Shaun of the Dead is a 2004 zombie comedy film directed by Edgar Wright and written by Wright and Simon Pegg. Pegg stars as Shaun, a downtrodden salesman in London who is caught in a zombie apocalypse with his friend Ed (Nick Frost). The film co-stars Kate Ashfield, Lucy Davis, Dylan Moran, Bill Nighy, and Penelope Wilton. It is the first instalment in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, followed by Hot Fuzz (2007) and The World's End (2013).

Shaun of the Dead developed from ideas Pegg and Wright used for their television series Spaced, particularly an episode where Pegg's slacker character hallucinates a zombie invasion. The film references the Dead films directed by George A. Romero. Principal photography took place across London and at Ealing Studios between May and June 2003.

The film premiered in London on 29 March 2004 and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 9 April 2004 and in the United States on 24 September. It was met with acclaim and commercial success, grossing $30 million worldwide on a budget of $6.1 million and receiving two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards. It was ranked third on the Channel 4 list of the 50 Greatest Comedy Films and quickly acquired a cult following. In film studies, the film is seen as a product of post-9/11 anxiety, as well as a model for transnational comedy. The spread of zombiism in the film has been used as a modelling example for disease control.

Plot

In Crouch End, London, 29-year-old electronics salesman Shaun has no direction in his life. He is disrespected by his colleagues, does not get along with his stepfather, Philip, and is dumped by his girlfriend, Liz, after he fails to make decent plans for a date to celebrate their three-year anniversary. Heartbroken, Shaun gets drunk with Ed, his weed-dealing slacker best friend, at their favourite pub, the Winchester. At home, Shaun and Ed's flatmate Pete complains of a bite wound from a mugger and berates Shaun into getting his life together.

By morning, a zombie apocalypse has overwhelmed London. Shaun and Ed are slow to notice until they encounter two zombies in their garden, whom they beat to death with a shovel and cricket bat (after several failed attempts throwing household implements and Shaun's record collection). They devise a plan to rescue Liz and Barbara, Shaun's mother, and then wait out the crisis in the Winchester. They escape from a now-zombified Pete in Pete's car and pick up Philip, who has been bitten, and Barbara. After Ed deliberately crashes Pete's car, they use Philip's Jaguar to pick up Liz and her flatmates, David and Dianne. Philip reconciles with Shaun before Philip becomes a zombie.

Forced to abandon the car and their weapons, the group sneak through their London neighbourhood, running into a group led by Shaun's friend, Yvonne. Shaun defends Barbara from a zombie, which he is forced to impale with a swingball pole. After imitating zombies to get through a horde and reach the Winchester, Shaun and Ed argue after Ed answers his mobile phone, attracting the zombies' attention. After David panics and breaks a window to gain access to the Winchester, Shaun is forced to lure them away using himself as bait. After the group takes refuge inside the Winchester, Shaun discovers that the zombies followed him, and Ed unwittingly attracts them by playing on the pub's fruit machine. Whilst fighting the zombified landlord, Shaun discovers that the Winchester rifle above the bar is functional. Barbara reveals she was bitten, and dies after giving Liz and Shaun's relationship her approval. David attempts to shoot Barbara, but Shaun stops him, causing the group to argue. Shaun accuses David of hating him and being in love with Liz, which Dianne admits she knows is true. Shaun, distraught, is forced to shoot Barbara when she becomes a zombie. Further fighting ensues after David states that Shaun was right to shoot Barbara.

Zombies break into the pub and devour David. Dianne rushes into the horde brandishing David's detached leg, opening a door and allowing it to enter. The zombified Pete appears and bites Ed, and Shaun shoots and kills Pete. Shaun, Liz, and Ed take cover behind the bar, which Shaun sets ablaze; the shells left on the bar ignite, killing several zombies by chance. The three take refuge in the cellar, where, realising they only have two bullets left, Shaun and Liz contemplate suicide while Ed elects to be devoured by the zombies. Shaun discovers a keg lift that opens out onto the street, and Ed volunteers to stay with the rifle as the zombies break in. The British Army arrive with Yvonne in tow, gun down the horde, and take Shaun and Liz to safety.

Six months later, civilisation has returned to normal, and surviving zombies are used as cheap labour and entertainment. Liz has moved in with Shaun, and Shaun keeps the zombified Ed tethered in his shed, where they play video games together.

Cast

Production

Conception and writing

Shaun of the Dead was developed from an episode of Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright's sitcom Spaced. The episode, "Art", which was written by Pegg with Jessica Stevenson and directed by Wright, sees Pegg's character under the influence of amphetamine and playing the video game Resident Evil 2, hallucinating that he is fighting off a zombie invasion.

With a mutual appreciation for George A. Romero's Dead trilogy of zombie films, Pegg and Wright decided to write their own zombie film. They conceived it in late 1999 and pitched it to Film4, who took it on until their production budget was cut back. Wright was still invested in production and refused to take television directing jobs until Shaun of the Dead was made, which left him in some debt for a while. Other companies passed on it, according to Wright, "Because they weren't sure what the tone was and said it wasn't all that scary and not that funny. They didn't get it." After eighteen months, Working Title Films picked it up, which Wright felt was ironic as the film mocks the classic British rom-coms that Working Title makes. The film was announced at Cannes Film Festival in 2002.

Wright said both that he suggested the film when in a cab with Pegg after the excitement of filming the zombie scene in Spaced, and while watching a horror film with both Pegg and Nick Frost. He began developing it in earnest after playing Resident Evil late one night himself, and going out in the early hours of the morning wondering what a British person's reaction to the zombie apocalypse would be. He considered the lack of firearms typical of American zombie movies, and his experience of the dazed early-morning walk to the shop turned into a scene in the film where Shaun does the same thing. Another influence from Wright's life came from how he missed the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic by simply not having paid attention to the news for a fortnight, turning his television on one day to see cattle being burnt, leaving him confused. Because of this, he said "it's plausible that the world could be ending and these two guys could be the last to know" as they also skip over the news on television in the film. The gag about Shaun and Ed spending all their time at the Winchester also comes from the actors' lives, as Pegg and Frost "always used to go to the same bar all the time", according to Wright, who had been trying to convince them not to.

The screenplay was written by Wright and Pegg in eight weeks. They were inspired by films including Night of the Living Dead (1968) and Dawn of the Dead (1978), as well as Raising Arizona (1987), Back to the Future (1985), Braindead (1992) and The Birds (1963). The actors met three weeks before filming began for read-throughs, where they also made changes to the script. According to Pegg, the script has a set structure, with certain lines and actions being repeated throughout the film, making improvisation harder. Only two scenes were improvised: when Ed begins to describe the people at the pub and when Shaun offers their associates some peanuts. Pegg said that the screenplay played well into being an actor in the film because he "could write to [his] own strengths" and create his own wish fulfilment.

Casting
The film's cast features a number of British comedians, comic actors, and sitcom stars, most prominently from Spaced, Black Books and The Office, and co-stars other actors from these same shows. Cast members from them include Pegg, Frost, Stevenson and Peter Serafinowicz. Frost met Pegg when he was working as a waiter, and was brought onto Spaced despite a lack of acting experience; Frost explained that Shaun and Ed have a dynamic similar to that of Simon and himself in real life, as they had been living together for years.

The production had originally approached Helen Mirren to play the part of Shaun's mother Barbara, which she turned down with a note that she would rather play other, funnier, characters. The role of Barbara went to Penelope Wilton. She was asked to take the role because of her work in the 1984 sitcom Ever Decreasing Circles. Shaun's stepfather is played by Bill Nighy, who accepted the role after Wright sent him an early script to read.

Cameos and extras
Secondary roles and cameos include Dylan Moran, Martin Freeman, Tamsin Greig, Julia Deakin and Reece Shearsmith. The voices of Mark Gatiss and Julia Davis can be heard as radio news presenters; Trisha Goddard also makes a cameo appearance, hosting two fictionalised episodes of her real-life talk show Trisha. Many other comics and comic actors appear in cameos as zombies, including Rob Brydon, Paul Putner, Pamela Kempthorne, Joe Cornish, Antonia Campbell-Hughes, Mark Donovan and Michael Smiley. Coldplay members Chris Martin and Jonny Buckland also have cameo roles in the film; Martin is a close friend of Pegg, who is the godfather of Martin's daughter, and also contributed to the soundtrack by guest singing the cover of Buzzcocks' "Everybody's Happy Nowadays" with Ash. He does not appear as a zombie, but as himself in a charity drive.

Zombie extras were recruited from Spaced fan communities. Wright said in 2020 that "[the] zombies spent a week cooped up on set. They had to stand outside The Winchester, the pub where our heroes take refuge, banging on the windows and not doing much else really. When we eventually involved them properly, they had this electric energy: a pure, crazed hysteria". Originally, there were 40 stunt performers hired to be the zombies, but the production realised that they would need a lot more to fill the set pieces. So many fans responded to the online call that auditions to select zombies were set up. There were 150 zombie extras until local children saw the zombie make-up and wanted to be involved, leading to another 50 child zombies being added.

Filming

The film was shot over nine weeks between May and July 2003. Wright uses in-camera transitions, typical to his style, to enable powerful visual storytelling. Pegg also commented on the use of a magical realism style, which he says is part of Wright's direction.

The production was filmed in London, on location and at Ealing Studios, and involved production companies Working Title and StudioCanal. Many exterior shots were filmed in and around the North London areas of Crouch End, Highgate, Finsbury Park and East Finchley. The electrical appliance shop that Shaun works at is a real shop located in North Finchley. The scenes filmed in and around the Winchester Tavern pub were shot at the Duke of Albany pub in New Cross, South London. A three-storey Victorian pub, it was turned into flats in 2008.

Music
The film's score by Pete Woodhead and Daniel Mudford is a pastiche of Italian zombie film soundtracks by artists like Goblin and Fabio Frizzi. It also uses many musical cues from the original Dawn of the Dead that were originally taken by George A. Romero from the De Wolfe production music library. A friend of the assistant editor on the film had been compiling music library tracks from zombie films, making finding some music for the film much easier. Before production began on the film, Wright and Pegg had created a mixtape of songs they wanted to use. The Goblin music, though, was used as a temp track by Wright in editing; he liked the feel of it so much they decided to get the clearance to use it.

Bobby Olivier of Billboard attributes the initial rebirth of Queen's "Don't Stop Me Now" to its appearance in the film, which "introduced it to a new generation of listeners", saying: "Perhaps the most famous scene from Shaun of the Dead features "Don't Stop Me Now" which blares from a pub jukebox while stars Simon Pegg, Nick Frost and Kate Ashfield bash a zombie with pool cues to the song's hurtling beat". The moment had been Wright's idea, as he loves Queen and "had the idea of playing Don't Stop Me Now – one of the most positive, exciting, happy tunes ever – over a scene of extreme violence". Pegg explained that the fight in the pub was choreographed to the song even before it had been cleared to be used in the film, so they wrote to Brian May and begged to use it.

The other choreographed sequence, near the start of the film, used different music to that which it had been set to. The original was a Cornelius song, and had been the track written in for the scene from the screenplay. Wright then heard the song used in the film, "The Blue Wrath" by I Monster, when editing, and felt that it worked better. The tempo of both songs is the same, so the new song fit the original choreography.

Release
The film was distributed by United International Pictures (UIP) in the United Kingdom (UK) and Universal Pictures the United States and Canada, as well as other international markets. Universal Pictures also distributed the Zack Snyder remake, Dawn of the Dead, at that time, and only took  on Shaun of the Dead after setting the condition that they would take it to market two weeks after the Snyder film.

Marketing
UIP created a heavy targeted marketing strategy in the UK, including hiring actors to play zombies and dropping them around London to create disruption shortly before the film's release. This part of the campaign was run by ZenithOptimedia; their head said that "It has to be the most powerful way to communicate what Shaun of the Dead is all about".

Beyond traditional print advertising, posters were also placed in the London Underground. As the poster shows Shaun crammed tightly against windows surrounded by zombies, the company chose to buy up poster spaces that "would give the impression to anyone walking through the tunnels between platforms that the zombie carriages were on the tracks"; this is a tactic that UIP had not done before, but the creative angle of the posters' positioning naturally lent itself to such a move. A similar tactic was used with digital posters for the film at an international football match between England and Sweden; less-restrictive advertising laws in Sweden, where the game was held, meant that UIP had "hoardings incorporating flailing zombie-like arms", which would not have been permitted in England.

Box office
In the UK (all figures in US$), Shaun of the Dead grossed $3.0million at the box office in its opening weekend, across 367 cinemas, starting a run of five consecutive weekends in the UK Top 10. In the United States and Canada, it grossed $3.3million in its opening weekend, across 607 theatres, starting a run of three consecutive weekends in the US-Canada Top 10. Including brief re-releases in 2020 and 2022, Shaun of the Dead grossed $13.5million in the United States and Canada, and $25.1million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $38.7million, against a budget of $6million.

Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD shortly after its theatrical run in the US, with a VHS and DVD release on 6 September 2004 in the UK and around December 2004 in the US, in widescreen-only for both formats. Features included several audio commentaries, EPK featurettes about the film's production, pre-production video diaries and concept videos, photo galleries, bloopers, and more. The film also saw release on the HD DVD format in 2007 and UMD, with a Blu-ray Disc release following in 2009.

The Blu-ray release had high-definition visuals and a 5.1 surround sound audio mix. Special features include four audio commentaries, the DVD features, and U-Control features giving access to "storyboards, missing bits, and of course the Zomb-O-Meter trivia track".

Comic adaptations and other media

Pegg and Wright scripted a one-off tie-in comic strip for the British comic magazine 2000AD titled "There's Something About Mary". Set the day before the zombie outbreak, the strip follows and expands on the character of Mary, who appears briefly in the introductory credits and is the first zombie whom Shaun and Ed are aware of; the strip details how she became a zombie. The strip was made available on the DVD release of Shaun, along with two other strips that wrapped up "plot holes" in the film, like how Dianne escaped and survived the Winchester incident, and Ed's fate after taking refuge in the pub's basement. The comics, which feature Pegg and Wright's voices on the DVD and are in black and white, were drawn by Oscar Wright, a graphic artist and Edgar Wright's brother. In 2005, IDW Publishing released a four-issue adaptation written by Chris Ryall (with input from Edgar Wright & Simon Pegg) and drawn by Zack Howard. The comic also contains scenes that were left out of the film.

In 2006, the National Entertainment Collectibles Association announced that it would be producing action figures based on the film. Upper Deck Entertainment released a card for the popular World of Warcraft TCG in 2007, an ally named "Shawn of the Dead", with the power of bringing back allies from the enemy graveyard. Pegg and Frost reprised their roles as Shaun and Ed for a public service announcement video, The Plan, released on 19 March 2020 on YouTube. Shaun and Ed share advice about the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, with Shaun urging Ed to follow National Health Service guidelines, stay home, and avoid the pub.

Cultural references

Shaun of the Dead contains many references to Romero's films Night of the Living Dead, Dawn of the Dead and particularly Day of the Dead. The name Shaun of the Dead is a pun on Dawn of the Dead. A hand-in-mouth theoretical sequel, From Dusk Till Shaun, was discussed by Wright and Pegg, referencing From Dusk till Dawn, as was a parallel sequel starring Stevenson called Yvonne of the Dead. A poster was made for From Dusk Till Shaun to feature in the alternate universe Times Square in the 2018 animated Sony Pictures Marvel Comics film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, a co-director of this film, Rodney Rothman, had reached out to Wright to ask for a film suggestion that he could have theoretically made in the alternate universe.

Other zombie film references include one to 28 Days Later, made during the ending scene when Shaun and Liz are watching television and a news report mentions the idea of "raging infected monkeys" – in 28 Days Later the rage virus was started by monkeys in a laboratory – and one to Italian gore director Lucio Fulci with the restaurant called "Fulci's".The film was the first of the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, in which each film makes a reference to a different flavour of Cornetto ice cream. Shaun of the Dead features red strawberry-flavoured ice cream, signifying blood.The Cornetto was included as Ed's hangover cure because it is Wright's actual hangover cure.

Wright and Pegg had contacted various artists to ask for use of their records in the famed scene where Shaun and Ed throw LPs at a zombie to defend themselves. While some artists never got back, Wright said that "Sade was the coolest. She said we could trash Diamond Life without hesitation". Wright would later include a Sade song in the soundtrack of his 2010 film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World – the Beachwood Sparks version of "By Your Side". It was on an original list of songs for the Scott Pilgrim graphic novel, and Wright joked that he owed Sade "some publishing money" after destroying the album in Shaun of the Dead.Of the moment, Pegg said that they "love using Sade as a weapon", noting that she was one of only two artists who gave permission to show cover art in the scene (the other being New Order).

Besides the short The Plan made during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the film saw renewed interest in this time as an Internet meme. It began trending on Twitter because the film's poster, showing zombies pressed up against door windows, bears a striking resemblance to a photojournalist's image of protesters in Ohio at the Statehouse demanding lockdown be lifted. The situation was also described as "reminiscent of some of the scenes towards the end of the movie". The photojournalist was Joshua A. Bickel, who said that he "thought the windows and door were an interesting compositional element", Dawn of the Dead prosthetist Tom Savini said it reminds him of Shaun of the Dead because both use the pressed-up-against-glass horror trope.

The film also has tribute with a zombie hand sculpture at the Hakone Museum in Japan, where it is a cult hit,it did not see a theatrical release in the country until March 2019.

Films that have been based on or inspired by Shaun of the Dead include Juan of the Dead, Hsien of the Dead, and Shed of the Dead.

Analysis
Film scholar Kyle Bishop, Literature scholar and leading zombie film researcher Peter Dendle, and Sci-Fi scholar Gerry Canavan all comment on Shaun of the Dead as part of a large body of zombie narratives produced in the wake of 9/11. Bishop explained that the "renaissance of the subgenre reveals a connection between zombie cinema and post-9/11 cultural consciousness", because "horror films function as barometers of society's anxieties, and zombie movies represent the inescapable realities of unnatural death while presenting a grim view of the modern apocalypse". He finds that the subgenre of zombie films "can shock and terrify a population that has become numb to other horror subgenres", with Dendle similarly assessing that "the possibility of wide-scale destruction and devastation which 9/11 brought once again into the communal consciousness found a ready narrative expression in the zombie apocalypses which over thirty years had honed images of desperation subsistence and amoral survivalism to a fine edge".

Dirk Eitzen also examined the film in depth as an example of how comedy is made in film, particularly how interpretive humour and satire are used. For example, when Shaun slips and falls in the shop in the opening sequence, per Eitzen's explanation, it is funny on several levels. Falling is funny; not noticing the zombie apocalypse is funny; the social satire that contrasts Shaun's mindless behaviour with the mindless zombies is funny; and the self-reference to where Shaun had slipped on a curb earlier in the sequence is funny, too. Media scholar Lindsey Decker wrote on how the film created comedy through transnational generic hybridisation, taking cues from American zombie films as well as "British comedic practices from WWII-era Ealing comedies, television two-man comedy teams and the Monty Python sketch troupe". In this use of British comedy within an American genre, it also serves as commentary on British-American relations in the film industry.

Multiple chapters of the 2016 book The Laughing Dead: The Horror-Comedy Film from Bride of Frankenstein to Zombieland are devoted to analysing aspects of Shaun of the Dead. Steven Webley's chapter looks at the use of the Uncanny in the film, while Shelley S. Rees' chapter discusses the film's Marxist implications and the transgressive nature of zombies and zombie films in terms of relationships and sexuality. Comparatively, Kathryn A. Cady and Thomas Oates write in their article 'Family Splatters: Rescuing Heteronormativity from the Zombie Apocalypse' that the film "imagines a single-generation heteronormative family as the outcome of zombie invasion".

Beyond film studies, a Bayesian mathematical model using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods was performed on examples of epidemic progression by Caitlyn Witkowski and Brian Blais in 2013. As an example of how such modelling could be applied to infectious disease control, Witkowski and Blais took examples of zombie apocalypses in Romero's original Dead trilogy and Shaun of the Dead to demonstrate disease dynamics.

Reception

Critical response

Shaun of the Dead received critical acclaim.

Nev Pierce, reviewing the film for the BBC, called it a "side-splitting, head-smashing, gloriously gory horror comedy" that will "amuse casual viewers and delight genre fans".  Peter Bradshaw gave it four stars out of five, saying it "boasts a script crammed with real gags" and is "pacily directed [and] nicely acted". Wendy Ide for Screen Daily wrote that the film "proves that the move from small to big screen comedy does not always end in artistic failure", saying that the film stays true to Pegg and Wright's style but also makes use of comedy more accessible to the British masses than that of Spaced.

Pierce felt that the choice of weapons was amusing, and suggested that the film's real strength was the characterisation of the unhappy leads, but also wrote that the climax at the pub was lacking in horror and comedy compared to the rest of the film. Like Pierce, Ide felt that there is "a convincing emotional depth" despite the comedy, she similarly noted that the second half was slower, but chalked this up to being darker in tone at the climax. She praised the special effects make-up and prosthetics created by Stuart Conran. Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club enjoyed the record-throwing scene, citing it as an example of where the film "doesn't mind putting in extra work for its laughs", as it comes off funnier with Shaun and Ed debating which records they sacrifice rather than throwing indiscriminately.He found Wright's technical skills to be impressive, adding that Wright left the spotlight to the performances rather than the camerawork, but found the finale to be disappointingly played straight.

Both the American critics Roger Ebert and Robert K. Elder said that the film brought something more to the zombie genre. Ebert wrote that he was "by now more or less exhausted by the cinematic possibilities of killing [zombies]", and so he was glad for what Shaun of the Dead brought to the table outside of this, writing that "instead of focusing on the Undead and trying to get the laughs there, it treats the living characters as sitcom regulars whose conflicts and arguments keep getting interrupted by annoying flesh-eaters". Elder agreed that by its release the zombie film had "ambled its course", but thought that "Shaun of the Dead stands on its own, a romantic comedy crossed with a quarter-life crisis drama–just played against a background horde of brain-hungry, decomposing undead". B. Alan Orange of MovieWeb wrote that "The British Zombie experience "is" different enough to change the outlook of a whole genre".

Of the cast, Ebert particularly praised Nighy, writing that "there's something endearing about his response ["I ran it under the tap"] when he is bitten by a zombie". Elder described Nighy as the film's scene stealer.

Peter Travers also gave the film three out of four stars, and praised Pegg: "[he] makes you root for Shaun, even when he's slacking with Ed [...], neglecting Liz and battling with his mum". Phipps' take on Shaun was that "Pegg gives his hero a defeated look that slowly melts away as the crisis at last gives him a chance to become a man of action".

Accolades

Best-of lists and appraisal
In 2004, Total Film magazine named Shaun of the Dead the 49th greatest British film of all time. In 2006, it was rated as the third greatest comedy film of all time in the Channel 4 list of the 50 Greatest Comedy Films, with only Monty Python's Life of Brian and Airplane! ranked higher. In 2007, Stylus Magazine named it the ninth-greatest zombie film ever made. In 2007, Time named it one of the 25 best horror films, calling the film "spooky, silly and smart-smart-smart" and complimenting its director: "Wright, who'd be a director to watch in any genre, plays world-class games with the camera and the viewer's expectations of what's supposed to happen in a scare film". Bloody Disgusting ranked the film second in their list of the 'Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade', with the article saying "Shaun of the Dead isn't just the best horror-comedy of the decade – it's quite possibly the best horror-comedy ever made". In December 2009, Now deemed Shaun of the Dead the best film of the decade. In March 2011, the film was voted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra listeners as their second favourite film of all time. Frank Darabont's The Shawshank Redemption came in first place. In 2008, Empire magazine named it as one of the Top 500 films, for which a new release poster was made for the film, and in 2016 Empire ranked it 6th on their list of the 100 best British films, with their entry stating, "it's a masterpiece, right up there with Evil Dead II as one of the finest horror/comedies ever made".

George A. Romero first saw the film after Wright called to ask him what he thought; he watched it in a cinema in Florida by himself, and called them to give his approval. He was so impressed with Pegg and Wright's work that he asked them to appear in cameo roles in the 2005 film Land of the Dead. Pegg and Wright insisted on being zombies rather than the slightly more noticeable roles that were originally offered. Pegg and Frost reprised their roles (in animation) in the Phineas and Ferb Halloween special "Night of the Living Pharmacists" in October 2014. Quentin Tarantino described the film as one of his top twenty favourite films made since 1992, and horror novelist Stephen King described it as "a '10' on the fun meter and destined to be a cult classic". It has a cult following, generally among "millennial comedy and horror lovers alike".

References

External links

2000s American films
2000s British films
2000s buddy comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s monster movies
2004 black comedy films
2004 comedy horror films
2004 directorial debut films
2004 films
Apocalyptic films
Big Talk Productions films
British black comedy films
British buddy comedy films
British monster movies
British supernatural horror films
British zombie comedy films
Films directed by Edgar Wright
Films set in London
Films shot in London
Films with screenplays by Edgar Wright
Films with screenplays by Simon Pegg
Living Dead films
Postmodern films
Rogue (company) films

Shaun of the Dead


مستكشف القمر المداري (LRO ال ار أو) مسبار فضائي أطلقته ناسا بصاروخ أطلس 5 من قاعدة كيب كانافيرال في 18 يونيو 2009 باتجاه القمر. يأمل خبراء ناسا الحصول على معلومات بواسطة الـLRO التي قد تساعد على تحديد مواقع مناسبة للإنزال ولإقامة محطات استكشاف قمرية وبإجراء عمليات مسح لسطح القمر بتفصيل لم يسبق له مثيل مع اهتمام خاص بالمناطق القطبية غير المستكشفة نسبياً. أما المهمة الثانية، مسبار المراقبة واستشعار الحفر على سطح القمر (إلكروس)، فتتلخص في قصف سطح القمر بقذيفة بغرض الحصول على شظايا وغبار للتأكد من إمكانية وجود ماء مجمد. المسباران هما باكورة برنامج جديد يهدف إلى إعادة رواد فضاء إلى القمر بحلول عام 2020.

الهدف

ستتولى بعثة استطلاع الفوهات البركانية القمرية وأقمار الاستشعار الصناعية غير المأهولة مهمة إطلاق الصاروخ على سطح القمر بسرعة تفوق مرتين سرعة إطلاقة الرصاص. وستقوم مركبة فضائية مرافقة بالدوران حول القمر لمدة عام بحثا عن مواقع لإنزال رواد فضاء فوقها، ورسم خريطة لسطح القمر تتضمن أدق تفاصيل لم يسبق مشاهدتها من قبل.

الغرض من هذه المهمة هو التحقق مما سيكشفه التفجير من آثار قد تدل على وجود مياه في سطح القمر. وستقوم ناسا بتحليل السحابة الناجمة عن انفجار الصاروخ لالتقاط أي إمارة تدل على الماء أو البخار هناك.
ويتوقع العلماء أن يحدث الانفجار سحابة هائلة من الغبار والغاز وجليد الماء المتبخر قد يصل ارتفاعها إلى ستة أميال على الأقل بحيث يمكن رؤيتها من على الأرض. وإذا ما أثبتت التجربة نجاحا فإن ذلك قد يضمن توفير إمدادات حيوية للقاعدة المقترح إنشاؤها على سطح القمر.
والقمر في معظمه عبارة عن صحراء قاحلة، لكن الفوهات البركانية التي لا يصلها ضوء الشمس ربما تكون تحتجز جليدا.
وقد ظل الاعتقاد السائد لأمد طويل لدى علماء الفلك أن الأمطار التي تهطل من المذنّبات هي التي ظلت تجلب المياه إلى سطح القمر القاحل المقفر عبر مليارات السنين. وبذلك تكون هذه المركبة أول سفينة فضاء أميركية تقوم برحلة إلى القمر منذ عام 1999.

سيقوم المسبار الآخر بالبحث عن معادن ووضع خرائط مفصلة لدرجات الحرارة وتحديد المناطق التي يوجد بها أقصى قدر من ضوء الشمس ورسم خرائط لتضاريس القمر، وتستغرق الرحلة إلى القمر أربعة أيام. وستقدم بعض أول صور لبقايا برنامج أبولو ومعداته على سطح القمر.

تعتبر هذه المهمة، الخطوة الأولى في خطة ناسا للعودة إلى القمر، ثم الذهاب للمريخ، ستستخدم المعلومات التي سيجمعها المسبارين ويرسلاها للأرض في بناء قاعدة على القمر. من بين المعلومات التي سيجمعها المسباران ويرسلاها لناسا على الأرض، درجات الحرارة في الليل والنهار، والخرائط، والألوان، والأشعة فوق البنفسجية وانعكاساتها. كما سيكون هناك تركيز على مدار القمر، إذ يعتق

بناء قاعدة على سطح القمر سيتطلب وقتاً طويلاً، تأمل ناسا أن يستطيع المسباران تزويدها بمعلومات وافية عن المكان الذي يمكن أن تقام به القاعدة، وكيفية تأمين هبوط آمن لمركباتها ومدى تأثير الأشعة في رواد الفضاء.

وصل مسبار الاستطلاع الأمريكي «ال ار أو» بنجاح إلى مدار القمر بعد رحلة استمرت أربعة أيام ونصف اليوم في الفضاء وخلال رحلته إلى القمر أجرى مهندسو الناسا تصحيحا لمسار المسبار لوضعه على الطريق المناسب للوصول إلى هدفه، ثم سيمضي المسباران حوالي عام كامل في مدار قطبي منخفض حول القمر، ثم يثبت في مدار على بعد 50 كيلومتراً من سطحه.

عملية القصف
في المهمة الثانية سينفصل صاروخ سنتور عن المركبة ليضرب سطح الالقمر بسرعة 9 آلاف كيلومتر في الساعة بما سيتسبب في عمود من الغبار قد يبلغ ارتفاعه 50 كيلومترا. ويتوقع أن يبلغ مقدار الغبار الذي سيصعد في سماء القمر بحوالي 250 طنا. وبعد أربع دقائق من الارتطام ستغوص المركبة حاملة السنتور في عمود الغبار وتستخدم آلياتها لتحليل المخلفات، كما سيراقب العلماء ذلك العمود عبر مراصد في الأرض وذلك بحثا عن أثار الماء.

في 9 أكتوبر 2009 قصف سطح القمر بصاروخين، في إطار بحثها تحته عن المياه العذبة والنفط فضلا عن إمكان عيش الإنسان على كوكب آخر. واصطدم المسبار «لكروس» بسطح فوهة «كابيوس» الواقعة بالقرب من القطب الجنوبي للقمر، (11:30 صباحا بتوقيت غرينتش) بسرعة تسعة آلاف كيلومتر في الساعة. وبعد أربع دقائق لحقته مركبة فضائية مجهزة بكاميرات لتسجيل الاصطدام. ونقلت محطة تلفزيون وكالة الفضاء الأميركية صورا حرارية لمواقع زرقاء اللون أكثر برودة وأخرى حمراء أكثر سخونة على سطح القمر، لكن لم تظهر أي ومضة واضحة عند ارتطام الصاروخين. ووضعت الكاميرات على متن مركبة فضائية تزن 891 كيلوغراما وخصصت لنقل صور مباشرة للارتطام الأساسي فيما كانت المركبة تخترق غبار البقايا المتناثرة، وتجمع البيانات الأساسية وترسلها إلى الأرض قبل أن تصطدم بدورها بسطح القمر. وأعلنت ناسا عن نجاح المهمة، واستطاعت الوكالة الحصول على المعلومات التي أرادتها من هذا التفجير.

معدات تقنية

يحمل المسباران ستة معدات تتضمن منظار للأشعة الكونية، لقياس درجة الإشعاع وتأثيراتها البيولوجية على المحتملة على الإنسان. فيما ستقوم بعض المعدات بقياس درجات الحرارة والأشعة فوق البنفسجية بينما ستتخصص أخرى للاهتمام بوجود الثلوج والغابات، وأخرى غيرها مخصصة للبحث عن الماء تحت سطح القمر. يحوي المسبار على مقياس ليزر سيعمل على قياس ميلان سطح القمر، وأي الأماكن سيكون مناسباً لهبوط المركبة الفضائية عليه، كما ستقيس وعورة المكان.
 (LOLA)
 (LROC)
 (LEND)
 (LAMP)
 (CRaTER)

إنجازات

في يوليو 2009 تمكنت المركبة الفضائية الأمريكية LCROSS من تصوير الأجزاء المتروكة من المركبة أبولو مع آثار أقدام رواد الفضاء التي تعود إلى 40 عاماً بواسطة الكاميرا عالية الدقة المحمولة على متنها، وقد نشرت الصور بشكل رسمي.

في 21 أغسطس 2009 استطاع مستكشف القمر المداري، جنبا إلى مسبار تشاندرايان 1، بإجراء تجربة رادار مزدوجة للكشف عن وجود جليد الماء على سطح القمر وكانت محاولة فاشلة، لأن رادار تشاندرايان 1 لم يكن موجها إلى سطح القمر.

وفي 17 ديسمبر 2010، أنجز خريطة طبوغرافية للقمر، وتعتبر الخريطة الطبوغرافية الأكثر دقة للقمر حتى الآن. وواصل المسبار تحديثها كلما حصل على بيانات جديدة.

انظر أيضاً

 إلكروس
 استكشاف القمر

وصلات خارجية

 LRO NASA صفحة خاصة للرحلة على الموقع الشهير twitter ليتمكن المهتمون من متابعة سير المهمة.

مراجع

أقمار اصطناعية دوارة حول القمر
تأسيسات سنة 2009 في فلوريدا
رادار الفتحة التركيبية الفضائي
مسابر فضائية
مسابر ناسا الفضائية
مهام إلى القمر

مستكشف القمر المداري


Seam (deutsch: Saum) war ein englisches Gewichtsmaß (Getreidemaß) für trockene Waren, insbesondere Malz, Salz und Glas.

Die Maßkette war
 1 Seam/Quarter = 2 Cornock = 4 Strikes = 8 Bushel = 32 Pecks = 64 Gallone = 128 Bottles = 256 Quarts = 512 Pints = 14.408 Pariser Kubikzoll
 Als Volumen war 1 Quarter = 2,9078 Hektoliter
 Malzgewicht 1 Seam = 1 Quarter = 8 Bushel
 Glasgewicht 1 Seam = 24 Stones/Stein = 120 Pfund (Avoirdupois)
 1 Stone = 2268 Gramm
 24 Stone = 54,432 Kilogramm
Bei Salz wich das Bushel (1801 Pariser Kubikzoll) ab, denn man unterschied gestoßenes Salz und Salz in Stücken.
 Salzgewicht 1 Seam = 8 Bushel

Literatur
 Wilhelm Hoffmann: Allgemeine Enzyklopädie für Kaufleute, Fabrikanten, Geschäftsleute überhaupt. Band 2, Verlag Otto Wigand, Leipzig 1848, S. 586
 H. A. Pierer: Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit oder neuestes encyclopädisches Wörterbuch der Wissenschaften, Künste und Gewerbe. Band 28, Pierer, Altenburg 1845, S. 111.

Einzelnachweise

Altes Maß oder Gewicht (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Masseneinheit

Seam


الشيخ محمد شيخ أحمد هو خطيب الإخوان المسلمين في الصومال المعروف بالشيخ «كشك» الصومالي.

 عالم دين مشهور في الصومال حيث قتل في 12 مارس 2008 عندما كان في طريقه إلى منزله عائدا من مسجد كان يقيم فيه حلقات دينية.
 وكان الشيخ من علماء حركة الإصلاح الإخوانية في الصومال، وكان مفوها وخطيبا جهوريا، حافظا لنصوص الظلال، حتى سمي في الصومال ب«كشك» الثاني.
 كان من الدعاة البررة الذين حملوا لواء الإسلام عاليا في وقت الشيوعية. وقت الحكومة المنهارة برئاسة زياد بري. متحملاً كل أنواع الظلم مرورا بأوقات الفتنة والحروب الداخلية. فوقف كالطود الأشم محذرا من فتنة الاقتتال. ووقف مع إخوانه ضد الفتنة وبد يربي في مسجده «مسجد التقوى» يرفع صوته ضد الظلم والفتنة ويربي الأجيال بعيدا عن الأضواء وكان بقدر الله أن كان يدرس كتاب «بلوغ المرام» في باب«كتاب الجنائز» فقتل بعيد إمامة صلاة العشاء أمام المسجد فكان هذه المرة هو الذي أقيمت عليه الجنازة واسكنه فسيح جناته.

إخوان مسلمون صوماليون
دعاة صوماليون
علماء دين سنة صوماليون

محمد شيخ أحمد


The lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), also known as the spotted paca, is a large rodent found in tropical and sub-tropical America, from east-central Mexico to northern Argentina, and has been introduced to Cuba and Algeria.

The animal is called paca in most of its range, but tepezcuintle  (original Aztec language name) in most of Mexico and Central America, tepesquintle in Guatemala, guardatinaja in Nicaragua, pisquinte in northern Costa Rica,  in the Yucatán peninsula, conejo pintado in Panama, guanta in Ecuador,  majás or picuro in Peru, jochi pintado in Bolivia, and boruga, tinajo, or guartinaja in Colombia. It is also known as the gibnut in Belize, where it is prized as a game animal, labba in Guyana, lapa in Venezuela, and lappe on the island of Trinidad. Although lowland pacas are not in danger of being extinct, local extinctions have occurred due to habitat destruction.

There is much confusion in the nomenclature of this and related species; see agouti. In particular, the popular term agouti or common agouti normally refers to species of the distinct  genus Dasyprocta (such as the Central American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata). Sometimes the word agouti is also used for a polyphyletic grouping uniting the families Cuniculidae and Dasyproctidae, which, besides the pacas and common agoutis, includes also the acouchis (Myoprocta). Cuniculus is the appropriate genus name instead of Agouti based on a 1998 ruling of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature as the lowland paca's genus.

Etymology
The word  comes from a word in the Tupi language that designates the animal but also means 'awaken, alert'.
 is of Nahuatl origin, meaning 'mountain-dog', from , 'mountain' + , 'dog'.

Description

The lowland paca has coarse fur without underfur, dark brown to black on the upper body and white or yellowish on the underbelly. It usually has three to five rows of white spots along its sides, against a dark grey background. It has thick strong legs, with four digits in the forefeet and five in the hind feet (the first and fifth are reduced); the nails function as hooves. The tail is short and hairless. The zygomatic arch is expanded laterally and dorsally and is used as a resonating chamber - a unique feature among mammals.

An adult lowland paca weighs between . Each litter has one young lowland paca, sometimes two. They usually have one to three young a year with a gestation period of about 115–120 days. Pacas are sexually mature at about 1 year. A paca usually lives up to 13 years.

The lowland paca can carry leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis.

Habits

The lowland paca is mostly nocturnal and solitary and does not vocalize very much. It lives in forested habitats near water, preferably smaller rivers, and dig simple burrows about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) below the surface, usually with more than one exit. It can also sometimes live in burrows created by other animals. The lowland paca is a good swimmer and usually heads for the water to escape danger, as it can stay under water for several minutes. It also is a very good climber and it searches for fruit in the trees.

The lowland paca can be considered an important seed distributor, since its diet includes leaves, stems, roots, tubers, nuts, seeds, herbs and fruit, especially avocados, mangos and zapotes, as well as coco macaque, balata, wild chataigne, hog plum, pomerac and guava. Introduced species such as jack-fruit and buri are also eaten. It sometimes stores food. Lowland paca also have necrophagy behavior, consuming carcasses of decomposing animals, possibly to supply protein demands of their diet

Economical and ecological aspects
The lowland paca is considered an agricultural pest for yam, cassava, sugar cane, maize and other food crops. Its meat is highly prized. It is plentiful in protected habitats, and hence not in danger of extinction, but overall its numbers have been much reduced because of hunting and habitat destruction. It is easily bred and raised in farms, although the taste is said to be inferior (perhaps unpleasant) when farmed. Some of the lowland paca predators include ocelots, jaguars, coyotes, bush dogs, crocodiles, and boa constrictors.

See also

 Agouti
 Mountain paca

References

External links

ITIS database
Animal Diversity Web
 Convenio Andrés Bello, archived
Zoochat image

Cuniculus (genus)
Hystricognath rodents
Mammals of Argentina
Rodents of Central America
Mammals of Bolivia
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Cuba
Mammals of Ecuador
Mammals of French Guiana
Mammals of Guyana
Mammals of Mexico
Mammals of Paraguay
Mammals of Peru
Mammals of Suriname
Mammals of Uruguay
Mammals of Venezuela
Mammals of Trinidad and Tobago
Mammals of the Caribbean
Mammals described in 1766
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Lowland paca


El apeadero de Terronhas es un apeadero situado en el PK 13,4 de la Línea del Duero, dentro del municipio de Paredes en el distrito de Oporto, Região Norte y subregión de Támega.

En la actualidad cuenta con servicios regionales, interregionales y urbanos dentro de la línea del Duero.

Terronhas
Terronhas
Paredes

Apeadero de Terronhas


An Cyperus penicillatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Cassiano Conzatti. An Cyperus penicillatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus penicillatus


Cerro Hudson, Şili'de 1.905 metre yüksekliğinde strato tipi faal  bir volkandır. Aisén Bölgesi'nde Chile Chico şehrinin 100 km kuzeybatısında yer alır.

Tarihi patlamaları
1991'deki patlaması, geçen yüzyılın en şiddetli patlamalarından biridir (Volkan patlama endeksi VPE:5). En büyük patlamaları MÖ 4750 ve MÖ 1890'dadır. 1891 ve 1971'de ise daha küçük patlamalar (VPE:3) gerçekleştirmiştir.

1991 yılında Agustos'dan Ekim'e kadar olan patlamada 2–6 km³ kayaç havaya püskürtülmüş. Buzul parçaları erimiş, böylelikle oluşan çamur çığı (lahar) vadilere doldurmuştur. Yöre halkının patlama öncesinde bölgeyi boşaltmış olması olası bir kaybın olmasını engellemiştir. Patlama sırasında püskürtülen küller büyük bir alana, Şili, Arjantin üzerinde Falkland Adaları'na kadar, yağmıştır.

Şili şehirleri Chile Chico ve Puerto Ingeniero Ibáñez büyük miktarda küllerle örtülür.

Devasa patlama, neredeyse aynı zamana denk gelen Filipinler'deki Pinatubo Yanardağı'nın patlaması sebebiyle pek bilinmez. Patlama sırasındaki kükürtdioksit ve diğer aerosollerin atımları Pinatubo patlamasından daha fazladır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Mount Hudson at Global Volcanism Program
 Mount Hudson at AGU
 Mount Hudson at VolcanoWorld
 Chile Volcanoes (USGS)

Andlar
Binlikler
Şili'deki stratovolkanlar
Şili'deki kayak merkezleri
Aysen bölgesi
Aktif yanardağlar
VEI-6 yanardağlar
20. yüzyıldaki volkanik olaylar

Cerro Hudson


القنية قرية سورية في محافظة درعا تقع على الطريق القديم الواصل بين العاصمة دمشق (تبعد عن دمشق ما يقارب 55 كم) ومدينة درعا (تبعد القنية عن مدينة درعا ما يقارب 45 كم تقريبا) حيث تقع في موقع إستراتيجي وتوجد فيها عقدة مواصلات (تصل هذه العقدة إلى كل من القرى الواقعة في الجهة الغربية من القرية__إنخل + جاسم + الحارة__وإلى القرى الواقعة في الجهة الجنوبية للقرية على طريق المؤدي ألى مدينة درعا كما تعد ممرا إلى قرية تبنه شرقا.

تتميز القنية بجو جميل جدا تنتشر فيها الزراعات المروية والبعلية يمر من خلالها وادي موسمي كما تتميز القنية بغناها بالمياه الجوفية (حيث تم حفر 7أبارلتغطية احتياجات مدينة الصنمين الواقعة إلى الجهة الشمالية تبعد مسافة 5 كم من قرية القنية.

السكان

أما بالنسبة للسكان فيقدر تعداد سكانها ما يقارب 12000 نسمة.

المعالم والتاريخ

يوجد في القنية أثار ومعالم أهمها منزل (بيت شعبي) تاريخي مكون من دورين تميزه عدد من القناطر المتداخلة وواجهة فريدة، وفي المقابل هناك الجامع القديم وبناءه الأثري ويتكون من رواقين من القناطر الجميلة وسقف من الربد من البازلت وترتفع مئذنته 15 مترآ وهناك بعض الاثار هنا وهناك.

يوجد فيها ثلاثة مساجد ووحدة إرشادية ومركز صحي بالإضافة إلى مجلس بلدي يتم انتخابه من قبل سكان القرية كما تتميز بخدماتها الجيدة من حيث (الكهرباءوالماء والهاتف والصرف الصحي) حيث تصل هذه الخدمات إلى كل المنازل في القرية كما توجد فيها ثلاث مدارس ابتدائية واعداية وثانوي ممتازة التجهيز ومكونه من طابقين إلى .

قرى محافظة درعا

القنية (درعا)


Henry Seely White (né le 20 mai 1861 à Cazenovia (New York) ; mort le 20 mai 1943 à Poughkeepsie) est un mathématicien américain.

Carrière
White étudie les mathématiques et l'astronomie avec John Monroe Van Vleck (le père du lauréat du prix Nobel John Hasbrouck van Vleck) à l'université Wesleyenne à Middletown (Connecticut). Il obtient son baccalauréat en 1882, puis devient l'assistant de Van Vleck à l'observatoire de l'université. Il enseigne les mathématiques et la chimie au Centenary Collegiate Institute à Hackettstown (New Jersey), et est tuteur à l'université Wesleyan. En  1887, il part pour l'université de Leipzig, où il étudie avec Sophus Lie et Eduard Study. Après un semestre, il change pour l'université de Göttingen, où il obtient son doctorat en 1891 sous la direction de Felix Klein (Abelsche Integrale auf singularitätenfreien, einfach überdeckten, vollständigen Schnittkurven eines beliebig ausgedehnten Raumes). Klein l'implique immédiatement dans la transcription de ses cours, mais White retourne aux États-Unis.  Il devint professeur à l'université Northwestern d'Evanston (Illinois), et brièvement à l'université Clark en 1890 (mais il y eut des conflits de direction peu de temps après, ce qui entraîna le renvoi de nombreux professeurs) et à partir de 1892, il est professeur associé à l'université Northwestern, puis professeur titulaire en 1894. Avec les mathématiciens de Chicago Eliakim Hastings Moore, Oskar Bolza et Heinrich Maschke, il organise un congrès des mathématiciens en 1893 à l'Exposition universelle de 1893 de Chicago, le premier grand congrès des mathématiciens aux États-Unis. À cette occasion, Felix Klein a également prononcé  des conférences à Evanston, publiées sous le nom de Evanston Colloquium lectures par Macmillan and Co. en 1894. À la suggestion de White, celles-ci sont devenues le modèle de référence pour les Colloquium lectures de l'American Mathematical Society. En 1903, il prononce lui-même la Colloquium lecture (Linear Systems of curves on algebraic surfaces). En 1905, il devient professeur au Vassar College de Poughkeepsie, qui est plus tard un célèbre collège pour femmes. En 1936, White prend sa retraite.

Activité scientifique
White travaille sur la géométrie algébrique des courbes et des surfaces algébriques et la théorie des invariants. En 1901, il est vice-président et de 1907 à 1908 président de l'American Mathematical Society. Il a été rédacteur en chef des Annals of Mathematics de 1899 à 1905 et des Transactions of the American Mathematical Society de 1907 à 1914. En 1915, il devient membre de l'Académie nationale des sciences. En 1912, il donne une conférence plénière au congrès international des mathématiciens de Cambridge, en Angleterre (The Place of Mathematics in Engineering Practice).

Bibliographie

 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Décès en mai 1943
Naissance en mai 1861
Membre de l'Académie nationale des sciences
Professeur au Vassar College
Mathématicien américain du XXe siècle
Mathématicien américain du XIXe siècle
Naissance dans le comté de Madison (New York)
Décès à Poughkeepsie
Décès à 81 ans

Henry Seely White


L'oxyde de thallium(I) est le composé inorganique de thallium et d'oxygène de formule Tl2O dans lequel le thallium est dans son état d'oxydation +1. Il est noir et produit une solution jaune basique d'hydroxyde de thallium(I) (TIOH) lorsqu'il est dissous dans l'eau. Il est formé en chauffant le solide TIOH ou Tl2CO3 en l'absence d'air. L'oxyde de thallium est utilisé pour fabriquer du verre spécial à indice de réfraction élevé. L'oxyde de thallium est un composant de plusieurs supraconducteurs à haute température. L'oxyde de thallium(I) réagit avec les acides pour donner des sels de thallium(I).

À l'état solide le Tl2O adopte la structure d'anti-iodure de cadmium. Ainsi, les centres TI(I) sont pyramidaux et les centres oxydes sont octaédriques.

L'oxyde de thallium(I), comme tous les composés du thallium, est hautement toxique.

Notes et références

Composé du thallium
thallium

Oxyde de thallium(I)


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 6 Şubat - İmparator Daigo, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 60. imparatoru (ö. 930)

Ölümler
 8 Nisan - Methodios, Hristiyan misyoner (d. 827)

885


Der Bayshore Boulevard ist eine 7,2 km lange Straße in Tampa, Florida. Sie verläuft entlang der Hillsborough Bay in South Tampa. Von ihrem etwa drei Meter breiten Gehweg mit der Balustrade heißt es, er sei der längste durchgehende Gehweg der Welt. Auf knapp fünf Kilometern besteht eine Fahrradspur. Die Straße begleitet eine langgezogene Grünanlage.

Verlauf

Der Bayshore Boulevard verläuft in Nord-Süd-Richtung entlang des westlichen Ufers der Hillsborough Bay. Die Straße beginnt im Norden an der West Brorein Street, unterquert unmittelbar darauf die mautpflichtige Autobahn Florida State Road 618 (Lee Roy Selmon Expressway oder auch Southern Crosstown Expressway) als zweistreifige Innerortsstraße. Von der Kreuzung mit der West Platt Street an hat die Straße jeweils zwei Fahrstreifen pro Fahrtrichtung. Es gibt in diesem Abschnitt keinen Mittelstreifen. Die durchgehende Strandpromenade beginnt unter den Rampen zum Davis Boulevard. Von hier ab umfasst die Straße außerdem jeweils drei Fahrstreifen pro Richtung, wobei der dritte Fahrstreifen teilweise als Abbiege- und Einfädelspuren dient und teilweise diese zusätzlich vorhanden sind.

Von der Kreuzung mit der South Rome Street an hat die Straße getrennte Richtungsfahrbahnen, der Mittelstreifen ist als Grünanlage ausgeführt. Ab der Kreuzung mit der South Howard Avenue entfällt in jede Richtung ein Fahrstreifen. An der Kreuzung mit der West Hawthorne Road endet schließlich die durchgehende Uferpromenade und etwas weiter südlich, am West Gandy Boulevard endet der Abschnitt mit den getrennten Richtungsfahrbahnen und vierstreifiger Verkehrsführung. Die unmittelbare Nähe des Ufers verlässt die Straße an der Abzweigung des Interbay Boulevard, von wo aus sie überwiegend durch Wohnbebauung weiter nach Süden in Richtung Mac Dill Air Force Base verläuft. Das Tor zur Luftwaffenbasis liegt südlich der Kreuzung mit dem Bayshore Trails Drive. Im südöstlichen Bereich des Militärstützpunktes endet die Straße schließlich.

Zustand
Der Zustand der Straße wurde vor dem Hintergrund der für Ende August 2012 geplanten Republican National Convention von der Stadtverwaltung als ungenügend bewertet. Der Straßenbelag wies Schäden auf, und die Stadtverwaltung befürchtete, dass der Bayshore Boulevard ein schlechtes Licht auf die Stadt werfen würde, wenn die Stadt im Zusammenhang mit der Berichterstattung vom Parteitag der Republikanischen Partei erhöhte Medienaufmerksamkeit erlebt.

Die Stadt hat deswegen Mittel in Höhe von 1,5 Millionen US-Dollar bereitgestellt, um die Balustrade zu verbessern, die Landschaftsanlage des Mittelstreifens und die Radspuren hinzuzufügen, doch der Straßenbelag blieb holprig und in schlechtem Zustand. Der Beginn der Projektrealisierung führte zu Verkehrsbehinderungen. Die Radwege sollen die Nutzung der Promenade für Fußgänger und Jogger erleichtern, da sie dann den Gehweg nicht länger mit den Radfahrern teilen müssen. Die Pläne für das im März 2011 begonnene Projekt beinhalten auch den Rückbau von sechs auf vier Fahrstreifen in dem besonders stark befahrenen Abschnitt zwischen Davis Boulevard und South Howard Avenue.

Belege

Weblinks
Um 1970 aufgenommene Schwarzweißaufnahme des Bayshore Blvd
Running Away: Tampa, FL
The Bayshore Boulevard of Dreams - Historic marker

Bauwerk in Tampa
Straße in Florida
Straße in Nordamerika

Bayshore Boulevard


Ford Adası () Antarktika adasında 2 km uzunluğunda  O'Connor ile Cloyd Adası arasında, Windmill Adaları'nın güney ksısmında kayalık bir adadır. 1947 ve 1948 yılındaki Birleşik Devletler Donanması'nın gerçekleştirdiği Yüksekatlama Operasyonu ve Windmill Operasyonu ile ilk kez haritalandı. US-ACAN tarafından  Homer D. Ford (Her iki operasyonda da görev almış ve bu adaları fotğraflayan fotoğraf subayı) anısına bu isim verildi.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Antartik ve yarı-antartik adalar listesi

Antarktika'daki adalar

Ford Adası (Windmill Adaları)


2,3-Epoxy-3-phenylbuttersäureethylester (meist, aber chemisch falsch, Erdbeeraldehyd genannt) ist eine chemische Verbindung aus der Gruppe der Carbonsäureester. Die etwas verwirrende, weil falsche, Namensendung Aldehyd kommt daher, dass bei der Hydrolyse des Esters eine Glycidsäure (die instabilen Carbonsäuren des Oxirans) entsteht, die sich unter Decarboxylierung zu einem Aldehyd umlagert.

Gewinnung und Darstellung
Die Verbindung kann durch eine zweistufige Reaktion gewonnen werden. Zuerst wird Chloressigsäure durch eine säurekatalysierte Veresterung zu Chloressigsäureethylester umgesetzt. Dann wird durch eine Glycidester-Kondensation nach G.A. Darzens aus Acetophenon und Chloressigsäureethylester der Ester gewonnen.

Eigenschaften
Es handelt sich um eine brennbare, feuchtigkeitsempfindliche gelbliche Flüssigkeit, die praktisch unlöslich in Wasser ist. Sie kommt in zwei isomeren Formen (cis- und trans-) vor, die einen unterschiedlichen Geruch besitzen. Die Handelsform stellt ein Isomerengemisch mit Geruch nach Erdbeeren dar.

Verwendung
Die Verbindung wird als zur Lebensmittelzubereitung zugelassener Aromastoff und in geringer Menge in der Parfümerie verwendet.

Einzelnachweise

Aromastoff (EU)
Carbonsäureester
Epoxid
Phenylsubstituierte Verbindung

2,3-Epoxy-3-phenylbuttersäureethylester


Airai, located on the southern coast of Babeldaob island, is the second-most populous state of Palau. It contains the country's chief airport, Roman Tmetuchl International Airport, and is connected by the Koror–Babeldaob Bridge to nearby Koror Island.

Geography
The state has an area of 44 km2 (17 mi2), and a total population of 2,455  Census, the second largest in the country.

Airai, located in the southeast corner of Babeldaob, includes a large area in the interior, a thick fringe of mangroves, and several limestone rock islands extending out of the mangroves into the lagoon. At the southeast corner is the large and shallow Airai Bay. The interior and southeast part of the state is drained by the Ngerikiil River, with its tributaries including the Kmekumer and Chedeng. This drainage is one of the largest in Palau. The Ngerimel River, which supplies water for Airai and Koror from a reservoir, occupies a small drainage on the west side of Rois Tungd in the south central part of the state. The drainages along the east and west coast are generally short and steep. A line of low hills parallels the coast. Inland from these hills are rolling hills which rise to the Rael Kedam, the central ridge system on Babeldaob. The Rael Kedam begins at Ngetkib village and extends north through Rois Tungd and Rois Ngesibang to the boundary with Aimeliik. From here, the Rael Kedam extends north through Rois Ngetechum to the corner of Aimeliik, Ngatpang and Airai, and then extends on to Rois Ormuul and the boundary with Ngchesar. From here, the northern boundary of Airai extends southeast across Rois Beng to the east coast. The inland hills are predominantly covered by forest, while much of the coastal ridge is covered by savanna and short, scrubby vegetation.

The modern villages of Airai include Ngetkib, Ngeruluobel, Ngerusar, Yelch, Airai, and Oikull. In addition, several homes and farms are located along the coastal road in the Ocholochol area and between Ngerusar and Yelch in Ngersung and Ngerullak. Yelch is a modern settlement surrounding the Airai Elementary School and Airai Community Center buildings. With the exception of Koror, Airai is the most densely populated state in Palau. Most of the population is located on the low, natural bench along the coast. The soil here is rich and supports a variety of vegetation and other resources.

Several different kinds of land use in Airai include private gardens, commercial gardens, commercial business, and municipal enterprises. Commercial business range in size from small stores to the large scale quarry operation near Ngeruluobel. Private gardens surround residences and villages, and interspersed with these are stands of agroforest which include coconut, betelnut, breadfruit, almond trees, and banana plants . Also, located along drainages are taro swamp gardens. According to informants, except for occasional forays to hunt pigeon or harvest special plants, there is little active use of most of the interior of Airai.

Airai is most notable for its bai (men's meeting house), the oldest one in existence, dating back 200 years.  The turbulent rains of Palau did not treat ancient Palauan architecture kindly.  Airai is more inland/mountainous-jungle and therefore more of a bedroom community of Koror.

Demography
The population of the state was 2,455 in the 2015 census and median age was 33 years. Airai is also the name of the biggest town in the state, with a population of 920 people .  The town of Airai is the largest town in Palau outside of the state of Koror. The official languages of the state are Palauan and English. Ngiraked is the title of the traditional high chief from the state.

Political system
The state of Airai has an elected chief executive, governor. The state also has a legislature elected every four years. The state population elects one of the members in the House of Delegates of Palau.

Villages
There are at least eleven traditional village sites in Airai: Ngetkib, Ngeruluobel, Ngerkedam, Ngerusar, Ngersung, Ngerullak, Ngerdiull, Airai, Oikull, Ngchesechang, and Ngerchemel. Ngerchemel is a village north of Ngetkib on the west side of Rois Tungd . It was destroyed by plantation operation during the Japanese era. These settlements were focused on the rich soil and mixed forest on a narrow strip of land along the coast and around Airai Bay. Within villages are numerous stone features with historical and traditional importance. Many of the stone platforms, odesongel, serve as clan cemeteries, and other stone features serve as shrines. The lagoon and Airai Bay are important resource areas, and were probably intensively exploited prehistorically. Important resources include mangrove and many fish species. In and around the traditional villages are areas of taro gardens and garden plots, and terraced hill sides are frequently found around village sites.

Transport
Airai is connected to Koror by the Koror Babeldaob Bridge which crosses the Toach el Mid (channel) from Ngetkib to Ngermereues north of Ngerbodel. At the base of the hill on the Airai side of the bridge, the main road turns east and continues along the coastal bench to Airai Village. A second road extends north along the coast through the Ocholochol area following the route of a Japanese era road. The main road winds through the modern villages of Ngetkib, Ngeruluobel, Ngerusar, Yelch, and finally Airai, its terminus. At Ngerusar, the road branches north into the interior past the airport and the reservoir. This was the main road to Aimeliik until the coastal road opened in the mid 1980s. Just north of the airport, a side branch of this road extends east past the Palau Mission Academy, across the Ngerikiil River, and across rolling hills north of Airai Bay to Oikull. The airport, with its 7700-foot runway, is Palau's main link to the outside world. The airport was started during the Japanese administration, apparently near the end of the 1930s, and has been expanded considerably during the American administration.

Education
The Ministry of Education operates public schools.

Airai Elementary School opened circa September 1945. It initially used the former Japanese Communications building.

Palau High School in Koror is the country's only public high school, so children from this community go there.

References

External links
Airai
Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Palau to the UK &NI

States of Palau

Airai


During the 1950s, a couple of relatively new developments changed the world: World War II had only been over for five years when the 1950s began, and television was beginning to make a major impact internationally. In boxing, changes connected to these developments could be seen too, as boxers who fought at the 1940s conflict returned to their homes and many of them were back in the ring. Television producers were in love with sports, which provided the viewer with an opportunity to observe sporting events live, and boxing was not the exception to the rule; many television networks began to feature fights live during the weekends, and the Gillette Friday Night Fights proved to be one of the most popular boxing television series in American history.

The dawn of the jet airplane era in 1958 also helped boxing expand worldwide: with airplanes flying faster and more frequently between cities far away from each other, more and more world title fights began to be fought outside the United States. Vic Toweel became South Africa's first world boxing champion, Jimmy Carruthers did the same for Australia, Pascual Pérez was the first from Argentina, Yoshio Shirai (who was beaten by Pérez), won Japan's first world title, and Hogan Bassey won the first belt for Nigeria.

Popular American fighters in the 1950s proved legendary: Sugar Ray Robinson would still win (and lose) world titles, Rocky Marciano became the only heavyweight world champion in history to retire with perfect record. Jersey Joe Walcott the oldest heavyweight champion (until George Foreman regained the title in 1994), Archie Moore broke the all-time knockout record as well as the record for the oldest champion, at 48, for any division, Ezzard Charles proved to be a reliable substitute for Joe Louis as heavyweight champ, and Floyd Patterson emerged as the youngest heavyweight champion in history (coincidentally, he beat Moore for the title left vacant by Marciano). Patterson remained the youngest heavyweight champion in history until November 22, 1986, when a 20-year-old Mike Tyson defeated the 31-year-old WBC Heavyweight Champion Trevor Berbick by TKO in round 2.

The dark side of boxing once again emerged: Jake LaMotta alleged at a hearing that he had thrown a fight with Billy Fox in exchange for a try at the world Middleweight title, and Jim Norris, an important promoter of the time, was associated with Blinky Palermo and Frankie Carbo, two Mafia members of the time.

1950
January 16 – In the first world title fight of the decade, Willie Pep retains his world Featherweight title, with a fifth-round knockout of Charley Riley, St. Louis.
January 24 – Joey Maxim wins the world Light Heavyweight title with a tenth-round knockout over Freddie Mills, London.
March 24 – In the closest Rocky Marciano was probably ever to being defeated, he squeezes by a ten-round split decision win over Roland La Starza in New York City.
April 25 – Terry Allen of England wins the vacant world Flyweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Honore Pratesi, in London.
May 31 – Vic Toweel becomes South Africa's first world boxing champion, outpointing world Bantamweight champion Manuel Ortiz over fifteen rounds, in Johannesburg, South Africa.
August 25 – Sugar Ray Robinson defends his Pennsylvania version of the world Middleweight title (Jake LaMotta was the universally recognized world champion) by knocking out Jose Basora in 48 seconds, a record for a championship fight that stood for 37 years, in Scranton.
September 8 – Willie Pep and Sandy Saddler fight their third of four fights against each other: Saddler regains the world Featherweight title with an eighth-round knockout, Yankee Stadium, New York.
September 13 – Jake LaMotta, behind on all three judges' scorecards, scores a knockout in the fifteenth and last round, retaining his world Middleweight title against Laurent Dauthiulle, Detroit.
September 27 – Ezzard Charles retains his world Heavyweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision over former world champion Joe Louis, New York. It shall be said that, although Charles was officially the world Heavyweight champion since June 21, 1949, many fans still viewed Louis, for sentimental reasons more than anything else, as the real world Heavyweight champion. Charles was recognized universally after defeating Louis.

1951
February 14 – St. Valentine's Day Massacre as Sugar Ray Robinson and Jake LaMotta finish their six fight boxing rivalry when Robinson wins the undisputed world Middleweight title, knocking LaMotta out in round thirteen, at Chicago.
March 7 – Ezzard Charles retains his world Heavyweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous, but highly disputed by fans, decision over Jersey Joe Walcott, Detroit.
May 25 – Jimmy Carter, an unknown at the time, produces an upset by knocking out world Lightweight champion Ike Williams in fourteen rounds at New York, to win the world title.
May 30 – Ezzard Charles beats world Light Heavyweight champion Joey Maxim for the fourth time in their career, by a fifteen-round unanimous decision in Chicago, to retain the world Heavyweight title. Maxim was attempting to become the first world Light Heavyweight champion to raise weight and win the world Heavyweight title.
July 10 – Randy Turpin wins the world Middleweight title by defeating Sugar Ray Robinson with a fifteen-round decision, London.
July 18 – At the age of 37, Jersey Joe Walcott becomes the oldest world Heavyweight champion in boxing history, knocking out Ezzard Charles in seven rounds at Pittsburgh. Charles was making the ninth defense of his title. Walcott maintained the record for 44 years.
September 12 – Sugar Ray Robinson recovers the world Middleweight title with a tenth-round knockout of Randy Turpin, in New York.
September 26 – Chapter four of the Saddler-Pep rivalry, as Saddler regained the world Featherweight title with a tenth-round technical knockout. Saddler and Pep fell to the floor so often when grabbing on to each other in this fight, that referee Ray Miller joined the fighters himself during a seventh round fall. Both fighters were later suspended by the New York State Athletic commission for what they viewed as dirty fighting.
October 26 – Joe Louis' last fight, as he is knocked out in eight rounds by the up-and-coming Rocky Marciano.

1952
March 13 – Sugar Ray Robinson retains his world Welterweight title, defeating future world champion Carl Olson, by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, San Francisco. Robinson donated all of his earnings for this fight, except for $1 dollar, to the Damon Runyon cancer fund.
April 16 – In a highly anticipated bout, Sugar Ray Robinson retains his world Middleweight title with a third-round knockout of former world champion Rocky Graziano, who had knocked Robinson down seconds before losing the fight, Chicago.
May 19 – Yoshio Shirai becomes Japan's first world champion in boxing history, defeating Dado Marino by a fifteen-round decision for the world Flyweight title, Tokyo, Japan.
June 5 – Jersey Joe Walcott and Ezzard Charles complete their four fight rivalry, with Walcott retaining the world Heavyweight title, by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, Philadelphia.
June 25 – Sugar Ray Robinson suffers from heat exhaustion and loses by knockout for the only time in his career, when Dr. Alexander I. Schiff orders him not to continue after round thirteen of his challenge of world Light Heavyweight champion Joey Maxim, under 104 heat degrees, in New York City. Both Robinson and referee Ruby Goldstein have to be hospitalized after the bout. Goldstein had to leave the fight in round ten, being substituted by Ray Miller for the rest of the fight.
September 23 – Rocky Marciano becomes world Heavyweight champion, with what many have referred to as the greatest punch in boxing history, knocking out Jersey Joe Walcott in thirteen rounds, at Philadelphia.
October 15 – Jimmy Carter regains the world Lightweight title, defeating his former conqueror Lauro Salas, by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, Chicago.
November 15 – Jimmy Carruthers becomes Australia's first world boxing champion in history, by knocking out South Africa's first, Vic Toweel, in the first round to gain the world Bantamweight title, Johannesburg, South Africa.
November 15 – Yoshio Shirai retains his world Flyweight title with a fifteen-round decision over former world champion Dado Marino, at their Tokyo rematch.
December 17–36-year-old Archie Moore wins the world Light Heavyweight title by beating Joey Maxim by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, at St. Louis.

1953
May 15 – Rocky Marciano knocks out Jersey Joe Walcott in the first round, of their Heavyweight Title Re-match.
September 18 – Kid Gavilán retains his world Welterweight title with a fifteen-round split decision over Carmen Basilio, Syracuse.
September 24 – In a rematch fight, Rocky Marciano retains his world Heavyweight title with an eleventh-round knockout win over Roland La Starza, New York City.
October 21 – After Sugar Ray Robinson's first retirement, Carl Olson becomes world Middleweight champion, winning the vacant title with a fifteen-round decision over former world champion Randy Turpin, New York.

1954
January 27 – World Light-Heavyweight champion Archie Moore retains the title with a third consecutive fifteen-round decision over former world champion Joey Maxim, in Miami.
February 26 – Lulu Perez beats Willie Pep by knockout in round two at New York City. The fight is tainted with controversy, as many thought that it was a fixed fight. Pep later sued Sports Illustrated for 75 million dollars after Sports Illustrated ran a story in 1981 suggesting Pep took a dive for 16,000 dollars.
April 1 – Bobo Olson retains his world Middleweight title with a fifteen-round majority decision over world Welterweight champion Kid Gavilán, at Chicago.
June 17 – World Heavyweight champion Rocky Marciano defeats former champion Ezzard Charles, who was attempting to become the first boxer in history to recover the world Heavyweight title, by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, at New York.
August 11 – World Light-Heavyweight champion Archie Moore makes his Madison Square Garden debut, retaining the title with a fourteenth-round knockout win over future world champion Harold Johnson.
September 17 – In a rematch of their earlier bout of this same year, Rocky Marciano retains his World Heavyweight Champion title with an eighth-round knockout of former world champion Ezzard Charles, New York.
October 20 – Johnny Saxton becomes world Welterweight champion, defeating Kid Gavilán by a fifteen-round unanimous decision in Philadelphia. It was a controversial win, and 20 of 22 boxing reporters seated at ringside thought Gavilan should have gotten the decision.
November 17 – Jimmy Carter joins the exclusive group of boxers who have been world champions at the same division three or more times, knocking out world Lightweight champion Paddy DeMarco in round fifteen to win the Lightweight title for the third time, San Francisco.
November 26 – Pascual Pérez becomes Argentina's first world boxing champion, defeating Yoshio Shirai by a fifteen-round unanimous decision to take the world Flyweight championship, Tokyo, Japan.

1955
February 24 – African-American IH "Sporty" Harvey, who had successfully challenged boxing segregation in court, fights Buddy Turman in the first legal interracial boxing match in Texas.
May 16 – Rocky Marciano retains the world Heavyweight title with a ninth-round knockout of Don Cockell, at San Francisco.
May 30 – In a rematch, Pascual Pérez retains the world Flyweight title with a fifth-round knockout of former world champion Yoshio Shirai, Tokyo, Japan.
June 10 – Carmen Basilio becomes world Welterweight champion, knocking out champion Tony DeMarco in round twelve, at Syracuse.
June 21 – Archie Moore retains his world Light Heavyweight crown with a third-round knockout of world Middleweight champion Bobo Olson, in New York City.
June 29 – Wallace (Bud) Smith becomes world Lightweight champion, defeating Jimmy Carter by a fifteen-round split decision, in Boston.
September 21 – Rocky Marciano fights for the last time, recovering from a knockdown to beat world Light Heavyweight champion Archie Moore by a knockout in round nine at New York, and retiring undefeated with 49 wins, 43 by knockout, as of 2006, the only world Heavyweight champion to go undefeated through his career.
October 19 – Wallace (Bud) Smith retains his world Lightweight title by a fifteen-round decision in a rematch with former three time world champion Jimmy Carter, Cincinnati.
November 30 – In a rematch, Carmen Basilio retains his world Welterweight title by knocking out former world champion Tony DeMarco in the twelfth round, at Boston.
December 9 – Sugar Ray Robinson joins the exclusive group of fighters who have been world champion three or more times in one division, winning the world Middleweight title for the third time, with a second-round knockout of champion Carl Olson, at Chicago

1956
January 18 – Sandy Saddler retains his world Featherweight title with a thirteenth-round knockout of future world Jr. Lightweight champion Flash Elorde, in San Francisco. It would be Saddler's last career title bout.
March 14 – Johnny Saxton regains the world Welterweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision over Carmen Basilio, at Chicago. Once again, it would prove to be a controversial win, as most ringside reporters thought Basilio should have deserved the win.
April 27 – Rocky Marciano announces his retirement, officially making him the only Heavyweight champion in history to retire undefeated, at the Hotel Shelton, New York City.
May 18 – Sugar Ray Robinson defeats Bobo Olson for the fourth time in their career, knocking out the former Middleweight champion of the world in round four, to retain the world Middleweight title, in Los Angeles.
June 29 – Mario D'Agata becomes boxing's first deaf-mute world champion in history, defeating Robert Cohen by knockout in six, to win the world Bantamweight title, at Rome, Italy.
July 27 – Sandy Saddler suffers a life-threatening car accident and requires hospitalization for one month.
August 24 – Joe Brown wins the world Lightweight title with a fifteen-round split decision over Bud Smith, New Orleans.
September 12 – Carmen Basilio regains the world Welterweight title with a ninth-round knockout over Johnny Saxton, in Syracuse.
November 30 – The former middleweight gold medalist from the Olympic summer games 1952 Floyd Patterson wins the vacant world Heavyweight championship with a fifth-round knockout win over world light heavyweight champion Archie Moore, on the same night that his wife gave birth to a baby girl. Patterson became, at 21, the youngest world Heavyweight champion in history, record that he would maintain until 1986. Moore, by his part, at 42, was attempting to become the oldest world heavyweight champion in history. Right after the fight, held at Chicago, Patterson flew to New York to see his daughter.

1957
January 2 – Gene Fullmer becomes world Middleweight champion, defeating Sugar Ray Robinson by a fifteen-round decision, at New York City.
February 13 – Joe Brown retains his world Lightweight title with an eleventh-round knockout of former world champion Bud Smith, at their Miami rematch.
February 21 – Carmen Basilio retains his world Welterweight title with a second-round knockout of former world champion Johnny Saxton in their rubber match, at Cleveland.
April 1 – Alphonse Halimi wins the world Bantamweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Mario D'Agata, Paris, France.
May 1 – Sugar Ray Robinson wins the world Middleweight title for a record fourth time, knocking out Gene Fullmer in the fifth round with a punch that became known as the perfect punch, at Chicago.
June 24 – Hogan Bassey becomes Nigeria's first world boxing champion in history, winning the vacant world Featherweight title with a tenth-round knockout of Cherif Hamia, at Paris.
September 23 – Carmen Basilio becomes the world's Middleweight champion by defeating Sugar Ray Robinson by a fifteen-round split decision, at New York.
November 6 – Alphonse Halimi retains the world Bantamweight title and unifies it, beating National Boxing Association world champion Raul Macias by a fifteen-round decision, at Los Angeles.

1958
January 21 – In a non-title affair, future world Welterweight champion Virgil Akins knocks out former world champion Tony DeMarco in twelve rounds, at Boston.
March 25 – Sugar Ray Robinson breaks his own record, becoming world Middleweight champion for the fifth time by defeating Carmen Basilio with a fifteen-round split decision, at Chicago.
May 7 – Joe Brown retains the world Lightweight title, with an eighth-round TKO of Ralph Dupas, at Houston
June 5 – Virgil Akins wins the world Welterweight title that had been vacated by Carmen Basilio, knocking out Vince Martinez in four rounds, at St. Louis.
July 23 – Joe Brown retains his world Lightweight title with a fifteen-round decision over perennial world title challenger Kenny Lane, in Houston.
September 14 — Ingemar Johansson defeats the contender Eddie Machen in the first round at Ullevi, Gothenburg qualifying him to a future title match against the heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson.
December 5 – Don Jordan wins the world Welterweight title from Virgil Akins with a fifteen-round unanimous decision at Jordan's hometown of Los Angeles.
December 10 – Archie Moore recovers from three falls in round one and another one in round five, to knock out challenger Yvon Durelle in eleven rounds to retain his world Light-Heavyweight title in what is considered by many to be one of boxing's greatest fights, at Montreal, Canada.

1959
March 12 – In the first world Jr. Welterweight title bout contested since 1946, Carlos Ortiz becomes Puerto Rico's second world champion boxer, knocking out Kenny Lane in two rounds to win the vacant world title, at New York City.
March 18 – Davey Moore wins the world Featherweight title, knocking out Hogan Bassey, at Los Angeles in round fourteen.
April 15 – Sonny Liston keeps his climb among challengers in the Heavyweight division by knocking out Cleveland Williams in the third round, at Miami Beach.
April 24 – Don Jordan retains his world Welterweight championship, after spraining his right hand, with a fifteen-round unanimous decision over former world champion Virgil Akins at their St. Louis rematch.
June 26 – In the first of their three fights, Ingemar Johansson becomes the world Heavyweight champion, by knocking out Floyd Patterson in round three, at New York.
July 20 – In the first bout for the world Jr. Lightweight title since 1949, Harold Gomes of Rhode Island wins the vacant title by decisioning Paul Jorgensen over fifteen rounds at Providence.
August 12 – In a rematch of their 1958 bout, Archie Moore retains his world Light Heavyweight championship, with a three-round knockout win of Yvon Durelle, in Montreal, Canada.
August 28 – Gene Fullmer wins the National Boxing Association's world Middleweight title, after the division had been vacated by Sugar Ray Robinson's retirement, with a fourteenth-round knockout over Carmen Basilio, at San Francisco.

References

 1950s
1950s in sports

Boxing in the 1950s


La Provincia o Kabupaten de Nabire es una región de la provincia de Papúa en Indonesia, ubicado al norte de dicha isla. Su capital es la ciudad de Nabire. Actualmente cuenta con una superficie de 29.678 km² y con una población de 160.118 habitantes, además es una de las regiones más ricos en recursos naturales y fértil para la producción ágricola y ganadera. La mayor parte de sus habitantes se compone de indígenas papúes, contando con una minoría de malayos, chinos e indios. Esta parte de la isla de Nueva Guinea y de la provincia de Papúa en el , fue descubierta por navegantes españoles y portugueses entre los años 1528-29, 1537 y 1545 y pasó a formar parte del Imperio Español desde 1606 hasta 1663. Más adelante formó parte del Imperio neerlandés como al gran resto de la isla de Nueva Guinea Occidental, hasta la total independencia de Indonesia.

Enlaces externos
 Nabire Map — Satellite Images of Nabire

Provincia de Nabire


Michael Eneramo (* 26. November 1985 in Kaduna) ist ein nigerianischer ehemaliger Fußballspieler.

Karriere

Verein
Eneramo erlernte das Fußballspielen auf der Straße und wurde 2004 von den Scouts der Lobi Stars entdeckt. Nach kurzer Zeit wechselte er zum tunesischen Erstligisten Espérance Tunis. Hier befand man ihn als noch nicht reif genug, um für das Profi-Team aufzulaufen. Um ihm Spielpraxis zu ermöglichen, wurde er für zwei Spielzeiten an den algerischen Verein USM Algier verliehen. Im Anschluss wurde er für eine halbe Saison an den saudi-arabischen Vertreter Al-Shabab verliehen.

Zur Saison 2007/08 kehrte er zu Espérance zurück und wurde Stammspieler. Über die Jahre entwickelte er sich zu einem Leistungsträger und sorgte dafür, dass mehrere ausländische Klubs auf ihn aufmerksam wurden. Besonders aus der Türkei lagen von Sivasspor immer wieder Angebote vor, die an einer zu hohen Ablöse scheiterten.

Nach dem Ausbruch der Revolution in Tunesien 2010/2011 äußerte Michael Eneramo den Wunsch, Tunesien verlassen zu wollen. Wegen der unsicheren Situation war der Klub auch nicht abgeneigt, ihn zu geringeren Konditionen gehen zu lassen. So wechselte Eneramo in der Winterpause der Saison 2010/11 zum Süper-Lig-Verein Sivasspor. Zum Sommer 2012 verlängerte er seinen auslaufenden Vertrag mit Sivasspor nicht, obwohl der Verein an einer weiteren Zusammenarbeit interessiert war. Er wurde zwar mit mehreren Vereinen der Süper Lig in Verbindung gebracht, jedoch kam ein Wechsel nicht zustande. Nachdem Eneramo in der Türkei und auch in anderen europäischen Ländern keinen Verein finden konnte, der ihm bessere Konditionen bieten konnte, entschied er sich, bei Sivasspor zu bleiben, und verlängerte seinen auslaufenden Vertrag um zwei Jahre. Mit seinem Vertragsende zum Sommer 2013 wurde seitens Sivasspor bekanntgegeben, dass man mit Eneramo keine Vertragsverlängerung unterschreiben werde.

Am 29. Juli 2013 wechselte Eneramo zu Beşiktaş Istanbul. Während der Hinrunde kam Eneramo lediglich auf vier Einsätze. Beşiktaş verlieh den Stürmer für den Rest der Saison an Kardemir Karabükspor.

Am letzten Tag der Sommertransferperiode 2014 wechselte er zum Erstligisten Istanbul Başakşehir. In der Winterpause 2014/15 verließ er nach gegenseitigem Einvernehmen die Istanbuler und kehrte nach eineinhalb Spielzeiten später zu Sivasspor zurück. Bereits zum Saisonende verließ er diesen Klub wieder. Später einigte er sich mit Sivasspor um eine Vertragsverlängerung um ein weiteres Jahr. Im Frühjahr 2016 verließ er den Verein nach gegenseitigem Einvernehmen vorzeitig.

Nachdem Eneramo die Rückrunde vereinslos verbracht hatte und auch in der Sommertransferperiode sich mit keinem Erstligisten einigen konnte wurde er am letzten Tag der Transferperiode vom neuen Zweitligisten Manisaspor verpflichtet. Im Januar 2017 verließ er diesen Verein vorzeitig. Nach einer Stippvisite in Saudi-Arabien war er zurück bei seinem alten Verein Espérance, wo er ebenso nur sporadisch zum Einsatz kam. Seine letzte Station war in Zypern.

Nationalmannschaft
Eneramo gab sein Debüt für die nigerianische Nationalmannschaft im Juni 2009.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Nigeria)
Fußballspieler (al-Shabab, Saudi-Arabien)
Fußballspieler (Beşiktaş Istanbul)
Fußballspieler (Espérance Tunis)
Fußballspieler (Istanbul Başakşehir FK)
Fußballspieler (Kardemir Karabükspor)
Fußballspieler (Manisaspor)
Fußballspieler (Sivasspor)
Fußballspieler (USM Algier)
Geboren 1985
Nigerianer
Mann

Michael Eneramo


An Dactylanthera chevallieriana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni E.G.Camus, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Julian Mark Hugh Shaw. An Dactylanthera chevallieriana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactylanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dactylanthera

Dactylanthera chevallieriana


Alessia Rovegno Cayo (Lima, 20 de janeiro de 1998) é uma modelo, atriz, cantora e rainha da beleza peruana, vencedora do Miss Peru 2022. Ela representará o Peru no concurso Miss Universo 2022.

Biografia
Rovegno nasceu em Lima, Peru. Ela é uma das filhas do empresário Lucho Rovegno e da atriz Bárbara Cayó Rovegno é modelo e cantora são descendentes de italianos, trabalha como modelo em Nova York, mas está desenvolvendo sua carreira como cantora em Lima.

Ela é 2 anos mais nova que sua irmã Arianna Celeste Rovegno Cayo, fundadora da La Bambina de Rovegno. Suas tias Fiorella Cayo, Stephanie Cayo e seu tio Marioalberto Rainiero "Macs" Cayo são todos atores. Em 2010, nasceu sua meia-irmã paterna Valentina Rovegno.

Em 6 de outubro de 2021, Rovegno lançou sua música Un Amor Como el Nuestro.

Em 12 de dezembro de 2021, Rovegno confirmou seu relacionamento romântico com o atleta peruano Hugo García.

Em 14 de junho de 2022, Rovegno competiu contra 9 outras candidatas no concurso Miss Peru 2022. Ela foi coroada pela titular cessante Miss Peru 2021 Yely Rivera como a nova Miss Peru Universo 2022. Como Miss Peru, Rovegno representará o Peru no concurso Miss Universo 2022.

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1998
Misses do Peru
Modelos do Peru
Mulheres
Naturais de Lima

Alessia Rovegno


Pell City este o municipalitate din Statele Unite ale Americii situată în comitatul St. Clair din statul Alabama.

Orașul Pell a fost fondat în 1890 de investitori în căile ferate și a fost numit după George Pell de la Compania Pell City Iron and Land, unul dintre susținătorii săi financiari. Orașul a fost încorporat pe 6 mai 1891, dar aproape că a eșuat în timpul Panicii din 1893.

Pell City a fost reînviat în 1902, când Sumter Cogswell a construit Pell City Manufacturing Company, care ulterior a devenit Avondale Mills, un reper major al orașului până când Thunder Enterprises, o companie din Tennessee, a cumpărat clădirea și a început să demonteze fabrica în 2008. Pe 14 februarie, 2008 a început un incendiu la moară. Incendiul a fost atât de mare încât a putut fi văzut de la ieșirea Chula Vista/Springville de pe Interstate 20 (I20). Turnul de apă a rămas, dar coșul de fum a fost distrus de muncitori după ce fisurarea cimentului l-a făcut un pericol.

Alte proiecte

Orașe din Alabama

Pell City


Hosszúpereszteg é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 627 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Hosszúpereszteg


Mohammed Khalid Saeid (født 24. december 1990 i Sverige) er en svensk fodboldspiller, der spiller for IK Sirius.

Klubkarriere

Lyngby Boldklub
Den 1. januar 2018 underskrev Mohammed Saeid en treårig kontrakt med Lyngby Boldklub.

IK Sirius
Onsdag den 1. august 2018 kunne Lyngby Boldklub fortælle, at de havde ophævet kontrakten med Mohammed Saeid. Fredag den 3. august skrev han ny kontrakt med svenske IK Sirius, der spiller i Fotbollsallsvenskan.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Sverige
Fodboldspillere fra West Bromwich Albion F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Örebro SK
Fodboldspillere fra Columbus Crew
Fodboldspillere fra Colorado Rapids
Fodboldspillere fra Lyngby Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra IK Sirius Fotboll

Mohammed Saeid


San Lorenzo es una estación ferroviaria ubicada en la localidad homónima, Departamento de San Lorenzo, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina.

Servicios
La estación corresponde al Ferrocarril General Bartolomé Mitre de la red ferroviaria argentina.

Se encuentra actualmente con operaciones de pasajeros, por sus vías transitan los servicios Retiro-Tucumán de la empresa estatal Trenes Argentinos Operaciones, haciendo parada en esta.

Hasta 2007, Trenes de Buenos Aires operaba esta estación cuando el servicio iba a Santa Fe.

Actualidad
A mediados de octubre de 2021, APREF Santa Fe presentó un proyecto a autoridades de la municipalidad de San Lorenzo para la reapertura de esta estación y que la misma sea parada del servicio "el Tucumano" operado por SOFSE, iniciando así las gestiones para que ello sea posible.
Tras reuniones con SOFSE y ADIF, el servicio "el tucumano" volvió a parar el 23 de mayo de 2022 y se anunció que para el 22 de junio de 2022 y tras 14 años de su cierre (debido a la cancelación del servicio a la ciudad de Santa Fe), queda finalmente operativa la estación para el servicio regular.

Véase también
 Ramal Rosario - Tucumán del Ferrocarril Mitre

Referencias

Estaciones de ferrocarril de la provincia de Santa Fe
San Lorenzo
San Lorenzo
Departamento San Lorenzo (Santa Fe)

Estación San Lorenzo (Mitre)


غونثالو بيثارو ألونسو (بالإسبانية: Gonzalo Pizarro Alonso، ولد في 1502، ترجالة، قصرش، إسبانيا - توفي في 10 أبريل 1548، قوسقو، بيرو) فاتح ومستكشف إسباني، قاد قواته في تمرد ضد الملك وهو ما اعتبره الباحثون أول نضال لاستقلال أمريكا الجنوبية عن إسبانيا

ولد في ترجالة حوالي العام 1502 م وكان الأخ غير الشقيق لفرانثيسكو بيثارو الذي خدم معه في احتلال البيرو أعوام 1531 م و1533 وتم منحه أراضي واسعة وأصبح حاكم كيتو عام 1539 م، وفي عام 1541 م قاد 220 إسبانياً و4000 هندي وخيول كثيرة وكلاب وحيوانات اللاما التي استخدموها في حمل متاعهم في رحلة الاستكشاف المناطق المجهولة شرق كيتو، مات منهم المئات أثناء عبور جبال الأنديز، ووصل الباقون إلى الغابات المطرية الواقعة وراء تلك الجبال. لم يجد هناك مدن الذهب، ولم تعرف القبائل المحلية الفقيرة أي شي عن الكنوز، فاهتاج بيثارو غضباً وأحرق بعضهم أحياء ومزقت الكلاب البعض الآخر إرباً. إلا أن الهنود عرفوا كيف يتخلصون سريعاً من الباحثين عن الذهب، أخبروهم أنه في المناطق الأكثر بعداً تقبع الأراضي الغنية بالذهب، فغادرهم الإسبان متوغلين في أعماق الأدغال.

كان الطعام نادراً ومات الرجال من الحمى، ولما وصلوا إلى نهر نابو أمرهم بيثارو بالتوقف وقاموا ببناء سفينة لحمل مرضاهم ومتاعهم ثم اسرعوا بالتحرك في مياه النهر. ولم يجدوا الذهب بعد، فما كان من بيزارو إلا أن أرسل ملازمه فرانثيسكو دي أوريانا مع 57 من مرافقيه قبله للبحث عن المؤن وانتظروا عودته، وعندما طال انتظارهم فاضطروا لأكل كلابهم وخيولهم ولم يدروا أن أوريانا واصل رحلته حتى مصب نهر الأمازون. ورجعوا في أغسطس 1542 م ونجا قليل من الإسبان بينما لم ينج أحد من الهنود في هذه الرحلة. وانتهى البحث عن الذهب بكارثة.

في طريق العودة علم أن أخاه فرانثيسكو اغتيل وانه أمر بصرف رجاله وأصدرت قوانين جديدة تحد من مزايا الفاتحين وتحمي حقوق الهنود بتحريض من بارتولومي دي لاس كاساس فقام الإسبان هناك بالثورة وعينوا غونثالو بيثارو حاكما للبيرو وحارب نائب الملك بلاسكو نونييث فيلا فهزمه في أنياكيتو عام 1546 م لكن النائب الجديد بيدرو دي لا غاسكا هزمه واعتقله في 10 أبريل من تلك السنة وأعدم في اليوم التالي.

مصادر

  موسوعة بريتانيكا

أشخاص أعدمتهم إسبانيا الجديدة
أشخاص أعدمتهم إسبانيا بقطع الرأس
أمريكيون جنوبيون في القرن 16
الاستعمار الإسباني في الأمريكيتين
إسبان في القرن 16
مستعمرة بيرو
مواليد 1502
مواليد في ترجالة
وفيات 1548
وفيات في كوسكو
إسبان معدومون

غونثالو بيثارو


Frații lui Serapis (Frații Serapion sau Fraternitatea Serapion, în ) a fost un grup de scriitori constituit la Petrograd, RSFS Rusă, în 1921. Grupul a fost numit după un grup literar, Die Serapionsbrüder (Frăția Serapion), constituit în jurul scriitorului romantic german E. T. A. Hoffmann, autorul al unui volum de povești omonim. El a fost compus din Nikolai Tihonov, Veniamin Kaverin, Mihail Zoșcenko, Victor Șklovski, Vsevolod Ivanov, Elizaveta Polonskaia, Ilia Gruzdev, Mihail Slonimski, Lev Lunț, Vladimir Pozner, Nikolai Nikitin și Konstantin Fedin. Grupul s-a format în perioada studiilor universitare ale membrilor săi și a conferințelor ținute de Iuri Tînianov, Evgheni Zamiatin (al cărui eseu din 1922 intitulat "Frăția Serapion" oferă o perspectivă cu privire la stilul de început al mai multor membri) și Kornei Ciukovski la Casa Artelor din Petrograd (Petrogradsky Dom Iskusstv). Grupul s-a constituit în mod oficial în cursul primei sale reuniuni din 1 februarie 1921, iar membrii săi s-au întâlnit cu regularitate în fiecare sâmbătă la Casa Artelor.

Grupul s-a dizolvat în cele din urmă: mai mulți membri s-au mutat la Moscova și au devenit scriitori oficiali ai regimului sovietic, în timp ce alții, printre care Zoșcenko, au rămas la Petrograd (Leningrad) sau au emigrat din Rusia Sovietică. Hongor Oulanoff a scris, "Frații Serapion nu au fondat o școală literară. De fapt - așa cum reiese din Manifestul Serapion și din operele lui Fedin - Frăția nici nu a avut intenția să fondeze o școală."

Evgheni Zamiatin și Frații Serapion
Evgheni Zamiatin a devenit asociat cu Frații Serapion în 1921, când a fost numit lector la Casa Artelor (Dom Iskusstv), unde trăiau și studiau membrii grupului serapionist. Institutul era situat într-o prestigioasă clădire de pe Nevski Prospekt, în fostul palat al guvernatorului regiunii Sankt Petersburg. Scriitorii, inclusiv serapioniștii, ocupau aripa palatului aflată de-a lungul malului râului Moika. Această locație a inspirat inițial expresia Dom na naberejnoi (Casa de pe chei). Zamiatin și alți scriitori au trăit acolo ca o mică comunitate de intelectuali; stilul lor de viață și atmosfera artistică a fost descrisă mai târziu în memoriile și scrisorile membrilor acestui grup.

În acea vreme, Zamiatin critica fără teamă politica sovietică a Terorii Roșii. El terminase deja elaborarea romanului Noi și lucra ca redactor, alături de Maxim Gorki, la proiectul "Literatura universală". Șklovski și Kaverin au descris prelegerile lui Zamiatin ca provocatoare și stimulante. Cu toate acestea, celebra afirmație a lui Zamiatin că "adevărata literatură nu poate fi creată decât de nebuni, pustnici, eretici, visători, rebeli și sceptici" a fost în mare măsură greșit înțeleasă. Grupul Frații Serapion a rămas neutru și retras și s-a orientat în cele din urmă către o literatură experimentală și mai inovatoare. Zamiatin a devenit deziluzionat de învățăturile promovate de serapioniști și a părăsit gruparea.

Iuri Tînianov și serapioniștii
Iuri Tînianov a coordonat studiile și publicațiile Fraților Serapion de când i-a întâlnit la Casa Artelor din Sankt-Petersburg. El a susținut non-conformismul lor moale și opoziția lor tăcută față de literatura sovietică promovată de autoritățile regimului de la Moscova. În mod ironic, mulți dintre serapioniști au ajuns să-și facă ulterior o carieră la Moscova, ca membri ai Uniunii Scriitorilor Sovietici.

Majoritatea membrilor grupului Frații Serapion s-au conformat treptat realismului socialist promovat de regimul sovietic.

Kornei Ciukovski și serapioniștii
Kornei Ciukovski a ținut conferințe la Casa Artelor, împreună cu Zamiatin și Tînianov. Frații Serapion au asistat la majoritatea seminariilor celor trei lectori, chiar dacă pentru o scurtă perioadă de timp. În cele din urmă, unii dintre membrii grupului "Frații Serapion" l-a urmat pe Ciukovski la Moscova. Acolo și-au continuat carierele sub îndrumarea lui și au aderat la politica culturală a realismului socialist sovietic. Fiica sa, Lidia Ciukovskaia, și Evghenia Lunț, sora lui Lev Lunț, au fost bune prietene încă din școală până ce familia Lunț s-a mutat la Hamburg, unde Lev Lunț a murit în 1924.

Leon Troțki și Frații Serapion
Leon Troțki a făcut o scurtă analiză a Fraternității Serapion în cel de-al doilea capitol al cărții Literatură și Revoluție (1924). Troțki caracterizează grupul ca fiind format din tineri naivi; el nu este sigur ce s-ar putea spune despre maturitatea lor literară. Troțki a scris că formarea grupului ar fi fost imposibilă dacă nu ar fi avut loc Revoluția. El a dezavuat pretinsa lor neutralitate politică. "Ca și cum un artist ar putea fi vreodată "fără o tendință", fără o relație definită cu viața socială, chiar dacă neformulată sau neexprimată în termeni politici. Este adevărat că majoritatea artiștilor își formează relația lor cu viața și cu formele sale sociale în timpul perioadei vieții biologice într-un mod imperceptibil și molecular și aproape fără intervenția rațiunii critice." Totuși, la numai doi ani de la fondarea grupului, el admitea că analiza lui era puțin probabil să fie definitivă: "De ce îi retrogradăm la statutul de "tovarăși de drum" ai noștri? Pentru că ei sunt dedicați în întregime Revoluției, pentru că această legătură nu este încă precis formată, pentru că ei sunt atât de tineri și pentru că nu se poate spune nimic definitiv despre viitorul lor."

Maxim Gorki și Frații Serapion
Cei mai mulți membri ai Frăției nu aveau un venit regulat și erau adesea flămânzi și prost îmbrăcați. Ei au trăit de pe urma sprijinului financiar oferit de Maxim Gorki, chiar dacă grupul considera că romanul realist era depășit și critica, prin urmare, și scrierile binefăcătorului său.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Trotsky, Literature and Revolution, Chapter 2 (analysis of the Fraternity).
 Hongor Oulanoff, The Serapion Brothers: Theory and Practice, Mouton, 1966 (the first book-length study of the group).

Curente literare

Frații Serapion