Film-based bandage material, the film consisting of polyurethane, being treated so as to be self-adhesive on one side and having at least one non-adhesive grip tab formed onto it, so that following application the bandage material can be detached from the substrate by pulling on the grip tab in the direction of the bond plane.

The invention relates to a film-based bandage material which is treated so as to be self-adhesive on one side and formed onto which there is at least one non-adhesive grip tab.
Adhesively coated backing systems which de-adhere when the backing is pulled are known. They are generally based on elastic systems, which in many cases constitute laminates.
DE-A 27 28 346 describes an adhesive tape of this kind which consists of an extensible film and an adhesive composition based on A-B-A block copolymers. The completely adhering laminate can easily be detached from the substrate by stretching. The adhesive composition is applied over the whole area. No grip tab is provided for stretching the bonded tape.
DE-A 195 31 696 describes an adhesive-tape laminate which is produced from an extensible backing and an acrylate adhesive composition.
WO 95/06691 discloses a redetachable adhesive tape whose backing material comprises a foam.
WO 92/11333 describes a system which can be removed nondestructively and which possesses a high tensile strength.
DE 40 26 755 A1 discloses a film-based bandage material which is covered on one side with a support material which is the same size as the film and has at least one grip strip, and on the other side is provided with a self-adhesive layer. The grip strips for removing the backing material are arranged within its peripheral limits. Preferably, only one grip strip is attached to the backing material.
DE 43 14 834 C2 discloses a film-based bandage material which is covered on one side with a backing material which is the same size as the film and has at least one grip strip, and on the other side is provided with a self-adhesive layer. The grip strips for removing the backing material are arranged within its peripheral limits. Preferably, only one grip strip is attached to the backing material.
With both of the abovementioned bandages the problem arises, following application, of how to detach them from the skin, since they are bonded over their entire area. The patient is therefore forced to lift up a section of the film in the marginal region from the skin by inserting a fingernail, for example, under the film. This procedure firstly is very unsatisfactory and secondly can be painful, especially in the case of relatively large wounds and the irritated skin that accompanies them.
EP 0 747 027 A2 discloses an adhesive tape section consisting of an adhesive composition lined on one side with a thin cover film. On the opposite side there are two further sections of a film on the adhesive composition, so producing, in the marginal region, two grip tabs by means of which the adhesive tape section can be detached from the substrate by pulling in the bond plane.
The object of the invention is to avoid the disadvantages known from the prior art and to provide a film-based bandage material which is treated so as to be self-adhesive on one side and which can be detached again from the skin, following application, easily and painlessly by stretching.
This object is achieved by a film-based bandage material as set out in the main claim. The subclaims relate to advantageous developments of the bandage material.
Accordingly, the invention proposes a film-based bandage material in which the film is comprised of polyurethane, is treated so as to be self-adhesive on one side and has at least one non-adhesive grip tab formed onto it, so that following application the bandage material can be detached from the substrate by pulling on the grip tab in the direction of the bond plane.
The bandage film itself is comprised of elastic, thermoplastic polyurethanes, as described in DE-C 19 34 710 (=U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,835), which feature good skin compatibility and also permeability to oxygen and water vapour. Aliphatic polyester urethanes have proved to be particularly advantageous.
A preferred film is about 30 to 40 xcexcm thick, transparent, has an elongation at break of more than 450% and a water vapour permeability of more than 500 g/m2 in 24 h at 38xc2x0 C. and 95% relative humidity in accordance with DAB [German Pharmacopoeia].
The thickness of this film can be from about 15 to 300, preferably from 15 to 80 xcexcm, the weight, accordingly, from about 15 to 350 g/m2, preferably from 15 to 100 g/m2, the maximum tensile force in the longitudinal direction from about 5 to 100 N/cm, preferably from 2 to 40 N/cm, and the elongation at break in the longitudinal direction from about 100 to 1000%.
The adhesion of the film to the backing material, which need only be low (from about 0.01 to 0.5 N/cm, preferably from 0.01 to 0.05 N/cm), is preferably brought about by producing the thin film directly on the backing by casting, knifecoating, extrusion or other known methods of producing films. If necessary, the backing material can be roughened on the coating side or given some other adhesion-promoting treatment. An adhesion-promoting coating may also be advantageous.
What is important in this context is that the adhesion of the finished bandage to the skin is substantially stronger than the adhesion of the backing to the film.
The grip tabs are present, in particular, at the marginal region of the film, so as not to complicate further the production of the bandage material. Preferably, only one grip tab is present. By pulling on the grip tab essentially in the direction of the bond plane, the film becomes stretched and at the same time detaches itself from the underlying skin with, surprisingly, no pain.
In order to minimize the amount of sealing paper and/or other packaging material employed in the case of individual punched plasters, the grip tab can be folded so that it lies on the side of the film that is not coated with the adhesive.
In one preferred embodiment the film is covered on one side with a backing material which has the same size as the film and possesses at least one grip strip.
The backing material, which has a supporting action for the film, remains on the film during application of the bandage and is not removed until afterwards; it is preferably comprised of a polyethylene film about 80 xcexcm thick which is slightly roughened on its side facing the film and thus has a matt but still translucent appearance.
It is also possible to use other films made, for example, of polypropylene, polyester of PVC, or suitable thin, coated paper, so long as they are sufficiently pliable not to interfere during application of the bandage.
Their technical data can be within the following ranges:
Their surface facing the film can be smooth, roughened or slightly embossed.
The grip strips are preferably comprised of an LDPE (low-density polyethylene) film 80 xcexcm thick. So as to be easily visible, it is colouredxe2x80x94blue, for examplexe2x80x94and for improved grip is provided with matt embossing on the outside.
Instead of this film, it is also possible to use other materials, such as HDPE, polypropylene, PVC, PU or polyester films, and also nonwovens, paper or wovens, so long as they are again sufficiently flexible and pliable.
Depending on the material, the thickness can be between 10 and 300 xcexcm, the weight, accordingly, from 10 to 350 g/m2. The surface can be matt, glossy, rough, smooth or printed. The maximum tensile force in the longitudinal direction can vary between about 3 and 100 N/cm and the resultant elongation can be between 5 and 500%.
The grip strips can be attached to the backing material in a wide variety of ways depending on the material and processing machines, but preferably by adhesive bonding or welding. Adhesive bonding takes place, for example, by introducing a strip of a double-sided adhesive tape between the backing material and the grip strips in the region to be bonded, or a coating of adhesive composition consisting of a hot-melt or self-adhesive composition of a solvent or dispersion.
The grip strips may extend over the entire length or width of the bandage, and may also finish flush with at least one side edge.
The grip strips may be arranged within the peripheral limit of the bandage material or else may extend beyond the edge of the bandage material.
The grip strips are preferably made of an LDPE film.
Advantageously, only one grip strip is attached to the backing material. In this case it has been found advantageous for the grip strip to be fastened to the backing material in a narrow stripelike marginal region and to have, to the left or right of this region, on one side, a free grip region of at least about 5 mm, or for the grip strip to be fastened to the backing material in a narrow central stripelike region and on either side thereof to have a free grip region of at least about 5 mm in width.
The adhesive layer on the film preferably has, for example, a bond strength to steel of from about 2 to 4 N/cm; for the measurement, the test material must be reinforced on the reverse with a non-elastic adhesive film, since the film is highly extensible. The measurement itself was carried out in accordance with DAB 9.
The bandage material can be used as such, but it is also possible for a conventional, absorbent wound pad, which is smaller than the area of adhesion, to be applied additionally in an appropriate width in the centre, so that the material can be used directly as a wound bandage (dressing). A bandage of this kind with all-round adhesive bonding is particularly advantageous since it is germ-proof and water-resistant.
On its side which is provided with the self-adhesive coating and which later faces the skin, the bandage material of the invention is covered over its entire width, until used, with an anti-adhesive backing material, such as siliconized paper. This protects the self-adhesive layer, comprising a highly skin-compatible adhesive composition based, for example, on acrylate, which has preferably been applied by the transfer method, and also stabilizes the product as a whole. The cover can be formed conventionally in one piece or, preferably, in two parts.
In one preferred embodiment the bondage material, at a tensile load of 10 N/cm, exhibits an extension of more than 10% to 3000%, with particular preference from 20% to 1000%.


A photogrammetric camera for airborne or spaceborne terrain recording includes several electro-optical sensors that can be arranged at a distance from each other in the flight direction. The electro-optical sensors scan the overflown terrain and record each scanned terrain region at least twice from a respectively different perspective. At least two surface detectors are provided as the electro-optical sensors.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a photogrammetric camera, and more particularly, to a photogrammetric camera for airborne or spaceborne sensing of overflow terrain, and to a photogrammetric process for airborne or spaceborne sensing of overflow terrain.
2. Discussion of Relevant Art
Such cameras and recording processes are known, for example, from U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,689,748; 4,504,914 and 4,708,472, which are examples of the three-line camera, and are arranged in an aircraft or in a satellite, in order to record the overflown terrain, according to coordinates or in multiple spectra.
However, it has been found that recording terrain with such three-line cameras requires precise knowledge of the flight motions of the camera platform. In this regard, see the article, xe2x80x9cDigital Photogrammetric Assembly (DPA)xe2x80x94An Airborne Stereo and Multispectral Imaging and Evaluation Systemxe2x80x9d by A. Kaltenecker, F. Mxc3xcller and O. Hoffman in Photogrammetric Week ""95/Dieter Frisch; Dierk Hobbie (eds.), Heidelberg, Wichmann, 1995, in particular the second paragraph on page II-119. Above all, the frequently arising yaw, roll and pitch motions that are superimposed on a relatively smooth flight path of the aircraft carrying the photogrammetric camera lead to terrain lines, i.e., terrain regions in the form of lines that are scanned in succession in time, that do not adjoin and fit accurately together. To the contrary, the terrain lines are mutually rotated, and can even be interchanged in their positions in the succession.
A solution was sought in the state of the art for this problem by sensing the three spatial coordinates and three direction data of the camera at each point in time as precisely as possible by means of a combination of GPS and INS (inertial navigation). The spatial coordinates and direction data sensed at the instant of recording are associated with each terrain line, and the actual positions of the terrain lines are deduced from this data.
However, the measurement inaccuracy in spatial and directional determinations itself leads, even when the highly accurate differential GPS and inertial navigation systems are used, to an unavoidable statistical residual error of the spatial coordinates and direction data, of the order of magnitude of a third of the pixel dimensions of a CCD sensor, which in general is what is used as the electro-optical sensor. The result is that two pictures of the same area of terrain that were recorded in succession are generally not identical.
This statistical residual error presents in principle a problem for digital photogrammetry, which in fact depends on computer analysis of picture element groups within digital aerial pictures. While the photometric errors can be reduced to a practically optional degree, e.g., by slow scanning of aerial pictures on photographic film, elimination from the picture of the residual error of pictures of the three-line camera is in principle not possible.
Furthermore, in order to be able to scan the overflown terrain without gaps, the electro-optical sensors, which are built up of individual CCD lines, of the known cameras of this kind must have very short exposure times, of an order of magnitude of microseconds. The known three-line cameras therefore require good light conditions in their use. In unfavorable light conditions, such as arise, e.g., at very high flying speeds, the picture signal can sink into the noise of the electro-optical sensors.
The object of the invention is to provide a photogrammetric camera that, in contrast to the state of the art, makes possible a precise photogrammetric evaluation, and/or has smaller requirements as to the exact knowledge of, or the stability of, the flight path of the camera platform, and/or has a higher photosensitivity.
This object is achieved by a photogrammetric camera having a plurality of electro-optical sensors arranged to be spaced from each other in a flight direction that scan an overflown terrain and record scanned terrain regions at least twice from a respectively different perspective. The plurality of electro-optical sensors include at least two surface detectors.
Because the photogrammetric camera according to the invention includes at least two mutually spaced apart surface detectors, a large number of scanned line-shaped terrain regions fit accurately and unambiguously together at any given time, without rotation or interchange. Each of the successively scanned terrain lines no longer has to be correctly pre-oriented by evaluating the positional coordinates and alignment information supplied by GPS and INS, which are extraneous to the picture.
According to the invention, an orientation is possible even without the auxiliary determination of spatial coordinates and direction of the camera. On the other hand, however, picture evaluation with the use of INS and GPS, i.e. with georeferenced auxiliary information, is facilitated by the invention, since the whole picture line area of the camera provides self-consistent two-dimensional picture information. Furthermore, the accuracy requirement on the GPS/INS process can be reduced, so that, for example, an earth station for differential GPS can be dispensed with. The reason for this is based on the orientability of the partial image surfaces from the two-dimensional picture information.
The strip pictures produced with the photogrammetric camera according to the invention are always self-consistent, and thus accessible to a surface correlation and hence also to the conventional digital photogrammetric evaluation process. At least two surface detectors, according to the invention, which are arranged at a distance from each other, take the form of a single virtual surface detector, the surface of which includes, not only the surface of the surface detectors, but also the surface located between these surface detectors. The basic photogrammetric concept of the three-line camera can however also be retained by the invention and can be made considerably more powerful. Here even the middle line, which solely improves the numerical stability of the three-line camera, can be dispensed with: that is, two line-type surface detectors are sufficient according to the invention.
A further advantage over the three-line camera results from the use of three surface detectors according to the invention. Namely, the three-line camera is always evaluated from the pictures of the two outer lines, so that a nadir view is generally not possible, since the middle line is used only for support or for joining lines. The photogrammetric camera according to the invention, however, by means of the flat nature of the picture, makes possible a picture representation in a nadir view, the terrain model data being derived from the data of the two outer surface detectors.
In addition to this, a surface detector whose exposure time is greater by a factor of the number of sensor lines of the surface detector is made available for the individual sensor lines by the groupwise simultaneous exposure of numerous individual sensor lines. The photosensitivity of the photogrammetric camera according to the invention can thereby be considerably increased, and in spite of this the total exposure time of the overall picture assembled together from the individual line pictures is reduced.
In analogy to the classic three-line camera, the photogrammetric camera advantageously includes three surface detectors which are arranged at spacings from each other, so that the joining of successive pictures based on the principle of the three-line detector with line-type surface detectors, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,748, for example, is possible with the photogrammetric camera according to the invention, and basically also with only two line-type surface detectors.
According to an advantageous embodiment, the surface detectors are of a rectangular or strip shape, the ratio of the dimension in the direction of flight to the dimension transverse to the direction of flight being in a range of about 1:2 to about 1:10. The optical and mechanical components of the photogrammetric camera that are associated with the surface detectors, in particular a possible deflecting mirror, can thereby be optimally dimensioned. A substantially square arrangement, i.e. a ratio of sides of about 1:1, would have the disadvantage that a deflecting mirror suited to it would have to be larger than necessary. Furthermore, with a square detector that fills the whole picture field in an appropriate manner, compensation of the picture movement caused by the motion of flight is not possible, since a picture movement compensation is equivalent to a tracking of the detector within the picture field. A further advantage of the strip-shaped surface detectors is the high readout speed that can be attained by the use of transversely readable CCD arrangements.
When the surface detectors include numerous individual, monolithic surface detectors, which are optically abutted, i.e. fitted together, transversely of the flight direction, strip-type surface detectors which are available commercially can be used, according to the invention. A particularly long length of the scanned terrain lines that run transversely of the flight direction can thereby be attained, when each surface detector from today""s viewpoint, includes e.g. three monolithic individual surface detectors and three camera objectives, one for each of the individual surface detectors and having their optical axes running mutually obliquely.
Such surface detectors are preferably constructed as flat CCD arrays and preferably have respectively about 1,024 sensor lines, directly adjoining in the flight direction, with respectively about 2xc3x971,024 to about 9xc3x971,024 individual pixels, each about 12 xcexcmxc3x9712 xcexcm.
Depending on the flying speed and height, a picture movement can occur in the photogrammetric camera that considerably reduces the resolution of the camera. To compensate for the flight motion during the exposure, a mirror that can be pivoted by a motor can be associated with each of the surface detectors.
An expensive special objective can be dispensed with when a separate camera objective is associated with each of the surface detectors, and the optical axes of the camera objectives run mutually obliquely and are calibrated. In contrast to a conventional aerial mapping camera objective, the picture field is reduced to a third, with which commercially obtainable, high quality intermediate format objectives can be used, at the same focal length.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a photogrammetric process for airborne terrain sensing is proposed, in which the terrain that is overflown is scanned linewise by electro-optical sensors, and each scanned line-shaped terrain region is recorded at least twice at successive times from respectively different perspective. Then numerous directly adjacent line-shaped terrain regions that run transversely of the flight direction and are directly adjacent to each other are simultaneously recorded by the electro-optical sensors.


A photoreceptor cleaning composition is provided which includes a solvent blend that is capable of dissolving toner polymers and paper tars. This composition cleans effectively and efficiently without damage to the photoreceptor and without leaving residue. This solvent employs a blend of halogenated hydrocarbons having specific physical and chemical properties. These compositions are superior to known cleaners by virtue of their minimizing potential for fire explosion and hazard resulting from toxicity and volatility.

This invention relates to cleaning compositions and more particularly to the cleaning of photoconductive insulating surfaces. More specifically this invention relates to the cleaning of reusable electrophotographic plate belts or drums conventionally employed in the electrophotographic imaging process.
In an electrophotographic imaging process for example, more specifically disclosed in Carlson, U.S. Pat. No. 2,297,691 an electrophotographic plate comprising a photoconductive insulating material on a conductive backing is uniformly charged over its surface and then exposed selectively to produce a latent electrostatic image. Thereafter a latent electrostatic image is developed employing an electroscopic marking powder known in the art as toner normally employed in connection with a carrier to form a visible reproduction of the original employed. This development of the latent electrostatic image generally employs an electrostatically attractable material which is normally a thermoplastic resin in the form of finely divided particles usually in the range of from 3 to 20 microns. The toner is applied by bringing the photoconductive surface bearing the latent electrostatic image into contact with the powder, the charged areas normally retaining the toner particles. The developed image may then be transferred to a suitable support material such as paper and then fixed if desired by heating and/or application of a solvent or the like. In the transfer steps substantially all of the resin material or toner adheres to support material to form the image thereon, but usually a very small percentage of the resin material or toner remains on the electrophotographic surface.
These trace amounts of resin material or toner remaining on the electrophotographic surface are found to affect future operating steps of the process, and if left to remain thereon, will provide an undesirable cumulative effect. Additional residual toner particles adhere more readily to the surface in both image and non-image areas and consequently image deterioration results. It is found that in automatic imaging machines employing rotary drums, continuous cleaning of such residual toner particles is effected with a rotating brush in peripheral contact with the surface of the electrophotographic surface which removes any residual resin material or toner adhering thereon. This brush in turn is cleaned by the use of a flicking bar in combination with a vacuum system whereby residual resin material or toner removed from the brush by the flicking bar is entrained in air and then subsequently separated from the air by a suitable filter.
Washing techniques have been employed to remove loosely held toner residue employing non-solvent liquids such as water, alcohols and mixtures thereof. However, residue toner which is firmly held by any means e.g., chemical or nonchemical, is not effectively removed with these wash techniques. In addition since these wash substances contain alcohol they are flammable. Liquids which are considered flammable are those which exhibit flash point at or above 140.degree.F are described in Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene published by National Safety Council, 1971.
This continuous cleaning of the photoconductive insulating surface or other methods that may be employed in the art are not effective to completely remove the toner material from the photoconductive insulating surface and, therefore, repeated use of the photoconductive insulating surfaces causes a thin film of the toner material to be formed thereon which adversely affects the reproduction process. In addition, the thin film of toner material is removed from the photoconductive insulating surface of commercial machines by effecting periodic cleaning with a solvent which is generally flammable. Numerous attempts have been made to develop a non-flammable cleaner for removing residual toner film from the photoconductive insulating surface but such attempts have generally been unsuccessful since they themselves have resulted in additional problems such as cleaner staining or spotting of the photosensitive insulating layer, desensitizing the layer, crystallizing the layer, or otherwise interfering with the functional properties of the photoconductive layer.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,303 a composition for cleaning photoconductive insulating surfaces comprising an aqueousorganic liquid emulsion in a surfactant is disclosed. The composition recited may include an abrasive and a suspending agent and preferably includes a non-flammable organic liquid such as, for example, tetrachlorethylene which is emulsified in the water in an amount to control the volatility thereof and thereby provide a composition which evaporates from the surface to be cleaned at a rate that permits effective cleaning without producing solvent films or stains. However, the emulsifiers employed leave residues which are not desirable in some applications.
Modern photoconductive members in some cases employ distinct alloy layers which vary in thickness and all of which are extremely thin, i.e., below 60 microns in thickness, and preferably are below 10 microns. It is readily found that any abrasion of the top layers or layer of these photoreceptors leads to an immediate and dramatic loss of panchromaticity and hence the photoreceptor is no longer suitable for use in a color imaging process. For example, the abrasion is normally experienced during the course of cleaning the photoreceptor surface of condensed toner polymer residue and paper tars as above explained. Normally this is caused by the presence of cleaning aids which are non-solvents for the polymer and paper tars and reliance on some pumicing action for cleaning. In addition to high flammability, and the problems associated when employing compounds containing pumice, toxicity is also a very real factor in the environment in which these compositions are employed.
There is, therefore, a demonstrated need to provide improved cleaning compositions for photoreceptor surfaces.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a cleaning composition for photoreceptor surfaces devoid of the above noted deficiencies.
A further object of this invention is to provide a non-flammable cleaning composition for cleaning photoreceptor insulating surfaces.
Another object of this invention is to provide a non-abrasive cleaning composition suitable for cleaning photoreceptor surfaces in automatic electrophotographic imaging machines.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide cleaning compositions which may have low toxicity so as to provide a safe environment for use.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a non-explosive cleaning composition for photoreceptor surfaces.
Yet again another object of this invention is to provide a novel cleaning composition which will not alter or effect the photoconductive properties of conventionally employed photoreceptors.
These and other objects of the instant invention are accomplished generally speaking by providing a photoreceptor cleaning composition comprising a solvent blend which dissolves toner polymers and paper tars without damage to the photoreceptor and without leaving residues. The solvent is a blend of halogenated hydrocarbons which exhibits no flash point, TAG Open Cup, ASTM Method D-1310 and a petroleum hydrocarbon having a closed cup flash point of over about 135.degree.F. When these compositions are employed as described, the potential for fire and explosion is minimized and hazards resulting from toxicity and volatility are likewise minimized.
The halogenated hydrocarbon employed is designated as Chlorothene NU, which chemically is 1,1,1 trichloroethane. Extensive toxicological studies on laboratory animals and human subjects show that this material does not present any serious or unusual health hazard. Occasional contacts with the skin of short duration are not likely to cause adverse effects. No serious injury results to the eyes upon contact, however, appreciable discomfort may be experienced. The swallowing of Chlorothene NU presents no problem in ordinary industrial handling. Supportive documentation for those claimed properties may be found in Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, published by National Safety Council, 1971.
The petroleum distillate employed is designated as a depolarized (deodorized) APCO 140, a water-white petroleum solvent prepared from crude oil by straight run overhead distillation which is then specially treated for deodorization under depolarization process U.S. Pat. No. 2,553,624. The depolarization process removes impurties present and results in improvement in color lowering sulphur content and a reduction in odor intensity. This material is found to have the following specifications:
Min. Max. I.B.P. 358.degree.F 368.degree.F 5% 361 371 10% 362 372 50% 368 378 90% 377 387 95% 382 392 97% 399 409 Recovery 98% Color Water-White Doctor Test Negative Corrosion -- 3 hours at 212.degree.F OK
in addition to others. Although the flammability of this petroleum distillate is somewhat less hazardous than kerosene, its combination with the halogenated hydrocarbon results in a non-flammable composition. In addition, the combination of this material with the halogenated hydrocarbon material recited above results in a composition which is not detrimental to the eyes, and skin and is substantially non-toxic when employed in ordinary use.
It is found that this composition when employed as a cleaning solution for an electrophotographic photoreceptor does not abrade the photoreceptor or in any way eliminate or curtail panchromaticity. This composition is found to act through a true solvency effect. It is found to be very effective in removing traces of paper tars and residual toner on the photoreceptor surface and is able to restore the photoreceptor to a clean operational condition.
The halogenated hydrocarbon and petroleum may be employed in any suitable ratio. Generally a ratio of from about 99:1 halogenated hydrocarbon to petroleum distillate to 50:50 is generally employed. Optimum results are obtained when a 93:7 halogenated hydrocarbon to petroleum distillate ratio is employed.
The above composition is applied to saturation on a fist sized wad of cleaning absorbent. The photoreceptor is contacted on its surface with the solvent soaked cleaning absorbent while it is slowly rotated. Negligible pressure is applied to the photoreceptor surface. This application is made as uniformly as possible as the photoreceptor surface is revolved until the photoreceptor surface is cleaned which may require several passes of the absorbent material. The photoreceptor surface is then allowed to dry and then it is returned to its operational mode. Before use, the photoreceptor surface is normally dried with a dry clean absorbent material. When dry, the photoreceptor is remounted in the cavity in its operational mode and 10 to 20 full color copies for example are produced to assure that densities are returned to normal and that the image area of the photoreceptor has not in any way been damaged.
It is not necessary to employ coloring, and perfuming to the cleaning composition of the instant invention. In addition to not altering or affecting the physical surface area of the photoreceptor surface, sensimetric data before and after cleaning with the cleaning solution of the instant invention indicate that the photoreceptor shows no effect whatsoever by reason of its application other than cleaning the surface.
To further define the specifics of the present invention, the following examples are intended to illustrate and not limit the particulars of the present system. Parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.


A method for manufacturing a glass cliché using laser etching includes a dipping step for dipping a glass cliché, which will be etched, into an etching solution, a patterning step for irradiating laser to the glass cliché dipped in the etching solution to form a pattern therein, and a washing step for washing the patterned glass cliché. This method allows making a cliché with a high aspect ratio and fine line widths in comparison to a conventional cliché manufacturing method using photoresist for etching, and also ensures more efficient energy consumption and higher etching efficiency rather than an etching method using laser only.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a glass cliché using laser etching and an apparatus for laser irradiation therefor, and more particularly to a method for manufacturing a glass cliché using the phenomenon that an etching speed of glass is relatively increased only in a portion to which laser is irradiated.
Description of the Related Art
To produce a flat panel display (FPD) such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) and a plasma display panel (PDP), various kinds of patterning processes for making electrodes, black matrix, color filters, separators, thin film transistors and so on are required.
In a general case, a photoresist is selectively removed using a photo mask by exposing and developing to make a photoresist pattern, and then the photoresist pattern is used for the patterning process. This patterning process using a photo mask uses a lot of materials such as photoresist and developing agent and also needs an expensive photo mask, which results in many processing steps or long processing time.
To solve this problem, there have been proposed various methods for printing a pattern-forming material directly such as ink jet printing or laser transcription, without using photoresist. As one of such methods, there is an offset printing in which a patterned material is transcribed to a blanket using a cliché and then the pattern of the blanket is transcribed onto a cliché.
The offset printing using a cliché ensures smaller material consumption and simpler process than a conventional method using photoresist and also ensures faster process speed than ink-jet printing or laser transcription. However, the offset printing needs clichés independently for substrates with different patterns, and a cliché generally made of glass is manufactured complicatedly and very expensive.
A general method for making the glass cliché is explained with reference to FIG. 1. A photoresist 102 is applied onto a glass cliché 101 by means of spin coating, dip coating, spray coating, slit coating, bar coating or the like, as shown in FIG. 1(a).
After that, a photo mask 103 is used to form a desired pattern as shown in FIG. 1(b) by means of exposure and development phenomena. During the exposure process, the photoresist 102 is selectively photo-sensitized by UV rays 104 passing through the photo mask 103 in which a desired pattern is already formed, and a pattern 105 is formed on the glass cliché as shown in FIG. 1(c) due to the difference of solubility for a developing solution between the photo-sensitized region and the non-sensitized region.
FIG. 1(c) shows the case adopting a positive photoresist, but a negative photoresist may also be used. In case the negative photoresist is used, a region irradiated by UV rays 104 remains but a region not photo-sensitized by UV rays is removed.
The glass cliché having the pattern of the photoresist 102 formed therein is dipped in a glass etching solution (not shown) as shown in FIG. 1(d), and then glass etching reaction occurs partially only on a region 106 where a glass cliché is exposed. Generally, an etching reaction of an amorphous material such as glass becomes an isotropic etching without no orientation, so an etching speed is identical in both depth and width directions of the glass.
Thus, as the etching reaction occurs, a glass etching region 106 becomes wider than the width of the pattern of the photoresist 102, and a bottom portion of the etching portion has a rounded shape, as shown in FIG. 1(d). As the etching work progresses, the etching continuously occurs in depth and width directions as shown in FIG. 1(e), so a width 107 of the etched glass cliché becomes gradually wider than the pattern of the photoresist 102.
If the etching is completed to a desired depth, the glass cliché is taken out of the etching solution and washed by a distilled water, and then the photoresist is removed to obtain a glass cliché 108 finally etched, as shown in FIG. 1(f).
In the method of making a glass cliché using such a wet etching, isotropic etching occurs as shown in FIG. 1, so the pattern is etched in its sides as much as the same thickness as the etched depth.
Thus, the pattern of photoresist used for etching should be formed with at least double margin of a desired etching depth, and due to this reason, there is a limit in precision for the pattern to be formed. Also, considering a room where an etching solution may penetrate, an actually etchable pattern should be three or four times as much as a minimal etching depth, so it is more difficult to form a pattern with fine line widths.
In addition, due to the nature of isotropic etching, the etching is made in a substantially circular shape between a wall and a bottom to be etched, so an etching depth is gradually varying, which results in deteriorated printing quality. Also, since a photoresist pattern should be formed prior to the etching process, many processes such as an exposure process using a photo mask and a photoresist development process using a developing solution are needed before the etching work, and also a process of removing the remaining photoresist is also added after the etching work is completed.
In addition to the above wet etching, a dry etching for etching a glass using plasma of an etching gas in a vacuum state is also available. The dry etching for etching a glass cliché using a gas containing fluorine such as CF4 and CF3H allows anisotropic etching, differently from the wet etching, so a line width is not widened or a region between a wall and a bottom is not etched in a circular shape as the dry etching progresses.
However, a vacuum chamber and an expensive etching gas should be prepared for the dry etching, which increase a cost for the etching work and makes it difficult to apply the etching work to large-scale matters or mass production.
Also, the drying etching makes an etching mask and an etching material be etched together, so the etching mask should have as slowest etching speed as possible. Generally, a mask layer made of metal such as chrome is used for glass etching, but this mask layer cannot be made too thick, so there is a limit in glass etching depth.
In addition, the dry etching needs to form a mask pattern prior to etching, similarly to the wet etching, so many processes such as preprocesses for vacuum-deposition of a metal mask layer, formation of a photoresist layer, exposure of the photoresist using a photo mask, development of the photoresist layer to form a pattern, etching of the metal layer used as a mask as well as postprocesses for removal of the metal mask after etching are required.
In order to solve the above problems in a glass cliche making process using wet etching or dry etching, a new method using laser etching is proposed in the Korean Laid-open Patent Publication No. 10-2007-0000100 or the like.
The Korean Laid-open Patent Publication No. 10-2007-0000100 discloses a method for making a cliché having a desired pattern by directly etching an insulating substrate with laser. In case a glass cliché is directly etched with laser to make a cliché, there may be advantages in process since an etching solution is not used. However, since the glass is removed by means of photothermolysis on regions irradiated by laser, the used laser should have a high power and an etching speed is relatively slow. Also, it is impossible to prevent generation of HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) that may cause pattern deterioration, and fine cracks may happen in the glass cliché due to thermal impacts caused by continuous irradiation of the laser with strong energy.
Along with them, since a roll means playing a role of moving a material transcribed to a glass cliché continuously transfers load to the glass cliché, the load may weaken durability of the glass cliché or causes fine cracks in the glass cliché. Also, residuals of pattern material, not moved by the roll means, may remain in a blanket.

Method for manufacturing glass cliche using laser etching and apparatus for laser irradiation therefor


A system and method for capturing motion comprises a motion capture volume adapted to contain at least one actor having body markers defining plural body points and facial markers defining plural facial points. A plurality of body motion cameras and a plurality of facial motion cameras are arranged around a periphery of the motion capture volume. The facial motion cameras each have a respective field of view narrower than a corresponding field of view of the body motion cameras. The facial motion cameras are arranged such that all laterally exposed surfaces of the actor while in motion within the motion capture volume are within the field of view of at least one of the plurality of facial motion cameras at substantially all times. A motion capture processor is coupled to the plurality of facial motion cameras and the plurality of body motion cameras to produce a digital model reflecting combined body and facial motion of the actor. At least one microphone may be oriented to pick up audio from the motion capture volume.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to three-dimensional graphics and animation, and more particularly, to a motion capture system that enables both facial and body motion to be captured simultaneously within a volume that can accommodate plural actors.
2. Description of Related Art
Motion capture systems are used to capture the movement of a real object and map it onto a computer generated object. Such systems are often used in the production of motion pictures and video games for creating a digital representation of a person that is used as source data to create a computer graphics (CG) animation. In a typical system, an actor wears a suit having markers attached at various locations (e.g., having small reflective markers attached to the body and limbs) and digital cameras record the movement of the actor from different angles while illuminating the markers. The system then analyzes the images to determine the locations (e.g., as spatial coordinates) and orientation of the markers on the actor's suit in each frame. By tracking the locations of the markers, the system creates a spatial representation of the markers over time and builds a digital representation of the actor in motion. The motion is then applied to a digital model, which may then be textured and rendered to produce a complete CG representation of the actor and/or performance. This technique has been used by special effects companies to produce incredibly realistic animations in many popular movies.
Motion capture systems are also used to track the motion of facial features of an actor to create a representation of the actor's facial motion and expression (e.g., laughing, crying, smiling, etc.). As with body motion capture, markers are attached to the actor's face and cameras record the actor's expressions. Since facial movement involves relatively small muscles in comparison to the larger muscles involved in body movement, the facial markers are typically much smaller than the corresponding body markers, and the cameras typically have higher resolution than cameras usually used for body motion capture. The cameras are typically aligned in a common plane with physical movement of the actor restricted to keep the cameras focused on the actor's face. The facial motion capture system may be incorporated into a helmet or other implement that is physically attached to the actor so as to uniformly illuminate the facial markers and minimize the degree of relative movement between the camera and face. For this reason, facial motion and body motion are usually captured in separate steps. The captured facial motion data is then combined with captured body motion data later as part of the subsequent animation process.
An advantage of motion capture systems over traditional animation techniques, such as keyframing, is the capability of real-time visualization. The production team can review the spatial representation of the actor's motion in real-time or near real-time, enabling the actor to alter the physical performance in order to capture optimal data. Moreover, motion capture systems detect subtle nuances of physical movement that cannot be easily reproduced using other animation techniques, thereby yielding data that more accurately reflects natural movement. As a result, animation created using source material that was collected using a motion capture system will exhibit a more lifelike appearance.
Notwithstanding these advantages of motion capture systems, the separate capture of facial and body motion often results in animation data that is not truly lifelike. Facial motion and body motion are inextricably linked, such that a facial expression is often enhanced by corresponding body motion. For example, an actor may utilize certain body motion (i.e., body language) to communicate emotions and emphasize corresponding facial expressions, such as using arm flapping when talking excitedly or shoulder shrugging when frowning. This linkage between facial motion and body motion is lost when the motions are captured separately, and it is difficult to synchronize these separately captured motions together. When the facial motion and body motion are combined, the resulting animation will often appear noticeably abnormal. Since it is an objective of motion capture to enable the creation of increasingly realistic animation, the decoupling of facial and body motion represents a significant deficiency of conventional motion capture systems.
Another drawback of conventional motion capture systems is that motion data of an actor may be occluded by interference with other objects, such as props or other actors. Specifically, if a portion of the body or facial markers is blocked from the field of view of the digital cameras, then data concerning that body or facial portion is not collected. This results in an occlusion or hole in the motion data. While the occlusion can be filled in later during post-production using conventional computer graphics techniques, the fill data lacks the quality of the actual motion data, resulting in a defect of the animation that may be discernable to the viewing audience. To avoid this problem, conventional motion capture systems limit the number of objects that can be captured at one time, e.g., to a single actor. This also tends to make the motion data appear less realistic, since the quality of an actor's performance often depends upon interaction with other actors and objects. Moreover, it is difficult to combine these separate performances together in a manner that appears natural.
Yet another drawback of conventional motion capture systems is that audio is not recorded simultaneously with the motion capture. In animation, it is common to record the audio track first, and then animate the character to match the audio track. During facial motion capture, the actor will lip synch to the recorded audio track. This inevitably results in a further reduction of the visual quality of the motion data, since it is difficult for an actor to perfectly synchronize facial motion to the audio track. Also, body motion often affects the way in which speech is delivered, and the separate capture of body and facial motion increases the difficulty of synchronizing the audio track to produce a cohesive end product.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a motion capture system that overcomes these and other drawbacks of the prior art. More specifically, it would be desirable to provide a motion capture system that enables both body and facial motion to be captured simultaneously within a volume that can accommodate plural actors. It would also be desirable to provide a motion capture system that enables audio recording simultaneously with body and facial motion capture.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

System and method for capturing facial and body motion


This invention relates to methods for treating retinopathy and repairing tissue damage. The methods include administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of one or more compounds of the following formula. Each variable in this formula is defined in the specification.

Chemokines are a family of cytokines that regulate the adhesion and transendothelial migration of leukocytes during an immune or inflammatory reaction (Mackay C. R., Nat. Immunol., (2001) 2:95; Olson et al., Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., (2002) 283:R7). Chemokines also regulate T cells and B cells trafficking and homing, and contribute to the development of lymphopoietic and hematopoietic systems (Ajuebor et al., Biochem. Pharmacol., (2002) 63:1191). Approximately 50 chemokines have been identified in humans. They can be classified into 4 subfamilies, i.e., CXC, CX3C, CC, and C chemokines, based on the positions of the conserved cysteine residues at the N-terminal (Onuffer et al., Trends Pharmacol Sci., (2002) 23:459). The biological functions of chemokines are mediated by their binding and activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the cell surface. Take CXCR4 receptor for example, it can be activated by Stromal-derived factor-1 or SDF-1, a member of CXC chemokines.
SDF-1 was originally cloned from bone marrow stromal cell lines and found to act as a growth factor for progenitor B cells (Nishikawa et al., Eur. J. Immunol., (1988) 18:1767). SDF-1 also induces bone marrow colonization of hematopoietic precursor cells during embryogenesis (Bleul et al., J. Exp. Med., (1996) 184:1101). The physiological function of SDF-1 is mediated by CXCR4 receptor. Mice lacking SDF-1 or CXCR4 receptor show lethal abnormality in bone marrow myelopoiesis, B cell lymphopoiesis, and cerebellar development (Nagasawa et al., Nature, (1996) 382:635; Ma et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., (1998) 95:9448; Zou et al., Nature (1998) 393:595; Lu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (2002) 99:7090). CXCR4 receptor is expressed broadly in a variety of tissues, particularly in immune and central nervous systems, and has been described as the major co-receptor for HIV-1/2 on T lymphocytes. Although initial interest in CXCR4 antagonism focused on its potential application to AIDS treatment (Bleul et al., Nature (1996) 382:829), it is now becoming clear that CXCR4 receptor and SDF-1 are also involved in other pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and tumor metastases (Buckley et al., J. Immunol., (2000) 165:3423). CXCR4 receptor and SDF-1 are also found widely expressed in many tissues during embryonic development. Further, the CXCR4/SDF-1 pathway has been shown to be critically involved in the regeneration of several tissue injury models. Specifically, it has been found that the SDF-1 level is elevated at an injured site and CXCR4-positive cells actively participate in the tissue regenerating process.


A cassette for delivering fluids, especially dialysis fluids, with connecting elements for connecting solution bags and lines leading to the patient for to the dialysis machine, with at least one delivery chamber with an inlet and outlet, with lines for carrying the fluids supplied and delivered, with the walls of the lines being designed at least in some sections so that the lines can be closed by applying a compressive force acting on the walls. Heating and delivery of fluids, in particular dialysis fluids, can be performed effectively and simply by providing at least one area in the cassette where the lines are arranged in such a way that the medium in the lines can be heated to a predetermined set point by means of a heating device arranged outside the cassette. A dialysis machine, in particular for carrying out peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration and plasma filtration, with a recess or device to accommodate a cassette according to the present invention and with a pump unit for operating the delivery chambers of the cassette. A heating device is provided in the dialysis machine, arranged in the area of the recesses or devices to accommodate the cassette. A method of delivering, balancing, metering and heating a medical fluid, where a fluid conveyed through the lines or at least one delivery chamber is also exposed to heating energy at the same time.

The present invention relates to a cassette for delivering fluids, in particular dialysis fluids. The present invention also concerns a dialysis machine in which a cassette for delivering fluids, in particular dialysis fluids, can be accommodated and a method of delivering a medical fluid.
Generic cassettes for delivering fluids, in particular dialysis fluids, are known from International Patent WO 97/09,074 and are usually used as exchange items in dialysis machines. Such cassettes can fulfill the function of delivery of dialysis fluid with separation of media. A delivery chamber arranged in the cassette is driven pneumatically by a corresponding drive unit of the dialysis machine. It is also possible to use mechanically or hydraulically operated delivery chambers. The delivery chamber has a membrane that is activated by the drive unit and ensures that a separation between the media to be delivered and the working medium of the dialysis machine is guaranteed. The fluid flow in the cassette is controlled by means of pneumatically operated valves. To heat the dialysis fluid to be administered to the patient to the desired temperature level and keep it at that level, International Patent WO 97/09074 discloses trays on which the solution bags are stored during dialysis. For example, the trays are heated by heating cartridges which are in turn driven by a control unit of the dialysis machine.
With such an arrangement, it is a disadvantage that the heating of the dialysis fluids is uneven due to the one-sided storage on the heating trays and is associated with considerable heat loss. Furthermore, a separate heating step is necessary, which accordingly makes the design of the dialysis machine costly.
An object of the present invention is to create a device by which fluids, in particular dialysis fluids, can be easily and effectively heated and delivered.
This and other objects are achieved with a generic cassette having at least one area where fluid lines are arranged such that the medium in the lines can be heated to a predetermined set point by a heating device arranged outside the cassette. Cassettes according to the present invention have the advantages that the partial functions of delivering, metering/balancing, mixing, measuring, connecting and heating of medical fluids can be combined and performed in one unit. This greatly facilitates operation of the system and makes it more fail-safe by minimizing the steps that are subject to risk. The fact that the cassette according to the present invention is consistently connected in such a way that the media are separated permits sterile processing and thus reliably guards against the risk of infection.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a cassette includes a base structure with one or more films which cover at least part of the base structure and which are connected to the base structure. Walls of lines and a delivery chamber are formed by the base structure and the films. In the area of delivery chambers, the film is designed to be suitably elastic to serve as a membrane which is moved by the drive unit, e.g., by a piston pump, in accordance with a desired delivery height in the delivery chamber. The lines of the cassette which serve to guide the fluid flow are also bordered by the base structure and the film covering it. It is thus possible for only one wall of the lines or multiple walls to be formed by films.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a film extends on both sides of the base structure. This is advantageous especially in the area of the cassette, in that the lines are arranged in such a way that the medium in the lines can be heated to a predetermined set point by a heating device outside the cassette. In this case it is possible, with both sides of the film being used, to effectively heat both sides of the cassette and thus also the media flow, which is guided accordingly.
It is especially advantageous if one side of the base structure is completely covered with a film. In this case, the film in the area of the delivery chambers serves as an elastic membrane which causes the dialysis fluid, for example, to be delivered, while also permitting separation of media. In the area of the lines, the film forms one of the walls and permits especially effective and advantageous heat transfer into the medium in the line. Manufacture of the cassette is also simplified in this case, because the base structure has only recesses or indentations to form the delivery chambers or lines and then is covered with a film according to the invention, so that the recesses become delivery chambers and the channels in the base structure become lines. The film can be applied to the base structure relatively easily by welding or gluing.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, two delivery chambers are provided. It is thus possible to achieve a relatively uniform flow through the cassette as well as an attached dialysis machine or patient, respectively, with alternating operation of the delivery chambers through a suitably coordinated drive unit. With a corresponding separation of the delivery chambers, it is likewise possible for one of the delivery chambers to be provided for a high pressure range and another to be provided for a vacuum or low pressure range, for example. Both delivery chambers can be bordered by the base structure in the cassette and by the film applied to it. Control of the media flow through the cassette and corresponding control of the delivery chambers can be achieved by line walls which are designed to be closed by applying a compressive force thereto. This compressive force may be applied pneumatically or mechanically by valve tappets, for example.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the lines are arranged in a spiral, at least in the heatable area of the cassette. This affords the advantage that a relatively great line length is arranged on a relatively small area of the cassette, which permits especially effective heating of the media in the lines. In addition to a spiral arrangement, other configurations having a high ratio of line length to line area, just as on achieving a turbulent flow even at relatively low flow rates.
It is especially advantageous if areas with a spiral arrangement of lines extend on both sides of the base structure. This makes it possible to heat the fluid to be heated first on one side of the cassette with a suitably arranged heating device and to keep it at the desired temperature in passing the other side of the cassette or to heat it further as needed.
The areas on different sides of the base structure may be connected to a hole provided in the base structure. It is thus possible to direct the media first to one side of the base structure and heat them, and then to direct them to the other side through the hole and heat them further, which is especially effective when the lines on both sides are arranged in the form of a spiral.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the base structure is made at least partially of plastic, which advantageously can be produced by injection molding methods, for example, in a variety of designs.
It is especially advantageous to provide the base structure with holders for mounting transducers, for mounting pressure, temperature and/or flow rate sensors. For example, temperature sensors may detect the temperature of a dialysis solution through the film and transmit the values to an analyzer unit. To regulate a temperature set point, the fluid delivery rate can be varied through the heated solutions or the heating power can be changed at a constant fluid delivery rate.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a line leading to the patient and a drainage tube which are undetachably connected to the cassette are provided. Thus, the cassette can be manufactured with these lines, while the assignment of the other connection elements of the cassette can be selected and implemented by a machine operator in accordance with the required dialysis method.
The present invention also relates to a dialysis machine, in particular for performing peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and plasma filtration methods, with a recess or device to accommodate a cassette according to the present invention, as well as having a pump unit for operating a delivery chambers of the cassette. To heat the cassette according to this invention, a heating device can be provided and arranged in the area of the recess or device for accommodating the cassette. It is thus possible according to the invention to use a new cassette with each patient, with the cassette being inserted into the dialysis machine or suitably arranged on it. Connecting the cassette to the dialysis machine in such a manner that the media are separated permits sterile processing and ensures aseptic conditions even when the dialysis machine is used by multiple patients. The risk of infection is effectively minimized since the cassette is a disposable unit which need not be reused.
On the whole, the invention is a simple, reliable and effective dialysis system where a machine operator need only arrange a cassette in the recess or device provided for it or connect the required lines after entering the desired set points. No separate arrangement of heating devices or elements is necessary.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the heating device has sheet or panel-type heating elements. This is especially advantageous in embodiments where a cassette has planar areas containing lines arranged in the form of a spiral, for example. In this case, especially effective heating of the media flowing through the lines is possible.
The heating device may extend to both sides of the recess or device for accommodating the cassette in such a way that the cassette can be heated on both sides. While requiring relatively little space, this embodiment case affords effective heating of the media to a desired set point even at high fluid rates.
The present invention also relates to a method for delivering, balancing, metering and heating a medical fluid, where a fluid delivered through lines and at least one delivery chamber is simultaneously receiving heat energy. This yields a method that is simple to carry out, where the partial functions of, for example, delivering, metering/balancing, mixing, measuring, connecting and heating medical fluids can be combined or performed in a compact manner.
It is especially advantageous if fluid is first sent through the delivery chambers and then heated in an area encompassing the lines. However, heating also may take place in the delivery chambers, alone or in combination with heating in the lines. Heating the fluid in the lines has the advantage that a great length of line can be accommodated as a result of the favorable arrangement of the lines in a relatively small area. This affords the possibility of heating the fluid effectively and in a controlled manner even at high flow rates.
Heating may take place in an area where the lines are arranged in spiral form. This yields an especially advantageous ratio of line length per unit of area, permitting especially effective heating.
In another embodiment of this invention, fluid first is passed through at least one delivery chamber of a cassette provided for delivering, balancing, metering and heating of fluid and is heated in lines on one side of the cassette, after which the fluid is transferred to the opposite side of the cassette and is heated further in lines on the opposite side. With such an arrangement, the fluid can be heated adequately even at high flow rates due to the relatively great line length extending on both sides of the cassette.
Additional advantages and details of the present invention are explained below on the basis of the embodiments described and illustrated in the figure.

Cassette for delivering fluids, especially dialysis fluids