An activist shareholder is a shareholder who uses an equity stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management. A fairly small stake (less than 10% of outstanding shares) may be enough to launch a successful campaign. In comparison, a full takeover bid is a much more costly and difficult undertaking. The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of shareholder value through changes in corporate policy, cost cutting, etc.) to non-financial (disinvestment from particular countries, etc.). Shareholder activists can address self-dealing by corporate insiders, although large stockholders can also engage in self-dealing to themselves at the expense of smaller minority shareholders.

According to research firm Insightia, a total of 967 listed companies globally were publicly subjected to activist demands in 2022, up from 913 in 2021. Shareholder activism can take any of several forms: proxy battles, publicity campaigns, shareholder resolutions, litigation, and negotiations with management. Daniel Loeb, head of Third Point Management, is notable for his use of sharply written letters directed towards the CEOs of his target companies.

Activism may help to address the principal-agent problem where the management (agents) do not adequately respond to the wishes of the principals (investors) of publicly traded companies. In the 2010s, investments in the activist asset class grew, with activists receiving coverage by the media and positive attention from investors. Activists have typically engaged in adversarial campaigns, but have also in some cases been able to acquire board seats with a formal proxy context.

Shareholder activists are making their mark on mergers and acquisitions as well – a 2015 survey of corporate development leaders found that 60% of respondents saw shareholder activism affecting transaction activity in their industry. Increasingly, however, the non-financial form of shareholder activism is affecting companies in a range of sectors. Shareholders, often with a comparatively small stake in a company, are seeking to influence the company's environmental and social performance.

Some of the recent activist investment funds include: California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS), Icahn Management LP, Santa Monica Partners Opportunity Fund LP, State Board of Administration of Florida (SBA), and Relational Investors, LLC.

Due to the Internet, smaller shareholders have also gained an outlet to voice their opinions. In 2005, small MCI Inc. shareholders created an online petition to protest the MCI/Verizon merger.

History
Corporations in 18th-century Europe were privileged and relatively uncommon, but in the United States became much more common, starting with 300 in the 1790s and expanding by around 26,000 between 1790 and the 1860s, resulting in about 15 times the corporations in Great Britain by 1830. These early corporations contained various provisions for corporate governance, including restricted charters, bylaws, prudent-mean voting rules, dividend payments, and press coverage.

From 1900 to 1950, about 1.22 "offensive" activist initiatives occurred per year, with more occurring in the 1940s and 1950s. Notable investors included Cyrus S. Eaton, Phoenix Securities Corporation, Benjamin Graham, J. Paul Getty, and Malcolm Chace. Activism was likely limited by the lack of ownership dispersion, meaning that many corporations had large shareholders with sizable blocks (10 to 20% of total shares) who already exerted significant control over the corporation.

Notable investors
Notable activist investors include: Isaac Le Maire (1558–1624), Carl Icahn, Nelson Peltz (Trian), Bill Ackman (Pershing Square), Daniel Loeb (Third Point), Barry Rosenstein, Larry Robbins (Glenview), David Einhorn, Gregg Hymowitz (EnTrust Global), Christer Gardell (Cevian Capital), and Ryan Cohen.

During the 1980s, activist investors such as Carl Icahn and T. Boone Pickens gained international notoriety and were often perceived as "corporate raiders" for acquiring an equity stake in publicly owned companies, like Icahn's investment in B.F. Goodrich, and then forcing companies to take action to improve value or rid themselves of rebel intruders like Icahn by buying back the raider's investment at a fat premium, often at the expense of the other shareholders.  More recently, activist investor Phillip Goldstein suggested that the role of the activist investor has moved from green mail to one of being a catalyst to unlock value in an underlying security, and says that the public perception of activist investors as "corporate raiders" has dissipated.

In 2019, notable activist investors included Starboard Value, Ancora, Icahn, Elliot Management, and Third Point (Loeb). In 2019, mutual funds such as Wellington Management Company had begun to show signs of activism.

Outreach strategies
Activist investors advertise their message out in various ways including postal mail, websites, and social media.

Statistics
As of 2018, there had been an average of 272 activist campaigns per year in the United States, including 47 proxy contests. About 47% of targeted companies were outside of the United States.

Proxy advisory
As of 2020, passive investors such as index funds by Vanguard as well as non-activist but still active management investors such as mutual funds play a significant role in corporate governance. These firms use proxy advisory firms such as Institutional Shareholder Services to receive recommendations on how to vote on shareholder proposals.

Funding
Activist investors are often hedge funds funded by accredited investors and institutions. In 2019, institutions were demanding more upfront explanation of the activist ideas before funding, and in some cases requiring that the funds be placed into special purpose vehicles specifically for the project. Activist hedge funds, which are hedge funds that "take concentrated positions in the equity of public corporations and actively engage with corporate managers" can address the principal-agent problem and limit self-dealing by providing management with high-powered incentives to increase value.

Offensive versus defensive
Shareholder activism can be categorized as "offensive" or "defensive"; in the latter case, an existing shareholder attempts to correct some deficiency, while offensive activists build a position with the intention to agitate for change. Shareholders can also initiative a derivative suit to force action by the corporation. Shareholders can also engage in a securities class action but these are typically not associated with activism.

Laws
In the United States, acquisition of over 5% of beneficial ownership in a company with the intention to influence leadership must be accompanied by a Schedule 13D filing; investors who do not intend to become activists may file a Schedule 13G instead.

Proxy access

Historically, investors were required to mail separate ballots when trying to nominate someone of their own to the board, but beginning in 2015, proxy access rules began to spread driven by initiatives from major institutional investors, and as of 2018, 71% of S&P 500 companies had a proxy access rule.

Voting
Votes for the board may be "straight" or "cumulative". In straight voting (aka statutory voting), shareholders get one vote per share on all ballot questions (e.g., candidates for the board of directors or shareholder proposals). In cumulative voting, a shareholder receives a general vote for however many number of ballot questions there are. The votes can then be all cast for (or against) a single ballot question, which makes it easier for minority shareholders to elect candidates. There has also been a movement toward "majority" voting, where a candidate must receive the majority of votes. Most large corporations are incorporated in Delaware due to the well-developed Delaware General Corporation Law; in Delaware, cumulative voting is optional, but exceptions exist; for example, a California-based but Delaware-registered corporation may be "pseudo-foreign" under California law and therefore have to comply with California law.

Performance

Taking an activist approach to public investing may produce returns in excess of those likely to be achieved passively. A 2012 study by Activist Insight showed that the mean annual net return of over 40 activist-focused hedge funds had consistently outperformed the MSCI world index in the years following the global financial crisis in 2008. Activist investing was the top-performing strategy among hedge funds in 2013, with such firms returning, on average, 16.6% while other hedge funds returned 9.5%.

Research
Shareholder activism directed at both European and American companies has been surging. A 1996 study found that larger firms with higher institutional holdings made firms more likely to be targeted by activist investors. Researchers also try to understand what makes company a desirable target for an activist investor. Lately, both scholars and practitioners started using machine learning methodologies to predict both targets and activists.

Retail involvement
Any shareholder, including a non-institutional retail investors, may submit a shareholder proposal in the United States, and between 1934 and the mid-1980s these shareholders typically submitted proposals. One estimate placed institutional owners at 68% of shares and retail at 32% of shares, but 98% of institutional owners vote and only 28% of retail owners vote. Institutional shareholders, however, often vote automatically upon the advice of proxy advisory firms; allowing retail shareholders to vote based upon a guideline ("standing voting instructions") has been proposed to increase their involvement.

Various websites have been created to facilitate retail involvement, including Moxy Vote, Shareowners.org, United States Proxy Exchange and ProxyDemocracy.org, but over time these generally shut down.

Political and labor involvement
Labor unions, including through pension funds such as CalPERS coalitions such as the Change to Win Federation often engage in shareholder proposals. The Shareholder Rights Group is a coalition of shareholder proposal advocates.

Socially responsible investing
Organizations such as the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR), As You Sow and Ceres use shareholder resolutions, and other means of pressure, to address issues such as sustainability and human rights.

For an analysis of the hundreds of annual shareholder resolutions, see Proxy Preview.

See also
 Board of directors
 Corporate governance
 Corporate raid

 Corporate social responsibility

 Proxy statement

 Shareholder rebellion
 Socially responsible investing

References

Further reading
Icahn calls for Time Warner breakup, buyback / CNNMoney.com
 Third Point Management's letter to Star Gas CEO, Irik Sevin
Qwest Withdraws from Bidding – Denver Business Journal / MCIpetition.com
Academic Literature Summary (archived 27 December 2013)
The Rise of Activist Investing and How to Respond
A&M Activist Alert
Predicting Shareholder Activist Targets, Nordantech.com

Corporate governance
Activism by type
Shareholders

Activist shareholder


ඔබට අවැසි ලිපිය තෝරාගන්න
 තාරකාවේදයේ සිකුරු ග්‍රහලොව
 තාරකාශාස්ත්‍රයන්හී සිකුරු ග්‍රහයා

සිකුරු


Rayton Fissore war ein italienischer Karosseriehersteller, der in den 1980er-Jahren vor allem durch die Entwicklung des luxuriösen Geländewagens Magnum bekannt wurde. Das Unternehmen war mit der renommierten Carrozzeria Fissore nicht identisch, allerdings bestanden mittelbare Beziehungen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Zu den Hintergründen des Unternehmens gibt es zahlreiche widersprüchliche Angaben. Unklar ist insbesondere der Grad der Verbindung zur Carrozzeria Fissore.

Die Carrozzeria Fissore war ein etabliertes Designstudio, das in den 1960er-Jahren zahlreiche Aufbauten für italienische, deutsche, südamerikanische und japanische Serienfahrzeuge entworfen hatte und daneben auch in Kleinserie eigene Kreationen herstellte. Seit 1969 war der in Savigliano ansässige Betrieb eng mit dem Schweizer Automobilhersteller Monteverdi verbunden, der hier seine Sport- und Geländewagen herstellen ließ. Mitte der 1970er-Jahre übernahm Monteverdi nach und nach die Anteilsmehrheit an der Carrozzeria Fissore, die 1982 schließlich aufgelöst wurde.

Der Karosseriehersteller Rayton Fissore wurde 1976 gegründet. Einige Quellen behaupten, Rayton Fissore sei von Bernardo Fissore gegründet worden, dem Sohn eines Inhabers der Carrozzeria Fissore, die kurz zuvor anteilig von Monteverdi übernommen worden war. Nach anderen Quellen war Giulio Malvino der Gründer des Karosseriewerks. Malvino, der Schwiegersohn eines der Inhaber der Carrozzeria Fissore, habe, um den Erfolg seines Unternehmens zu beschleunigen, den Betrieb nach dem in der Automobilbranche etablierten Geburtsnamen seiner Ehefrau benannt.

Unternehmenssitz war bis 1988 Savigliano. Dort hatte auch die Carrozzeria Fissore ihre Produktionsanlagen. Ab 1988 war der Firmensitz in Cherasco (Provinz Cuneo).

Rayton Fissore stellte anfänglich Aufbauten für Lastwagen und Nutzfahrzeuge her. Im Pkw-Bereich trat es mit drei Fahrzeugen in Erscheinung. In den 1990er-Jahren stellte Rayton Fissore den Betrieb ein.

Fahrzeuge

Rayton Fissore Gold Shadow
Der erste von Rayton Fissore vorgestellte Pkw war der Gold Shadow, der erstmals 1978 auf dem Turiner Autosalon gezeigt wurde. Der Gold Shadow war ein Kleinwagen, der die Antriebstechnik des Autobianchi A112 verwendete und eine eigenständige Karosserie trug, die Stilmerkmale des Porsche 928 und des AMC Pacer miteinander verband. Ob es bei einer Studie blieb oder ob eine Serienproduktion zustande kam, ist nicht eindeutig geklärt. Einige Quellen sind der Ansicht, dass von 1979 bis 1982 (oder 1984) etwa 500 Exemplare des Shadow hergestellt wurden. Gegen eine derartige Verbreitung spricht, dass bislang kein Foto eines Gold Shadow im Straßenverkehr veröffentlicht worden ist. Andere Quellen schreiben, dass das Fahrzeug ein Einzelstück blieb, und dass der Versuch eines spanischen Unternehmens, das Projekt unter dem Namen Guapa zu vermarkten, scheiterte.

Rayton Fissore Magnum 4x4

Eine weitere Entwicklung war der Geländewagen Rayton Fissore Magnum, dessen Karosserie von Tom Tjaarda gestaltet worden war. Es handelte sich um einen Kombiwagen mit Allradantrieb, der in der Marktnische des Range Rover positioniert war, anders als dieser aber eine Karosserie trug, die italienische Stilmerkmale aufgriff. Der Magnum folgte insoweit dem Konzept des 1982 eingestellten (und bis dahin bei der Carrozzeria Fissore produzierten) Monteverdi Safari. Das vor allem für den amerikanischen Markt bestimmte Fahrzeug beruhte auf einem modifizierten Iveco-Chassis und war mit unterschiedlichen Motoren lieferbar. Es wurde 1985 auf dem Turiner Automobilsalon vorgestellt. Bis 1990 wurde es bei Rayton Fissore hergestellt, danach übernahm der amerikanische Importeur die Herstellung. Dort wurde es unter dem Namen Laforza Magnum bis in das neue Jahrtausend hinein produziert.

Alfa Romeo 75 Sport Wagon
1985 stellte Rayton Fissore eine Kombiversion des Alfa Romeo 75 vor. Das Sport Wagon genannte Auto sowie ein identisch konzipiertes, aber stärker motorisiertes Fahrzeug mit der Bezeichnung Turbo Wagon blieben Einzelstücke.

Karosserietuning
Neben dem Design und der Herstellung von Komplettfahrzeugen beschäftigte sich Rayton Fissore zu Beginn der 1980er-Jahre auch mit Karosserietuning. Das Unternehmen bot Karosserieumbausätze für das Coupé und die HPE-Version des Lancia Beta an. Die Umbausätze enthielten Front- und Heckspoiler, besondere Aluminiumfelgen und eine modifizierte Auspuffanlage. Die Rayton-Fissore-Versionen waren ausschließlich auf dem Schweizer Automobilmarkt erhältlich.

Literatur
 Georg Amtmann und Halwart Schrader: Italienische Sportwagen. Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-613-01988-4.
 George Nick Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, Volume 3 P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1 (englisch)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Piemont)
Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Savigliano

Rayton Fissore


أراطوس (باليونانية: Ἄρατος) هو سياسي يوناني ولد في سيكيون عام 271 ق م وتعلم في أرغوس بعد موت أبيه على يد أبانتيداس طاغية سيكيون، وعندما كان في العشرين خلص مدينته من الطاغية بانقلاب جريء. واستطاع تأمين المدينة ضد التهديد المقدوني عندما ضمها للحلف الأخائي واستطاع تهدئة المنفيين العائدين بالأموال التي حصل عليها من بطليموس فيلادلفوس.

كان يساوره القلق بشأن الحلف وكان يهدف دائما إلى توسيعه وأصبح قائدا عاما عليه في عام 245 ق م وبعد سنتين احتل كورنث على غفلة وكان قد احتل مدنا أخرى بمزيج من الحث والتهديد، ومن هذه المدن كانت هناك ميغالوبوليس وأرغوس، اللاتي تنحى حكامها طوعا.

وكذلك فقد حارب الأيتوليين عام 241 ق م وفي عام 228 أقنع القائد المقدوني بأن يخلي أتيكا من جنده، ولكن عندما بدأ العداء مع كليومينس الثالث وتكبد أراطوس عدة نكسات ومنها هزيمته القاسية في ديمي (226 أو 225 ق م) ولكن بدلا من أن يعترف بكليومينس زعيما للحلف فقد رفض كل مساعي الوساطة بينهما وربما أزعج هذا التيموقراطية القائمة.

بصفته مفوضا مطلق الصلاحية قام عام 224 ق م بطلب نجدة أنتيغونوس دوسون المقدوني ليستعيد كورنث وأرغوس وأن يسحق كليومينس وتم له هذا في سيلاسيا عام 222، ولكنه في ذات الوقت ضحى باستقلال الحلف. وفي أعوام 220 – 219 ق م هزمه الأيتوليون في أركاديا وهاجموا البيلوبونيز بشكل مستمر، وعندما أتى فيليب الخامس ملك مقدونيا ليطرد المغيرين فأصبح أراطوس مستشار الملك واستطاع أن يتفادى هجوما غادر على ميسيني عام 215 ق م. ولكنه كان قد فقد حظوة الملك وبدأ الكره يزداد ضده وتم تسميمه عام 213 ق م.

يعتبرونه أهل سيكيون بطلا وحتى أنهم جعلوه ابن الإله أسقليبيوس وبالنسبة لأراطوس فقد حسب له أنه جعل الحلف الأخائي قوة فعالة ضد الطغاة والأعداء الأجنبيين، ولكن عدم كفاءته العسكرية وكرهه الأعمى للإصلاحات الديمقراطية ذهبت به بعيدا حتى ضاع عمله.

استخدم بوليبيوس المذكرات التي كتبها اراتوس عن نفسه في مؤلفه عن التاريخ لكي يبرر تصريفه لأمور الدولة، وأخذ بلوتارخ من نفس المصدر وكذلك أخذ من الوثائق المعادية التي كتبها فيلارخوس.

مصادر

اتحاد آخاين
حكام إغريقيون
مواليد 271 ق م
مواليد في سيكيون
وفيات 213 ق م
وفيات بسبب السم
وفيات في أثينا
يونانيون في القرن 3 ق م

أراطوس (سياسي)


ආලෝකය නොහොත් දෘෂ්‍ය ආලෝකය යනු විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක වර්ණාවලියේ මිනිස් ඇසට සංවේදී වන තරංග පරාසයයි. මෙම තරංග නිසා දෘෂ්ටිය නම් සංවේදනය ඇති වේ. දෘෂ්‍ය ආලෝකයේ තරංග ආයාමය නැනෝමීටර 380 හෝ 400 සිට නැනෝමීටර 760 හෝ 780 දක්වා විහිදෙයි. ඒ අනුව එය ටෙරාහර්ට්ස් 405 සිට 790 පමණ වූ සංඛ්‍යාත පරාසයක පිහිටයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් භෞතික විද්‍යාවේදී ආලෝකය යන වදන දෘෂ්‍ය ආලෝකය මෙන් ම ඒ දෙපස ඇති මිනිස් ඇසට සංවේදී නොවන අධෝරක්ත සහ පාරජම්බුල තරංග කලාප සඳහා ද යෙදේ.

තීව්‍රතාවය, සම්ප්‍රේෂණ දිශාව, සංඛ්‍යාතය හෝ තරංග ආයාමය, ධ්‍රැවීකරණය යන රාශි ආලෝකයේ ප්‍රධාන ලාක්ෂණික වේ. රික්ත‍යකදී ආලෝකයේ වේගය තත්පරයට මීටර 299,792,458ක් වේ.

ආලෝකය අවශෝෂණය සහ විමෝචනය වන්නේ ෆෝටෝන නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ශක්ති පැකැට්ටු ලෙස ය. ආලෝකය තරංගමය ලක්ෂණ මෙන් ම අංශුමය ලක්ෂණ ද පෙන්වයි. මෙම හැසිරීම තරංග-අංශු ද්වෛතය ලෙස හැ‍ඳින්වේ. ආලෝකයේ හැසිරීම පිළිබඳ ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාවේ දී හැදෑරේ.

භෞතික විද්‍යාවේදී ඕනෑ ම තරංග ආයාමයක් සහිත විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක විකිරණයක් (දෘශ්‍ය හෝ අදෘශ්‍ය වේවා) ආලෝකය ලෙස සමහර විටෙක හැඳින්වේ.

ආලෝකයේ වේගය

රික්තයකදී ආලෝකයේ වේගය හරියටම තත්පරයට මීටර 299,792,458ක් ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. මෙය ආසන්න වශයෙන් තත්පරයට සැතපුම් 186,282කි. ආලෝකයේ වේගයට මෙම නියත අගය ලැබී ඇත්තේ මීටරය, රික්තයක් තුල තත්පරයකට ආලෝකය ගමන් කරන දුරෙන් 1/299,792,458ක් ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති නිසා ය. සියලු විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක විකිරණ රික්තයක් තුල මෙම වේගයෙන් ගමන් කරයි.

ඉතිහාසය පුරාවටම ආලෝකයේ වේගය මැණීමට විවිධ භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයින් උත්සාහ දරා ඇත. 17 වන සියවසේදී ගැලිලියෝ ගැලිලි ආලෝකයේ වේගය මැණීමට උත්සාහ කලේ ය. ඩැනිෂ් ජාතික භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයකු වූ ඔලේ රෝමර් 1676 තරම් අතීතයේදී ආලෝකයේ වේගය මැණීමට උත්සාහ කලේය. දුරදක්නයක් භාවිතයෙන් බ්‍රහස්පතීගේ චන්ද්‍රයකු වන අයෝ නිරීක්ෂණය කල රෝමර්, අයෝගේ කක්ෂ ආවර්ත කාලයේ දෘශ්‍ය විෂමතාවයන් සැලැකිල්ලට ගනිමින්, පෘථිවියේ කාක්ෂික විෂ්කම්භය ගමන් කිරීමට ආලෝකයට මිනිත්තු 22ක් පමණ ගත වන බව ගණනය කළේ ය. කෙසේ වෙතත් පෘථිවි කක්ෂයේ විෂ්කම්භය ඒ වන විට සොයාගෙන නොතිබිණි. රෝමර් එය දැන සිටියේ නම් ආලෝකයේ වේගය තත්පරයට මීටර 227,000,000ක් ලෙස ඔහු ගණනය කරනු ඇත.

1849 වර්ෂයේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතික ඉපොලිට් ෆිසූ (Hippolyte Fizeau) ආලෝකයේ වේගය වඩාත් නිවැරදිව මැණීමට සමත් විය. ෆිසූ, කිලෝමීටර කිහිපහක් ඈතින් තිබූ දර්පණයක් මතට ආලෝක කදම්බයක් එල්ල කලේ ය. ආලෝක කදම්බයේ ගමන් මාර්ගයේ භ්‍රමණය වන දැති රෝදයක් තබන ලදී. ඇටැවුම සකසන ලද්දේ, ආලෝක කදම්බය දර්පණය මතින් පරාවර්තනය වීමෙන් පසු ප්‍රභවය වෙතටම, පැමිණි මාර්ගයේම ගමන් කරන ලෙසටත්, ආලෝක කදම්බය දැති රෝදයේ දැති අතරින් ගමන් කරන ලෙසටත්  ය. එක්තරා භ්‍රමණ වේගයකදී ආලෝක කදම්බය දැති රෝදයේ එක් හිදැසක් අතරින් දර්පණය වෙතටත්, ඊළඟ හිඩැසින් ආපසුත් ගමන් කරන බව ෆිසූ නිරීක්ෂණය කළේ ය. දර්පණයට ඇති දුරත්, දැති රෝදයේ දැති ගණන සහ භ්‍රමණ වේගයත් දැන ගැනීමෙන් ආලෝකයේ වේගය තත්පරයට මීටර 313,000,000ක් ලෙස ගණනය කිරීමට ෆිසූ සමත් විය.

1862 දී ලියොං ෆූකු (Léon Foucault) විසින් භ්‍රමණය වන දර්පණ භාවිතා කරමින් තත්පරයට මීටර 298,000,000ක අගයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. ඇල්බට් ඒබ්‍රහම් මිචෙල්සන් 1877 සිට තම මරණය සිදු වූ 1931 වර්ෂය දක්වා ආලෝකයේ වේගය පිලිබඳ පරීක්ෂණ පැවැත්වීය. ෆූකු ගේ ක්‍රමවේදය වැඩිදියුණු කල ඔහු, කැලිෆෝනියාවේ විල්සන් සහ සැන් ඇන්ටෝනියෝ කඳු අතර ආලෝකය ගමන් කර ආපසු ඒමට ගත වූ කාලය වැඩිදියුණු කල භ්‍රමණය වන දර්පණ මගින් මැණීමට සමත් විය. මේ සූක්ෂම මිණුම් වලින් ආලෝකයේ වේගය තත්පරයට මීටර 299,796,000ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.

සාමාන්‍ය පදාර්ථය සහිත විවිධ පාරදෘශ්‍ය ද්‍රව්‍ය තුල ආලෝකයේ වේගය, රික්තයේ එහි වේගයට වඩා කුඩා ය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ජලය තුල ආලෝකයේ වේගය රික්තයකදී මෙන් 3/4ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙම මන්දනය වීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම ආලෝක අංශු මන්දනය වීමක් නොව, ආරෝපිත අංශු වලට ආලෝක අංශු අවශෝෂණය සහ විමෝචනය නිසා සිදු වන පමාවක් බව සැලකේ.

පදාර්ථය තුල ආලෝකය මන්දනය වීම පිලිබඳ සීමාන්තික උදාහරණයක් ලෙස, හාවඩ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ සහ කේම්බ්‍රිජ් (මැසචුසෙට්) හි රෝලන්ඩ් විද්‍යා ආයතනයේ එක් පර්යේෂණ කණ්ඩායමකුත්, නක්ෂත්‍ර භෞතික විද්‍යාව පිලිබඳ හාවඩ්-ස්මිත්සෝනියන් මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ තවත් කණ්ඩායමකුත් ස්වාධීනව කල පරීක්ෂණයක් දැක්විය හැකි ය. මෙහි දී, රුබීඩියම් මූලද්‍රව්‍යයේ බෝස්-අයින්ස්ටයින් සංඝනීභූතයක් තුලින් යැවූ ආලෝකය, ප්‍රගමනය සම්පූර්ණයෙන් ම නැවැත්වීමට පර්යේෂකයෝ සමත් වූහ.  කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙහි "ආලෝකය නැවැත්වීම" ලෙස සඳහන් වන්නේ සැකෙබුණු අවස්ථාවේ පවතින පරමාණු වල ආලෝකය ගබඩා කිරීමත්, නැවත අභිමත අවස්ථාවක ලේසර් ස්පන්දයක් මගින් ඒවා උත්තේජනය කිරීමෙන් ආලෝකය නැවත පිට වීමට සැලැස්වීමත් ය. ආලෝකය "නැවැතී" තිබුණු අවස්ථාවේ එය ආලෝකය ලෙස නොපැවතුනි.

විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක වර්ණාවලිය සහ දෘශ්‍ය ආලෝකය

තරංග ආයාමය අනුව, විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක විකිරණ රේඩියෝ තරංග, ක්ෂුද්‍ර තරංග, අධෝරක්ත, (ආලෝකය ලෙස මිනිසා හඳුනා ගන්නා) දෘශ්‍ය ආලෝකය, පාරජම්බුල, එක්ස් කිරණ සහ ගැමා කිරණ යන කලාප වලට බෙදේ.

විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක විකිරණ වල හැසිරීම ඒවායේ තරංග ආයාමය මත රඳා පවතී. ඉහල සංඛ්‍යාත සහිත විකිරණයන්ට කුඩා තරංග ආයාමයන් ද, පහල සංඛ්‍යාත සහිත විකිරණයන්ට විශාල තරංග ආයාමයන් ද ඇත. විකිරණය ෆෝටෝන නොහොත් ක්වොන්ටම යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන අංශූන්ගෙන් සෑදී ඇත. විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක විකිරණ තනි පරමාණු හෝ අණු සමඟ අන්තර්ක්‍රියා කරන විට එහි හැසිරීම රඳා පවතින්නේ විකිරණයේ එක් ක්වොන්ටමයක් සතුව ඇති ශක්ති ප්‍රමාණය මත ය.

දෘශ්‍ය ආලෝකය සමන්විත වන ෆෝටෝන, ඇසේ දෘෂ්ටිවිතානය මත පවතින යම් අණු විද්‍යුත් උත්තේජනයකට ලක් කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය අවම තරමේ ශක්තිය සහිත වෙයි. මෙම උත්තේජනයන් නිසා එම අණු වල බන්ධන ස්වභාවය හෝ රසායනික ලක්ෂණ වල වෙනස්වීමක් ඇති වේ. අධෝරක්ත ආලෝකයෙහි ඇති ෆෝටෝන වල ශක්තිය දෘෂ්ටිවිතානයෙහි ඇත රසායනයන්ට මෙ බඳු බලපෑමක් කිරීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවන නිසා, මිනිස් ඇසට නොපෙනේ.

කොසේ වෙතත් විවිධ ආකාරයේ අධෝරක්ත විකිරණ වලට සංවේදී සත්ත්වයන් සිටිති. නමුත් ඔවුන් අධෝරක්ත විකිරණය සංවේදනය කරන්නේ ක්වොන්ටම් අවශෝෂණයෙන් නොවේ. සර්පයන් අධෝරක්ත සංවේදනය කරන්නේ ස්වාභාවික තාපජ මූර්තන ක්‍රමයක් මගිනි. මෙහිදී සිදු වන්නේ සෛලික ජල ඇසුරුම් අධෝරක්ත කිරණ වලට නිරාවරණය වීමෙන් ඒවායේ උෂ්ණත්වය ඉහල යාම සංවේදනය කිරීමයි. අධෝරක්ත විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක විකිරණ වලින් අණුක කම්පන සහ උෂ්ණත්වය ඉහලයෑම් ඇති කරන අතර, සමහර සතුන්ට මෙම වෙනස්කම් සංවේදනය කල හැකි ය.

දෘශ්‍ය ආලෝක පරාසයට ඉහලින් ඇති පාරජම්බුල විකිරණය ද මිනිස් ඇසට සංවේදී නොවේ. මෙසේ වන්නේ ස්වච්ඡයෙන් නැනෝමීටර 300ට අඩු විකිරණත්, අක්ෂි කාචයෙන් නැනෝමීටර 400ට අඩු විකිරණත් අවශෝෂණය කිරීම නිසා ය. තව දුරටත්, දෘෂ්ටිවිතානයෙහි ඇති යෂ්ටි සෛල සහ කේතු සෛල වලට නැනෝමීටර 360ට වඩා කුඩා විකිරණ අනාවරණය කර ගත නො හැකි අතර එබඳු විකිරණ නිසා ඊට හානි සිදු වීමට ද පුලුවන. කෘමීන් සහ ඉස්සන් වැනි කාච රහිත ඇස් ඇති බොහෝ සතුන්ට පාරජම්බුල විකිරණ දැකිය හැකි ය. ඔවුන් එය කරන්නේ මිනිස් ඇස දෘශ්‍ය ආලෝකය දකින අයුරින් ම ෆෝටෝන අවශෝෂණ යාන්ත්‍රණයන් මගිනි.

ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව

ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව යනු ආලෝකය සහ එය පදාර්ථය සමඟ සිදු කරන අන්තර්ක්‍රියා හැදෑරීමයි. අවුරෝරා සහ දේදුනු වැනි ස්වාභාවික සංසිද්ධීන් නිරීක්ෂණයෙන් ආලෝකයේ ස්වභාවය පිලිබඳ හෝඩුවාවල් ලබා ගත හැකි ය.

වර්තනය

ආලෝකය එක් පාරදෘශ්‍ය මාධ්‍යයක සිට තවත් පාරදෘශ්‍ය මාධ්‍යයකට ගමන් කරන විට නැවීම වර්තනය යි. වර්තනය ස්නෙල් නියමයෙන් විස්තර කල හැකි ය.

 යනු ප්‍රථම මාධ්‍යය තුල අතුරු මුහුණතට ඇඳි අභිලම්බයත්, කිරණයත් අතර කෝණය වන අතර,  යනු දෙවැනි මාධ්‍යය තුල අතුරු මුහුණතට ඇඳි අභිලම්බයත්, කිරණයත් අර කෝණය යි. n1 සහ n2 පිලිවෙළින් ප්‍රථම සහ දෙවැනි මාධ්‍ය වල වර්තනාංකය යි. රික්තයක වර්තනාංකය 1 වන අතර වෙනත් පාරදෘශ්‍ය මාධ්‍යයන් හි වර්තනාංකය 1ට වඩා විශාල වේ.

ආලෝකය රික්තයක් සහ වෙනත් මාධ්‍යයක් අතර සීමාව හරහා ගමන් කරන විට හෝ මාධ්‍ය දෙකක සීමාව හරහා ගමන් කරන විට ආලෝකයේ තරංග ආයාමය වෙනස් වීමකට ලක් වේ. නමුත් සංඛ්‍යාතය නො වෙනස් ව පවතී. කිරණය සීමාවට ලම්බක නොවේ නම්, මෙම තරංග ආයාමයේ වෙනස කිරණයේ දිශාව වෙනස් කිරීමට සමත් වෙයි. මෙම සංසිද්ධිය වර්තනය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

කාච වල වර්තන ගුණය ඒවා මඟින් ඇති කරන ප්‍රතිබිම්බ වල විශාලත්වය වෙනස් කල හැකි ය. විශාලන කාච, උපැස්, ස්පර්ශක (අක්ෂි) කාච, අණ්වීක්ෂ, සහ වර්තක දුරේක්ෂ මෙම ගුණය උපයෝගී කර ගනියි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

විද්‍යාව
භෞතික විද්‍යාව
විද්‍යුත් චුම්බක තරංග

ආලෝකය


රයිගම් ටෙලීස් හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය සම්මානය වාර්ෂිකව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රූපවාහිනී තිරයේ හොඳම ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය ටෙලි නාට්‍යය සඳහා වාණිජ සන්නාම රැසක් සමඟ සම්බන්ධිත කිංඩම් ඔෆ් රයිගම් විසින් පිරිනමනු ලැබේ.

මෙම සම්මානය ප්‍රථම වරට ලබා දුන්නේ 2005 වසරේදීය. එතැන් සිට මෙම කීර්තිමත් ශූරතාව දිනාගත් අයගේ ලැයිස්තුවක් පහත දැක්වේ.

සෑම වසරකම සම්මාන ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්

රයිගම් ටෙලීස් හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍යය සම්මානය


Luigi Mozzi, né le  à Bergame et mort le  à Vimercate, est un jésuite et théologien italien.

Biographie
Né à Bergame, d'une famille honorable (son père et sa mère sont comte et comtesse), il entre en 1763 chez les jésuites de la province de Milan. Après sa formation de jésuite en 1768 il devient professeur au Collegio dei nobili à Parme et destiné à éduquer les enfants de la noblesse italienne. En 1772 il est à Bergame où il accompagne différentes congrégations mariales, confréries et soutien les écoles de la charité en dispensant des cours du soir aux ouvriers de la ville

Lorsque le pape Clément XIV donna le bref de suppression de la société, en 1773 Mozzi s'installe à dans sa ville natale, où il devint chanoine et archiprêtre, et fut chargé de l'examen des candidats pour le sacerdoce. Il se remet à la même occasion aux études et se lance lui aussi dans la croisade contre le janséniste à travers la rédaction de plusieurs ouvrages.

A partir de 1794 il commence une carrière de prêcheur prêtre itinérant à travers toute l'Italie. A cette occasion on le fit appeler à Rome, où il fut nommé missionnaire apostolique, préfet de l'Oratoire du P. Gravitta, et membre de l'Académie d'Arcadie.

Luigi Mozzi fut un actif promoteur de la restauration de la Compagnie. La Compagnie de Jésus ayant été rétablie en 1804 pour le Royaume de Naples, Mozzi, fidèle à sa première vocation, quitta sa position et ses espérances dans le monde pour rejoindre ses confrères. Il fit les quatre vœux, malgré son âge, et fut dispensé, à cause de sa capacité et de ses services, de l'examen préalable et des exercices prescrits par les jésuites. Il ne jouit pas longtemps du repos ; sa société ayant été de nouveau dispersée, Mozzi se retira dans la villa du marquis Scotti, près Milan, et y mourut le .

Œuvres

 Lettres à un ami, sur une certaine dissertation publiée à Brescia, touchant le retour des juifs dans l'Eglise, Lucques, 1777, in-8°. Ces lettres sont au nombre de trois. Il y avait cinq ans qu'un religieux, favorable aux opinions jansénistes, avait publié cette Dissertation à Brescia.
 Lettre d'un théologien à un théologien, Vicence , 1778, in-8°. Elle roule sur le même sujet. On s'efforça de répondre à Mozzi dans une Lettre d'un théologien aux auteurs des Ephémérides littéraires de Rome, 1778, in-12 de 30 pages, et l'auteur de la Dissertation en donna depuis une seconde, Sur l'époque du retour des juifs, Venise, 1779, in-8°.
 Le Faux disciple de St-Augustin et de St-Thomas convaincu d'erreur, ou Réflexions critiques et dogmatiques sur un nouveau livre concernant les doctrines courantes, Venise, 1779, in-8°. Cet ouvrage, dédié au cardinal Albani, était une attaque contre l'écrit intitulé la Doctrine de St-Augustin et de St-Thomas victorieuse de celle de Molina et des jésuites, par les armes que présente M. l'archevêque de Pars, dans son Instruction pastorale du 8 octobre 1763, Brescia, 1776, in-12. Les jansénistes se défendirent par quelques brochures, savoir :
 Les Difficultés proposées à l'ex-jésuite chanoine Louis Mozzi, sur les Réflexions critiques et dogmatiques, in-8° ;
 Les Trèbuchements (zoppicamenti) sur la lecture du Faux disciple, Bergame, 1780, in-8°. L'auteur de ce dernier ouvrage était le P. Viator. Mozzi répondit :
 Court exemple de la sagacité du P. Viator de Coccaglio, Bergame, 1780, in-12 ;
 Essai de réponse du chanoine Mozzi au P…. Première lettre, 1781, in-12 ;
 Le Jansénisme dans son beau jour, ou Idée du jansénisme, Venise, 1781, 2 vol. in-8°. Cet ouvrage est dédié au cardinal Luigi Valenti Gonzaga.
 Le Culte de l'amour divin, ou Sur la dévotion au sacré cœur de Jésus, in-8° ; le frontispice porte Bologne, mais il fut imprimé à Sienne, 1783. C'est une traduction de l'ouvrage de Fumel, évêque de Lodève, fort goûté en France. Mozzi n'en fit que les notes et la dédicace à la reine de Portugal, qui lui envoya une réponse très-favorable.
 Histoire abrégée du schisme de la nouvelle Église d'Utrecht, adressée à M…, par D. A. D. C. , Ferrare, 1785, in-8°. Dans ce livre, que Mozzi écrivit contre la manie répandue alors dans quelques écoles d'Italie de vanter l'Église d'Utrecht, il y a deux parties distinctes, savoir : une lettre à un évêque, et l'abrégé historique proprement dit. Le pape Pie VI témoigna sa satisfaction à l'auteur par un bref du 8 juin 1785.
 Lettre à un ami sur quelques inexactitudes remarquées dans l'Histoire abrégée de l'Église d'Utrecht, Venise, 1787 ;
 Réponse pacifique au chevalier milanais auteur des Lettres d'Utrecht, Venise, 1788, in-8°. Ce chevalier supposé était l'abbé Bossi, chanoine de Milan, qui, en 1786, avait publié en cette ville le Catholicisme de l'Eglise d'Utrecht, ou Analyse et réfutation de l'Histoire abrégée ;
 les Cinquante raisons pour préférer l'Église catholique, Bassano, 1789, in-8°. C'est un petit ouvrage du duc Antoine-Ulric de Brunswick, que Mozzi a traduit de l'anglais et accompagné de notes. Cet opuscule a été récemment publié en français par M. l'abbé Prompsault.
 Entretiens familiers entre une dame catholique et un théologien janséniste sur la prohibition des livres, Assise, 1790, in-8° ;
 les Projets des incrédules pour la ruine de la religion, dévoilés dans les œuvres de Frédéric, roi de Prusse,  édit., augmentée, Assise, 1791, 1 vol. in-8°. On y trouve joint un opuscule non moins curieux, intitulé l'Esprit du  découvert aux simples.
 Abrégé historique et chronologique des plus importants jugements du saint-siège sur le baïanisme, le jansénisme et le quesnellisme, 2 vol. in-8°. Cet ouvrage, imprimé à Foligni, est dédié au savant Gerbert, abbé de St-Blaise.
 Pensez-y bien, ou Réflexions sur les grandes vérités de la religion chrétienne, Venise, 1792, in-8°. C'est une traduction de l'anglais.
 Lettre à M. Ricci, sur son mémoire en réponse à des questions touchant l'état actuel de l'Église de France, Foligni, 1792, in-8° ;
 le Modèle des dames chrétiennes dans la vie de madame de Combes des Morelles, morte le 2 septembre 1771, 1 vol. in-8°, 1792. La Vie de madame des Morelles avait été publiée en France.
 Le Modèle des enfants chrétiens, ou Abrégé de la vie du jeune François de Combes des Morelles, mort au collège de la Flèche le 17 janvier 1778, Venise, 1792, in-8° ;
 Vie du serviteur de Dieu M. Jean Relotti, Bergame , 1793. — Vies de quelques jeunes ecclésiastiques du diocèse de Bergame, 1793 ;
 Vie de la servante de Dieu Marie-Electa-Crucifixe Gualdo, bénédictine, 1794 ;
 Abrégé de la vie de Claire-Colomb Breda, bénédictine, 1795 ;
 Éloge historique du comte Petrocca Grumelli, 1797 ;
 Règles et statuts pour la congrégation de St-Louis de Gonzague,  édit., 1800 ;
 Règles pour les congrégations de la Ste-Vierge ; la Couronne de fleurs spirituelles ; Neuvaine pour préparer à la fête de la Ste-Vierge ; À la mémoire de Charles Azari. Ces ouvrages ascétiques ont été publiés en 1802 et années suivantes. On attribue aussi au laborieux Mozzi des Réflexions sur la mort de Voltaire, d'Alembert et Diderot, qui ne paraissent pas de lui ; le Mois de Marie, ou Pieux exercices à pratiquer, qui est du P. Jean Sormanni , jésuite ; et encore des Lettres théologiques sur l'infaillibilité de l'Église et du pape, qui paraissent avoir pour auteur le P. Pianciani, jésuite. Ces lettres sont au nombre de cinq.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1746
Décès en juin 1813
Naissance à Bergame
Jésuite italien
Clergé italien du XVIIIe siècle
Clergé italien du XIXe siècle
Décès à 67 ans

Luigi Mozzi


is a district located in Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2004, the estimated population is 28,100 and the total area is 239.54 km2.

The district includes one town.
Ainan

History
 1878 — The Minamiuwa District broke off from the Uwa District through Meiji era land reforms. (7 villages)
 February 11, 1923 — The village of Mishō gained town status.  (1 town, 6 villages)
 February 11, 1923 — The village of Jōhen gained town status.  (2 towns, 5 villages)
 November 3, 1948 — The village of Uchiumi broke up into Uchiumi and Minamiuchiumi, with some parts merging into Jōhen.  (2 towns,  6 villages)
 April 1, 1952 — The village of Higashisotoumi gained town status.  (3 towns, 5 villages)
 September 1, 1952 — The village of Midorisōzu merged into the town of Jōhen.  (3 towns, 4 villages)
 October 1, 1952 — The village of Nishisotoumi was renamed and gained town status to become the town of Nishiumi.  (4 towns, 3 villages)
 September 21, 1956 — The town of Higashisotoumi merged into the town of Jōhen.  (3 towns, 3 villages)
 September 30, 1956 — The village of Minamiuchiumi merged into the town of Mishō.  (3 towns, 2 villages)
 January 1, 1962 — The village of Ipponmatsu gained town status.  (4 towns, 1 village)
 October 1, 2004 — The towns of Ipponmatsu, Mishō, Jōhen and Nishiumi, and the village of Uchiumi merged to form the new town of Ainan.  (1 town)

Minamiuwa District

Minamiuwa District, Ehime


Gianni-Grégory Fornet ou Gianni G. Fornet, est un auteur dramatique, metteur en scène et musicien français, né en 1976 à Bordeaux.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Gianni Fornet fait des études de philosophie et de théâtre à Bordeaux et commence son parcours artistique par la poésie et la musique.

Il reçoit le Prix de la Crypte en 1994 avec un recueil de poésie Le Flegme des Boucheries.

Entre théâtre et musique
Il compose la musique de deux court-métrages de Sébastien Betbeder alors étudiant à l'École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux, et devient par la suite assistant de Michel Schweizer.

En 2000, il débute alors dans l'écriture dramatique avec une pièce qu'il monte ensuite, intitulée Contemplant son air, j'assassinerais bien le temps puis écrit au sein du groupe d'auteurs de Folle Pensée à Saint-Brieuc constitué par l'auteur Roland Fichet, mettant en scène deux textes de Dieudonné Niangouna et Kwam Tawa.

Oscillant entre sa passion pour le théâtre et sa maitrise de la guitare, c'est en 2004, que commence sa collaboration avec la chorégraphe Régine Chopinot pour laquelle il compose et interprète en tant que guitariste la musique live des pièces Giap Than, Garage, L'Oral de la danseuse aveugle, Eke-Eny et Cornucopiae jouées au Festival d'Automne à Paris, mais aussi en Amérique ou en en Asie.

En 2007, il publie un disque de guitare solo Troppo tintu è addivintatu lu munnu sur le label de musiques improvisées Amor Fati.

L'auteur dramatique
Gianni-Grégory Fornetl écrit et met en scène 0% de Croissance, puis monte sa propre compagnie en 2003 : Dromosphère.

Il écrit, met en musique et créé une pièce intitulée Flûte !!! en 2010, solo interprété par Nicolas Richard dans une galerie d'art puis en tournée dans des lieux atypiques comme la Gare Mondiale de Bergerac ou la Ménagerie de verre à Paris. En 2012, il travaille en tant qu'assistant, dramaturge et performeur avec le collectif LFK'S et Jean Michel Bruyère sur la création au Festival d'Art Lyrique d'Aix en Provence de l'opéra Une situation Huey P. Newton, autour de la pensée du Black Panther Party. Tournée au Japon.

En 2014, il crée le premier opus d'Oratorio Vigilant Animal, entre écriture romanesque, musique et performance avec Rebecca Chaillon. La pièce sera suivie de deux autres opus avec Audrey Saffré puis Karelle Prugnaud ; mais sera aussi donnée dans son ensemble.

Il publie certains de ses textes aux Éditions Moires, notamment Pourtant la mort ne quitte pas la table et Parler aux oiseaux.

Il mène depuis 2013 des projets en direction de la jeunesse sous le nom de Ceux qui marchent – Itinérance de la jeunesse dans la ville. Son écriture prend source dans un travail de recherche documentaire et se compose de pièces, de formes performatives, mais aussi de fictions sonores et de films, réalisés par le vidéaste João Garcia. Dans ce cadre, il mène un projet en Serbie avec les jeunes de la ville de Niš, intitulé Hodači, pièce qu'il présente au Festval BITEF à Belgrade, à Novi Sad et à Niš puis en France, dans le cadre des Francophonies en Limousin.

En 2018, à la suite d'ateliers menés avec des jeunes à Yaoundé, à Douala, à Montréal et en Nouvelle-Aquitaine, dans trois lycées agricoles ; Gianni-Grégory Fornet et les auteurs Martin Bellemare et Sufo Sufo écrivent Par tes yeux, dressant un portrait de la jeunesse sur ces différents territoires, et portent à la scène les différents visages du monde du moment, jouant dans les trois pays concernés.

Il publie et met en scène en espace public sa pièce Vieux blond, avec Fargass Assandé, Zakary Bairi, Inès Cassigneul, Raphaël Defour, Emmanuel Demonsant, Coralie Leblan, Lymia Vitte. La pièce tourne autour du réveil supposé de Kurt Cobain dans un camping de Corrèze et est créée au Centre national des arts de la rue et de l'espace public à La Rochelle.

Théâtre

Œuvres écrites et mises en scène
 2004 : 0% de Croissance, TNT – Manufacture de chaussure, Bordeaux
 2010 : Flûte !!!, Galerie Cortex Athletico, La Ménagerie de Verre
 2013 : Parler aux oiseaux, Le Carré-Les Colonnes
 2014 : Oratorio Vigilant Animal - Opus 1, TnBA, La Loge (Paris)
 2017 : Oratorio Vigilant Animal - Opus 2, La Loge (Paris), CDCN de Bordeaux
 2018 : Par tes yeux co-écrit avec Martin Bellemare et Sufo Sufo, Francophonies en Limousin, FAB, Barbezieux, Bergerac, Québec, Montréal, Yaoundé, Douala...
 2018 : Limbo, Francophonies en Limousin
 2021 : Oratorio Vigilant Animal - Opus Final, CDCN de Bordeaux
 2022 : Vieux blond, tournée

Itinérance de la jeunesse
 2015 : Hodači / Ceux qui marchent, Festival BITEF, Novi Sad (Serbie), FAB, Francophonies en Limousin
 2016 : Ceux qui marchent – Opus Bergerac
 2016 : Blago Tebi
 2017 : Déplacement(s)
 2019 : Vous êtes passé par là vous aussi
 2022 : Un texte pour La Bastide, Francophonies en Limousin

Autres mises scènes
 2004 : Balle à terre de Dieudonné Niangouna, La Passerelle (Saint-Brieuc)
 2004 : Revanche(s) de Kouam Tawa, La Passerelle (Saint-Brieuc)
 2007 : Sans tuer on ne peut pas de Roland Fichet, TnBA, Ballet Atlantique Régine Chopinot (La Rochelle), La Passerelle (Saint-Brieuc)
 2022 : Mère prison de Emmelyne Octavie, Francophonies en Limousin

Pièces mises en scènes par d'autres
 2014 : Micro-climats 2.0 (co-écrit avec Solenn Denis, Virginie Barreteau et Didier Delahais) mise en scène Monique Garcia, TnBA
 2018 : Silence (co-écrit avec Arnaud Poujol, Solenn Denis, Thomas Gornet et Delphine Hecquet), mise en scène Jean Lambert-wild et Paul Golub, Théâtre de L'Union

Bibliographie

Théâtre
 Pourtant la mort ne quitte pas la table - Éditions Moires (2012)
 Parler aux oiseaux - Éditions Moires (2012)
  qu'il lui dit adieu, in Micro-Climats 2.0 - Zone de Turbulences (ouvrage collectif) - Édition Moires (2014)
 Ceux qui marchent / Hodači (bilingue français/serbe) - Édition SKC Niš, Serbie, (2015)
 Par tes yeux, co-écrit avec Martin Bellemare et Sufo Sufo - Lansman Éditeur (2018)
 Un jour on devient un de ceux qui partent, in SILENCE, Festival TRENTE TRENTE (ouvrage collectif) - Éditions Moires (2018)
 Vieux blond - Lansman Éditeur (2022)

Poésie
 Le Flegme des boucheries - Éditions de La Crypte (1994)

 Propriété, ACTION Revue DOCK(S) (ouvrage collectif) (2003)
 La Cabane des Délices in Scènes  (ouvrage collectif) - La Bellone (2011)

Discographie
 2008 : Troppo tintu è addivintatu lu munnu, label Amor Fati, Bordeaux

Distinctions
 1994 : Prix de la Crypte pour Le Flegme des Boucheries

Notes et références

Liens externes

Dramaturge français du XXe siècle
Dramaturge français du XXIe siècle
Écrivain français du XXe siècle
Écrivain français du XXIe siècle
Metteur en scène français
Naissance en 1976
Naissance à Bordeaux

Gianni-Grégory Fornet


HIM (sometimes stylized as H.I.M.) was a Finnish gothic rock band from Helsinki. First formed in 1991 by vocalist Ville Valo and bassist Mikko "Mige" Paananen under the name His Infernal Majesty, the band broke up after only a few years, only to be reformed in 1995 by Valo and guitarist Mikko "Linde" Lindström. After being rejoined by Mige, as well as keyboardist Antto Melasniemi and drummer Juhana "Pätkä" Rantala, the band, now called HIM, released its debut album Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 in 1997. In 2000, now with drummer Mika "Gas Lipstick" Karppinen and keyboardist Juska Salminen, the band released Razorblade Romance, which reached the number one spot in Finland, Austria and Germany. The first single "Join Me in Death" also charted at number one in Finland and Germany, eventually going platinum and gold, respectively. Following the addition of Janne "Burton" Puurtinen on keyboards, HIM released Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights (2001) and Love Metal (2003). Both cracked the top ten in several countries and allowed the band to tour in the United Kingdom and the United States for the first time.

In 2005, HIM released Dark Light, which became the group's most commercially successful album to date. HIM also became the first Finnish group in history to receive a gold record in the US. In 2007, HIM released Venus Doom, the making of which was marred by problems in Valo's personal life. Nevertheless, the album gave the band its highest chart position in the US at number twelve. After 2010's Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice, HIM went on a hiatus after Gas Lipstick was forced to take medical leave. Following several months of uncertainty, the band regrouped and released the album Tears on Tape in 2013. Gas Lipstick announced his departure from the band in 2015 and was subsequently replaced by Jukka "Kosmo" Kröger. On 5 March 2017, HIM announced that the band would be disbanding following a farewell tour in 2017. The band played its final show on New Year's Eve 2017 as a part of its annual Helldone Festival.

HIM is one of the most commercially successful Finnish bands of all time, with sales of over ten million records. HIM has also received numerous accolades, including eight Emma Awards. The band is known for its distinct sound, which combines more melodic and melancholic elements with heavier influences. This made it difficult for audiences to categorize HIM's music, which led to the band coining the term "love metal". HIM is also known for its logo, the heartagram, which has made numerous appearances in other media.

History

Early years (1991–1996)

The first incarnation of HIM was formed in 1991 by childhood friends Ville Valo and Mikko "Mige" Paananen in Helsinki, Finland. Valo played six-string bass, which substituted for guitar, while Mige also played bass. The band had two rotating drummers: Sami "Juippi" Jokilehto and Juha Tarvonen. Dubbed His Infernal Majesty, other names considered for the band included Black Earth, Black Salem and Kafferi. After recording its first demo Witches and Other Night Fears, His Infernal Majesty played its first show on New Year's Eve 1992 at the Semifinal in Helsinki. The band broke up shortly thereafter, when Mige began his national military service. In 1995, His Infernal Majesty was reformed by Valo and guitarist Mikko "Linde" Lindström. Together they recorded a four-track demo, which featured Valo on drums and vocals, and Linde on guitar and bass. Valo originally intended to remain as the bassist for the group, but took up the role of lead vocalist out of necessity, after they were unable to find another singer. Eventually the two were joined by returning bassist Mige and drummer Juhana "Pätkä" Rantala. The group played its first show on 19 December 1995 at the Teatro in Helsinki, opening for Kauko Röyhkä. The band's next show was also at the Teatro, this time performing Type O Negative covers, for which they recruited keyboardist Janne "Burton" Puurtinen.

His Infernal Majesty continued to record several more demos, sending them to Nuclear Blast, Roadrunner and Spinefarm Records, among others, all of whom passed on the band. Eventually they were signed to BMG by production manager Asko Kallonen, who was impressed by the band's cover of Chris Isaak's "Wicked Game". In October 1996, the band, now called HIM, released the EP 666 Ways to Love: Prologue. Recorded in only five days and produced by Hiili Hiilesmaa, the EP also featured Oskari "Oki" Kymäläinen on guitar, but he was fired from the group after allegedly having an affair with Pätkä's girlfriend. 666 Ways to Love: Prologue debuted at number sixteen on the Finnish Singles Chart and peaked at number nine five weeks later. The band played a special album release show at the Tavastia Club on 19 October 1996, before starting a full tour, for which they recruited keyboardist Antto Melasniemi.

Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 and Razorblade Romance (1997–2000)
HIM began recording its full-length debut album in 1997 with Hiili Hiilesmaa once again producing. Due to the band's minimal studio experience, Hiilesmaa played a critical role in helping "build HIM's sound", for which Valo dubbed him the honorary sixth member of the group. Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 was released in Finland on 3 November 1997 and internationally a year later. The album charted in Finland and Germany, peaking at number four in the former. The singles "When Love and Death Embrace" and "Your Sweet 666" also cracked the top ten in the band's home country. Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 received positive reviews from critics, with AllMusic describing the album as having "a very diverse sound" and ultimately succeeding "in pleasing everyone, whether they're into rock or pop." Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 would eventually go platinum in Finland. HIM also went on to win Newcomer of the Year and Debut Album of the Year at the 1997 Emma Gala. The supporting tour for Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 began in mid-December 1997 at the Maxim in Kuopio. Prior to HIM's first international tour, the band decided to fire keyboardist Antto Melasniemi, as they felt he was too disorganized and scatterbrained. He was replaced by Jussi-Mikko "Juska" Salminen. After returning to Finland, the band also parted ways with Pätkä. According to the band, Pätkä's girlfriend had become pregnant, which left him with limited time to rehearse. He was replaced by Mika "Gas Lipstick" Karppinen.

In January 1999, HIM began demoing material for its next album with Hiili Hiilesmaa. These sessions proved to be unsuccessful, however, and the band decided to relocate to Rockfield, Wales with producer John Fryer. In November 1999, HIM released the single "Join Me in Death", which charted at number one in Finland and Germany. The single would eventually go platinum in Finland, as well as gold in Germany and Austria. At the 1999 Emma Gala, HIM were named Export of the Year. On 31 December 1999, the band performed at the Tavastia Club in Helsinki, Finland, which turned into a New Year's tradition for the group. HIM's second album Razorblade Romance was released on 24 January 2000. It peaked at number one in Finland, Austria and Germany. The album would eventually be certified double platinum in Finland, triple gold in Germany, as well as gold in Austria. Four more singles were released, all of which reached the top five on the Finnish Singles Chart. Razorblade Romance was mostly well received by critics. Soundi gave the album four out of five stars, while Blabbermouth.net called it "yet another amazingly crafted album from Europe's best-kept secret." At the 2000 Emma Gala, HIM was named Band of the Year and Razorblade Romance Album of the Year. The group also received the Viewers' Choice Award and the Video of the Year award for "Join Me in Death" at the 2000 VIVA Comet Awards. During the supporting tour for Razorblade Romance, HIM played its first shows in the United Kingdom. As the tour progressed, however, the band began to feel exhausted. They were also hit with several near-fatal accidents, where Valo nearly fell off a balcony and Salminen ended up in the emergency room after a prank gone wrong. By the band's own account, HIM nearly broke up, though they eventually regrouped and began rehearsing for another album.

Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights and Love Metal (2001–2004)
In late 2000, HIM began demoing material for its third album with producer T. T. Oksala. Satisfied with the results, the band initially wanted to release these demos as its next album. However, BMG resisted and brought producer Kevin Shirley on board to work on the record. Around this time, keyboardist Juska Salminen was also fired from the group after missing several rehearsals. Salminen would later attribute his departure to burnout. He was replaced by Janne "Burton" Puurtinen. The recording process for HIM's third album lasted approximately eleven months, which greatly affected the material. Valo later explained: "When we started recording the third album, we were into stoner rock and Black Sabbath [...] At the end we were into Neil Young and it shows on the record." According to Valo, outside influences within the music industry also contributed to the extended recording process. HIM's third album Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights was eventually released on 24 August 2001. The record peaked at number one in Finland and Austria, and at number two in Germany and Switzerland. The album would eventually go platinum in Finland and gold in Austria. Three singles were released, all of which reached the top five in Finland. Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights received mixed reviews, with AllMusic calling it "way too clean" and "utterly boring". This was echoed by Soundi, who called the album "ideal music for girls, who don't dig the music, but Ville Valo's looks and his lyrics' decadent imagery." Blabbermouth.net, meanwhile, was more positive, stating that "in purely artistic and commercial terms [...] HIM have made the logical follow-up album to one of last year's highlights, and they continue to cement their reputation as one of the most unique and consistent rock acts around." HIM was once again named Export of the Year at the 2001 Emma Gala. The band also received the Viewers' Choice Award at the VIVA Comet Awards.

In 2002, HIM was involved in a rights dispute over its name in the United States. As "HIM" was already owned by the drummer of a Chicago jazz fusion band of the same name, the Finnish HIM was renamed HER in the US, until a settlement was reached between the two parties, which allowed both to use the moniker. On 7 October 2002, the band released The Single Collection, a set containing all the group's singles, along with a previously unreleased single of "It's All Tears". That same month, HIM's official biography Synnin viemää, written by J. K. Juntunen, was released. The supporting tour for Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights once again exhausted the band nearly to the point of breaking up, but it also brought the group closer together. HIM also played its first concert in the United States at a one-off show organized by professional skateboarder and television personality Bam Margera. He would go on to work with the band extensively, promoting them and directing several of their music videos.

Following a two month break in early 2002, HIM regrouped and began rehearsing for its next album, which saw the band working with Hiili Hiilesmaa again. The band viewed the record as a reaction to the difficulties they faced during Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights. According to Valo: "After what we considered a disappointment with Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights, because there were so many chefs in the kitchen, we wanted to be a band [...] that we control what we do, and everybody else can fuck off." This new determination was underlined by the decision to include the band's logo, the heartagram, prominently on the front cover. Valo called this "a statement of intent [...] musically, visually and ideologically". HIM's fourth studio album Love Metal was released on 11 April 2003, and it reached the top five in four countries, peaking at number one in Finland and Germany. It also became the group's first album to chart in the UK at number 55. Love Metal would be certified platinum in Finland and gold in Germany. Three singles were released, with "The Funeral of Hearts" peaking at number one in Finland. The music video was later named Best Video at the 2004 Kerrang! Awards. Love Metal was well received by critics, with Soundi giving it three out of five stars, while AllMusic noted how "the songwriting is as strong as it has been in quite some time and a newly found sense of urgency keeps the record going at a well-tempered pace".

Following Love Metals release, HIM embarked on its first US tour, which was entirely sold-out. In August 2003, HIM parted ways with BMG, having fulfilled its contractual obligations to the label. The band were also set on releasing a live album, tentatively titled Live Metal, in November 2003, but the record was ultimately scrapped in favor of new material. In March 2004, HIM released And Love Said No: The Greatest Hits 1997–2004, which peaked at number two in Finland and number five in Germany. It also went gold in the band's home country. Aside from previously released material, the collection also included two new songs, "And Love Said No" and a cover of Neil Diamond's "Solitary Man". The singles peaked at number one and two, respectively, in Finland, while "Solitary Man" reached number nine on the UK Singles Chart. In September 2004, HIM signed a new recording contract with Sire Records, who would handle all the band's future releases in Europe, North America, Japan and Australia. In Finland, HIM's future releases would be handled through the band's own label Heartagram. On 7 December 2004, HIM released The Video Collection: 1997–2003, a DVD featuring all the band's music videos. HIM was also voted 2004's Band of the Year by the readers of Metal Hammer magazine.

Dark Light and Venus Doom (2005–2008)

On 17 January 2005, HIM performed at the Yhteinen ASIA benefit concert for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, along with The Rasmus, The 69 Eyes, Apocalyptica and Negative. In March, the band relocated to Los Angeles to begin work on its fifth studio album with producer Tim Palmer. That same month, Himmeetä valoa, a documentary about the group, premiered on Yle TV2. The following May, HIM released Love Metal Archives Vol. I, a collection of music videos, live performances and other bonus material. It debuted at number one in Finland and at number two in Germany. Within a few weeks, the collection had gone gold in Finland. On 26 September 2005, HIM released its fifth studio album Dark Light, which became the group's most successful album to date. It charted in sixteen countries, being certified platinum in Finland, as well as gold in Germany, the UK, and the US. Four singles were released, with "Wings of a Butterfly" and "Killing Loneliness" reaching number one and two, respectively, on the Finnish Singles Chart. The former also cracked the top ten in the UK. Dark Light received mixed reviews from critics. The New York Times described the material as "sturdier than ever", while Q Magazine called the album "a collection of irresistible pop-rock anthems". NME, meanwhile, described the record as "wimpy", while AllMusic branded it as "glossy and user-friendly". At the 2005 Emma Gala, Dark Light was named Rock Album of the Year, while "Wings of a Butterfly" received the award for Song of the Year.

In September 2005, HIM embarked on European club tour to promote Dark Light. This was followed by a North American leg in October. In December, HIM expanded its annual New Year's Eve show into a three day festival called Helldone, named so after the group's booking agent Tiina Welldone and the city of Helsinki. Following the shows, Linde Lindström fractured his wrist bone which forced HIM to postpone a tour of the UK and Ireland. In March 2006, HIM embarked on its first Australian tour, which was followed by the band's first shows in New Zealand and Japan. In September, HIM cancelled its forthcoming North American tour in order to begin work on a new album. Later that year, HIM released Uneasy Listening Vol. 1, a collection of rarities and alternate takes of previously released material. The album peaked at number seven in Finland, while the double single "In Joy and Sorrow / Pretending" reached number one.

In February 2007, HIM began recording its sixth album at Finnvox Studios with producers Hiili Hiilesmaa and Tim Palmer. The making-of the album was plagued with problems in Ville Valo's personal life. His alcohol abuse had worsened, which resulted in him vomiting and defecating blood at one point. Things came to a head when Valo suffered a nervous breakdown during the recording process. While he did manage to recover momentarily, he began drinking again during the mixing process. Eventually Valo was admitted to the Promises Rehabilitation Clinic in Malibu by the band's manager Seppo Vesterinen. The album's release date was also pushed back from July to September 2007. In April, HIM released Uneasy Listening Vol. 2, which peaked at number twelve in Finland. From 25 July to 3 September 2007, HIM toured the US with Linkin Park on the Projekt Revolution Tour, which also included My Chemical Romance, Taking Back Sunday and Placebo. Prior to the tour, HIM held a contest for fans to win a trip to meet them at the trek's opening date in Seattle. The winners of the contest would also be featured on a forthcoming live DVD. In July, HIM played a number of concerts opening for Metallica, including a show at Wembley Stadium in London, England.

On 14 September 2007, HIM released its sixth studio album Venus Doom, which charted in the top ten in Finland, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. It also gave the band its highest US chart position to date at number twelve. The album would eventually go gold in Finland and Greece. "The Kiss of Dawn" and "Bleed Well" were released as singles, with the former peaking at number two in Finland. Venus Doom was well received by critics, with Spin calling the album "[maybe] the year's heaviest, creepiest, and sexiest hard-rock group effort", while NME declared it "an extremely well-executed pop-metal album." AllMusic gave the album three-and-a-half stars out of five and found the band "back on track and sounding more metal than ever." Venus Doom later garnered the band its first and only Grammy nomination for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package. During the supporting tour, HIM recorded the live album Digital Versatile Doom at the Orpheum Theater in Los Angeles, California. Released on 29 April 2008, the album peaked at number ten in Finland. The 2008 edition of Helldone was expanded into a tour, which took the festival around Finland, before returning to the Tavastia Club on New Year's Eve.

Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice and Tears on Tape (2009–2014)

In August 2009, HIM entered the studio with producer Matt Squire to begin work on its seventh studio album. For the first time in the band's career, Valo worked completely sober, which resulted in the group rehearsing more than ever before. Titled Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice, the album was released on 8 February 2010. It charted in ten countries, cracking the top ten in Finland, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The album also reached number one on the UK Rock & Metal Albums Charts and the US Hard Rock Albums Chart. Screamworks was certified gold in Finland. "Heartkiller" and "Scared to Death" were released as singles, with the former peaking at number five in Finland. Screamworks was mostly well received by critics, with Alternative Press describing it as "ultimately successful in its blending of melody and muscle", while Billboard felt it was "a mixed bag, but an appealingly bold one." A supporting tour began in February 2010 with several showcase dates in Europe, followed by an Australian leg as a part of the Soundwave Festival. Beginning in March, the band toured the UK and the US. On 7 December 2010, HIM released SWRMXS, a remix album done in collaboration with various other artists, including as Tiësto, Morgan Page and Salem. The 2010 edition of Helldone was cancelled, as the band opted to take a break instead.

In March 2011, HIM announced it had parted ways with Sire Records, leaving the band without a label. Later that year, HIM began work on its eight studio album, but rehearsals were cut short when Gas Lipstick was diagnosed with a repetitive stress injury and nerve damage in his hands. Gas' injury required extensive rest, which left the band in limbo, unsure whether to break up or find a replacement. The band opted to wait and see if Gas' condition improved, and after eight months, they regrouped and resumed work on HIM's next album. Valo later credited Gas' recovery for helping revitalize the band. In October 2012, HIM released the compilation album XX – Two Decades of Love Metal. The collection was preceded by a cover of Ké's "Strange World", which was originally scheduled for release on 21 September 2012. However, due to an online leak, the release was pushed up to 7 September. XX – Two Decades of Love Metal peaked at number four in Finland. Following a two year hiatus, HIM also brought back the Helldone Festival in December 2012.

In February 2013, HIM announced that its forthcoming album would be released through Razor & Tie in North America, Double Cross in the UK and Ireland, and Universal Music in Europe. On 26 April 2013, the band released its eight studio album Tears on Tape, which was once again produced by Hiili Hiilesmaa and mixed by Tim Palmer. The record charted in nine countries, peaking at number two in Finland and Germany. In the US, the album reached number fifteen on the Billboard 200. Three singles were released, with "Into the Night" winning the Video of the Year award at the inaugural Noisecreep Creepies Awards. Tears on Tape received mostly positive reviews, with Classic Rock calling it "a glorious return to form for one of the world's most peculiarly successful bands". This was echoed by Alternative Press, who stated that "within HIM's impressive canon, it's among their best." Kerrang! gave a less-favorable review, stating: "Tears On Tape isn't bad [...] it's just not as seductive as HIM can be."

HIM was scheduled to begin its North American tour in support of Tears on Tape on 3 May 2013, but the tour was cancelled after Ville Valo suffered a severe asthma attack and was diagnosed with presumptive pneumonia. After Valo recuperated, HIM took part in the Rock Allegiance Tour, along with Volbeat, All That Remains and Airbourne. At the 2013 Revolver Golden Gods Awards, HIM received the award for Most Dedicated Fans. In March 2014, the band embarked on its first South American tour. That same month, HIM's first four albums were digitally reissued in the US by The End Records. In May 2014, the band was scheduled to perform in China for the first time, but the first show in Shanghai was cut short by local authorities, while the second in Beijing was cancelled altogether, due to bad weather conditions. In November 2014, HIM released Lashes to Ashes, Lust to Dust: A Vinyl Retrospective '96-'03, a box set containing the band's first four albums, along with 666 Ways To Love: Prologue, on 180-gram vinyl. In support, HIM embarked on the Love Metal Archives Tour in December 2014. The band also performed at Fields of the Nephilim's 30th anniversary shows in London, England.

Final years and disbandment (2015–2017)
On 27 January 2015, Gas Lipstick announced his departure from HIM, after 16 years with the band. In his announcement, Gas stated: "There is no drama, bad blood or any negativity involved in my departure. I simply feel that it's time for me to move on as a musician." HIM made its live debut following Gas's departure in July 2015, with a surprise show at the Qstock festival in Oulu, Finland. The show featured the debut of Gas' replacement, drummer Jukka "Kosmo" Kröger. Valo later stated that the band would begin work on a new album eventually, but no release date had been set. On 5 December 2015, HIM performed at Knotfest in Toluca, Mexico, with Slipknot, Megadeth, and Lamb of God, among others. In 2016, HIM took another hiatus, during which the band members focused on their various side projects. Because of this, the 2016 edition of Helldone was cancelled.

In October 2016, it was announced that HIM would be headlining the Tuska Open Air Metal Festival in 2017. In January 2017, HIM was also named the headliner of Miljoona Rock. On 5 March 2017, HIM announced that the band would be disbanding following a farewell tour later that year. In the announcement, Valo stated: "After quarter of a century  of love and metal intertwined we sincerely feel HIM has run its unnatural course and adieus must be said in order to make way for sights, scents and sounds yet unexplored. We completed the pattern, solved the puzzle and turned the key. Thank you." Valo later elaborated on the band's decision to call it quits, stating: "We got together and started playing some songs and thinking whats next [...] We felt like the new material wasn't taking flight. We got along well together, but something was lacking. The stars weren't in alignment." He also went on to say that: "We felt like there was nothing left to give collectively. It was fun playing the old songs, everybody got along well together, but that spark was missing." Valo didn't rule out the possibility of the band reuniting in the future, stating: "The good thing about this is that there's no drama [...] So it doesn't hurt the chances."

A photo exhibition by Ville Juurikkala, titled HIM: Right Here In My Eyes, was held at the Helsinki Art Museum from 15 June to 3 July, featuring previously unseen photographs of the band preparing for its farewell tour. In November 2017, the exhibition was also held at the Morrison Hotel Gallery in New York City. HIM began its Bang and Whimper 2017 – The Farewell Tour on 14 June 2017 in Barcelona, Spain. The tour was generally well received, with the Nottingham Post stating that HIM "truly went out with a 'bang'". The band played its final show on New Year's Eve 2017 as a part of the Helldone Festival.

Artistry

Musical style and lyrical themes

Music critics have referred to the music of HIM as gothic rock, gothic metal, alternative rock, alternative metal, and dark rock. The band has referred to its music as "love metal", the title of the group's fourth studio album. According to Ville Valo, the term "love metal" was coined as a response to people having difficulties categorizing HIM's music. Regarding HIM's reputation as a "goth band", Valo stated: "We can't do anything about that [label], but I think we are a special shade of goth, more tender than others. In Finnish tradition, our music is very melancholic." Valo has also described HIM's sound as "sentimental, hard-hitting rock music". The band's intent has always been to combine more melodic and melancholic elements, with its heavier influences. Valo has often cited Black Sabbath and Type O Negative as HIM's biggest sources of inspiration. Some of the band's other influences include Paradise Lost, Anathema, My Dying Bride, Cathedral, Electric Wizard, Monster Magnet and Norwegian black metal. Regarding HIM's sound, Valo has also stated that: "We never tried to claim that we have reinvented the wheel of rock 'n' roll. We've always been proud to be the torchbearers for Sabbath, Type O, Paradise Lost and Anathema, and a lot of those bands." Helsingin Sanomat felt HIM achieved "major crossover appeal" by combining "traditional Finnish melancholia" with "gothic lyrics, walls of metal guitars, and keyboard riffs."

On its debut album Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666, HIM's sound was viewed by music critics as a combination of heavy metal, and 1980s rock and goth music. These influences were further explored on Razorblade Romance, which featured less focus on guitar, in favor of a sleeker production and a more melodic sound. HIM continued to explore what critics perceived as a more commercial sound on its third album Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights, which was met with mixed reactions. HIM's fourth album Love Metal is widely viewed by the band as the record where the group found its own sound, taking inspiration from bands such as Black Sabbath, Led Zeppelin and Iggy Pop. Dark Light was HIM's breakthrough album in the United States, and once again featured a glossier production. According to Valo, 2007's Venus Doom was written with the intent of creating a much heavier and darker follow-up, influenced by the likes of My Dying Bride, Anathema and Paradise Lost. Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice took influences from bands of the 1980s, such as a-ha, Depeche Mode and The Cult, while Tears on Tape saw HIM returning to its roots, combining elements of the band's sound on every song, as opposed to having "a fast song followed by a slow song". Valo described Tears on Tape as a combination of Black Sabbath, The Smashing Pumpkins and Roy Orbison.

Lyrically the songs of HIM largely deal with themes of love. According to Valo: "I feel like there is no subject more important for a song than relationships. It's the only thing that moves me." Valo also takes inspiration from literature, but only certain aspects of it, explaining: "As a guy who writes songs, I get excited about an idea, or a book, or a sentence. I don't necessarily get excited about the whole of Tolkien, I just get excited about Uruk-hai. Just a little detail that just makes my mind work overdrive." Valo's lyrics have been described as "oozing with blood-dripping hearts and gothic melodrama".

Image

A central part of HIM's image has been the heartagram, which is the trademarked symbol of the band, created by vocalist Ville Valo on his twentieth birthday in 1996. A combination of a heart and a pentagram, the heartagram is meant to represent the juxtaposition of "the soft and the hard, the male and the female, the yin and the yang". Musically, the heart is also meant to represent the softer side of the band, while the pentagram symbolizes its heavier influences. This juxtaposition can also be seen in the band's album titles. On HIM's first album, the band used a heart with the number "666" written on it as the logo, which Valo later described as "a bit boring". The heartagram was first predominantly used on the cover of HIM's 2003 album Love Metal. It has since appeared on nearly all releases from the band. Valo has later stated that the heartagram "is probably the best thing I've ever come-up with", and that it's "worth a lot more than money" and "bigger than our band". The heartagram has made several appearances on television as well, including on Charmed, LA Ink, Viva La Bam and Criminal Minds.

In the band's early days, HIM's image was heavily characterized by occult and satanic imagery. The use of the number "666" was prominent in lyrics, as well as song and album titles. The band's original name "His Infernal Majesty" was also inspired by The Satanic Bible by Anton LaVey, the song "Oblivious to Evil" by Deicide, and Haile Selassie, who was known as "his imperial majesty". This flirtation with the occult was seen by the band as purely "symbolic" and "traditionally rock 'n' roll". Ville Valo first became interested in the occult while in school and soon began reading books on the subject. All of the band were also big fans of black metal. However, the group have maintained that none of them were seriously interested in satanism. Instead their interest was about mere "fascination", as well as a tongue in cheek hats off to their favorite bands. His Infernal Majesty eventually shortened its name to HIM in 1996, reportedly because Finnish people had difficulty remembering and pronouncing "His Infernal Majesty". In the years since, HIM toned down the use of satanic imagery even further. When asked about the band's image in 2013, Valo responded: "I think we're pretty much the same [offstage]. The only difference is I'm not necessarily wearing eyeliner every day."

On the band's first three albums, vocalist Ville Valo was featured solely on the cover. According to Valo, Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 was meant as combination of goth and eroticism, while Razorblade Romance was influenced by the 1980s, glam rock and pop music. Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights, meanwhile, took inspiration from Lou Reed, Patti Smith and late 1970s New York City art circles. Love Metal was the first album to prominently feature the heartagram on its cover, which was repeated on the follow-up Dark Light. For Venus Dooms cover, the band used a painting by David Harouni, which Valo had purchased while on tour in New Orleans. Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice featured a photo of a late 19th century nun sculpture that Valo had purchased in Bavaria. On Tears on Tape, HIM used several paintings by Daniel P. Carter, along with a variation of the heartagram on the front cover.

Legacy

HIM is one of the most commercially successful Finnish bands of all time, with sales of over ten million albums worldwide. They are also the first Finnish group in history to receive a gold record in the United States. As one of the first Finnish bands to achieve major international success, HIM has been credited for paving the way for other Finnish groups, such as Children of Bodom and Sonata Arctica. HIM's manager Seppo Vesterinen recalled how before HIM "the success of Finnish bands [..] was confined to pretty small circles, it wasn't a global phenomenon". In 2015, HIM were one of six Finnish bands honored by the Finnish postal service by being featured on a new line of postage stamps designed by Klaus Welp. Publications such as Metal Hammer and Loudwire have ranked HIM among the best Finnish metal bands of all time.

Much of HIM's success has been attributed to Ville Valo. Along with his songwriting, a key component in HIM's success was Valo's image, which Helsingin Sanomat described as utilizing "the tried and true James Dean formula, wherein sensitivity and edginess combined." Metal Hammer described Valo as one of the few new "rockstars" of the early 2000s, stating: "HIM were like no other band. They had a special something, but more importantly they had a special someone. Ville shone like a star with his blend of Mick Jagger posturing and Brandon Lee's dark charms in The Crow". Loudwire ranked Valo as the fourteenth greatest metal frontman of the 21st century, stating: "His baritone voice is undeniably gorgeous, his vampiric charisma is almost hypnotic, male fans desperately attempt to emulate him and female fans scream ballistically as if he was the second coming of Elvis." Unlike other rock and metal bands, HIM also had a wide appeal, with BMG's Asko Kallonen recalling: "For example in England it was hard to grasp. There the split was usually clear: hard rock was for guys, pop was for girls. HIM was listened to by both." Tavastia Club owner Juhani Merimaa noted how the band's credibility in both the underground and mainstream, along with "melodic, catchy and good songs", paved the way for HIM to achieve major success. PopMatters, meanwhile, noted how HIM is "not the sort of act that conjures up a lukewarm response [as] people either like them or discredit them outright". Some of the major criticism directed towards the band have centered around the "formulaic" nature of its music and perceived "pandering" toward teenage goth fans. HIM's association with Bam Margera has also received some negative feedback.

The heartagram has also been a key factor in HIM's success, with Valo noting how the symbol has transcended the band, stating: "There are a lot of people who have them [tattooed] who don't actually know what it was, don't relate it to the band, and in that sense, I consider that to be my greatest achievement." Valo has also credited Bam Margera and Kat Von D for helping the band gain exposure through their work. HIM's music and the heartagram have been prominently featured in Margera's films and TV shows, as well as Von D's LA Ink. Margera was first introduced to HIM in May 2000, when he flew to Finland for a skateboarding competition and saw the band's music video on TV. He subsequently went out to a record store and bought the album Razorblade Romance. Regarding Margera's involvement in HIM's success, Valo stated: "It wasn't about secret handshakes between managers, he was just a random fella who came a-knocking on our door [...] and that's how the friendship started." Kat Von D, meanwhile, was introduced to HIM when the band was recording Dark Light in Los Angeles. She later appeared in the music video for "Killing Loneliness" and has gone on to do several tattoos for members of the band.

Members

Final line-up
 Ville Valo – lead vocals, occasional keyboards and guitar (1995–2017), six-string bass (1991–1993), drums (1995)
 Mikko "Mige" Paananen – bass, backing vocals (1991–1993, 1995–2017)
 Mikko "Linde" Lindström – guitar (1995–2017), bass (1995)
 Janne "Burton" Puurtinen – keyboards, backing vocals (2001–2017)
 Jukka "Kosmo" Kröger – drums (2015–2017)

Former members
 Sami "Juippi" Jokilehto – drums (1991–1993)
 Juha Tarvonen – drums (1991–1993)
 Oskari "Oki" Kymäläinen – guitar (1996)
 Antto Melasniemi – keyboards (1996–1998)
 Juhana "Pätkä" Rantala – drums (1995–1999)
 Jussi-Mikko "Juska" Salminen – keyboards, backing vocals (1998–2000)
 Mika "Gas Lipstick" Karppinen – drums (1999–2015)

Timeline

Discography

 Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 (1997)
 Razorblade Romance (2000)
 Deep Shadows and Brilliant Highlights (2001)
 Love Metal (2003)
 Dark Light (2005)
 Venus Doom (2007)
 Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice (2010)
 Tears on Tape (2013)

Awards

Emma Gala

!
|-
| rowspan=2| 1997 || HIM || Newcomer of the Year ||  || style="text-align:center;" rowspan=6|
|-
| Greatest Lovesongs Vol. 666 || Debut Album of the Year ||
|-
| 1999 || HIM || Export of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2000 || HIM || Band of the Year ||
|-
| Razorblade Romance || Album of the Year ||
|-
| 2001 || HIM || Export of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2003 || Love Metal || Hard Rock / Metal Album of the Year ||  || style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|
|-
| HIM || Band of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan=5| 2005 || Dark Light || Rock Album of the Year ||  || style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|
|-
| "Wings of a Butterfly" || Song of the Year ||
|-
| Dark Light || Album of the Year ||  || style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3|
|-
| Love Metal Archives Vol. I || DVD of the Year ||
|-
| HIM || Domestic Artist of the Year (Public Vote) ||
|-
| 2007 || Venus Doom || Rock Album of the Year ||  || style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| rowspan=3| 2010 || HIM || Band of the Year ||  || style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3|
|-
| Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice || Metal Album of the Year ||
|-
| "Heartkiller" || Video of the Year ||
|-
| 2013 || HIM || Artist of the Year (Public Vote) ||  || style="text-align:center;"|
|}

VIVA Comet Awards

!
|-
| rowspan=2| 2000 || HIM || Viewers' Choice Award ||  || style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|
|-
| "Join Me in Death" || Video of the Year ||
|-
| 2001 || HIM || Viewers' Choice Award ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|}

Kerrang! Awards

!
|-
| 2003 || Love Metal || Best Album ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan=3| 2004 || "The Funeral of Hearts" || Best Video ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| "The Funeral of Hearts" || Best Single ||  || style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 |
|-
| HIM || Best Band on the Planet ||
|-
| 2005 || HIM || Best Band on the Planet ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2006 || HIM || Best Band on the Planet ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|}

IFPI Platinum Europe Awards

!
|-
| 2004 || Razorblade Romance || IFPI Platinum Europe Award ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|}

Grammy Awards

!
|-
| 2007 || Venus Doom || Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|}

Revolver Golden Gods Awards

!
|-
| 2013 || HIM || Most Dedicated Fans ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|}

Noisecreep Creepies Awards

!
|-
| 2014 || "Into the Night" || Video of the Year ||  || style="text-align:center;" |
|}

See also
List of best-selling music artists in Finland
Music of Finland
Rock music in Finland

References

Footnotes

Book sources

External links

Musical groups from Helsinki
Finnish gothic rock groups
Finnish gothic metal musical groups
Finnish musical quintets
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Musical groups reestablished in 1995
Musical groups disestablished in 2017
Warner Records artists
Cooking Vinyl artists
Razor & Tie artists
Universal Music Group artists
GUN Records artists
Sire Records artists
Bertelsmann Music Group artists
Kerrang! Awards winners

HIM (Finnish band)


An Vietnamochloa aurea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jan Frederik Veldkamp ngan R.Nowack. An Vietnamochloa aurea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vietnamochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vietnamochloa

Vietnamochloa aurea


Jordens børn er en dansk børnefilm fra 1985 instrueret af Ingrid Oustrup Jensen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Pigen Lisa overværer et røveri på et apotek og tegner et portræt af gerningsmanden, der er fremmedarbejder, til politiet. Dramaet og hendes egen rolle i det får store konsekvenser for Lisa, og hun begynder at engagere sig i sin tid og dens problemer.

Medvirkende
 Maria Heichelmann
 Louise Frevert
 Lone Lindorff
 Miljan Dedic

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1985

Jordens børn (film)


Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos (1950) es una geógrafa brasileña. Es profesora titular del Departamento de Geografía de la Universidad de São Paulo, coordinadora del Grupo de Estudios sobre São Paulo
Ha concentrado sus estudios sobre la metrópolis paulistana y de las transformaciones espaciales derivadas del desarrollo de la capital.

Algunas publicaciones

Libros
 Espaço e indústria. São Paulo: Editora Contexto/Edusp, 1ª edición 1992, 4ª edición de 1992. 5ª edición de 1995, 7ª edición 1997, 70 pp.

 Os Caminhos da Reflexão Sobre a Cidade e o Urbano. Edusp, 1994, 391 pp.

 A cidade. São Paulo: Editora Contexto, 1ª ed. 1991, 2ª ed. 1995. Colección Repensando la Geografía, 98 pp.

 A (re)produção do espaço urbano. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1994, 270 pp.

 O lugar no/do mundo. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1996, 150 pp. 2ª ed. en prensa

 O Espaço no Fim de Século: a nova raridade. . 1999. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Contexto, volumen 1. 220 pp. ISBN 8572441174

 Espaço - tempo na metrópole. Editora Contexto, São Paulo, 2001 368 pp.

 Dilemas urbanos: novas abordagens sobre a cidade. Con . Editora Contexto, 2003 434 pp. ISBN 8572442197

 Geografias de São Paulo. Editora Contexto. Con , 2004, 828 pp.

 Barcelona y São Paulo cara a cara: procesos metropolitanos a la hora de la globalización. Volumen 1 de Colección Polis: Territorios y ciudades. Con . Editorial Davinci, 2006 219 pp. ISBN 8493482137

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 1 minuto en el pensamiento de la autora, en YouTube

Geógrafos de Brasil
Profesores de la Universidad de São Paulo
Escritores en portugués
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Escritores en español del siglo XXI
Geógrafas

Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos


In a biological membrane, the reversal potential is the membrane potential at which the direction of ionic current reverses. At the reversal potential, there is no net flow of ions from one side of the membrane to the other. For channels that are permeable to only a single type of ions, the reversal potential is identical to the equilibrium potential of the ion.

Equilibrium potential
The equilibrium potential for an ion is the membrane potential at which there is no net movement of the ion. The flow of any inorganic ion, such as Na+ or K+,  through an ion channel (since membranes are normally impermeable to ions) is driven by the electrochemical gradient for that ion. This gradient consists of two parts, the difference in the concentration of that ion across the membrane, and the voltage gradient. When these two influences balance each other, the electrochemical gradient for the ion is zero and there is no net flow of the ion through the channel; this also translates to no current across the membrane. The voltage gradient at which this equilibrium is reached is the equilibrium potential for the ion and it can be calculated from the Nernst equation.

Mathematical models and the driving force
We can consider as an example a positively charged ion, such as K+, and a negatively charged membrane, as it is commonly the case in most organisms. The membrane voltage opposes the flow of the potassium ions out of the cell and the ions can leave the interior of the cell only if they have sufficient thermal energy to overcome the energy barrier produced by the negative membrane voltage. However, this biasing effect can be overcome by an opposing concentration gradient if the interior concentration is high enough which favours the potassium ions leaving the cell.

An important concept related to the equilibrium potential is the driving force. Driving force is simply defined as the difference between the actual membrane potential and an ion's equilibrium potential where refers to the equilibrium potential for a specific ion. Relatedly, the membrane current per unit area due to the type  ion channel is given by the following equation:

where  is the driving force and  is the specific conductance, or conductance per unit area. Note that the ionic current will be zero if the membrane is impermeable to that ion in question or if the membrane voltage is exactly equal to the equilibrium potential of that ion.

Use in research
When Vm is at the reversal potential ( is equal to 0), the identity of the ions that flow during an EPC can be deduced by comparing the reversal potential of the EPC to the equilibrium potential for various ions. For instance several excitatory ionotropic ligand-gated neurotransmitter receptors including glutamate receptors (AMPA, NMDA, and kainate), nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh), and serotonin (5-HT3) receptors are nonselective cation channels that pass Na+ and K+ in nearly equal proportions, giving the reversal potential close to zero. The inhibitory ionotropic ligand-gated neurotransmitter receptors that carry Cl−, such as GABAA and glycine receptors, have reversal potentials close to the resting potential (approximately –70 mV) in neurons.

This line of reasoning led to the development of experiments (by Akira Takeuchi and Noriko Takeuchi in 1960) that demonstrated that acetylcholine-activated ion channels are approximately equally permeable to Na+ and K+ ions. The experiment was performed by lowering the external Na+ concentration, which lowers (makes more negative) the Na+ equilibrium potential and produces a negative shift in reversal potential. Conversely, increasing the external K+ concentration raises (makes more positive) the K+ equilibrium potential and produces a positive shift in reversal potential.

See also
Electrochemical potential
Cell potential
Goldman equation

References

External links
 Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator
 Nernst Equation Calculator
 Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation Calculator
 Electrochemical Driving Force Calculator

Membrane biology
Electrophysiology
Cardiac electrophysiology
Action potentials
Walther Nernst

Reversal potential


Par Selo Gornje, naselje u općini Tuzla
Par Selo Donje, naselje u općini Živinice, s naseljem Maline spojeno u naselje Spreča

Par Selo


Carabus gigas es una especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae. Habita en Europa, donde puede ser observado en Albania, Austria, Bosnia y Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croacia, Grecia, Hungría,  Italia, Macedonia, Rumania, Eslovenia y Yugoslavia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Carabus gigas on Fauna Europaea

gigas

Carabus gigas


Yan Liang () (died 200) was a military general serving under the warlord Yuan Shao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was slain by Guan Yu at the Battle of Boma.

Life

Little is known about Yan Liang's life. The only historical records about him could be found in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, in the biographies of Yuan Shao, Guan Yu, Xun Yu and Cao Cao. By the time he becomes focus of any attention in the records, he had made a name along with Wen Chou as a figure celebrated for his bravery.

In 200, the alliance between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao had turned to war with Yuan Shao led a major army against Cao Cao for the campaign of Guandu. Some in Cao Cao's camp where concerned about the war, the scholar and critic Kong Rong listing Yan Liang and Wen Chou's bravery as reasons to worry but Xun Yu dismissed it as bravery of a common sort that could easily be dealt with. As Yuan Shao's forces marched to Liyang, to ensure a safe crossing of the Yellow River, he intended to send forces across to the south bank to attack Boma (northeast of present-day Hua County, Henan), under Administrator of Dong Liu Yan, to set a foothold on the southern bank of the river. His adviser Ju Shou warned him that Yan Liang was valiant yet too narrow-minded to handle the responsibility alone while more senior commanders Guo Tu and Chunyu Qiong were sent, possibly to supervise Yan Liang's operation

Early in the summer, Cao Cao took the advice of Xun You moved his main force westwards along the Yellow River to Yan Crossing, diverting Yuan Shao's army in the same direction. Cao Cao led a light force to Boma in a forced march, catching Yan Liang by surprise. Yan Liang led his forces to meet Cao Cao over 10 li (over 4 km) from Boma and Cao Cao sent Zhang Liao and Guan Yu as vanguard to fight. During the ensuing battle, Guan Yu identified Yan Liang in the enemy ranks, rode into the midst of Yan Liang's army and killed him then fought his way back out. With Yan Liang dead, the army at Boma collapsed.

Cao Cao would withdraw from Boma, taking the resources off the area back to Guandu and would be pursued by the cavalry forces of Wen Chou and Liu Bei. The ambush and killing of Wen Chou in the resulting battle meant that in the first skirmishes, two of Yuan Shao's famed officers were killed and it was noted to have a demoralizing impact on Yuan army morale.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Yuan Shao praises Yan Liang's prowess in battle when he laments, as coalition forces see many champions killed by Hua Xiong, that "If I had either Yan Liang or Wen Chou here, I would have nothing to fear." When Yuan Shao confronts Sun Jian over taking the imperial seal, Yan Liang and Wen Chou are there. When Han Fu surrenders Ji to Yuan Shao, loyalists Geng Wu and Min Chun attempted to assassinate Yuan Shao before he can arrive but the plot was foiled with Yan Liang and Wen Chou killing the plotters in the aftermath. When Lü Bu sought Yuan Shao's support after failure to take Yan from Cao Cao, Yan Liang was sent with 50,000 men to attack Lu Bu who then fled to Xu.

The Hua Xiong comment (the novel does have Xun Yu's dismissive comment and Ju Shou's concerns) foreshadows Yan Liang's first appearance in Chapter 25, where Yuan Shao deploys him as the commander of a vanguard force of 100,000 to take Boma in a conflict with rival warlord Cao Cao. Cao Cao quickly leads 50,000 and come to Boma's defence. True to his lord's compliments, Yan Liang slays two of Cao Cao's recently acquired warriors from the victory over Lu Bu, Song Xian (宋憲) lasted three and Wei Xu (魏續) is killed in one bout, and defeats Xu Huang after twenty bounts, demoralizing Cao Cao's forces.

Following Cheng Yu's advice, Cao Cao then summoned Guan Yu to the frontline to deal with Yan Liang. The next day, as Yan Liang's troops lined up on the battlefield, Guan Yu sat beside Cao Cao on a hilltop to observe the enemy, Guan Yu was dismissive of what he saw and tells a surprised Cao Cao he can easily take Yan Liang's head. Riding Red Hare, Guan Yu charged right through the enemy ranks towards Yan Liang who was uncertain of who was approaching him, decapitates him in a swift stroke and returned to Cao Cao's camp in triumph with Yan Liang's head. Yan Liang's army collapsed and were slaughtered by Cao Cao's pursuing force. When news reached Yuan Shao, he nearly killed Liu Bei for what Guan Yu had done believing it to be a plot while Wen Chou sought command of the next army to avenge a man he saw as a brother.

Guan Yu's killings of Yan Liang and Wen Chou would be mentioned in the novel as others like Zhou Yu looked in awe of the slayer of such champions but after Guan Yu's death, his angry spirit is rebuked by a priest for the manner of the slaying of those two men and the guardian's of the five passes who he had slain when returning to Liu Bei from Cao Cao's service.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
 List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

2nd-century births
200 deaths
Generals under Yuan Shao
Han dynasty people killed in battle

Yan Liang


Istarsko proljeće (engl. Istrian Spring Trophy), je višednevna etapna biciklistička utrka koja se svake godine održava u Hrvatskoj/Istri. Utrka je prvi puta održana 1961. godine, kao utrka nacionalnog kalendara. Godine 2000. uključena je u kalendar UCI-ja, a od 2005. godine održava se u klasi 2.2 UCI Europe Tour. Do 2006. godine naziv utrke bio je "Jadranska magistrala".

Istarsko proljeće je prema konkurenciji natjecatelja osmoplasirana etapna utrka (od 79 ukupno) na PCS ljestvici utrka druge kategorije za 2017. godinu.

Pobjednici
1961. – 1999. Jadranska magistrala (nacionalni kalendar)

Kazalo:
* kako je prolog vrlo kratak, uglavnom kraći od 5% prosječne duljine etape, pola etapne pobjede označava pobjedu u prologu

Statistika
2000. – 2018.

Unutarnje poveznice
 Hrvatski biciklistički savez

Vanjske poveznice
 PCS - ProCyclingStats, podaci o utrci

Izvori

Šport u Poreču
Međunarodna biciklistička natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
Istra
Svjetska biciklistička natjecanja

Istarsko proljeće


Le 'KNM<ref group= Note>Les navires de la Marine royale norvégienne reçoivent le préfixe KNM, acronyme de Kongelig Norsk Marine (en français : Marine royale norvégienne.</ref> Uthaug (numéro de coque S304) est un sous-marin de classe Ula de la marine royale norvégienne.

Fabrication

Le navire a été commandé le  à Thyssen Nordseewerke à Emden, où la quille a été posée le . Il a été lancé le  et achevé le .

Service
Le KNM Uthaug fait partie des six sous-marins à propulsion conventionnelle dont dispose la Norvège. Cette petite flotte est chargée d'assurer la défense du flanc nord de l'OTAN contre une attaque éventuelle de la puissante marine russe.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .
 .

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Liste des sous-marins de la Norvège

Sous-marin d'attaque conventionnel
Sous-marin de la marine royale norvégienne
Navire construit à Emden
Bateau lancé en 1990

KNM Uthaug (1990)


Plutajući restoran, vrsta plutajućeg objekta, po Pravilniku o plutajućim objektima, odnosno Pomorskom zakoniku RH. Namjena mu nije plovidba, nego služi u turističko-ugostiteljske svrhe kao restoran. Namjena mu je komercijalna za ugostiteljstvo. Nema pogonskoga motora. Stalno je privezan ili usidren na rijeci, jezeru ili moru, a po potrebi se premješta drugim plovnim objektom.

Izvori

Plovila
Ugostiteljstvo

Plutajući restoran


زاوية الاستقطاب أو تعرف باسم زاوية بروستر  هي ظاهرة بصرية سميت على اسم العالم الفيزيائي السكوتلندي دايفيد بروستر (1781 – 1868) .

الإستقطاب الضوئي
الضوء عادة غير مستقطب (بمعنى أن موجاته الكهرومغناطيسية تنتشر في كل مكان عشوائيا) و يكون الضوء غير المستقطب أضعف من الضوء المستقطب ،كضوء الليزر الذي يتم تركيزه في مجال معين من الطول الموجي والتردد.

عندما يمر الضوء بين وسطين لهما معامل الانعكاس مختلف، بشكل عام ينعكس جزء من الضوء عند الحدود بين المادتين وينكسر الجزء الآخر والاستقطاب يكون جزئيا. ولكن عند زاوية ميلان محددة للشعاع الضوئي، فإن الجزء المنعكس من الضوء يكون مستقطباً استقطابا خطياً، و هذا هو الجزء العمودي على مستوى السقوط، وهذه الزاوية هي ما يطلق عليها اسم زاوية الاستقطاب.

قانون بروستر
زاوية السقوط  التي عندها يكون الضوء المنعكس مستقطب استقطابا خطياًَ عمودياً، عند انعكاسه من الحاجز الذي بفصل المادتين (الماء والهواء مثلاً) و التي تسمى (brewster angle) يمكن حسابها باستخدام قانون الانكسار و بمراعاة ان الضوء الساقط يهيج إلكترونات المادة الساقط عليها ويكون لها أقطابا (dipoles) موجبة وسالبة، وتكون حركتها (تهيجها) بنفس اتجاه الإستقطاب للضوء، فإذا كان الضوء المنعكس خطيا عموديا فإن الأقطاب المتولدة تكون أيضاً عمودية (الصورة: brewster angle).

نقترح أن الشعاع الضوئي قادم من الهواء الذي له معامل انكسار (n1=1) تقريباً ويسقط على مادة معامل انكسارها أكثر من 1 (كما هو الحال عند سقوط أشعة الشمس على مياه البحر (نقترح n2=2))، فإن قانون الانكسار يعطي التالي:

عند زاوية بروستر فإن الجزء المنكسر من الشعاع الساقط يكون عموديا على الجزء المنعكس:

باستخدام قانون الانكسار ينتج:
 تساوي

(قانون بروستر).

مثال عملي
بما أن الشعاع المستقطب (بأثر الانكسار أو الانعكاس) أقوى من الشعاع عير المستقطب، فإنه يلاحظ ويُرى بدرجة أكبر بكثير من الشعاع غير المستقطب. فعند غروب الشمس على مياه البحر بزاوية بروستر (بين الشعاع الساقط من الشمس والعمود الرئسي على الحاجز هواء-ماء) فإننا نرى الجزء المستقطب والمنعكس إلى أبصارنا بسبب لمعانه أكثر من الضوء غير المستقطب وهذا ما يفسر أنك تكاد لا ترى ما حول شيء مستقطب لامع ولهذا نرى في مثالنا هذا انعكاس الأشعة القوي على الأمواج ولا نكاد نرى الأمواج ذاتها.

المصادر

استقطاب
بصريات فيزيائية
بصريات هندسية
زوايا

زاوية الاستقطاب