This invention is directed to a low pH nutritional formula that contains high levels of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals. The pH of the enteral formula is from about 3.0-4.6 and delivers at least 25% of the RDI for selected vitamins and minerals in a 237 ml. serving. The enteral formula uses a stabilizing system comprising high methoxy pectin to stabilize the protein and a unique process to produce the formula.

This invention relates to a low pH enteral formula that contains high levels of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals. The inventive formula possesses excellent physical stability and taste. The inventive formula also exhibits a shelf life of at least one year in a liquid state with minimal or no sedimentation. The formula of this invention utilizes a unique stabilizing system, antioxidant system and method of production to produce a physically stable, low pH nutritional beverage that contains high levels of protein and delivers at least 25% of the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) for selected vitamins and minerals in approximately a 250 ml serving. The formula can be adjusted to meet the nutritional needs of adults and children over 4 years age or to children under 4 years of age.
Nutritionally complete, balanced, isotonic enteral formula have been known for some time. These formula are designed to be used as the sole source of nutrition for a patient or as a supplement. Typically, these liquid products are designed to provide approximately 100% of the patient""s nutritional needs in about 1,000 ml. These formula may also be designed to be disease specific in that they fulfill the special nutritional requirements of patients afflicted with conditions such as glucose intolerance, pulmonary disease or those who have been subjected to surgery or trauma. These nutritionally complete formula are known by the artisan to be prone to physical stability problems such as syneresis and the formation of non-dispersible sediments. These problems are caused by the high level of protein, fats and minerals that these nutritional formula must contain to provide adequate nutrition in a reasonable volume.
Most nutritionally complete enteral formula have a neutral pH and have flavors that are limited to the traditional xe2x80x9cmilkshakexe2x80x9d types. Acidified or low pH nutritionals offer several advantages in that the possibility of microbial contamination can be reduced and a variety of refreshing fruit flavors can be used. However, acidification of the traditional enteral formula leads to protein precipitation, phase separation and the formation of non-dispersible sediments. These problems result in the product being aesthetically unacceptable to the patient and the formula may fail to deliver adequate nutrition due to the formation of the non-dispersible sediments.
PediaSure(copyright), complete liquid nutrition, is manufactured by the Ross Products Division of Abbott laboratories (Columbus, Ohio) and is designed to be a nutritionally complete, balanced, isotonic enteral formula especially designed for tube or oral feeding of children 1 to 10 years of age. This product is used as a sole source of nutrition or as a supplement and meets or exceeds 100% of the U.S. RDI""s for protein, vitamins and minerals for children 1-6 years of age in 1000 mL and for children 7-10 years of age in 1300 mL. PediaSure contains 1.0 calorie per mL and has a caloric distribution of 12.0% protein, 44.8% fat and 43.9% carbohydrate. This product has a pH of about 7.0 and is available in a variety of xe2x80x9cmilk shakexe2x80x9d flavors. This product is not intended for infants under 1 year of age.
Ensures(copyright), complete, balanced nutrition, is manufactured and distributed by the Ross Products Division of Abbott Laboratories for adult consumption. This formula contains 1.06 calories per mL and has a caloric distribution of 14% from protein, 31.5% from fat and 54.5% from carbohydrate. The formula meets or surpasses 100% of the U.S. RDI for vitamins and minerals for adults and children 4 or more years of age in 2000 calories (two quarts or 1.892 L). Ensure is available in numerous milk shake type flavors. It is also available in high nitrogen, high calorie as well as with dietary fiber. While PediaSure(copyright) and Ensure(copyright) nutritional products have been accepted by the public and health care providers, a need exists to present the patient with flavor alternatives that will increase patient enjoyment and thereby compliance.
Numerous investigators have reported on various approaches to overcome the problems associated with low pH formula. U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,725 to Connolly discloses a process for stabilizing protein in an acidic media through a chemical reaction between the protein and galactomannan to produce a glycoprotein. The galactomannan used by Connolly is a linear polysaccharide, such as locust bean gum (LBG) and guar gum. This patent also discloses the optional use of a heat stability agent such as pectin or high methoxy pectin. This reference provides one example of a low pH (2.0-6.0), milk based beverage that was not fortified with the levels of calcium and protein required for a nutritionally complete beverage. As will be demonstrated in the comparative examples herein, the stabilization system of U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,725 is not effective in a low pH nutritional matrix that contains high levels of protein and macronutrients.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,532 to Shenkenberg, et al., discloses a stable milk-fruit juice beverage consisting essentially of milk, fruit juice, sweetener and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) wherein the beverage has a viscosity of less than 30 cp and is stable at pH levels below 5.0. This patent teaches that sufficient time be allowed for the carboxyl groups of the carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to react with the casein molecules to form a complex which results in a stable, free flowing, non-congealing, low-viscosity beverage.
U.K. Patent 1,440,161 to Nishiyama teaches a milk-fruit juice beverage which contains 4.2-6.2 w/v % of NaCMC as a stabilizer to prevent the coagulation of milk protein, 10-50 w/v % of a fruit juice and 3.1-5.0 w/v % of citric, lactic, malic or tartaric acid. In the process of Nishiyama, the NaCMC is added to hot water with vigorous agitation at neutral pH and then the juice is added. After cooling, the solution is acidified with the recited food grade acid. No additional protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and/or vitamins are added to the beverage. In a related case, U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,092, Nishiyama discloses a milk-apple juice drink having a pH of 3.6-4.5 wherein 100 ml of the drink contains 4.2-6.0 gms of a carboxylic acid.
Pedersen, et al., in an article entitled: xe2x80x9cInfluence of pectin on the stability of casein solutions studied in dependence of varying pH and salt concentrationxe2x80x9d, Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 323-328, (1991), discusses pectin-casein interactions and teaches that the addition of pectin to casein solutions lowers the pH value at which the casein precipitates. The effect was studied in the presence of various salts and polysaccharides and concluded that the stabilization of pectin-casein systems is primarily of an electrostatic nature.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,212,893 to Takahata discloses a stable, emulsified, acidified whole milk beverage made by: (1) preparing an aqueous solution of LBG and adding it to whole milk at a concentration to result in 0.3% by weight LBG based on the total weight of the beverage; (2) acidifying the milk emulsion with fruit juice or organic acids to a pH of between 3.4 and 3.6; (3) stabilizing the emulsion by stirring the acidified mixture for 10-30 minutes; (4) homogenizing the acidified emulsion; and (5) sterilizing and packaging the acidified emulsion.
EP 0 486 425 A2 to Kvamme relates to a nutritional formulation containing from 40-90% of the calories from carbohydrates, from 2-30% of the calories from protein, from 0-35% of the calories from fat and from 0-17% of the calories from fiber. The protein source is at least 60% by weight whey protein concentrate and the pH of the formulation is 3.5-3.9. This reference discloses the use of polyglycerol esters and hydrolyzed guar gum as an emulsification system for the nutritional product containing fat and fiber.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,931,300; 5,156,875; 5,141,758; and 5,389,391 to Monte disclose various low pH, antimicrobial food compositions. These foods are powdered compositions that may later be reconstituted with liquids. The Monte compositions usually comprise a protein component, a fat component and a carbohydrate component. Monte also teaches the use of emulsifiers and antimicrobial agents such as sorbate and benzoate""s. The U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,875 specifically discloses the use of a binary stabilizer system which comprises a modified starch such as modified potato starch and a cellulose gum. In one example, Monte replaces his stabilizing system with pectin. He reports that in less than six (6) hours, particulate began settling and separating out of the pectin stabilized solution to form a layer of material at the bottom of the beaker. Monte suggests that pectin is inappropriate for low pH food compositions. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,391, Monte teaches and discloses a low pH protein stabilizer system comprising a pectin substance and methyl cellulose. Monte teaches that this low pH protein stabilizer system is from 0.1-20% by dry weight pectin, or another pectin substance, in combination with 0.001-10.0% by dry weight of NaCMC or another methyl cellulose. The Monte patents fail to suggest a method of producing a low pH beverage that contains at least 100% of the daily nutritional needs of an adult for calcium, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin K and vitamin E in approximately 1000 ml (a single serving of approximately 250 ml provides 25%). Monte also specifies that once the product is reconstituted, it has a shelf life of several days.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,241 to Monte discloses a nutritionally balanced, water soluble, powdered food composition which, when mixed with water, has a low pH and high antimicrobial activity. This patent discloses the use of 1-5% by weight of a pectin substance for preventing the precipitation of protein. This patent also teaches the use of a buffer system for the low pH drink which comprises sodium citrate and citric acid. The preferred pH of this beverage is less than about 4.75 and under the most preferred conditions is less than about 4.5. This patent does not address the special problems and parameters of a low pH enteral formula that contain high levels of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals. Further, it is known that nutritional powders experience phase separation problems upon reconstitution. The patent specifies that the reconstituted product has a shelf life of several days.
PCT/US96/02245 (WO 96/29880) to Yang, et al., discloses a product which contains from 5 to about 99.8% milk, from about 0.05 to about 0.8% of a food stabilizer and a food acid. This application specifically teaches the acidification of the mixture while the particle size of the protein/stabilizer particles is less than about 0.8 microns. This reference teaches that various food stabilizers can be employed, such as gum arabic, gelatin, xanthan, locust bean and pectin. A blend of pectin and CMC is specifically disclosed in this reference. This reference does not address the special needs of nutritional products having high levels of protein and nutrients such as calcium.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,531 to Liebrecht, et al., relates to a substantially clear liquid nutritional supplemental that comprises 1-10% by weight whey protein isolate, at least one source of carbohydrate having a DE of at least 10, vitamins, trace minerals and ultra trace minerals. The pH of the Liebrecht, et al., beverage is from 2.8 to about 3.3, has a caloric density of at least 1.0 kcal/ml and uses no stabilizing system. This patent is not concerned with nutritionally complete beverages as it discloses a beverage that is essentially devoid of added macronutrients and fat.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,702 to Katz, et al., relates to an antioxidant system for powdered nutritional products. The powdered nutritional products contain an unsaturated lipid component which is stabilized by a mixture of ascorbyl palmitate, xcex2-carotene and citrate. This patent does not suggest the use of the antioxidant system for use in a low pH beverage that contains high levels of protein and macronutrients.
Hercules Food Ingredients, Wilmington, Del., supplies a pectin-type ingredient that is taught to stabilize a juice/milk mixture. GENU(copyright) (registered trademark of A/S Pektinfabrik of Copenhagen, Denmark) pectin-type JM is known to control stability and control viscosity of sour milk drinks. A description of the use of GENU(copyright) pectin in a beverage can be found in McCue, N. (Sr. ed.) Prepared Foods, September 1994, page 87. The use of high methoxyl pectin in dairy/juice products is disclosed by A. C. Spork in xe2x80x9cAcidifying Dairy-Based Drinksxe2x80x9d, Dairy Foods, July, 1994, pages 34-36. Neither of these references address the problems associated with a low pH beverage that contains high levels of protein and macronutrients.
The ability of acidic polysaccharides such as CMC to inhibit protein precipitation at the isoelectric point of the proteins has been used in the preparation of fruit-flavored milk drinks. CMC has been found particularly effective in keeping milk proteins in solution. For a review of protein- polysaccharide interactions, see D. A. Ledward, xe2x80x9cProtein-Polysaccharide Interactionsxe2x80x9d, Vol. 13, Polysaccharides in Food, School of Agriculture, University of Nottingham, pages 205-217.
Thakus, et al., in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 37(1):47-73 (1997) provide a review of the chemistry and uses of pectin. This publication does not address the special problems associated with low pH and viscosity milk/juice beverage that provides complete nutrition to a human in about 1 liter.
Numerous investigators have attempted to overcome the problems associated with low pH milk protein-containing beverages. Various processing techniques and stabilizing systems have been proposed to reduce or eliminate phase separation, sedimentation and high viscosities, all with limited success. None of the prior art investigators have overcome these problems to produce an acceptable low viscosity, low pH, high protein, high mineral, fat-containing beverage. None of these investigators have developed a low pH, high protein, high mineral, fat containing beverage having a shelf life of at least one year. The present invention, which is illustrated in the following Examples, provides a method and combination of components to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art.
In general, this invention relates to a low pH nutritional beverage of low viscosity that contains high levels of protein, vitamins and minerals having an extended shelf life and excellent physical stability. The invention also relates to a method of preparing said low pH nutritional product which is accomplished through the use of a unique mixture of starting materials and a series of specific steps. In one embodiment of the invention, these beverages are low pH products suitable for use as a complete nutritional product for children of 1-4 years of age, or for adults and older children. A complete nutritional product can be used as a sole source of nutrition for the patient, thus special attention must be paid to the protein, carbohydrate, lipid, mineral and vitamin levels. Patients can receive 100% of their nutritional requirements from such sole nutritionals.
Alternatively, these same low pH beverages can be formulated to serve as nutritional supplements. Supplements are not intended to serve as sole source nutritionals and do not supply 100% of a patients nutritional needs. They will be fortified to provide high levels of one or more nutrients. For example, low fat, high calcium products are desirable in adult females. Likewise high protein, low fat beverages that have been fortified with vitamins and calciums are advantageous in children. Other such applications will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art.
As those skilled in the art of nutrition are aware, many countries around the world have set standards or reference values for the intake of vitamins, minerals, protein, fat and carbohydrates for the typical human being. For example, the European community has set Population Reference Intakes (PRI) and Canada has recommended Daily Intakes. These countries often have separate standards for adults (i.e., over two (2) years of age) and children (i.e., under two (2) years of age).
As used herein and in the claims, the term xe2x80x9cRDIxe2x80x9d means the standard set for the specified nutrient in the country in which the low pH beverage is to be sold. The RDI may be specific for certain age groups (i.e., children under two (2) years of age). For example, if the inventive low pH nutritional is intended to be suitable for sole source nutrition and is to be sold in Germany, 100% of the Recommended Daily Intake in Germany for protein, calcium, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K will be supplied in approximately 1000 ml of the nutritional product. If intended as a supplement, then the beverage will be fortified with the relevant nutrients according to German standards. The RDI""s vary slightly from country to country, if at all, and it is well within the purview of the artisan to obtain the recited value and adjust the beverage of this invention accordingly. Unless stated otherwise, all percentages recited herein and in the claims are percents by weight of the recited component to the weight of the final product.
Therefore, it is a principal object of the invention to provide an improved enteral nutritional composition for adults and children. Another object of the invention is to provide a low pH liquid food composition which: (i) utilizes a protein system selected from sodium case mate, calcium caseinate, whey protein, milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate (a.k.a., total milk protein), whey protein concentrate and mixtures thereof; and (ii) a novel stabilizing system which generally prevents protein and calcium from precipitating or separating from the liquid food composition.
One aspect of the beverage of this invention is that a greater variety of flavors can be produced when compared to the conventional beverage having a pH of about 7.0. The beverage of the invention is designed to provide superior nutrition in a low viscosity product that possesses superior physical stability properties. As a general guideline, the beverage typically contains from about 3-20 gms of protein, from about 0-20 gms of fat, from about 100-450 calories and at least 25% of the RDI of certain vitamins and minerals, in approximately 250 ml. More typically, the beverage contains from about 3-15 gms of protein, from about 0.5-13.0 gms of fat, from about 140-300 calories and at least 25% of the RDI of certain vitamins and minerals in approximately 250 ml. The pH range of the beverage can range from about 3.0-4.6, with about 4.0-4.35 being preferred.
In yet a more preferred embodiment, the beverage contains about 5-11 gms of protein, about 1-12 gms of fat, about 190-250 calories and at least 25% of the RDI for calcium, vitamins C, D, K and E and selenium in a single serving, having an approximate volume of 250 ml, and wherein the beverage has a viscosity of less than 150 cps when measured with a Brookfield viscometer with a #1 spindle at 20xc2x0 C., more preferably less than 75 cps and most preferably less than 35 cps.
The low pH matrix of the beverage provides a platform for a product with flavor diversity, no vitamin or mineral aftertaste, much lower risk of microbial spoilage, and much lower heat treatments of product which improves vitamin stability""s and flavor.
There is further disclosed a liquid nutritional product having a pH of from about 3.0-4.6 comprising:
(a) from about 45-95% by weight water;
(b) from about 1.0-15%, and more typically about 3-15%, by weight of a source of amino nitrogen selected from sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, whey protein, milk protein isolate, milk protein concentrate and mixtures thereof;
(c) from about 0.1-3.3% by weight of a stabilizer system comprising high methoxy pectin;
(d) from about 1-30%, and more typically about 1-20%, by weight of a carbohydrate;
(e) from about 0-10%, and more typically about 0.5-10%, by weight of an edible oil;
(f) vitamins and minerals, wherein said beverage contains at least 100% of the RDI for protein, calcium, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in approximately 1000 ml;
(g) optionally, from about 0.05-1.0% by weight of a calcium source selected from the group comprising calcium glycerophosphate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate, calcium phosphate tribasic and mixtures thereof;
(h) optionally from about 0.1-10% by weight of an acid system comprising of at least one food grade acid selected from the group comprising citric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, glucono delta lactone, dilute hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and mixtures thereof; and;
(i) optionally from about 0.01-5% by weight of an emulsifier system comprising at least one component selected from the group comprising lecithin, monoglycerides, diglycerides, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, and mixtures thereof.
There is also disclosed a liquid nutritional product having a pH of about 4.0 to about 4.4 comprising:
(a) from about 60-90%, and more typically about 70-90%, by weight water;
(b) from about 1-8%, and more typically about 1-6%, by weight of a source of amino nitrogen, wherein the source of amino nitrogen is a mixture of milk protein isolate and calcium caseinate;
(c) from about 0.8-2.0% by weight of a stabilizer system comprising high methoxy pectin;
(d) optionally from about 0.1-1.0% by weight of a calcium source, wherein the calcium source comprises a mixture of calcium glycerophosphate and calcium citrate;
(e) optionally from about 0.3-2.0% by weight of a food grade acid, and more preferably the food grade acid is a mixture of citric acid and phosphoric acid;
(f) optionally from about 0.1-5.0% by weight soy lecithin;
(g) optionally from about 0.1-3% by weight of an antioxidant system, comprising ascorbyl palmitate, mixed tocopherols and citrate;
(h) from about 5-30%, and more typically about 10-25%, by weight of a carbohydrate;
(i) from about 0-10%, and more typically about 0.5-5%, by weight of an edible oil; and
(j) vitamins and minerals wherein the nutritional product contains at least 25% of the RDI for protein, calcium, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in a single serving of approximately 250 ml.
A further embodiment of the invention relates to a nutritionally complete composition for children of 1 to 4 years of age having a pH of about 4.0 to about 4.4 comprising:
(a) from about 70-90% by weight water;
(b) from about 2-4% by weight of a source of amino nitrogen;
(c) from about 0.5-1.5% by weight of high methoxy pectin;
(d) vitamins and minerals, wherein the nutritional composition contains at least 25% of the RDI for children 1 to 4 years of age for protein, calcium, vitamin C, thiamine, iron, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in approximately 250 ml.
(e) from about 0-6.0% by weight of an edible oil, wherein the edible oil comprises a high oleic oil;
(f) from about 5-15% by weight of a carbohydrate, wherein the carbohydrate comprises hydrolyzed corn starch with a DE of from 10 to 25;
(g) optionally, from about 0.1-3% by weight of an antioxidant system comprising ascorbyl palmitate, mixed tocopherols and citrate;
(h) optionally, from about 0.1-0.5% by weight of an emulsifier system comprising soy lecithin, monoglycerides and diglycerides;
(i) optionally, from about 0.5-1.0% by weight of a mixture of citric acid and phosphoric acid; and;
(j) optionally from about 0.0 to 0.5% by weight of calcium phosphate tribasic.
The source of amino nitrogen in the pediatric beverage preferably comprises milk protein isolate.
A representative RDI is the U.S. RDI which refers to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations establishing a Reference Daily Intake (RDI""s) for various nutrients such as protein, vitamins and minerals for adults and children over four years of age and for children under four years of age and older than 13 months.
Table 1 sets forth the U.S. RDI""s for selected nutrients as of the date of filing this application.
Table 2 sets forth some representative RDI""s that have been established in the European Community (EP), Canada and Germany.
There is also disclosed a method for preparing a nutritional composition, said method including the steps of: (a) preparing an oil blend wherein said oil blend comprises an edible oil, an emulsifier, vitamins A, D, E and K, ascorbyl palmitate and mixed tocopherols; (b) preparing a carbohydrate/mineral slurry by mixing pectin with water at less than 10% by weight total solids under high shear and at a temperature between 65 and 71xc2x0 C. (150-170xc2x0 F.) for at least ten (10) minutes and thereafter adding a source of major minerals, trace/ultra trace minerals and carbohydrates; (c) preparing a protein slurry by combining protein with water, under agitation, to obtain an aqueous mixture of at least 8% by weight solids; (d) combining the protein slurry, carbohydrate/mineral slurry and the oil blend to form a protein/carbohydrate/ mineral/oil mixture; (e) homogenizing the protein/carbohydrate/ mineral/oil mixture through a homogenizer at a pressure of at least 17 MPa (2,500 Psig) to form a homogenized blend; (f) acidifying the homogenized blend of step (e) with an edible acid to a pH ranging from about 3.0-4.6; (g) adding to the homogenized mixture at least one component selected from the group consisting of flavors, colors, vitamins, fruit juices, water, folic acid, cysteine and ascorbic acid; (h) homogenizing the acidified mixture from step (g) by passing the mixture through a homogenizer at a pressure of at least 17 MPa to form an aqueous food solution; and (i) heating said aqueous food solution to a sterilization temperature for a time sufficient to kill or inactivate substantially all microorganisms in said food solution.
One aspect of the present invention relates to the above described unique process of manufacture which produces a beverage with excellent physical stability even after retort sterilization, aseptic packaging and hot-fill processes. It has been discovered that preparing the carbohydrate/mineral slurry by initially mixing pectin with water at less than about 10% by weight total solids prior to the addition of the calcium, trace/ultra trace minerals and carbohydrates is important to producing a physically stable product. An additional method of preparing the inventive beverage, especially a pediatric beverage, comprises the steps of combining the source of amino nitrogen (i.e., milk protein isolate) with the pectin and then subjecting the-mixture to homogenization at a pressure of at least 6.8. MPa, more preferably, 17.6 MPa (2,000 psig). The homogenized blend is then combined with the other ingredients to produce the beverage. This step of homogenizing the protein and pectin is in addition to the two homogenizations described below.
Further, it has been discovered that two homogenization steps are required, one prior to and one subsequent to acidification, to provide a beverage of acceptable physical stability over shelf life. The first homogenization should be at a pressure of at least 17 MPa (2,500 psig) and more preferably is a two stage homogenization at about 27 MPa (4000 psig) and about 3.5 MPa (500 psig). After acidification, the homogenization pressure of a single stage homogenizer should be at least 17 MPa (2,500 psig) and preferably at least 20.4 MPa (3,000 psig). If this last homogenization is after acidification, but prior to a final heat treatment, an additional homogenization of at least 6.8 MPa (1,000 psig) should be conducted prior to filling. More preferably, this additional homogenization should be at least 10.3 MPa (1,500 psig).
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the described nutritional formula can be in a ready-to-feed form or in the form of a concentrate or powder. Preparation of the concentrate and powder forms can be accomplished using known techniques and equipment.
In one embodiment of the invention, the nutritional formula of the invention has a pH of from about 3.0-4.6 and comprises:
(a) a source of amino nitrogen comprising milk protein isolate and calcium caseinate;
(b) a stabilizer system comprising high methoxy pectins, optionally in combination with microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose;
(c) a source of calcium comprising calcium citrate and calcium glycerophosphate;
(d) an antioxidant system comprising mixed tocopherols and ascorbyl palmitate; and
(e) L-cysteine.
The nutritional formula may additionally comprise:
(a) an antimicrobial system comprising potassium sorbate, potassium benzoate and mixtures thereof;
(b) a source of edible oil selected from high oleic safflower oil, soy oil, fractionated coconut oil, high oleic sunflower oil, corn oil, canola oil and mixtures thereof; and
(c) sources of vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E and Vitamin K at concentrations to achieve at least 25% of the U.S. RDI in approximately 250 ml.
It should be understood that the levels of the vitamins can be adjusted to meet the needs of humans four (4) years of age and older and for children of thirteen (13) months to four (4) years of age.
A further embodiment of this invention is a process for improving the long term physical stability of low pH beverages containing substantial quantities of protein, calcium, vitamins and other minerals. A characteristic problem of low pH beverages is the tendency of sediment to form at the bottom of the beverage container. This sediment contains calcium, other minerals, protein, etc. Asides from the unattractiveness of this sediment, these precipitated nutrients cannot be shaken back into solution and do not provide the nutrients required to maintain the health of the patient.
A new stabilizer has been discovered that will solve this problem. High methoxy pectin, in sufficient quantities, will produce a low pH beverage that will remain physically stable for at least one year. Physical stability refers to either an absence of sediment or a significant reduction in the occurrence of the formation of sediment, for at least a 12-month period. Alternatively, a combination of stabilizers may be utilized to produce this same effect.
A new source of calcium has also been discovered for low pH beverages containing substantial quantities of protein. It has been discovered that an admixture of calcium glycerophosphate and calcium citrate can be utilized in such beverages without having adverse effects upon the viscosity and stability of the beverages. Certain calcium sources, such as calcium citrate malate, caused the protein to gel in a relatively short period of time and thus rendered the beverages undrinkable. Such finding were unexpected since calcium citrate malate is routinely added to acidic beverages such as orange juice.
Acidified milk-based drinks have gained popularity throughout the world over the last five (5) to ten (10) years. Milk can be acidified microbiologically, but also can be blended with fruit juices and edible acids to produce beverages that possess a refreshing natural fruit taste due to their low pH. However, the low pH causes a number of problems that are aggravated when a beverage contains high concentrations of protein and certain nutrients such as calcium. The beverage and method of the present invention, including the materials used therein, the particular process steps and the characteristics of the nutritional beverage prepared according to this invention, are described in detail as follows:
For purposes of the present specification, the term xe2x80x9ccaseinatexe2x80x9d means the product resulting from the sodium or calcium hydroxide neutralization of acid casein. Acid casein is used in its broadest sense and covers both traditional acid casein, obtained directly by acidifying milk, and acid casein obtained indirectly, such as, for example, a re-acidified rennet casein. For purposes of the present specification, the terms xe2x80x9cwhey protein concentratexe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cwhey protein isolatexe2x80x9d are defined to mean a water soluble or suspendible, essentially undenatured protein fraction derived from cheese whey or as a by-product of casein production. Whey protein is a naturally occurring protein and is specific and identifiable in terms of its composition and is not necessarily dependent upon the process used to produce it. Whey protein may be obtained by methods such as ultrafiltration or gel filtration. Milk protein isolate (a.k.a., total milk protein) can also be used in the beverage and is available from the Kerry Ingredients of Beloit, Wis. and total milk protein from New Zealand Milk Products of Santa Rosa, Calif. In one embodiment of the invention, a 65/35 weight % mixture of the milk protein isolate and calcium case mate is preferably used in the adult product. In other embodiments, the beverage uses milk protein isolate at 60 weight % of total protein or total milk protein at 100%. Milk protein isolate is 82% casein and 18% whey and is manufactured by ultrafiltration, thereby the whey to casein ratio is the same as regular milk. This protein is highly desirable in the inventive beverage as it possesses superior flavor and functionality.
For certain low pH beverages in which the caloric density is increased beyond 1.0 kilocalorie per ml, it may be desirable to utilize partially hydrolysed whey as part of the protein source. Soy protein isolate may also be used. The amount that can be incorporated can vary widely, but will typically range from 10 to about 30 w/w % of the total protein present in the system. This partially hydrolysed whey will serve to help control the osmolality of the final formula. Partially hydrolysed whey is available from numerous:commercial sources including Kerry Ingredients of Beloit, Wis. Gelatin, which is obtained from fish, pigs, or cows, may also be used to control osmolality. The amount of gelatin will fit within the ranges described above and is available from numerous commercial sources.
The amount of protein used in the present beverage may vary widely, but for most applications from 1-15% by weight is suitable, more typically between about 1-8 % by weight and more often between about 1 and 6% by weight. In general, the source of amino nitrogen can include any known source such as soy protein, vegetable proteins, cereal proteins, meat, fish and the like. In the nutritionally complete child product, it has been determined that milk protein isolate is the preferred source of amino nitrogen, especially when the product is terminally sterilized. The amino acid profile of the protein system is preferably designed to meet the human amino acid requirement for adults. See Recommended Daily Allowances, 10th Edition, FNB/NRC.
Various food stabilizers can be employed in the present invention and include hydrophilic colloidal stabilizers known as gum arabic, pectins, gelatin, xanthan and LBG as well as the anionic polymers derived from cellulose such as CMC. These stabilizers are water soluble and tolerate a low pH which is encountered in the inventive beverage.
Pectins are used in the present invention to enhance physical stability and control the viscosity of the beverages. The pectin stabilizes the milk proteins to yield products without significant sedimentation and phase separation (i.e., physical stability) and ensures a smooth mouthfeel without any xe2x80x9csandinessxe2x80x9d and they help control viscosity by stabilizing free water. Pectins are a class of complex polysaccharides found in the cell walls of higher plants. The number of plant sources that are used for the commercial production of pectins is fairly limited. At present, apple pomace and citrus peels are the main sources of commercially acceptable pectins. They, however, produce slightly different pectins, which make one or the other more,suitable for specific applications. Other sources of pectin include sugar beets and the seed heads of sunflowers. Citrus pectins are preferred in the present invention and most preferred is orange pectins.
The ability of pectins to form a gel depends on the molecular size of the molecule and the degree of methoxylation (DM). The chemical structure of pectin has been the subject of many scientific investigations. Elucidation of pectin structure is important to understanding its role in food processing and as a nutritional fiber. Like most other polysaccharides, pectins are both polymolecular and polydisperse; that is, they are heterogeneous with respect to both chemical structure and molecular weight.
The composition of pectin varies with the source and conditions of extraction, location, and other environmental factors. Based on solubility, two different types of pectins exist: water-soluble or xe2x80x9cfree pectinxe2x80x9d and the water-insoluble pectins. Solubility in water is related to the degree of polymerization and the number and distribution of methoxyl groups.
The most unique property of pectins is their ability to form gels in the presence of Ca2+ ions or sugars and acid. Depending on the DM, pectins are classified into: 1) low methoxy (LM) pectin with a DM of 25-50% and 2) high methoxy (HM) pectin of 50-80% DM. LM and HM pectins form gels in the presence of calcium ions and acid, respectively. The mechanism of gel formation is different in both HM and LM pectins. HM pectins form gels if the pH is below 3.6 and a cosolute is present.
Pectins have always been a natural constituent of human foods and its use is allowed in all the countries of the world. Pectin has been used in a number of foods such as jellies, preserves, jams, dietetic soft drinks, ice cream and as a fat or sugar replacement in low-calorie foods. Pectins also have uses in the pharmaceutical industry.
The pectins useful in the present invention are the HM pectins and are available from The Copenhagen Pectin Factory Ltd. of Denmark and Hercules Food Ingredients, Wilmington, Del. The preferred HM pectins are known as GENU(copyright) JMJ, GENU(copyright) JM, GENU(copyright) JM 150, and GENU(copyright) YM100H manufactured by Hercules Food Ingredients. The GENU(copyright) HM pectins are used in this invention to stabilize the protein at low pH.
The concentration-of the HM pectin used herein can range from about 0.1-3.3% by weight, more preferably 0.1-2% by weight, even more preferably from about 0.5-1.5% by weight and most preferably from about 0.6-1.25% by weight. The amount of HM pectin, such as GENU, used, is dependent, in part, on the level of protein present in the beverage product. In general, the greater level of protein, the more HM pectin will be required to stabilize the low pH beverage. The stabilizing system can comprise the use of high methoxy pectin alone, or alternatively the high methoxy pectin may be used in combination with other stabilizers. For example, the stabilizing system may contain materials such as specially processed pectins which reduce sediment and phase separation through increasing viscosity (i.e. Slendid 200) and micro crystalline cellulose. Slendid 200 is a high ester pectin which is extracted from citrus peel and standardized by the addition of sucrose, however, the molecular structure has been modified during the extraction process to build viscosity and hold water.
One source of microcrystalline cellulose useful in the invention is Avicel(copyright) cellulose gel from the FMC Corporation of Philadelphia, Pa. One preferred form of Avicel is Avicel CL-611 which is a colloidal grade and comprises a 85% by weight microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 15% by weight sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). One aspect of the present invention resides in the discovery that the low pH beverage can be adequately stabilized against physical degradation over shelf-life through the use of high methoxy pectins (HM Pectins) alone, or optionally in combination with MCC and CMC. The amount of HM pectins, CMC and MCC used in the inventive formula, as a % by weight of the formula, can vary as follows:
In a more preferred embodiment, the ranges are as follows:
In yet a more preferred embodiment, the ranges are as follows:
In the most preferred embodiment, the levels are as follows:
In the nutritionally complete child product, the stabilizer is present at from about 0.5 to about 1.5% by weight, more preferably from about 0.5 to 1.0% by weight, and consists of only high methoxy pectin.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the HM pectin is mixed with a source of carbohydrate and nutrients (i.e., calcium, trace and ultra trace minerals) to form an aqueous carbohydrate/mineral slurry. The carbohydrate/mineral slurry is then combined with the protein slurry and the oil blend and further processed. To realize the full benefit of the invention disclosed herein, the pectins (e.g., GENU and Slendid 200) should be added first and it should be agitated at a rate and for a time sufficient to properly hydrate the HM pectin. Minerals and carbohydrates are added once the pectins are fully hydrated.
One important aspect of the low pH beverage of this invention is that it can, in relatively little volume, deliver significant levels of bioavailable calcium. It is, in part, the high concentration of soluble Ca2+ ions that causes some of the physical instability, sedimentation and mouthfeel problems of a nutrient rich, low pH beverage.
In general, any known source of Ca2+, that does not adversely affect the product, can be utilized in this invention. Typically, at least one source will be selected from calcium glycerophosphate, calcium citrate, calcium phosphate tribasic and calcium lactate. Preferably, calcium glycerophosphate and calcium citrate in about a 40:60 weight ratio is used as they are more soluble than other sources of calcium and also have a less chalky mouthfeel. In one embodiment of the invention, the source of bioavailable calcium is a 40:60 mixture of calcium glycerophosphate and calcium citrate. Other embodiments include calcium sources such as calcium lactate and calcium gluconate in combination with calcium citrate. The amount of the calcium source in the beverage can range from about 0.05-1.0%. by weight. As used in this application, any reference to an amount of calcium refers to the amount elemental calcium that should be utilized and not the amount of the calcium salt. Preferably, the level of calcium results in 25-50% of the RDI for the average adult in a volume of approximately 250 ml of the beverage. In the nutritionally complete child product, the source of calcium is preferably calcium phosphate tribasic at a concentration of 0.0-0.5% by weight (elemental calcium).
As is described in greater detail in Example XIII, it was discovered that calcium citrate malate was not compatible in an acidic solution containing proteins. The calcium citrate malate caused the proteins to gel, thereby rendering the beverage unsuitable for consumption. This was a most unexpected finding since calcium citrate malate is routinely added to orange juice which has an acidic pH.
If desired, sources of boron may be added to the nutritional to enhance the absorption of calcium. The amount of boron can vary widely but will typically range from about 500 micrograms to about 600 micrograms per single serving. Sodium borate is currently the preferred source of boron.
The present invention typically employs a food acid, or acidulant, to adjust the pH of the final nutritional product to a range of from about 3.0-4.6, more preferably from about 4.0-4.4 and most preferably from about 4.1-4.3. However, such a food acid is not required as long as other ingredients contained within the formulation lower the pH (i.e., fruit juices, flavorings, etc.).
Typically, the food acid is added in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably about 0.2%-5% and most preferably from about 0.3% to about 2% by weight of the beverage. It is also within the scope of this invention to increase the level of the food acid up to about 1% by buffering the pH with buffering salts. In general, any known acidification agent can be used in this invention (i.e., lactic acid-producing organisms, mineral acids and food grade acids). Preferably, the acidulants for this invention are food grade acids selected from citric acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, glucono delta lactone and mixtures thereof. The inventors herein evaluated a number of acidifying systems based on the resulting organoleptic properties imparted to the beverage. It was determined that in the inventive beverage, which contains high levels of proteins and minerals which act as buffering agents, a significant amount of acid is typically required to lower the pH. It was determined that a mixture of citric acid and phosphoric acid solutions (at about 50% by weight concentration) at about a 70:30 weight ratio is preferred.
Optionally, an emulsifier can be added to the low pH beverage. If utilized, the emulsifier system is preferably at least one component selected from the group consisting of lecithin, monoglycerides, diglycerides, diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, and mixtures thereof. Of the various food emulsifiers currently available, only three (3) have GRAS (Generally regarded as safe, FDA) status: lecithin, mono-diglycerides and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides. The preferred emulsifier system is soy lecithin alone or in combination with diacetyl tartaric acids and esters of mono- and diglycerides
Lecithin is an amphoteric surfactant that will be positively or negatively charged, depending on the pH of the environment. Mono-diglycerides are non-ionic surfactants. Diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono-diglycerides are ionics with a very hydrophilic component attached. These hydrophilic components are carboxylic acids and can act as such or as the respective anions. They work by imparting a negative charge to the fat globules in the matrix, thus causing them to electrostatically repel each other so that no flocculation or coalescence occurs. Panodan(copyright) is a brand of diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides made from edible, refined vegetable fat by Danisco Ingredients Company Products, Inc. of Kansas, USA. Soy lecithin alone is the preferred emulsifier due to its lower melting point and ease of incorporation into the oil blend. The amount of the emulsifier is chosen to suit the particular beverage and generally ranges from about 0.01-5.0% by weight of the liquid nutritional product. The nutritionally complete child product preferably uses a mixture of lecithin, monoglycerides and diglycerides as the emulsification system at a concentration of about 0.1-0.5% by weight.
The beverage of this invention may also optionally contain an antioxidant system at a concentration from about 0.001-5% by weight to prevent the degradation of the unsaturated lipid component. Protection of the unsaturated lipid is especially important when the beverage is in powdered form. At low pH, the triglycerides in the oils can hydrolyze and release free fatty acids which are prone to oxidation and heat can accelerate this reaction. Protection of the lipid component is especially important when soy oil, canola oil and/or marine oil are utilized in the beverage due to their degree of unsaturation. The antioxidant system employed herein uses a system of naturally occurring ingredients that comprise mixed tocopherols and ascorbyl palmitate. In a second embodiment, the three-part antioxidant system comprises ascorbyl palmitate, mixed tocopherols and citrate. The nutritionally complete child product preferably contains from about 0.1-3% by weight of the three-part system.
The quantity of carbohydrate that is utilized in these low pH products can vary widely. The amount of carbohydrate will typically range from about 1-30%, more typically about 1-25% and most preferably about 5-20%, by weight.
The carbohydrates may be any of the digestible carbohydrates such as dextrose, lactose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, corn starch, hydrolysed corn starch, maltodextrin, glucose polymers, corn syrup solids, oligosaccharides, high saccharides, high fructose corn syrup or mixtures thereof, depending on usage.
If desired, indigestible carbohydrates may optionally be incorporated into the formula. One such example is an indigestible oligosaccharide such as fructooligosaccharide. Fibers, both soluble and insoluble may be incorporated into the beverages. Examples of such fibers include soy, oat, pea, beet, cellulose, corn, gum arabic, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, guar gum, citrus pectin, barley and psylium.
In the nutritionally complete child product, the carbohydrate is at 5-15% by weight and is preferably hydrolyzed corn starch with a DE (dextrose equivalent) of 10 to 25. A hydrolyzed carbohydrate is desirable since it keeps the osmolarity down and is easily digested.
The lipids or edible oils useful in the beverage of the invention are those known to be consumable by a human. The quantity can vary widely depending upon the end use of the product. For example, if the product is intended to be suitable as a sole source of nutrition it will have a relatively high level of fat, so that a sufficient number of calories can be provided to the patient to prevent malnutrition. If the beverage is only intended as a supplement to provide calcium, proteins or vitamins, then it can be fat-free. The amount of oils and the types required to accomplish these results are well known to those skilled in the art. However as a general guideline, the beverages will contain from about 0-10% by weight of an edible oil.
In one embodiment of the invention, the edible oil component is a mixture comprising soy oil and marine oil (i.e., oil derived from fish, fungal and genetically engineered plants that contain high levels of n-3 and/or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids at a level of from about 0.5-10% by weight. In another embodiment, the inventive beverage uses a mixture of canola oil and high oleic safflower oil. In one embodiment of the invention for children, the oil blend comprises high oleic safflower oil, soy oil, and fractionated coconut oil. The concentration of the edible oil in the child""s product is preferably from about 4.0 to 6.0% by weight and should be a high oleic oil, as children need this fatty acid.
However numerous other oils or combinations of oils may be incorporated into the beverage. Examples of suitable oils include olive, borage, black currant seed, corn, marine oils, fungal oils, safflower, high oleic safflower, sunflower, high oleic sunflower, evening primrose, cottonseed, rice bran, grapeseed, flaxseed, garlic, peanuts, almonds, walnuts, wheat germ, egg, high oleic sunflower oil, and sesame.
Vitamins, minerals and other trace elements can be used to supplement the food composition and for purposes of total nutritional balance. These supplements can be varied as desired but are typically equal to the RDI or greater, based on 2,000 calories per day. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least 25% of the RDI for vitamins A, D, E and K are supplied in approximately 250 ml of the beverage as well as 25% of the RDI for calcium and selenium.
After numerous sources of magnesium were evaluated (e.g., magnesium carbonate, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate and the like), it was determined that about a 30:70 weight ratio of magnesium phosphate dibasic and magnesium chloride is preferred for the inventive beverage. This mixture is preferred due to its clean taste and buffering capacity. Also preferred is the use of magnesium gluconate as the source of magnesium due to its non-bitter taste. Minerals with a low buffering capacity are desired so that less acid is required when bringing down the pH of the beverage to below 4.2.
In the nutritionally complete child beverage, it is preferred that it contain at least 100% of the RDI for children for protein, calcium, vitamin C, thiamine, iron, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K in approximately one liter of the beverage.
The beverage of this invention can include a fruit juice component, especially for the child beverage. The fruit juice can be any citrus juice, non-citrus juice or mixtures thereof which are known for use in edible products. Examples of such fruit juices include, but are not limited to, non-citrus juices such as apple juice, grape juice, pear juice, nectarine juice, currant juice, raspberry juice, strawberry juice, kiwi juice, watermelon juice, cherry juice, cranberry juice and mixtures thereof. Representative of the citrus juices useful in the inventive beverage include orange juice, lemon juice, lime juice, grapefruit juice, tangerine juice and mixtures thereof. Apple and pear juice is especially preferred for use herein.
The beverages prepared according to the present invention typically contain about 0% to about 50% fruit juice, preferably from about 3 to about 25% fruit juice, most preferably from about 3 to about 15% fruit juice. The fruit juice may be incorporated into the beverage as a puree, comminute or as a single strength or concentrated juice. Most preferred is the incorporation of a fruit juice as a concentrate with a solids content of between 20 and 80% by weight. The beverage of the present invention may also employ other flavors, alone or in combination, with the fruit juice.
Conventional coloring agents, such as approved colors, may be used as well as the conventional antioxidants, such as BHT and BHA. In one preferred embodiment L-cysteine, an amino acid, is added to protect the vitamin C from degradation. Typical levels of L-cysteine can range from 0.001 to 0.1% by weight.
Through the work of the inventors, it has been determined that the inclusion of the free amino acid L-cysteine in the inventive formula is preferred as it provides for acceptable visual appearance of the product and improves the stability of vitamin C in the product. L-cysteine acts as a reducing agent to inhibit the oxidation of vitamin C. It has been found that without the addition of sufficient levels of L-cysteine, oxidation of the vitamin C caused discoloration of the product (taupe/coffee color) after about one month of room temperature storage, with increasing discoloration over time. This problem can also be overcome by elimination of oxygen from the headspace of the container. This is not acceptable in a fruit flavor product as it decreases the consumers compliance. The minimum level of L-cysteine should be used to stabilize the vitamin C as excess levels will impart a sulfur or chemical-like taste and aroma to the product. The actual optimal level is thus dependent upon the level of vitamin C incorporated into the product.
The beverage of this invention may comprise from about 45 to about 95% water by weight. It should be understood that when the beverage according to the invention is in powdered form, water content is typically in the range of less than 5% and more preferably below 3%. The ready-to-feed beverage preferably comprises from about 60 to about 90% water; most preferably from about 75 to about 85% water. The water may be added directly, or it may be provided from alternative sources such as fruit juices, flavorings, etc. Soy bran, rice bran or other fiber polysaccharides or sources of fiber can be included in the beverage according to this invention as is known in the art.
The beverage of the present invention may also employ a sweetener. Representative of the sweeteners useful in this invention include maltose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, invert sugars and mixtures thereof, which also form part of the carbohydrate component. The sugars may be incorporated into the beverage in solid or liquid form but are typically incorporated as a syrup such as a high fructose corn syrup. It should be understood that the other components of the beverage, such as the fruit juice component, optional flavors and the like, may provide a sweetening component to the beverage. Sweeteners comprise from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight, more preferably from about 6 to about 14% by weight of the inventive beverage. The sweeteners for use in the beverage may be sucrose, fructose and mixtures thereof. The total carbohydrate component, including sweeteners, can range from 1-20 weight %, more preferably from 5-15 weight %.
Optionally, artificial or non-caloric sweeteners can be used in the present invention alone or in combination with nutritive sweeteners. Examples of the artificial or non-caloric sweeteners include, for example, saccharin, cyclamates, acetosulfan-K, polydextrose, L-aspartame, sucralose, low alkyl ester sweeteners and the like. Artificial or non-caloric sweeteners, if used, are typically employed in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 1% by weight. More preferably, from about 0.005 to about 0.1% by weight of the beverage. In one embodiment of the invention the combined use of a caloric and non-caloric sweeteners is contemplated.
The beverage of the present invention may also, optionally, employ a preservative. Any food grade preservative can be used and suitable preservatives include sorbic acid, benzoic acid, alkali metal salts thereof and mixtures thereof. Preferred preservatives include sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, potassium benzoate, sodium benzoate, sodium sorbate and mixtures thereof. The preservative is typically present in a total amount ranging from about 0.04 to about 0.2% by weight. More preferably, the preservative is in the range from about 0.04 to about 0.1% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the beverage contains about 0.03% by weight potassium sorbate and about 0.06% by weight potassium benzoate.
As mentioned above, the beverages according to the invention are fortified with various vitamins and minerals. The level of the vitamins and minerals contained within the beverage will preferably supply at least 100% of the U.S. RDI for vitamins A, B, C, D, K and the minerals calcium, iron, phosphorus and manganese in approximately 1000 ml of the low pH beverage. This may be expressed alternatively as xe2x80x9cthe beverage will preferably supply at least 25% of the U.S. RDI for vitamins A, B, C, D, K and the minerals calcium, iron, phosphorus and manganese in a single serving of the low pH beverage, which is approximately 250 ml. Approximately 250 ml is meant to convey an amount an adult can easily consume in one setting, such as, for example, from 225-275 ml.
As mentioned previously, vitamin C is known to degrade via oxidation at low pH values and thus, it is preferable to add the amino acid cysteine as a reducin agent. The level of cysteine should be about 2-15 weight % of the ascorbic acid added. In a preferred embodiment, the beverage contains from 30-50% of the RDI for vitamin C and the L-cysteine can range from 10 to 100 ppm. When about 30% of the RDI for vitamin C is used in the product, the level of L-cysteine can range from 20-40 ppm or 0.002 to 0.004% by weight.
The caloric content of the inventive beverage can be adjusted to any desired level up to about 3 calories per cubic centimeter. The caloric density of the beverage can vary widely. Typically their density will range from about 0.5 kcal per ml up to about 2.0 kcal per ml, and more preferably no greater than about 1.5 kcal. per ml. Most preferred is a caloric density of about 0.8-1.2 kilocalories per ml. The osmolarity of the beverage can range from 250-650, but preferably is in the range of 275-550 mOsm.
The beverage according to the invention can be prepared using conventional equipment and process technology known to those skilled in the art. The incorporation of the pectin components can be accomplished in two (2) general manners. The first approach to pectin incorporation comprises the dry blending of the pectin into a portion of the carbohydrate (i.e., sucrose) at a weight ratio of about 1:5, pectin to carbohydrate. The pectin/carbohydrate dry blend is then added to hot water with agitation. The remaining portion of the carbohydrate is then added after the pectin has become fully hydrated. The minerals are then added to the pectin/carbohydrate solution to form the carbohydrate/mineral slurry.
A more preferred process comprises mixing the pectin with water under high shear mixing and at a temperature of between 65xc2x0 C. and 75xc2x0 C., more preferably between 65xc2x0 C. and 71xc2x0 C. The pectin solution should not exceed about 10% pectin by weight. After mixing for about 10 minutes, the source of calcium is added to the solution following by addition of the major minerals, trace/ultra trace minerals and the carbohydrate, thus forming the carbohydrate/mineral slurry.
In yet another preferred embodiment, especially for the pediatric product, it has been found useful to combine the protein and the pectin and subject the mixture to homogenization prior to combination with other beverage components. It has been found that a homogenization of the pectin protein mixture at a pressure of at least 1,000 psig is satisfactory.
An oil blend is prepared by mixing the edible oil with the emulsifier system, vitamins A, D, E and K, ascorbyl palmitate and mixed tocopherols.
The protein slurry is prepared by mixing the source of protein with a portion of the product water under agitation to a protein content of about 5% by weight.
The protein slurry is then combined with the carbohydrate/mineral slurry and subsequently with the oil blend to form a protein/carbohydrate/mineral oil mixture. This mixture is then preferably subjected to a two-stage homogenization wherein the second stage is from 3.5-4.1 MPa (500-600 psig) and the first stage pressure is from 17.2 to 27 MPa (2,500-4,000 psig). The homogenized blend is then acidified with an edible acid and/or fruit juice to a pH of about 3.0-4.6. A preferred edible acid comprises a mixture of phosphoric acid and citric acid at a weight ratio of about 1:3. At this point, flavor, colors, vitamins, water, folic acid, cysteine and ascorbic acid may be added to the acidified mixture. The pH of the mixture is finally adjusted to a pH of about 4.0 to 4.35 and again homogenized at a pressure of at least 17 MPa after sterilization to form an aqueous food product. If the product is again subjected to further heat treatment, for example in aseptic packaging, an additional homogenization at a minimum of 6.8 MPa (1,000 psig), preferably 10.3 MPa (1,500 psig) should be conducted prior to the filling of containers with product.
In this process, it is important that the carbohydrate/mineral slurry be added to the protein under conditions of high shear so as to assure that the protein and stabilizer particles have an average particle size of less than about 1 micron, preferably less than about 0.8 microns and most preferably less than about 0.5 microns. As used herein, the term xe2x80x9chigh shearxe2x80x9d refers to conditions exemplified, but not limited to, a homogenizer operating at about 4,000/500 psig (27/3.5 MPa) and a high shear mixer with a batch turn-over rate of 1-5 minutes. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate the parameters under which the homogenizer must be operated to achieve the recited pressures. Without being bound to any theory, it is postulated that the homogenization prior to the addition of the edible acid and/or fruit juice allows for the proper interaction between the pectin and the proteins. Another important aspect is that a second homogenization occurs subsequent to the acidification with the acid blend and preferably after a final heat treatment.
The temperature range to which the beverage is subjected to during processing is not critical, however it is highly advantageous to maintain the process subsequent to the first homogenization between 10xc2x0 C. and 40xc2x0 C. Subsequent to the acidification and second homogenization of the beverage, the product is held under low shear conditions.
The beverage according to the present invention has a pH ranging from about 3.0 to about 4.6, preferably from about 4.0 to about 4.6 and most preferably from about 4.0 to about 4.35. The beverage exhibits little or no sedimentation and any sediment that does form is readily dispersed upon mild shaking. This physical stability lasts for at least 12 months despite the high levels of protein, calcium, and other minerals. The beverages described herein are pleasant tasting, smooth textured and may or may not be carbonated. The beverage according to the invention may also be dried and supplied in the form of a powder which can be readily reconstituted with water or juices.
As used herein, any use of the term xe2x80x9caboutxe2x80x9d should be construed as referring to both of the number specified in any range. Any reference to a range should be considered as providing support for any subset within that range. For example, a range of 1-10 should be considered to provide support for a range of 7-9, 3-6, 2-8, etc. Any reference to a single serving is referring to a volume that can be consumed by an adult in one setting, approximately 250 ml(225 ml-275 ml), and more preferably about 237 ml.

Nutritionally complete low pH enteral formula


A facsimile machine is provided with a memory which stores a plurality of destination station information indicating the identity of each of plurality of destination stations. When a one-touch key is depressed, the corresponding telephone number is automatically dialed to establish a communication path with the selected destination station. Then, the source station information indicating the identity of the source station which transmits image data and the destination station information which is supposed to receive the image data are transmitted from the source station to the destination station prior to transmission of the image data, so that the source and destination station information may be indicated at top of a hard copy produced at the destination station.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to a facsimile machine which stores a plurality of destination information, such as facsimile telephone numbers, which are often used, and, in particular, to a facsimile machine which transmits source information indicating the identity of transmission source and also destination information to which data is to be transmitted.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A facsimile machine capable of transmitting the source information identifying the source of transmission of data prior to the transmission of documentary data is well known in the art as disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,697 issued to Wada on Dec. 6, 1983 and assigned to the assignee of this application, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In addition a facsimile machine capable of storing a plurality of facsimile telephone numbers is also known. In this case, a plurality of facsimile telephone numbers to be stored are normally selected depending on the frequency of use. In such a facsimile machine, provision is normally made of a plurality of one-touch selection keys one of which is selectively depressed to select one of the stored facsimile telephone numbers, thereby leaving the burden of dialing or pushing buttons for the entire facsimile telephone number of a destination station to which a facsimile data is to be transmitted.
However, when transmitting one or more of original documents, the operator normally prepares a transmission cover sheet and writes down or types the name, address and facsimile telephone number of the destination station to which the image data of the original documents is to be transmitted. The usage of such an extra cover sheet is disadvantageous because it requires an additional transmission time which thus increases cost of transmission. Moreover, if the transmission is interrupted for some reason in the middle of transmission of a plurality of document sheets following the cover sheet, the operator must prepare another cover sheet to transmit the remaining document sheets because there might be another transmission from a different source station.

Facsimile machine having a function of transmitting source and destination information


The present invention relates to the use of cyamamazine, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the treatment of abrupt benzodiazepine withdrawal.

The present invention relates to the use of cyamemazine, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the treatment of abrupt benzodiazepine withdrawal by substitution of the benzodiazepine with cyamemazine.
Benzodiazepines, such as bromazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, alprozolam, diazepam, prazepam, nordazepam, clobazam, clotiazepam or aprazolam, are the reference medicinal treatment for anxious disorders. However, the occurrence of psychological and/or physical dependency has been described in prescriptions for greater than 6 weeks (KG. POWER et al., Br. Med. J., 290, 1246 (1985)). The frequency of occurrence of the withdrawal syndrome after benzodiazepine has been stopped varies depending on the criteria chosen, but is generally of the order of 40% (R. NOYES et al., J. Clin. Psychiatry, 49, 382 (1988)).
It is therefore recommended, firstly, to limit the prescription of benzodiazepines to 3 months, renewable in certain cases of severe anxiety, and, secondly, to stop the treatment gradually. However, even when the treatment is stopped gradually, the occurrence of a withdrawal symptom may be noted, which is responsible for the benzodiazepine treatment being recommenced (E. SCHWEIZER et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 47, 908 (1990)).
Cyamemazine (TERCIAN(R)) is a sedative neuroleptic which, at low dose, is well tolerated. It is a treatment for anxiety which is indicated when the usual therapeutics are ineffective or in cases of neurotic or psychotic anxieties. It is also known for its action on the decrease of alcohol uptake in rats (N. NAASILA et al., Psychopharmacology, 140, 421 (1998)).
Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics, such as buspirone, have been tested in benzodiazepine withdrawal, but have not shown any significant effect on the withdrawal syndrome (LADER et al., Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 1 (1987); SCHWEIZER et al., Acta Psychiatr Scandinavia, 98, sup 393 (1998)).
It has now been found that cyamemazine makes it possible to treat the symptoms, and in particular the anxiety rebound and withdrawal syndrome, occurring when benzodiazepine treatment is stopped, and thus to avoid the taking of benzodiazepines being recommenced and the treatment being perpetuated. This effect is always noted 6 months after treatment.
During a clinical trial, 2 strategies for stopping benzodiazepines were compared: either gradual withdrawal with a benzodiazepine (bromazepam) or abrupt withdrawal and substitution with cyamemazine.
The cyamemazine was studied in 168 patients, 18 to 65 years old, who had been treated with benzodiazepines (bromazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam or alprazolam) for 3 months or more, at a dose greater than or equal to 5 mg diazepam equivalent and less than 20 mg diazepam equivalent for at least 15 days, and who exhibited a score on the HAMILTON anxiety scale (Br. J. Med. Psychol., 32, 50 (1959)) of less than 18 and required benzodiazepine withdrawal. Diazepam equivalence table:
This is a randomized double-blind treatment which occurs over 3 periods:
1xe2x80x94Substitution period
The benzodiazepine is replaced either with cyamemazine or with bromazepam.
The dose is set according to the prior benzodiazepine treatment:
it is 4 gelatin capsules, taken as 2 or 3 doses a day, containing a dose of 12.5 mg of cyamemazine or 1.5 mg of bromazepam, when the prior dose of benzodiazepine is equal to or greater than 10 mg diazepam equivalents and less than 20 mg diazepam equivalent,
it is 2 gelatin capsules, taken as 2 doses a day, containing a dose of 12.5 mg of cyamemazine or 1.5 mg of bromazepam when the prior dose of benzodiazepine is equal to or greater than 5 mg diazepam equivalent and less than 10 mg diazepam equivalent.
2xe2x80x94Dose reduction period
The dose is either 1 or 2 gelatin capsules at 12.5 mg of cyamemazine or at 1.5 mg of bromazepam a day for 14 days, or 1 or 2 gelatin capsules at 12.5 mg of cyamemazine or at 1.5 mg of bromazepam a day for 11 days, and then 3 days of placebo.
3xe2x80x94Stopping period
1 or 2 gelatin capsules of placebo a day for 14 days.
The results are determined for each patient according to the following criteria:
HAMILTON anxiety scale (HARS)
ZUNG anxiety self-assessment (Official Journal of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol XII, No. 6 (1971))
RICKELS withdrawal scale (Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, Vol 47 (1990))
The results obtained in each of these tests make it possible to deduce that there is no significant difference between the cyamemazine treatment group and the bromazepam treatment group, concerning the maximum amplitude of the anxiety rebound (HARS scale and ZUNG anxiety scale) and the percentage of patients exhibiting an anxiety rebound. The RICKELS withdrawal scale also shows no significant difference between the 2 treatment groups concerning the frequency of occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome. However, after 6 weeks of study, the treatment is successful in a greater number of patients from the cyamemazine group (95%) than patients from the bromazepam group (85%). Moreover, after a considerable period of time (6 months) the withdrawal is still a success in 90% of the patients on cyamemazine versus 75% on bromazepam.
These results demonstrate that, when it is necessary to stop a chronic benzodiazepine treatment, cyamemazine may be used through abrupt substitution for the benzodiazepine without any consequences linked to the occurrence of an anxiety rebound or of a withdrawal syndrome. Moreover, the substitution with cyamemazine for 6 weeks is followed by a better withdrawal success rate after a considerable period of time (6 months).
The cyamemazine can be prepared according to American Patent 2877224.
As pharmaceutically acceptable salts of cyamemazine, mention may be made in particular of the addition salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, sulphate, nitrate or phosphate, or with organic acids such as acetate, propionate, succinate, oxalate, benzoate, fumarate, maleate, methane-sulphonate, isethionate, theophillineacetate, salicylate, phenolphthalinate or methylenebis-xcex2-oxy-napthoate, or substitution derivatives of these derivatives.
The medicinal products consist of at least cyamemazine in free form or in the form of an addition salt with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, in the pure state or in the form of a composition in which it is combined with any other pharmaceutically compatible product, which may be inert or physiologically active. The medicinal products according to the invention may be used orally, parenterally, rectally or topically.
As solid compositions for oral administration, use may be made of tablets, pills, powders (gelatin capsules, cachets) or granules. In these compositions, the active principle according to the invention is mixed with one or more inert diluents, such as starch, cellulose, sucrose, lactose or silica, under a stream of argon. These compositions may also comprise substances other than the diluents, for example one or more lubricants such as magnesium stearate or talc, a dye, a coating (dragees) or a varnish.
As liquid compositions for oral administration, use may be made of pharmaceutically acceptable solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups and elixirs containing inert diluents such as water, ethanol, glycerol, plant oils or liquid paraffin. These compositions may comprise substances other than the diluents, for example wetting products, sweeteners, thickeners, flavouring products or stabilizers.
The sterile compositions for parenteral administration may preferably be aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, suspensions or emulsions. Solvents or vehicles which may be used include water, propylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol, plant oils, in particular olive oil, injectable organic esters, for example ethyl oleate, or other suitable organic solvents. These compositions may also contain adjuvants, in particular wetting agents, isotonic agents, emulsifiers, dispersants and stabilizers. The sterilization may be carried out in several ways, for example by aseptic filtration, by incorporating sterilizing agents into the composition, by irradiation or by heating. The compositions may also be prepared in the form of sterile solid compositions which may be dissolved at the time of use in sterile water or any other injectable sterile medium
The compositions for rectal administration are suppositories or rectal capsules which contain, besides the active product, excipients such as cocoa butter, semi-synthetic glycerides or polyethylene glycols.
The compositions for topical administration may be, for example, creams, lotions, eyedrops, mouthwashes, nasal drops or aerosols.
The doses depend on the desired effect, on the duration of the treatment and on the route of administration used; they are generally between 10 and 100 mg per day, and in particular 25 to 100 mg orally for an adult with single doses ranging from 10 to 20 mg of active substance.
In general, the physician will determine the suitable dose as a function of the age, of the weight and of all the other factors specific to the individual to be treated.

Use of cyamemazine in the treatment of abrupt benzodiazephine withdrawal


The system for injecting gas for a detonation projection gun does not incorporate mechanical closing valves or systems for the supply of combustible gas or other inert additive compounds such as nitrogen, argol, helium or the like. On the contrary, the supply of gas or compounds occurs directly and separately to the detonation chamber (1) through a series of independent passages, one for the comburant and at least another passage for the combustibles, each passage being comprised of an expansion chamber (8) and of a plurality of distribution conduits (9) having a reduced cross-section and/or extended length. The expansion chamber (8) of each passage communicates directly with the corresponding supply line (4) whereas the distribution conduits (9) are conveniently distributed so that multiple gas injection points open out at the internal surface of the combustion chamber (1) in order to produce a continuous and separate supply of gas at multiple points thereby ensuring a direct and homogenous combustible mixing in the combustion chamber (1) and with a flow which is sufficient to fill the chamber (1) in each detonation cycle.

The present invention relates to the field of thermal spray technologies for applying coatings and in particular to detonation thermal spray.
The object of the present invention is a gas feeder apparatus for a detonation spray gun which provides a high safety of use as well as a greater productivity and versatility.
At this time, detonation spray technology is mainly used to apply coatings to workpieces exposed to severe wear, heat or corrosion and is fundamentally based on using the kinetic energy produced in the detonation of combustible mixtures of gases to deposit powdered coating materials on workpieces.
Coating materials typically used in detonation processes include powder forms of metals, metal-ceramics and ceramics and are applied to improve resistance to wear, erosion, corrosion, as thermal insulators and as electrical insulators or conductors.
Spraying by detonation is performed by spray guns which basically consist of a tubular detonation chamber, with one closed end and one open end, to the latter being attached an also tubular barrel. A combustion mixture is injected into the detonation chamber and ignition of the gas mixture is achieved with a spark plug, causing a detonation and consequently a shock or pressure wave which travels at supersonic speeds inside the chamber and then inside the barrel until it leaves through the open end of the barrel.
The coating material powder is generally injected into the barrel in front of the propagating shock wave front and is then carried out to the open end of the barrel and deposited onto a substrate or workpiece placed in front of the barrel. The impact of the coating powder onto the substrate produces a high-density coating with good adhesive characteristics.
This process is repeated cyclically until the workpiece is adequately coated.
In a typical detonation gun, the gases which make up the mixture to be detonated, oxygen and a fuel such as natural gas, propane, propylene, hydrogen or acetylene are mixed before they enter the detonation chamber in a mixing chamber, to ensure the homogeneity of the mixture in the detonation chamber at the time of explosion. The chamber or conduits in which the gases are mixed make up a volume in which flame and shock wave returns must be absent, to prevent backfiring into the fuel and oxygen supplies. This basic safety requirement is solved in traditional devices in three basic ways:
a) Detonation systems in which the mixing chamber, the detonation chamber and the gas feeding supplies are isolated by a valve system synchronized with the firing system. In this arrangement, valves open to allow the gases to pass into the premixture chamber and from it to the detonation chamber and close during the explosion to isolate the feeding supplies from the detonation chamber. Devices of this type are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,687,135 and 4,096,945.
This is a solution widely used but its main disadvantage refers to the fact that the valve system complicates the apparatus and uses mechanical moving parts, which causes reliability problems and limits the productivity. In these devices, the detonation wave is stopped from advancing by filling the mixing chamber with an inert gas such as nitrogen or a noble gas which prevents propagation inside it.
b) U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,091 refers to a method for applying coatings in which the fuel gases are fed continuously into a mixing chamber and from there they pass, through a pipe, into the detonation chamber. To achieve a cyclically and controlled feeding of the mixed gases into the detonation chamber, an inert gas is fed to an intermediate area of the communication pipe between the mixing chamber and the detonation chamber. The injection of the inert gas into the pipe is controlled cyclically by a valve, so that volumes of gas mixture and inert gas arrive in an alternate manner at the detonation chamber. The volume of inert gas allows controlling the adequate mixture volume for detonation and also prevents backfiring into the mixing chamber.
The main disadvantage of this device is its low productivity.
c) Detonation apparatus in which the mixing chamber is communicated with the detonation chamber by a labyrinth-like tortuous path or conduit, which precludes the propagation of the detonation wave by collision of the detonation cells, which make up the shock wave, against the labyrinth walls, so that the wave loses enough pressure not to be able to propagate through the gas feeding supplies. Such an apparatus is described in PCT Patent US96/20160 of the applicant.
In this case, the tortuous path or labyrinth presents a particular geometry which depends on the composition of the gas mixture, since the size of the detonation cells depends on the mixture, and so the labyrinth must be specifically designed to cause the annihilation of the cells which propagate in it. This has the disadvantage that the equipment is designed to annihilate cells corresponding to certain fuel mixtures; a new labyrinth design or, at best, a rearrangement of its geometry is required for safe use with a different gas mixture, which generates cells of different size.
Even for a same pair of gases the labyrinth design can only ensure safety of the system in a limited composition interval of the mixture and pressure of the gases in the combustion chamber.
Another important disadvantage of this type of systems relates to the fact that since there is free communication between the detonation chamber and the mixing chamber it is not possible to completely eliminate backfiring into the mixing chamber, so that between successive detonations there is a combustion of gases contained in the latter. When these gases burn inside the mixing chamber, ashes and soot are created which are deposited on the chamber walls and on the gas feeding conduits, possibly even obstructing these, so that it is necessary to periodically clean and maintain these.
A similar solution to the above one and therefore with the same disadvantages mentioned is described in U.S. Pat. 5,542,606. In this Patent, combustion of the gases occurs in the gas mixing chamber itself, propagating through narrow conduits until a larger chamber is reached where the detonation occurs.
The present invention fully solves the above disadvantages by a continuous gas feeding system which communicates directly and separately the oxygen and fuel gases supplies with the detonation chamber without there being an intermediate chamber or conduit where the fuel gases and oxygen mix before they arrive at the detonation chamber.
The apparatus of the invention have no valves or moving parts to close communication between the detonation chamber and the gas feeding supplies and consists only of a series of independent passages for each of the gases, the design and size of which allow obtaining cyclical detonations with a continuous gas feeding, in addition guaranteeing a fast and thorough distribution of gases in the detonation chamber to obtain a fast and efficient homogeneity of the mixture.
More specifically, each of the independent passages which communicate the feeding supplies to the detonation chamber consists of an expansion chamber and a number of distribution conduits of small cross section and/or great length, so that each gas arrives at the detonation chamber separated from the other gas and through a number of small orifices, as in a shower head, guaranteeing a correct spatial distribution of the gases inside the detonation chamber and thereby a proper homogeneity of the mixture produced in the detonation chamber prior to the explosion.
Once the detonation occurs, the pressure wave generated travels in all directions, mainly through the barrel, but also through the multiple gas distribution passages which open into the detonation chamber. Due to the geometry of these, the progression of the gases through the distribution passages takes place with difficulty so that the gases lose a great deal of heat by thermal transmission to the outer surface of the conduits, cooling down to a temperature below that of ignition of the mixture.
After this, when the main volume of detonation gases passes out through the barrel, the gases which traveled in the distribution conduits are suctioned in, returning already cooled to the detonation chamber, forming a volume of cold gases which is located immediately behind the hot detonation gases, thus acting as a thermal barrier between the very hot detonated gases and the new volume of gases which enters the chamber for a new detonation cycle. This volume of cold gases prevents the detonated gases from being in direct contact with the new volume of gases, thus avoiding the propagation of combustion to the new gases, that is, the cooled detonated gases inside the distribution conduits act as a barrier separating cyclically volumes of gases which cause combustion and therefore detonate cyclically.
As has been exposed, this injection system based on a set of independent passages, consisting of a number of conduits of reduced cross section and/or great length, converts a continuous feeding of gases into cyclical detonations inside the detonation chamber.
In addition, the device also acts as a safety valve, preventing the pressure wave from reaching the gas feeding supplies after each explosion since the special geometry of the distribution conduits makes the gas advance slowly inside them, so that before the pressure wave front reaches the feeding supplies all the explosion volume has left through the barrel and therefore the pressure of the wave rapidly disappears.
Nevertheless, the system is intrinsically safe as there is no volume of explosive mixture, oxygen and combustion gas, in any chamber or conduit of the device except the detonation chamber. This means that even in the case of backfiring, there would be no serious consequences as neither the oxygen nor the fuel (except acetylene) can burn on their own, much less explode.
With the system described, the spray frequency is greater than in present equipment due to the fact that there are no moving parts and it is not necessary to refill the gas and oxygen volumes of the mixing chamber between successive discharges which in other systems are lost through combustion. This means that a faster refill of the detonation chamber can be obtained and therefore a higher working frequency can also be obtained.
The apparatus of the invention is placed directly between the gas feeding supplies and the detonation chamber and can be made in the walls of the chamber itself, as a rod or cylinder placed axially behind the chamber, or preferably as one or several caps internally connected to the detonation chamber. When the expansion chambers are placed around the perimeter of the aforementioned caps, they may occupy an arc of circumference or the full circumference, where in the first case the feeding lines must be arranged radially with respect to the detonation chamber.
Finally, the described system shows greater flexibility than known systems in that there is no limitation as far as the type of gas to be used, in other words, it is not necessary to adapt or modify the detonation gun even if different gases or mixtures of gases are used.

System for injecting gas into a detonation projection gun