Ellingåskibet er et skib fra middelalderen, der blev fundet i Elling Å i Nordjylland. Skibet er et klinkbygget knarr-skib, og er fremstillet af egetræ fra 1163.

Opdagelse
Det 14,50 m. lange og 3.50 m. brede skib blev opdaget i 1922 under opførelsen af en ny jernbanebro over Elling Å til Skagensbanen, da den blev omlagt til at føre over Strandby i stedet for Elling. Da det var konstateret, at skibet ikke var et vikingeskib, blev det dækket til igen. I 1962 gravede man igen efter det, men på den forkerte side af banen, og året efter fandt man det på østsiden. 24. oktober 1968 blev skibet bjærget af en af DSB's skinneudlægningskraner, som læssede det på en jernbanevogn, der blev kørt til Frederikshavn. Her kørte en blokvogn fra Falck skibet det sidste stykke til Bangsbo Museum.

Beskrivelse

Ellingåskibet blev dendrokronologisk dateret til 1163. Det er et handelsskib af knarrtypen, der er fremstillet af egetræ fra det østlige Jylland. Det er en klinkkonstruktion, som man også kender fra de tidligere vikingeskibe.

Skibet har sandsynligvis sejlet på handelsruter fra Kattegat og Skagerrak til Sverige, Norge og lande ved Østersøen. Idet skibet blev fundet i en å tyder det på, at der på et tidspunkt har eksisteret en naturhavn her.

Skibet har sandsynligvis kunnet sejle med en hastighed på omkring 10 knob. Det har haft en besætning på 4-5 mand. Fuldt lastet med omkring 15 tons gods og varer har det haft en dybgang på omkring 80 cm.

Ellingåskibet er i dag udstillet på Bangsbo Museum. I 1991 fandt man Nordstrandskibet, "en lillesøster til Ellingåskibet", lidt syd for åens udløb, men museet havde ikke råd til at udstille Nordstrandskibet, der derfor er lagt i magasin. Nordstrandskibet er ligeledes et handelsfartøj, der dog er lidt yngre, idet det er dateret til 1346.

Rekonstruktioner
I 1969 fremstillede man den første rekonstruktion af skibet, som fik navnet Imme Aros. I 2003 omdøbte man skibet til Imme Struer.

Middelaldercentret ved Nykøbing Falster har planer om at lave en rekonstruktion af Ellingåskibet. Museet har tidligere fremstillet rekonstruktioner af Gedesbyskibet og Bredfjedskibet, der ligeledes er middelalderlige handelsfartøjer. Augustinusfonden har givet 500.000 kr til et forprojekt, og i maj 2016 lavede museet opmålinger af skibet.

Referencer

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

Skibe fra Danmark
Rekonstruerede skibe
Skibsvrag i Danmark
Frederikshavn Kommune
Arkæologiske fund fra Danmark

Ellingåskibet


Vrbov (, , , ) ist eine Gemeinde im Norden der Slowakei mit  Einwohnern (). Sie gehört zum Okres Kežmarok, einem Teil des Prešovský kraj.

Geographie

Die Gemeinde befindet sich im Osten des Beckens Podtatranská kotlina am Bach Vrbovský potok, zwischen den sich östlich erstreckenden Leutschauer Bergen und etwas weiter entfernten Tatra. Das Ortszentrum liegt auf einer Höhe von  und ist sechs Kilometer von Kežmarok gelegen.

Geschichte
Vrbov wurde zum ersten Mal 1251 als Webrew schriftlich erwähnt. Der ursprünglich slawische Ort wurde im späten 13. Jahrhundert von den deutschen Kolonisten (Zipser Sachsen) angesiedelt und gehörte zum Bund der 24 Zipser Städte sowie zur Bruderschaft der 24 königlichen Pfarrer. Nach einem Privilegium von 1317 entwickelte sich der Ort als Städtchen. Im Zeitraum 1412–1772 war Vrbov an Polen verpfändet.

Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurden die meisten Deutschen vertrieben und es zogen Slowaken aus der Gegend von Blažov und Ľubické Kúpele hierher.

Bevölkerung

Ergebnisse nach der Volkszählung 2001 (1.193 Einwohner):

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 römisch-katholische Kirche des Heiligen Servatius, ursprünglich im 13. Jahrhundert erbaut, heute im Rokoko-Stil gestaltet
 Renaissance-Glockenturm von 1644
 evangelische Kirche von 1784
 Thermalbad

Weblinks

Ort in der Slowakei
Ersterwähnung 1251

Vrbov


It Must Have Been Love ist eine Ballade des schwedischen Pop-Duos Roxette, die sowohl in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern wie auch in den Vereinigten Staaten mit Gold ausgezeichnet wurde und bis heute eine ihrer meistverkauften und bekanntesten Singles ist. Sowohl der Text als auch die Komposition stammen von Per Gessle, der das Lied bereits 1987 in seinem Heimatland mit dem Beititel Christmas for the Broken Hearted in den Verkauf brachte. Außerhalb von Schweden wurde der Song jedoch erst im Jahre 1990 ein internationaler Musikhit, nachdem er, mit etwas veränderter Textzeile, als Teil des sehr erfolgreichen Soundtracks zur Filmkomödie Pretty Woman erneut veröffentlicht wurde.

2005 erhielt Per Gessle einen Sonderpreis von der US-amerikanischen Musikgesellschaft BMI, nachdem der Song mehr als vier Millionen Mal von US-amerikanischen Radiostationen gespielt worden war.

Erste Veröffentlichung 1987
Erstmals wurde It Must Have Been Love (Christmas For The Broken Hearted), so der Originaltitel, im Laufe des Jahres 1987 herausgebracht, nachdem EMI Deutschland Roxette um die Komposition eines intelligenten Weihnachtssong bat. Obwohl es die Single in Schweden auf Platz 4 der Hitliste schaffte, entschied EMI den Song weder in Deutschland noch einem anderen Land zu veröffentlichen.

Diese ursprüngliche Version war in der Folgezeit bis 1997 auf keinem Album von Roxette zu finden, ehe sie in der Wiederveröffentlichung des Albums Pearls of Passion als Bonustrack erschien. Der seinerzeit die B-Seite der Plattensingle von Christmas For The Broken Hearted füllende Song Turn to Me ist ebenfalls als Bonustrack auf diesem Album vertreten.

Zweite Veröffentlichung 1990
Durch die erfolgreichen Chart-Platzierungen der ausgekoppelten Singles des Look Sharp! -Albums aufmerksam geworden, trat Touchstone Pictures an Roxette und deren Plattenlabel EMI mit dem Wunsch heran, einen Song zum Soundtrack für eine in der Entstehung befindliche Romantikkomödie beizusteuern, die in den USA im Frühjahr 1990 unter dem Titel Pretty Woman in die Kinos kommen sollte. Der Film mit Richard Gere und der damals weitgehend unbekannten Julia Roberts in den Hauptrollen wurde ein internationaler Filmerfolg, der weltweit mehr als 460 Millionen Dollar einspielte.

Per Gessle entschied sich, nach eigener Aussage, die mittlerweile fast drei Jahre alte Aufnahme von It Must Have Been Love anzubieten, da Roxette aufgrund der zu diesem Zeitpunkt stattfindenden Tour durch Australien und Neuseeland keine Freiräume besaß, ein neues Stück zu schreiben und aufzunehmen. Gessle und sein Produzent Clarence Öfwerman nahmen die Originalversion von 1987, ließen Marie Fredriksson eine Liedzeile ersetzen, um ihm den Bezug auf Weihnachten zu nehmen und fügten einige Instrumentationen sowie neue vokale Hintergrundüberlagerungen hinzu, die den Sound bereichern sollten. Die B-Seite der Plattensingle enthielt den Song Paint, der dem Album Look Sharp! entnommen wurde.

Der Song erschien jedoch außer auf den Pretty Woman Original Sound Tracks auf keinem Studioalbum, das von Roxette veröffentlicht wurde und war erst 1995 im Greatest-Hits-Album Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! vertreten.

Neuveröffentlichung 1993, Alternative Versionen 1993 und 2012

Während der Welttournee von Roxette im Jahr 1993 wurde eine veränderte Version des Songs in einem Studio in Los Angeles neu aufgenommen, um den Verkauf des kurz zuvor erschienenen Joyride-Album zu unterstützen. Diese langsame Country-Version, bei der das Pianosolo durch ein Stahlgitarrensolo ersetzt wurde, ist auf dem Tour-Album Tourism: Songs from Studios, Stages, Hotelrooms & Other Strange Places von 1992 vertreten.

Eine Wiederveröffentlichung der Version von 1990 erreichte im September 1993 noch einmal die UK Top 10, nachdem Pretty Woman zum ersten Mal im nichtprivaten britischen Fernsehen ausgestrahlt worden war.

Für das 1996 erschienene Album Baladas En Español nahm Roxette schließlich eine Version in spanischer Sprache auf. Der entstandene Song No sé si es amor (Ich weiß nicht, ob es Liebe ist) mit einem von Luis G. Escolar ins Spanische übertragenem Text wurde schließlich 1997 in Mexiko als Single veröffentlicht.

2012 nahmen Roxette für ihr neuntes Studioalbum Travelling eine neue Studioversion des Songs mit Orchester-Begleitung auf.

Musikvideo
Das zu It Must Have Been Love gehörige Video wurde in einem abgedunkelten Lagerhaus gedreht, in dem lediglich die Fenster von außen beleuchtet waren. Dabei bewegt sich Fredriksson singend abwechselnd in einem roten sowie einem weißen Kleid durch die Kulisse oder liegt auf einem Bett, während sie von Gessle mit der Gitarre und zeitweise mit dem Piano begleitet wird. Unterbrochen wird die Szenerie von verschiedenen eingespielten Sequenzen aus dem Film Pretty Woman. Im Begleitheft des Greatest-Hits-Albums Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! sind zu den einzelnen Liedern neben den Texten auch persönliche Kommentare von Gessle und Fredriksson abgedruckt. So erzählt Marie Fredriksson:

Es existiert zudem eine alternative Version des Videos ohne die hineingeschnittenen Filmszenen, die 1991 auf der offiziellen Clip-Zusammenstellung Roxette The Videos als VHS-Video und als Laserdisc erschien.

Inhalt
Im Gegensatz zu stilistisch ähnlichen Balladen, die eine aufkommende oder bestehende Romanze zum Thema haben, beschreibt It must have been love, (but it's over now) (Es muss Liebe gewesen sein, aber nun ist es vorüber) mit melancholischen Worten die Verlorenheit am ersten Tag nach dem Ende einer Liebesbeziehung. In der ursprünglichen Version wird dabei von einem Weihnachtstag gesprochen, für die Verwendung im Film Pretty Woman, der im Frühjahr erschien, wurde der Handlungsraum allgemein in die Winterzeit verlegt, indem Gessle eine Zeile gegen Ende der zweiten Strophe von "it's a hard Christmas Day"  in "it's a hard winter's day" abwandelte. Seinem melancholischen Text entsprechend untermalt der Song im Film auch eine Szene, in der sich die beiden Hauptdarsteller kurzzeitig zur Trennung entschlossen haben.

Charterfolge

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
Obwohl der Text einen einsamen Wintertag nach einer zerbrochenen Beziehung beschreibt, wurde It Must Have Been Love ausgerechnet im Sommer des Jahres 1990 ein internationaler Hit. Der Song war nicht die erste Auskopplung des Pretty Woman Soundtracks, wurde jedoch die meistverkaufte Single des selbst sehr erfolgreichen Albums. Insgesamt verbrachte er alleine zwei Wochen, vom 16. bis zum 29. Juni 1990, auf Rang 1 der Hot 100 in den USA und übertraf letztlich die Marke von 500.000 verkauften Exemplaren.

In England kam die Single ebenfalls im Juni 1990 heraus und gelangte hier auf den 3. Platz der Uk-Charts, die bis dahin beste Platzierung von Roxette auf der Insel, wo sie sich 14 Wochen hielt.
Die erneute Veröffentlichung im September 1993 erreichte noch einmal den zehnten Platz und verblieb noch einmal ganze acht Wochen in der Hitliste. Daneben schaffte es der Song auf die Spitzenposition der Singlechart von Norwegen, Polen und Spanien. In Australien wurde er die zweite Nummer 1 von Roxette und hielt die Topposition im Juli 1990 zwei Wochen lang. Er erreichte zudem Rang 4 in Deutschland, wo er alleine 6 Monate in den Top 50 verblieb, sowie die Top 5 in Österreich, der Schweiz, Belgien, den Niederlanden und dem Heimatland der Gruppe, Schweden.

Das Album zum Film wurde mit Dreifach-Platin durch RIAA, ausgezeichnet und weltweit über neun Millionen Mal verkauft. Der Song erhielt zudem Gold in Deutschland, Österreich, Schweden, den Vereinigten Staaten und Silber im Vereinigten Königreich.

Chartplatzierungen

Mitwirkende
Folgende Personen hatten maßgeblichen Anteil an der Entstehung dieses Stückes:

Coverversionen

När kärleken föds
Die schwedische Popsängerin Shirley Clamp brachte im April 2006 eine Version von It Must Have Been Love in schwedischer Sprache heraus, die den Titel När kärleken föds (Wenn Liebe geboren ist) trug und Platz 6 der Schwedischen Single-Charts erreichte. Der Song enthielt jedoch keinerlei Bezug auf Weihnachten, andere Feiertage oder bestimmte Jahreszeiten.

Weitere Coverversionen
 Shirley Bassey veröffentlichte ihre Version des Songs 1995 auf dem Album Sings the Movies.
 Die mexikanische Sängerin Rocío Banquells brachte eine Akustikversion für ihr 1991 erschienenes Album Escucha el infinito heraus.
 Auf dem Album Standstill der Punkrock Band Polly Esther von 2002 beinhaltet ebenfalls eine Coverversion dieses Songs.
 2004 wurde ein Cover des Songs von der britischen Gruppe Friday Night Posse (a.k.a. Dancing DJs) featuring Soraya veröffentlicht.
 Das britische Popduo Journey South nahm eine Akustikversion von It Must Have Been Love auf ihrem gleichnamigen Album von 2006 auf.
 In einer spanischen Version wurde der Song von der australischen Band Aleks and The Ramps auf ihrem Album Pisces Vs Aquarius veröffentlicht.
 Das deutsche Musikprojekt Get Well Soon unter Sänger Konstantin Gropper coverte den Song im Jahr 2008.
 Die norwegische Sängerin Maria Mena coverte ihn im Jahr 2008 und veröffentlichte das Stück als Bonus-Track via iTunes UK zu ihrem vierten Studioalbum Cause and Effect.
 Das schwedische Duo First Aid Kit und Maja Francis coverten Song anlässlich der Erinnerung an die kurz zuvor verstorbene Sängerin Marie Fredriksson beim Musikhjälpen 2019.

Weblinks
 Roxette.se, offizielle Website (englisch)
 Planet Roxette, umfassende Fansite (deutsch)

Einzelnachweise

Lied 1987
Popsong
Nummer-eins-Hit
Roxette-Lied
Lied von Per Gessle
Platin-Lied (Vereinigtes Königreich)

It Must Have Been Love


කෙටි විස්තරයක් සහිත ලිපි
Short description matches Wikidata

තොටළඟ (දෙමළ: பாலத்துறை, ඉංග්‍රීසි: Grandpass), යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ, කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුල පිහිටි උප නගරයකි. එය කොළඹ 14 ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශයක කොටසකි.

ඉතිහාසය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පෘතුගීසි පාලන සමයේදී මෙම ප්‍රදේශය ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්පාසෝ (Grande Passo; පරිවර්තනය:විශාල පියවරක්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලන සමයේදී මෙම නම ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්පාස් (Grandpass) බවට පරිවර්තනය විය.ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්පාස් නාමය අදටත් පවතී. එය ලන්දේසි සමයේදී ග්‍රූට් පාස් (Groote Pas),පස් නකොලෙගම් (Pas Nacollegam) සහ පාස් වැන් ගොන්ස්ඩෝප් (Pas van Goensdorp) යන නම්වලින් ද හැඳින්විණි.

Coordinates on Wikidata

තොටළඟ


Giovanni Andrea Barotti, un littérateur italien du XVIII siècle ;
 Lorenzo Barotti, un prédicateur, biographe et poète italien.

Barotti


الياسمينات هو حي سكني يوجد جنوبي مدينة بن عروس ويتبع لولايتها.ويجاورها مدينة رادس و المدينة الجديدة

ولاية بن عروس

الياسمينات


Palle Suenson (né le 6 juillet 1904 à Frederiksberg et décédé le 14 juillet 1987 à Holte) était un architecte moderniste danois, fils du professeur Edouard Suenson, ingénieur, et de Henriette Benedicte Hartmann.

Biographie
Après ses études à l'Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Copenhague, Suenson a commencé sa carrière en coopération d'abord avec les architectes Kay Fisker et Søren Christian Larsen (1925-29) et ensuite avec Kaj Gottlob (1929-30), avant de lancer son propre bureau d'architecture en 1930. Il deviendra rapidement un des principaux architectes modernistes au Danemark, un pionnier dans son domaine. On se souvient de lui aujourd'hui pour de nombreux bâtiments emblématiques, tels que notamment le bâtiment B&W à Christianshavn. Ses bâtiments sont réputés pour leur style épuré et leurs proportions harmonieuses et ont exercé une influence majeure sur des architectes tels que Arne Jacobsen ou Poul Kjærholm.

En sus de ses très nombreux bâtiments, tant d'habitation que de bureaux (notamment des banques), ainsi que des meubles qu'il a dessinés, il s'est beaucoup intéressé à la restauration de bâtiments historiques. En 1943, il a acquis et restauré la Maison de l'alchimiste (Guldmagerens Hus) sur Nyhavn à Copenhague, et en 1950 il est chargé d'une restauration minutieuse du manoir Schæffegården à Gentofte.

Palle Suenson a participé à de très nombreuses exposition telles que Charlottenborg (1929, 1932, 1934, 1941, 1945, 1978), l'Exposition universelle de Bruxelles de 1935, et plusieurs autres expositions internationales dans des villes telles que La Haye, Paris ou Lyon.

Propriétaire du manoir Rygaard à Søllerød au nord de Copenhague, il y établit à grands frais pour lui-même le parc naturel local de 220 hectares.

Suenson aura aussi une activité d'enseignement significative et sera Recteur de 1956 à 1965 de l'Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Copenhague.

Bibliographie
 Palle Suenson, Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon 1947 and 1994
 Johan Casper and Peter Hancke Crone, Arkitekten Palle Suenson, Ed. C. Ejler, 1987, 350 pages

Articles connexes

Liens externes
 https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/VisKunstner.do?kunstnerId=10779&wsektion=alle

Notes et Références

Architecte danois

Naissance en juillet 1904

Naissance à Frederiksberg
Élève de l'Académie royale des beaux-arts du Danemark

Décès en juillet 1987

Décès à 83 ans

Palle Suenson


José Fernando Gomes Tavares (Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, 25 de abril de 1965), más
conocido como José Tavares, es un exfutbolista portugués y se desempeñaba como centrocampista.

Clubes

Referencias

Nacidos en Vila Nova de Gaia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Portugal en los años 1990
Futbolistas de la União Desportiva de Leiria
Futbolistas del Boavista Futebol Clube
Futbolistas del Fútbol Club Oporto
Futbolistas del Futebol Clube Paços de Ferreira
Futbolistas del Sport Lisboa e Benfica
Futbolistas de Portugal en la Eurocopa 1996

José Tavares


El comendador (en latín: commedator) era una persona que ocupa la cabeza de alguna entidad eclesiástica vacante, mientras el jerarca oficial era nombrado.

En muchas ocasiones durante la Edad Media ante la muerte de un arzobispo, obispo o abad, la silla quedaba vacante y otro jerárca eclesiástico era nombrado comendador, dirigiéndola sin tener el título formal. A partir del , en muchos casos personas laicas llegaron a ser comendadores de entidades eclesiásticas disfrutando de los beneficios económicos, sin llevar a cabo actividades de gobierno y tomar decisiones religiosas, lo que era conducido por un cuerpo colegiado de clérigos en la misma diócesis o abadía.

En el  el rey Matías Corvino de Hungría se autoproclamó comendador de la poderosa y rica abadía de Pannonhalma, disfrutando de los beneficios entre 1472 y 1490. Posteriormente el rey Vladislao II de Hungría llevó a cabo la misma acción entre 1493 y 1500.

El Concilio de Trento concluido en 1563 prohibió la figura del comendador, y pronto los laicos se vieron privados de disfrutar los beneficios económicos de las entidades eclesiásticas.

Véase también
 In commendam

Bibliografía
 Mons Sacer 996–1996 Pannonhalma 1000 éve, Takács Imre szerk., 1996.

Títulos
Ocupaciones religiosas

Comendador (religioso)


«At the End» es una canción de la agrupación estadounidense de música electrónica iiO.

Luego del suceso que resultó ser Rapture, lanzaron su segundo sencillo el 20 de octubre de 2002. La canción fue incluida en el álbum debut de iiO, Poetica, lanzado en 2005.

El 28 de diciembre de 2010 se lanza At The End (Metropolitan Remixes) coincidiendo con la salida del nuevo álbum de iiO 'Exit 110' en 2011. También en 2010, la versión remixada por el productor holandés Hardwell fue incluida en la compilación de sus grandes éxitos de Nadia Ali Queen Of Clubs Trilogy: Diamond Edition.

Lista de canciones

Remixes oficiales

At The End (Metropolitan Mix)

Posicionamiento en listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 "At the End" en Discogs

Sencillos de 2002
Sencillos de música electrónica
Canciones de música electrónica

At the End


Novaković je prezime sljedećih osoba:

Antonija Novaković (1979. — ), hrvatska pjesnikinja
Borivoj Novaković (1938. —  2015.), hrvatski ekonomist, nogometaš, nogometni trener i dužnosnik
Darko Novaković, hrvatski akademik
Igor Novaković (1979. — ), hrvatski umirovljeni nogometaš
Lola Novaković (1935. — 2016.),  jugoslavenska i srpska pjevačica
Mile Novaković (1950. — 2015.), ratni zapovjednik u srpsko-crnogorskoj agresiji na Hrvatsku

Slični pojmovi
 Novak, često prezime u Hrvatskoj
 Novakovec, nekoliko naselja u Hrvatskoj
 Novaković, hrvatska plemićka obitelj iz Bačke
 Novakovići, nekoliko naselja u Bosni i Hercegovini i Crnoj Gori

Izvori

Hrvatska prezimena
Srpska prezimena

Novaković (razdvojba)


O Lancheras de Cataño Voleibol Club é um time de voleibol feminino porto-riquenho da cidade de  Cataño. Foi nomeado pela NORCECA para a disputa do Mundial de Clubes de 2012 em Doha e terminou na quarta posição.

História

Fundado em 2008 como Caribes de San Sebastián disputou na temporada de 2009, após mudança de sede para Cataño, foi renomemado para Lancheras de Cataño.. Em 2012, o Lancheras fez história ao conquistar o Campeonato Nacional em apenas seu terceiro ano de existência, sendo o primeiro clube porto-riquenho a vencer o Campeonato Nacional em  curto tempo, e na fase classificatória obteve a quarta posição com 15 vitórias e 7 derrotas. O clube estreou em 2010 e rapidamente construiu uma grande base de fãs. O primeiro ano já foi de grande sucesso, pois chegaram às semifinais do Campeonato Nacional. Em 2011 a equipe chegou às quartas de final.A conquista do Campeonato Nacional deu a Lancheras de Cataño a honra de representar Porto Rico no Campeonato Mundial de Clubes da FIVB 2012, já que Porto Rico foi selecionado para representar a Confederação NORCECA no torneio. Esta é a primeira vez que um clube feminino da federação porto-riquenha participa desta competição.

Títulos conquistados

 Campeonato Porto-riquenho
 Campeão:2010
 Terceiro posto:2010
 Quarto posto:2011

 Campeonato NORCECA

 Mundial de Clubes
 Quarto posto:2012

Ligações externas

Clubes de voleibol feminino de Porto Rico

Lancheras de Cataño


Gilwell Park is a camp site and activity centre in East London located in the Sewardstonebury area of Waltham Abbey, within Epping Forest, near the border with Chingford. The  site is owned by The Scout Association, is used by Scouting and Guiding groups. As the original base of leadership training in the Scout movement, it is an important site of the worldwide Scouting movement.

In the late Middle Ages, the area was used as a farm, which grew to become to a wealthy estate that fell into disrepair around 1900. In 1919, Scout Commissioner William de Bois Maclaren bought the estate and gave it to The Scout Association to provide camping facilities for London Scouts and training for Scouters. Scout leaders from all countries of the world have visited Gilwell Park for their Wood Badge training.

Gilwell Park is also host to Scout Adventures Gilwell Park, one of twelve national centres run by or in partnership with the Scout Association, including Downe and Youlbury.

The site has a number of camping fields, indoor accommodation, historical sites, Scouting monuments, and outdoor adventure activities. The site can accommodate up to 10,000 people, and regularly does so. The site is also used by schools and other youth organisations, and hosts social events such as weddings and birthday parties.

History

Late Middle Ages to 18th century

The history of Gilwell Park can be traced to 1407, when John Crow owned Gyldiefords, the land that would become Gilwell Park. Between 1407 and 1422, Crow sold the land to Richard Rolfe, and the area became known as Gillrolfes; "Gill" being Old English for glen. Following Rolfe's death in 1422, different sections of the property came to be called "Great Gilwell" and "Little Gilwell." The two areas were named after the Old English "wella" (spring). A farmhouse has stood at Gilwell Farm ever since.

Around this time, Richard Osbourne purchased an adjoining  property, and in 1442, he built a large dwelling called Osborne Hall, which stood for 300 years. According to a local legend, in the early 16th century, King Henry VIII owned the land and built a hunting lodge for his son Edward. Around 1736, highwayman Dick Turpin began using Gilwell's forests to hide, and for ambushing travellers and freight along roads leading into London.

In 1754, William Skrimshire purchased Great Gilwell, Little Gilwell and half of Osborne's estate, including Osborne Hall. Skrimshire demolished Osborne Hall and built a new residence, which he also called Osborne Hall and is now called the White House. Timbers in the White House can be dated to this time but not to any previous era. Leonard Tresilian (?–1792) bought the estate in 1771, and expanded the land holdings and size of the residence.

After Tresilian's first wife Margaret Holland died young after bearing three daughters, he married Elizabeth Fawson. Desiring that Gilwell pass on to his eldest daughter, who was also named Margaret (1750 – c.1844), Tresilian drew up a detailed prenuptial agreement with Fawson's father. By the time of Tresilian's death in 1792, the younger Margaret had married William Bassett Chinnery (1766–1834), the elder brother of painter George Chinnery.

18th century to early 20th century

The Chinnerys were wealthy and influential. William Chinnery's father, who was also named William, owned trading ships and named one Gilwell in 1800. William and Margaret Chinnery initially lived in London, and after three years of marriage they inherited Gilwell in 1792, and moved to the property in 1793. They soon shocked the populace by renaming Osborne Hall to "Gilwell Hall". William Chinnery expanded Gilwell's land holdings through significant purchases over 15 years and with his wife, transformed it into a country estate with gardens, paths and statues. Parts of the garden, paths and dwelling modifications existed into the 21st century. William Chinnery was exposed as the embezzler of a small fortune from his employer the British Treasury, and was dismissed from all his posts on 12 March 1812. On 2 July the same year, Margaret Chinnery was forced to sign over Gilwell Estate to the Exchequer.

The Chinnery family were prominent enough for members of the English nobility to visit them often during the 1790s and early 19th century. King George III visited on occasion and the Prince Regent, who later became George IV, was a regular visitor. George III's seventh son Prince Adolphus became a family friend, lived at Gilwell for a while, and tutored the Chinnerys' eldest son George.

In 1815, Gilpin Gorst bought the estate at public auction, and his son sold it to Thomas Usborne in 1824. When London Bridge was replaced in 1826, Usborne bought pieces of the stone balustrades, which date to 1209, and erected them around the Buffalo Lawn behind the White House. The estate changed ownership more times but these families did not maintain the property and by 1900, it had fallen into disrepair. In 1911 local resident Reverend Cranshaw bought the estate; he was the last owner prior to the Boy Scout Association.

Purchase by Boy Scout Association

The estate's condition deteriorated further during the 1910s. William de Bois Maclaren, a publisher and Scout Commissioner from Rosneath, Dumbartonshire, Scotland, was saddened to find Scouts in the East End of London had no suitable outdoor venue. He contacted Robert Baden-Powell, who appointed P.B. Nevill, Scout Commissioner of the East End, to deal with the problem.

On 20 November 1918, over dinner at Roland House, the Scout Hostel in Stepney, Maclaren agreed to donate £7,000 to the project. Part of the agreement included narrowing the search for suitable land to Hainault Forest and Epping Forest. Rover Scouts searched both without success but John Gayfer, a young assistant Scoutmaster, suggested Gilwell Hall, which he visited to watch birds. Nevill visited the estate and was impressed, though the buildings were in poor condition. The estate. which then occupied , was for sale for £7,000, the sum Maclaren had donated.

In early 1919, Maclaren purchased the estate for the Boy Scout Association. Nevill first took his Rover Scouts to begin repairing the estate on 17 April 1919. Maclaren was a frequent visitor to Gilwell Park and helped repair the buildings and donated another £3,000. Maclaren's interest had been in providing a campground but Baden-Powell envisaged a training centre for Scouters.

An official opening was planned for 19 July 1919 but was delayed until 26 July so Scouts could participate in the Official Peace Festival commemorating the end of the First World War. Invitations were changed by hand to save money. Significant remodeling and construction was done in the 1920s. Because of limited finances, few improvements were made during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Baden-Powell never lived at Gilwell Park but he often camped, lectured, taught courses and attended meetings there. He took the park's name as the territorial designation in his peerage title 1st Baron Baden-Powell of Gilwell in 1929 when the king conferred upon him a barony.

Origin of the axe and log totem

The symbol of the axe in the log is associated with feudalism that was instituted after the invasion and conquest of England by William the Conqueror. In that era, property, including forests, were owned by the landed barons and knights. Serfs were forbidden to cut wood from trees in the forest and only permitted to gather fallen wood. A freeman who carried an axe in a nobleman's forest demonstrated he had earned the right by service.

The axe-and-log logo was conceived by Francis Gidney in the early 1920s to distinguish Gilwell Park from the Scout Headquarters. Gidney wanted to associate Gilwell Park with the outdoors and scoutcraft rather than the business and administrative headquarters offices. At Wood Badge courses, axe blades were masked for safety by being buried in a log. Seeing this, Gidney chose the axe-and-log as the totem of Gilwell Park. This logo came to be strongly associated with Wood Badge leader training and is still used on certificates, flags and other items.

1940s and later development

In 1940, during the Second World War, the War Ministry requisitioned the Gilwell estate as a local command, training, and ordnance centre, and remained there until 1945. Little remains at the estate from this period, except a hole that was created by a bomb the Luftwaffe dropped. The hole was enlarged and is now used for swimming and canoeing.

The purchase of Gilwellbury and adjoining land in 1945 allowed The Scout Association to close the original road and fully use Branchet Field. It was originally used for small retreats and conferences but is now used as staff accommodation. The Ministry of Education assisted in the purchase.

After the war, the Boy Scout Association bought adjoining land to increase the estate and protect it from rapidly approaching new developments. These areas are called The Quick, New Field, and Hilly Field. An additional purchase and a donation from South Africa in the early 1950s brought the estate to its present size. Camping facilities for Scouts were extended until the early 1960s. Training and sleeping facilities were added in the early 1970s. The Boy Scout Association was renamed The Scout Association in 1967.

The Gilwell Farmhouse is believed to date from the early 18th century, making it the oldest original building at Gilwell Park. It is composed of two buildings that were joined. There is a brick wellhead on the farm that is known as the Gil Well. A field adjoining the boundaries of Gilwell Park, known as Bill Oddie Field, affords dramatic views of the London skyline over Pole Hill, Chingford. The field was named in 2006 after employees of The Scout Association saw television ornithologist Bill Oddie recording a programme there.

During the 1970s, the Dorothy Hughes Pack Holiday Centre for Cub Scouts and the Colquhoun International Centre for training Scouters – which was originally called The International Hall of Friendship – were built. In the 1980s, the White House was extensive remodelled. In April 2001, The Scout Association moved its program staff from London to Gilwell Park, where its training staff were already located. Extensive renovations were done to the White House and other buildings. With a budget of £20,000,000 and individual contributions as high as £500,000, improvements to programs and facilities occurred in preparation for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007, which was the 100th anniversary of Scouting, hosted at nearby Hylands Park, Chelmsford, with related activities held at Gilwell Park. Gilwell Park generates over £1,000,000 a year for the Scout Association through conference fees, accommodation fees, and sales of materials.

Leader training

The most-prominent leader-training courses conducted at Gilwell Park are Wood Badge courses. Francis Gidney, the first Camp Chief, conducted the first Wood Badge course there in September 1919. Leaders from all over the world receive automatic membership in 1st Gilwell Park Scout Group (Gilwell Troop 1) on completion of the Wood Badge course. These leaders are henceforth called Wood Badgers or Gilwellians. Any location in which Wood Badgers meet is called Gilwell Field. Holders of the Wood Badge become members of the 1st Gilwell Park Scout Group, which meets every first weekend of September in Gilwell Park for the Gilwell Reunion.

Camp Chiefs and other staff

Captain Francis "Skipper" Gidney became the first Camp Chief in May 1919 and served until 1923. He organized the first Wood Badge training, and contributed to setting up Gilwell Park as the Scouters' training centre. The Gidney Cabin was built and named in his honour in 1929 to serve as a training centre. The second Camp Chief was John Skinner Wilson, who served from 1923 until 1939. Wilson was Colonel with the Indian Imperial Police when he became a Scout Leader in 1917. In 1921 he travelled to Gilwell Park to take leader training, which led to his retirement from the Indian Police in 1922 to become a full-time Scout Leader. He was honoured with the Bronze Wolf Award in 1937, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement.

R.F. "John" Thurman was a British Scout Leader who served as Camp Chief from 1943 until 1969 and was awarded the Bronze Wolf Award in 1959. He was a strong promoter of Scout training and wrote books on the subject. The Thurman Memorial stands near The Pigsty. Thurman was succeeded by John Huskin as director of leader training.

Don Potter (1902–2004) was an English sculptor and wood carver who was a lifelong staff member at Gilwell Park, serving as a Gilwell Master Craftsman. Potter created wood carvings at Gilwell Park, including the Jim Green Gate, Gidney Cabin, the Leopard Gates and totems he carved for the 1929 World Jamboree.

Facilities

Since 2016, the activity centre at Gilwell Park is run and managed by Scout Adventures following a re-branding of Scout Activity Centres. The centre offers outdoor and indoor adventure activities, as well as accommodation and camping for Scout and Guide groups, schools and other youth organisations.

Activities
Activities provided by Scout Adventures at Gilwell Park include high rope activities, rock climbing, 3G swing, archery, rifle shooting, kayaking and raft building.

Camping fields
Gilwell Park provides camping facilities for small groups and groups of more than 2,500 people. Facilities include:

 Essex Chase; a large, open field. It is a popular field, due to its proximity to a toilet block, the main campfire circles, Camp Square and Scout Adventures reception.
 Woodlands Field is a large field that can accommodate up to 200 campers.
 Branchet Field is the largest campsite and will hold 1,200 campers.
 Mallinson Field is a small, wooded, secluded area suited to small groups.
 The Paddock is a smaller camping field that has a toilet block and holds 30 campers.
 Ferryman Field is a split-level field that is suitable for basic camping. It is wooded and distant from facilities.

Accommodations

Dorothy Hughes Pack Holiday Centre
The Dorothy Hughes Pack Holiday Centre was built in 1970. It is named after a Cub Scout Leader from East London who wished to see a purpose-built facility for Cub Scout holidays. The centre can sleep 40 people, primarily in dormitory-style rooms with smaller rooms for use by group leaders.

Branchet Lodge
Branchet Lodge, named after field upon which it is sited, opened on 23 May 2003 to replace portable cabins. Branchet Lodge is a single storey building that has central heating and sleeps up to 56 people in two wings with a common kitchen and main hall.

Jack Petchey Lodge
The Jack Petchey Lodge opened in September 2008, located next to the Branchet Lodge. lt has laundry facilities.

Peter Harrison Lodge
The Peter Harrison Lodge was built in 2009 and is the newest accommodation building at Gilwell Park. The building sleeps 50 people.

Patrol cabins
Log cabins on the edge of Woodland Field sleep eight each in bunk beds. Cooking is provided in a separate shelter or an open fire can be used.

International volunteers
Each year, Scout Adventures recruits up to 120 volunteers from over 30 countries to assist in the running of its centres. Scout Adventures at Gilwell Park has between 20 and 50 volunteers, who stay for a maximum of one year and are provided with accommodation in return for their work. These volunteers are trained to run activity sessions for guests, carry out maintenance and improvement works on the site and provide customer service.

A purpose-built accommodation building was opened in 2016 to house an increasing number of volunteers following the degradation of previous accommodation in The Den and Gilwellbury. The International Volunteer Lodge cost £1.2m to build, the funding for which came from the Jack Petchey Foundation and several private donors. The building is mostly timber framed with a large social space constructed using glulam beams and includes a two-storey sleeping area. This provides 26 double bedrooms and an accessible bedroom, all with en-suite facilities. The single storey social spaces include a drying and boot room, laundry room, open plan kitchen, dining and lounge area, quiet room and cinema-style room. Visitors are allowed entry due to stipulations laid down by donor bequests.

Training and Event Centre
Gilwell Park can host indoor and outdoor conferences, training, and special events for businesses and individuals. It is a popular wedding venue in the mid-year months. The Training and Event Centre also operates a hotel located in the White House.

The Training and Event Centre mostly uses the White House and Colquhoun International Centre (CIC), both of which have flexible spaces with AV equipment and other equipment. Weddings, parties and other functions are also held in The Swan Centre, a log-cabin-style hall built in 1966, and the Gidney Cabin built in 1929.

White House

The White House became the headquarters of The Scout Association on 27 April 2001, although Baden-Powell House (the former headquarters) still houses some departments of the association. The White House is used as a hotel and has conference rooms on the ground floor, following extensive renovations in the 1990s. The hotel comprises 41 guest bedrooms (35 en-suite) across the White House and its modern extension.

Colquhoun International Centre
Colquhoun International Centre (CIC) was built in 1971 as a Scout leader training centre, and was renovated in 1995. The building has a main hall that can seat up to 250 people, two smaller training suites and five seminar rooms. The main hall is regularly used for large weddings, dinners and parties; with the seminar rooms and training suites used for conferences and meetings. The CIC also houses a second bar that is used during functions.

Attractions

Gilwell Park has many attractions, primarily Scouting in nature. It has a souvenir shop called The Providore. Gilwell Park museum has closed and is now called the "Heritage Collection."

Buildings of note

The White House, which was built in 1750, is timber framed. It was extended in 1830 and in the 1960s. The exterior is covered in hung slates, which caused extensive damage to the original frame, which required extensive repairs in 1994. The 1797 chimneys are pointed to stop birds nesting and draw smoke up from the fire. The lawn in front of the building was the house's original turning circle, and the road was once a thoroughfare from Chingford to Waltham Abbey.

The White House is connected to The Barn (originally The Stables), a red-brick building built in 1926. The archway in the centre of the building was originally an open passageway. It now houses the reception area for the Training and Event Centre. The first floor of the building was used as training rooms for Cub Scout Leaders. A clock on the front of the building was a gift from a former Japanese Chief Scout Count Sano, who was present at an early training course at Gilwell Park. The weather vane on the roof depicts Dick Turpin, who was rumoured to live on the site.

Close to the estate entrance, The Lodge was built in 1934 as the Camp Chief's home; this was succeeded by the Director of Programme and Development. The building is now used to accommodate Scout Association staff and host internal meetings.

Gilwell Farm is the oldest building on the site still extant, dating from the 1600s. The building started as two separate cottages. In the grounds of the building is the site's last-remaining well, which is known as Gil Well. The Farm was refurbished from its derelict state, opening in 2015 as the new offices and reception of Scout Adventures Gilwell Park. The nearby Leopard Gates mark the original entrance to Gilwell Park, and were carved by Gilwell master craftsman Don Potter in 1928.

The Lid, which originally consisted of a roof but no walls, was a wet-weather shelter built in 1967. In 2009, the building was renovated and now houses a large activity hall, two classrooms, staff space and a large store room. The activity hall houses all the indoor activities on-site, including an archery range and climbing walls. In front of The Lid is the R. Tait McKenzie statue, The Ideal Scout, which was gifted by the Boy Scouts of America in 1966.

The Barnacle was built in 1950 as a first-aid centre but later became a volunteer-run cottage hospital for visitors and the local community. It housed a six-bed ward, isolation room, dental surgery, X-ray room and operating theatre. In the late 1980s, the building became volunteer accommodation until it was decommissioned in 2016 with the opening of the International Volunteer Lodge. , the building is empty and has an uncertain future.

The Pigsty, a small gardeners shed located on The Orchard, has been preserved as the first campsite at Gilwell Park. The first group of Rover Scouts who arrived to prepare the site when it was purchased in 1919 slept here when the weather proved too inclement to pitch their tents.

Faith buildings

The site houses to five places of worship for Scouts and other visitors located along the Gilwell Park Faith Walk, including a Buddhist sala, Jewish synagogue, and an Islamic mosque. The sala was donated to Gilwell Park in 1967 by the Boy Scouts of Thailand, and the Buddha statue was a gift from the Thai government and is over 1,000 years old. Thai ambassadors to the United Kingdom often visit the sala because it is their responsibility to care for it. The Gilwell Park mosque was established in 2015.

Camp Square
Camp Square includes a Warden's Office (recently demolished), museum (currently empty), archery range (former Scout Shop – no longer in use), shop, soft drinks bar, staff space and toilet block. In the centre of the Square is the clock tower, known as Big Mac, which was named after Camp Warden Alfred Macintosh.

Behind Camp Square, The Bomb Hole was created when a bomb was dropped on the site during the Second World War, creating a small crater. The Bomb Hole has been extended several times and is now used for kayaking, raft building and pond-dipping activities.

Other attractions

Two campfire circles are used extensively during the peak camping season. Large Campfire Circle has a Maori Gateway that was presented by the Scouts New Zealand in 1951.

Lime Walk, which was constructed by previous estate owner Margaret Chinnery, surrounds the training ground, which was the original main lawn of the White House. Few of the lime trees survive to this day. On this path sits Jim Green Gate, a 1930 tribute to Jim Green, an editor of The Scouter magazine.

Buffalo Lawn is so called because of a replica of the Boy Scouts of America Silver Buffalo Award that was presented by the Boy Scouts of America in 1926 to honour the Unknown Scout who helped William D. Boyce take Scouting to the United States. Located there is a signpost with the directions and distances to World Scout Jamboree sites from Gilwell Park. Surrounding the Buffalo Lawn is part of the original balustrade of London Bridge, which was re-built in 1820. The sections were moved to Gilwell Park after being purchased at auction in 1826.

Considered by many to be the most important Scouting site, Training Ground is where Wood Badge training was held and where the Gilwell oak tree is located. Contrary to popular belief, Wood Badge beads have never been made of Gilwell Oak. On Training Ground sits Gidney Cabin, a memorial to the first Camp Chief Francis Gidney, in 1929. Across from the Gidney Cabin is Thurman Memorial, which was erected in memory of Camp Chief John Thurman.

A caravan trailer that was presented to Chief Scout Sir Robert Baden-Powell along with a new Rolls-Royce car during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree in 1929 is on display during mid-year months. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945.

Gilwell Park also has other, smaller memorials, statues, places and objects of historical and Scouting importance.

Further reading

See also

 Gilwell Campsite, Hong Kong
 Gilwell Park (Victoria), Australia
 Brownsea Island, Baden-Powell House (SA)
 Kandersteg International Scout Centre (WOSM)
 Pax Hill, Our Chalet (WAGGGS)
 Philmont Scout Ranch, Philmont Training Center (BSA)

Notes

References

External links

 Gilwell Park Activity Centre
 Gilwell Park Conference Centre

Epping Forest District
Scout Activity Centres of The Scout Association
Scout campsites
Outdoor structures in England

Gilwell Park


Mustafa (Arapça: مصطفى), İslam peygamberi Muhammed'in seçilmiş/seçkin anlamına gelen lakabıdır. Arapça kökenli bir erkek adı olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Mustafa adlı bazı kayda değer kişiler
 Alemdar Mustafa Paşa (1755–1808), Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Sultan I. Mustafa (1591–1639), Osmanlı padişahı ve 94. İslam halifesi
 Sultan II. Mustafa (1664–1703), 22. Osmanlı ve 101'inci İslâm halifesi
 Sultan III. Mustafa (1717–1774), 26. Osmanlı padişahı ve 105. İslam halifesi
 Mustafa İsmet İnönü (1884–1973), Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk başbakanı ve ikinci cumhurbaşkanı
 Sultan IV. Mustafa (1779–1808), 29. Osmanlı padişahı ve 108. İslam halifesi
 Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1800–1858), Osmanlı sadrazamı, devlet adamı ve diplomat
 Lala Mustafa Paşa (yak. d. 1500–1580), sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa (1634/1635– 1683), Osmanlı devlet adamı
 Mustafa El-Alamy (d.1974), Fransız şarkıcı
 Mustafa Akkad (1930–2005),Suriye kökenli Amerikalı yönetmen
 Mustafa Balbay (d. 1960), Türk gazeteci, yazar ve siyasetçi
 Mustafa Barzani (1903–1979), Iraklı kürt lider
 Mustafa Birden (d.1946), Türk hukukçu ve eski Danıştay başkanı
 Mustafa Ceceli (d. 1980), Türk şarkıcı, aranjör ve albüm yapımcısı
 Mustafa Cengiz (1949–2021), Türk bürokrat ve spor yöneticisi
 Mustafa Denizli (d. 1949), Türk spor adamı
 Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak (1876–1950), Türk siyasetçi ve mareşal
 Mustafa Karaalioğlu (d. 1966), Türk gazeteci ve yazar
 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), Türk siyasetçi ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' nin kurucusu
 Mustafa Koç (1960–2016), Türk iş insanı
 Mustafa Sandal (d. 1970), Türk ses sanatçısı
 Mustafa Üstündağ (oyuncu) (d.1977), Türk oyuncu
 Mustafa Üstündağ (1933-1983), Türk siyasetçi
 Mustafa Zibri (1938–2001), Filistinli siyasetçi
 Şehzade Mustafa (1515-1553), Kanuni Sultan Süleyman' nın oğlu

Filmler
 Mustafa Hakkında Herşey, Çağan Irmak'ın yönettiği 2003 yapımı duygusal - gerilim filmi.
 Mustafa, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün yaşamını konu alan, Can Dündar'ın yazıp yönettiği 2008 yapımı belgesel film.

Ayrıca bakınız

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Dil Kurumu' nda kelime arama

Arapça adlar

Mustafa


Lucía Zárate (Úrsulo Galván, 1864 - Sierra Nevada, 28 de enero de 1890) Nació en San Carlos, hoy en el terreno que abarca el municipio de Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, y radicó en el Agostadero, ahora Cempoala, Veracruz, México. Fue la primera persona identificada con enanismo primordial ostidisplástico microcefálico Tipo II (Majewski Osteodysplastic) y quedó registrada en el Guinness World Records como la "persona adulta más pequeña del mundo", con una altura de 51 cm y un peso de 2,1 kg a la edad de 17 años. Según un artículo de 1894 en la revista Strand, Zárate alcanzó su pleno desarrollo a la edad de un año.

Desde septiembre de 2011, la hacienda conocida como "Casa Grande" donde vivió con su familia, ha sido abierta al público como museo histórico.

Biografía

Al nacer midió 17 cm y el médico la consideró inviable, pero sobrevivió. Creció muy lentamente hasta que dejó de hacerlo en torno a los diez años. Su tipo de enanismo la caracteriza de cuerpo frágil y diminuto pero proporcionado, cara infantil, con ojos pequeños y nariz grande, al contrario que los enanismos más comunes, no alcanzan la pubertad y son estériles. Sus padres y tres hermanos eran de estatura normal. La familia era de clase media-alta.

A la edad de doce años, Zárate se mudó de su natal México a los Estados Unidos, para ser expuesta por su pequeña estatura en la Exposición del Centenario en Filadelfia. En una exposición médica, en ese mismo 1876, realizada por la Universidad de Oxford, durante una visita de Lucía Zárate, fue examinada por varios profesionales de la medicina, quienes no pudieron comprobar sin duda que tenía doce años, pues solo pudieron determinar a través de su desarrollo dental que tenía por lo menos seis. En ese momento, su altura se midió en 51 cm y su pantorrilla se midió en 100 mm de circunferencia, 25 mm más que el pulgar de un hombre adulto promedio. Ella estaba con sus padres en el momento, Fermín Zárate y Tomasa Licona de Zárate, y se comprobó que era sana e inteligente, capaz de hablar algo de inglés junto con su español nativo.

Ella trabajó por primera vez como parte de un acto de circo presentándola como la "Hermana de las hadas"; en 1880 fue contratada por P. T. Barnum que la asoció con el enano Francis Joseph Flynn (1864-1898, conocido bajo el nombre artístico de "General Mite"), un "minúsculo caballerito" de 60 cm que padecía el mismo tipo de enanismo, para exhibirse a nivel internacional. Aparecían escenificando escenas cotidianas en las que irrumpía Chang Woo-Gow, un chino de 2,35 metros de altura. Como era costumbre con sus estrellas, Barnum le encargaba los mejores vestidos y joyas. Ganaba tanto dinero, que sus padres se compraron dos ranchos en Veracruz.

En 1889 fue anunciada en The Washington Post como la "maravillosa enana mexicana" y se la describe como "un pequeño pero poderoso imán para atraer al público." Cuando el tren que transportaba su circo se quedó atrapado en la nieve en las montañas de la Sierra Nevada el 28 de enero de 1890, Zárate murió de hipotermia.

Referencias

Artistas de circo
Personas con enanismo
Fallecidos por hipotermia

Lucía Zárate


9.47 මාර්බල් ආර්ක් සිට හැක්නිවික් දක්වා දිවෙන ස්ටේජ්කෝච් ගංඩන් මගින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන LXO3BUF ලියා පදිංචි අංකයක් ඇති තට්ටු දෙකේ බස් රථයක් තුල පිපිරිමක් ඇති විය.
මීට ප්‍රථම, හැක්නිවික් සිට "මාර්බල් ආර්ක්" දක්වා " කින්ග්ස් ක්‍රෝස් " ප්‍රදේශය පසු කරමින් ගමන් කරයි. "මාර්බල් ආර්ක්" හි දි බස් රථය හරවා නැවත හැක්නිවික් වෙත ගමන් ආරම්භ කරන ලදි. එය "මාර්බල් ආර්ක්" වෙතින් උදෑසන 9ට පමණ පිටත්වු අතර ඉයුස්ටන් බස් නැවතුම් පොළට 9.35ට පමණ ළගා වු අතර එහිදී බසයේ මගින් උමං දුම්රිය පොළෙන් බස් රථයට නැගුනු අතර " කින්ග්ස් ක්‍රෝස් " මාවත වසා දමා ඇති හෙයින් පොලිසිය බස් රථය සාමාන්‍ය දිනවල භාවිතාකරන මාර්ගයෙන් බාහිරව වෙනත් මාර්ගයක ධාවනය කරවුහ.  බිම්ගත මාර්ගවල සිට ජනතාවද බසයට ගොඩ විය. පිපිරිම සිදුවන වේදාවේදී බසය "ටච්ස්ටොක්" චතුරස්‍රය හරහා ඉහළ "වොබර්න් පෙදෙස" දක්වා ගමන් කරමින් සිටියේය.

පිපිරිමෙන් බසයේ ඉහළ මහලේ වහලය ගලවා දමන ලද අතර බසයේ පිටුපස ද විනාශ විය. සිද්ධිය ඇසින් දුටුවෙකු ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ  "බසයේ භාගයක් අහසේ පියාසර කරමින් තිබු බවයි."
පිපිරිම සිදුවුයේ "බිත්‍රාන්‍යය වෛද්‍ය සංගම් ගොඩනැගිල්ලට ආසන්නව වන අතර ගොඩනැගිල්ලට ආසන්න වෛද්‍යවරැැන්ට හදිසි වෛද්‍ය සේවය ගලා දීමට හැකියාව ලැබුනි. " BBC  ගුවන් විදුලිය 5" සහ " ද සන්" පුවත්පත පසුව වාර්තා කර තිබුණේ බසය තුළ සිටි පුද්ගලයෙකු බෝම්බයක් පුපුරවා ගත් බව බසයේ මගින් දුටු බවයි. පුවත්පත් වාර්තා "හසීබ් හුසේන් " (Hasib Hussain) නම් පුද්ගලයා එම පිපිරවීම සිදු කළ පුද්ගලයා හදුනා ගෙන ඇත. මෙම බස් බෝම්බය පිපිරි ඇත්තේ වාහනයේ ඉහළ තට්ටුව පිටුපසදී වන අතර බසයේ ඉදිරිපසට ඉන් දැඩි හානියක් වී නොතිබුණී. බසයෙ ඉදිරිපස සිටි පිරිස් ප්‍රහාරයෙන් නිරුපද්‍රිතව බේරි ඇති අතර පහළ හා ඉහළ තට්ටුවල පසුපස සිටි බොහෝ මගින් ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රහාරයෙන් පිළිස්සුම් තුවාළ ලබා ඇත.  මිය ගිය ප්‍රමාණය  කොපමණදැයි ගණනය කිරිමට ටික කාලයක් ගතවු අතර පොලිසිය විසින් මිය ගිය පිරිස අතර ඝාතකයාගේ මළ සිරුරත් තිබේදැයි පරික්ෂා කරන ලදී. මෙම පිපිරිමෙන් එහා මෙහා ගමන් කරමින් සිටි කිහිප දෙනෙකුට තුවාල සිදු වු අතර වටපිටාවේ තිබු ගොඩනැගිලිද අනතුරට පත් විය. උමං දුම්රිය මාර්ගයේ තිබි ගවත් සැක කටයුතු පාර්සල් 02 සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. මේව පොලිසිය විසින් පුපුරුවා හැරිය නමුත් පසුව සනාථ වුයේ ඒවා බෝම්බ නොවන බවයි.

සන්දර්භය

මෙම බෝම්බ සිදු වීම වාර්තා වුයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය විසින් 31වන G8 සමුළුව පැවැත්වු පළමු දිනයේ දීය. එමෙන්ම 2012 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙල සදහා ලංඩන් නගරය සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමට දිනකට ප්‍රථමයෙන්ද මුලධර්මවාදී පුජකයෙකු වන අබු හම්සා අල් - මස්රි ගේ නඩු විභාගයට දින දෙකකට කලින්ද " Live 8" ප්‍රසංගයට දින 05ක් තිබිය දීද සහ යුරෝපීය සංගම් කවුන්සිලයේ සභාපතිත්වය  බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය විසින් භාර ගැනීමෙන් ස්වල්ප වේලාවකට පසුව ද ආදී වශයෙන් වු සිද්ධි දාමයකට පස්ව මෙම බෝම්බ පිපිරීම වාර්තා විය. එමෙන්ම වර්ගවාදී පෙළඹවීමකින් බිහිවු " බ්‍රැඩ්ෆිර්ඩ් කැරැල්ල"එම සිදු වීමේ හතරවන සංවත්සරය යෙදුණු දිනම මෙම ප්‍රහාරය ද වාර්තා විය.

තට්ටු දෙකේ බස් රථයක බෝම්බ පිපිරිම


The Plastic Age é um filme mudo em preto e branco de 1925, estrelado por Clara Bow, Donald Keith e Gilbert Roland. O filme foi baseado em um romance best-seller de 1924 com o mesmo nome, escrito por Percy Marks, um instrutor de inglês da Brown University que narrou a vida do fast-set daquela universidade e usou o fictício Sanford College como pano de fundo. The Plastic Age é conhecido pela maioria dos fãs de filmes mudos como o primeiro sucesso da carreira de Clara Bow, e ajudou a alavancar sua rápida ascensão ao estrelato. Frederica Sagor Maas e Eve Unsell adaptaram o livro para o cinema.

Elenco

DVD
The Plastic Age foi lançado em DVD, pela Image Entertainment, em formato duplo, que inclui o filme de Louise Brooks, The Show Off (1926). David Shepard preservou o filme através de sua empresa, Film Preservation Associates. O compositor Eric Beheim compôs a música para The Plastic Age. Kino On Video lançou o filme em agosto de 1999, como parte de um conjunto de 4 vídeos com o trabalho de Clara, que inclui It (1927).

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1925
Filmes mudos dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia romântica dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em preto e branco

The Plastic Age


Beata Maria Helena Tyszkiewicz (14. august 1938) er en polsk skuespillerinde. I Danmark er hun kendt for Sexmissionen.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Beata Tyszkiewicz på dfi.dk
 Beata Tyszkiewicz på IMDb
 Beata Tyszkiewicz på allmovie.com
 Beata Tyszkiewicz på filmweb.pl
 Beata Tyszkiewicz på filmpolski.pl

Skuespillere fra Polen

Beata Tyszkiewicz


Les Diploneidaceae  sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Bacillariophyta (Diatomées), de la classe des Bacillariophyceae et de l'ordre des Naviculales.

Étymologie
Le nom de la famille vient du genre type Diploneis, dérivé du grec , double, et neis du grec νηυς / nèys (latin navis), bateau, en référence aux valves de certaines espèces de cette diatomée, qui, étant rétrécies dans leur milieu les fait ressembler  à des bateaux presque coupés en deux ou composés de deux parties symétriques. Le nom du genre fut donné en 1840 par Ehrenberg .

Description

Distribution

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Diploneis Ehrenberg ex Cleve, 1894
 Raphidodiscus H.L.Smith ex T.Christian, 1887

Systématique
Le nom correct complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Diploneidaceae D.G.Mann, 1990.

Publication originale
 Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990). The diatoms biology and morphology of the genera''.  pp. [i-ix], 1-747. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)
Naviculales

Diploneidaceae


Anii lui Christos sau Cel cu vârsta lui Hristos (titlul original Kristove roky sau Kristova léta) este un film cehoslovac alb-negru (cu o secvență color) din 1967 regizat de Juraj Jakubisko (debut regizoral) și produs de studioul de film Koliba. A avut premiera la 13 octombrie 1967 în Cehoslovacia. Este primul film de lungmetraj al regizorului slovac. Anii lui Christos a câștigat un premiu FIPRESCI și un premiu Josef von Sternberg în Mannheim, Germania.

Prezentare

Este un film autobiografic care se concentrează asupra pictorului slovac Juraj (Jirí Sýkora). Acesta trăiește în Praga și a ajuns la "vârsta lui Hristos", un centru imaginar al vieții sale, punct în care va decide ce o să facă în continuare.

Cuprins de îndoieli, se întreabă, după ce face cunoștință cu Jana (Jana Stehnová), care este sensul artei, al vieții și al dragostei.

Jana este un simbol al libertății și al purității, însă adevărata apropiere între cei doi întârzie să se întâmple.

Față de fratele său Andrei (Vlado Müller), pilot militar și prin urmare un om care știe ce vrea de la viață, Juraj este aparent dezarmat. Jana oscilează între cei doi, ca o metaforă a alegerii între certitudinea calmă și neliniștea creației.

Moartea lui Andrei marchează finalul unui stadiu, ea este stupidă, ca un semn al neputinței schimbării și al perfecționării.

Analiză
Regizorul Jakubisek a avut inițial intenția de a filma în stilul lui Michelangelo Antonioni. Dar, după realizarea scenariului de către Lubor Dohnal, filmul a fost turnat în stilul lui Federico Fellini. Produsul final a fost influențat și de faptul că actorul inițial destinat să joace personajul principal ar fi fost Josef Abrhám, acesta însă a refuzat rolul.

Filmul este alb-negru, cu imagini care susțin un ritm inegal, sufocat uneori, când calm, simbolizând certitudinea naturii. Într-o scenă, în curtea unui spital, ecranul prinde culoare pe penajul unui păun, lucru neobservat de personajele filmului, doar de Juraj și de spectatori. Complicitatea nu poate fi refuzată, nicio scenă nu mai este color până la finalul filmului.

Distribuție
 Jirí Sýkora - Juraj, un pictor la limita dintre tinerețe și maturitate
 Jana Stehnová - Jana
 Vlado Müller - Andrei, fratele lui Juraj, este pilot militar pe un avion cu reacție
 Miriam Kantorková - Marta
 Mária Sýkorová - 	Granny
 Viktor Blaho - tatăl lui Juraj
 Zdenek Týle - Pelnár
 Jirí Stehno - Chaplain
 Robert Krásny - Marcel

Primire
În momentul apariției filmului, regizorul era considerat una din marile speranțe ale filmului modern contemporan. Filmul a primit un premiu FIPRESCI și un premiu Josef von Sternberg în Mannheim, Germania.

Note

Legături externe

 Anii lui Christos, Kristove roky  la Jakubiskofilm.com
  Anii lui Christos, Kristove roky  la SFD.sk
 Anii lui Christos, Kristove roky la Csfd.cz (baza de date a filmului cehoslovac)
 Anii lui Christos, Kristove roky la Kinobox.cz

Filme din 1967
Filme regizate de Juraj Jakubisko
Debuturi regizorale
Filme biografice
Filme cehoslovace
Filme alb-negru
Filme dramatice

Anii lui Christos


Congregation es el tercer álbum de estudio de la banda estadounidense de rock alternativo The Afghan Whigs, lanzado en 1992.

Listado de canciones

Créditos
 Miss Ruby Belle — Voz
 Larry Brewer — Ingeniero
 Chris Cuffaro — Fotografía
 John Curley —	Fotografía
 Caroline DeVita — Diseño
 Greg Dulli — Voz, productor
 Steve Earle —	Batería
 Lance	Piano — Voz
 Rick McCollum — Voz, guitarra
 Rick & Bubba — Voz
 Jack Skinner — Master
 Shawn Smith —	Voz
 Ross Ian Stein — Ingeniero
 Shecky Stein — Piano

Véase también
 The Afghan Whigs

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Biografía en Allmusic

Álbumes de 1992

Congregation (álbum)


Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo (Bahia, 21 de março de 1961) é um geneticista, pesquisador e professor universitário brasileiro.

Comendador da Ordem Nacional do Mérito Científico e membro titular da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Vasco é professor titular, chefe do Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Celular e coordenador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioinformática da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG).

Biografia
Nascido na Bahia, em 1961, Vasco cursou medicina veterinária na Universidade Federal da Bahia. Fez mestrado (1989) e doutorado (1993) no Instituto Real Agronômico de Grignon, na França. Realizou estágios de pós-doutorado na Universidade da Pensilvânia, os Estados Unidos, entre 1993 e 1994, e no Instituto Nacional Agronômico Paris-Grignon (França), entre 1999 e 2000 e novamente em 2005. É livre-docente pelo Institituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo (2004).

Foi Presidente do comitê assessor da área de Ciências Biológicas e agrárias da Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa da UFMG, membro titular do Comitê de Internacionalização da UFMG de 2007-2010 e coordenador do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética do Departamento de Biologia Geral do ICB/UFMG de outubro de 2006 até abril de 2010.

Tem experiência na área de Genética, com ênfase em Genética Molecular e de Microrganismos, atuando principalmente nos seguintes temas: genômica; transcriptômica; proteômica; análises funcionais de genes; estudo de virulência e patogenicidade, biotecnologia molecular e biossegurança. Trabalha, atualmente, com os seguintes microrganismos: Brucella abortus, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Lactococcus lactis e Lactobacillus. É sócio fundador da Empresa Uniclon Biotecnologia Ltda. com sede em Belo Horizonte.

Foi pioneiro no Brasil na área de patogenômica e da manipulação de bactérias lácticas geneticamente modificadas para tratamento e prevenção de doenças inflamatórias do intestino e autoimunes. Tem experiência na área de genética e bioinformatica, com ênfase em genética molecular e de micro-organismos.

Ganhou o Prêmio Jabuti de 2005, pela participação no livro Genômica, organizado por Luis Mir. Em 2012, um de seus trabalhos recebeu o título de "Artigo mais baixado de 2011" do periódico internacional intitulado Journal Of Integrated OMICS.

Em dezembro de 2022, foi alvo de ação civil pública do Ministério Público Federal (MPF) por se auto-favorecer em concurso público de professor adjunto do Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Em ação ajuizada na Décima Primeira Vara Federal de Minas Gerais, o MPF destaca que o réu foi o primeiro colocado no concurso do qual participou diretamente da definição dos quesitos e exigências, como área de conhecimento, perfil desejado do candidato e critérios para avaliação e atribuição de nota. Para o MPF, a participação do docente no concurso que ele formatou viola o dever de igualdade de condições exigido nas disputas por cargos públicos, além de princípios da administração pública como moralidade, impessoalidade, legalidade e isonomia. O MPF pediu à Justiça a declaração de nulidade da participação do professor no concurso. O juiz federal Itelmar Raydan Evangelista, no entanto, decidiu suspender o edital que divulgou o resultado da seleção.

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Naturais da Bahia
Geneticistas do Brasil
Cientistas do Brasil
Membros da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo


Johann Michael Klein (* 1692 in Ottobeuren; † 17. Dezember 1767 ebenda) war ein deutscher Zimmermeister. Er schuf 1753 den Dachstuhl der Basilika St. Alexander und Theodor im oberschwäbischen Ottobeuren. Der Dachstuhl gehört zu den großen Meisterwerken der barocken Zimmermannskunst und wird noch heute für Studien benutzt.

Klein hinterließ eine Inschriftentafel:
Dis Gottshaus is aufgericht
in Ehr und Nam Jesu Christ
Durch Johann Michael Klein
Hofzimmermeister ganz allein.
Bürgerm, Untertan
Ding mich nit misch
als was mein Handwerk bringet mit.
Lese einer kurz oder lang
so wünsch er mir das himmlische Vaterland 1753.

Literatur

Deutscher
Zimmerer
Person (Ottobeuren)
Geboren 1692
Gestorben 1767
Mann

Johann Michael Klein


1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska u sezoni 2011./12. je predstavljala prvi stupanj županijske lige u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Sudelovalo je 15 klubova, a prvak je bila "Kraljevica".

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska
 ŽNL Ličko-senjska 2011./12.
 4. HNL – Zapad 2011./12.

Vanjske poveznice
 nspgz.hr - Nogometni savez primorsko-goranske županije
 sportcom.hr, Prva županijska

Izvori

  rsssf.com, Croatia 2011/12, Fifth Level

2011-12
Primorsko-goranska-1

1. ŽNL Primorsko-goranska 2011./12.


هوستري (Гостре) هي بلدة من النمط المدني في محافظة دونيتسك في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 885 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

هوستري (محافظة دونيتسك)


Uluslararası Adil Ticaret Tescil Kurumu (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International), adil ticaret (fair trade) ilkelerine uyan marka ve ürünleri belgelendiren kurum. 1997 yılında Almanya'nın Bonn kentinde kuruldu. Kurum, adil ticaret hedefiyle 20 ayrı ülkede kurulan 19 ulusal örgütün çatı organizasyonu niteliğini taşımaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.fairtrade.net Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International FLO
 http://www.eftafairtrade.org European Fair Trade Association (EFTA)
 http://www.worldshops.org Network European Worldshops
 http://www.ifat.org International Fair Trade Association (IFAT)

Sivil toplum kuruluşları
Avrupa uluslararası kuruluşları
1997'de kurulan kuruluşlar


التأويل من المصطلحات المختلف عليها في علوم الدين والقرآن عند المسلمين فمنهم من قال: يطلق في القرآن والسنة ويراد به التفسير، كما يراد به الحقيقة التي يؤول إليها الأمر أو الخبر. تأويل الكلام هو الرجوع به إلى مراد المتكلم، وهو على قسمين: الأول: بيان مراد المتكلم، وهذا هو التفسير. الثاني: الموجود الذي يؤول إليه الكلام، أي ظهور المتكلم به إلى الواقع المحسوس.
وهناك من قال بأن التفسير غير التأويل مثل قول (الثعلبي): التفسير بيان وضع اللفظ إما حقيقة أو مجازاً، والتأويل تفسير باطن اللفظ.

مصطلح التأويل
التأويل في اللغة هو الإرجاع. و أوّلَ الشئ أي أرجعه، وآل إليه الشيء أي رجع إليه وهو صرف اللفظ عن معناه الظاهر إلى معنى آخر يحتمله لدليل.

. إذن فكلمة (آلَ) (تَأْوِيْلاً) والمصدر (أَوَّلَ) والجمع (تَأْوِيْلَاْتٌ أو تَآوِيْلٌ ) تعني رجع وصار و(آل) عنه تعني ارتد. و(آل) على القوم تعني ولي عليهم فهم رعاياه ويرجعون اليه وهو مسئول عنهم. و(أوّل) الشيء إليه أرجعه، و(أوّل) الكلام يعني فسره... فكأن التأويل هو إرجاع للكلمة المرادة إلى أصل أبعد من المعنى الحرفي لها. أي أن التأويل إرجاع أبعد من إرجاع المفردة العادية، أو، قل، هو إرجاع ثنائي، أولا يتم إرجاع الكلمة إلى الذهن لمعرفة معناها، ثم يتم إرجاع المعنى إلى ما وراء المعنى المصطلح عليه للتوصل إلى (معنى المعنى).

ولعله لا توجد كلمة في العربية أثارت جدلاً بين الباحثين مثل كلمة تأويل. فهي الكلمة التي امتازت بفتح الأفق وإكتشاف المثير والجديد، كما أنها هي نفسها التي أظهرت الطوائف الإسلامية باختلافها الموضوعي وغير الموضوعي الذي وصل حد الاقتتال، كما هي بذاتها التي أخرجت المدارس النقدية والفكرية والفنية المتميزة ودارت حولها أفكارها ومفاهيمها، وهي هي التي تثير جدلا واسعا الآن بين مفكري العصر الحديث، وهي هي التي عن طريقها يبلغ الأديب والفقيه ذروة غاياته.

ولمعرفة التأويل أكثر لا بد من التطرق لعدد من المصطلحات اللغوية التي تتبع لكلمة تأويل مثل (الدلالة) و(التفسير) و(اللغة).

التأويل عند أهل السنة

التأويل عند الإمام الطبري

للتأويل عند الإمام الطبري اهتمام بالغ، حيث أطلق لفظ التأويل في بداية تفسير كل آية، فيقول: «القول في تأويل قوله تعالى» ثم يأخذ في التفسير. وقد جاء في مقدمته أن تأويل جميع القرآن على ثلاثة أوجه.

وتفسير الطبري من أكبر كتب التفسير، يقع في ثلاثين جزءاً، وهو مطبوع عدة طبعات. وهو تفسير شامل فسّر فيه الطبري القرآن الكريم آية آية، وكلمة كلمة. وهو يقسِّم السورة إلى مجموعات، تضم كل مجموعة آية أو أكثر، ويبدأ تفسير كل مجموعة بقوله: (القول في تأويل قوله تعالى...)، ثم يُبَيِّن المعنى في إيجاز بأسلوبه وعبارته، ثم يقول: (وبمثل الذي قلنا في تأويل الآية قال جماعة من أهل التأويل)، ويعقب ذلك مباشرة بقوله: (ذِكْر مَنْ قال ذلك) فيذكر الروايات المنقولة في الآية أو الكلمة التي يفسرها عن النبي  أو مفسري الصحابة والتابعين وتابعيهم. وإذا كان هناك اختلاف في تفسير شيء من القرآن بين أهل التفسير فإنه يقول: (وقد اختلف أهل التأويل في تأويل قوله... فقال بعضهم... وقال آخرون).

التأويل الإسلامي الحديث
ظهرت في العصر الحديث حركات إسلامية (فردية) عديدة تبنت مفهوما جديدا للنص القرآني كما ظهر مفكرون أصحاب وجهات نظر مغايرة لمألوف التراث الإسلامي ولعل تاريخ هذه الحركة الفكرية قد استهلت بالإمام محمد عبده الذي قاد هجمة شرسة على مؤسسة الدين الرسمية في البلاد (الأزهر) ومما قاله عن الأزهر: (مكثت عشرة أعوام أنظف رأسي عن قاذوراته ولم أستطع).. ولعل هذه القطيعة العجيبة بين شيخ أزهري وبجدته كان سببها الرئيس هي تأويلاته الحداثوية التي لاقت اعتراضا شرسا من اصحاب العمامات.

يقاسم الشيخ محمد عبده ريادته الدكتور طه حسين الذي أحدث ثورة في عالم الفكر الديني ومن أشهر مظاهر ثورته كتابه (في الشعر الجاهلي) الذي رفض فيه ما نحل للشعراء الجاهليين من أشعار من قبل المفسرين وكتاب السيرة.

وهناك أيضا محمد عمارة الذي تأثر بأفكار المعتزلة وحقق لهم الكثير من الكتب المهمة ومن أهم كتبه (التراث في ضوء العقل).

وهناك الكاتب (علي حرب) الذي تناول أزمة الحداثة والفكر الإسلامي، وهناك أيضا الكاتبة فاطمة المرنيسي.
وهناك أيضا الدكتور نصر حامد أبو زيد الذي كاد أن يكلفه تأويله حياته الزوجية ففر وزوجته إلى المهجر..

ولكن يمكننا أن نقول بأن أشهر دعاة التأويل في العصر الحديث وأهمهم هو الأستاذ محمود محمد طه وتأتي أهمية طه من أنه الوحيد من كل دعاة التجديد والتنوير الذي أصبغ على أفكاره صفة التنظيمية فانشأ جماعة الاخوان الجمهوريين التي انتشرت في السودان منذ منتصف القرن الماضي. كما أن طه قد امتاز بتأويله المترابط للنص الديني وربطه لذلك التأويل بالحياة العامة فهو رجل دين ينظر للحياة الحديثة من داخل الدين. ويتحدث عن رؤيته الحديثة في شأن الدولة وسياستها واقتصادها وحكمها من منظور تأويلي تجديدي لاقى استحسان العديدين في الاوساط التنويرية ولكنه أيضا قوبل باستهجان وغضب الكثيرين في الدوائر الدينية الرسمية مثل الأزهر ورابطة العالم الإسلامي.

تأويل سور القرآن
قال تعالى: {هُوَ الَّذِيَ أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُّحْكَمَاتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ وَأُخَرُ مُتَشَابِهَاتٌ فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ في قُلُوبِهِمْ زَيْغٌ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ مَا تَشَابَهَ مِنْهُ ابْتِغَاء الْفِتْنَةِ وَابْتِغَاء تَأْوِيلِهِ وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلاَّ اللّهُ وَالرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ يَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِهِ كُلٌّ مِّنْ عِندِ رَبِّنَا وَمَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِلاَّ أُوْلُواْ الألْبَاب}، ويرى العلماء أن المقصود بالتأويل:

 الأول: بمعنى التفسير، فهو الكلام الذي يفسر به اللفظ حتى يفهم معناه، وهذا هو الغالب على اصطلاح المفسرين للقرآن كـ ابن جرير الطبري وأمثاله من المفسرين.
 الثاني: هو الحقيقة التي يؤول إليها الكلام، فتأويل ما أخبر الله به عن ذاته وصفاته هو حقيقة ذاته المقدسة وما لها من حقائق الصفات، وتأويل ما أخبر الله به عن اليوم الآخر هو نفس ما يكون في اليوم الآخر.

 فالذين يقولون بالوقف على قوله تعالى: {فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ في قُلُوبِهِمْ زَيْغٌ فَيَتَّبِعُونَ مَا تَشَابَهَ مِنْهُ ابْتِغَاء الْفِتْنَةِ وَابْتِغَاء تَأْوِيلِهِ وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلاَّ اللّهُ}، ويجعلون {وَالرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ}، استئنافًا إنما عنوا بذلك التأويل بالمعنى الثاني، أي الحقيقة التي يؤول إليها الكلام، فحقيقة ذات الله وكنهها، وكيفية أسمائه وصفاته، وحقيقة الميعاد لا يعلمها إلا الله.
 والذين يقولون بالوقف على قوله: {وَمَا يَعْلَمُ تَأْوِيلَهُ إِلاَّ اللّهُ وَالرَّاسِخُونَ فِي الْعِلْمِ}، على أن الواو للعطف، وليست للاستئناف، إنما عنوا بذلك التأويل بالمعنى الأول وهو التفسير، فإذا ذكر عن مجاهد أنه يعلم تأويل المتشابه فالمراد به أنه يعرف تفسيره، وبهذا يتضح أنه لا منافاة بين القولين في النهاية، وإنما الأمر يرجع إلى الاختلاف في معنى التأويل.

الـتأويل المذموم
هو صرف اللفظ عن الاحتمال الراجح إلى الاحتمال المرجوح لدليل يقترن به، وهو الذي عناه أكثر المتأخرين في تأويل نصوص الصفات، وإنما لجأوا إليه مبالغة منهم في تنزيه الله تعالى عن مماثلة المخلوقين في زعمهم؛ وهذا زعم باطل أوقعهم في مثل ما هربوا منه أو أشد، فهم حين يؤولون اليد بالقدرة مثلًا إنما قصدوا الفرار من أن يثبتوا للخالق يدًا، لأن للمخلوقين يدًا فاشتبه عليهم لفظ اليد فأولوها بالقدرة، وذلك تناقض منهم، لأنهم يلزمهم في المعنى الذي أثبتوه نظير ما زعموا أنه يلزم في المعنى الذي نفوه، لأن العباد لهم قدرة أيضًا.

فإن كان ما أثبتوه من القدرة حقًا ممكنًا كان إثبات اليد لله حقًا ممكنًا أيضًا، وإن كان إثبات اليد باطلًا ممتنعًا لما يلزمه من التشبيه في زعمهم كان إثبات القدرة باطلًا ممتنعًا كذلك، فلا يجوز أن يقال إن هذا اللفظ مُؤوَّل بمعنى أنه مصروف عن الاحتمال الراجح إلى الاحتمال المرجوح، وما جاء عن أئمة السلف وغيرهم من ذم للمتأولين إنما هو لمثل هؤلاء الذين تأوَّلوا ما يشتبه عليهم معناه على غير تأويله وإن كان لا يشتبه على غيرهم.

انظر أيضاً
 علم التفسير
 التفسير بالرأي
 التفسير الإشاري الصوفي
 تفويض (إسلام)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقف أهل السنة من قضية التأويل - وزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية بالمغرب
 وسطية الإمام أبي الحسن الأشعري بين مجسمة الحنابلة والمعتزلة - مركز أبي الحسن الأشعري للدراسات والبحوث العقدية

تصوف إسلامي
تفسير القرآن
علم التفسير

تأويل


Jessica Wittner, lieutenant commander dans la U.S. Navy, est une astronaute américaine sélectionnée en 2021 au sein du groupe d'astronautes 23 de la NASA.

Biographie

Jessica Wittner est originaire de Californie avec une carrière distinguée au service actif au sein de la U.S. Navy en tant qu'aviatrice navale et pilote d'essai. Elle est titulaire d'un Bachelor of Science en ingénierie aérospatiale de l'Université de l'Arizona et d'un Master of Science en ingénierie aérospatiale de la Naval Postgraduate School. Wittner a été commissionné en tant qu'officier de marine dans le cadre d'un programme d'enrôlement d'officier et a servi de manière opérationnelle sur des avions F/A-18 avec le Strike Fighter Squadron 34 à Virginia Beach, en Virginie, et avec le  à Lemoore, en Californie. Diplômée de la United States Naval Test Pilot School, elle a également travaillé comme pilote d'essai et responsable de projet avec l' à China Lake, en Californie.

Notes et références

Lieutenant commander de l'United States Navy
Femme astronaute
Astronaute américain

Jessica Wittner


Sahilköy, Samsun ilinin Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin eski adı Eynel mahallesidir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 63 km, Ayvacık ilçesine 5 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Ayvacık'ın mahalleleri

Sahilköy, Ayvacık


Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield, eða bara Vélez Sarsfield er argentínskt félag frá Buenos Aires. Liðið hefur tíu sinnum orðið argentínskur meistari og einu sinni hampað Suður-Ameríkutitlinum.

Titlar

Deildarmeistarar (10)
1968 Nacional, 1993 Clausura, 1995 Apertura, 1996 Clausura, 1998 Clausura, 2005 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2011 Clausura, 2012 Inicial, 2012–13

Copa Libertadores
1994

Heimsmeistarar félagsliða
1994

Argentínsk knattspyrnufélög

Vélez Sársfield


Ciclul cruciadei cuprinde două părți:

Primul ciclu compus din chansons de geste sunt inspirate de evenimentele din prima Cruciadă (în ordine cronologică):

Chanson d'Antioche ("Cântecul Antiohiei")
Chanson de Jérusalem ("Cântecul Ierusalimului")
Plăpânzii
Cavalerul lebedei
Copilăria lui Godefroi
Întoarcerea lui Cornumaran
Nașterea Cavalerului lebedei: Eliose
Sfârșitul lui Ilie
Continuarea cântecului Ierusalimului: Creștinătatea Corbaran, Cucerirea Acrei, Moartea lui Godefroi și  Cântarea lui Balduin.

Cel de-al doilea ciclu include un grup de poezii epice care au fost compuse la mijlocul secolului al XIV-lea:
Cavalerul lebedei și Godefroy de Bouillon
Balduin de Sebourc
Bastardul Bouillon

Un al patrulea poem, referitor la căderea Ierusalimului și Saladin, nu s-a păstrat.

Bibliografie
Larry-S. Crist et Robert-F. Cook, Le deuxième Cycle de la Croisade : Deux études sur son développement: Les textes en vers, Saladin, Genève, Librairie Droz, coll. « Publications romanes et française » (no CXX), 1972, 197 p. (ISBN 9782600028202, lire en ligne [archive])

Chansons de geste
Cruciade
Literatură medievală

Ciclul cruciadei


Sultartangarlón er lón á hálendi Íslands, norður af Heklu, sem sér Sultartangastöð fyrir raforku. Lónið myndaðist 1982–1984 þegar Þjórsá og Tungnaá voru stíflaðar. Það er um 20 km².

Stöðuvötn á Íslandi
Hálendi Íslands

Sultartangalón


La Ermita de la Virgen de los Desamparados o Ermita de Sogueros o Ermita de Marchalenes (en valenciano: Ermita de la Mare de Déu dels Desamparats) era una ermita dedicada a la Virgen de los Desamparados levantada en el año 1908 en la actual esquina de la Calle de Málaga con la Calle de la Alquería de la Estrella en el barrio de Marchalenes de la ciudad de Valencia, junto a un huerto propiedad, ambos, del Gremio de Sogueros (en valenciano: Gremit dels Corders). Fue derribada a finales de la década de los años 60.

Descripción
Tras realizar una visita a la ermita, el erudito valenciano don Luis B. Lluch Garín dijo: "De la ermita no queda más que el edificio. Toda su fábrica es de ladrillo, y sus hastiales de mampostería. Su estilo gótico adornado con fajones impostados, óculos, arcos apuntados y tímpanos, tiene como remate una airosa y elegante espadaña de dos hornacinas con cruz y veleta de hierro labrado. La planta es rectangular, y termina formando un ábside con tres nichos para imágenes. En sus paredes resaltan unas pilastras dóricas y un cornisamento que sirve de asiento a un techo plano. La entrada la ocupa un coro con barandilla de hierro".

Historia
Durante más de 200 años el Gremio de Sogueros tuvo una capilla junto a la Calle En Sendra pero en 1908 decidió trasladarse a las afueras de Valencia, a Marchalenes, y comprar a Don Vicente Palau más de 10 hanegadas de huerta donde construye la nueva ermita dedicada a la Virgen de los Desamparados.

Durante la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939), destrozaron el interior de la ermita, y las imágenes fueron quemadas junto a la orilla de la acequia de Mestalla. Tras la guerra la ermita fue utilizada como taller fallero, hasta que fue derribada a finales de la década de 1960.

Culto
El altar mayor se encontraba presidido por una imagen de la Virgen de los Desamparados (atribuida a Ignacio Vergara), coronada una semana después que la de Valencia. En otro de los altares se encontraban la Virgen del Rosario, patrona del arrabal de Marchalenes, San Juan Bautista, y el Cristo de la Sangre, primer patrono del Gremio de Sogueros.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 "La olvidada ermita de la Mare de Déu dels Desamparats" Artículo publicado el 18 de julio de 2008 en http://blogs.lasprovincias.es/punto-de-vista/
 Artículo publicado el 20 de julio de 2009 en http://marchalenes-marchiliena.blogspot.com
 http://ermitascomunidadvalenciana.com

Ermitas de la provincia de Valencia
La Zaidía
Valencia

Ermita de la Virgen de los Desamparados (Valencia)


تشيرو كابوانو  (مواليد 10 أغسطس 1981 في نابولي - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى كاتانيا الإيطالي منذ 2009 في مركز الظهير الأيسر كما يجيد اللعب في مركز قلب الدفاع والوسط الأيسر.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مدينة نابولي
أظهرة كرة قدم
رياضيون من نابولي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو إمبولي
لاعبو باليرمو
لاعبو بولونيا
لاعبو بيزا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو لوتشيزي
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
مواليد 1981
مواليد في نابولي
لاعبو كرة قدم من نابولي

تشيرو كابوانو


Mors alfabesi veya mors kodu, kısa ve uzun işaretler (• ve –) ile bunlara karşılık gelen ışık veya sesleri kullanarak bilgi aktarılmasını sağlayan yöntem. 1832'de telgraf ile ilgilenmeye başlayan Samuel Morse tarafından 1835 yılında oluşturuldu. 1837'de kullanılmaya başladı. 1840 yılında patent için başvuruldu.

İlk hat ABD'de Baltimore, Maryland ile başkent Washington arasında kuruldu. İlk mesaj İncil'den bir cümleyi içeriyordu ve 24 Mayıs 1844 tarihinde gönderildi.

Orijinal mors kodu kısa ve uzun sinyallerin kombinasyonunun bir sayıya karşılık gelmesinden oluşmuştu. Her sayı da bir harfe karşılık geliyordu.

Ancak Morse'un bulduğu sistemin kullanımı kolay değildi. Asistanı Alfred Vail ile bu konu üzerine ortaklaşa çalışmaya başlayan Morse, bir süre sonra Vail'in önerdiği sistemin daha basit olduğuna ikna oldu. Vail'in sisteminde kısa ve uzun sinyallerin yanı sıra duraklamalar da kullanılıyordu. Bu sistem daha sonra Amerikan Mors Kodu olarak isimlendirildi.

Mors kodu; sesli olarak, radyo sinyallerinin açılıp kapatılmasıyla, telgraf tellerinden geçen elektrik akımıyla, mekanik yolla ya da görsel (ışıkların yanıp sönmesi) gibi çeşitli yollarla iletilebilir.

Sistem genel olarak Mors alfabesi olarak adlandırılsa da uygulamada İngiliz alfabesi ve buna bağlı noktalama işaretlerini ifade etmek için iki farklı tür mors kodu kullanılmaktadır. Bunların birincisi olan Amerikan Mors Alfabesi, genellikle telgraf sistemlerinde kullanılırken; Uluslararası Mors Alfabesi ise araları görmezden gelerek sadece kısa ve uzun sinyallere göre çalışır.

Telgraf şirketleri mesajların uzunluğundan şikayetçiydi. Bunun üzerine 5 koddan oluşan kısaltmalar geliştirildi.

Örneğin;

AYYLU : Mesaj düzgün anlaşılamadı, tekrar gönderin
LIOUY : Neden soruma cevap vermediniz?

Amerikan Mors kodu

Ticari amaçlar için günümüzde kullanılmamaktadır. Kimi kaynaklarda "Demiryolu Morsu" diye anılır. Kısa ve uzun sinyallerin yanı sıra ara sıra da boş aralar kullanılmaktadır. Bu tür mors alfabesi karada telgraf telleri üzerinde haberleşen telgraf operatörleri için geliştirilmiştir. Günümüzde demiryolu müzelerinde görülebilmektedir.

Kodun en eski hali Morse kodu ile haberleşen operatörlerin birbirleri ile anlaşabilmeleri için geliştirilmişti. İlk günlerde operatörler sadece iki tane ses duyarlardı: Klik ve klak sesi. Tuşa her basış klik, tuştan parmağın çekilmesi ise klak sesini yaratıyordu. Ancak bu sistemi düzgün olarak kullanabilmek çok zordu. Örneğin, operatörün A(. -) sesini gönderebilmesi için "klik klak" yapması gerekiyordu.

Birçok telgraf operatörü önceleri demiryollarında daha sonra Western Union ile haber ajanslarında çalışıyordu. Ünlü bilim adamı Thomas Edison da gençlik yıllarında telgraf operatörlüğü yapmıştı.

Modern uluslararası Mors kodu

Modern Uluslararası Mors Kodu, 1848 yılında Alman Friedrich Clemens Gerke tarafından geliştirildi. Bu kod türü ilk kez Hamburg ile Cuxhaven arasında Almanya'da kullanıldı. 1865 yılına dek birtakım küçük değişiklikler yapıldı ve aynı yıl Paris'teki Uluslararası Telgraf Konferansı'nedeağh Uluslararası Mors Kodu olarak kabul edildi.

Bu mors kodu halen yürürlükte olan koddur. Uluslararası Telekomünikasyon Birliği (ITU) tarafından kabul edilmiştir.

Mors kullanmanın avantajları

Mors kodu radyo cihazları ile yayınlanmak istendiği zaman diğer radyo bazlı iletişim cihazlarından daha basit bir düzenek kullanmak yeterlidir. Yüksek cızırtılı, düşük frekanslı ortamlarda bile kullanılabilmektedir. Bir diğer avantajı da daha düşük bant genişliğine ihtiyaç duymasıdır. Örneğin sesli iletişimde 2400 Hz bant genişliği kullanılırken, Mors kodu için tek taraflı 100–150 Hz yeterli olmaktadır.

Mors alfabesinin geliştirilerek kullanıldığı bir diğer alan ise Q kodlarıdır. Amatör radyocular, sık kullandıkları mesajları kısaltıp Q kodları haline çevirmişlerdir. Radyo frekansı üzerinden haberleşmelerinde bu Q kodlarını kullanırlar.

Bunun dışında mors alfabesi ile haberleşme yazılı mesajlaşmadan daha hızlıdır. Hatta bazı cep telefonu şirketleri mors alfabesi uyumlu cep telefonu üretmektedir.

1991 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde FCC'nin Amatör Radyocu lisansını alabilmek için dakikada 5 kelimeyi Mors alfabesi ile alıp, göndermek gerekliydi. 2000 yılına kadar amatör radyo lisanslarının en üst seviyesi olan extra class için bu rakam 20 kelimeye kadar çıkıyordu. 2005 yılından itibaren bu lisans için de 5 kelime yeterli sayıldı.

2003 yılında Dünya Radyo İletişimcileri Konferansı'nda alınan karar gereğince Uluslararası Mors Alfabesini bilmek amatör telsizci sertifikası alma koşulu olmaktan çıkarıldı.

Tecrübeli bir Mors operatörü, dakikada 40'ın üzerinde kelimeyi okuyabilir. Geleneksel telgraf cihazları yerine yarı ve tam otomatik cihazlar kullanılması sayesinde mors sinyallerinin gönderilme hızı artmıştır.

24 Mayıs 2004 tarihinde ise ilk telgrafın 159. yıl dönümünde Uluslararası Telekomünikasyon Birliği (ITU), "@" işaretini de Mors alfabesine ekledi. @ işareti (AT COMMERCiAL) kelimesinin baş harfleri olan "AC" harflerinin karşılığı ile ifade ediliyor.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Mors Alfabesi Çeviricisi Türkçe - Mors
 Latin Alfabesi-Mors kodu çevirisi
 Sesli Mors kodu çevirisi te yollandı
  Mors Alfabesi Çevirici

Mors alfabesi


Stefanie Kübler (* 1. Mai 1979) ist eine ehemalige deutsche Fußballspielerin.

Karriere
Kübler begann das Fußballspielen in der Jungenmannschaft des SV Hertmannsweiler. 1991 wechselte sie in den Nachwuchs des VfR Waiblingen, wo sie bis zu ihrem Wechsel zum TSV Crailsheim verblieb. Bei Crailsheim spielte sie von 2001 bis 2008 und bestritt dort unter anderem 37 Erstligaspiele. Im Sommer 2008 wechselte sie zusammen mit ihren Mitspielerinnen Martina Honecker und Julia Manger zum damaligen Bayernligisten ETSV Würzburg, mit dem sie in den Jahren 2010 und 2011 in die Regional- bzw. Zweite Bundesliga aufsteigen konnte. In der Saison 2013/14 ließ sie zunächst ihre Karriere in der Landesligamannschaft Würzburgs ausklingen und war als Torwarttrainerin im Verein tätig. Jeweils in den Rückrunden der Saisons 2015/16 und 2016/17 spielte Kübler erneut für den Zweitligisten TSV Crailsheim.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Fußballtorhüter (TSV Crailsheim)
Fußballtorhüter (ETSV Würzburg)
Sportler (Waiblingen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1979
Frau

Stefanie Kübler


The year 1809 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy
 Carl Friedrich Gauss publishes  in Hamburg, introducing the Gaussian gravitational constant and containing an influential treatment of the least squares method.
 S. D. Poisson publishes  and  in the Journal of the École Polytechnique, extending Lagrange's theory of planetary orbits.

Biology
 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Philosophie Zoologique, outlining his theory of evolution.
 Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link first describes Penicillium.

Geology
 William Maclure publishes the first geological map of the United States with accompanying memoir.

Mathematics
 Louis Poinsot describes the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra.

Medicine
 December 25 – American physician Ephraim McDowell performs the world's first ovariotomy, the removal of an ovarian tumor.
 Philippe Pinel publishes accounts of what would later be regarded as schizophrenia.

Technology
 February 11 – Robert Fulton patents the steamboat in the United States.
 May 5 – Mary Kies becomes one of the first women granted a U.S. patent, for a technique of weaving straw hats with silk and thread.
 Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring invents a water voltameter electrical telegraph.
 William Hyde Wollaston invents the reflecting goniometer.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Edward Troughton

Births
 January 4 – Louis Braille (died 1852), French inventor.
 January 6 – Marie Durocher (died 1893), Brazilian physician.
 February 12 – Charles Darwin (died 1882), English naturalist.
 February 15 – Cyrus McCormick (died 1884), American inventor.
 February 21 – Carl Ernst Bock (died 1874), German physician and anatomist.
 April 7 – James Glaisher (died 1903), English meteorologist and balloonist.
 April 15 – Hermann Grassmann (died 1877), German mathematician.
 April 20 – James David Forbes (died 1868), Scottish physicist, glaciologist and seismologist.
 August 29 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (died 1894), American physician and writer.
 November 22 – Bénédict Morel (died 1873), French psychiatrist.
 Date unknown – William Lobb (died 1864), English plant collector.

Deaths
 May 17 – Leopold Auenbrugger (born 1722), Austrian physician.
 August 18 – Matthew Boulton (born 1728), English mechanical engineer.
 October 11 – Meriwether Lewis (born 1774), American explorer.
 December 16 – Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy (born 1755), French chemist.
 December 29 – Thomas Barker (born 1722), English meteorologist.

References

19th century in science
1800s in science

1809 in science


O Fotbal Club Floresti ou FC Florești é um clube de futebol com sede em Florești, Moldávia. A equipe compete no Campeonato Moldavo de Futebol.

História
O clube foi fundado em 2002.

Títulos
Campeonato Moldavo de Futebol
 Winners: 2019

Campeonato Moldavo da Segunda Divisão
 Winners: 2017

Ligações externas
 Worldfootball

Clubes de futebol da Moldávia
Clubes de futebol fundados em 2002

Fotbal Club Florești


Serguéi Vladímirovich Obraztsov , nacido el 5 de julio de 1901 en Moscú y fallecido el 8 de mayo de 1992, en la misma ciudad, fue un titiritero ruso.

Su compañía de teatro actuó en más de 350 ciudades en la Unión Soviética y en unas 90 de otros países. Uno de sus espectáculos más conocidos fue Un Concierto Inusual (1946), que era una sátira de los malos artistas.

Escribió su autobiografía y un estudio sobre el teatro de títeres en China. Fue nombrado Artista del Pueblo de la URSS en 1952, y Héroe del Trabajo Socialista en 1971.

Obraztsov fue, desde 1976 hasta 1984, el Presidente de la Unión Internacional de la Marioneta y, desde 1984, Presidente Honorario. Murió el 8 de mayo de 1992. Su tumba está en el Cementerio Novodévichi .

La Fundación Obraztsov fue creada en 1998, para preservar su legado. Cuenta con una singular colección de títeres de todo el mundo.

Bibliografía
 My Profession por Serguéi Obraztsov. Ediciones en lenguas extranjeras, Moscú.

Enlaces externos

 Artículo en la Encyclopædia Britannica (en inglés)
 Biografía de Serguéi Obraztsov en Russia-IC (en inglés)
 Artículo sobre Un Concierto Inusual en La Nación (en español)

Titiriteros
Directores de teatro de Rusia
Miembros de la Academia de las Artes de Berlín
Nacidos en Moscú
Fallecidos en Moscú
Galardonados con la Orden de la Bandera Roja del Trabajo
Héroe del Trabajo Socialista

Serguéi Obraztsov


Sophienhamm Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 5,91 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla yaklaşık 362 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Thomas Kolb tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-hohner-harde.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Sophienhamm


Happi est un nom de famille notamment porté par :
 Christian Happi (1968-), biologiste moléculaire et universitaire camerounais
 Franck Happi (?-), dirigeant sportif camerounais

Autre
 Happi, manteau traditionnel japonais

Happi (homonymie)


Joni Kauko (født 12. juli 1990) er en finsk professionel fodboldspiller, der spiller som midtbanespiller for den indiske klub Mohun Bagan og repræsenterer Finlands landshold. Kauko blev født i Turku, Finland, hvor han spillede for det lokale ungdomshold, inden han begyndte sin seniorkarriere i Inter Turku som 17-årig i 2008.

Kauko fik sin internationale debut for Finland i januar 2012 i en alder af 21 år. Han var en fast del af holdet, der vandt League C gruppe 2 i UEFA Nations League 2018-19.

Klubkarriere

Randers
I juli 2016 underskrev Kauko en toårig kontrakt med den danske klub Randers FC.

Esbjerg
I 28. juni 2018 underskrev Kauko en kontrakt med Esbjerg fB for Superligaen 2018-19.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Turku
Midtbanespillere (fodbold)
Fodboldspillere fra Esbjerg fB
Fodboldspillere fra Randers FC
Fodboldspillere fra Energie Cottbus
Fodboldspillere fra FSV Frankfurt
Fodboldspillere fra FC Inter Turku
Fodboldspillere fra Finland
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2020

Joni Kauko


An Chimonobambusa in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Chimonobambusa in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Chimonobambusa angustifolia
 Chimonobambusa armata
 Chimonobambusa brevinoda
 Chimonobambusa callosa
 Chimonobambusa communis
 Chimonobambusa convoluta
 Chimonobambusa damingshanensis
 Chimonobambusa fansipanensis
 Chimonobambusa grandifolia
 Chimonobambusa hejiangensis
 Chimonobambusa hirtinoda
 Chimonobambusa hsuehiana
 Chimonobambusa lactistriata
 Chimonobambusa leishanensis
 Chimonobambusa luzhiensis
 Chimonobambusa macrophylla
 Chimonobambusa marmorea
 Chimonobambusa metuoensis
 Chimonobambusa microfloscula
 Chimonobambusa montigena
 Chimonobambusa ningnanica
 Chimonobambusa opienensis
 Chimonobambusa pachystachys
 Chimonobambusa paucispinosa
 Chimonobambusa puberula
 Chimonobambusa pubescens
 Chimonobambusa purpurea
 Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
 Chimonobambusa rigidula
 Chimonobambusa sichuanensis
 Chimonobambusa szechuanensis
 Chimonobambusa tianquanensis
 Chimonobambusa tuberculata
 Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda
 Chimonobambusa unifolia
 Chimonobambusa utilis
 Chimonobambusa verruculosa

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Chimonobambusa

Chimonobambusa


Échemmon était un personnage légendaire de la mythologie grecque.

Ascendance
Bien qu'il fût l'un des nombreux fils de Priam, on ignore qui était sa mère et donc s'il était un batard ou un prince troyen.

Biographie
Il a participé à la guerre de Troie au cours de laquelle il a été fait prisonnier par Diomède mais fut l'un des rares Troyens ayant survécu au conflit.

Il est finalement tué par le devin Phinée après avoir tenté d'occire ce dernier.

Postérité
L'astéroïde (11887) a été nommé d'après lui.

Références

Mythologie grecque

Échemmon


Milliken v. Bradley (1974), foi um importante caso da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos lidando com o planejamento transporte de alunos de escolas públicas para desagregação através das linhas distritais entre 53 distritos escolares na região metropolitana de Detroit. Tratava-se dos planos de integração das escolas públicas nos Estados Unidos após a decisão Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

Casos da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos

Caso Milliken v. Bradley


بلدية غوالبا (بالكاتالانية: Gualba) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.065 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في فالس أورينتال
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

جوالبا


Busuanga, is the largest island in the Calamian Group of islands in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. Busuanga Island is the second largest island in the province after Palawan island itself. The island is located halfway between the islands of Mindoro and Palawan with the South China Sea located to the west and the Sulu Sea to the southeast. South of the island are the two other major islands of the Calamian Group: Culion Island and Coron Island. The western third of the island is under the municipality of Busuanga and the eastern two-thirds belong to the municipality of Coron.

Busuanga Island is known as a recreational diving location due to World War II Japanese wrecks that were sunk by American navy bombings in Coron Bay, a natural anchorage near the town center of Coron, on September 24, 1944.

Geology
Part of the North Palawan Block, Busuanga Island consists mainly of the Liminangcong Formation, a Permian to Late Jurassic chert.  This chert forms the distinguishing mountain ranges, with the Middle-Late Jurassic Guinlo Formation clastics forming the valleys on Busuanga. Busuanga was known for its tabular manganese deposits found within the chert sequence,  thick and extending laterally up to . Braunite is the common manganese mineral type found in the ore.

Geology Gallery

References

External links

 Images from a dive trip to Coron, Busuanga in April 2006
 Landscapes of Busuanga 2012 (archived 26 September 2017)

Calamian Islands
Underwater diving sites in the Philippines

Busuanga Island


This is a list of military corps arranged by name.

Germany
 Cavalry Corps Schmettow (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army during World War I
 Ersatz Corps, a unit of the Imperial German Army during World War I
 Guards Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army prior to and during World War I
 Guards Reserve Corps, a unit of the Imperial German Army during World War I
 Landwehr Corps, a unit of the Imperial German Army during World War I
 Afrika Korps
 Gebirgskorps Norwegen

Others
 Allied Rapid Reaction Corps
 Australian Corps
 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
 British Cavalry Corps
 Canadian Corps
 Danish-Baltic Auxiliary Corps
 Desert Mounted Corps (formerly Desert Column)
 New Zealand Corps
 Reserve Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée), a cavalry corps of the Imperial French army during the Napoleonic Wars

Military corps by name

List of military corps by name


An Encyclia nizandensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pérez-garcía ngan Eric Hágsater. An Encyclia nizandensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Encyclia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Encyclia

Encyclia nizandensis


Artur Menzel (né le  dans l'Empire allemand, mort le  à Berlin) est un acteur allemand.

Biographie
Artur Menzel commence à travailler comme peintre au tournant du siècle avant de se tourner vers le théâtre dans la première décennie du . Il fait ses débuts à Freiberg. Après Aschaffenbourg, Bonn et Hanovre, Menzel vient au Schillertheater de Berlin, où il connaît le succès pendant dix ans, principalement en tant que comédien. Arthur Menzel rejoint ensuite le Preußisches Staatstheater pendant près de 15 ans, où il a le succès avec des rôles tels que Seifert dans Kater Lampe.

Menzel apparaît également devant la caméra dans des films muets, notamment entre 1916 et 1921. Son rôle le plus important ici zsle propriétaire du manoir Hermann von Hermannititz, qu'il incarne en 1918 aux côtés de Henny Porten (avec qui il avait déjà joué des années plus tôt dans Die Räuberbraut) dans le drame Agnes Arnau und ihre drei Freier. Menzel revint à la caméra pour la dernière fois en 1932 pour un petit rôle de fonctionnaire au bureau d'enregistrement dans le drame parlant Un homme sans nom. Aux prises avec des problèmes de santé au cours des dernières années, Arthur Menzel se fait un nom dans les cercles d'acteurs en tant que président de l'association Künstlerheim. Menzel est marié de 1915 à 1918 à l'une des deux filles de Hedwig Courths-Mahler, Elfriede Stein (1891–1985).

Filmographie
 1916 : Der falsche Robinson
 1916 : Die Räuberbraut
 1918 : Agnes Arnau und ihre drei Freier
 1918 : Verlorene Töchter
 1919 : Eine tolle Kiste
 1919 : Tod aus Osten
 1919 : Verlorene Töchter, 2. Teil
 1919 : Matrimonium Sacrum
 1920 : Tamburin und Castagnetten
 1920 :
 1921 : Die Geheimnisse von Berlin, 3. Teil
 1932 : Un homme sans nom

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur allemand du muet
Acteur allemand de cinéma
Acteur allemand de théâtre
Naissance en janvier 1881
Naissance dans l'Empire allemand
Décès en mars 1937
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 56 ans

Artur Menzel


Cancel generalmente se refiere al elemento arquitectónico de protección y separación. Además, puede hacer referencia a:

 El cancel (corte española); en palacio, vidriera opaca detrás de la cual puede ponerse el rey en la capilla y permanecer de incógnito.
 La cancela (verja) o «puerta cancel» (especialmente en Hispanoamérica), reja de hierro que separa del patio la entrada de la casa.

Enlaces externos

Cancel (desambiguación)