An SAE OW-30 or 5W-30 or 5W-20 lubricant has a Noack volatility of less than 15, optionally an M-111 fuel economy of 1.5% or less, and a chlorine content of less than 100 ppm. The lubricant comprises a basestock containing from 0 to less than 10% Group I and/or Group II basestocks, a molybdenum additive providing not greater than 1000 ppm of molybdenum to the lubricant, a calcium detergent providing 10 or greater mmoles of surfactant per kilogram of lubricant, one or more other additives, and a viscosity modifier.

This invention relates to multigrade lubricating oil compositions that, in particular, give enhanced performance in diesel engine ring-sticking tests.
Lubricating oil compositions (or lubricants) for the crankcase of internal combustion engines are well-known and it is also well-known for them to contain additives (or additive components) to enhance their properties and performance.
Increasingly, the demands of original equipment manufacturers (OEM""s) to meet performance criteria dictate the properties of lubricants. One such performance criterion concerns the sticking of piston rings during operation of a compression-ignited (diesel) internal combustion engine. This is usually referred to briefly as xe2x80x9cring-stickingxe2x80x9d; it may be measured by the VWTDi test (CEC L-78-T-97).
Other performance criteria of interest include the volatility of the lubricant, the fuel economy performance of the lubricant, and the chlorine content of the lubricant.
The various criteria clearly constrain formulators of lubricants in terms of additive components and amounts, and of basestocks, that may be used.
It has now been surprisingly found, according to this invention, that use of low concentrations of molybdenum, present as an organo molybdenum compound, can give rise to lubricants meeting demanding xe2x80x9cring-stickingxe2x80x9d test requirements, whilst, at the same time, meeting other criteria.
A number of references describe the use of oil-soluble molybdenum in lubricants.
See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,164,473; 4,176,073; 4,176,074; 4,192,757; 4,248,720; 4,201,683; 4,289,635; and 4,479,883. But none describes use for ameliorating xe2x80x9cring-stickingxe2x80x9d.
In a first aspect, the invention is an SAE OW-30 or 5W-30 or 5W-20 multigrade lubricating oil composition having a Noack volatility of less than 15, such as less than 13, preferably less than 11, preferably no lower than 4 or 5% mass loss according to CEC L-40-A-93; and, optionally, an M-111 fuel economy of equal to or greater than 1.5, such as 2.5%, according to CEC L-54-T-96, said composition comprising, or being made by admixing, a major amount of
(A) a basestock of lubricating viscosity that contains from 0 to less than 10, preferably from 0 to less than 5, mass % of a Group I basestock or a Group II basestock or a mixture of Group I and Group II basestocks, other than basestocks that arise from provision of additive components in the composition; and minor amounts of additive components comprising
(B) one or more molybdenum-containing additives in an amount providing not greater than 1000, advantageously not greater than 500, such as not greater than 350 or 300 or 250, such as no lower than 50, ppm by mass of elemental molybdenum in the composition;
(C) one or more calcium detergent additives comprising a calcium salt of an organic acid as a surfactant, in an amount or amounts providing 10 or greater, such as 12 or greater, such as up to 30 or 35, m moles of surfactant per kilogram of the composition;
(D) one or more other lubricant additives selected from ashless dispersants, metal detergents, anti-oxidants, anti-wear agents, and friction modifiers, provided they are different from additives (B) and (C) above; and
(E) one or more viscosity modifiers,
the additive components providing less than 100, such as less than 50, but such as no lower than 5 or 10, ppm by mass of chlorine to the composition.
In a second aspect, the invention is a method of lubricating a compression-ignited internal combustion engine comprising operating the engine and lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition according to the first aspect of the invention.
In a third aspect, the invention is a method of reducing the ring-sticking tendencies of a compression-ignited internal combustion engine comprising adding to the engine a lubricating oil composition according to the first aspect of the invention.
In a fourth aspect, the invention is a combination comprising the crankcase of a compression-ignited engine and a lubricating oil composition according to the first aspect of the invention for lubricating the crankcase.
In this specification:
xe2x80x9ccomprisingxe2x80x9d or any cognate word is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof;
xe2x80x9cmajor amountxe2x80x9d means in excess of 50 mass % of the composition;
xe2x80x9cminor amountxe2x80x9d means less than 50 mass % of the composition, both in respect of the stated additive and in respect of the total mass % of all of the additives present in the composition, reckoned as active ingredient of the additive or additives;
xe2x80x9coil-solublexe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cdispersiblexe2x80x9d used herein do not necessarily indicate that the compounds or additives are soluble, dissolvable, miscible, or capable of being suspended in the oil in all proportions. These do mean, however, that they are, for instance, soluble or stably dispersible in oil to an extent sufficient to exert their intended effect in the environment in which the oil is employed. Moreover, the additional incorporation of other additives may also permit incorporation of higher levels of a particular additive, if desired.
The invention also provides the product obtained or obtainable as a result of any reaction between the various additive components of the composition or concentrates, essential as well as customary and optimal, under the conditions of formulation, storage or use:
The features of the invention will now be discussed in more detail as follows:
Multigrade Lubricants
Multigrade lubricants perform over wide temperature ranges. Typically, they are identified by descriptors such as SAE 10W-30 or SAE 5W-30. The first number in the multigrade descriptor is associated with a safe cranking temperature (e.g., +20xc2x0 C. ) viscosity requirement for that multigrade oil as measured by a cold cranking simulator (CCS) under high shear rates (ASTM D5293). In general, lubricants that have low CCS viscosities allow the engine to crank more easily at lower temperatures and thus improve the ability of the engine to start at those ambient temperatures.
Multiviscosityxe2x80x94grade oils, commonly referred to as xe2x80x9cmultigradesxe2x80x9d are designed to operate over wide temperature ranges and are identified by descriptors such as SAE 10W-30 or SAE 5W-30. Their properties are defined in the Society of Automotive Engineers document SAE J300. This publication defines multigrades in terms of two criteria: Maximum low temperature cranking and pumping viscosities and Maximum and minimum kinematic viscosities at 100xc2x0 C. and a minimum high-shear viscosity at 150xc2x0 C. and 108Sxe2x88x921.
Low temperature properties define which xe2x80x9cWxe2x80x9d grade shall be assigned to a lubricant and high temperature properties define the xe2x80x9cnon Wxe2x80x9d part of the designation. SAE J300 defines a series of W grades with SAE 0W representing the requirements for operation at lowest temperatures. SAE 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W and 25W are also defined, these grades are suitable for progressively higher minimum temperature of operation. Non-W grades are also assigned a numerical designation, these define a scale of increasing high temperature viscosity. This scale starts with SAE 20 and goes through SAE 30, 40 and 50 to the most viscous grade, SAE 60.
This system of viscometric classification of automotive crankcase lubricants finds universal application with the vehicle and lubricant manufacturing industries.
Noack Volatility
Oil volatility has been associated in the technical literature with both oil consumption and exhaust emissions, both of which are undesirable. One method used to measure volatility of a lubricant is the Noack method. Two standardized Noack methods are JPI Method 5S-41-93 and CEC L-40-A-93. Those methods measure the percent mass lost after a sample has been held at a temperature of 250xc2x0 C. for 60 minutes whilst air is passed through. For the purposes of this invention, all Noack volatility measurements are made using instruments that have been calibrated with a reference fluid.
Fuel Economy
M-111 fuel economy is as measured in accordance with CEC-L-54-T-96.
(A) Basestock
The basestock (sometimes referred to as xe2x80x9cbase oilxe2x80x9d) is an oil of lubricating viscosity and is the primary liquid constituent of a lubricant into which additives and possibly other oils are blended to produce the final lubricant.
Basestocks may be categorised in Groups I to V according to the API Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System (EOLCS) API 1509 definitions, which definitions are used to define the basestocks of this invention. Thus:
a) Group I basestocks contain less than 90 per cent saturates and/or greater than 0.03 per cent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
b) Group II basestocks contain greater than or equal to 90 per cent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 per cent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
c) Group III basestocks contain greater than or equal to 90 per cent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 per cent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
d) Group IV basestocks are polyalphaolefins (PAO).
e) Group V basestocks include all other basestocks not included in Group I, II, III, or IV.
(B) Molybdenum-containing Additives
The molybdenum may, for example, be used in oxidation states IV, and V, such as known in the art. The molybdenum may be present as a cation, but this is not essential. Thus, for example, molybdenum-containing complexes may be used.
Examples of molybdenum compounds that may be used include the molybdenum salts of inorganic and organic acids (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4, 705, 641), particularly molybdenum salts of monocarboxylic acids having from 1 to 50, preferably 8 to 18, carbon atoms, for example, molybdenum octanoate (preferably 2-ethylhexanoate), naphthenate or stearate; the reaction product of molybdenum trioxide, molybdic acid or an alkali metal salt thereof (or the reaction product of such a molybdenum compound and a reducing agent) and a secondary amine having hydrocarbon groups having 6 to 24 carbon atoms (see EP-A-205 165); overbased molybdenum-containing complexes as disclosed in EP-A-404 650, molybdenum dithiocarbamates and, less preferred because of their phosphorus content, molybdenum dithiophosphates; oil-soluble molybdenum compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,995,996 and 4,966,719, particularly the molybdenum xanthates and thioxanthates described in those specifications; and oil-soluble molybdenum and sulfur-containing complexes. Specific molybdenum- and sulfur-containing complexes are those prepared by reacting an acidic molybdenum compound with a basic nitrogen-containing substance and then with a sulfur source (see, for example, GB-A-2 097 422), and those prepared by reacting a triglyceride with a basic nitrogen compound to form a reaction product, reacting the reaction product with an acidic molybdenum compound to form an intermediate reaction product, and reacting the intermediate reaction product with a sulfur-containing compound (see, for example, GB-A-2 220 954). Other examples of molybdenum compounds are described in International Patent Application No. PCT/IB97/01656 and comprise a trinuclear molybdenum core, optionally containing non-metallic atoms consisting wholly or partly of sulfur, and bonded thereto ligands capable of rendering the compound oil-soluble or oil-dispersible. The compounds may be represented by the general formula Mo3SkLp. wherein
L represents a ligand, for example dithiocarbamate
p is in the range from 1 to 4 and
k is at least 4, especially 4 to 10, preferably 4 to 7.
(C) Calcium Detergents
A detergent is an additive that reduces formation of piston deposits, for example high temperature varnish and lacquer deposits, in engines; it normally has acid-neutralising properties and is capable of keeping finely-divide Most detergents are based on metal xe2x80x9csoapsxe2x80x9d, that is metal surfactants or salts of acidic organic compounds.
Detergents generally comprise a polar head with a long hydrophobic tail, the polar head comprising a metal salt of an acidic organic compound. The salts may contain a substantially stoichiometric amount of the metal, in which case they are usually described as normal or neutral salts, and would typically have a total base number or TBN (as may be measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80. Large amounts of a metal base can be included by reacting an excess of a metal compound, such as an oxide or hydroxide, with an acidic gas such as carbon dioxide. The resulting overbased detergent comprises neutralised detergent as the outer layer of a metal base (e.g. carbonate) micelle. Such overbased detergents may have a TBN of 150 or greater, and typically of from 250 to 450 or more.
The calcium detergents that may be used include oil-soluble neutral and overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates, and naphthenates. Particularly convenient calcium detergents are neutral and overbased calcium sulfonates having a TBN of from 20 to 450 TBN, and neutral and overbased calcium phenates and sulfurized phenates having a TBN of from 50 to 450.
Sulfonates may be prepared from sulfonic acids, which are typically obtained by the sulfonation of alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as those obtained from the fractionation of petroleum or by the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples included those obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, diphenyl or their halogen derivatives such as chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene and chloronaphthalene. The alkylation may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst using alkylating agents having from 3 to more than 70 carbon atoms. Alkaryl sulfonates usually contain from 9 to 80 or more, preferably from 16 to 60, carbon atoms per alkyl-substituted aromatic moiety.
Oil-soluble sulfonates or alkaryl sulfonic acids may be neutralised with oxides, hydroxides, alkoxides, carbonates, carboxylate, sulfides, hydrosulfides, nitrates, borates and ethers of the calcium. The amount of calcium compound is chosen having regard to the desired TBN of the final product but typically ranges from about 100 to 220, preferably at least 125, mass %.
Calcium salts of phenols and sulfurised phenols are prepared by reaction of the phenol with an appropriate calcium compound such as an oxide or hydroxide, and neutral or overbased products may be obtained by methods known in the art. Sulfurised phenols may be prepared by reacting a phenol with sulfur or a sulfur-containing compound such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur monohalide or sulfur dihalide to form products which are generally mixtures of compounds in which two or more phenols are bridged by sulfur-containing bridges.
(D) Other Lubricant Additives
ashless dispersants are non-metallic organic materials that form substantially no ash on combustion. Their primary function is to hold solid and liquid contaminants in suspension and they comprise long-chain hydrocarbons, to confer oil-solubility, with a polar head capable of associating with particles to be dispersed. A noteworthy group is hydrocarbon-substituted succinimides
anti-oxidants increase the composition""s resistance to oxidation and may work by combining with and modifying peroxides to render them harmless by decomposing peroxides or by rendering an oxidation catalyst inert. They may be classified as radical scavengers (e.g. sterically hindered phenols, secondary aromatic amines, and organo-copper salts); hydroperoxide decomposers (e.g. organo-sulfur and additives); and multifunctionals. In the practice of the present invention, the use or otherwise of certain anti-oxidants may confer certain benefits. For example, in one embodiment it may be preferred that the lubricating oil composition is free of any secondary aromatic amine anti-oxidants. In another embodiment, it may be preferred to employ in the lubricating oil composition a combination of one or more secondary aromatic amine anti-oxidants (e.g. in the range of 0.1 to 0.7, preferably 0.2 to 0.5, mass % of the composition) and one or more sterically hindered phenol anti-oxidants (e.g. in the range of 0.1 to 2, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mass % of the composition); such composition may for example contain one or more molybdenum-containing additives in an amount providing from 50 or 100 to 500 or 700 ppm by mass of elemental molybdenum in the composition.
anti-wear agents reduce friction and excessible wear and are usually based on compounds containing sulfur or phosporus or both. Noteworthy are metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP""s). Preferably, the alkyl groups are essentially secondary alkyl groups.
friction modifiers include boundary additives that lower friction coefficients and hence improve fuel economy. Examples are esters of polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol monoesters of higher fatty acids, for example glycerol mono-oleate; esters of long chain polycarboxylic acids with diols, for example the butane diol esters of dimerized unsaturated fatty acids; oxazoline compounds; and alkoxylated alkyl-substituted mono-amines, and alkyl ether amines, for example, ethoxylated tallow amine and ethoxylated tallow ether amine. Preferably, in the practice of this invention, component(s) (D) includes one or more friction modifiers selected from esters of polyhydric alcohols and from alkoxylated amines.
(E) Viscosity Modifiers
Viscosity modifiers (or viscosity index improvers) impart high and low temperature operability to a lubricating oil. Viscosity modifiers that also function as dispersants are also known and may be prepared as described above for ashless dispersants. In general, these so-called dispersant viscosity modifiers are functionalized polymers (e.g. interpolymers of ethylene-propylene post-grafted with an active monomer such as maleic anhydride) which are then derivatized with, for example, an alcohol or amine.
Suitable compounds for use as viscosity modifiers are generally high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers, including polyesters. Oil-soluble viscosity modifying polymers generally have weight average molecular weights of from 10,000 to 1,000,000, preferably 20,000 to 500,000, which may be determined by gel permeation chromatography or by light scattering.
Representative examples of suitable viscosity modifiers are polyisobutylene, copolymers of ethylene and propylene and higher alpha-olefins, polymethacrylates, polyalkylmethacrylates, methacrylate copolymers, copolymers of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and a vinyl compound, interpolymers of styrene and acrylic esters, and partially hydrogenated copolymers of styrene, isoprene, styrene/butadiene, and isoprene/butadiene, as well as the partially hydrogenated homopolymers of butadiene and isoprene and isoprene/divinylbenzene.
Other known additives may be incorporated into the lubricating oil compositions of the invention, being different from those defined in the invention. They may, for example, include other detergents; rust inhibitors; corrosion inhibitors; pour point depressants; anti-foaming agents; and surfactants. They can be combined in proportions known in the art.
As is known in the art, some additives can provide a multiplicity of effects; thus, for example, a single additive may act both as a dispersant and as an anti-oxidant.
As stated above, the additives provide less than 50 ppm by mass of chlorine to the composition. Thus, to meet this requirement, the use of chlorine-containing additives (e.g. arising from their method of manufacture) must be eliminated or at least controlled.
Concentrate Definition
In the preparation of lubricating oil compositions, it is common practice to introduce additive(s) therefor in the form of concentrates of the additive(s) in a suitable oleaginous, typically hydrocarbon, carrier fluid, e.g. mineral lubricating oil, or other suitable solvent. Oils of lubricating viscosity such as described herein, as well as aliphatic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, are examples of suitable carrier fluids for concentrates.
Concentrates constitute a convenient means of handling additives before their use, as well as facilitating solution or dispersion of additive in lubricating oil compositions. When preparing a lubricating oil composition that contains more than one type of additive, each additive may be incorporated separatelyxe2x80x94each in the form of a concentrate. In many instances, however, it is convenient to provide a so-called additive xe2x80x9cpackagexe2x80x9d (also referred to as an xe2x80x9cadpackxe2x80x9d) comprising two or more additives in a single concentrate.
A concentrate may contain 1 to 90, such as 10 to 80, preferably 20 to 80, more preferably 20 to 70, mass % active ingredient of the additive or additives.
Making Compositions
Lubricating oil compositions may be prepared by adding to an oil of lubricating viscosity a mixture of an effective minor amount of at least one additive and, if necessary, one or more co-additives such as described hereinafter. This preparation may be accomplished by adding the additive directly to the oil or by adding it in the form of a concentrate thereof to disperse or dissolve the additive. Additives may be added to the oil by any method known to those skilled in the art, either prior to, contemporaneously with, or subsequent to addition of other additives.
The lubricating oil compositions may be used to lubricate mechanical engine components, particularly an internal combustion, such as a compression-ignited engine, by adding the lubricating oil thereto. Particular examples of compression-ignited engine are those developed in recent years where the top ring groove temperature may exceed 150xc2x0 C. due to increases in specific power output to around 40 kW/liter or greater. These engines are more prone to suffer from ring-sticking problems in their operation.
When concentrates are used to make the lubricating oil compositions, they may for example be diluted with 3 to 100, e.g. 5 to 40, parts by mass of oil of lubricating viscosity per part of the concentrate.
When lubricating oil compositions contain one or more additives, each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount which enables the additive to provide its desired function. Representative effective amounts of such additives, when used in crankcase lubricants, are listed below. All the values listed herein are stated as mass per cent active ingredient, unless otherwise indicated.
The final composition may contain from 5 to 25, preferably 5 to 18, typically 10 to 15, mass % of the concentrate, the remainder being oil of lubricating viscosity.

34 Blenheim Way Faringdon Road Southmoor


Copolymers I carrying functional groups and comprising

The present invention relates to novel copolymers I carrying functional groups and comprising
a) 20-60 mol % of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated C4-C6-dicarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof,
b) 10-70 mol % of at least one oligomer of propene or of a branched 1-olefin of 4 to 10 carbon atoms, having an average molecular weight Mw of from 300 to 5000, and
c) 1-50 mol % of at least one monoethylenically unsaturated compound which is copolymerizable with the monomers a) and b),
and furthermore a process for the preparation of these compounds I. The present invention also relates to oil-soluble reaction products II obtainable from the copolymers I by reaction with an amine, a process for the preparation of said reaction products, the use of the compounds II and fuels and lubricants which contain these compounds.
WO-A 90/03359 describes polymers which are used as additives in lubricating oils and have dispersant properties for sludge particles and solid particles present therein. Moreover, the polymers have viscosity index-improving properties, ie. they ensure that the viscosity of a lubricating oil which contains this compound decreases to a substantially smaller extent than that of oils without such an additive when the temperature is increased.
These polymers are composed of two monomer groups, ie. on the one hand of maleic acid or fumaric acid or derivatives of these compounds and on the other hand of an olefin whose molecular weight is sufficiently large for the polymer prepared from these monomers to be oil-soluble. The olefin must carry at least 20% of alkylvinylidene groups.
The polymers disclosed in the publication have properties which are not satisfactory for all applications; in particular, the viscosity-temperature behavior of lubricating oils which contain these polymers as additives is unsatisfactory.
Furthermore, the dispersing effect of this class of compounds is not satisfactory for all industrial applications.
It is an object of the present invention to provide additives for lubricating oils, which additives do not have these disadvantages.
We have found that this object is achieved by the copolymers defined at the outset.
We have also found a process for their preparation, reaction products II obtainable from these copolymers I by reaction with an amine, a process for the preparation of said reaction products and the use of the reaction products II. We have furthermore found lubricants and fuels which contain these compounds.
The embodiments which are particularly advantageous for the use of the copolymers I as intermediates for the preparation of lubricating oil additives are described below.
Copolymers I are composed of monomers a) to c).
Monomer a)
Suitable monomers a) are monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, methylenemalonic acid, citraconic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride and methylenemalonic anhydride and mixtures of these with one another. Maleic anhydride is preferred.
Monomer b)
Suitable monomers b) are oligomers of propene or of a branched 1-olefin of 4 to 10 carbon atoms. These oligomers are composed of at least 3 olefin molecules. Their average molecular weight Mw is from 300 to 5000 g/mol. Examples of these are oligomers of propene, of isobutene and of branched isomers of pentene, hexene, octene and of decene, the copolymerizable terminal group of the oligomer being present in the form of a vinyl, vinylidene or alkylvinylidene group. Oligopropenes and oligopropene mixtures of 9 to 200 carbon atoms and in particular oligoisobutenes, as obtainable, for example, according to DE-A 27 02 604, are preferred. Mixtures of the stated oligomers are also suitable. The molecular weights of the oligomers may be determined in a conventional manner by gel permeation chromatography.
Monomer c)
Suitable monomers c) are all those monomers which are copolymerizable with the monomers a) and b).
Examples of these are linear 1-olefins of 2 to 40, preferably 8 to 30, carbon atoms, such as decene, dodecene, octadecene and industrial mixtures of C20-C24-1-olefins and C24-C28-1-olefins.
Other suitable monomers c) are monoethylenically unsaturated C3-C10-monocarboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, dimethacrylic acid, ethylacrylic acid, crotonic acid, allylacetic acid and vinylacetic acid, among which acrylic and methacrylic acid are preferred.
Vinyl and allyl alkyl ethers where the alkyl radical is of 1 to 40 carbon atoms are also suitable, and the alkyl radical may carry further substituents, such as hydroxyl, amino, dialkylamino or alkoxy. Examples are methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl vinyl ether, decyl vinyl ether, dodecyl vinyl ether, octadecyl vinyl ether, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl vinyl ether, 2-(di-n-butylamino)ethyl vinyl ether, and the corresponding allyl ethers.
A further group of monomers comprises C1-C40-alkyl esters, amides and C1-C40-N-alkylamides of monoethylenically unsaturated C3-C10-mono- or dicarboxylic acids, such as ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, octadecyl acrylate and the esters of industrial alcohol mixtures of 14 to 28 carbon atoms, ethyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, octadecyl methacrylate, monobutyl maleate, dibutyl maleate, monodecyl maleate, didodecyl maleate, monooctadecyl maleate, dioctadecyl maleate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, dibutylaminoethyl methacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, N-octylacrylamide, N,Nxe2x80x2-dibutylacrylamide, N-dodecylmethacrylamide and N-octadecylmethacrylamide.
Vinyl and allyl esters of C1-C30-monocarboxylic acids may also be copolymerized with the monomers a) and b). Specific examples of these are vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl pivalate, allyl acetate, allyl butyrate and allyl stearate
N-vinylcarboxamides of carboxylic acids of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as N-vinylformamide, N-vinyl-N-methylformamide, N-vinylacetamide, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, N-vinyl-N-ethylacetamide, N-vinyl-N-methylpropionamide and N-vinylpropionamide, are also suitable. Other examples are N-vinyl compounds of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as N-vinylimidazole, N-vinylmethylimidazole, N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylcaprolactam.
Mixtures of the stated monomers are also suitable as building blocks for the copolymers.
Preferred among these monomers are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, C16-olefins, C20-C24-olefins, C14-C20-alkyl vinyl ethers and C14-C20-alkyl esters of monoethylenically unsaturated C3-C6-mono- and dicarboxylic acids.
The compolymers I contain the monomers a) to c) in amounts of from 20 to 60 mol % of monomer a), from 10 to 70 mol % of monomer b) and from 1 to 50 mol % of monomer c).
The copolymers may be prepared by all known conventional polymerization processes, for example by mass, emulsion, suspension, precipitation and solution polymerization. All stated polymerization processes are carried out in the absence of oxygen, preferably in a nitrogen stream. The conventional apparatuses, for example autoclaves and kettles, are used for all polymerization methods. Mass polymerization of the monomers of groups a) to c) is particularly preferred. It may be carried out at from 80 to 300xc2x0 C., preferably at from 120 to 200xc2x0 C., the lowest polymerization temperature to be chosen preferably being at least about 20xc2x0 C. above the glass transition temperature of the polymer formed. The polymerization conditions are chosen according to the molecular weight which the copolymers are to have. Polymerization at high temperatures gives copolymers having low molecular weights, whereas polymers having higher molecular weights are formed at lower polymerization temperatures.
The copolymerization is preferably carried out in the presence of compounds which form free radicals. Up to 10, preferably from 0.2 to 5, % by weight, based on the monomers used in the copolymerization, of these compounds are required. Examples of suitable polymerization initiators are peroxide compounds, such as tert-butyl perpivalate, tert-butyl perneodecanoate, tert-butylperethylhexanoate, tert-butylperisobutyrate, di-tert-butyl peroxide, di-tert-amyl peroxide, diacetyl peroxydicarbonate and dicyclohexylperoxydicarbonate, or azo compounds, such as 2,2xe2x80x2-azobisisobutyronitrile. The initiators may be used alone or as a mixture with one another. Redox coinitiators may also be present. In the mass polymerization, they are preferably introduced into the polymerization reactor separately or in the form of a solution. The monomers a), b) and c) may be copolymerized at above 200xc2x0 C. also in the absence of polymerization initiators.
In order to prepare low molecular polymers, it is often advantageous to carry out the copolymerization in the presence of regulators. Conventional regulators, such as C1-C4-aldehydes, formic acid and organic SH-containing compounds, such as 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptopropanol, mercaptoacetic acid, tert-butyl mercaptan, n-octyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan and tert-dodecyl mercaptan, may be used for this purpose. The polymerization regulators are generally used in amounts of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the monomers.
In order to prepare copolymers having a higher molecular weight, it is often advantageous to carry out the polymerization in the presence of chain extenders. Such chain extenders are compounds having diethylenically or polyethylenically unsaturated groups, such as divinylbenzene, pentaerythrityl triallyl ether, esters of glycols, such as glycol diacrylate, glyceryl triacrylate and polyethylene glycol diacrylates. They may be added in the polymerization in amounts of up to 5% by weight.
The copolymerization may be carried out continuously or batchwise. The molecular weights of the products are as a rule from 1000 to 50,000 g/mol.
The copolymers I may be reacted with amines of the formula HNR1R2 to give the nitrogen-containing reaction products II. R1 and R2 may be identical or different. Suitable amine components are
ammonia,
aliphatic and aromatic, primary and secondary amines of 1 to 50 carbon atoms, such as methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, di-n-butylamine and cyclohexylamine,
amines in which R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a common ring which may contain further heteroatoms, eg. morpholine, pyridine, piperidine, pyrrole, pyrimidine, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyrazine and pyridazine,
amines which carry hydroxyalkylene and polyoxyalkylene radicals and in which R1 and/or R2 are
where R3 is C2-C10-alkylene and m is an integer of from 1 to 30, such as ethanolamine, 2-aminopropan-1-ol and neopentanolamine,
polyoxyalkyleneamines which carry terminal amino groups and in which R1 and/or R2 are
where R3, R4 and R5 are each C2-C10-alkylene, m has the abovementioned meanings and R6 and R7 are each hydrogen, unsubstituted or hydroxyl- or amino-substituted C1-C10-alkyl or C6-C10-aryl, such as polyoxypropylenediamines and bis(3-aminopropyl)tetrahydrofurans.
Preferred amine components d) are polyamines in which R1 and/or R2 are a radical of the formula V
where R3, R6 and R7 have the abovementioned meanings and n is an integer of from 1 to 6. Suitable polyamines are ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, dimethylaminopropylamine, diethylenetriamine, dipropylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tripropylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, ethylaminoethylamine, dimethylaminoethylamine, isopropylaminopropylamine, ethylenedipropylenetetramine, 2-diisopropylaminoethylamine, aminoethylethanolamine, ethylenepropylenetriamine, N,N,Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-tetra(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine, 2-(3-aminopropyl)cyclohexylamine, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine and N,N,Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x3, Nxe2x80x3-penta(3-aminopropyl)dipropylenetriamine.
Polyamines which contain a heterocyclic radical as a structural component, such as aminoethylpiperazine, are also preferred.
Mixtures of different amines may also be used as the amine component.
The novel reaction products II are obtained in a conventional manner by reacting copolymers I with the stated amines. The molar ratio of the components depends on the number of acid or anhydride groups in the copolymer I. This may be determined in a known manner, for example by titration with a strong base. In general, from 0.1 to 3 equivalents of acid or anhydride groups in the polymer are used per mole of amine. As a rule, the starting materials for the reaction are mixed and are heated to 30-200xc2x0 C. The reaction is preferably carried out under an inert gas atmosphere and may be effected in the presence or absence of solvents. Examples of inert solvents are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene and xylene, as well as mineral oils. The progress of the reaction can be monitored by IR spectroscopy.
The nitrogen-containing reaction products II may be used as additives for lubricants and fuels.
The lubricants are additive-containing synthetic, semisynthetic and mineral oils, preferably those which are used as engine oils. The synthetic oils comprise synthetic esters and polymers of xcex1-olefins. The reaction products II are added to the lubricants in general as a concentrate in an inert solvent, such as a mineral oil. These concentrates may contain further conventional additives, such as rust inhibitors, antiwear agents, detergents, antioxidants and pour point improvers.
The reaction products II are added to the lubricants in amounts of from 1 to 15, preferably from 0.5 to 10, % by weight.
In fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel, the reaction products II are used as detergents for keeping the intake system clean. Owing to their dispersant properties, they also have an advantageous effect on engine lubricants which they may enter during operation of the engine. From 20 to 5000 ppm, particularly preferably from 50 to 1000 ppm, based on the fuel, are added for this purpose.

Copolymers and their reaction products with amines as fuel and lubricant additives

Abstract: a process for their preparation, oil-soluble reaction products obtainable therefrom by reaction with an amine and the use of said reaction products as additives for lubricants and fuels.


Ophthalmic composition for use in ocular surgery comprises an aqueous solution of sodium hyaluronate with a concentration within the range of 18-40 mg sodium hyaluronate/ml solution and the molecular mass of sodium hyaluronate being in the range of 1xc3x97106-10xc3x97106 less than M greater than r,M. In a method for conducting ocular surgery, the composition is introduced into the eye as a surgical aid. The composition may be used in a method for conducting cataract surgery.

The present invention relates to an ophthalmic composition for use in ocular surgery and a method for conducting ocular surgery. In particular the invention relates to a composition of sodium hyaluronate with a specifically defined molecular mass and concentration, for use in ocular surgery.
Intraocular lens implantation has today become routine surgery. A major tool to accomplish this was the introduction of Healon(copyright) (1980), the high molecular mass, viscoelastic, noninflammatory preparation of sodium hyaluronate. Since then, the cataract surgery has undergone a tremendous progress and many viscoelastic products have been developed. Typically these products are aqueous solutions containing a polysaccharide such as sodium hyaluronate, sodium chondroitin sulfate and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, at concentrations varying from 10-70 mg/ml. The molecular mass (expressed as mass average relative molecular mass,  less than M greater than r,M) varies from about 20,000 (chondroitin sulfate) to about 5,000,000 (sodium hyaluronate).
A cataract surgery of today can be divided into several steps. The first step is pupil dilatation and local anaesthesia. The operation starts by making an incision into the anterior chamber of the eye. When the eye is punctured, the aqueous humour leaks out and the anterior chamber becomes shallow. A viscoelastic product is injected into the anterior chamber, which then regains its former shape and depth. The viscoelastic product maintains the anterior chamber and protects the vulnerable tissues, especially the endothelial cells on the cornea.
The next step is to make a hole in the anterior lens capsule, a capsulotomy, which can be done in several ways. The viscoelastic product helps the surgeon by creating enough space by maintaining the anterior chamber depth and stabilizing the lens.
Extraction of the lens nucleus can be done in different ways, e.g. planned ECCE (extracapsular cataract extraction) or phacoemulsification (phaco) using ultrasound. The remaining lens cortex is removed by irrigation/aspiration.
After removal of the lens, viscoelastic product is again injected to inflate the capsular bag and to deepen the anterior chamber to make space for the intraocular lens implantation. The viscoelastic product maintains the space in the anterior chamber and is a very important protector of the endothelial cells and of other intraocular tissues from direct contact with the lens.
Upon completion of surgery, the viscoelastic product is removed from the eye by irrigation/aspiration and substituted by physiological salt solution. If needed the wound is sutured.
Planned ECCE is the term normally used when the lens nucleus is removed in one piece. Planned ECCE requires an incision size of 9-12 mm.
In the method by phaco the lens nucleus is disintegrated with the help of ultrasound and is aspirated through a small incision, usually approximately 3 mm. An intraocular lens, foldable or not foldable, is then implanted through the incision. Phaco is the most modern method, which has increased rapidly in popularity due to the improved patient outcome. The small incision needed, reduces the amount of astigmatism induced by the surgery. Phaco is the most commonly employed technique in most countries and it will be the dominating technique for the foreseeable future.
The demands on the viscoelastic products used in the surgical steps mentioned above are different. Current viscoelastic products can be divided into two broad groups. The first is a group of highly viscous cohesive products containing high molecular mass polysaccharides that already at moderate concentrations (about 1 mg/ml) form, flexible entangled molecular network and which have a high zero-shear viscosity. The second group consists of lower zero-shear viscosity dispersive products containing low molecular mass polysaccharides in high (about 70 mg/ml) concentrations, which tend to disperse in the eye and which do not exhibit cohesive properties even at high concentrations. The dispersive products typically contain high concentration (approximately. 70 mg/ml) of low molecular mass polysaccharides (average mass average relative molecular mass about 200,000). These products fracture easily and stay in the anterior chamber during the turbulent phacoemulsification procedure. However, these products have poor space maintaining properties. Furthermore, these products can not easily be removed from the anterior chamber at the close of surgery, and frequently require high pressure to expel from the syringe through an ophthalmic cannula into the anterior chamber.
The cohesive products contain high molecular mass polysaccharide (mass average relative molecular mass: 1 to 5 million) at low concentration (10-15 mg/ml). The latter products can easily be injected through thin cannulas, and exhibit good space-maintaining properties. They can also easily be extracted from the anterior chamber due to the cohesive properties. However, as a consequence of the cohesive properties these products frequently leaves the chamber as a chunk during the turbulent phacoemulsification procedure.
The cohesive viscoelastic products are used to displace and stabilize tissues and to pressurize the anterior chamber. However, there is a risk that they leave the eye too quickly during phaco and leave the endothelium not well protected. On the contrary, the dispersive viscoelastic products stay in the anterior-chamber during phaco but do not stabilize tissues very well. So far none of the viscoelastic products available have been able to match all viscoelastic needs during cataract surgery with phacoemulsification and it has been assumed impossible to make such a product.
To achieve the optimal viscoelastic effect in all the surgical steps, U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,056 suggests use of different viscoelastic products in the various steps. U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,056 uses a combination of both cohesive and dispersive viscoelastic products. A similar solution has been suggested by Dr. Steve A. Arshinoff in the description of the xe2x80x9csoft-shellxe2x80x9d technique (Ocular Surgery News, International edition, vol. 14 no. 18 1996, p. 17, xe2x80x9cSoft-shellxe2x80x9d technique uses two types of viscoelastic productsxe2x80x9d reported by Harvey Black)
The object of the present invention is to obtain an improved ophthalmic composition for use in ocular surgery. Further, the object with the present invention is to present a viscoelastic product that could be used in all steps of cataract surgery, especially cataract surgery with phacoemulsification. The object of the present invention is to obtain a viscoelastic product which combines dispersive and cohesive qualities.
Yet a further object of the invention is an improved method of ocular surgery.
The objects of the invention are achieved by the composition and the method described herein.
According to the present invention an ophthalmic composition for use in ocular surgery is obtained. The composition comprises an aqueous solution of sodium hyaluronate with a concentration within the range of 18-40 mg sodium hyaluronate/ml solution and the molecular mass of sodium hyaluronate being in the range of 1xc3x97106-10xc3x97106 less than M greater than r,M.
According to a further aspect of the invention use of an aqueous solution of sodium hyaluronate with a concentration within the range of 18-40 mg sodium hyaluronate/ml solution and the molecular mass of sodium hyaluronate being in the range of 1xc3x97106-10xc3x97106 less than M greater than r,M, for the manufacture of a composition for ocular surgery is obtained.
According to yet a further aspect of the invention a method for conducting ocular surgery is obtained. According to the method a composition comprising an aqueous solution of sodium hyaluronate with a concentration within the range of 18-40 mg sodium hyaluronate/ml solution and the molecular mass of sodium hyaluronate being in the range of 1xc3x97106-10xc3x97106 less than M greater than r,M is introduced into the eye as a surgical aid.
According to yet a further aspect of the invention a method for conducting cataract surgery in an eye having an anterior chamber, a posterior chamber and a lens capsule is obtained. The method comprises the following steps:
a) entering the anterior chamber by making an incision and injecting a composition comprising an aqueous solution of sodium hyaluronate with a molecular mass within the range of 1xc3x97106-10xc3x97106 less than M greater than r,M and a concentration within the range of 18-40 mg/ml into the anterior chamber;
b) performing a capsulotomy;
c) removing of lens and lens cortex;
d) injecting into the lens capsule the composition used in step a) and implanting an intraocular lens;
e) optionally, removing the composition injected in steps a) and d).
With the present invention it was surprisingly found that the composition according to the invention, with the increased concentration of the high molecular mass sodium hyaluronate, had an excellent performance in all steps of ocular surgery. The new hyaluronate composition is both cohesive and dispersive and stays in the anterior chamber during phaco emulsification. Because of these specific qualities the composition has a very good protecting effect against, as well mechanical damage, as against the free radicals which are formed by the ultrasound during the phacoemulsification procedure. The composition is also cohesive enough to maintain the anterior depth. The fact that the composition works well during the phacoemulsification step is surprising considering this composition is more cohesive than known sodium hyaluronate products on the market. A possible explanation to the obtained result is that by making the solution more cohesive, apparently a state is reached where the solution also becomes brittle. In highly turbulent flow (as during phaco), the solution close to the phaco instrument fractures, while a substantial amount of solution remains in the anterior chamber as a soft shell.
The ophthalmic composition according to the invention has preferably a concentration within the range of 18-35 mg/ml, most preferably within 20-28 mg/ml and the molecular mass of the sodium hyaluronate is preferably within the range 1xc3x97106-6xc3x97106 less than M greater than r,M, most preferably within 2.5xc3x97106-5xc3x97106 less than M greater than r,M,.
The ophthalmic composition according to the invention can be used in all types of ocular surgery, such as cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, vitreous surgery and posterior segment surgery. The cohesive qualities of the present composition are very suitable in glaucoma, vitreous and posterior segment surgery both as a protector of eye tissue and to move and hold tissue away from the operation area and as an antiadherence product. However, the composition is especially suitable for cataract surgery with phacoemulsification. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention step c) in the above mentioned method is made by phacoemulsification. At the end of the surgery the composition according to the invention is preferably removed from the eye, but can be left in special cases.
The composition according to the invention is prepared in a conventional manner by dissolving the sodium hyaluronate in an aqueous solvent containing physiological amounts of sodium chloride to the required concentration of sodium hyaluronate. Sodium hyaluronate of suitable molecular mass is today a commercially available product. The solvent may also contain other inorganic salts such as calcium-, magnesium- and potassium chloride in physiological concentrations. Suitably the solvent may also contain buffering agents such as phosphate, acetate, carbonate or citrate in physiological concentrations. The solvent may also contain other physiological compounds. As mentioned above the composition has a good protecting effect against the free radicals produced during phaco. In order to increase this protective effect a compound acting as a scavenger can be added to the composition. As suitable scavengers can be mentioned superoxidedismutase (SOD), mannitol, glutathione or other known scavanger compounds acceptable to the eye.


Rapidly disintegrating preparations containing at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient and at least one excipient can be obtained by a simple process in which at least the predominant part of the complete composition of the ingredients for the preparation to be produced is granulated, the resulting granules and, where appropriate, the remainder of the ingredients are shaped in the presence of liquid virtually without pressure, and the resulting shaped articles are dried.

The invention relates to a process for the production of solid preparations which contain active pharmaceutical ingredient and rapidly disintegrate in aqueous liquids (such as, for example, water, saliva).
Pharmaceutical formulations which act immediately are required to disintegrate rapidly in liquids and quickly release the active ingredient. It is often attempted to achieve this aim by processing the active ingredient without binder but with excipients which promote disintegration of the preparations after the liquid gains access to give formulations such as, for example, tablets. However, satisfactory results are not obtained in all cases.
A new generation of pharmaceutical preparations which act immediately are expected to disintegrate and release the active ingredient in the shortest possible time. In addition, however, it would also be advantageous for the preparations to disintegrate in the presence of only small amounts of liquid, as are present, for example, on oral administration without addition of liquid, within a very short time without coarse granule particles remaining, which cause a xe2x80x9cgritty feelingxe2x80x9d in the mouth.
Effervescent preparations such as effervescent powders and effervescent tablets are a formulation form which can distinctly improve the disadvantageous properties of active ingredients when the active ingredients have a long absorption time and/or limited gastric tolerability. Pharmaceutical-containing effervescent preparations are therefore enjoying increasing popularity. It would therefore be desirable for the solution to be found to the problem also to be applicable to pharmaceutical effervescent preparations.
The required pharmaceutical preparations ought also to take appropriate account of the properties of the individual active ingredients such as, for example, the frequently encountered sensitivity to water. The solution to be found to the problem ought, of course, to lead to mechanically stable formulations (low friability, high hardness and compressive strength), which can be packaged without difficulty and can be stored and transported under usual conditions.
There have been diverse attempts to achieve this aim:
JP-A 08291051 discloses a process for producing tablets in which initially the active ingredients, water-soluble binder and water-soluble bulking agent are tabletted under very low pressure; the resulting tablets are then moistened and subsequently dried.
EP-A 192 460 describes tablets with a relatively hard shell of compressed material which is relatively resistant to liquids, there being rapid dissolution of the tablet ingredients after crushing of the tablet in the presence of liquid.
EP-A 352 190 describes the production of porous tablets which rapidly disintegrate in water and whose pores are produced by freeze drying a dispersion. The moulding composition for producing the tablets contains a defined amount of water to adjust the required viscosity.
EP-A 450 141 relates to a rapidly dissolving carrier material, inter alia for active pharmaceutical ingredients, with porous water-soluble, hydratable gel or foam material which has been hydrated with water, cured in the hydrated state and then dehydrated in such a way that cavities remain in place of the hydration liquid.
EP-B 548 356 discloses tablets containing disintegrating agents and/or swelling agents or soluble substances, where the (unpleasant-tasting) active ingredient is multiparticulate and is in the form of coated microcrystals or coated microgranules.
EP-A 553 777 describes a process for producing porous, rapidly disintegrating tablets in which granules containing active ingredient and carbohydrate are moistened with water, and a tablet is shaped therefrom and dried. The dissolving times (in the mouth) are between 0.2 and 1.5 minutes.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,926,121 discloses a process for producing medicinal sweets in which sugar is added to a highly concentrated aqueous aluminium hydroxide suspension, a solid protective colloid is added to the resulting mixture, the mixture is homogenized and air is introduced, and the resulting pasty composition is allowed to dry at room temperature without exposure to heat.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,684 describes rapidly disintegrating tablets based on a matrix network structure composed of mannitol and a natural gum such as guar gum or gum acacia.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,553 describes a process for producing rapidly disintegrating tablets in which a mixture containing active ingredient and amorphous sugar is subjected to a so-called flash flow process where the sugar crystallizes in the form of a type of candyfloss. The candyfloss-containing voluminous composition can be shaped to tablets with small forces (preferably not more than 80 psi) and then subjected, where appropriate in a moist atmosphere, to a curing.
WO 98/23656 relates to a freeze-drying process for producing rapidly disintegrating tablets using lipids and structure-forming agents.
WO 98/29137 describes rapidly disintegrating tablets which comprise a solid dispersion of an active ingredient of low solubility in a gel-forming water-soluble polymer, and contain an alkali metal salt of a weak acid or of a strong acid with an endothermic standard dissolution enthalpy or dissolution heat.
WO 98/46215 discloses a technology in which granulation is dispensed with, and the active ingredients and a matrix containing a non-direct compression filler, for example mannitol, and a glidant are compressed to tablets. The tablets are intended to disintegrate quickly in the mouth and, during this, cause a minimal xe2x80x9cgritty feelingxe2x80x9d.
It is furthermore known to make sucrose crystals slightly moist (residual moisture less than 2% by weight) and to follow compaction under high pressure by drying, resulting in porous but stable shaped articles.
The processes mentioned are either technically complicated or lead to products which do not have the expected short disintegration times or which have inadequate mechanical stability so that to protect from damage in some cases even special packaging techniques are proposed. Thus, whereas the known processes usually provide partial solutions for particular problems, there has to date been no economic process for preparations which meet all the abovementioned requirements to a high degree.
It has now been found, surprisingly, that the stated object can be achieved by a technically very simple process.
The invention relates to a process for the production of preparations containing A) at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient and B) at least one excipient butxe2x80x94apart from an effervescent composition which is present where appropriatexe2x80x94no disintegrant, in which at least the predominant part of the complete composition of the ingredients for the preparation to be produced is granulated, the resulting granules and, where appropriate, the remainder of the ingredients are shaped in the presence of 2.5 to 15% by weight of liquid C), based on the total of solid ingredients and liquid, preferably water, ethanol and/or isopropanol, under a pressure of up to 100, preferably 0.1 to 50, in particular 1 to 20, N/cm2 with a degree of compaction of 30 to 80%, based on moist complete composition to be shaped, and the resulting shaped articles are dried.
The solid preparations obtainable in this way are porous and are immediately moistened throughout on contact with aqueous liquid. The disintegration and the dissolution of preparations produced according to the invention and containing effervescent compositions take place virtually simultaneously within a few seconds. As a rule, disintegration and dissolution are complete within 2 to 12 sec, preferably within less than 8 sec, in particular within less than 5 sec (measured in a vessel charged with 150 ml of water at 20xc2x0 C. or on the tongue without additional liquid being added); preparations produced according to the invention without effervescent compositions have completely disintegrated in this time and are at least one half dissolved.
The mechanical stability of the preparations obtainable according to the invention makes transport, storage and handling possible without difficulty.
The term xe2x80x9cactive ingredientxe2x80x9d comprises for the purpose of this invention active pharmaceutical ingredients in the narrower sense, that is to say preferably not foodstuffs (such as, for example, dairy products) and vitamins only in pharmaceutical dosage.
Preferred active ingredients A) for the preparations to be produced according to the invention are, for example,
analgesics such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, COX2 inhibitors such as nimesulide, meloxicam, naproxen, propyphenazone, metamizole,
antacids such as hydrotalcite, magaldrate, calcium carbonate,
antiasthmatics/bronchospasmolytics such as salbutamol, tulobuterol, terbutaline, cromoglicic acid, ketotifen, theophylline,
antibiotics such as quinolones, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, penicillins, macrolides, sulphonamides, polypeptides,
psychopharmaceuticals such as benzodiazepines, haloperidol, amitriptyline, carbamazepine,
antirheumatics such as phenylbutazone, indometacin, diclofenac, piroxicam,
antidiabetics such as metformin, glibenclamide, acarbose, glisoxepide,
antiallergics/antihistamines such as astemizole, terfenadine, loratadine, clemastine, bamipine, cetirizine,
antihypotensives such as etilefrine, norfenefrine, dihyroergotamine mesilate,
antitussives such as codeine, dextromethorphan, clobutinol, dropropizine,
antihypertensives such as beta blockers such as propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, prazosin,
antihypertensives such as calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine, nitrendipine, diltiazem, verapamil, felodipine, nimodipine,
laxatives such as sodium picosulphate, lactulose, lactitol,
mucolytics/expectorants such as ambroxol, bromhexine, guaifenesin, acetylcysteine, carbocisteine,
H2 blockers such as ranitidine, famotidine, pirenzepine,
local anaesthetics such as benzocaine, lidocaine, procaine,
antiemetics/prokinetics such as metoclopramide, domperidone, meclozine, dimenhydrinate,
lipid-lowering agents such as fenofibrate, bezafibrate, pravastatin, fluvastatin,
agents effective for migraine, such as caffeine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, sumatriptan, pizotifen,
sympathomimetics such as pseudoephedrine, pholedrine,
vitamins and minerals.
In the case of active ingredients A) which are of low solubility per se it is generally advantageous to convert the active ingredients A) into water-soluble salts. Preferred water-soluble ASA salts comprise ASA lysinate and ASA arginate.
Further ingredients comprise
carriers such as monosaccharides, for example glucose, oligosaccharides, for example sucrose, polysaccharides, for example maltodextrin and polyols, for example mannitol and sorbitol,
binders such as glycine, maltodextrin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, vinyl alcohol/vinylpyrrolidone copolymers, polyethylene glycol, ethylene oxide/propylene oxide mixed ethers, cellulose ethers, preferably hydroxypropylcellulose,
wetting agents such as dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate, sodium lauryl sulphate,
lubricants such as polyethylene glycol, disodium fumarate,
bulking agents such as highly disperse silica,
vitamins and
other pharmaceutical aids complying with the specifications in pharmaceutical textbooks.
The excipients B) are preferably water-soluble. xe2x80x9cWater-solublexe2x80x9d in this sense means a solubility in water (20xc2x0 C.) of at least 10, preferably at least 30 and, in particular, at least 40, g/100 ml of water. A particularly preferred excipient B) is maltodextrin.
The excipients B) furthermore comprise the effervescent composition necessary for effervescent preparations and containing (i) CO2 donor and (ii) acidic component.
Preferred CO2 donors (i) comprise alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carbonates and bicarbonates, in particular sodium and potassium carbonates and bicarbonates, and magnesium and calcium carbonates.
Suitable as acidic component (ii), which liberates carbon dioxide from the CO2 donor (i), are all physiologically acceptable acids (so-called xe2x80x9cacidulantsxe2x80x9d) which are strong enough to liberate carbon dioxide from component (i); such acids have a first equilibrium exponent pKa of from 1 to 7, preferably from 2 to 6 (at 25xc2x0 C.). Preferred acidic components (ii) comprise ascorbic acid and polybasic carboxylic acids with 3 to 8, preferably 4 to 6, C atoms and 2 to 4 carboxyl groups per molecule, such as, for example, vitamin C, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and mixtures thereof. Further preferred acidic components (ii) comprise the acidic salts of the abovementioned polybasic acids.
The effervescent composition preferably contains 30 to 70% by weight of CO2 donor (i) and 70 to 30% by weight of acidic component (ii), in each case based on the total of the components (i) and (ii).
The shaped articles obtainable according to the invention shouldxe2x80x94apart from the effervescent composition which is present where appropriatexe2x80x94be free of so-called disintegrants (disintegrating aids). These include, for example, normal starch (such as corn or rice starch). It may be pointed out in this connection that the term xe2x80x9cdisintegrantxe2x80x9d for a few substances such as, for example, starch also depends on the amount: whereas amounts of at least 5% by weight of starch (usually in powder form, that is to say avoiding contact with water), based on the finished shaped article, act as disintegrants, amounts of up to 3% by weight of starch, based on the finished shaped article, are used as binders in the granulation.
The term xe2x80x9cdisintegrantxe2x80x9d comprises in particular the so-called superdisintegrants; these include a) crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, which is normally employed in amounts of from 2 to 5% by weight, based on the finished shaped article; b) crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (xe2x80x9ccroscar mellose sodiumxe2x80x9d), which is as a rule employed in amounts of from 2 to 5% by weight, based on finished shaped article; c) crosslinked starch, which is generally employed in amounts of from 2 to 10% by weight; and d) low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (L-HPC), which is normally employed in amounts of from 2 to 5% by weight, based on finished shaped article.
In a particular embodiment, the preparations produced according to the invention contain less than 3% by weight, based on finished shaped article, of swellable binders. xe2x80x9cSwellable bindersxe2x80x9d in this sense are, in particular, natural starches, but not non-swelling water-soluble starches.
A particularly preferred preparation obtainable according to the invention contains an effervescent composition and A) acetylsalicylic acid and/or ibuprofen or water-soluble salts thereof and B) maltodextrin and/or mannitol.
Water is the most preferred liquid C). Suitable and preferred as liquid C) are also ethanol and isopropanol, and all conceivable mixtures which can be produced from at least two members of the group of water, ethanol and isopropanol.
The primary particles to be employed for the granulation should be as small as possible and, if possible, amorphous. The primary particle size of the active ingredients may vary within wide limits but will mostly be between 100 and 600, preferably 150 and 500, in particular less than 250, xcexcm. The granulation can take place in a manner known per se on granulating plates, in granulating drums, in a fluidized bed or by vibration. Particularly porous granules can be obtained by prior reaction of the effervescent composition with water.
The uniformity and the speed of decomposition of the preparations produced according to the invention are promoted by a narrow particle size distribution of the granules. The preferred average particle diameter d50 is 500 to 900 xcexcm, where d50 is the particle diameter above and below which in each case 50% by weight of the particles lie. The particle diameter d10-d90 is preferably in the range from 300 to 1300, in particular from 500 to 1000, xcexcm. Because spherical granules provide an optimum in porosity and number of possible contact points, spherical and virtually spherical granules are preferred; a narrow particle size distribution is particularly preferred.
The liquid C) to be used according to the invention can be added before, during or after the granulation. Since the liquid C) acts as glidant in the shaping during the process according to the invention, other glidants can be dispensed with.
Undesirably large agglomerates can be removed by screening, for example by forced screening. The mesh width of the screen may vary within wide limits; as a rule it is from 0.5 to 2.0 mm, preferably 0.8 to 1.5 mm.
The residual moisture of the composition before the shaping can be 2.5 to 15, preferably 5 to 10, % by weight, based on the total of solid ingredients and liquid. It can be determined with a drying balance, for example with a Sartorius MA 40, at 50xc2x0 C. Any water of crystallization present should not be taken into account in the moisture determination.
The apparent density of the granules is generally 0.5 to 1.8, preferably 0.7 to 1.5, g/cm3.
The porosity of the granules can be 0.3 to 0.7, preferably 0.4 to 0.6.
The shaping can take place, for example, in tabletting machines (in order to avoid unwanted adhesion of the preparations to the die it is possible to coat the die with polytetrafluoroethylene because the die is exposed to only low forces). With tabletting machines and shaping compactors it is advisable for the shaped preparations to be ejected downwards.
The process according to the invention makes it possible to dispense with so-called lubricants or release agents. If, nevertheless, such agents are to be employed, very small amounts are sufficient, such as, for example, 0.001 to 0.2, preferably 0.03 to 0.1, % by weight, based on the moist composition before the shaping.
The composition of the granules in moist form reduces to a minimum the work required for the shaping. The aim in the shaping should be a minimum of pressure applied.
For the shaping, a degree of compaction of from 30 to 80, preferably 55 to 70, in particular 60 to 65, %, based on the apparent density (moist) before the shaping, has proved suitable. The degree of compaction can be based on the height of the material poured into the die.
The true density of the preparations obtainable according to the invention (is calculated from the sample weight and the volume determined in helium (comparative gas pycnometer, for example Quantachrome Ultrapycnometer)) is generally 0.7 to 2.5, preferably 1.5 to 1.8, g/cm3. The apparent density (determination of the shell volume in mercury (for example with a Pascal 440 Porosimeter from Carlo Erba) is calculated from the sample weight and the tablet volume (=solid volume+pore volume)) of the dried preparations produced according to the invention can be 0.2 to 1.8, preferably 0.5 to 1.5, g/cm3, and their porosity (ratio of pore volume and tablet volume) can be 0.2 to 0.8, preferably 0.4 to 0.7, in particular 0.5 to 0.7.
Drying can take place by conventional methods, for example by contact, convection or radiation. Preferred dryers comprise tunnel dryers, circulating air tray chambers, vacuum dryers, infrared, microwave and high frequency equipment. The drying conditions depend on the size of the formulations. As a rule, temperatures of from 20 to 80xc2x0 C., in the presence of effervescent composition of from 20 to 50xc2x0 C., lead to good results. For example, circulating air drying at 40xc2x0 C. is straightforward for most active ingredients. The drying times may be 10 minutes to 6 hours, preferably 0.5 to 4 hours. If necessary, the drying can be followed by a cooling step.
The hardness of the preparations produced according to the invention reaches values of from 10 to 110, preferably 20 to 50, N/cm2, determined in a type 2E/205 hardness tester from Dr Schleuniger/Switzerland. This entails the force displayed by the measuring instrument being related to the fracture area of the tablet which ideally breaks in the middle; thus, for a round tablet having a diameter of 20 mm and a height of 7 mm (fracture area 140 mm2=1.4 cm2), the hardness for a displayed force of 140 N is 140:1.4=100 N/cm2.
If the active ingredients or excipients are hygroscopic or sensitive to air or light, this must be taken into account in the type of packaging.
Since the fast disintegration and the rapid release take place even with small amounts of liquid, the preparations produced according to the invention are also suitable for oral or rectal administration.
The percentages in the following examples are in each case based on weight; parts are parts by weight.

Method for producing quickly decomposable solid pharmaceutical preparations


A water lance blower for cleaning heat installations is disclosed. A water lance linked with a water feed conduit system is swivel-mounted with its orifice disposed in a hatch. The water lance can blow a jet of water through the heating installation in operation and through which flames and/or flue gases are guided to wall areas that can be reached from the hatch. The water lance blower is provided with a drive system with at least two drive units that control the water lance, and with a holding device that fastens the water lance blower onto the heating installation. Further, parts of the water feed conduit system are integrated onto the holding device, thereby substantially limiting the size of the water lance blower to the swivel range of the water lance.

The invention relates to a water lance blower having a water lance.
Water lance blowers of this type are described, for example, in International Publication Nos. WO 96/38701 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,283,069B1; 6,035,811A; 5,925,193A) WO 96/38702 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 6,073,641A), WO 96/38703 and WO 96/38704 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 6,101,985A). The water lance blowers emit a focused water jet through the furnace onto the opposite wall. As a result of the kinetic water jet energy and the sudden vaporization of water that has penetrated into pores of the deposits, flaking off of the soot, slag and ash soiling is carried out.
The area of impact of the water jet generated by the water lance blower generally follows a specific, pre-determinable path on the surface to be cleaned (known as a xe2x80x9cblowing pathxe2x80x9d), wherein the path is generally in a wave-form, and possibly avoids obstacles, apertures or other sensitive zones.
In addition to the control of the drive system by a template, which necessarily generates a very specific blowing pattern, dual axis controls are mainly used, with control axes at right angles to one another. In particular, a horizontal and a vertical axis are used in order to be able to easily generate wave-form blowing patterns. As a result, drive systems of conventional water lance blowers are provided with a horizontally orientated and a vertically orientated drive unit. At least one of the two drive units is also fastened with appropriate devices directly to the heating installation. The second drive unit of conventional drive systems is provided with devices with which the second drive unit can be fixed to the first drive unit in order to produce dual axis control. The second drive unit is disposed such that, for example, it is additionally guided on the heating installation or parts of the drive system. Such a drive system is described, for example, in the International Publication No. WO 93/12398.
The drive units of individual, conventional drive systems are configured differently because of the different requirements (in relation to the fastening or guiding),. A drive unit is usually fixed onto a part of a framework. During operation, the drive unit moves the other drive unit and a water lance, and for reasons of stability and rigidity is configured particularly robustly. In contrast to this, the second drive unit that is coupled in particular to the water lance is matched to the structural configuration of the first drive unit. Specially configured retaining and fastening devices are therefore necessary.
Furthermore, the individual components (such as, for example, the drive system, the water supply line and the control cabinet) of conventional water lance blowers are disposed around a centrally positioned water lance so that they are disposed in areas outside the slewing range of the water lance (in order not to limit the slewing range). Additionally, the water lance is connected to a water supply line that has to follow the movements of the water lance, while at the same time not restricting the water lance.
Thus, such a water supply line of conventional water lance blowers is directly removed from the slewing range after leaving the water lance. For these reasons, conventional water lance blowers require substantially more space than the actual movement of the water lance necessitates. This is particularly problematic when the place where a water lance blower is installed is delimited by a large number of the structural requirements of the heating installation such as, for example, pipelines, supports, armatures and so forth. It is thus conceivable that the positioning of conventional water lance blowers at a desired place on the heating installation cannot be carried out, since there is insufficient space for the entire water lance blower, even though the required slewing range for the water lance would be provided.
The different embodiments of water lance blowers demand a high degree of logistical complexity in production, operation and service. Production includes a large number of manufacturing processes that are dependent on the different types of drive units of the embodiment. A wide range of machines and tools, as well as specially trained personnel are required for this purpose.
The invention relates to a water lance blower with a water lance that is pivotably disposed with its mouth on or in a hatch, with a drive system that is provided with at least two drive units for controlling the water lance, and with a retaining device for fastening the water lance blower to a wall. Such water lance blowers are used in particular for cleaning heating installations, wherein the water lance can blow a jet of water through the heating installation that is in operation and through which flames and/or smoke flow onto wall areas reachable via the hatch.
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a compact water lance blower that overcomes the hereinafore-mentioned disadvantages of the heretofore-known devices of this general type, and that is easy to assemble and to service and which reduces the logistical demands described hereinabove to one operation, whereby the water lance can be controlled along pre-determinable blowing patterns at different speeds.
With the foregoing and other objects in view, there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a water lance blower connected to a water supply system for cleaning a heating installation containing a hatch. A water lance having a mouth is pivotably disposed in the hatch. A drive system has at least two drive units for controlling the water lance and a retaining device for attaching the water lance blower to the heating installation. The retaining device has parts of a water supply system integrated into the retaining device.
The water lance blower is particularly compactly configured by integration of parts of the water supply into areas of the water lance blower that are disposed close to the water lance.
The retaining device also represents a kind of adaptor between a usually rigidly configured water supply line and a moveable, flexible mechanism for conducting the water to the water lance. The conducting mechanism is moved only in a relatively small section, whereby lesser forces are required for moving the water lance and the space in which parts of the water lance blower move are clearly reduced. It is precisely the reduction in the movement space that results in the positioning of the water lance blower according to the invention, thereby no longer necessitating a complex matching of the water supply system with the structural circumstances of the heating installation.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, the retaining device is provided with at least one connecting device for a separate water supply line. In particular, the use of standardized connecting devices is advantageous, whereby the water supply lines can be constructed rigidly, for example, as conduits. Furthermore, the retaining device has at least one connecting element for a flexible line for conducting water to the water lance. The configuration of the connecting element can be constructed flexibly. In a manner similar to the water conducting line, the connecting element is orientated towards the water lance (wherein the desired slewing range of the water lance is not limited).
In accordance with a further feature of the invention, the retaining device is provided with at least one distributor that divides a flow of water flowing through and connects the water supply line to at least two connecting elements. A large flow of water can thereby be subdivided into several streams of water such that a configuration of the more flexible water conveyance to the water lance that is appropriate for the application is possible.
In accordance with an advantageous configuration of the water lance blower, at least one valve is integrated into the retaining device. The valve serves to regulate the pressure generated in the nozzle of the water lance, whereby the quality of the water jet generated can be easily influenced, in combination with a control unit by an operator.
In accordance with a further configuration, the flexible line is provided as a flexible hose system from the retaining device to the water lance, wherein the water flow is divided into two or more parallel hoses. The distribution of the water flow can take place either within the retaining device, as, for example, with a distributor, or through the hose system itself. The distribution of the water flow into two or more hoses results in substantially smaller radii of bending in the hose system, and thus contributes to the compactness and flexibility of the water lance blower.
It is particularly advantageous to configure the hose system with four hoses that are disposed such that each hose is disposed with the center point of its cross-section at the corners of an imaginary square. In this way, preferred directions of bending of the hose system are produced, which can be orientated according to the desired paths of motion of the water lance. The hoses can be fixed in this configuration using simple mechanisms such as, for example, cable ties.
In accordance with a further development, the hose system is configured with three or more hoses that are disposed with the center points of their cross-sections in a square. The orientation of the hose system also has to be matched to the paths of motion of the water lance such that friction upon the hose walls is as low as possible.
According to a further embodiment, the hose system is provided with a hose jacket that surrounds, at least in part, two or more hoses. This can be done, for example, in areas of the hose system particularly stressed by bending or soiling. It is particularly advantageous when the hose jacket is provided with an anti-friction agent (for example, talcum) distributed substantially between the hose jacket and the hoses. In this way, friction occurring externally on the hose walls during bending stress is reduced.
It is particularly advantageous when the parts of the water supply system integrated into the retaining device are disposed in a concentrated manner in one corner of the drive system. In this way, the range of movement of the water lance is not limited.
It is particularly advantageous (also independent of the rest of the configuration of the retaining device), when the drive system of the water lance blower is provided with two drive units that are distinguished in that they are configured as modules. This means that the drive units form autonomous functional units and are completely exchangeable. Consequently, identically configured drive units configured in this way in a drive system are also mutually exchangeable. This has the advantage that, for example, during repair, the drive unit can simply be removed and replaced with a new drive unit. A modular embodiment of the drive units additionally reduces the logistical complexities for a business, which now need only manufacture, store and logistically manage a reduced number of variants of the drive units. This substantially reduces the manufacturing and servicing costs for the business.
Such a configuration of the drive system further supports the compact and simple configuration of the water lance blower.
The fastening of the retaining device to a heating installation can thus be carried out in the position desired. Proceeding from this position, the drive units can be disposed as desired. Thus, possibly taking into account the components of the heating installation, the drive units can be combined in such a manner that a desired pivoting range of the water lance can be implemented.
Accordingly, the first and second drive units are disposed perpendicular to one another and connected together. The first is connected to the retaining device, and the second drive unit is guided by the first. The second drive unit articulates the water lance so that the terminal area thereof can sweep a maximum projection surface during operation. A configuration of the drive units is thus produced, which is L-shaped in the edge positions of the path of travel of the first drive unit, and T-shaped in a central position of the path of travel. The orientation of the L or T-shaped configuration is unimportant. A frame is not needed for such a configuration. The configuration of the integrated parts of the water supply line in the area of a corner of the projection surface of the water lance is advantageous and particularly preferred.
According to a further embodiment, the second drive unit of the drive system is configured with a connecting element that projects laterally from the second drive unit. The water lance is articulated with the end of the connecting element. The connecting element is configured such that the freedom of movement of the water lance is not limited. The connecting element is also disposed such that the projecting end is orientated to the side of the drive system of the water lance blower opposite the retaining device that in particular has integrated parts of the water supply line.
The orientation of the connecting element results in a very compact and space-saving water lance blower, since in this way the drive units and the retaining device are substantially disposed on a surface that can be pivoted over by the rear end area of the water lance. The connecting element is thus moved in a plane by two drive units, and consequently makes movement of the water lance possible. The point of articulation of the connecting element varies because of the different positions of the water lance. If the water lance is greatly inclined (for example, when both drive units are close to an edge position), the articulation point moves in the outer area of the water lance towards the flexible line. In an upright position, the point of articulation is closer to the mouth of the water lance.
Furthermore, at the external ends, certain devices must be provided for fastening the flexible line, which do not limit the freedom of movement of the water lance. For this reason, the water lance is not articulated at its external end to the connection element, but instead extends further beyond the point of articulation. During operation of the water lance blower, the outermost end of the water lance sweeps a maximum surface upon which (with an appropriately equipped connecting element) the drive units and the retaining device with integrated parts of the water supply line are disposed.
According to a further configuration, the modular drive units are each provided with at least a motor, a spindle and a spindle nut. The motor is connected to the spindle, and consequently turns the spindle during operation, whereby the spindle nut mounted on the spindle is moved in a translatory manner. Such drive units are particularly suitable for accurate path controlling. In addition, they are distinguished by their simple construction.
In accordance with a further development, the water lance blower is provided with a guidance system with slide shoes and rails. The spindle nut is connected to the slide shoes. The slide shoes are guided by two parallel rails. The rails are directly fastened to the drive unit and orientated such that they are parallel to the spindle. In this way, the bending and torsional rigidity of the drive unit is increased.
It is particularly advantageous to configure the motors of the drive units as electronic communication (EC) motors. EC motors can be optimized according to the purpose of their application, which consequently enables reliable path movement of the spindle nut. Furthermore, the motors are distinguished by a low heat development, high revolution speeds, and the possibility of sensing the speeds of revolution in order to determine the paths covered by a spindle nut connected via a spindle. It is particularly advantageous when, in addition to control of the path of the water lance by the motors of the drive units, the water lance is configured with a movement sensor that notifies faults in the transmission of movement.
According to a further development, the slide shoes are connected to a fastening element. The fastening element may be connected to all those slide shoes that are moved in a translatory manner on a rail. Alternatively, it may be connected to all of the slide shoes. If the fastening element is connected to all the slide shoes, this represents a platform that covers an area between the rails and fixes the spindle nut. A fastening element configured in this way significantly increases the torsional rigidity of the drive unit.
According to a further configuration, the fastening element has positioning aids for accurate orientation of structure that can be attached to the fastening element. The fastening element represents a kind of intersection with respect to the structures that are moved by the drive unit. Such structures include, for example, a further drive unit, the connecting element for fixing the water lance and components that are part of a guideway on the heating installation. Accurate path control of the water lance along pre-determined blowing patterns at desired speeds requires accurate orientation of the structures on the drive unit. Faulty assembly is prevented using such positioning aids.
It is particularly advantageous to configure the positioning aids as pins, grooves or bores. The positioning aids can also be configured in combination as desired on a fastening element. With appropriate configuration of the structures to be attached, the positioning aids enable a kind of form locking, and consequently support fixing the structures in a pre-determinable position.
According to a further development, a second drive unit can be fixed onto a fastening element of a first drive unit. This means that the first drive unit is configured such that it can be attached to the fastening element, thereby ensuring cooperation between positioning aids and the second drive unit. Two drive units configured in a modular manner can thus be easily assembled to form a dual axis control for a water lance blower.
According to a further configuration, the drive unit has a cage-like profiled rail and a cover. The cage-like profiled rail and the cover at least partially enclose the components of the drive unit that are sensitive to soiling. For, example, the motor, the spindle, the spindle nut, and the parts of a translatory guidance system with slide shoes and rails are particularly sensitive to soiling. The drive system for a water lance blower is exposed to a large degree to a wide variety of environmental conditions because of the location where it is mounted. The large amount of soot or ash in the surrounding air, as well as possible leaks or water spray, are kept away from the spindle and guidance system in this way.
The rails of the guidance system are attached to the cage-like profiled rail. The side walls of the profiled rail at least partially enclose the rails and the slide shoes guided upon them. The cover is disposed above the spindle, and extends substantially between the side walls of the profiled rail. The configuration of the profiled rail and cover is preferably provided such that the internal and soiling-sensitive components are almost completely enclosed.
It is particularly advantageous to dispose the fastening element outside the cage-like profiled rail. The connection of the fastening element to the slide shoes in the inside of the profiled rail is configured such that the areas of the profiled rail lying inside are sealed against soiling. Consequently, the spindle and the guidance system are protected, and the fastening element additionally offers an external possibility for connection.
The configuration of the profiled rail and cover described results in the formation of at least one gap. The gap is necessary for transferring the movement of the spindle nut to external structures, in particular the water lance of the water lance blower.
According to a further configuration, the drive system is provided with at least one expansion bellows that is disposed such that it at least partially seals at least a gap between the profiled rail and cover. It is particularly advantageous to connect the expansion bellows on the one hand by its end to the cage-like profiled rail, and on the other hand to the fastening element. The expansion bellows is then provided in particular on the profiled rail, and consequently covers the at least one gap between the profiled rail and cover.
In accordance with another configuration, the expansion bellows is not connected to the movable fastening element, but provides protection during periods when the water lance blower is non-operational. This means that the expansion bellows is moved into a position at the beginning of the water lance blower""s cleaning cycle in which it extends only over the edge areas of the gap, and after the cleaning cycle ends, is extended again, and consequently covers the at least one gap as far as the fastening element. The configuration is particularly suitable in combination with additional sealing mechanisms on the gap that prevent penetration of soiling agents into the internal areas of the drive unit during operation of the water lance blower.
According to a further configuration of the water lance blower, at least one slide shoe is respectively connected to a rail with a shuttle. In this way, the fastening element can be attached both between the slide shoe and shuttle and onto the side of the shuttle facing away from the slide shoes. If the at least one shuttle serves as an interface with further structures, it is preferably provided with positioning aids. A shuttle is to be understood as an elongate structure that tapers at its narrow ends such that a wedge shape is formed. The shuttle is disposed in a gap between the profiled rail and the cover, and consequently protrudes out over the cover.
In accordance with a further development of the drive system, areas between stationary parts of the drive units such as, for example, the profiled rail or the cover, as well as the moveable parts (fastening element or shuttle) are configured with a sealing mechanism. The sealing mechanism is robustly configured because of the accelerations and speeds occurring during operation of the water lance blower. Furthermore, the sealing mechanism is matched to the external environment, wherein the temperature sensitivity of the sealing mechanism is of prime importance, since the drive system is usually attached directly to the heating installation.
In a further configuration, the profiled rail and the cover are provided with rubber lips, which extend over the gap and lie against the shuttle. Preferably, the rubber lips are configured such that the rubber lips of the profiled rail and the cover of a gap at least partially touch one another. When there is a translatory movement of the spindle nut, the shuttle is moved between the rubber lips of a gap. The wedge-shape of the shuttle opens the rubber lips. Rubber lips configured in this way seal the gap between the cage-like profiled rail and the cover, thus protecting areas inside.
Another particularly advantageous configuration of the water lance blower is provided with two bands for sealing the gap in the drive unit. The bands are connected to the profiled rail and to the cover, and extend over the gap that has to be sealed. The moveable structure is configured between these bands. It is particularly advantageous to use an outwardly orientated metal band and an inwardly orientated rubber band. The bands are located in areas separated by the moveable structure, and open in the proximity of the moveable structure. The metal band represents, for example, a good protection against ash and so forth, while the flexible and elastic rubber band matches with the moveable structure particularly well.
According to yet another configuration, air at over-pressure can be introduced into the profiled rail. The air substantially disperses through the gaps between the profiled rail and cover. The penetration of dirt and soot from the drive system environment is prevented because of the airflow from internal areas of the profiled rail outwards.
According to a further development of the water lance blower, the retaining device is distinguished by integrated control elements for at least one drive unit, or for forming and monitoring a water jet. The control elements influence, for example, the speed of revolution of the motor or regulate the water flow blown from the water lance.
It is particularly advantageous to equip the retaining device with control indicators and/or operating elements with which the control elements can possibly be influenced. In this way, the water lance blower can be controlled and steered locally by an operator. Integration of the control elements as well as control indicators and operating elements results in a very compact configuration of a drive system for a water lance blower.
In accordance with a concomitant feature of the invention, the retaining device has connectors for a remote control and/or remote diagnostics. This means that, for example, the control elements are configured to be connectable via a bus system with a remote diagnostic station. Consequently, remote monitoring of the mode of functioning of the water lance blower is enabled.
Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a compact water lance blower, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims.
The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.