel to the "sheer" strake below the caprail.
Stringer (also "batten"): a long relatively thin, knot free length of wood, running fore and aft, often used to reinforce planking on the inside of the hull.
Synthetic rope: lines manufactured from chained chemicals.  The four most common are: polyester (including brand names Dacron and Terylene), a strong, low stretch line, usually plaited (braided) used for running rigging; nylon, a strong but elastic line resistant to shock loads, best suited for mooring lines and anchor warps. It is usually laid (twisted) so to make it easier to grip when hauling; polypropylene, a light, cheap, slippery, buoyant line, typically laid, which is by far the weakest of the four, and deteriorates when exposed to sunlight. Commonly used on commercial fishing boats using nets; and Kevlar, an extremely strong and expensive fibre with almost no stretch, usually braided and best suited for halyards.
Taff rail: a railing at the extreme stern of a vessel.
Thwart: a transverse member used to maintain the shape of the topsides of a small boat, often doubling as a seat.
Tiller: a forward-facing attached to the rudder allowing a helmsman to steer a boat. On a dinghy, the tiller may have a hinged extension called a "jigger".
Toe rail: an upright longitudinal strip of wood surrounding a deck near the sheer, especially forward, for safety and to provide purchase when a boat is heeled.
Topping lift: a line running from a cleat on the mast through a block at the masthead and down to the aft end of a boom for supporting the boom when not in use or when reefing.
Topsides: the side planking of a boat from the waterline to the sheerstrake.
Transom: a vertical part of the hull at the stern. Transoms provide width and additional buoyancy at the stern. Dinghies may attach an outboard motor to the transom.
Warp: anchor line, traditionally made of stiff natural fibre such as hemp, today of stronger, lighter, synthetic fibres such as laid nylon, prized for its elasticity in absorbing shock loads on an anchor.
Winch: a geared device providing both friction and mechanical advantage in sail trimming, hoisting large sails, and retrieving an anchor. Some winches are self-tailing, allowing efficient one-man usage, others electrically powered.
Wind pennant: a small pivoting masthead wind indicator.
Yard: a horizontal spar on a square rigged ship fitted to the forward side of a mast, holding a square sail forward of the shrouds. An extension to the yard is the "yard-arm".

Gallery

See also

 Ancient shipbuilding techniques
 Boat building tools
 Center for Wooden Boats
 Lofting
 Marine propulsion
 Sail-plan
 Shipbuilding

References

External links

 WoodenBoat Publications—publisher of construction plans and techniques for traditional boat building methods.
 A website for the home boat builder.

Boat building


506 (DVI) pazar günü başlayan bir yıldır.

Olaylar
 Agde Konsili toplandı.
 Anastasya Savaşı sona erdi.

Doğumlar
 Wei Shou, Çinli yazar (ö. 572)

Ölümler
 Buretsu, Japon imparator

506


L'inosinate de calcium est le sel de calcium du nucléoside inosine. Il s'agit d'un additif alimentaire utilisé comme exhausteur de goût sous le numéro E633.

Tout comme l'inosinate disodique et l'inosinate dipotassique qui lui sont apparentés, il possède une saveur unami.

Notes et références

Sel organique de calcium
Purine
Nucléotide
Additif alimentaire
Exhausteur de goût

Inosinate de calcium


Hans Svedberg (* 6. September 1931 in Piteå; † 27. Juli 2012) war ein schwedischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Hans Svedberg verbrachte seine gesamte Vereinskarriere beim Skellefteå AIK, für dessen Profimannschaft er von 1955 bis 1965 in der Division 1, der damals höchsten schwedischen Spielklasse, aktiv war. In der Saison 1957/58 gewann er den Guldpucken als Schwedens Spieler des Jahres.

International
Für Schweden nahm Svedberg an den Weltmeisterschaften 1957 und 1958 teil. Bei der WM 1957 gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft die Goldmedaille. Als bestes europäisches Team wurde Schweden zudem Europameister. Bei der WM 1958 gewann er mit seiner Mannschaft die Bronzemedaille.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1958 Guldpucken

International
 1957 Goldmedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft
 1958 Bronzemedaille bei der Weltmeisterschaft

Weblinks

Quellen

Eishockeynationalspieler (Schweden)
Eishockeyspieler (Skellefteå AIK)
Europameister (Eishockey)
Weltmeister (Eishockey)
Olympiateilnehmer (Schweden)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1960
Mitglied der Schwedischen Eishockey-Ruhmeshalle
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2012
Schwede
Mann

Hans Svedberg


Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) er en virusart i slægten tospovirus, som er en del af familien Bunyaviridae.

TSWV blev første gang beskrevet i Australien i 1915 og blev i 1930 bestemt som værende en virus. Tomato spotted wilt virus forblev det eneste medlem af slægten indtil 1989, hvor andre plantevirus blev bestemt til at tilhøre samme slægt. Efter at der blev udarbejdet genetiske karakteristikker af flere virus-arter, så blev TSWV indplaceret i den nyoprettede slægt tospovirus.

Virus overføres af trips og der er beviser for, at flere arter af trips kan overføre virus. Virus overføres til planten via spyt, når trips æder af planterne, som de lever af. Der er en klar sammenhæng mellem TSWV og bestemte arter af trips. For andre arter af tospovirus er der sammenhænge med andre arter af trips.

Tomato spotted wild virus er udbredt i store dele af verden og kan inficere afgrøder som aubergine, bønne, agurk, salat, jordnød, blomkål, bladselleri, peber/chili, kartoffel, spinat, tobak og tomat.
I alt kan virus inficere over 1000 arter i over 85 familier.

Inficerede planter får pletter og visner i toppen, nogle af pletterne er bronzefarvede og frugt kan være uens modnet og have en ujævn overflade.

Referencer

Plantesygdomme

Tomato spotted wilt virus


Die drei Bäume ist eine Kurzgeschichte von Anna Seghers, die 1940 entstand und 1946 im Juni-Heft des "Neuen Deutschland" in Mexiko erschien.

Inhalt
Der Baum des Ritters
Um 1940 fanden Holzfäller in den Argonnen im hohlen Stamm einer steinalten Buche einen Ritter in voller Rüstung. Als Kämpfer Karls des Kühnen von Burgund hatte er sich auf der Flucht vor den Kämpen König Ludwigs XI. in den Baum verkrochen. Die Buche hatte den Ritter nicht freigegeben. So war er elendiglich umgekommen.
Der Baum des Jesaias
Ein Leben lang hatte der standhafte Prophet Jesaias sein Volk unerschrocken in den Kampf geführt. So auch jetzt. Nun nach der letzten Schlacht liegen seine Männer erschlagen. Schweigen kommt auch von oben. Jenes höhere Wesen, dem er ein Leben lang gefolgt war, hat nichts mehr zu sagen. Jesaias bekommt Angst und verkriecht sich vor den Häschern in einen hohlen Zedernstamm. Gelegenheit zur Flucht gibt es, aber Jesaias bleibt vor lauter Angst in seinem Versteck und wird am nächsten Tag von den Waldarbeitern mitsamt dem Stamm zersägt.
Der Baum des Odysseus
Als Odysseus nach langer Fahrt zur Gattin heimkehrt, ist die Unsicherheit der Frau groß. Ist der Ankömmling wirklich ihr Ehemann? Sie weiß es wirklich nicht. Wie nun weiter? Aus Verlegenheit schlägt sie vor, dem Manne soll nun sein Bett herbeigetragen werden. Nicht möglich, entgegnet Odysseus und erzählt von jener weit zurückliegenden Zeit, von jener Nacht in einem unverrückbaren Hochzeitsbett. Odysseus hatte damals dieses Lager aus dem Stumpf eines einzigen starken Baumes herausgeschnitten. Auf einmal hat die Frau Sicherheit. Der Ankömmling kann nach seiner einzigartigen Kenntnis ihrer Ehegeschichte eigentlich nur Odysseus sein.

Interpretation und Rezeption
Von Baum zu Baum geht es weiter zurück in die Geschichte der Menschheit. Der Ritter zwängt sich im 15. Jahrhundert in die Buche, hingegen der Prophet verbirgt sich im 8. Jahrhundert vor Christi Geburt in dem Zedernstamm. Odysseus schließlich soll um das 13. Jahrhundert vor Christi heimgekehrt sein. Schrade hat auf den Zusammenhang der drei Baumgeschichten hingewiesen und konstatiert, das sei kein vordergründig politisch motivierter Text. Vielmehr würden Existenzfragen des mit dem Tode bedrohten Flüchtlings im Exil gespiegelt. Also erzähle Anna Seghers von ihren Todesängsten in Frankreich. Den Zusammenhang der drei kleinen Geschichten betreffend ist auch noch das Verhältnis von Natur und Mensch über die genannten Zeiten hinweg angesprochen worden. Erst einmal verhalte sich die Natur immer gleichgültig gegenüber dem Menschen. Die Buche grünt und blüht wie eh und je, so herzerweichend der darin eingeklemmte Ritter darin sterbend auch schreien und zuletzt wimmern mag. Es gehe vorwiegend um den Wandel des Verhältnisses des Menschen zur Natur. Wird nun die Zeit von der fernen Vergangenheit ausgehend durchlaufen, so hatte Odysseus noch ein natürliches Verhältnis zum Baum. Von seinem Baumstumpf-Bett konnte er jederzeit aufstehen und weglaufen. Jesaias hingegen kommt vor lauter Angst aus dem hohlen Zedernstamm nicht heraus, obwohl er es doch gekonnt hätte. Auf den Ritter in der anbrechenden Neuzeit aber wirkt Natur in Gestalt der altehrwürdigen kraftstrotzenden Buche buchstäblich erdrückend.

Auch Neugebauer denkt an Emigrantenschicksal. Während in den ersten beiden Geschichten die Motive offensichtlich  Persönlichkeitsverlust infolge von Flucht und Furcht seien, gehe es in der letzten um "Entfremdung und Vertrauensverlust".

Hilzinger zitiert Frank Quilitzschs Betrachtung der "existentiellen Dimension" des Textes: Vom Ritter über Jesaja bis zu Odysseus. Anna Seghers´ Triptychon "Die drei Bäume" und merkt an, Anna Seghers soll sich 1963 gegenüber dem sowjetischen Freunde Steshinski brieflich zum Schreibanliegen geäußert haben.

Literatur

Textausgaben

Verwendete Ausgabe
Die drei Bäume. S. 273–276 in: Anna Seghers: Erzählungen 1926–1944. Band IX der Gesammelten Werke in Einzelausgaben. 367 Seiten. Aufbau-Verlag Berlin 1981 (2. Aufl.), ohne ISBN

Sekundärliteratur
Heinz Neugebauer: Anna Seghers. Leben und Werk. Mit Abbildungen (Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeit: Irmgard Neugebauer, Redaktionsschluss 20. September 1977). 238 Seiten. Reihe "Schriftsteller der Gegenwart" (Hrsg. Kurt Böttcher). Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1980, ohne ISBN
Andreas Schrade: Anna Seghers. Metzler, Stuttgart 1993 (Sammlung Metzler Bd. 275 (Autoren und Autorinnen)), ISBN 3-476-10275-0
Sonja Hilzinger: Anna Seghers. Mit 12 Abbildungen. Reihe Literaturstudium. Reclam, Stuttgart 2000, RUB 17623, ISBN 3-15-017623-9

Einzelnachweise

Werk von Anna Seghers
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Erzählung

Die drei Bäume


Adolf Leo Oppenheim (* 7. Juni 1904 in Wien; † 21. Juli 1974 in Berkeley) war ein österreichisch-amerikanischer Assyriologe.

Leben
Leo Oppenheim wurde 1933 an der Universität Wien promoviert und war dort anschließend als Bibliothekar und Assistent am Orientalischen Institut der Universität tätig. Als Jude wurde er 1938 entlassen und emigrierte über Frankreich 1941 in die USA. Zunächst war er in New York und Philadelphia tätig. Seit 1947 arbeitete er für das Oriental Institute der University of Chicago, seit 1949 als Assistant Professor, 1950 als Associate Professor, seit 1954 als Professor; 1973 wurde er emeritiert. 1950 wurde er Mitherausgeber des Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, 1955 dessen verantwortlicher Herausgeber.

Seit 1971 war er korrespondierendes Mitglied der British Academy.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)
 Untersuchungen zum babylonischen Mietrecht. Wien 1936 (= Dissertation)
 Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets of the Wilberforce Eames Babylonian Collection, New Haven 1948
 The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East, Philadelphia 1956
 Ancient Mesopotamia. Portrait of a Dead Civilization, Chicago/London 1964
 Letters from Mesopotamia, Chicago/London 1967
 Essays on Mesopotamian Civilization. Selected Papers of A. Leo Oppenheim, hrsg. von Erica Reiner und Johannes Renger, Chicago 1974 (Schriftenverzeichnis S. F6-F13)

Literatur
 Robert D. Biggs, J. A. Brinkman (Hrsg.): From the Workshop of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary. Studies Presented to A. Leo Oppenheim. Chicago 1964
 Hans Erich Hirsch, in: Archiv für Orientforschung 25, 1974–77, S. 347–349
 Eerle Leichty, in: Journal of the American Oriental Society 95, 1975, S. 369–370

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Altorientalist
Hochschullehrer (University of Chicago)
Österreichischer Emigrant zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Mitglied der British Academy
US-Amerikaner
Österreicher
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1974
Mann

Adolf Leo Oppenheim


Holy Cross or Saint Cross may refer to:
 the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus
 Christian cross, a frequently used religious symbol of Christianity
 True Cross, supposed remnants of the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified
 Feast of the Cross, a commemoration most often celebrated on September 14

Holy Cross may also refer to:

Educational institutions
 College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts
 Holy Cross Crusaders, the athletic teams of Holy Cross at Worcester
 Holy Cross School (disambiguation)
 Holy Cross College (disambiguation)
 Hellenic College and Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, in Brookline, Massachusetts
 Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, Rome, Italy

Churches
 Holy Cross Church (disambiguation)

Communities
Order of the Holy Cross refers to several institutions by that name:
 Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Coimbra (ORC), a Catholic religious order founded in Portugal in 1131 and refounded in 1977
 Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross (OSC), alias the Crosiers, a Catholic religious order founded in 1211 at Clairlieu near Huy, Belgium
 Order of the Holy Cross (OHC), an Anglican Benedictine community based in New York state in the United States
 Patriarchal Order of the Holy Cross of Jerusalem, a knightly order conferred by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church

Catholic religious orders
 Congregation of Holy Cross, priests and brothers
 Heiligenkreuz Abbey, or Holy Cross monastery in Austria
 Holy Cross Abbey, Virginia
 Holy Cross Abbey, in Tipperary, Ireland
 Marianites of Holy Cross, of Le Mans, France, and New Orleans, Louisiana
 Priestly Society of the Holy Cross, association of Opus Dei priests
 Sisters of Holy Cross of Montreal, Canada and Manchester, New Hampshire
 Sisters of the Holy Cross, of Notre Dame, Indiana

Anglican religious orders
 Community of the Holy Cross, a Benedictine community of nuns in England
 Society of the Holy Cross, priests in the Anglican Communion
 Society of the Holy Cross (Korea) (SHC), an order of women in the Anglican Church of Korea
 Order of the Holy Cross (OHC), an Anglican Benedictine community in New York
 Society of the Companions of the Holy Cross (SCHC), lay and ordained members of the Anglican Communion

Eastern Orthodox associations
 Monastery of the Cross, in Jerusalem

Places

Canada
 Holy Cross Mountain, Alberta

Ireland
 Holycross, County Tipperary, Ireland
 Holy Cross Church, Ardoyne, Belfast

Poland
 Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains), in central Poland
 Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Voivodeship), a province of central Poland

United Kingdom
 Holy Cross, Worcestershire, England

United States
 Holy Cross, Alaska
 Holy Cross, Iowa
 Holy Cross, Kentucky
 Holy Cross, New Orleans, Louisiana
 Holy Cross, Wisconsin
 Holy Cross Township, Clay County, Minnesota
 Holy Cross Cemetery (disambiguation), numerous cemeteries
 Mount of the Holy Cross, a mountain in Colorado
 Holy Cross Parish, New Britain, Connecticut

Other
 Holy Cross dispute, surrounding Holy Cross Primary School in Ardoyne, Belfast in 2001 and 2002
 Holy Cross (film), a 2003 BBC television film based on the events of the Holy Cross dispute.

See also
 Order of the Holy Cross (disambiguation)
 Holyrood (disambiguation)
 Sainte-Croix (disambiguation)
 Santa Cruz (disambiguation)
 Santa Croce (disambiguation)
 St Cross (disambiguation)
 Hospet Church, in Dakshina Kannada, is one of the ancient churches in the Mangalore Diocese of India

Holy Cross


Ernst Dorn (* 1889 in Neustadt bei Coburg; † 1927 in München) war ein deutscher Landschafts- und Historienmaler.

Dorn, Sohn eines Metzgers, studierte ab dem 13. Mai 1908 bei Gabriel von Hackl an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste in München Zeichnen, auch Otto Seitz gehörte zu seinen Lehrern. Seine Werke wurden im Münchener Glaspalast ausgestellt und finden sich auch heute noch im Kunsthandel.

Werke (Auswahl)

 Fränkisches Städtchen mit Burg und Kirchhügel, an einem Fluss gelegen. Öl auf Leinwand, 60 × 50,5 cm
 Markt vor der verschneiten Frauenkirche in Nürnberg
 Chiemsee, Öl auf Leinwand, 55 × 60 cm, 1913
 Flanierende Spaziergänger im blühenden Schlosspark, Öl auf Leinwand, 95,5 × 120,5 cm, 1914
 Berglandschaft, Öl auf Leinwand, 55 × 65 cm, 1914
 Der Apfelgarten, Gouache auf Papier, 55,9 × 71,1 cm, 1919
 "Aus Coburg", idyllischer Altstadtwinkel mit Brunnen und Blick auf die Morizkirche, Öl auf Leinmwand, 1919
 Hafen von Göteborg, Öl auf Leinwand, 55 × 65 cm, 1921

Weblinks

 Eintrag beim Bibliotheksverbund Bayern

Einzelnachweise

Landschaftsmaler
Historienmaler
Deutscher
Geboren 1889
Gestorben 1927
Mann

Ernst Dorn (Maler)


Lavanta, ballıbabagiller (Lamiaceae) familyasından Lavandula cinsini oluşturan Akdeniz kökenli bitki türlerinin ortak adıdır.

Atlas Okyanusu adalarından Akdeniz çevresindeki ülkelere ve Hindistan'a kadar uzanan geniş bir alanda yetişen, lavanta cinsi, çalı görünümlü, toplu başak biçiminde mavi, morumsu ya da kırmızı çiçekler açan bitkilerdir. Lavanta, dağlarda, 1000–1800 metre arasında yüksekliklerde yetişir.

Kurutularak dolaplara konan çiçekleri giysileri böceklerden korur. Yaklaşık 500 metrede yetişen İngiliz lavantası (Lavandula angustifolia) türünden boyacılıkta kullanılan esans elde edilir. Batı Anadolunun maki bölgelerinde yetişen karabaş otu (Lavandula stoechas) çiçeklerinden ağrı kesici, balgam söktürücü olarak yararlanılır.

Türler

Yetiştirme

Yetiştirmede en yaygın tür Lavandula angustifolia (eski adıyla L. officinalis) İngiliz lavantasıdır. Geniş bir kültivar yelpazesi vardır. Çok yetiştirilen diğer süs türleri L. stoechas, Lavandula dentata ve Lavandula multifida (Mısır lavantası)'dır.

Ekili türler bahçelere ekildiğinden ara sıra doğal alanlarının çok ötesinde, bahçe kenarlarında da yabani olarak büyürler. Bu türün kendiliğinden büyümesi genellikle zararsızdır ancak bazı durumlarda "Lavandula" türleri istilacı haline gelmiştir. Örneğin, Avustralya'da Lavandula stoechas endişe kaynağı haline geldi; tüm kıtada yaygındır ve 1920'den beri Victoria'da zararlı ot olarak ilan edilmiştir. İspanya'nın bazı bölgelerinde yabani ot olarak kabul edilir.

Lavantalar en iyi şekilde kuru, iyi drene edilmiş, kumlu veya çakıllı topraklarda bol güneşte gelişir. İngiliz lavantasının uzun çimlenme süreci vardır (14-28 gün) ve 100-110 gün içinde olgunlaşır. Tüm türler çok az gübreye ve iyi hava sirkülasyonuna ihtiyaç duyar veya hiç ihtiyaç duymaz. Nemin çok olduğu bölgelerde mantar enfeksiyonu nedeniyle kök çürümesi sorun olabilir. Organik malçlar, bitkilerin tabanlarının etrafındaki nemi hapsederek kök çürümesini teşvik edebilir. Ezilmiş kayalar gibi çakıllı malzemeler daha iyi sonuçlar verir. PH değeri 6 ile 8 arasında olan topraklarda en iyi şekilde yetişir. Çoğu lavanta elle hasat edilir ve hasat süreleri kullanım amacına göre değişir.

Lavanta yağı
Ticari olarak, bitki esas olarak lavanta esansiyel yağı üretimi için yetiştirilir. İngiliz lavantası (Lavandula angustifolia) tatlı tonlara sahip yağ verir ve balsamlarda, merhemlerde, parfümlerde, kozmetiklerde ve topikal uygulamalarda kullanılabilir. Lavandin veya Hollanda lavantası olarak da bilinen Lavandula × intermedia, Lavandula angustifolia ve Lavandula latifolia melezleri çiçekleri İngiliz lavantalarından daha büyük olduğundan ve bitkilerin hasat edilmesi de daha kolay olduğundan ticari kullanım için çok yetiştirilir. Benzer bir esansiyel yağ verirler, ancak kokuya daha keskin ton katan kâfur dahil terpen'lerin daha yüksek seviyelerine sahiptirler ve bazıları tarafından İngiliz lavantasından daha düşük kalite olarak kabul edilirler.

ABD Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi, lavantayı insan tüketimi için "genellikle güvenli olarak kabul edilir" (GRAS) sınıf olarak kabul eder. Uçucu yağı, I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında hastanelerde kullanılmıştır.

Fitokimyasallar
Lavanta yağında, Linalil asetat (%30-55), linalool (%20-35), tanenler, (%5-10) ve karyofillen (%8), daha az miktarda seskiterpenoidler, perillil alkoller, esterler, oksitler, ketonlar, sineole, kafur, beta-ocimene, limonen, kaproik asit ve karyofillen oksit ana içerikleri dahil olmak üzere yaklaşık 100 ayrı fitokimyasal tanımlanmıştır. Bu bileşiklerin nispi miktarları lavanta türleri arasında önemli ölçüde değişir.

Mutfak kullanımı

Mutfak lavantası genellikle İngiliz lavantası olup yemek yapmada en çok kullanılan türdür (L. angustifolia 'Munstead'). Aromatik olarak limon veya narenciye notaları ile tatlı bir kokuya sahiptir. Baharat olarak kullanılır. veya makarnalarda, salatalarda ve soslarda ve tatlılarda çeşnidir. Tomurcukları ve yeşillikleri çaylarda kullanılır ve arılar tarafından işlenen tomurcukları monofloral bal'ın temel bileşenidir.

Tomurcukların kullanımı
Yemek yaparken çoğunlukla çiçek olarak da adlandırılan kuru tomurcuklar kullanılır. Lavanta yeşillikleri, biberiye ile kıyaslandığında tadı daha hafiftir.

Lavanta çiçeklerinin gücü, ağır, sabunlu ağız tadından kaçınmak için daha fazla kullanım isteyen kurutma ile artar. Şefler, taze lavanta tomurcukları gerektiren tariflerde kuru miktarı üçte iki oranında azaltır.

Lavanta tomurcukları, yemeklerde hem tatlı hem de tuzlu lezzetleri artırabilir ve bazen koyun sütü ve keçi sütü peynirleriyle eşleştirilir. Lavanta çiçekleri bazen siyah, yeşil veya bitki çayıları ile karıştırılır. Lavanta aromalı unlu mamuller ve tatlılar, özellikle çikolata ile iyi uyum sağlar. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde hem lavanta şurubu hem de kurutulmuş lavanta tomurcukları lavanta çörekleri ve hatmileri yapmak için kullanılır.

Lavanta tomurcukları, uçucu yağların ve kokunun aktarılmasını sağlamak için iki hafta boyunca şekere konur; daha sonra şekerin kendisi pişirme işleminde kullanılır. Tariflerin biberiye gerektirdiği ekmeklerde lavanta kullanılabilir. Lavanta, tabaklarda veya alkollü içkilerde dekoratif olarak veya bir bardak şampanyada dekoratif ve aromatik olarak kullanılabilir. Lavanta, lezzetli yemeklerde kullanılır, yahnilere ve azaltılmış soslara aromatik etki verir. Ayrıca börekleri, kremaları ve şerbetleri kokulandırmak için de kullanılır.

Yeşil yaprakların kullanımı
Yeşil kısımları biberiyeye benzer şekilde kullanılır veya tuzlu yemeklerde et ve sebzeleri tatlandırmak için biberiye ile birleştirilir. Çiçeklerle yapılan çaylardan daha yumuşak bir çay yapmak için de kullanılabilirler.

Balda
Çiçekler bol miktarda nektar verir, bundan arılar yüksek kalitede bal yapar. Monofloral bal öncelikle Akdeniz çevresinde üretilir ve dünya çapında birinci sınıf bir ürün olarak pazarlanır. Çiçekler şekerlenebilir ve bazen kek süslemede kullanılır. Ayrıca "lavanta şekeri" yapmak için kullanılır.

Diğer kullanımları

Kuru çiçek aranjmanları için çiçek başakları kullanılır. Kokulu, soluk mor çiçekler ve çiçek tomurcukları potpurilerde kullanılır. Lavanta, çarşafları tazelemek için kullanılan poşetlerin içinde bitkisel dolgu maddesi olarak da kullanılır. Kurutulmuş ve poşetlerde mühürlenmiş lavanta çiçekleri, taze bir koku vermek ve giysilerin arasına güveleri caydırmak için konur. Kurutulmuş lavanta çiçekleri düğün konfeti için kullanılabilir. Lavanta, kokulu sularda ve poşetlerde de kullanılır.

Tarih ve kültürde
Antik Yunanlar lavanta bitkisini  olarak adlandırdı: nárdos, Suriyenin Naarda kentinden (muhtemelen modern Duhok, Irak). Aynı zamanda yaygın olarak "nard" da denildi. Orijinal olarak yetiştirilen tür L. stoecha idi.

Roma zamanlarında, çiçekler 1 pound başına 100 denarii fiyatına satılırdı, bu ise bir çiftlik işçisinin bir aylık maaşıyla ya da yerel berberden elli saç kesimi ile hemen hemen aynıydı. Geç Latince adı, "lavanda"dan (yıkanacak şeyler), "lavāre" (yıkamak) fiilinden gelen "lavandarius" idi.

Mutfak tarihi
İspanyol nard (Eski Fransızca:"spykenard de spayn le pays"), L. stoechas, baharatlı şarap yani hippocras yapımında kullanılan bir bileşen olarak, The Forme of Curyde listelenmiştir.

Lavanta 1600'lerde İngiltere'ye tanıtıldı. Kraliçe Elizabeth'in masasında bir lavanta reçelini beğendiği söylenir, bu nedenle lavanta o zamanlar reçel olarak üretildiği ve hem tıbbi olarak hem de tadı için çaylarda kullanıldığı söylenir.

Lavanta, 20. yüzyılın başında geleneksel güney Fransız yemeklerinde kullanılmadı. Provençal yemek pişirmenin en iyi bilinen özeti  J.-B. Reboul'un Cuisinière Provençale 'de hiç yer almaz. Fransız kuzularının etlerini daha yumuşak ve kokulu hale getirdiği iddia edildiği için lavanta üzerinde otlamasına izin verildi. 1970'lerde baharat toptancıları tarafından 'herbes de Provence' adı verilen bir bitki karışımı icat edildi. Kuzey Amerika versiyonunda karışıma mutfak lavanta eklenir.

21. yüzyıl'da lavanta, dünyanın birçok bölgesinde çay, sirke, jöleler, unlu mamuller ve içecekleri tatlandırmak için kullanılır.

Otsu ilaçlar, Herboloji
Geleneksel tıp, ile ilgili Alman bilim komitesi, lavanta çiçeğinin Herboloji uygulamalarında, huzursuzluk veya uykusuzluk (insomnia), Roemheld sendromu, bağırsak rahatsızlığı ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar için kullanımı da dahil olmak üzere kullanımlarını bildirdi.

Kaynakça

Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
Lavandula

Lavanta


UAE Tour 2019 var den 1. udgave af cykelløbet UAE Tour. Det emiratarabiske etapeløb var det tredje arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2019 og blev arrangeret mellem 24. februar og 2. marts 2019. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev slovenske Primož Roglič fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Michael Mørkøv kørte for
Mikkel Frølich Honoré kørte for
Niklas Eg kørte for

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

6. etape

7. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Startliste

Eksterne henvisninger

2019
UCI World Tour 2019

UAE Tour 2019


The New York State College of Human Ecology at Cornell University (HumEc) is a statutory college and one of four New York State contract colleges located on the Cornell University campus in Ithaca, New York. The College of Human Ecology is compilation of study areas such as design, design thinking, consumer science, nutrition, health economics, public policy, human development and textiles, each through the perspective of human ecology.

The school was founded in 1925 as the New York State College of Home Economics, growing out of an academic department that had been started in 1907. The college was renamed to its present appelation in 1969.

The college is open to both New York State residents and to non-residents; residents pay reduced tuition rates. In 2007-2008, the HumEc total budget of $42 million included $33 million in tuition revenue and $9 million in state appropriations.

Academics
The College enrolls approximately 1,250 undergraduates and 458 graduate students, and has approximately 105 professors and lecturers, and 70 research associates. Human Ecology provides a liberal arts foundation supporting career-specific preparation in a small college environment. The admitted freshman profile is in the middle 50th percentile. In 2005, the Cornell Alumni Magazine reported males represented 25 percent of College of Human Ecology 2005–06 student body.

The five academic departments comprising the College are Design and Environmental Analysis, Fiber Science & Apparel Design, Human Development, Policy Analysis and Management, and Nutritional Sciences, which offer the following undergraduate majors: Design and Environmental Analysis; Fiber Science and Apparel Design, with possible options in Apparel Design, Fashion Design Management, or Fiber Science; Global and Public Health Sciences; Human Biology; Health and Society; Human Development; Nutritional Sciences; Policy Analysis and Management; and Healthcare Policy. Thirty-five to forty percent of Human Ecology students continue in professional or graduate degree programs following the completion of undergraduate degree programs. The college also houses the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs (CIPA), which awards the Master of Public Administration degree and the Sloan Program Master of Health Administration.

History

The home economics movement emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century. Pioneers such as Ellen Swallow Richards and Mr. and Mrs. Melvil Dewey championed home economics as a field in higher education.

From 1903 to 1907 Martha Van Rensselaer (1864–1932), a pioneer in the field of home economics, and American nutritionist Flora Rose (1874-1959), and Anna Botsford Comstock taught early home economics courses at the New York State College of Agriculture. and later co-directed the fledgling department of Home Economics. In 1914, the United States Congress passed the Smith-Lever Act to establish a system of cooperative extension services provided by land-grant universities for the purpose of educating American farmers, youth, and other groups about developments in the fields of agriculture, home economics, 4-H and other related domains.  Van Rensselaer and Rose advocated for the state charter of 1925 for the New York State College of Home Economics - the first unit of its kind in the United States.

In 1929, Eleanor Roosevelt lent political influence to assist the college to obtain public funds to construct a building, later completed in 1933.

In 1969, the College was renamed the New York State College of Human Ecology. The term human ecology refers to methods regarding the study of relationships between people and natural and constructed environments.

Requests for appropriations, budgets, estimates, and expenditures has remained under the management and control of the State University of New York, and the college is therefore subject to the financial supervision of the SUNY trustees. In this respect, the college is fundamentally a part of Cornell's land-grant mandate of providing state funds for training in "practical" fields that assist the economy of the state.

The Human Ecology Fund, a CIA-funded operation on brainwashing, was also executed through the College.

Facilities

In 1933, the College was housed in Martha Van Rensselaer Hall (MVR), located at 116 Reservoir Avenue in Ithaca. The Georgian Revival style brick building was designed by architect William Haugaard of the New York State Dormitory Authority.

In 1968, architect Ulrich Franzen designed an addition on the north side MVR Hall. The expansion provided studio and laboratory space for faculty and students. In 2003,  Dean Patsy Brannon presided over the completion of a west wing addition to MVR Hall, providing space for the Division of Nutritional Sciences, including a human metabolic research unit as well as an interactive distance-learning classroom.

Meanwhile, MVR Hall's north wing had been urgently evacuated in 2001 due to structural problems, and was demolished in 2005. In 2011, a new 89,000-square foot facility designed by Gruzen Samton and IBI Group was completed to provide a parking garage, a three-story building, and a commons adjacent to the existing building. In 2015, the Green Parking Council certified the parking structure a green garage.

Notable alumni

 Mandy Cohen - physician and Director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Sandra Fluke - attorney, political candidate and activist.
 Raja Jaafar - Crown prince of Perak, Malaysia.
 Alice H. Lichtenstein - professor and nutrition researcher.
 Parker W. Borg - professor and former US ambassador to Mali and Iceland.
 James Pitaro - Chairman, ESPN and Sports Content at The Walt Disney Company.
 Nicole Alexander-Scott - infectious disease specialist.
 Judith S. Stern - Member of the National Academy of Medicine, co-founder of American Obesity Association.
 Mark Whitacre - Highest-level corporate executive in U.S. history to become an FBI whistleblower.

Notable faculty
Beulah Blackmore
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Joan Jacobs Brumberg
Stephen Ceci
Dora Erway
Karl Pillemer
Robert Sternberg
Susan Margaret Watkins
Ritch Savin-Williams

Further reading
 New York State College of Human Ecology. (2000). Human ecology. Ithaca, NY
 New York State College of Human Ecology & Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art. (1991). American clothing: Identity in mass culture, 1840 to 1990. Ithaca, NY: New York State College of Human Ecology.
 New York State College of Human Ecology. (1989). Report of the New York State College of Human Ecology. Ithaca, N.Y: The University.
 New York State College of Human Ecology. (1984). Some ways to find out about child abuse and neglect, child welfare, adoption of children with special needs, troubled adolescents. Ithaca, N.Y: Family Life Development Center, Region II Resource Center on Children and Youth, Cornell University.
 New York State College of Human Ecology. (1981). Television advertising for children: Buy it or ban it?. Ithaca, N.Y: Television, Radio, and Film.
 New York State College of Human Ecology. (1970). Annual report of the New York State College of Human Ecology. Ithaca, N.Y: The College.
 New York State College of Human Ecology. (1978). Expanding adolescent role expectations: information, activities, resources for vocational educators. Ithaca, N.Y: The College.
 New York State College of Human Ecology at Cornell University. (1999). Human ecology historical photographs. Ithaca, N.Y: College of Human Ecology.

References

External links

Colleges and schools of Cornell University
State University of New York statutory colleges
1925 establishments in New York (state)
Specialized doctoral-granting institutions in New York (state)


Jacopo Nardi (født 21. juli 1476 i Firenze, død 11. marts 1563 i Venedig) var en italiensk historieskriver.

Han deltog som ivrig republikaner og modstander af Medicierne i sin fædrenestads politiske liv, havde indflydelsesrige embeder i Savonarolas tid og senere; men efter Mediciernes genkomst til Firenze måtte Nardi vandre i landflygtighed, først til Rom, derefter til Napoli, hvor han 1535 fremsatte de forvistes klager for Karl V, endelig til Venedig. Sine sidste dage levede han i trange kär, beskæftiget med at nedskrive den nyere florentinske historie, til dels efter personlige erindringer og i antimediceisk ånd. Værket udkom efter Nardis død med titlen Istorie della città di Firenze (1582); det udmærker sig ved sin fremstilling, men partiskheden er vel meget fremtrædende. En god, ny udgave af det besørgede Agenore Gelli (1858). Desuden har Nardi skrevet en biografi af Antonio Giacomini Tebalducci (1597, ny udgave ved Gelli, 1854; 1867, ved Carlo Gargiolli), forsøgt sig som dramatisk digter, navnlig komedien L'Amicizia, og besørget en fri oversættelse af Livius (1540).

Kilder

Historikere fra Italien
Italienere i 1400-tallet
Italienere i 1500-tallet
Personer fra Firenze

Jacopo Nardi


La collision ferroviaire de Ngungumbane, est une collision entre deux trains au niveau d'un passage à niveau au Zimbabwe.

Déroulement
Tôt le samedi , un train de marchandises mixtes, de , comprenant trois camions-citernes a heurté un train de voyageurs à l'arrêt sur la voie d'évitement de Ngungumbane, faisant dérailler la locomotive et deux wagons. Les deux trains étaient à destination de Bulawayo, ils étaient censés croiser un autre train de marchandises, en provenance de Dabuka. Quatre employés des chemins de fer sont morts dans les wagons de marchandises et un voyageur est mort dans une voiture du trains de voyageurs. Il y a également eu six personnes grièvement blessées et dix-huit autres blessés plus légèrement.

Réactions
Selon le directeur général de la NRZ ( National Railways of Zimbabwe ), le commodore de l'air Mike Karakadzai (retraité), s'exprimant sur les lieux de l'accident, le conducteur du train de marchandises a tenté d'appliquer un freinage d'urgence pour éviter une collision, mais n'a pas pu le faire à temps. Il a salué la réponse rapide du personnel de secours.

Le gouverneur des Midlands du Zimbabwe, Cephas Msipa, qui s'est également rendu sur les lieux de l'accident, a été cité par le Sunday News disant qu'il a félicité NRZ pour sa réponse rapide. « Il est important que les opérateurs de transports publics et les équipages reconnaissent qu'ils ont le devoir, en plus de transporter des personnes, de sauver la vie de leurs passagers ».

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transport ferroviaire au Zimbabwe
 Liste des principaux accidents ferroviaires
 Accident ferroviaire de Dete

Liens externes

2006 au Zimbabwe
Accident ferroviaire au Zimbabwe
Catastrophe ferroviaire en 2006

Collision ferroviaire de Ngungumbane


Ladyhawke is a 1985 medieval fantasy film directed and produced by Richard Donner and starring Matthew Broderick, Rutger Hauer and Michelle Pfeiffer. The story is about a young thief who becomes unwillingly involved with a warrior and his lady who are hunted by the Bishop of Aquila. As he learns about the couple's past and secret, he chooses to help them overcome the bishop's forces, and to lift an infernal curse.

Plot

In medieval Italy, Phillipe Gaston, a thief known as "The Mouse", is imprisoned in the dungeons of the evil Bishop of Aquila. Phillipe escapes, just in time to avoid execution. He is recaptured at an inn by the Bishop's guards, led by Captain Marquet. The former captain, Etienne Navarre, arrives, rescues him, and defeats Marquet and the guards. As Navarre and Phillipe flee on horseback, Navarre's hawk scatters the other guards, aiding the escape.

Navarre and Phillipe stay the night at a farmer's barn. Later, Phillipe tries to leave, but the farmer attempts to kill him. An enormous black wolf protects him by killing the farmer. Phillipe looks for Navarre in the barn, but discovers a beautiful young woman, dressed in Navarre's cloak, who walks away with the wolf.

In the morning, Navarre returns, reveals his intention to kill the Bishop, and asks Phillipe to help him get inside Aquila. Phillipe refuses, and Navarre ties him to a tree. That night, Phillippe meets the woman again and tricks her into cutting his bonds. The next day, he is captured by the Bishop's guards, who use him to set up an ambush for Navarre. During the ambush, Navarre and his hawk are each hit by a crossbow bolt, but Navarre manages to defeat the Bishop's guards and save Phillipe.

Navarre orders Phillipe to take the hawk, who is the worse injured of the two of them, and ride ahead to the ruined castle of a monk named Imperius for help. The hawk is sequestered in a room, but a curious Phillipe picks the lock and finds the mysterious woman inside, her chest struck with the bolt. After tending to her wound, Imperius explains that she is Isabeau of Anjou, who had once refused the Bishop's unwelcome advances. After a drunken Imperius leaked the fact that Navarre and Isabeau had secretly wed, the enraged Bishop put the couple under a satanic curse. Isabeau becomes a hawk by day and Navarre a wolf by night; despite being always together, they are eternally apart. Just before dawn, Imperius' castle is invaded by the Bishop's soldiers; while escaping, Isabeau falls off a tower, but Phillipe is able to hold onto her for a moment, letting her go just as the sunrise turns her into a hawk so she can fly away.

When Navarre catches up, Imperius tells him that the curse can be broken if the couple faces the Bishop, both as humans, on "a day without a night and a night without a day". Navarre dismisses Imperius as an old drunk, and continues on his way to Aquila, intent on simply killing the Bishop for revenge. Now invested in the lovers' story, Phillipe volunteers to accompany them. After the group's perilous encounter with Cezar, a wolf-trapper hired by the Bishop, Phillipe saves Navarre from a frozen river, earns his friendship, and convinces him to try to break the curse.

At night, Imperius and Isabeau smuggle the Navarre-wolf into Aquila, while Phillipe swims back through the sewers to get inside the cathedral. Seeing no divine sign on the day that he and Isabeau are to appear as humans together, Navarre reverts to his original plan to kill the Bishop. He orders Imperius to euthanize the hawk should the cathedral bells ring, which would mean he had failed.

Phillipe infiltrates the cathedral and unlocks its doors. Navarre rides in and duels with Marquet. Suddenly noticing a solar eclipse through a window, Navarre realizes Imperius was right. He tries to get back to Imperius, but fails to keep the guards from ringing the bell. Believing that Imperius has killed Isabeau, Navarre continues his fight and eventually kills Marquet.

As Navarre is about to execute the unarmed Bishop, a human Isabeau enters the cathedral and stops him. Together, she and Navarre face the Bishop and break the curse. The maddened Bishop tries to kill Isabeau, only to die by Navarre's sword. Isabeau and Navarre finally embrace in joy.

Cast
 Matthew Broderick as Phillipe Gaston, a young thief known as "The Mouse".
 Rutger Hauer as Etienne of Navarre, the former Captain of the Guard of Aquila, who is hunted by the Bishop.
 Akeela, Kollchek, Levi, and Sasha—a quartet of melanistic Siberian wolves—as Etienne's lupine form.
 Michelle Pfeiffer as Isabeau of Anjou, the Comte d'Anjou's daughter, who is hunted by the Bishop.
 Gift (c.1979–2 or 3 Dec 2014) and Ladyhawke (d. May 2007) (named Spike II until 2000)—two female red-tailed hawks—as Isabeau's avian form.
 Leo McKern as Imperius, an old monk living in a ruined castle who used to serve the Bishop.
 John Wood as the Bishop of Aquila, who is obsessed with killing Etienne and capturing Isabeau.
 Ken Hutchison as Captain Marquet, the current Captain of the Guard.
 Alfred Molina as Cezar, a wolf trapper who serves the Bishop.
 Giancarlo Prete as Fornac, a guard officer.
 Loris Loddi as Jehan, a guard officer.

Production

Richard Donner had attempted to get the film financed for a number of years and came close to making it twice, once in England and once in Czechoslovakia. He eventually got the project up at Warners and Fox, where it was green-lit by Alan Ladd Jr. Originally, Kurt Russell was cast as the male lead alongside Michelle Pfeiffer. The role of the pickpocket was offered to Sean Penn and then Dustin Hoffman, before Donner decided to go with Matthew Broderick. Eventually, Russell pulled out during rehearsals, and Rutger Hauer was chosen to replace him.

Filming locations

Ladyhawke was filmed in Italy; the Apennine meadow of Campo Imperatore in Abruzzo served as a prominent exterior location, while the monk scene was filmed at Rocca Calascio, a ruined fortress on top of a mountain, not far from real-world L'Aquila. In the region of Emilia-Romagna, the town of Castell'Arquato in the province of Piacenza and castle of Torrechiara in the province of Parma were also featured. Other Italian locations used include Soncino in the Lombardia region, Belluno in the Veneto region, and the Lazio region around Viterbo.

Soundtrack

Andrew Powell composed the score, and it was produced by Alan Parsons. Richard Donner stated that he was listening to The Alan Parsons Project (on which Powell collaborated) while scouting for locations, and became unable to separate his visual ideas from the music. Powell combined traditional orchestral music and Gregorian chants with contemporary progressive rock-infused material. At the time, it was part of a trend among 1980s fantasy films of abandoning the lush orchestral scores of composers such as  John Williams, James Horner, and Jerry Goldsmith in favor of a modern pop/rock sound.  The soundtrack album was released in 1985 and re-released with additional tracks in 1995. On February 10, 2015, a 2-disc set was released by La-La Land Records; it include previously unreleased music and bonus tracks and was limited to 3,000 units.

The film soundtrack, composed by Andrew Powell, has had some criticism, with some saying the synthesizer laden track is incongruous for a medieval themed movie  , while others were more critical, with one reviewer calling it the "cream of the crop when it comes to atrocious scores" and another saying it sounded like an "exercise video that got played on top of a low budget '80s sitcom". It has been placed at the top of a list of worst movie soundscores, and appears on three other lists of bad movie music. Another commentator calls it one of the  most "widely mocked soundtracks in the history of film".

Powell has commented on the poor reception to the soundtrack, explaining that he did not in fact use a lot of rock music in it, and that the criticism was not warranted. He has not worked on many film soundtracks since.

Reception

Box office
The film was a box-office disappointment, grossing around $18.4 million against a $20 million budget and ranking 48th for the year at the North American box office.

Critical response
Ladyhawke has a rating of 67% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 30 critics' reviews. The site's consensus states: "There's pacing problems, but Ladyhawke has an undeniable romantic sweep that's stronger than most fantasy epics of its ilk."

Vincent Canby in The New York Times called the film "divided against itself," and went on to say that "scenes of high adventure or of visual splendor... are spliced between other scenes with dialogue of a banality that recalls the famous Tony Curtis line, 'Yondah lies my faddah's castle. Time Out called it "all rather facile sword-and-sorcery stuff, of course, but at times very funny... and always beautifully photographed." Variety described the film as a "very likeable, very well-made fairytale... worthwhile for its extremely authentic look alone." Siskel & Ebert both gave the film positive "thumbs up" reviews on their syndicated television show and thought Ladyhawke was beautifully filmed with the potential to achieve lasting success as a classic in its genre. Siskel's only major complaint was that Broderick's role was almost anachronistic in his 1980s-style jokes, while Ebert felt Broderick's comedic elements were fitting.

The New York Times singled out Matthew Broderick's skill in coming "very close to transforming contemporary wisecracks – particularly, his asides to God – into a more ageless kind of comedy," and said of Michelle Pfeiffer that her "presence, both ethereal and erotic, is so vivid that even when she's represented as a hawk, she still seems to be on the screen." Variety praised the casting of the lead actors, considering Pfeiffer "perfect as the enchanting beauty." Time Out called Rutger Hauer "camp" and Pfeiffer "decorative."

Colin Greenland reviewed Ladyhawke for Imagine magazine, and stated that "a singular tale of witchcraft, love and courage, with a fascinating idea that it almost makes the most of."

Accolades

Ladyhawke was nominated for two Academy Awards, in the categories of Best Sound (Les Fresholtz, Dick Alexander, Vern Poore and Bud Alper) and Best Sound Effects Editing (Bob Henderson and Alan Murray), winning neither. It won a Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, and was nominated in the categories of Best Actress (Michelle Pfeiffer) and Best Music (Andrew Powell).

See also
 List of films featuring eclipses

References

External links

 Ladyhawke at Movie Review Query Engine

1985 films
1985 drama films
American romantic fantasy films
British fantasy films
Italian fantasy films
1980s English-language films
1985 fantasy films
Films about shapeshifting
Films with screenplays by David Peoples
Films with screenplays by Tom Mankiewicz
Films directed by Richard Donner
Films set in castles
Films set in the 13th century
Films set in Italy
Films shot in Abruzzo
Films about birds
American werewolf films
1985 soundtrack albums
Fantasy film soundtracks
Warner Bros. films
20th Century Fox films
1980s American films
1980s British films
1980s Italian films
1980s fantasy adventure films

Ladyhawke (film)


Bernardino Tafuri, né le  à Nardò et mort dans cette même ville le , est un historien italien.

Biographie
Bernardino Tafuri naquit en 1695, à Nardò petite ville de la Terre d'Otrante. Après avoir passé ses premières années dans la dissipation, il s'efforça de réparer ce tort ; et autant ses études avaient été tardives, autant ses progrès furent rapides. Ses ouvrages marquent le développement successif de ses idées ; car il travailla d'abord à illustrer sa ville natale, puis sa province, enfin tout le royaume. C'était marcher, pour ainsi dire, du connu à l'inconnu, et étendre ses conquêtes après avoir augmenté ses forces. L'amour des lettres ne l'empêcha pas de remplir des charges publiques ; et, dans le tremblement de terre qui renversa de fond en comble la ville de Nardò, en 1743, on vit ce savant, rempli de zèle et de philanthropie, apporter des consolations et des secours à ceux, qui avaient le plus souffert de ce terrible fléau. Il mourut dans cette ville, le 6 mai 1760.

Œuvres

 Vita di S. Gregorio Armeno, Lecce, 1723, in-12. S. Grégoire est le patron de la ville de Nardò.
 Ragionamento istorico degli antichi studj ed Accademie della città di Nardò. (Dans le ne volume de la Cronica de' minori Osservanti, par Bonaventura da Lama, ibid., 1723, in-4°).
 Giudizio intorno alla Dissertazione della patria di Ennio, dell'ab. de Angelis (Dans le  vol. du Recueil de Calogerà). L'auteur soutient que cet ancien poète latin naquit à Rugge (Rudiae), aux environs de Tarente, et non pas dans un village du même nom, près de Lecce, comme de Angelis l'avait prétendu. L'opinion de Tafuri fut attaquée par un de ses compatriotes, qui publia (sous le nom supposé de Metello Alessandro Da riva) : Risposta alla Critica fatta all'ab. de Angelis, etc., ibid., .
 Delle scienze e delle arti inventate, illustrate ed accresciute nel regno di Napoli, Naples, 1738, in-12, compilation médiocre, et qui prouve plus de patriotisme que de lumières : elle est bien au-dessous des éloges qu'on lui a prodigués.
 Censura sopra i Giornali di Matteo Spinelli di Giovenazzo. Les notes publiées par Muratori, sous le nom de Tafuri, appartiennent à l'abbé Pollidori. Ce fut pour en repousser la responsabilité, que notre auteur fit paraître les siennes dans le  volume de Calogerà.
 Ant. de Ferrariis Galatei, de situ Japygiæ, etc., Lecce, 1727, in-8°, réimprimée dans le  vol. de Calogerà. Tafuri, qui a été l'éditeur de cet ouvrage, l'a enrichi de quelques notes.
 Annotazioni critiche sopra le cronache di Antonello Coniger, dans le  vol. du même recueil et avec de nouvelles remarques dans le tom. III, part.  de la Collection des historiens de Naples. L'avocat Ambolo publia des observations sous le titre suivant : Risposta alle critiche annotazioni di Tafuri sopra le Croniche di Coniger, Lecce, 1736, in-4°.
 Notizie intorno alla vita ed alle opere di Angelo di Costanzo (dans le  vol. de Calogerà) suivi de corrections et de suppléments à l'ouvrage de cet historien, la notice seule a été réimprimée dans l'édition de Costanzo de 1735 ; elle fait aussi partie de la collection de Gravier.
 Dell'origine, sito ed antichità della città di Nardò (dans le  vol. de Calogerà. Les six premiers chapitres seulement).
 Frammenti degli atti della Congregazione ordinata da Gregorio XIV, per l'emendazione della Bibbia, etc., dans le  vol. de Calogerà, avec plusieurs renseignements biographiques sur les prélats chargés de ce travail. XI. Istoria degli scrittori nati nel regno di Napoli, Naples, 1744-70, 9 vol. in-12 ; c'est l'ouvrage le plus important de l'auteur, qui a le mérite d'avoir le premier traite l'histoire littéraire de Naples moins superficiellement que ne l'avaient fait Toppi et Nicodemo. Il a été maltraite par Signorelli, qui ne vaut pas mieux que Tafuri, auquel il a beaucoup emprunté. Le premier volume de cet ouvrage comprend les écrivains nés dans le royaume de Naples avant l'ère chrétienne : leurs notices, au nombre de quatre-vingt-une, sont rangées par ordre alphabétique, et précédées d'une introduction relative à l'ancienne géographie du royaume. Dans les volumes suivants, les noms sont disposés par ordre chronologique : l'auteur y a joint également un discours sur l'état des sciences et des lettres pendant les siècles barbares. Cette seconde période, qui s'étend jusqu'à la fin du , remplit six volumes. Les deux derniers et la moitié du septième, contiennent des additions et des corrections aux volumes précédents. Tafuri avait déjà rassemblé les matériaux pour la continuation de son ouvrage, qu'il aurait probablement refondu en entier, s'il en avait eu le loisir. Ses héritiers conservent plusieurs de ses manuscrits, entre autres la suite de l'histoire littéraire, en 3 vol. in-4°, et des additions nombreuses à la Bibliothèque napolitaine, de Toppi, en 1 vol. in-fol. Voy. Soria, Storici napoletani, pag. 577.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Historien italien
Naissance à Nardò
Naissance en septembre 1695
Décès en mai 1760
Décès à 64 ans

Bernardino Tafuri


Antons arm er en kortfilm fra 2007 instrueret af Andreas Thaulow efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En gruppe mennesker befinder sig på en øde slette. En af personerne anses som værende uberegnelig og til fare for de andre, da hans arm ustyrligt volder ham skade. Der påbegyndes en diskussion, hvor der argumenteres for metoder til behandling af problemet. En dominerende initiativtager træffer en drastisk beslutning på gruppens vegne: armen skal fjernes. Armen bliver derefter amputeret og erstattet med en helt ny plastikarm.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2007

Antons arm


La Bienal Iberoamericana de Arquitectura y Urbanismo es una iniciativa del Ministerio de Fomento del Gobierno de España que busca ser un espacio de intercambio de experiencias entre los profesionales de la arquitectura y el urbanismo de los países de Iberoamérica así como un lugar de debate sobre los grandes problemas que inciden en la arquitectura y el urbanismo.

Historia
Su primera edición se celebró en Madrid en 1998. Con posterioridad se ha desarrollado en México (2000), Chile (2002), Lima (2004), Montevideo (2006), Lisboa (2008), Medellín (2010), Cádiz (2012), Rosario (2014),  São Paulo (2016), Asunción (2019) y Ciudad de México (2022).

Premios
La BIAU premia los trabajos y obras realizados en Iberoamérica, Portugal o España en las siguientes categorías: Obras de edificación, urbanización y renovación urbana; publicaciones (ya sea en papel, como libros y revistas, ya sea en otros soportes, como el formato vídeo); y trabajos de investigación inéditos dedicados al estudio de la evolución de las ciudades españolas, portuguesas e iberoamericanas o al papel de la arquitectura como herramienta para la integración social, entre otros temas.

Además, la BIAU concede premios a la trayectoria profesional de arquitectos, entidades o colectivos que hayan desempeñado una labor ejemplar en el campo de la arquitectura y el urbanismo desde el punto de vista estético, funcional, social, técnico, económico o medioambiental.

Junto a estos galardones la BIAU desarrolla un concurso de proyectos para estudiantes de arquitectura y, en esta VIII edición, un certamen de vídeos abierto a todos los ciudadanos interesados en mostrar su particular mirada sobre sus ciudades, sus barrios o los espacios urbanos que habitan, bien mostrando o denunciando aquello que les preocupa o aportando ideas para mejorar su entorno.

Estos han sido los premiados a lo largo de la historia de la Bienal Iberoamericana de Arquitectura y Urbanismo:

Entidades colaboradoras
En la organización de la BIAU colaboran la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación, el Consejo Superior de Colegios de Arquitectos de España, la Federación Española de Municipios y Provincias, la Conferencia de Rectores de Universidades Españolas, la Empresa Municipal de Vivienda y Suelo de Madrid y la Fundación Caja de Arquitectos. En la VIII BIAU participan también el Ayuntamiento de Cádiz, el Consorcio para la Conmemoración del II Centenario de la Constitución de 1812 y el Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Cádiz.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de la BIAU .
 Fan page de Facebook de la BIAU .

Encuentros de arquitectura
Urbanismo


An Aloe capmanambatoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Werner Rauh ngan Gerold. An Aloe capmanambatoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe capmanambatoensis