La Plaza del Mercado de Cracovia () es la plaza más importante de Cracovia y de Polonia. Se sitúa en el casco antiguo de Cracovia, en el centro de la ciudad. Su origen se remonta al , y tiene alrededor de 40.000 m² (430.000 pies cuadrados). Siendo la plaza medieval más grande de Europa

La "Rynek Główny" es una amplia plaza rodeada de casas antiguas e históricas (kamienice), palacios e iglesias. El centro de la plaza está dominado por el Sukiennice (en su interior, entre otras cosas, hay un museo de arte Polaca del ), reconstruida en 1555 en estilo renacentista, rematada por un bonito ático o parapeto polaco, decorado con máscaras talladas. A un lado de la Sukiennice está la torre del ayuntamiento (Wieża Ratuszowa), en el otro lado se localiza la iglesia de San Adalberto (San Wojciech) del  y, a su lado desde 1898, el monumento a Adam Mickiewicz. Por encima de la plaza resaltan las torres góticas de la basílica de Santa María (Kościół Mariacki).

Historia

La función principal de la plaza del mercado era el comercio. Después de que la ciudad fuese destruida por la invasión de los mongoles en 1241, la Plaza de Armas fue reconstruida en 1257 y su papel comercial se amplió con la ubicación de derechos a la ciudad por el príncipe de Cracovia y Gran Duque de Polonia Boleslao V el Casto. La Plaza de Armas fue diseñada en su estado actual, con cada lado repitiendo un patrón de tres, espacios uniformes y calles en ángulo recto hacia la plaza. La excepción es la calle Grodzka que es mucho más antigua y se conecta con la Plaza de Armas del Castillo de Wawel. Originalmente, la plaza estaba llena de puestos de mercado, bajo los edificios administrativos y había una carretera de circunvalación a su alrededor. Fue el rey Casimiro III el Grande, quién construyó el Sukiennice original de estilo gótico y el Ayuntamiento (Ratusz) que ocupó casi una cuarta parte de la plaza. Cracovia fue la capital del Reino de Polonia y miembro de la Liga Hanseática y la ciudad floreció como una metrópoli europea importante.

Además de sus funciones de comerciante original, la Plaza de Armas fue testigo de muchos acontecimientos históricos, y se usó para clasificar las ejecuciones públicas de los prisioneros detenidos en la ciudad. Era un lugar de ceremonias regias como parte del Camino Real (Droga Królewska), frecuentado por diplomáticos y dignatarios que viajan al castillo de Wawel. En 1364 el rey Casimiro celebró el Congreso Pan-Europeo de Cracovia allí. El 10 de abril de 1525, Alberto I, duque de Prusia pagó el Homenaje de Prusia a Segismundo I el viejo rey de Polonia y Gran Duque de Lituania al aceptar a los reyes polacos. En 1514, el duque Konstanty Ostrogski de Lituania celebró un desfile de la victoria sobre la plaza y en 1531 el noble Jan Tarnowski celebró otra victoria en las guerras Moscovitas. Jan III Sobieski, rey de Polonia y Gran Duque de Lituania, también celebró allí su victoria sobre el Imperio Turco en la batalla de Viena de 1683.

En 1596 el rey Segismundo III, de la casa sueca de Vasa, trasladó la capital de la Commonwealth polaco-lituano de Cracovia a Varsovia. Cracovia siguió siendo el lugar de las coronaciones y funerales reales. El 24 de marzo de 1794, en la plaza Rynek Główny, Tadeusz Kosciuszko anunció el levantamiento general y asumió los poderes del comandante en jefe de las fuerzas armadas polacas, a partir de la Insurrección de Kosciuszko. En 1848, en la primavera de las Naciones Unidas, los civiles se enfrentaron con el ejército austriaco y fue allí, al lado del Ayuntamiento, las águilas austriacas se amontonaban como un símbolo de recuperar la independencia en 1918. Durante la ocupación de Polonia por la Alemania nazi de la Plaza pasó a llamarse Adolf Hitler Platz y el monumento a Adam Mickiewicz fue destruido junto con las placas conmemorativas históricas tomadas de los edificios y de la Plaza del Mercado. Después de la guerra el monumento fue reconstruido. En 1978 la UNESCO incluyó la Plaza de Rynek Glówny como parte del casco antiguo de Cracovia y en la lista de Patrimonio de la Humanidad. El 21 de marzo de 1980, en tiempos de tensión política y el período previo a la declaración de la ley marcial en Polonia, Walenty Badylak, un panadero jubilado y veterano de guerra del Ejército Nacional de Polonia se prendió fuego encadenado a un pozo en la Plaza de Armas. Badylak estaba protestando por la negativa del gobierno comunista de reconocer el crimen de Katyn en la guerra. La Plaza de Armas fue el centro en la organización de manifestaciones en masa del movimiento Solidaridad.

Ubicación
La Plaza Rynek Główny se encuentra en el Camino Real, durante las coronaciones ha que atravesarla para llegar a la Catedral de Wawel, entre el barbacán de Cracovia, en el norte, y el castillo de Wawel en el sur. Desde su creación, la plaza ha sido considerada como el centro de la ciudad.

La Rynek Główny está rodeada por edificios antiguos de ladrillo (Kamienica) y palacios, la mayoría de ellos de hace varios siglos. La mayoría de los edificios han adquirido un aspecto neoclásico con el tiempo, pero las estructuras básicas son mayores y se puede ver en sus puertas, detalles arquitectónicos e interiores. Las amplias terrazas medievales de los edificios son utilizadas como bares, restaurantes y cabarets. Muchos restaurantes y cafés de la plaza están en línea. Uno de los más renombrados, Pod Palma en el Palacio Krzysztofory, fue inaugurado en 1876 por Antoni Hawelka, un proveedor de la corte imperial de Viena y en la parte superior del edificio se encuentra la sede del Museo Histórico de Cracovia. Entre los muchos lugares con vocación turística también está el Centro Internacional de Cultura. Probablemente el más famoso de los establecimientos más antiguos es el restaurante del Wierzynek, recordado por la gran fiesta de 1364 que, según la leyenda, se prolongó durante veintiún días y ayudó a llegar a un consenso entre los monarcas de Europa.

Entre los monumentos de la plaza están el Sukiennice, originalmente diseñado en el  como un centro de comercio de tejidos, que fue destruido por el fuego en 1555 y reconstruido en el estilo renacentista actual por Giovani il Mosca de Padua. Las arcadas se añadieron en el . La planta baja se utiliza continuamente para el comercio con sus tiendas de recuerdos y cafeterías; arriba se encuentra la Galería del Museo Nacional. Otro hito es la Basílica de Santa María con su altar de Veit Stoss, una iglesia gótica de ladrillo construido en el  sobre las ruinas de una iglesia anterior destruida por las incursiones tártaras de 1241. En las inmediaciones de la Plaza del Mercado se puede escuchar a la heynal, que suena cada hora desde la torre más alta de la Basílica de Santa María. Otros puntos de interés son la iglesia de San Adalberto, la torre del ayuntamiento y el monumento a Adam Mickiewicz.

Desde su creación, la altura de la plaza del mercado ha aumentado, en algunos lugares por más de 5 metros. Debajo hay grandes sótanos, el más famoso de los cuales es la vaina Piwnica Baranami. Muchas bodegas se transforman ahora en bares y restaurantes, mientras que otros incluyen al teatro Maszkaron y el museo arqueológico pequeño en el sótano de la iglesia de San Adalberto. Hay pasajes que une algunos de los sótanos, como el que une la Torre del Ayuntamiento con el Sukiennice. El Sukiennice dispone de una sala poco conocida de comercio, de 100 metros de ancho y 5 metros de alto. Cerca de la calle Sienna hay otra sala subterránea (Kramy Bogate), con 1200 m² de área.

Eventos
La Plaza Rynek Główny es animada y concurrida durante todo el año. Al igual que muchas otras plazas del centro histórico de Cracovia, además, la plaza del Mercado de Cracovia es conocida por su gran población de palomas, puestos de floristería y carruajes tirados por caballos.

La cultura de Cracovia tiene una rica tradición y la Plaza Rynek Główny es un lugar popular para eventos públicos y fiestas, tales como el festival anual de Cracovia szopka, fiestas Lajkonik, Festival de Bandas Militares, Juwenalia Student Festival, Concierto de Gala de la Gran Orquesta de la Navidad y la caridad y el más grande fin de año de toda Polonia.

En diciembre de 2005, el Project for Public Spaces seleccionó a la plaza Rynek Główny como la mejor plaza del mundo.

Véase también
 Plaza del Castillo (Varsovia)
 Mercado de Wrocław
 Plaza de las Tres Cruces
 Plac Bankowy

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Plaza del Mercado de Cracovia (experiencia blog de viajes)

Enlaces externos

Urbanismo de Cracovia
Mercado de Cracovia

Plaza del Mercado de Cracovia


الكركدن الأبيض أو وحيد القرن الأبيض ، هو نوع من الحيوانات الثدية أحادي الطراز من فصيلة الكركدنيات ومن رتبة وتريات الأصابع يعيش في جنوب أفريقيا والجنوب السوداني، ويألف الأراضي المعشبة والمجدبة القريبة من الأنهار وبرك المياه. تتواجد أعداد قليلة جدًا من السلالات الفرعية الشمالية، حيثُ من المؤكدِ وجود فردين اثنين فقط في عام 2012 (كلاهما أنثى، فاتو 17، ونجين 17) وكلاهما في الأسر. بتاريخ 19 مارس 2018، نفقَ آخر وحيد قرن أبيض شمالي ذكر في العالم واسمه سودان.

الوصف

 يبلغ طول رأسه وجسمه حوالي 4 أمتار، وارتفاع كتفه يبلغ 180 سنتيمتراً، ويزن حوالي 3500 كلغ تقريباً. وهو أكبر قليلاً من الكركدن الأسود، له حدبة عند مؤخرة العنق، رأسه منخفض وعليه قرنان طويلان، أذناه عريضتان وشفته العليا مربعة الشكل، نظره ضعيف وسمعه حاد مرهف.

والذكور منعزلون، إلا أن الإناث تبقى بصحبة صغارها وهو أقل عدوانية من الكركدن الأسود هادئ الطباع، يتغذى على الأعشاب، يستخدم في تنقله الطرق والممرات نفسها لفترة طويلة من الزمن. يحب التمرغ في الوحل والماء وهو حيوان ينشط ليلاً ونهاراً.

التكاثر

 تدوم فترة الحمل حوالي 18 شهراً تضع الأنثى في نهايتها صغيراً واحداً، وعادة ما تلد الأنثى كل أربع سنوات مرة. هذا الحيوان مهدد بالانقراض إذ لا يوجد من هذا الجنس سوى 400 حيوان فقط وذلك بسبب سعي الصيادين للحصول على قرونه.

تهديدات

 أصبح الكركدن الأبيض من أشهر الحيوانات التي تسمع عن اصطيادها بسبب قرونها التي يبيعها الصيادون لشراة من آسيا خاصة العرق الأصفر الذي يعتقدون أنه جالب للحظ في أمور الدنيا، ويتناول الصيادون لحمه البنفسجي.

مصادر

أصنوفات سماها وليام بورشل
أنواع القائمة الحمراء القريبة من الخطر
ثدييات أوغندا
ثدييات السودان
ثدييات إفريقيا الجنوبية
ثدييات جمهورية إفريقيا الوسطى
ثدييات جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية
ثدييات جنوب السودان
ثدييات وصفت في 1817
حيوانات إفريقيا الضخمة
كركدنيات

كركدن أبيض


Geotermisk energi på Island står for omkring af 5,8 % af verdens produktion af elektrisk energi fra geotermiske kilder. På grund af den store vulkanske aktivitet på Island udnyttes geotermisk energi i stor grad til elektricitetsproduktion og fjernvarme. Seks geotermiske kraftværk stod i 2006 for 26,5% af landets produktion af elektricitet, resten kom fra vandkraft (73,4%) og fossilt brændsel (0,1%). Dertil dækkes 45 % af opvarmningsbehovet i landets bygninger af geotermisk varme. I 2012 var total installeret effekt 665,0 MW elektrisk kraft og Island er det land i verden med størst andel af sin elektricitetsproduktion fra geotermisk energi.

Forbrug af primær geotermisk energi i 2004 var 79,7 Petajoule (PJ), eller 53,4 % af landets totale forbrug af primærenergi. Tilsvarende andel for vandkraft var 17,2 %, petroleum 26,3 % og kul 3 %. Af den geotermiske energi, som blev udnyttet i 2006, gik 54 % til rumopvarming og 28 % til elektricitetsproduktion. Resten blev benyttet til fiskeopdræt, snesmeltning, svømmebassiner, drivhuse og industri.

Liste over geotermiske kraftværker på Island

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Orkustofnun

Island
Island

Geotermisk energi på Island


La Gineta es una estación ferroviaria situada en el municipio español de La Gineta en la provincia de Albacete, comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha. Dispone de servicios de Media Distancia operados por Renfe.

Situación ferroviaria
Se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 260,2 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico Madrid-Valencia a 696,53 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de La Roda y de Albacete Los Llanos.

El tramo es de via doble y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 18 de marzo de 1855 con la apertura del tramo Alcázar de San Juan-Albacete de la línea férrea entre Madrid y Almansa que prolongaba el trazado original entre Madrid y Aranjuez y que tenía por objetivo final llegar a Alicante. Fue construida por parte de la Compañía del Camino de Hierro de Madrid a Aranjuez que tenía a José de Salamanca como su principal impulsor. El 1 de julio de 1856 José de Salamanca, que se había unido con la familia Rothschild y con la compañía du Chemin de Fer du Grand Central obtuvieron la concesión de la línea Madrid-Zaragoza que unida a la concesión entre Madrid y Alicante daría lugar al nacimiento de la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante o MZA. En 1941 la nacionalización de ferrocarril en España supuso la integración de MZA en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Se sitúa al suroeste del núcleo urbano. El edificio para viajeros tiene base rectangular, dos plantas y disposición lateral a las vías. Al igual que la estación de Minaya está realizaba a base de ladrillos fragmentados y revestida de piedra. Su andén lateral principal está cubierto con una marquesina de hierro fundido.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
Los servicios de Media Distancia que ofrece Renfe gracias a trenes MD cubren los siguientes trayectos:

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Media Distancia Castilla-La Mancha en la web de Renfe.

La Gineta
La Gineta
La Gineta
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1855
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla-La Mancha inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de La Gineta


Kvaleya, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz porodice Mesophyllumaceae opisan 1971. godine. Jedina vrsta je morska alga K. epilaeve iz sjevernog Atlantika (Skandinavija, Island).

Izvori

Mesophyllumaceae

Kvaleya


تمنين التحتا Tammine Altahta- بلدة في قضاء بعلبك، محافظة البقاع، تتميز بموقعها الاستراتيجي الذي يتوسط سهل البقاع ويشكل نقطة الوصل بين سلسلتي جبال لبنان الشرقية والغربية، وتشتهر البلدة بخصوبة أراضيها وكثرة التابيع فيها.

معلومات عامة عن البلدة
تقع بلدة تمنين التحتا في قضاء بعلبك ، محافظة البقاع ، مركز المحافظة "زحلة"، ومركز القضاء "بعلبك" وهي أول بلدة في قضاء بعلبك. تبعد عن العاصمة بيروت حوالي"60" كم ، وعن مركز المحافظة في زحلة 10 كلم وعن مركز القضاء في مدينة بعلبك حوالي "28" كلم. يحدّها شمالاً بدنايل وقصرنبا، وغرباً تمنين الفوقا ونيحا والنبي أيلا، وجنوباً رياق وحوش حالا، وشرقاً علي النهري وحوش الغنم.
وتصل قرى غربي الليطاني من شمسطار وشمالها مروراً ببيت شاما وبدنايل وقصرنبا وتمنين الفوقا بشرقه من رياق وعلي النهري ورعيت وباقي القرى.وهي ترتفع عن سطح البحر 950- 1000 م.
مناخها العام داخلي بارد شتاءً وحار صيفاً مع الاعتدال الدائم، نسبة المتساقطات تتراوح بين 550 ملم و750 ملم وتنعم شتاءً بتساقط الثلوج الذي يضفي جواً يخرج الناس عن الروتين ويعطي حيوية مميزة كما في كل المناطق التي تشهد الثوب الأبيض شتاءً، وتبلغ مساحة أراضيها حوالي 735 هكتارًا.

ميزات البلدة
1- تمتاز هذه البلدة بأرضها الزراعية المميّزة، حيث تزرع بالفواكه، خاصة العنب على أنواعه والتفاح والكرز والزيتون، وبالخضار من بطاطا وبصل وثوم، وزراعات شتوية خصوصاً القمح.

2- كثرة العيون: حيث تتوزع عيون المياه على أراضيها كافة، ومن خارج أراضيها، مثل «جب الحبش» الذي ينبع في تمنين الفوقا. ومن هذه العيون: عين الشريف، عين عكر(الحاووز حالياً)، عين الدير، عين الدردارة، عين العبد، عين بادينا، عين الوردة، عين الكوخ، عين أبو ياسين، عين البورة، وعيون عديدة صغيرة، والكثير من العيون التي كان أبناء البلدة يمدّون لها الأقنية إلى المنازل منذ خمسينات القرن الماضي.

3- الموقع وسط السهل الذي جعلها مقصداً لكل المارة في سهل البقاع واجتذاب السكان إليها.

أصل تسمية تمنين التحتا
تناول العديد مصدر التسمية وفي الغالب هي تحليل ومنها:

- في السريانية :مشتقة من«تل الثوم» وحيث تكثر فيها زراعة الثوم.

- الاشتقاق من ايتمانوس: الملكة التي كانت تقطن المنطقة والمحفور رسمها على صخرة في جب الحبش النبع المشهور في تمنين الفوقا حيث هناك اثار رومانية قائمة وهذه الملكة تستخدمه للاستحمام.

- بلدة الثمانين: الذين كانوا مع نبي الله نوح (ع) حيث يتواجد مقامات قريبة للنبي آدم ونوح وشيث...

- في اللغة السامية القديمة مشتقة من الكلمة "أثمان" جمع ثمن ، والتحتا نميزًا لها عن جارتها تمنين الفرقا ، حيث كانت البلدتان قديماً تشكلان بلدة واحدة.

- والأخير قد تكون مصدراً لمنّن – يمنن – تمنيناً... وبحيث ان هذه الأرض الخصبة والطيبة وغناها بالمياه تمنّن كل من هو على سطحها...

المجلس البلدي

المجلس البلدي الأول
تأسس أول مجلس بلدي في بلدة تمنين التحتاعام 1964 وكان يضم سبعة أعضاء وهم رئيس المجلس البلدي السيد حسين علي السيد قاسم ونائب رئيس المجلس البلدي السيد احمد محمد عرار والأعضاء

السيد عوض حسين مرتضى والحاج إبراهيم إسماعيل نصار والحاج ملحم إبراهيم ريا والحاج حسين سليم عواضة والحاج محمد علي الخطيب حيث استمر هذا المجلس من تاريخ انتخابه حتى أوائل السبعينات.

رغم ما واكب هذا المجلس من مشاكل وخلافات إلا أنه استمر حتى أوائل السبعينات، ومارس هذا المجلس دوره الإداري والإنمائي والرعائي واهتم بالوضع العام في البلدة حيث قام بتأهيل الطرقات وتعبيدها وإنشاء قنوات الري وجر مياه العيون لري الأراضي وتشجير الطرقات وتسوير المرافق ورعاية الأنشطة في البلدة مع أنها كانت محدودة.
وبشكل عام فإن هذا المجلس ـ رغم الظروف التي كانت سائدة ـ قام بدوره ضمن الإمكانيات والقدرات المتاحة. وكان الأمل بدور أفضل وخصوصاً بتخصيص الأملاك العامة في حينه والتأسيس لبناء المجلس البلدي علماً انه قام بدور فعال في تخصيص أرض للمدرسة الرسمية حيث أشيد البناء المدرسي على تلك الأرض.

المجلس البلدي الثاني
انتخب المجلس البلدي الثاني يوم الأحد في 14 حزيران من العام 1998 واستمر ست سنوات حتى العام 2004

ويضم الأعضاء:
مهدي عبد الله مرتضى : رئيس المجلس البلدي

احمد علي ريا: نائب رئيس المجلس البلدي

إبراهيم محمد نصار: عضواً

أحمد سعدون ياسين: عضواً

محمد علي مرتضى: عضواً

محمد حسين عرار : عضواً

حسين إبراهيم سمعان: عضواً

مرتضى محمد مرتضى: عضواً

عباس إبراهيم حاطوم: عضواً

رضا محمد الخطيب: عضواً

مهدي محمد الخطيب: عضواً

حسن مصطفى ضامن: عضواً

علي محمد السيد قاسم: عضواً (محمد علام)

نصار حسن نصار: عضواً

المجلس البلدي الثالث
انتخب المجلس البلدي الثالث يوم الأحد في 9 أيار عام 2004 واستمر ست سنوات حتى العام 2010، ويضم

الأعضاء:

مهدي عبد الله مرتضى: رئيس المجلس البلدي

مهدي محمد الخطيب: نائب رئيس المجلس البلدي

إبراهيم محمد نصار: عضواً

إسماعيل نور الدين مرتضى: عضواً

مصطفى علي مرتضى: عضواً

حسن يوسف مرتضى: عضواً

علي قاسم ياسين: عضواً

محسن حسن قاسم: عضواً

فواز إسماعيل الخطيب: عضواً

عباس إبراهيم حاطوم: عضواً

حسن مصطفى ضامن: عضواً

مصطفى حسين سمعان : عضواً

محمد حسين عرار: عضواً

أحمد علي ريا: عضواً

محمد عباس السيد قاسم: عضواً

المجلس البلدي الرابع والحالي
بدأت ولايته من العام 2010 وكان مقرراً انتخابه يوم الأحد 9 أيار 2010 ولكنه فاز بالتزكية، وتستمر ولايته

حتى العام 2016، ويضم الأعضاء:

مهدي مرتضى : رئيساً

محمد عرار: نائباً للـــرئــيس

وفيق حسين سمعان: عضواً

إبراهيم محمد نصار: عضواً

علي محمد الخطيب: عضواً

علي احمد مرتضى: عضواً

محمود هادي مرتضى: عضواً

وسام السيد قاسم: عضواً

علي يعقوب: عضواً

عباس إبراهيم حاطوم: عضواً

محمد ياسين: عضواً

محمد أحمد ريا: عضواً

احمد حسين الخطيب: عضواً

عباس علي مرتضى: عضواً

مسعود الحلاني: عضواً

إنجازات البلدية
الإنجازات في مجال المواصلات ـ الطرق والبنى التحتية:
- صيانة وتزفيت كافة طرقات البلدة.

- تأهيل وإنشاء ثلاثة جسور مع توسيعها.

- توسيع بعض الطرقات الداخلية بين الأحياء.

- توسيع المداخل للبلدة.

- دراسة- تخطيط (تنظيم وتجميل مداخل البلدة).

- إنشاء شبكة أقنية لتصريف مياه الشتاء للجزء الأكبر من أحياء البلدة.

- إنشاء شبكة إنارة عامة تشمل كافة أحياء البلدة.

- إنشاء حوائط دعم لمجرى الماء الشتوي وسط البلدة غطت الجزء الأكبر منه والعمل مستمر على استكمال الجزء الباقي.

- استكمال شبكة الصرف الصحي بحيث أصبحت تغطي أحياء البلدة كافة.

- بعد إنشاء شبكة جديدة لمياه الشفة من قبل الدولة جرى تأمين مصدر لمياه الشفة بحيث يغذي كافة أحياء البلدة.

- طرقات السهل الزراعية تمّ فلشها بالديفينول بحيث يسهل الوصول إلى السهل طيلة أيام السنة.

- العمل على تخطيط الطريق الزراعية من الطريق العام قرب محلات الدكتور عرار حتى تل الشريف وربطه عبر مقطع عين بدينا حتى الطريق الزراعية في شرقي السهل بحيث تخدم القسم الأكبر من السهل، حيث سيصار إلى تأمين أقنية وعبارات وجسر على الليطاني وتعبيد الطريق وبدء العمل به قريباً... بحيث يخدم عدداً كبيراً من المزارعين. ويبلغ طولها حوالي 5 كلم.

- تخطيط طرق في المنطقة المقفلة واستصدار مرسوم بها في منطقة قرقموشة، وطية الخابية، وحقلة البيدر وهي منطقة سكنية لا طرقات لها، وتبلغ مساحتها حوالي 1000 دونم متصلة بالمنطقة السكنية

ومحيطة بها. وعدد هذه الطرقات 18 طريق سوف تبدأ البلدية بتنفيذها....

- وصل طريق علي النهري القديمة عبر جسر على مجرى الليطاني شرقاً بجزئه الغربي بحيث يسهل المرور من البلدة والبلدات المجاورة إلى جامعة LIU والقرى والمؤسسات شرقي نهر الليطاني.

- العمل على تأهيل طريق بعلبك القديمة والتي تمر وسط البلدة عبر سهلها وسهل تمنين الفوقا وقصرنبا وبدنايل حتى حوش الرافقة مما يحل مشكلة المواصلات وخصوصاً للمزارعين... بحيث يبلغ طولها حوالي 7 كلم....

- إنشاء حديقة النصر والتحرير حيث تم افتتاحها بالذكرى الثالثة للتحرير في 25أيار عام 2003 وسط البلدة على مساحة 2500 متر مربّع، تحوي عدداً من الأشجار المتنوعة والممرات الصخرية وأنواع متعددة من شتول الورد ونافورة المياه التي تتوسطها.

- منشية الرضوان عند المدخل الشرقي الرئيسي للبلدة وعلى مسافة 500 م وتضم مساحات من القطع المختلفة من الأشجار والورود وممرات مرصوفة لمن يرغب برياضة المشي....مع مناظر ونوافير للمياه....

الإنجازات في المجال التربوي
واكب المجلس البلدي ومنذ العام 1998 العمل التربوي والمؤسسات التربوية في البلدة، حيث أنه بالإضافة إلى المتابعة الدائمة والمستمرة والمساعدة على حل المشكلات التي تعترض سبيل هذه المؤسسات، قام

المجلس البلدي بلعب دور في تحفيز الطلاب وتكريم الناجحين في الامتحانات الرسمية وتأمين كافة السبل والوسائل التي تدفع العمل التربوي قدماً في طريق النجاح.
وأهم هذه المشاكل هي معاناة المدرسة الرسمية والابتدائية والمتوسطة من الدوامين صباحاً ومساءً من العام 1978 حتى العام 2001، حيث قام المجلس البلدي، بمساعدة مجلس الأهل في المدرستين ونواب

المنطقة، بإشادة بناء جديد يحتوي ملعباً شتوياً بمساحة 500 متر مربّع وطابقين كل منهما يحتوي على ثماني غرف بحيث تم إلغاء نظام الدوامين، وهذا ما يريح العملية التعليمية والإدارة والمعلمين.
أما ثانوية تمنين التحتا الرسمية والتي أنشئت في العام 2001 فقد واكبها المجلس البلدي، وقدم لها الاحتياجات الممكنة كافة، بحيث استطاعت أن تعطي أفضل النتائج على مستوى المنطقة ولبنان. ويعمل

المجلس البلدي على تأمين قطعة أرض لبناء صرح للثانوية مما يمنحها المزيد من فرص النجاح والعطاء.

الإنجازات في المجال الصحي
أعطى المجلس البلدي ومنذ العام 1998 الأهمية لهذا الجانب المهم في حياة المواطنين، فكان ساهراّ على صحتهم ونظافة بيئتهم ومعالجة المشاكل التي تؤثر سلباً عليهم، فمن المتابعة اليومية والدائمة إلى رش

المبيدات والأدوية اللازمة لحاويات النفايات والمسارب المائية والأشجار، إلى العناية الصحية وخصوصاً أطفال المدارس والكشف الدوري على الجميع، مع برنامج صحي لتناول الغذاء والحفاظ على الأسنان

والنظافة.....إلى القيام بيوم صحي يشمل الحالات حيث بلغت عدد الحالات 700 حالة.
- تأمين مصدر لمياه الشفة.

الإنجازات في المجال البيئي
بالإضافة إلى إنشاء الحدائق العامة وتشجير جوانب الطرقات وتجميل المداخل واستكمال ذلك في المستقبل يعنى المجلس البلدي عناية بتحسين البيئة والحفاظ عليها وأهمها استبدال الأماكن التي كانت ترمى

فيها الردميات والأوساخ عند مدخل البلدة إلى منشية جميلة في تقسيمها وأشجارها وقريباً بورودها ونباتها.العمل على المحافظة على نظافة البلدة بحيث يتم جمع النفايات ونتمنى الانتهاء من معمل فرز النفايات

لنتخلص من هذه النفايات وبالطرق السليمة والتي تزيد من حماية الصحة العامة وسلامة البيئة.وتبقى مشكلة المشاكل هي مصبات مجاري الصرف الصحي في مجرى الليطاني والذي يمر وسط سهل البلدة

ولمسافة تزيد عن 5 كلم مما يترك آثاراً سيئة جداً على الصحة العامة والبيئة، ومما يشكل خطراً حقيقياً على الناس، وخصوصاً على المياه الجوفية. هناك وعود بالعمل على حلّ هذه المشكلة بإنشاء محطة

تكرير للتخلص من هذه المشكلة، ونأمل الإسراع في حلّها، لأن هذا المجرى والذي يضم مصبات عدد كبير من القرى أصبح مبعثاً للتلوث وعلى الأصعدة كافة.

الخطط والمشاريع طويلة الأمد

مخطط الطرق
يتم العمل على فتح واستحداث طرق في المناطق المقفلة والتي تعتبر سكانية، حيث بدأ المجلس البلدي منذ عام 1998 وضع خطة لشبكة من مشاريع الطرق لمساحة واسعة من الأراضي التي لا طرق لها، وهي مفرزة وبمساحات صغيرة ومعدة للسكن.
وأنجز الجزء الأكبر من هذه الدراسة حيث صدرت مراسيم الاستملاك، وحالياً يعمل المجلس البلدي على المرحلة النهائية حيث سيتم في العام الحالي 2012 دفع مبلغ 359.000.000 ل.ل تعويضات استملاك لشق شارع بطول 1000 م وعرض 10 م، والعمل جارٍ على إستكمال بقية المشروع.

المبنى البلدي
قام المجلس البلدي بوضع خطة لإنشاء مبنى بلدي يليق بالبلدة، حيث تم في العام 2005 شراء قطعة أرض وسط البلدة مساحتها 2600 متر مربع ثم أُنجزت دراسة لبناء البلدية، وفي العام 2009 أنجز المجلس البلدي المرحلة الأولى من هذا البناء بمساحة 450 متراً مربعاً من ثلاث طبقات، ويحتوي على قاعة تتسع لـ 400 شخص، ومكتبة عامة بمساحة 150 م متراً مربعاً، وطابق أرضي وشمل أماكن للخدمات العامة التي تحتاجها البلدة، والطابق الأول ويضم المجلس البلدي.
وفي العام 2011 جرى استكمال المرحلة الثانية وقريباً جداً يصبح جاهزاً لاستخدامه في المجالات التي أُنشئ من أجلها.

جسران على الليطاني
إنشاء جسرين على نهر الليطاني لتخفيف الأعباء عن المواطنين والمزارعين وتسهيل المواصلات.
الجسر الأول على مخاضة علي النهري سوف يبدأ العمل بإنشائه عندما تسمح العوامل الطبيعية بذلك، والجسر الثاني أيضاً يعمل على استكمال ملفه ليصار إلى إنشائه على مخاضة عين بادينا.

تاريخها وآثارها

وعن الأثار الموجودة في بلدة تمنين التحتا فهي مقصورة علي: بعض الحجارة المشغولة والنواويس الحجرية ، وكسر الخزف، وكان بالقرب منها بلدة تسمى "تل الشرفاء" المحلة الآن، ويقال أن خلافًا حدث ما بين البلدتين تخلله معارك بينهما نزح علي أثرها أهالي البلدتين ، وحاء بعض من أل الأعور وسكنوا المنطقة ونشأ خلاف فيما بينهم قسموا علي أثره البلدة إلي: تمنين الفوقا وتمنين التحتا ، وما لبث اهالي تل الشرفاء أن استعادوا البلدة منهم مرة اخري.

عائلاتها
غالبية العائلات الموجودة في بلدة تمنين التحتا من المسلمين الشيعة، بالإضافة إلي عائلات من المسلمين السنة، ويتواجد بالبلدة أيضا عائلات مسيحية من طوائف: البروتستانت، والروم الكاثوليك، والمارونية، واهم أسماء العائلات هناك: إبراهيم، أبو دية، أبو عباس، الاحمر، الاثاث، البستاني، بوداني، حاطوم ، حيدر، الخطيب، سليمان، شلهوب، ضامن، عساف، علام، عواد ، مبارك ، محرز، قاسم، المرتضى، يعقوب، ريا، سمعان، نصار، مسيلب، الحلاني، عبدالحق، زين الدين، قندول، ياسين، عرار، السيد قاسم، عواضة، شكر، الصغير، البرجي، الشل، الشرنوح، المصري، الساحلي، شومان، حمية، معاوية، بودية.ومن أهم مشاهير بلدة تمنين التحتا: السيد حسين الخطيب، رئيس المحكمة الشرعية الجعفرية العليا في بيروت، السيد إبراهيم الخطيب، رئيس المحكمة الشرعية الجعفرية في زحلة،

مواقع خارجية

 صفحة كتاب الحنين إلى ماضي تمنين: تمنين التحتا، الماضي و التراث، تقاليد و معتقدات لبنانية
 موقع بلديات لبنان الإلكتروني - موقع بلديات لبنان الإلكتروني.
 موقع بلدية تمنين التحتا الإلكتروني - موقع بلدية تمنين التحتا الإلكتروني.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء بعلبك
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة بعلبك الهرمل
تجمعات شيعية في لبنان
قضاء بعلبك
مدن لبنان

تمنين التحتا


Carl Ludvig Ferdinand Messmann (født 15. marts 1826 i København, død 1. december 1893 i Göteborg) var en dansk maler, tegner og litograf.

Ludvig Messmann var uddannet i den eckersbergske tradition. Til hans motivkreds hørte blandt andet København og det nære opland. I 1859 rejser til Göteborg, og hans kunstneriske virke fortsatte i Sverige, og her er hans arbejder af Göteborg og omegn blevet tillagt en dokumentarisk værdi, fordi de er rige på detaljer.

Eksterne Henvisninger

 annemessmann.dk

Malere fra Danmark

Ludvig Messmann


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හෝමාගම කලාපයෙහි රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව  දැක්වීමේදී  එය හංවැල්ල, හෝමාගම හා පාදුක්ක  යන අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශවලට අදාල රජයේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තු වශයෙන් දැක්විය හැකිය.

කොට්ඨාශ අතර රජයේ පාසැල් බෙදී ඇති ආකාරය

හංවැල්ල අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය

හෝමාගම අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය

{විද්‍යාදීප විද්‍යාලය, මත්තේගොඩ

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 !! පාසැල් ලිපිනය
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මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ විද්‍යාලය,පිටිපන

පාදුක්ක  අධ්‍යාපන කොට්ඨාශය

කිසිදු හොඳ පාසලක් නොමැත.


Arşidük (Almanca: Erzherzog/Erzherzogin) 1358'den sonra Avusturya Arşidüklüğü'nün Habsburg hükümdarlarına verilen isimdi. Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu'nda İmparator rütbesinden aşağıda Kral, prens-psikopos, granprens ve grandük rütbeleri içinde fakat prens ve dük rütbelerinden yukarıdadır. Latince archi (baş) ve dux (lider) kelimelerinden türemiştir. Arşidüklerin eşleri arşidüşes unvanını taşıyorlardı.

Bir Arşidük veya Arşidüşes tarafından yönetilen topraklara Arşidüklük denirdi. Kalan tüm arşidüklüklerin varlığı 1918'de sona erdi. Şu anki Habsburg Hanedanı'nın başı Karl von Habsburg'dur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Dük
 Veliaht
 Düfen

Notlar

 Oxford İngilizce Sözlük, archduke ve archduchess maddeleri

Dükler
Avusturyalı soyluluk unvanları
Alman soyluluk unvanları
Avusturya tarihi

Erkekler için kullanılan toplumsal unvanlar

Arşidük


Rodolfo M. Taboada cuyo nombre completo era Rodolfo Manuel Taboada y que usaba ocasionalmente los seudónimos de Tomás Elvino Blanco y de Ruy de Solana, fue un escritor, periodista, humorista, compositor de tango y guionista de cine y televisión que nació en Argentina el 12 de septiembre de 1913 y falleció en el mismo país el 11 de abril de 1987. Fue uno de los colaboradores de la revista de humor Rico Tipo y realizó actividad gremial en la Sociedad General de Autores de la Argentina, ARGENTORES, de la que fue Secretario.

Teatro
Al estrenar la compañía de Raúl Rossi en el Teatro Smart la obra teatral Su excelencia...el señor subsecretario que Taboada escribiera en colaboración con Germán Ziclis, la crónica del diario La Nación del 12 de abril de 1960 expresó:

Televisión
En 1957 fue uno de los guionistas del programa Proscenio de estrellas y fue uno de los panelistas de Prensa visual, uno de los pocos programas periodísticos de ese momento. Al año siguiente escribió los guiones de las 11 emisiones del programa M. ama a M., protagonizado por Mirtha Legrand y Mariano Mores con dirección y puesta en escena de Daniel Tinayre. En 1960 por Canal 9 se transmitió Los argentinos somos así ¿o no?, con libreto de Taboada y Emilio Villalba Welsh sobre una idea de Piolín de Macramé y la actuación de Ángel Magaña, retratando con pequeñas historias los mitos y los cambios de los arquetipos porteños.

En 1965 el programa Candilejas protagonizado por Lolita Torres acompañada, entre otros, por Jorge Salcedo y Jorge Barreiro, se emitía por Canal 11 con libretos de Taboada y recibió el Martín Fierro de ese año al mejor "teleteatro en serie". En 1966 Taboada y Magaña hicieron como guionista y actor, respectivamente, El tango es así... ¿o no? dando una vuelta de tuerca al programa que anteriormente habían compartido. En 1968 Canal 9 hizo una fuerte apuesta en el programa Escándalo en el gallinero convocando a actores del nivel de Paulina Singerman, Juan Carlos Thorry, Leonor Rinaldi, Marianito Bauzá, entre los veteranos y Carlos Cores, Mabel Landó, Susana Brunetti entre los que surgían, con libretos de Agustín Cuzzani, Norberto Aroldi y Taboada. Ese mismo año la obra clásica Así es la vida en versión libre de Taboada fue transmitida en episodios durante tres meses por Canal 13 representado por un elenco encabezado por Luis Sandrini, Perla Santalla, María Esther Gamas y Ángel Magaña. En 1971 participó con otros libretistas en el programa Marche Press en el cual actuaban frente a las cámaras acompañados por las hermanas Pons, pero tuvo corta vida. En 1976 realizó la mayor parte de las adaptaciones para televisión de obras nacionales para ser representadas por elencos que se iban sucediendo unos a otros en el ciclo Arriba el telón por Canal 7.

Valoración
Opinó el crítico Fernando Peña sobre Taboada:

Premio
La Academia de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina le otorgó el premio Cóndor Académico al mejor argumento original de 1952 por Rescate de sangre

Filmografía

Televisión
 El mundo del espectáculo (1 episodio, 1968)
 Sangre y arena (1968) Episodio
 Candilejas (1965) Serie
 Dos gotas de agua (1964) Serie
 M. ama a M.  (1958) Serie

Libros
 Guitarrón del cielo
 De la fauna porteña
 El barco en la botella (1966) Drama.

Compositor
 De Madrid chotis con música de Tito Ribero.
 Frente al mar (tango) con música de Mariano Mores.
 Ahora te llaman Lulú (milonga) con música de Mariano Mores.
 Che, cuñao que bronca da (tango) con música de Mariano Mores.
 Cosas de tango (tango) con música de Tito Ribero.
 El firulete (milonga) con música de Mariano Mores.
 Me robaron la Luna (tango) con música de Mariano Mores.
 Por que la quise tanto!  (tango) con música de Mariano Mores.
 Sayonara dijiste (tango) con música de Mariano Mores.
 Taxi mio (tango) con música de Carlos Rodolfo Taboada.
 Tu nombre y nada más (tango) con música de Lucio Demare.
 Una tarde cualquiera (tango) con música de Roberto Puccio.

Espectáculos teatrales
 Según pasan los años (1968)
 Luces de Buenos Aires (1969)

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre Rodolfo M. Taboada en Internet Movie Data Base

Academia de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina
Compositores de tango de Argentina
Guionistas de cine de Argentina
Guionistas de televisión de Argentina
Humoristas de Argentina
Periodistas de Argentina

Rodolfo M. Taboada


හැඳින්වීම.

පෘථිවියේ  ගොඩබිම් ප්‍රදේශය ගත්කල ඵය සෙන්ටිමීටර 3 සිට මීටර 3 දක්වා පමණ ඝනකමින් යුත් පස් තට්ටුවකින් වැසී ඇත.පසේ වැදගත්කම ගත්කල පැළෑටි සහ සත්වයින්ගේ පැවත්ම රඳා පවතින්නේ මේ පස් තට්ටුව මතයි.පස පිළිබඳ අවධානය යොමුවීම කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයට යොමුවු කාලය තරම්ම පැරණිය.පස පිළිබඳ විද්‍යාත්මක අධ්‍යයනය ආරම්භ වූයේ ඉතා මෑතකදීය.ඵහිදී මූලිකත්වය ගත්තේ ඩුකුෂෙව් ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු විද්‍යාඥයින් පිරිසකි.මොවුන්ට අනුව පස සකස්වීමට ප්‍රධාන සාධක 5ක් ඇත.

1.මූලික ද්‍රව්‍ය

2.භූ ලක්ෂණය

3.කාලගුණය

4.ජීවගෝලය

5.කාලය

ඵකී ආකාරයෙන් කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයේදී ප්‍රධානතම සාධකය බවට පත් වන පස ලෙස අප හඳුනාගන්නේ පාංශුජනක ක්‍රියාවලීන්ගේ කාලාන්තරයක් තිස්සේ සිදුවන ක්‍රියාත්මකවීම් වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙසයි.

පාංශු වර්ගීකරණය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දැනට පාංශු වර්ගීකරණයන් අතර පිළිගන්නේ 1961දී මුවර්මන් සහ පානබොක්කේ යන අය විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද වර්ගීකරනයන්ය. ඔවුනට අනුව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මහා පාංශු ගණ 14ක් දක්නට ලැබේ.ඵයින් පහත ඵ්වා වියළි කළාපයේ දක්නට  ලැබේ.

1.රතු දුඹුරු සුදු කහවත්ත 1505 පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු අනාවරණය වී තිබේ
පස

2.රතු කහ ලැටසෝල්ස් පස

3.ක්ෂාරීය නොවන දුඹුරුපස

4.ග්‍රැමුසෝල්ස්

5.අපරිණත දුඹුරු ලොම් පස

6.ක්ෂාරීය සහ ලවණ පස

7.දුර්වල ජල වහනයක් පවතින හියුමික් පස

8.දියලු පස

9.රෙගොසෝල්ස් පස

අනෙක් කලාප 2ට සාපේක්ෂව වියළි කලාපය තුළ පාංශු වර්ග වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර වියළි කළාපය පුරා ඵනම් මන්නාරම මුලතිවු ත්‍රිකුණාමලය, හම්බන්තොට, මොණරාගල, අනුරාධපුර,පුත්තලම,මඩකලපුව,පොතුවිල් වැනි ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යාප්තව ඇත.වියළි කලාපය තුළ භෝග වගාව සාරවත්ව සිදුකරයි. එහිදී කෘෂිකාර්මික යෝග්‍යතාවය පිළිබඳ සලකා බැලීමේදී සාම්ප්‍රධායික ගොවියෙකු පසක සාරවත් බව පිළිබඳව විමසා බලන්නේ භෝග නිෂ්පාදන ශක්තිය උරා බැලීමෙනි. නමුත් ඉන් ඔබ්බට ගොස් බැලීමේදී වියළි කලාපයට සුවිශේෂී වු පස්වර්ග තුළ රසායනික හා කෘෂිකාර්මික යෝගයතාවක්ද පවතින බව වටහාගත හැක. බෙහෙවින් වැදගත් වන්නාවූ එහි පස් වර්ගයන්ගේ සශ්‍රීකත්ව ගුණාංග සහ ඒවායේ භෝග උත්පාදන ශක්තිය පහත පරිද්දෙන් දැක්විය හැක.

රතු දුඹුරු පස

වියළි කලාපයට ආවේණික වූ මෙම පස එහි භූමියෙන් විශාල ප්‍රදේශයක වයාප්තව ඇත. එනම්, අනුරාධපුර, පොළොන්නරුව,වව්නියාව හම්බන්තොට, මොණරාගල, හා යාබද දිස්ත්‍රික්ක වල දක්නට ලැබේ.
මෙම පස,කැල්සියම් හා මැග්නීසියම් ඉතා සතුටු දායක ලෙස සපයන අතර ඒවාට ඉතා හොඳ කැටායන හුවමාරු  ධාරිතාවක්ද ඇත.
නිවර්තන මට්ටමෙන් මෙම පසේ රසායනික සශ්‍රීකත්වය  ඉතා යෝග්‍ය යැයි සැලකිය හැක.
මෙහි දුඹුරු වයනය හා ජල වහනයද ඉතා පුළුල් වගා පන්තියකට ගැලපේ.
රතු දුඹුරු පසක භෝග උත්පාදක ශක්තිය ඉතා උසස්ය. එනම් පසේ ඉතා පුළුල් ලෙස  නිවර්තන ධාන්‍ය වර්ග, මුං ඇට, මෑ ආදිය තෙල් බීජ සහ ප්‍රධාන ආහාරයට අමතර ආහාර  සාරවත් අයුරින් වගා කළ හැක.
උසස් ආර්ථික අගයකින් යුතු වගාවන් වියළි ඍතුවේදි පවා වගා කළ හැක.
ක්වොට්ස් බොරළු තට්ටුව පළතුරු වැවීම සඳහා ඉතා ප්‍රයෝජනවත්ය.
නයිට්‍රජන් හා පොස්පේට් පොහොර භාවිතා කොට ඵලෝත්පාදක බීජ පාලනයත් නිරවද්‍ය    අස්වැද්දීමත් පාලන පුහුණුවත් තුළින් ඉහළ නිෂ්පාදන ඉසුළුමක් ද ලබා ගත හැක.
රතු දුඹුරු පස හා සම්බන්ධ කහ දුඹුරු පස හා දුර්වල ජල වහනතා දියළු පස වී වගාව සඳහා වඩාත් ඵලදායි වේ.
නිවැරදි ජල සම්පාදනයක් තුළින් වාර්තා පිහිටුවාලියහැකි තරම් ඵලදාවක් මෙම පසෙලබා ගත හැක.

චූර්නමය නොවන දුඹුරු පස

මෙය මධ්‍යස්ථ ගැඹුරකින් යුත් මනා ජල වහනයකින් යුතු පසකි.
මඩකලපුව,අම්පාර,යන දිස්ත්‍රීක්ක වල රට අභ්‍යන්තරයට වන්නටද භූ දර්ශනයේ හොඳින් ජල වහනය වූ උස් බිම් වලද දක්නට ලැබේ.
සතුටුදායක කැටායන හුවමාරු ධාරිතාවයක් සහිතය.
වර්ෂා ජලයෙන් හෝ වාරිමාර්ග අනුසාරයෙන් කෙරෙන වී වගාවේදී ප්‍රධාන තැනක් ගනමනා ජල සම්පාදනයක් තුළින් සාර්ථක ප්‍රතිඵල නෙලා ගත හැක.

රතු කහ ලැටසෝල්ස් පස

තදින් ජීර්නය වූ මෙන්ම ඉතා තද වර්ණයෙන් යුත් පස් මේ ගනයට අයත්ය.
මේ පස ඉතා ගැඹුරුය
.*මනා ජල වහනයකින් යුතුය.
මෙහි විශේෂත්වයනම් ගැඹුරු B මහලකින් යුක්ත වීමයි.
B මහල 75-100 cm විය හැකිය. C හා  B යන මහල් 2ම සමාන වයනයක් ඇත.
මෙම පස් වර්ගය වර්ග කි.මී.1600 පමණ ප්‍රදේශයක ව්‍යාප්තව ඇත.
පුත්තලම සිට මුලතිව් දක්වා වෙරළබඩ පටියක මෙන්ම යාපනය අර්ධද්වීපයෙහිද මෙම පස දැකිය හැක.
පොස්පරස් සහ පොටෑසියම් සැපයුම අතිශයින් කැල්සියම් සහ මැග්නීසියම් සැපයුම අතිශයින් සතුටුදායක වේ.
රතු කහ ලැටසෝල්ස්  මෙන්ම උප ගනයට අයත් විශිෂ්ට භෞතික සශ්‍රීකත්වයකි.
මෙම පස කුඩුවන සුළුය.
රතු කහ ලැටසෝලික් දෙහි පවුලට අයත් වෘක්ෂලතා සඳහා ඉස්තරම් පසක් වේ.
ආර්ථික වගාවක් වන කඡු වගාව සඳහා ඉතා යෝග්‍ය පසකි.

ග්රැමුසෝල්ස්.

පොටෑසියම් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ඇති අතර අතිශය සතුටුදායක කැල්සියම් සහ මැග්නීසියම් සැපයුමක් පවතී.
ඵමෙන්ම බෙහෙවින් අධික කැටායන හුවමාරු ධාරිතාවක්ද තිබේ.
ඵනිසා රසායනික සශ්‍රීකත්වය අතින් මෙය ඉතා යෝග්‍ය ඵකකි.
ඉතා සතුටුදායක ලෙස වී වගා කළ හැකි අතර ඉන වැඩි අස්වැන්නක් ලබා ගත හැක.

අපරිණත දුඹුරු ලොම් පස.

මෙම පසේ කැල්සියම් හා මැග්නිසියම් සැපයුම සතුටුදායකය.
මනා  කැටායන හුවමාරු ධාරිතාවක් තිබේ.
ඉතා යෞවන පසක් බැවින් ඊට ඇත්තේ යෝග්‍ය රසායනික සශ්‍රීකත්වයකි.
මෙහි රතු දුඹුරු පසක ආකාරයටම භෝග වගාව කළ හැක.

රෙගොසෝල්ස් පස

ඵහි ඇති ඡීර්ණය විය හැකි ඛනිජ සමානුපාතය යෝග්‍ය සශ්‍රීකත්වයට නෑකම් කියනු ඇත.
මෙම පස භෞතික සශ්‍රීකත්වය අතින් පූර්ණය.
තැන්නක හෝ ඉතා සුළු නිම්නෝන්නත භූමි දර්ශනයක ඇති වැලි සහිත රෙගොසෝල්ස් පස කජු වගාවට ඉතා අනර්ඝ වේ.
තවද වඩා ඵලදායි පොල් වගාව මෙම පසේ සිදු කරයි.

දියලු පස

මෙම පස වී වගාව සඳහා ඉතාමත් යෝග්‍ය වන අතර වෙනත් ආහාර ද්‍රව්‍ය වගාවටද යොදාගත හැක.
යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රීක්කය මෙහිදී විශේෂ වේ.

මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාංශු වර්ගීකරණය

වියළි කළාපයේ පස


is a 1996 run and gun arcade video game originally developed by Nazca Corporation and released by SNK for the Neo Geo MVS. It is the first installment in the eponymous series. Set in 2028, players assume the role of Peregrine Falcon Strike Force soldiers Marco Rossi and Tarma Roving on a fight against the Rebel Army led by Donald Morden and overthrow his coup d'état to prevent a New World Order.

Metal Slug was conceived by the same staff who created several titles at Irem that shared similar presentation such as In the Hunt and GunForce II, with the core concept during development being a simple but exciting side-scrolling shooter featuring a very easy control scheme and visuals inspired by the works of Hayao Miyazaki. Gameplay was originally more slow-paced, revolving around players controlling the titular tank instead of soldiers across shorter and less complex missions with a darker atmosphere, before the project was heavily overhauled after poor response during location test and the length was extended at the request of SNK to make the game attractive to home players while incorporating more platform elements into its design.

Metal Slug garnered positive reception upon its initial launch from players and critics, being lauded for its sense of humor, fluid hand-drawn animation and fast-paced two-player action. The game was subsequently ported to other platforms by other third-party developers, featuring various changes and additions compared to the MVS original, in addition to being included on compilations and re-released through download services for other systems, among other ways to play it. Its success led to a franchise spawning multiple sequels, remakes and spin-offs. A direct continuation, Metal Slug 2, was released in 1998.

Gameplay

Metal Slug is a run and gun game reminiscent of Contra where players assume the role of captain Marco Rossi and lieutenant Tarma Roving of the Peregrine Falcon Strike Force, shooting constantly at a continual stream of enemies in order to complete each mission. At this point, players confront a boss, who is usually considerably larger and tougher than regular enemies. On the way through each level, players can find numerous weapon upgrades and the eponymous tanks. Known as the SV-001 and SV-002, the tanks increase the player's offense and add considerably to their defense.

In addition to shooting, players can perform melee attacks by using a knife. The player does not die by coming into contact with enemies, and correspondingly, many of the enemy troops have melee attacks. Much of the game's scenery is destructible, and occasionally, this reveals extra items or power-ups. During the course of a level, the player encounters prisoners of war (POWs), who, if freed, offer the player bonuses in the form of random items or weapons. At the end of each level, the player receives a scoring bonus based on the number of freed POWs. If the player dies before the end of the level, the tally of freed POWs reverts to zero. Getting hit by enemy fire, colliding against solid stage obstacles or falling off-stage will result in losing a life and once all lives are lost, the game is over unless players insert more credits into the arcade machine to continue playing.

There are a total of six missions taking place across locations such as forests, garrisoned cities, snowy mountain valleys, canyons, and military bases. The vast majority of enemies are soldiers equipped with weaponry befitting their specific role. There are several mechanized enemies, such as tanks, mobile artillery, aircraft, armored personnel carriers and technicals. Much of the game's humor comes from how the enemies are depicted; the player often encounters them as they are sunbathing, roasting food over a fire, or conversing. They tend to scream loudly if they see the player, and often try to either run away or fight back.

Development

Metal Slug was developed by most of the same team that previously worked on several projects at Irem like In the Hunt and GunForce II before departing from the company and forming Nazca Corporation. Kawai and Takashi Nishiyama served as chief development manager and producer respectively. Kazuma "Kire-Nag" Kujo and Meeher acted as co-designers. Shinichi "Hamachan" Hamada, Kenji "Andy" Andō, Atsushi Kurooka (currently of PlatinumGames), T. Yokota, H. Yamada and "Pierre" Takada worked as programmers. Artists Akio Oyabu, Susumu,  Kazuhiro "Max.D" Tanaka,  Tomohiro, Takeshi Okui (currently of Monolith Soft) and Kozo were responsible for the pixel art. Composers Takushi "Hiya!" Hiyamuta and Jim scored the soundtrack. The team recounted the project's development process and history through various publications.

Metal Slug was first playable during a location test at Osaka and later showcased to attendees at the 1995 Amusement Machine Show from September 13 to 15. The plot was similar to the final version but revolved around Regular Army members Phil Gene and Michiko Nakajima controlling the SV-001 and SV-002 prototype tanks instead.

Release

Metal Slug was first released by SNK for the Neo Geo MVS arcade system on April 19, 1996 and later for the Neo Geo AES on May 24. The North American AES release has since become one of the more expensive titles on the platform, with copies of the port fetching over US$20,000 on the secondary video game collecting market. On July 5 the same year a Neo Geo CD version of the game was also released, featuring a "Combat School" mode that allowed players to revisit previously-played missions with new objectives.

Between April and August 1997, Sega Saturn and PlayStation versions were developed by SNK and Ukiyotei respectively were released only in Japan. Though software market was being dominated by polygon-based games, Neo Geo conversions for Saturn and PlayStation were selling well in Japan, motivating SNK to produce ports of Metal Slug as well. To retain all animations frames of the arcade original, the Saturn version used newer compression techniques, inter-level loading and the 1 MB RAM expansion cartridge. The Saturn release was available in two revisions; 1.002 and 1.005, which included some minor bug fixes. Both ports feature "Combat School" mode from the Neo Geo CD release while the PlayStation version features a new mode, "Another Story", consisting of plot-based minigames, and an art gallery featuring concept art.

A Game Boy Advance port was announced to be in development but was never released to the public. In 2006, Metal Slug was included alongside its arcade sequels as part of Metal Slug Anthology for the Wii, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, PC in 2009 (as Metal Slug Collection PC) as well as PlayStation 4 in 2020 by Limited Run Games, being an emulated iteration of the arcade original without additional game modes or content featured in previous home releases. In 2008, the game was included as part of SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1 for Wii, PlayStation 2 and PSP, as well as being re-released by D4 Enterprise on the Wii's Virtual Console. In 2010, a version by M2 for the NEOGEO Station service was published by SNK Playmore on PlayStation Network. In 2012, a wireless version was released by DotEmu for iOS and Android.

Metal Slug is available as one of the 20 pre-loaded games with the Neo Geo X and was also included in the Neo Geo 25th Anniversary Humble Bundle, released in 2015. Hamster Corporation re-released Metal Slug for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch between December 2016 and March 2017 under their Arcade Archives series. The game was also recently included in the international version of the Neo Geo mini, the Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro plug and play game device and the Neo Geo MVSX table top.

Reception and legacy

Metal Slug garnered positive response upon its initial release. Japanese magazine Game Machine listed the game on their June 1, 1996 issue as being the seventh most-popular arcade game for the previous two weeks. In the United States, it was one of the top ten highest-grossing arcade games of 1996. The Neo Geo, iOS and Nintendo Switch versions hold a 84.50%, 68.33% and 80% respectively on the review aggregator GameRankings. It was included in the 2010 book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die. According to Famitsu, the "SNK Best Collection" re-release of Metal Slug on PlayStation sold over 8.064 copies in its first week on the market. The PC port sold 156,631 digital copies worldwide on Steam.

Electronic Gaming Monthly heavily criticized the game's unfair difficulty and one-hit deaths, remarking that playing through the arcade version requires an inordinate amount of quarters, while the Neo Geo AES version's lack of an option for limited continues means players of all skill levels can complete it in a single sitting, with no motivation to play again or improve one's skill at the game. However, the four reviewers also concurred that the game is fun, chiefly due to its smooth and humorous animations. GamePros Major Mike agreed that the Neo Geo version suffers from low longevity, with too few levels and a complete lack of replay value, and also criticized the slowdown in the game, but Mike approved of the graphics, music, and arsenal of weapons, and summarized the game as "a soldier-slamming, side-scrolling, tour de force that dwarfs recent side-scrolling Neo shoot-em-ups, including the system's strongest platform offerings like Cyber-Lip and Top Hunter." AllGames Brett Alan Weiss and Kyle Knight praised its unique hand-drawn visual style, refined gameplay, simple controls, intense action, humor and replay value but criticized the game's slowdown when many objects are present on-screen, the overall length and found the music to be average. In conclusion, Knight regarded the title as one of the best side-scrolling shooters on Neo Geo. Jeuxvideo.coms nuktos praised the colorful graphics, humor, gameplay and sound design but criticized its short length.

The Sega Saturn port was well received for being a faithful arcade conversion but critics noted that the game would not work without the 1MB RAM expansion cartridge. Computer and Video Games Steve Rey praised the weapon selection, attention to detail, humor and two-player mode. A reviewer from Next Generation reviewed the Saturn port, stating that "in the end, Metal Slug is not a game players will really obsess over. However, the easy and exciting gameplay will have players returning to it often, which is probably why SNK decided to bring it to the States". Readers of the Japanese Sega Saturn Magazine voted to give the Saturn iteration an 8.6305 out of 10 score, ranking at the number 185 spot. A reviewer of NowGamer criticized the PlayStation conversion for its lack of replay value aside from Combat School mode, however he praised the gameplay for being fun in short-term.

When Metal Slug was re-released on the Virtual Console in 2008, IGNs Lucas M. Thomas scored it 8.5 out of 10, and awarding it an "Editor's Choice" badge. Eurogamers Dan Whitehead wasn't quite as impressed. Despite praising the original game, Whitehead was critical of the port, criticizing the lack of support for online multiplayer, in comparison to the Xbox Live release. Nintendo Lifes Marcel van Duyn praised the sprite work, visuals and fast-paced music. Slide To Plays Andrew Podolsky commended the iOS release for being an enjoyable and fast-paced arcade shooter in addition to its visual presentation, but recommended Metal Slug 3 instead, as he noted that the title was more simple, shorter and lack the gameplay features compared with later entries in the Metal Slug franchise. 148Appss Carter Dotson heavily criticized the iOS version for its control scheme but praised its graphics and sound, as well as the gameplay and replay value. Nintendo Lifes Damien McFerran praised its graphics and humor, although McFerran noted that its overall simplicity compared to later titles in the Metal Slug series may be seen as a shortcoming.

Metal Slug spawned a series of six sequels, a remake and four spin-offs. Marco Rossi appears as a playable character in the tag-team fighting game NeoGeo Battle Coliseum. Several developers have also created games similar to Metal Slug such as Demon Front, CT Special Forces, Alien Hominid, Commando: Steel Disaster, and Mercenary Kings.

Notes

References

External links

 Metal Slug at GameFAQs
 Metal Slug at Giant Bomb
 Metal Slug at Killer List of Videogames
 Metal Slug at MobyGames

1996 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Cancelled Game Boy Advance games
Cooperative video games
D4 Enterprise games
Head-to-head arcade video games
IOS games
Linux games
MacOS games
Metal Slug
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nazca Corporation games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Sega Saturn games
SNK Playmore games
Ukiyotei games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Takushi Hiyamuta
Video games set in the 2020s
Video games set in Europe
Video games set in Germany
Video games set in Italy
Video games set in Kazakhstan
Video games set in Vietnam
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
Dotemu games

Metal Slug (1996 video game)


Photomath je mobilna aplikacija koja je opisana kao "kamera-kalkulator" koja koristi kameru mobitela kako bi prepoznala matematičke jednadžbe i prikazala na zaslonu njihovo rješenje korak po korak. Aplikacija je besplatna i dostupna za iOS i Android. Aplikaciju je 2014. godine izdala zagrebačka tvrtka Microblink s registriranim sjedištem u Londonu. Tvrtka se specijalizira za softvere za prepoznavanje teksta.[ Dillet, Romain, "MicroBlink Launches PhotoMath To Solve Math Equations With A Phone", Techcrunch.com, objavljeno 20. listopada 2014., pristupljeno 8. ožujka 2020.

Od 2016. godine aplikacija osim tiskanoga teksta prepoznaje i rukopis. te pruža detaljne korake za rješavanje matematičkih jednadžbi.

Od 2017. godine Photomath operira kao odvojena tvrtka.

Od 2021. Tvrtka Photomath objavila je osigurala 23 milijuna dolara za financiranje iz serije B, pod vodstvom investitora Menlo Ventures, a uz sudjelovanje GSV Ventures, Learn Capital, Cherubic Ventures i Goodwater Capital.

Photomath se nalazi na trećem mjestu na popisu 20 najboljih aplikacija za podučavanja i učenje. Photomath je od učitelja dobivao pohvale i kritike.

Photomath je preuzet više od 100 milijuna puta na Google Playu.

Izvori

Hrvatske tvrtke
Mobilna telefonija
Matematika

Photomath


L'Itaboraien (du , passé par l') ou l'âge itaboraien est une période de l'époque géologique de l'Éocène inférieur (53,0 à 50,0 Ma) de l'Éocène, caractérisant l'âge des mammifères terrestres d'Amérique du Sud (SALMA). Il succède au  et précède l'âge .

Étymologie
Cet âge tire son nom d'une formation géologique sur la commune d'Itaboraí, dans le bassin dit d'Itaboraí, une municipalité du Grand Rio dans l'État de Rio de Janeiro au Brésil, non loin de Niterói.

Gisements

Fossiles

Corrélations

Références

Bibliographie

Formation d'Itaboraí

Formation Bogotá

Formation Cerrejón

Formation Chota

Formation Las Flores

Formation Koluel Kaike

Formation Maíz Gordo

Formation Mogollón

Formation Muñani

Peñas Coloradas Formation

Río Loro Formation

Époque géologique
Paléocène
Éocène
Langue tupi-guarani

Itaboraien


The Eric Andre Show er en amerikansk surrealistisk komedie tv-serie på Cartoon Network's senaften-program, Adult Swim. Showet havde premiere i USA den 20. maj, 2012, og er en parodi på lav-budgets talkshows med offentlig adgang i. Værten på programmet er komikeren Eric André, sammen med komikeren Hannibal Buress, der tjener som Andres sidekick. Gary Anthony Williams er speakeren i den første sæson og blev erstattet af Tom Kane i den anden sæson, og Robert Smith fra tredje sæson og frem.

I alt 40 episoder er blevet vist i løbet af fire sæsoner. Den 31. december, 2012, sendte The Eric André Show en 45-minutters live-nytårs special, med titlen, The Eric André New Years ' s Eve Spooktacular. Et andet specielafsnit, med navnet "Eric André Does Paris", blev sendt den februar 18, 2018.

Der er planer om en femte sæson.

Forudsætning
Hver åbningen af showet starter med en speaker, der siger: "Ladies and gentlemen, it's The Eric Andre Show!", mens Andre ødelægger baggrunden, skrivebordet og forskellige møbler som åbningssang enspilles af bandet. Alt er gendannet til sin tidligere tilstand straks ved off-camera scenehjælp og musikken stopper. Normalt, efter at Andre har ødelagt settet, starter en tale, der bliver kritisk og aggressiv, hvor Buress ofte giver kommentar på det.

Gæstestjerner har optrådt i løbet af showet, hvor en række af dem har forfalsket af efterlignere eller tilfældige mennesker, herunder Jerry Seinfeld, Russell Brand, George Clooney, Hulk, Beyonce, Arnold Schwarzenegger (spillet af Bruce Vilanch) og Jay-Z. Senere, optrådte flere rigtige berømtheder, herunder musikere (Tyler, the Creator, Pete Wentz, Devendra Banhart, Wiz Khalifa, Mr. Muthafuckin' eXquire, Chancen the Rapper, Dave Koz, Mac DeMarco), skuespillere (Ryan Phillipe, Krysten Ritter, James Van Der Beek, Dolph Lundgren, Chris Jericho), eller 1980'erne og 1990'ernes tv-stjerner (Sinbad, Tatyana Ali, Lorenzo Lamas, Jodie Sweetin), selvom andre gæster har optrådt, herunder modedesigneren Lauren Conrad, skuespiller Seth Rogen, talkshow-vært Jimmy Kimmel, og voksen filmskuespilleren, Asa Akira.

Episoder

Henvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger

 Eric André Vis på Adult Swim
 (engelsk)

Talkshow fra USA
Tv-programmer fra Adult Swim

The Eric Andre Show


Crkve u Lovreću:
 crkva sv. Duha u Lovreću (stara), na groblju
 crkva sv. Duha u Lovreću (nova), iznad kružnog toka u središtu mjesta

Crkva sv. Duha u Lovreću


Muški rukometni klub Dugo Selo (MRK Dugo Selo; Dugo Selo) je muški rukometni klub iz Dugog Sela, Zagrebačka županija. U sezoni 2021./2022. klub nastupa u 1. HRL – Sjever.

O klubu
U Dugom Selu je 1952. godine osnovan DTO "Partizan", u kojem se 1953. godine počeo trenrati i igrati rukomet. Prva javna utakmica je igrana 2 listopada 1955. protiv "Ivanića" iz Ivanić-Grada, te se taj datum uzima kao službeni osnutak rukometnog kluba  "Partizan". Klub se u ligaška natjecanja uključuje u sezoni 1955./56. u Prvenstvu Rukometnog podsaveza Ivanić Grad. Ženska ekipa u klubu je oformljena 1957. godine. Od seone 1959./60. klub se natječe u prvenstvima Rukometnog podsaveza Zagreb. 1961. se klub plasirao u IV. Hrvatsku rukometnu zonu , u kojoj nastupa u sezoni 1961./62., a potom u Kotarskoj ligi Zagreb, odnosno Zagrebačkoj rukometnoj ligi (zoni).
1. lipnja 1964. na skupštini kluba je odlučeno da se ime promijeni u "Jedinstvo"', a u studenom 1964. se i organizacijski priključuje športskom društvu "Jedinstvo". 1969. godine je Općinski rukometni odbor Dugog Sela pokrenuo Općinsku ligu, u kojoj rukometaši "jedinstva" nastupaju s rezervnom momčadi i veteranima pod starim nazivom "Partizan". "Jedinstvo" u sezoni 1971./72. osvaja Međuopćinsku ligu Dugo Selo-Ivanić Grad-Vrbovec-Zelina, 1972./73. i 1973./74. Prigorsko-posavsku međuopćinsku ligu, a 1975./76. Prigorsko-posavsko-moslovačku zonu, ali se nakon kvalifikacija ne uspijevaju plasirati u višu ligu. Konačno se osvajanjem prvenstva 1976./77.  uspijevaju plasirati u Međuopćinsku ligu grada Zagreba, a kasnije sudjeluju u Ligi Zajednice općina Zagreb te Međuopćinske lige RS Prigorja, Posavine i Moslavine. 1984. se "Jedinstvo" uspijeva plasirati u Hrvatsku regionalnu ligu – Centar. U jesenskom dijelu sezone 1989./90., "Jedinstvo", odustaje od natjecanja nakon jesenkog dijela  Hrvatske regionalne lige – Centar

10. srpnja 1992. donesena je odluka o promjeni imena iz "Jedinstvo" u RK "Dugo Selo", te počinje s natjecanjem u Međuopćinkoj ligi, ali zbog administrativnih razloga još pod imenom "Jedinstvo". 14. veljače 1993. ženska ekipa je izdvojena u zasebni klub, a muški klub se 10. travnja 1993. preimenuje u RK "Dugo Selo 1955". 1995. godine se ženski i muški klub ponovno ujedinjuju. U sezoni 1996./97. klub se natječe u 2. HRL, te se otad uglavnom natječe u 2.  HRL i 3. HRL, a druga momčad u Županijskoj ligi.

12. ožujka 2000. na skupštini kluba dolazi do izdvajanja muškog kluba koji dalje djeluje pod nazivom MRK "Dugo Selo-55", ali se klub često navodi i pod nazivom "Dugo Selo".   11. studenog 2004. je u Dugom Selu otvorena športska dvorana.
U sezoni 2009./10. klub je osvojio 3. HRL – Središte, te je ušao u 2. HRL – Zapad, koju osvaja u sezoni 2010./11., te uazi u Prvu ligu, u kojoj igra do sezone 2016./17.

Uspjesi
 2. HRL
 prvak: 2010./11. (Zapad)

 3. HRL
 prvak: 2009./10. (Središte)

 Zagrebačka županijska liga
 prvak: 2004./05. (II. momčad)

 Prva liga RS Zajednice općina Zagreb
 prvak: 1982./83., 1983./84.

 Prvenstvo RS Zagreb – vanjski
 prvak: 1988./89.

 Prigorsko-posavsko-moslovačka zona
 prvak: 1975./76., 1976./77.

 Međuopćinska liga Prigorja, Posavine i Moslavine
 prvak: 1979./80.

 Prigorsko-posavska međuopćinska liga
 prvak: 1972./73., 1973./74.

 Međuopćinska liga Dugo Selo-Ivanić Grad-Vrbovec-Zelina
 prvak: 1971./72.

Poznati igrači
 Zvonimir Bilić
 Vlado Šola

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Dugo Selo
 ŽRK Dugo Selo '55

Vanjske poveznice
 Muški rukometni klub Dugo Selo, facebook stranica
 furkisport.hr/hrs, Dugo Selo, natjecanja po sezonama
 sportilus.com, Muški rukometni klub Dugo Selo

Izvori

 Zvonko Barilić i dr.: 45 godina rukometa u Dugom Selu, Dugo Selo, 2001.,
 Zvonko Barilić i dr.: 50 godina rukometa u Dugom Selu : razdoblje 2000. – 2005., Dugo Selo, 2006.,
 Zvonko Barilić i dr.: 60 godina muškog rukometa u Dugom Selu : razdoblje 2005. – 2015. , Dugo Selo, 2016.,
 Marijan Flander i dr: Razvoj rukometa u Hrvatskoj : od prvih početaka do 1985. godine, Zagreb, 1986., UDK: 796.322(497.13)(091), str. 32-33
 rszz.hr – Rukometni savez Zagrebačke županije, muški Rukometni klub DUGO SELO, pristupljeno 13. listopada 2018.
 bisnode.hr, Muški rukometni klub "Dugo Selo"

Dugo Selo
Dugo Selo

MRK Dugo Selo


São Mamede Portekiz'de Évora belediyesine bağlı olan, 0,23 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 2.171 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Évora

São Mamede (Évora)


Wisłalandtangen (; , , ) er en odde eller en landtange, der strækker sig mellem Wisłalagunen og Gdanskbugten i Østersøen. Grænsen mellem Polen og Kaliningrad oblast, en russisk eksklave, krydser Wisłalandtangen og deler den politisk i to. Det vestligste punkt i Rusland er beliggende på landtangen.

Historie
I 1200-tallet var landtangen blev delt af et stræde i midten så både kunne passere igennem. Kanalen gjorde det muligt for byen Elbing, der hørte under Den Tyske Orden, havde direkte adgang til Østersøen. Kanalen sandede til i det sene 1200-tal og Elbing mistede sin position som vigtig handelsby, hvorefter den nærliggende by Danzig overtog positionen som områdets økonomiske og magtpolitiske centrum.

I dag ønsker Polen at grave en kanal gennem landtangen således at der igen bliver direkte adgang til Østersøen, i stedet for at skulle passere det naturlige, russisk-kontrollerede stræde ved Baltijsk.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Wisłalandtangen

Polens geografi
Halvøer i Rusland
Kaliningrad oblast
Østersøen

Wisłalandtangen


Graziela Albini (n. 22 mai 1926, Zlatna, județul Alba (interbelic) – d. 22 august 2008, Montreal,  Canada) a fost o actriță română.

Biografie
În 1950 a absolvit Facultatea de Muzică și Teatru din Timișoara. A fost actriță la Teatrul German de Stat din Timișoara și apoi a jucat în piese montate la Teatrele Giulești și Bulandra din București. A colaborat la zeci de emisiuni ale posturilor de radio și televiziune naționale. În 1969 a părăsit România, autoexilându-se în Germania. Ulterior s-a stabilit la Montréal, în Canada, unde a trăit până la sfârșitul vieții.

Filmografie
 Viața învinge (1951) - rol, Sanda Costiniu - regia Dinu Negreanu
 Desfășurarea (1954) - Gherghina, nevasta lui Ilie Barbu - regia Paul Călinescu
 Erupția (1957) - Grazziella Albini - regia Liviu Ciulei
 Omul de lângă tine (1961) - țăranca - regia Horea Popescu
 O dragoste lungă de-o seară (1963)  - regia Horea Popescu
 Codin (1963) - regia Henri Colpi
 Sărutul (1965) - regia Lucian Bratu
 Rața sălbatică (film TV, 1965) - regia Petre Sava Băleanu
 Duminică la ora 6 (1966) - ilegalista Maria - regia Lucian Pintilie

Note

Legături externe
 Graziela Albini la CineMagia.ro
 Graziela Albini la IMDb.com

Nașteri în 1926
Decese în 2008
Actrițe române
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe de teatru române
Oameni din Zlatna
Români expatriați în Canada

Graziela Albini


The year 1986 in science and technology involved many significant events, some not listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration
 January 24 – NASA Voyager 2 space probe makes first encounter with Uranus.
 January 28 – NASA Space Shuttle Challenger explodes on launch, killing all seven astronauts aboard. Their bodies are located by United States Navy divers on March 9.
 February 19 – The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station.
 March 8 – Japanese spacecraft Suisei flies by Halley's Comet, studying its UV hydrogen corona and solar wind.
 October 10 – Aten asteroid 3753 Cruithne, in co-orbital configuration with Earth, is identified by Duncan Waldron.

Biology
 May – First reported methods for constructing a monoclonal antibody containing parts from mouse and human antibodies, a required first step toward the development of humanized antibodies used later as medical therapeutics (such as Infliximab).
 English epidemiologist David Barker proposes his fetal origins hypothesis.

Computer science
 January 16 – The Internet Engineering Task Force, a standards organization that develops and promotes Internet standards, holds its first meeting, consisting of 21 United States government-funded researchers.
 January 19 – The first MS-DOS-based personal computer virus, Brain, starts to spread.
 April 3 – IBM unveils the PC Convertible, the first laptop computer.
 June 23 – Eric Thomas develops LISTSERV, the first email list management software.
 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is visualized by Mark Crispin.
 3D printing is developed by Charles Hull.
 Pixar is founded.

Mathematics
 Summer – Kenneth Alan Ribet demonstrates proof of the ε-conjecture, subsequently known as Ribet's theorem confirming Gerhard Frey's suggestion that the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture implies Fermat's Last Theorem.
 Lawrence Paulson makes the first release of Isabelle (proof assistant).
 Lee Sallows introduces the alphamagic square.

Technology
 January 11 – The Gateway Bridge is opened in Brisbane, Australia, the world's largest prestressed concrete single box bridge.
 April 26 – Chernobyl disaster: An RBMK at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic reaches prompt criticality.
 December 23 – Rutan Voyager becomes the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling, landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California after a nine-day trip piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager.

Awards
Crafoord Prize in Geosciences: Gerald Wasserburg and Claude Jean Allègre
Fields Prize in Mathematics: Simon Donaldson, Gerd Faltings and Michael Freedman
 Nobel Prizes
 Physics – Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
 Chemistry – Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi
 Medicine – Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
 Turing Award – John Hopcroft, Robert Tarjan
 Wollaston Medal for Geology – Claude Jean Allègre

Births
 November 8 – Aaron Swartz (suicide 2013), American computer programmer and Internet hactivist.

Deaths

 January 7 – Rex Wailes (b. 1901), English engineer and historian of technology.
 January 28
 Crew of United States Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-51-L:
 Greg Jarvis (b. 1944)
 Christa McAuliffe (b. 1948)
 Ronald McNair (b. 1950)
 Ellison Onizuka (b. 1946)
 Judith Resnik (b. 1949)
 Dick Scobee (b. 1939)
 Michael J. Smith (b. 1945)
 Dorothée Pullinger (b. 1894), French-born British production engineer.
 April 22 – Dame Honor Fell (b. 1900), English biologist.
 July 6 – William Rashkind (b. 1922), American cardiologist.
 July 21 – Zhang Yuzhe (b. 1902), Chinese astronomer.
 October 22 – Albert Szent-Györgyi (b. 1893), Hungarian physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
 October 31 – Edward Adelbert Doisy (b. 1893), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
 June 7 – Robert S. Mulliken (b. 1896), American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
 November 25 – Sir Ivan Magill (b. 1888), British anesthesiologist.

References

20th century in science
1980s in science

1986 in science


Beaurieux ist eine  französische Gemeinde im Département Aisne in der Région Picardie. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Laon, zum Kanton Villeneuve-sur-Aisne und zum Gemeindeverband Chemin des Dames. In der Gemeinde leben  Einwohner (Stand ) auf einer Fläche von 9,69 Quadratkilometern.

Geografie
Die Gemeinde liegt am Fluss Aisne, etwa 23 Kilometer nordwestlich von Reims. Im Norden reicht das Gemeindegebiet an den südlichen Abhang des Höhenrückens Chemin des Dames.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Pfarrkirche Saint-Rémi, Monument historique seit 1927

Persönlichkeiten
Der Jesuitenpater und Entdecker Jacques Marquette (1637–1675) verbrachte einen Teil seiner Kindheit in Beaurieux.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Einwohnerentwicklung seit 1793

Ort in Hauts-de-France
Ort an der Aisne

Beaurieux (Aisne)


Morina steht für:

 Morina (Albanien), ein Ort in Albanien
 Morina (Kosovo), ein Ort im Kosovo
 Qafa e Morinës, ein Pass an der Grenze zwischen Albanien und Kosovo
 eine Pflanzengattung Morina (Gattung) innerhalb der Familie der Geißblattgewächse (Caprifoliaceae)

Morina ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Christina Morina (* 1976), deutsche Historikerin und Hochschullehrerin
 Dardan Morina (* 1990), deutscher Kickboxer
 Fitim Morina (* 1991), isländischer Fußballspieler
 Geldona Morina (* 1993), kosovarische Fußballspielerin
 Ismail Morina (* 1990), kosovarischer Fußballspieler
 Mario Morina (* 1992), albanischer Fußballspieler
 Visar Morina (* 1979), kosovarischer Filmregisseur und Drehbuchautor

Morina


Sunčana elektrana Kaštelir, sunčana elektrana u Hrvatskoj kod Kaštelira. Ima sklopljen ugovor s HROTE-om te se kao povlašteni proizvođač nalazi u sustavu poticaja. Pridonosi jačoj podgradnji u funkciji razvoja turizma, zato što električnu energiju proizvodi u najpotrebnije vrijeme a to je kad je povećana potrošnja tijekom ljetne turističke sezone. Prednost je što sunčane elektrane upravo tada najviše proizvode. Jedina je od hrvatskih sunčanih elektrana u sustavu poticaja.

Dio ciklusa gradnje sunčanih elektrana u Hrvatskoj koji je pokrenuo HEP, u skladu sa smjernicom europske energetsko-klimatske politike. Nastale su u suradnji s partnerima jedinicama lokalne i regionalne samouprave te tvrtkama. HEP je preuzeo Sunčanu elektranu Sabadin 2019. godine. SE Sabadin je poslije postala SE Kaštelir. U pogonu je od prosinca 2018. godine. Priključne snage 1 MW i očekivane godišnje proizvodnje od oko 1,5 milijuna kWh, što odgovara potrošnji oko 500 kućanstava. U elektrani su ugrađeni paneli proizvođača opreme za sunčane elektrane Solvis iz Varaždina.

Izvori

Sunčane elektrane u Hrvatskoj
Istra

Sunčana elektrana Kaštelir


Bălți () is a city in Moldova. It is the second largest city in terms of population, area and economic importance, after Chișinău. The city holds the status of municipiu. Sometimes called "the northern capital", it is a major industrial, cultural and commercial centre and transportation hub in the north of the country. It is situated  north of the capital Chișinău, and is located on the river Răut, a tributary of the Dniester, on a hilly landscape in the Bălți steppe.

Name
The word "bălți" (pl. of Romanian sing. "baltă") in direct translation means "puddle". It is believed that the city had been named thus because it was founded on a hill dominating the wetland formed where the creek Răuțel ("Little Răut") falls into the river Răut.

In addition to the official name Bălți and the Russian name  (), between 1940 and 1989 in Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet, and after 1989 in Russian, the name was/is also rendered in Cyrillic as  ().

History and symbols

Coat of arms

The current coat of arms and flag of Bălți, elaborated by Silviu Tabac from the Moldovan State Commission for Heraldry, were adopted by the Municipal Council in April 2006.

A shield, with alternating six silvery strips (symbolizing water), and six blue strips (symbolizing earth), form the background (symbolizing the name of the city). The central element of the shield is an archer in red clothes, in the military outfit (yellow) of Stephen III of Moldavia (Romanian: Ștefan cel Mare) times (15th century). The archer represents the medieval military recruitment, formed by local free peasants.

On top of the shield is a silver crown in the shape of a fortress wall with seven towers. (The crown represents the fact that the locality is a city. Apart from Bălți, only the capital Chișinău, and Tiraspol are allowed to have seven towers, while other cities must limit this number to three or five.) The shield is supported by two rearing silver horses (the white horse is the traditional symbol of the region, which was part of Iași County before 1812). Under the shield, there is a ribbon with the Latin inscription CEDANT ARMA TOGAE, meaning let arms yield to the toga.

In the Middle Ages, the archer was featured on the coats of arms of the region. In the 19th century, the city and district coats of arms also featured a horse head. In the early 20th century, a shield representing an archer, standing on a hill, the sun, and three bullrush sticks (elements quite sufficient to identify the place where Bălți is situated in the landscape of the north of Moldova) formed the coat of arms of the Bălți county, while these and horse elements - the coat of arms of the city proper.

Flag
The city's flag is composed of two horizontal strips: a blue one on the bottom, and a silver one on top. The shield and archer elements from the coat of arms are also present in the centre of the flag.

Geography
Bălți is situated on the tops and slopes of three hills and in two small valleys. The land in the north of Moldova is very fertile, mostly consisting of black earth or chernozem. Several extraction sites for raw materials used in the construction industry are also found in the vicinity of Bălți. The creeks Răuțel, Copăceanca, and Flămândă cross the territory of the municipality, and flow into the river Răut. Also, several lakes are situated in Bălți: City Lake, Komsolskoe Lake, Hunters and Fishermen Lake, Strâmba Lake.

The municipality covers an area of , of which the city proper , the village Elizaveta (an eastern suburb) , and the village Sadovoe (a north-western suburb) . Of these, an important portion () is agriculturally cultivated.

Neighbourhoods
The city itself is located on portions of three hills. The river Răut separates one of the hills to the north-east, the slopes of this hill are occupied by the neighbourhood Slobozia. Răut's affluent Răuțel separates another hill in the south, the slopes of which are the Podul Chișinăului. The largest of the three hills dominates the valleys of the creek and river, and contains the city centre and the old town, and the neighbourhoods Pământeni, Dacia, 6th district, 8th district, the city's main industrial area, and Molodova neighborhood. The top of this hill is occupied by the medical facilities district. Bălții Noi neighborhood is situated in the valley of the Răuțel creek.

A Soroca neighborhood, 10th district, 9th district, the area of the former Bălți concentration camp, and the Bălți City Airport are situated in the valley of the Răut river.

The names of city neighborhoods reflect different historic influences, such as names of 19th century suburbs that are nowadays within city limits: Pământeni, Slobozia, Molodova, Podul Chișinăului, Bălții Noi; others are known by their Soviet-era names: 6th district, 8th district, 9th district. A neighbourhood in the northern part of the city is called Dacia, and is colloquially sometimes referred to as BAM. A district in the eastern part is known as 10th district.

Climate
Bălți has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa). The all-time maximum temperature registered in the city was , the all-time minimum . There are 450 to  of annual rainfall, mostly during summer and fall. Winds are generally from the north-east or the north-west at about 2–5 m/s.

Seismology
The city is situated in the 7th zone of seismic activity, with a well-felt earthquake (generally without any serious structural damage to the city's buildings) occurring every 35 years on average.

Cityscape

Architecture
Cultural venues in the city include:
 Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre
 The oldest surviving building, a two-story boyar house, right in the heart of the city centre, dates back to 1609. Though it has been re-constructed and re-modeled many times with total disregard to conservation to the extent that now it simply looks like an odd two-story building.
 Monument of Stephen the Great (2003)
 Others (see down through the text)

Churches:
 Saint Nicolas Church, Bălți (1795). Although Orthodox, the building, financed by Gheorghe Panaiti, has a degree of catholic influence brought in by the architect Antuan Weismann from Galicia.
 Saint Constantine and Elena Cathedral, Bălți (1934), Orthodox, built in neo-Byzantine style. The building, at which official opening the Romanian royal family was present, survived almost without visible effects the harsh treatment during the Soviet era. During this time it was mostly a depot and later turned into the municipal museum.
 Bishopric Palace, Bălți (1924–1932), was the main office of the agricultural enterprise-institute "Selectia", and the surrounding park during the Soviet era.
 Saint Parascheva Church, Bălți (1933), by the bishop Visarion Puiu.
 Archangels Michael and Gabriel Church, Bălți (1912–1933)
 Saint Peter and Paul Church, Bălți (1915–1929)
 Armenian Saint Gregory Church, Bălți (1916)
 Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church (1884)

Culture and contemporary life

Entertainment and performing arts
Theaters:
 Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre
 "Eugène Ionesco" Theatre
 "Licurici" Republican Puppet Theatre
 "B.P. Hajdeu" Republican Drama-Muzical Theatre
 "Mihai Eminescu" National Theatre
 "Luceafarul" Republican Theatre
 Municipal Theatre "Satiricus I.L. Caragiale"

Museums and art galleries:
 "Exhibition of the Union of painters "Constantin Brâncuși"
 Artum Art Gallery

Media
 Deca-press, the oldest independent press agency in the north of the country.
 Spros i Predlojenie, a major Russian language daily newspaper serving northern Moldova.
 Gazeta.MD the News agency founded in December 2007.
 Golos Bălți the city newspaper, founded in 1947.
 Makler the advertising newspaper from Moldova and Ukraine.
 Belicy-sity  information and entertaining portal Belicy-sity.

Radio stations
List of FM radio stations from Bălți as of 4 July 2009.
 90.0-«Serebriannii dojdi»
 90.5-«Prime FM»
 92.00-«Retro FM»
 101.0-«Vocea Basarabiei»
 101.5-«City radio»
 102.1-«Radio ALLA»
 102.9-«BBC»
 103.5-«Vzrosloe radio Shanson»
 103.9-«Fresh FM»
 104.9-«Radio Moldova»
 105.6-«Megapolis Fm»
 106.2-«Russcoe Radio»
 107.2-«NOROC»
 107.6-«Hit FM»

Civil society
Bălți is a source of civil society development both locally and nationwide. Bălți is home to numerous independent and apolitical organisations such as Second Breath, one of the Moldovan NGOs for care of socially vulnerable persons, Tinerii pentru Dreptul la Viață ("Youth for the right to live"), a youth organisation.

Sports
 7 sport schools in Bălți offer programmes in the following sports: Orienteering, volleyball, handgun shooting sports, equestrianism, basketball, handball, weightlifting, chess, swimming, canoeing, football, athletics, tourism.
 Municipal Stadium "Olimpia Bălți Stadium" (home of FC Olimpia Bălți)
 Olympic Swimming Pool "Central"
 Olympic Swimming Pool "Volna" (open air)
 FC Olimpia Bălți is a football club based in the city and plays in Moldova's top league, the Moldovan National Division

Economy

Historically Bălți was known for producing tobacco. They also had many vineyards and orchards.

Most of the city's industry centres on food processing, notably in the production of flour, sugar, and wine. Manufacturing of furniture and agricultural machinery also plays an important role in Bălți's economy.

The service sector has developed after 1989 to cover the basic needs of the population.

Manufacturing
This city is an important economic centre, with manufacturing playing an important role. Besides traditional for Moldova wine making, sugar, meat processing, flour milling, oil production, and light industry in general, Bălți is the centre for manufacturing of agricultural machinery, of various construction materials, fur, textile, chemical and furniture industries. A mammoth Soviet-type conglomerate 8,000-worker factory (called "Lenin" before 1989 and "Răut" afterwards) produced a large variety of machine building products for consumer or industry use, from irons and telephone sets to sonar equipment for Soviet military submarines. However, due to swift changes in the economic environment after the breakdown of the Soviet planned economy system, the manufacturing base of the city has severely suffered. Nevertheless, more recently, new economic ties are being created, with collaboration and direct investment mostly from the European Union.

Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH celebrated the inauguration of its second plant in Moldova. The facility, which will be located in Balti, will produce wiring harnesses. The plant has about  of production and logistics space.

Shopping
Bălți has several major shopping chain outlets, such as the German Metro Group AG, Ukrainian Fourchette and Moldovan Fidesco.

Numerous shops, can be found in the central (retail), eastern (en gros) and northern (retail) parts of the city. The biggest shopping galleries are located in the centre and in the Dacia district (north) of the city. Souvenir boutiques are mostly found around the central square Vasile Alecsandri. The central market is open from early morning.

A variety of small private stores and supermarkets are available. There are also six public-owned and four private-owned markets. More recently several supermarket chains have opened stores in the city.

Health facilities
The city has a big Republican hospital, another multifunctional municipal hospital, a children's hospital, and a range of other medical facilities (smaller clinics and hospitals, as well as buildings, named poly-clinics, gathering doctors offices).

Demographics
Births (2010): 1573 (10.6 per 1000)
Deaths (2010): 1447 (9.7 per 1000)
Growth rate (2010): 126 (0.9 per 1000)

As per 2014 census preliminary results, 105,000 inhabitants live within the Bălți municipality limits. This represents a 17.7% drop in the number of residents as opposed to the results of the 2004 census.

According to the 2004 Moldovan Census, data submitted by the Department of Statistics and Sociology of the Republic of Moldova, the population of municipality of Bălți was 127,561, of which the population of the city itself was 122,669, and that of the suburban villages of Elizaveta and Sadovoe was of 3,523, respectively 1,369. Of these, 58,418 were men and 69,143 were women.

Ethnic groups, 2014:

Footnote: * There is an ongoing controversy regarding the ethnic identification of Moldovans and Romanians.

The population of Bălți in accordance with available census data.

Religion
At the 2004 census, 90.7% of the population (110,961 people) identified themselves as Christian Orthodox, 2.1% (2,609) as Baptist, 0.8% as Catholic, 0.5% as Seventh-day Adventist, 0.4% as Pentecostal, 0.2% as Methodist, 0.1% as Evangelical, 0.09% as Muslim, 0.06%  as Presbyterian, 0.04% as Old Believers, 0.04% as Reformed, 1.8% (2161 people) as followers of other religions, 0.4% as atheist, and 2.7% (3,304) as non-religious.

Social aspects

The post-independence decrease in the city population is mainly due to the economic and demographic situation of Moldova, which prompted a wave of permanent or temporary emigration.

Remittances from the migrant workers account for 30% of Moldova's GDP, the highest percentage in all of Europe. Often, elderly relatives and children of these workers are left to live in Bălți.

The majority of the population of Bălți is bilingual (Romanian and Russian), but some people only know one of these two languages. Many people in the city also understand and/or speak Ukrainian.

Pre-WWII Jewish Community

"Between the two world wars, the Jewish community of Bălți was a vibrant population of trade, industry and culture, Zionism and Yiddish, political parties and youth movements. Bălți was the second largest populated city in Bessarabia, with the second largest number of Jewish inhabitants after Chișinău, and the economic center of the region. In the official 1930 census, Bălți was listed as having 14,229 Jewish residents, about 60% of its total population.

"Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Agreement, Bălți was absorbed into the Soviet Union in the summer of 1940, coming under Soviet rule.

"On 22 June 1941, the Germans invaded the USSR. On 9 July, Bălți was occupied by German and Romanian armies, and waves of abuse and murder began. At the end of July, the German units and Gestapo officers left the city in the hands of the Romanians. In September 1941 the last of the Jews of Bălți– some 2,800 people – were expelled to the Mărculești Camp, and the Jewish population of the city ceased to exist. In Mărculești, many members of the community died, and the rest were deported to Transnistria."

Government

Bălți Municipality is a territorial unit of Moldova (one of its 3 municipalities not subordinated to other territorial units; it has had the status of municipality since 1994), containing the city itself, and the villages of Elizaveta and Sadovoe.

The Mayor Office () is headed by the Mayor (), and administers the local affairs, while the Municipal Council serves as a consultative body with some powers of general policy determination. It is composed of 35 council members elected every four years. As a result of the last regional elections of local public administration held in June 2007, the Communist Party (PCRM) holds 21 mandates, 11 mandates are held by representatives of other parties, and 3 mandates by independents. There are two factions in the Municipal Council: the PCRM faction (21 members) and "Meleag" (Romanian for "Native land") faction (3 independents and 4 representatives of different parties).

The Mayor of the municipality is elected for four years. Vasile Panciuc, PCRM, is the incumbent from 2001 and was re-elected twice: in 2003 during the anticipated elections (as a result of a new reform of the administrative division in Moldova), and in 2007.

Politics
Until recently, voters in the Bălți municipality mainly supported the PCRM. This is explained by the fact that the municipality contains a large Russian-speaking minority (43%) which primarily votes Communist. However, support for the Communists has seen a steady decline in the last three elections.

Elections

|-
!  style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;" colspan=2|Parties and coalitions
!  style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:right;"|Votes
!  style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:right;"|%
!  style="background:#e9e9e9; text-align:right;"|+/−
|-
|
|align=left|Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova
|align="right"|36,348
|align="right"|56.89
|align="right"|−1.27
|-
|
|align=left|Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova
|align="right"|11,721
|align="right"|18.35
|align="right"|+5.53
|-
|
|align=left|Democratic Party of Moldova
|align="right"|8,746
|align="right"|13,69
|align="right"|-1.91
|-
|
|align=left|Liberal Party
|align="right"|3,147
|align="right"|4.93
|align="right"|−2.71
|-
|
|align=left|Party Alliance Our Moldova
|align="right"|882
|align="right"|1.38
|align="right"|−1.49
|-
| style="background:gray;"|
|align=left|Other Party
|align="right"|3,057
|align="right"|4.76
|align="right"|+1.85
|-
|  style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9;" colspan=2|Total (turnout 58.73%)
|  style="text-align:right; width:30px; background:#e9e9e9;"|64,233
|  style="text-align:right; width:30px; background:#e9e9e9;"|100.00
|  style="text-align:right; width:30px; background:#e9e9e9;"|

Military

The 1st Motorized Infantry Brigade "Moldova" of the Moldovan Land Forces Command (out of a total of 6 brigades – three infantry, one artillery, one airborne and one anti-aircraft) is located in Bălți. A unit of Soviet Tochka-M short-range rockets, each carrying  of conventional explosive, was known to be based in the city. No up to date information is available.

Education

Primary and Secondary Education
There are 13 lyceums and 6 professional education institutions () offering the last 3 years of high school education and 2 years post-high school technical education. Also, 14 secondary schools (numbered 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23), 7 professional or professional-technical schools (numbered 1 through 7), and 3 boarding schools, including one for visually impaired are located in the city.

Higher education
 The Alecu Russo University of Bălți, the second largest university in Moldova, named after the 19th century Romanian scholar and ethnologist Alecu Russo. The university houses one of the biggest libraries in the South-Eastern Europe. It is a public university.
 The private Dniester Institute of Economy and Law
 The private Moldovan Branch of the non-governmental educational institution "Baltic Institute of Ecology, Politics and Law"
 The private Humanist Contemporary Institute

These schools teach either in Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian, English or are mixed. The latter case was inherited from the Soviet system, which provided for education in Russian and Romanian (Moldovan) languages, where mixed schools were created with the administration being carried out in both languages.

Historical monuments and architecture

 Saint Nicolas Cathedral (1795)
 Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (1884)
 Saint Gregory Armenian Church (1916)
 Saint Constantine and Helen Cathedral (1935)
 Saint Parascheva Church (1934)
 Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (1929)
 Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (1933)
 Bălți Bishopric (1934)
 Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre
 Matrimonial Palace
 History and Ethnography Museum
 A monument of Stefan the Great (2003)
 Bust of Mihai Eminescu
 Bust of Vasile Alecsandri
 Bust of Taras Shevchenko (2001)
 A monument to soldiers killed in Afghanistan (1999)

Transport

Public transport

Passenger transport in Bălți is handled mainly by the Bălți Trolleybus Authority and Bălți Bus Authority, as well as by private bus, minibus and taxi companies. The total number of passengers transported in Bălți in 2004 was 35.4 million.

There are around 25 minibus lines in Bălți and its agglomeration. The Bălți Bus Authority (B.B.A.) provides regular bus routes only in suburbs. There are also private bus and minibus services, which are not regulated by the B.B.A., provides regular routes in Bălți.

There are 3 trolleybus lines in Bălți, the fourth line being planned to be constructed in future. Most trolleybuses used by the Bălți Trolleybus Authority (B.T.A.) are different modifications of the Soviet ZiU-682, one Czech Škoda-14Tr13/6M, three Belarusian АКСМ–20101, and seven Russian Trans-Alfa 5298.00 (375).

Bălți offers a choice of taxi services, most of which operate for a fixed fee in the inner city. Three taxi companies are branches of Moldovan national companies, two taxi companies are Bălți registered businesses.

Road
Bălți is an important transportation hub of Moldova. The best inter-city transportation is done by coach or van (privately or publicly owned).  of Soviet-style highway (portions in good or fair condition) connect the city to the capital Chișinău. By road one can also reach Ukraine (in about 2 hours) to the north or to the east, and Romania (in about 1 hour) to the south-west by the Sculeni–Sculeni crossing point, which leads to the Romanian city of Iași ( from Bălți), or to the west by the Stânca–Costești crossing.

The Bălți Inter-City Coach Station provides for regular bus connections throughout Moldova, as well as for numerous European and international connections (Eurolines).

Rail
Regular rail connections to Ocnița (north), Rezina (east) and Ungheni (south-east), as well as to Chișinău exists, however it takes today 6 hours to cover the  to Chișinău. The railway lines are not electrified, and contain only a single track between stations. Since Moldova gained independence, the railway lines became the responsibility of Calea Ferată din Moldova (Railways of Moldova) state company.

There are two railway stations: Bălți-City Station and Bălți-Slobozia Station (the name of a city neighbourhood), which both serve internal and international traffic.

Air
The city also has two operational airports. One of them, Bălți International Airport,  north of the city center (near the village of Corlăteni), was built in the 1980s, modern by Soviet standards, is officially certified. Large aircraft can land (one 2,200 meter runway), it operates both charter passenger and cargo flights. As of October 2007, it does not operate regular passenger flights.

A second airport, for small aircraft, Bălți City Airport, is located on the Eastern outskirts of the city. It was the most important airport in the surrounding region during World War II, but currently is only used for municipal and regional public services, agriculture, emergency services and pilot training.Now, there are developing an industrial area.

Notable people

 Boris Anisfeld, Russian-American painter and theater designer.
Mihai Volontir, awarded Moldovan actor
 Natalia Barbu, singer, represented Moldova at the 2007 Eurovision musical competition
 Zelik Berditshever, Yiddish folk poet and composer
 Gheorghe Briceag, political prisoner, dissident, and human rights activist with the Helsinki Committee, recipient of the 2004 Homo Homini Award
 Iosif Chișinevschi, communist politician
 Eugenio Coșeriu, philologist, founder of the School of Linguistics at Tübingen University
 Roman Greenberg
 Lia van Leer, founder and director of the International Jerusalem Film Festival
 Marian Lupu, politician, speaker of the Parliament of Moldova since 2005
 Ion Pelivan, lawyer and politician, co-leader of the Moldavian National Party, minister of the exterior of the Moldavian Democratic Republic, killed by NKVD
 Ștefan Pirogan, mayor of Bălți (1923–1934)
 Vadim Pirogan, political prisoner and dissident
 Colea Răutu, Romanian movie star
 Leonid Soybelman, musician
 Nicolae Testemițanu, Moldovan physician, surgeon, hygienist, and politician
 Nicolae Filip, academician
 Vadim Vacarciuc, weight lifter, 1997 World Champion
 Boris Sandler, novelist and editor of Forverts (Yiddish edition of the Jewish Forward, published in New York).
 Isa Kremer, soprano of Russian Jewish descent
 Mikhaïl Faerman, Belgian-Russian classical pianist
 Geta Burlacu, Singer, represented Moldova the 2008 Eurovision with the song: "A Century Of Love".
 Riorita Paterău, politician

Trivia
 The famous Yiddish song Mein Shtetle Belz from 1932, written by Jacob Jacobs (theater) and composed by Alexander Olshanetsky for the play Ghetto Song, makes a reference to the old Jewish city of Bălți. It had been a tribute to the famous singer Isa Kremer, born in Bălți, and who was probably also the first one to perform it.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities
Bălți is twinned with:

 Arad, Israel
 Białystok, Poland
 Botoșani, Romania
 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
 Comrat, Moldova

 Gyula, Hungary
 İzmir, Turkey
 Jining, China

 Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
 Lakeland, United States
 Larissa, Greece
 Livny, Russia
 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
 Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Ukraine
 Narva, Estonia
 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
 Orsha, Belarus
 Płock, Poland
 Podolsk, Russia
 Polotsk, Belarus
 Pushkin (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Rechytsa, Belarus
 Smolyan, Bulgaria

 Stryi, Ukraine
 Suceava, Romania
 Vinnytsia, Ukraine
 Vitebsk, Belarus
 Western Administrative Okrug (Moscow), Russia
 Wuzhong, China
 Zapadnoye Degunino District (Moscow), Russia

Consulates
 Consulate-General of Romania, address: 51, Sfântul Nicolae Str.
 Consulate of Ukraine, address: 143, Kiev Str.

Notes and references

Further reading
 Beltsy/Balti (pp. 354–357) at Miriam Weiner's Routes to Roots Foundation

External links

 The former Jewish Community of Bălți/Beltsy
 Tourism in Bălți at www.tur.md
The Story of the Jewish Community in Bălți - an online exhibition by Yad Vashem
 Jewish Cemetery in Bălți

Municipalities of Moldova
1620 establishments in Europe
Populated places established in the 1420s
Moldova articles needing attention
Beletsky Uyezd
Bălți County (Romania)
Capitals of the counties of Bessarabia
Historic Jewish communities in Moldova
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust

Bălți


An Panicum massaiense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Panicum massaiense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Panicum

Panicum massaiense


Laurentino Lopes Bonorino foi um militar e atleta brasileiro, sendo um dos responsáveis pela institucionalização da Educação Física no Brasil.

Biografia
Laurentino foi atleta do futebol antes de incorporar-se ao exército, tendo se destacado nas "corridas a pé" no período após a sua integração ao exército brasileiro. Ele esteve entre os sargentos associados a movimentos tenentistas em 1922, fazendo parte das tentativas de modernização conservadora do final da República Velha  e do começo da Era Vargas.

Em 1922 ele se casou e foi transferido para a cidade de Natal, no Rio Grande do Norte.

Em 1926 Laurentino retorna ao Rio de Janeiro. Nessa cidade é acusado de chicotear um soldado sob seus comandos, evento que teve grande repercussão na imprensa local, inclusive na revista O Malho. Em 1927 é julgado e absolvido.

Laurentino defendeu publicamente supostas virtudes cívicas do Marechal Floriano.

Institucionalização da Educação Física no Brasil
Laurentino compôs o primeiro quadro de alunos do Curso de Educação Física para oficiais na Escola de Sargentos em 1929.

Foi instrutor de História da Educação Física na EEFE.

Escreveu artigos e livros sobre temas variados dentro do escopo da Educação Física, assim como traduziu e prefaciou obras sobre essa matéria.

Esteve associado as ideias pedagógicas do educador Fernando de Azevedo.

Entre os nomes que aparecem associados a Laurentino Lopes Bonorino na instauração da Educação Física no Brasil encontra-se o também militar Carlos Marciano de Medeiros, responsável pela institucionalização da Educação Física no estado do Espírito Santo.

Esteve associado as vertentes francesas da Educação Física.

Ajudou a institucionalizar a Educação Física no estado de Pernambuco, inclusive supervisionando a construção de um estádio.

Atletas do Brasil
Militares do Brasil

Laurentino Lopes Bonorino


José Prendes Vega (Gijón, Asturias, España, 12 de febrero de 1930) es un exfutbolista español que jugaba como delantero. El principal equipo a lo largo de su carrera fue el Real Sporting de Gijón, en el que se mantuvo durante nueve temporadas.

Trayectoria
Nacido en Gijón, perteneció durante toda su vida a la cantera del Real Sporting de Gijón aunque estuvo dos años jugando tanto en el Adaro como en la Cultural de Aboño antes de debutar con el Deportivo Gijonés en la campaña 1946-47.

Con el primer equipo debutó en 1948, cuando acababa de descender a Segunda División. Fue determinante en la temporada 1950-51, en la que marcó treinta y tres goles, y consiguió el ascenso a Primera División. Jugó tres temporadas en la máxima categoría hasta que el equipo descendió nuevamente en 1954. En la nueva etapa de Segunda División participó en sus últimas tres campañas, hasta 1957, cuando el equipo volvió a conseguir el ascenso. En total, disputó 177 encuentros con el equipo gijonés, en los que anotó ochenta y ocho goles.

En 1957, fue traspasado al Real Murcia C. F., en el que estuvo dos temporadas hasta que se unió a la disciplina del C. D. Tenerife, donde consiguió un nuevo ascenso a Primera División. Tras su paso por el equipo canario abandonó el fútbol profesional y regresó a Asturias para militar en el Real Avilés C. F. entre 1960 y 1962. Posteriormente, en 1963, se retiró en un modesto equipo de su ciudad natal, el Pelayo C. F.

En 2007, la asociación de veteranos del Real Sporting de Gijón le concedió la insignia de oro del club.

Clubes

Referencias

Futbolistas de Gijón
Futbolistas del Real Sporting de Gijón en los años 1940
Futbolistas del Real Sporting de Gijón en los años 1950
Futbolistas del Real Murcia Club de Fútbol en los años 1950
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Tenerife en los años 1950
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Tenerife en los años 1960
Futbolistas del Real Avilés Club de Fútbol
Nacidos en Gijón

José Prendes