A user controlled device, movable into a plurality of positions of a three-dimensional space, includes a MEMS acceleration sensor to detect 3D movements of the user controlled device. The device, such as a mouse, sends control signals correlated to the detected positions to an electrical appliance, such as a computer system. A microcontroller processes the output signals of the MEMS acceleration sensor to generate the control signals, such as screen pointer position signals and “clicking” functions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a user-controlled device, in particular a mouse or a joystick, with 3D motion detection. The invention is however also applicable to game pads, trackballs and other screen pointing devices for a computer system as well as to devices for pointing or selecting predetermined tasks or information according to their position, which are connected to a computer or a computer-controlled system. The invention is also applicable to the control of an electrical appliance, e.g., for switching on an electrical appliance and activate particular tasks, on the base of a 3D movement signal generated by the user-controlled device.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is known, mice are now the most common interface between a person and a computer or a computer controlled device and are hand-displaced on a plane or two-dimensional surface to control a cursor or pointer or activate particular tasks. To this end, typical mice comprise a plurality of sensors detecting a 2D movement of the mouse; a plurality of buttons for entering commands and a communication interface for communication with the computer system.
In view of the ease of operation and spread in use of mice as a convenient interface with computer systems, a number of functionalities are being developed to make mice still easier to use, to reduce operation stresses and damages to arms and shoulders, to increase the number of tasks that may be controlled or selected through a mouse, to adapt to various specific requirement and operation environment or to detect movements with more degrees of freedom.
For example, a mouse has been proposed, having improved movement detection capabilities, including detection of tilting in four different directions, rotation about its axis and a little vertical movement. This mouse, described, e.g., in "The VideoMouse: A Camera-Based Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Input Device," by K. Hinckley et al., ACM UIST'99 Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology, CHI Letters 1 (1), pp. 103-112, uses a video camera for detecting the movement. However, although the image processing systems are becoming cheaper and smaller, the costs and dimensions of these systems do not allow their use in all systems. Furthermore, this type of movement detection has a functionality highly dependent upon light conditions and/or optical features of the surface the mouse rests on.
Furthermore, the known solutions do not always allow operation by disabled persons, having limited or no hand control.

User controlled device for sending control signals to an electric appliance, in particular user controlled pointing device such as mouse or joystick, with 3D-motion detection

STMicroelectronics Asia Pacific Pte Ltd.


An improved windmill and a method for generating electricity, pumped air or rotational shaft energy are provided. A vertical mast rotatably mounts one end of a substantially horizontal and upward cantilevered support arm whose other end mounts a horizontal axis stator of dual function for both the windmill and the energy generating mechanism. A rotor is mounted co-axially to the stator, being the rotor for both the windmill blades and the energy generating mechanism. Fixed windmill blades or blades which lessen angle of attack in response to increasing wind pressure are attached to the rotor. A fan shroud in the form of a band supported by fins from the stator may encircle a disk defined by the tips of the rotating windmill blades.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is a lower cost more efficient windmill which operates over a wider spectrum of wind speeds than existing windmills, thereby placing energy production within the reach of individuals.
2. Description of the Related Art
Horizontal axis windmills have not basically changed for about a thousand years. Such windmills still consist of a group of sails (now called blades) affixed radially to a rotating shaft. No economically feasible structure has been implemented to dramatically increase efficiency. Present windmills are not economically feasible unless placed in the few mountain passes or ridge locations where high winds blow much of the time. Even in those few high wind locations the windmills must be of very large diameter, therefore expensive, heavy and high maintenance, and must be stopped to avoid damage in winds above approximately 35 mph. The above shortcomings of prior art windmills have kept wind power from furnishing a substantial portion of energy needs.
The windmill according to this invention includes a support arm horizontally pivoting from one of its ends upon a vertical axis bearing atop a mounting mast, the other end of the support arm fixedly supporting a stator providing both windmill stator functions and generating mechanism stator functions. The stator also supports airflow straightening fins extending radially from the stator close in front of the windmill blades, the outer end of the fins supporting a shroud band encircling the fan just outside the tips of the rotating blades. The stator mounts a coaxial horizontal axis dual function rotor which furnishes windmill blade rotor function as well as energy generating rotor functions, whether for electricity, air pumping or rotating shaft energy.
The objects of this invention follow:
Eliminate efficiency loss from vortex generation at each blade tip.
Eliminate efficiency loss due to induced spiral flow in front of the blade disk.
Eliminate weight, cost and efficiency penalties by providing a single simple low cost support arm which performs the five functions of supporting the windmill, aligning it into the wind, elevating it downwind above mounting mast turbulence, contribute to the elimination of induced spiral air circulation in front of the blade disk, and provide a conduit for transmitting the energy produced to the mounting mast.
Eliminate weight and cost penalties by providing a single dual function stator which provides both windmill stator functions and energy producing mechanism stator functions.
Eliminate weight and cost penalties by providing a single dual function rotor which provides both windmill rotor functions and energy generation rotor functions.
Eliminate energy loss by not using a separate transmission device such as shafts, bearings and gears, between the windmill rotor and the energy generating device.
Eliminate weight and cost penalties, by not needing any device to stop the windmill from operating in any high wind.
Gain efficiency by being able to harvest more low velocity winds as well as all high velocity winds.
Eliminate energy loss by having the windmill less sensitive to the effects of wind gusts.
All or most of the above-named inefficiencies and penalties are inherent in present state-of-the-art windmills now being manufactured and used.

Windmill and method to use same to generate electricity, pumped air or rotational shaft energy


A lamp assembly of LED string light has a lamp module, an inner housing, an outer housing, a lower shell and a lamp cover module. The lamp module has a circuit board and an LED bulb and a set of power lines mounted on the circuit board. The inner housing has two symmetrical and engaged inner cases and a space to receive the lamp module. The outer housing has two symmetrical outer cases assembled together and encloses the inner housing. The lower shell is sleeved around a bottom portion of the inner housing. The lower shell has a multi-step portion formed on a periphery thereof for the lamp cover module to sleeve on the lower shell. Given the aforementioned elements, the lamp assembly of LED string light is easily assembled and highly waterproof and dustproof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a lamp, and more particularly to a lamp assembly of a light-emitting diode (LED) string light being easily and conveniently assembled and highly waterproof and dustproof.
2. Description of the Related Art
String lights emphasize more as a decorative tool than a lighting tool and are decorated on trees or buildings to create a sense of occasion for special events or festivals. Traditionally, lamps of the string light pertain to small incandescent bulbs. After LED lamp came out to the market, the incandescent bulbs are gradually overwhelmed by the new light source having brighter luminance and longer life cycle. Besides, higher weatherability of LED lamp makes LED a better choice for a light source of the string light mounted outdoors.
Besides the LED light source, an LED lamp of the string light also contains other electrical elements, such as circuit board, power lead and the like. If a housing of the LED lamp is not sufficiently airtight, those electrical elements are easily affected by weather condition.
Furthermore, as the LED string light has a plurality of lamps mutually connected by connection cables and the assembly of the LED string light is conducted manually, how to make the lamp assembly easy and convenient needs to be further explored.

Lamp assembly of light-emitting diode string light


Methods and formulations for delivery of macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, are disclosed, where the macromolecule is dissolved or dispersed in a low toxicity organic solvent which can be aerosolized for delivery to a patient""s lungs by inhalation. Optionally, appropriate solubility enhancers are also present in the formulations composition.

The present invention is in the field of pulmonary delivery of bioactive molecules.
Due to their large size, most macromolecules are delivered by injection, and noninvasive delivery systems usually do not work. Although some digestion resistant small peptides, such as 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP; a nine amino acid vasopressin analog) and cyclosporine (11 amino acids), have been delivered successfully by an oral route, proteins or peptides are usually degraded by enzymes in the stomach or intestine. The skin offers an even less naturally permeable boundary to macromolecules than the gastrointestinal tract, and passive transdermal delivery of proteins and peptides using xe2x80x9cpatchxe2x80x9d technology has had limited success.
Drug delivery by inhalation represents a well established mode of administration of low molecular weight pharmaceuticals for various lung disorders, with a promise for noninvasive systemic delivery of drugs in general. Several biopharmaceutical companies are developing methods for pulmonary delivery of peptides and proteins, with one such product already in clinical use (the enzyme DNAse produced by Genentech for the treatment of symptoms of cystic fibrosis in children).
The lung is an attractive target for noninvasive delivery of proteins. Many proteins readily and naturally absorb through the deep lung into the bloodstream. The expanded deep lung of an adult human has a large surface area of about 100 m2 with a potential for high bioavailability. In addition, the lung is a robust organ which, for instance, can successfully cope with at least 10 mg of nuisance dusts in the workplace each day for years. Furthermore, there is no evidence that inhaling autologous proteins presents significant immune issues.
A number of pharmaceutical preparations for pulmonary delivery of drugs has been developed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,230,884 to Evans et al., discloses the use of reverse micelles for pulmonary delivery of proteins and peptides. Reverse micelles are formed by adding a little water to a nonpolar solvent (e.g. hexane) to form microdroplets. In this medium, a surfactant (detergent) will orient itself with its polar heads inward, so that they are in contact with the water and the hydrophobic tails outward. Thus the tiny droplets of water are surrounded by surfactant. The protein to be delivered is dissolved in the aqueous phase.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,007 to Johnson et al., discloses methods for making an agglomerate composition containing a medicament powder (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, peptides, etc.) wherein a nonaqueous solvent binding liquid (a fluorocarbon) is used to bind the fine particles into aggregated units. The agglomerate composition has a mean size ranging from 50 to 600 microns and is allegedly useful in pulmonary drug delivery by inhalation.
PCT/US97/08895 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology discloses particles made of a biodegradable material or drug, which have a tap density less than 0.4 g/cm3 and a mean diameter between 5 xcexcm and 30 xcexcm.
PCT/EP97/01560 by Glaxo Group Limited discloses spherical hollow drug particulates for use in pulmonary delivery.
At present, clinically approved systems for pulmonary delivery of biomacromolecules are limited to using either dry powders or aqueous solutions; which are aerosolized, and the resultant xe2x80x9cmistxe2x80x9d is inhaled by a patient. These approaches, while feasible, may suffer from serious drawbacks. See a review in Nature Biotechnology 16, 141-143 (1998) for a more detailed discussion. For example, the problems with powders include their hygroscopicity, clump formation, and irreproducibility. Aqueous solutions of proteins and nucleic acids are free of these shortcomings but are difficult to aerosolize (due to the high boiling point of water) and susceptible to microbial attack.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a minimally invasive delivery method for bioactive agents.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a means for pulmonary delivery of bioactive agents.
Methods and formulations for delivery of macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, are disclosed, where the macromolecule is dissolved or dispersed in a low toxicity organic solvent which can be aerosolized for delivery to a patient""s lungs by inhalation. Optionally, appropriate solubility enhancers are also present in the formulations composition.
Definitions
The term low toxicity as used herein refers to a solvent that does not cause permanent long term damage to body cells or organs.
The term aerosol as used herein refers to any preparation of a fine mist of particles, typically less than 10 microns in diameter, which can be in solution or a suspension, whether or not it is produced using a propellant. Aerosols can be produced using standard techniques, such as ultrasonication or high pressure treatment]
The terms solution or dissolve as used herein refer to compositions in which the bioactive agent is present as a monomolecular dispersion. Concentration ranges are from 0 to 500 mg/ml.
Residual solvents in pharmaceuticals are organic volatile chemicals that are used or produced in the syntheses of drug substances, or excipients, or in the preparation of drug products which are not completely removed by processing.
Biocompatible refers to Class 3 residual solvents that do not cause any long term harmful effects on bodily tissues or cells. This is defined in the U.S. Federal Register vol. 62, number 85, pages 24301-24309 as solvents with low toxic potential to man; no health based exposure limit is needed. Class 3 solvents have PDE""s of 50 mg or more per day.
As used herein, the term xe2x80x9csurfactantxe2x80x9d refers to any agent which preferentially adsorbs to an interface between two immiscible phases, such as the interface between water and an organic polymer solution, a water/air interface or organic solvent/air interface.
1. Compositions
Active Ingredients
The formulations disclosed herein can be used for the delivery of a variety of molecules, especially macromolecules. Smaller molecules can also be delivered as well. Macromolecules are generally defined as molecules having a molecular weight of greater than about 1000 daltons. Examples of macromolecules include proteins and large peptides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, and DNA and RNA nucleic acid molecules and their analogs having therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic activities. Nucleic acid molecules include genes, antisense molecules that bind to complementary DNA to inhibit transcription, and ribozymes. The agents to be incorporated can have any of a variety of biological activities, being, for example vasoactive agents, neuroactive agents, hormones, anticoagulants, immunomodulating agents, cytotoxic agents, prophylactic agents, antibiotics, antivirals, antisense, antigens, or antibodies.
Proteins are defined as consisting of 100 amino acid residues or more; peptides are less than 100 amino acid residues. Unless otherwise stated, the term protein refers to both proteins and peptides as well as peptidomimetic compounds (i.e. peptide-like substances having some non-peptide groups). Examples of proteins include insulin and other hormones. An example of an polysaccharide is heparin.
The formulations may include an active ingredient for local delivery within the lung, or for systemic treatment. For example, formulations for local delivery may be used to treat asthma, emphysema or cystic fibrosis. Representative agents include genes encoding enzymes to treat cystic fibrosis and beta agonists for treatment of asthma. Agents having systemic effects include, but are not limited to, insulin, calcitonin, human growth hormone, erythropoietin (xe2x80x9cEPOxe2x80x9d), DNAse, leuprolide (or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (xe2x80x9cLHRHxe2x80x9d)), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (xe2x80x9cG-CSFxe2x80x9d), parathyroid hormone-related peptide, somatostatin, testosterone, progesterone, estradiol, nicotine, fentanyl, norethisterone, clonidine, scopolomine, salicylate, cromolyn sodium, salmeterol, formeterol, albuterol, and valium.
Solvents
The solvents useful in the compositions are low toxicity organic (i.e. nonaqueous) class 3 residual solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydofuran, ethyl ether, and propanol. The solvent is selected based on its ability to readily aerosolize the composition. The solvent should not detrimentally react with the active ingredient. An appropriate solvent should be used that dissolves the active ingredient or forms a suspension of the active ingredient. A suspension is also referred to as a dispersion herein.
The solvent moreover should be sufficiently volatile to enable formation of an aerosol of the solution or suspension. Additional solvents or aerosolizing agents, such as freons, can be added as desired to increase the volatility of the solution or suspension.
Concentration
Macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids can be dissolved in some organic solvents, e.g. in ethanol, at relatively high concentrations provided that certain critical guidelines are followed. For example, the protein is preferably lyophilized from an aqueous solution having a pH different, preferably remote, from the isoelectric point of the protein. See Bromberg and Klibanov, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 1262-1266 (1995), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The solubility of macromolecules in organic solvents can be enhanced by certain additives, such as some inorganic salts, detergents, and water soluble polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) and carboxymethylcellulose. Alternatively, biomacromolecular dispersions or suspensions in the form of microcrystals or lyophilized powders suspended in organic solvents can be used to make aerosols for pulmonary delivery. Proteins are usually not irreversibly damaged in such systems. The advantages of the nonaqueous formulations for pulmonary delivery include stability against microbial contamination and a greater (compared to water) ease of the aerosol formation due to their volatility.
Preferably the active ingredient is dissolved or dispersed to a concentration of between 0 and 500 mg/ml, more preferably between 1 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml, and most preferably between 10 xcexcg/ml and 10 mg/ml. The same concentrations can be used as have been used for aqueous solutions delivered via the pulmonary route. The concentration will be determined by the solubility or dispersibility of the macromolecule and the amount of solution or dispersion that can be safely administered. The concentration is also limited by the fact that the solution or suspension needs to be aerosolized. Desired dosages are known for many macromolecules and can be determined by means known to those skilled in the art. Many protein and peptide drugs require deep lung delivery of two to 20 mg per dose. Patton et al., xe2x80x9cBreathing Life into Protein Drugsxe2x80x9d, Nature Biotechnology 16:141-143 (February 1998). Since the volume of drug containing solution or suspension delivered to the patient is preferably about 1 to 5 ml, the concentration will preferably be from about 0.4 to 20 mg per ml.
Surfactants and Other Ingredients
The formulations may optionally include a surfactant to enhance solubility or absorption. Surfactants generally possess a hydrophilic moiety and a lipophilic moiety, such that, upon absorbing to microparticles, they tend to present moieties to the external environment that do not attract similarly-coated particles, thus reducing particle agglomeration. Surfactants may also promote absorption of a therapeutic or diagnostic agent and increase bioavailability of the agent.
Synthetic or naturally occurring surfactants known in the art, can be used. Surfactants which can be included in the formulation to improve their aerosolization properties include phosphoglycerides. Exemplary phosphoglycerides include phosphatidylcholines, such as the naturally occurring surfactant, L-xcex1-phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl (xe2x80x9cDPPCxe2x80x9d). The use of surfactants endogenous to the lung may avoid the need for the use of non-physiologic surfactants. Other exemplary surfactants include diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG); sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), derivatives of polyethylene glycol (PEG); polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether; a surface active fatty acid, such as palmitic acid or oleic acid; sorbitan trioleate (Span 85); glycocholate; surfactin; poloxomers; sorbitan fatty acid esters such as sorbitan trioleate; tyloxapol and a phospholipid; and alkylated sugars such as octyl glucoside. These are added to the solution or dispersion to a concentration above the surfactant""s critical micelle concentration (CMC). Concentrations will typically be between 0.001% and 10%.
The surfactant can also be used as a particle stabilizer for suspensions. Other additives, such as some inorganic salts (10 mM to 5 M), and viscosity modifying agents such as the water soluble polymers poly(ethylene glycol) and carboxymethylcellulose (0.1% to 10% (w/v)), may also be used to enhance solubility, stability or absorption.
2. Methods for Making the Compositions
The compositions are made by mixing the macromolecule to be delivered with a suitable biocompatible organic solvent to form a solution or dispersion of the macromolecule. Additional ingredients, such as surfactants and other excipients, both optional, can be added as desired, to improve solubility and delivery, for example. The solvent is selected as described above. Preferably, the macromolecule is lyophilized from an aqueous solution that has a pH different from the pI of the macromolecule, before being dissolved or dispersed in the solvent.
3. Methods for Using the Compositions
The compositions can be delivered by any method and/or device which is currently used for pulmonary delivery. For example, nebulizer can be used. Nebulizers create a fine mist from a solution or suspension, which is inhaled by the patient. The devices described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,202 to Lloyd, et al., can be used. A metered dose inhaler (MDI) can also be used. An MDI typically includes a pressurized canister having a meter valve, wherein the canister is filled with the solution or suspension and a propellant. The solvent itself may function as the propellant, or the composition may be combined with a propellant, such as freon. The composition is a fine mist when released from the canister due to the release in pressure. The propellant and solvent may wholly or partially evaporate due to the decrease in pressure.
The present invention is further described by the following non-limiting example.

Nonaqueous solutions and suspensions of macromolecules for pulmonary delivery


A lead-free solder composition comprising: 20 to 30 wt. % bismuth, 1.0 to 3.0 wt. % silver, 0.01 to 2.0 wt. % copper, 0.01 to 4.0 wt. % antimony and incidental impurities, the balance being tin.

The present invention relates to lead-free solder compositions comprising tin, bismuth and silver. These compositions are lead-free solder compositions that are particularly useful in the soldering of electrical/electronic components to printed circuit boards.
Typical solders used in the electronics industry currently comprise a tin-lead alloy. Growing concerns over the use of lead have meant that lead-free alloys have come under consideration for the electronics industry. An article entitled xe2x80x9cThe search for lead-free soldersxe2x80x9d by W B Hampshire which appeared in Soldering and Surface Mount Technology, No 14, June 1993 provides a list of patents relating to lead-free solders. This table is as follows:
It is stated in the above article that almost exclusively the above patents were developed for plumbing applications which allow higher temperatures than for electronic applications. Such higher temperatures will easily damage the electrical components, especially semiconductor devices having no heat sink protection. Also, alloys with some pasty range are usually preferred in the making of plumbing joints, while electronics solders have much shorter pasty ranges. The authors therefore thought it doubtful that any of the above solders would substitute successfully in the electronics industry. The article looks at various eutectics of tin-x alloys but dismisses tin-bismuth alloys.
A number of other patents have been granted for lead-free solders. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,814 discloses a multi component solder alloy containing at least about 50 weight percent Bi, up to about 50 weight percent Sn (basis total Sn and Bi), and an effective amount of a physical and mechanical property enhancing third component. The third component can be Cu, In, Ag and combinations of Cu and Ag.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,320,272 discloses an electronic package having a solder connection for bonding faying surfaces formed of a tin-bismuth alloy comprising a tertiary metal. The examples show tin-bismuth alloys containing gold as the. tertiary metal. The alloy is stated to preferably contain about 48 to 68 weight percent bismuth. It is stated that tin alloys containing less than 30 weight percent or greater than 70 weight percent bismuth require relatively high reflow temperatures that tend to damage other connection components typically found in a microelectronic package. This patent discloses applying the tertiary metal to a faying surface and thereafter a deposit of tin-bismuth solder paste is applied to the film.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,096 discloses a lead-free and antimony-free solder composition which comprises about 0.05 to about 3.0. percent by weight of silver, about 0.5 to about 6.0 percent by weight of copper, about 0.1 to 2.0 percent by weight of bismuth and about 88 percent to about 99.35 percent to be particularly useful for joining copper tubing, brass pipes and fittings to by used in plumbing. U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,423 also discloses a lead-free alloy for joining and sealing which is useful as a plumbing solder which comprises from 0.08 to 20.0 percent by weight of bismuth, from 0.02 to 1.5 percent by weight silver, from 0 to 0.10 percent by weight of phosphorus, from 0 to 0.20 percent of a rare earth mixture and the balance tin, together with incidental impurities. This alloy has a similar pasty range to the traditional tin-lead plumbing solders.
For reasons such as environmental and health reasons it would be an advantage to use a lead-free solder in electronic applications. It would also be and advantage if such a solder was able to be used with existing-machinery used for Pb/Sn alloys.
The present inventors have now discovered a new solder composition which may be used in electronic applications. according to the present invention there is a solder composition comprising:
15.0 to 30.0% bismuth,
1.0 to 3.0% silver, and otionally comprising 0 to 2.0%, preferably 0.01 to 2.0%, copper and 0 to 4.0% antimony and incidental impurities, the balance being tin.
Where the terms xe2x80x9ccomprisexe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9ccomprisesxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9ccomprisedxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9ccomprisingxe2x80x9d are used in this specification they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components referred to, but not to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other feature, integer, step, component of group thereof.
The composition of the present invention may include small amounts of, typically less than about 4.0 percent, of other alloying agents to enhance the mechanical properties. Such optional agents may include, for example, copper, antimony and/or gallium. In a preferred embodiment the solder of the present invention includes 0 to 2.0%, more preferably 0.01 to 2.0%, copper and/or 0 to 4% antimony. It is preferred that the solder of the present invention is lead-free other than any lead which is present as impurities. Commercially available bismuth may contain minor amounts of lead as bismuth is found in nature in combination with lead. It is usually in very low concentrations, in the order of a few ppm.
The solders of the present invention may be formed as a mixture of an alloy. When used as a mixture they may be applied as a paste to, for example, the surface mount of a printed circuit board by hand or automatic dispenser, using a stencil similar to silk screening or by direct imaging. The composition of the present invention may also be formed as an alloy.
Soldering is a low temperature, generally reversible, metallurgical joining process. Low temperature and reversibility are especially important in electronics applications because of the materials involved and the necessity for reworking and replacing defective components. A solder composition used in electronics fabrication must be wettable as a solder alloy and have at least on component capable of forming an electrically conductive, thermally stable, non-brittle, plastic intermetallic with the pad or land metallurgy. For these reasons the most common solder alloys have been lead-based alloys, as Sn-Pb alloys
Although alternatives have been suggested for other applications such as plumbing applications, Pb/Sn solders are most commonly used for electronic applications. Pb/Sn alloys have a low solidus temperature, they are workable and the resulting Cu/Sn intermetallics (formed at the solder/Cu contact interface) forms over a wide temperature range, good adhesion of Cu/Sn intermetallics is obtained from Pb/Sn alloys to Cu lands and pads, the process equipment is readily available and adjuncts such as resins, fluxes and solder mixes for Pb/Sn alloys are of low cost. The relatively low temperature required for processing Pb/Sn solder alloys are particularly important as is the xe2x80x9csoftnessxe2x80x9d or plasticity of lead-based solders.
The solder of the present invention has many of the above properties which make it a suitable replacement for Pb/Sn solders in electronic applications. A particular advantage of the solder of the present invention is that it may be used as a xe2x80x9cdrop inxe2x80x9d replacement for existing Pb/Sn solders. A disadvantage with other lead-free solders which have been proposed for electronic applications is that the existing machinery used for Pb/Sn solders may not be used with the lead-free replacements. The composition of the present invention may be used as a direct substitute for Pb/Sn alloys therefore avoiding equipment replacement costs.
Most of the previously suggested lead-free solders do not melting point, pasty range, surface tension and wetting ability. The alloys of the present invention approach conventional lead solders in performance of the solder joint.
The solder composition of the present invention is designed to have good wetting and surface tension properties to provide reliable solder joints as required by the electronics industry.
Lead-free tin alloys have also been proposed to be plated onto electronics components to replace currently used tin-lead coatings. The solders of the present invention are particularly useful for use with such lead-free tin alloys.
A solder must pass many specifications and therefore the ability to vary the alloy to tailor it to the specification required is an advantage. Specifications typically refer to some of all of the following:
melting point and range;
creep resistance;
thermocycling performance;
tensile test; and
electrical properties.
The individual figures for each of the above may vary from country to country and from corporation to corporation. The solder of the present invention may be adjusted by varying the components of the composition. The melting points may be adjusted between a minimum of about 155xc2x0 C. and a maximum of about 230xc2x0 C. Increasing the proportion of bismuth in the composition lowers the melting point. The presence of silver in the composition gives improved wetting, surface tension, wicking and the ability to flow to the composition. Increasing the proportion of silver in the composition narrows the melting point range.
In a preferred embodiment the solder of the present invetion further comprises from 0 to 2.0%, more preferably from 0.01 to 2.0%, copper. Addition of up to 2.0% copper to the solder of the present invention reduces the formation of a copper tin intermetallic layer between the solder and a copper substrate.
Addition of up to 4.0% antimony improves the high temperature performance of the solder.
The ability to adjust the melting points of the solder of the present invention may be useful in number of application. For example, using a alloy with a relatively high melting point. Further components can then be soldered on to the same side or the other side of the printed circuit board with solder having a relatively lower melting point without first components falling off.
For less temperature sensitive components a higher melting point alloy may be acceptable. Therefore, the components of the composition may be varied to reduce cost.
A further example of when an adjustment in the melting point of the solder may be important is when hot air levelling is used during the manufacture of a printed circuit board. In this case, the solder may become contaminated with copper from the board""s surface. To increase the life of the solder pot, some copper/tin crystals are typically removed at a temperature of between 193 to 195xc2x0 C. In such a case it is desirable to adjust the melting point of the solder so that this may be done without losing any of the solder.
The solder composition of the present invention are useful in all electronic applications but are particularly useful in joining integrated surface chips to chip carriers and substrates, as printed circuit boards, joining chip carriers to substrates, joining circuitisation lands and pads in multi-layer printed circuit boards and joining components with leads to the printed circuit board and ball grid arrays.
The solder composition of the present invention may be applied by any method currently used in electronics applications, for example the composition may be deposited onto electrical contacts of a printed circuit. The solder composition may be applied for example by hand soldering, hot air levelling, wave solder deposition, electro deposition, as a solder paste or as solder balls. The solder paste can be applied by using a stencil, direct dispensing or direct imaging. The alloy can also be electroplated on to components.


A cosmetic composition is a structured emulsion of a continuous phase containing water-immiscible liquid carrier plus a structurant, and a disperse phase which is a solution of antiperspirant active in a more polar, probably aqueous, solvent. The structurant is a material which forms a network of fibers in the continuous phase, thereby gelling it. The structurant has an enthalpy of gelation in the carrier liquid or a test liquid with a magnitude of at least 30 kJ/mole. This minimum enthalpy of gelation facilitates processing at conveniently accessible temperatures and promotes stability.

The present invention relates to cosmetic compositions for application to human skin. Significant forms of the invention are concerned with antiperspirant compositions for application to human skin, especially the axilla. However, the invention can also be applied to other forms of cosmetic composition.
A wide variety of cosmetic compositions for application to human skin make use of a thickened or structured liquid carrier to deliver colour or some other active material to the surface of the skin. A significant example of such cosmetic compositions are antiperspirant compositions which are widely used in order to enable their users to avoid or minimise wet patches on their skin, especially in axillary regions.
Cosmetic compositions have been made in a variety of product forms. One of these is a so-called xe2x80x9cstickxe2x80x9d which is usually a bar of an apparently firm solid material held within a dispensing container and which retains its structural integrity and shape whilst being applied. When a portion of the stick is drawn across the skin surface a film of the stick composition is transferred to the skin surface. Although the stick has the appearance of a solid article capable of retaining its own shape for a period of time, the material usually has a structured liquid phase so that a film of the composition is readily transferred from the stick to another surface upon contact. Examples of cosmetic compositions which are, or can be, marketed in a stick form are lipsticks, lip salves and eyebrow pencils. The stick form has been used in particular for deodorant and antiperspirant compositions where the composition includes a deodorant active material or an antiperspirant active material respectively.
Another possibility is that a stick is a softer solid composition accommodated in a dispensing container which in use extrudes the composition through one or more apertures.
Antiperspirant sticks and other cosmetic compositions can be divided into three categories. Suspension sticks contain a particulate material, notably a particulate antiperspirant active material, suspended in a structured carrier liquid phase. Emulsion sticks normally have a hydrophilic phase forming an emulsion with a second, more hydrophobic, liquid phase. One of the phases contains an active material. Solution sticks typically have the active material dissolved in a structured liquid phase; this phase may be organic solvent or may be a mixture of water and a water-miscible organic solvent. This classification into suspension, emulsion and solution types can be applied to both firm and soft solid compositions.
Besides firm and soft sticks, a number of cosmetic compositions have taken the form of liquids which are formulated to be somewhat viscous and hence pour and flow more slowly than water. One example is antiperspirant compositions in liquid form, such as applied using a roll-on applicator.
There is substantial literature on the structuring or thickening of cosmetic compositions which is frequently accomplished using some form of thickening agent as part of the composition.
Some compositions have a substantial viscosity, which may even make them capable of retaining their own shape for a time, because of transient interactions between molecules of a thickening agent in the liquid.
This is characteristic of compositions which are thickened with polymers. Thickening can be attributed to interactions between polymer molecules.
It is characteristic of such thickened compositions that their viscosity can be achieved or recovered on standing at room temperature. If subjected to shear their viscosity reduces (hence they are described as shear thinning) but the viscosity recovers towards its original value if the composition is subsequently allowed to stand at room temperature.
Compositions which have two phases, such as emulsions may also have substantial viscosity, even to the extent of being able to sustain their own shape.
Here too it is characteristic of the composition thatxe2x80x94provided the composition is stablexe2x80x94its viscosity will recover spontaneously if it is reduced by subjecting the composition to shear.
Compositions have also been given structure and an enhanced viscosity or rigidity by the incorporation of a structurant (also referred to as a gellant or gelling agent) which causes the liquid to gel upon cooling from an elevated temperature.
Gel formation takes place as an exothermic event within a temperature range referred to as the gel point or gel temperature. Upon reheating, melting of the gel takes place as an endothermic event within a temperature range. When the gel melts, the structurant goes into solution in the liquid. Such gels can be disrupted by shearing and do not recover their viscosity for a long time, if at all unless remelted, although a small partial recovery may be observed.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,265,878, 4,725,431, 4,719,103 and 4,704,271 disclose antiperspirant stick compositions in which a solution of antiperspirant active in aqueous solution is dispersed in a hydrophobic continuous phase of hydrocarbon or silicone oil. This hydrophobic continuous phase is structured to provide a rigid stick by the incorporation of a substantial amount of waxy material, such as stearyl alcohol or spermaceti wax. one material which is well known to form gels is 12-hydroxy stearic acid which is discussed in Terech et al xe2x80x9cOrganogels and Aerogels of Racemic and Chiral 12-hydroxy Octadecanoic Acidxe2x80x9d, Langmuir Vol 10, 3406-3418, 1994. The material is commercially available from Ajinomoto and from Caschem.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,096 is one of several documents which teaches that gelation of antiperspirant suspensions can be brought about using esters or amides of 12-hydroxy stearic acid. The alcohol used to form such an ester or the amine used to form such an amide may contain an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic group with up to 22 carbons therein. If the group is aliphatic it preferably contains at least three carbon atoms. A cycloaliphatic group preferably contains at least five carbon atoms and may be a fixed ring system such as adamantyl.
WO 98/27954, WO 97/11678 and WO 98/34588 are examples of other documents disclosing the gelation of solutions and suspensions.
N-acyl amino acid amides and esters are also known to structure liquids. We have established that they do so by forming fibrous networks. They are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,087. N-Lauroyl-L-glutamic acid di-n-butylamide is commercially available from Ajinomoto under their designation GP-1.
We have recognised that when a gel is formed, the solution of the structurant in a liquid may supercool before gelling commences, and in consequence the gel-melting temperature may be higher than the gel-formation temperature. If gel-formation takes place in a quiescent solution of the structurant the extent of supercooling may be substantial. We have observed that it varies from one structurant to another.
However, if the structurant is being used to prepare a product where a constituent such as a disperse phase is mixed into the hot liquid before gel formation, we have found that it is likely to be necessary to carry out this mixing operation at a temperature at which the structurant is fully soluble in the liquid. If an attempt is made to mix the composition at a temperature at which there is some supercooling, it is likely that the mixing will induce gelation to commence.
It is a consequence of this that when preparing structured liquid compositions containing a structurant to gel the liquid, all constituents of the composition must be subjected to a temperature high enough to dissolve the structuring agent.
We have now found that advantageous properties and processing can be provided in a cosmetic composition which is a structured emulsion, by utilising a gelling agent, in particular a gelling agent of moderate molecular weight, which has an enthalpy of gelation of at least 30 kilojoule per mole.
According to a first aspect of this invention there is provided a cosmetic composition which is a structured emulsion comprising:
i a continuous phase containing water-immiscible liquid carrier and a fibre-forming structurant present in the continuous phase, which is effective to gel the composition upon cooling from a temperature at which the structurant is in solution in the carrier liquid, and
ii a disperse phase which is a solution of antiperspirant active in water, water-soluble solvent or a mixture of them, characterised in that the structurant has an enthalpy of gelation in the carrier liquid with a magnitude of at least 30 kJ/mole, preferably at least 35 kJ/mole, and more preferably at least 45kJ/mole, 48 kJ/mole or 50 kJ/mole.
The enthalpy of gelation can be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
A gelling agent giving an enthalpy of gelation in this range of at least 30 or 35 kJ/mole upwards can give the advantage of allowing processing without requiring the entire composition to be subjected to high temperature. This can be valuable in preparing a composition which is an emulsion with a hydrophilic (e.g. aqueous) disperse phase. A further advantage resides in stability of the resulting gel. These advantages are more apparent if the enthalpy of gelation is higher (45 kJ per mole or more).
By contrast, if the enthalpy of gelation is low, one or both of two disadvantages are observed. Rather high processing temperatures may be needed and/or a gel may be formed but then undergo unwanted progressive transformation during storage, such as crystals appearing and growing, softening of the composition or leakage of liquid from it.
Although the enthalpy of gelation is a property of the structurant and carrier liquid jointly, we have found that it is predominantly a property of the structurant. Consequently, the measurement of enthalpy of gelation in one or several representative liquids is valuable as technique (which can be carried out with a small sample and a standard instrument) to assess the suitability of a potential structurant. It may be desirable to take a measurement in any one of several representative liquids, since some structurants do not gel all hydrophobic carrier liquids.
Therefore in a second aspect this invention provides a cosmetic composition which is a structured emulsion comprising
i) a continuous phase containing water-immiscible liquid carrier and a fibre-forming structurant present in the continuous phase, which is effective to gel the composition upon cooling from a temperature at which the structurant is in solution in the carrier liquid, and
ii) a disperse phase which is a solution of antiperspirant active in water, water-soluble solvent or a mixture of them
characterised in that the structurant is able to gel one or more of
decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane
an 80:20 wt % mixture of decamethyl cyclopenta-siloxane and isostearyl alcohol
isostearyl alcohol
with an enthalpy of gelation in at least one of the liquids with a magnitude of at least 30 kJ/mole, preferably at least 35 kJ/mole, more preferably at least 45, 48 or 50 kJ/mole.
A composition according to this invention may take the form of a firm gel with apparent rigidity, or a soft solid which is able to retain its own shape for a time (for example if it is taken out of a mould without being subjected to shear) but which is easily deformed by hand pressure. Preferred within this invention are compositions which have sufficient rigidity that they can be regarded as firm solids. The hardness of such compositions can be measured with a penetrometer, in a manner which will be described in greater detail below.
Certain preferred forms of this invention are concerned with compositions which are translucent or transparent. As is already known, translucent or transparent compositions can be obtained if it is possible to match the refractive indices of the different constituent phases present in the composition.
We have found that compositions within this invention which are a novel transparent or translucent emulsion can be obtained by formulating the composition to meet two criteria. Firstly the disperse phase and the continuous phase (consisting of the water-immiscible carrier liquid and the structurant contained within that liquid)should be formulated so that their refractive indices match. The refractive index of the continuous phase will be close to the refractive index of the water-immiscible carrier liquid in it. In order to achieve good light transmission through a composition, the refractive index of the water-immiscible continuous phase and the refractive index of the disperse phase should match within 0.003 units preferably 0.002 units.
Secondly, the matched refractive indices of these two phases should lie in a range which is an approximate match to the refractive index of the structurant. The closeness of match required will depend on the structurant which is used. The refractive index of a structurant can be determined by making trial compositions as explained in more detail below. Such investigation will also show how closely the refractive index of the liquid must be matched to the structurant.
A composition of this invention will generally be marketed in a container by means of which it can be applied at time of use. This container may be of conventional type.
Another aspect of the invention therefore provides a cosmetic product comprising a dispensing container having at least one aperture for delivery of the contents of the container, means for urging the contents of the container to the said aperture or apertures, and a composition of either of the previous aspects of the invention in the container. Preferred is that a composition of this invention is sufficiently rigid to be accommodated as a stick product in a dispensing container having an open end at which an end portion of the stick of composition is exposed for use.
The compositions of this invention can be produced by processes in which the composition is produced as a mobile liquid at an elevated temperature and allowed to cool to permit gel-formation.
Thus, according to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for the production of a cosmetic composition according to the first or second aspect of this invention comprising, not necessarily in any order, the steps of
incorporating a structurant into a water-immiscible liquid carrier
mixing the liquid carrier with a disperse liquid phase,
heating the liquid carrier or a mixture containing it to an elevated temperature at which the structurant is soluble in the water-immiscible liquid carrier,
suitably followed by
introducing the mixture into a mould which preferably is a dispensing container, and then
cooling or permitting the mixture to cool to a temperature at which it is thickened or solidified.
In this invention it is possible and indeed preferred that the step of mixing with a disperse phase, and any subsequent steps, are carried out at a temperature not exceeding 90xc2x0 C. and possibly not exceeding 85xc2x0 C.
It may be possible to keep below these temperatures throughout the process.
According to a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preventing or reducing perspiration on human skin comprising topically applying to the skin a composition as set forth earlier comprising an antiperspirant active in solution in the disperse phase of the composition, a water-immiscible liquid carrier and a structurant therefor.
Measurement of enthalpy of gelation can be carried out using a small sample and standard DSC techniques.
Measurement should be carried out at a slow cooling rate and to promote consistency in measurement, it should, if possible, be carried out with the concentration in a standardised range or approximating to a standard value.
We have preferred to carry out measurement at a concentration of structurant in the liquid which is not over 8% by weight, preferably from 3%, better 6%, up to 8% by weight. Results at such concentrations are generally a close approximation to results at a standardised concentration of 7.5% by weight.
For any structurant which cannot dissolve at such a concentration, an alternative standardised concentration would be 3% by weight.
A gel may first be made by heating and cooling, and a sample of gel sealed in a calorimeter capsule. Alternatively the appropriate weights of liquid and structurant could be sealed in a calorimeter capsule, heated and allowed to cool to a gel in the capsule.
In a preferred procedure a gel is prepared containing from 7 to 7.5% by weight of structuring agent. Approximately 20 mg of the gel (for example between 18 and 22 mg) is weighed into a calorimeter capsule and sealed. It is then heated at 10 K/minute to a temperature at which the structuring agent is known to be fully soluble in the liquid, held for one minute at this temperature and then a DSC scan is taken while cooling at 2 K/minute.
The scan is repeated with a capsule containing approximately 20 mg of decamethyl cyclopentadisiloxane and in accordance with normal DSC technique, data collected with the liquid alone (multiplied by a scaling factor if necessary) is subtracted from the data collected with the gel, so that the gel-formation exotherm appears as a departure from a flat baseline. The enthalpy is the area between the peak and the baseline.
We have found it appropriate to carry out measurements, both on the gel and on the liquid alone, over a broad range of temperatures, such as from xe2x88x9250xc2x0 C. to +150xc2x0 C. for the sake of accuracy in subtracting one measurement from the other.
For calculation it is assumed that the exotherm (heat given out during gel formation) comes from the whole quantity of structuring agent present.
Structurant
A number of organic compounds are known to possess the ability to gel hydrophobic organic liquids such as water-immiscible hydrocarbon and/or silicone oils by formation of a network of fibres or strands which extends throughout the liquid, thereby gelling the liquid. Such materials are generally non-polymeric, being monomers or dimers with molecular weight below 10,000 rather than polymers with more than 8 repeat units or with molecular weight above 10,000.
Materials with this property have been reviewed by Terech and Weiss in xe2x80x9cLow Molecular Mass Gelators of Organic Liquids and the Properties of their Gelsxe2x80x9d Chem. Rev 97, 3133-3159 [1997] and by Terech in Chapter 8, xe2x80x9cLow-molecular weight Organogelatorsxe2x80x9d of the book xe2x80x9cSpecialist surfactantsxe2x80x9d edited by I D Robb, Blackie Academic Professional, 1997.
It is characteristic of such structurants that
they are able to gel the organic liquid in the absence of any disperse phase
the structured liquids are obtainable by cooling from an elevated temperature at which the structurant is in solution in the liquidxe2x80x94this solution being mobile and pourable
the structured liquid becomes more mobile if subjected to shear or stress
the structure does not spontaneously recover within 24 hours if the sheared liquid is left to stand at room temperature even though a small partial recovery may be observed
the structure can be recovered by reheating to a temperature at which the structurant is in solution in the liquid, and allowing it to cool back to room temperature.
It appears that such structurants operate by interactions which are permanent unless disrupted by shear or heating. Such structurants operate by forming a network of strands or fibres extending throughout the gelled liquid. In some cases these fibres can be observed by electron microscopy, although in other cases the observation of the fibres which are believed to be present is prevented by practical difficulties in preparing a suitable specimen. When observed, the fibres in a gel are generally thin (diameter less than 0.5xcexc, often less than 0.2xcexc) and appear to have numerous branches or interconnections.
From our observations made using differential scanning calorimetry we believe that fibrous networks consist of crystalline material. The crystalline fibres may or may not be the same polymorph as macroscopic crystals obtained by conventional crystallization from a solvent.
A novel structurant which is the subject of a co-pending application and which may be used in this invention is an ester of cellobiose and a fatty acid, preferably of 6 to 13 carbon atoms especially 8 to 11 carbon atoms. Preferably the cellobiose is fully esterified, or nearly so, and is in the xcex1-anomeric form.
The structure of such a compound in its a-anomeric form is:
where R is an alkyl or alkenyl chain of 5 to 12 carbon atoms so that the acyl group contains 6 to 13 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred acyl groups incorporate a linear alkyl chain of 7 to 10 carbon atoms and are thus octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl or undecanoyl.
The acyl groups may have a mixture of chain lengths but it is preferred that they are similar in size and structure. Thus it is preferred that all of the acyl groups are aliphatic and at least 90% of the acyl groups have a chain length within a range such that the shorter and longer chain lengths in the range differ by no more than two carbon atoms, i.e. length in a range from mxe2x88x921 to m+1 carbon atoms where the mean acyl chain length m has a value in a range from 7 to 10 or 11. Commercially available feedstocks for these acyl groups are likely to include a small percentage of acyl groups which differ from the majority and may have a branched rather than linear chain. Thus it is likely that more than 90% but less than 100% of the acyl groups will meet the desired criterion of chain lengths in a range from mxe2x88x921 to m+1 carbon atoms.
Linear aliphatic acyl groups may be obtained from natural sources, in which case the number of carbon atoms in the acyl group is likely to be an even number or may be derived synthetically from petroleum as the raw material in which case both odd and even numbered chain lengths are available.
Synthetic methods for the esterification of saccharides are well known. The esterification of cellobiose has been reported by Takada et al in Liquid Crystals, (1995) Volume 19, pages 441-448. This article gives a procedure for the production of the alpha anomers of cellobiose octa-alkanoates by esterification of xcex2-cellobiose using an alkanoic acid together with trifluoracetic anhydride.
For this invention the structurant mnay be an esterified saccharide as discussed above but selected so that it also satisfies the criterion of an enthalpy of gelation of at least 30, preferably at least 45, kilojoule per mole.
Carrier Liquid
The water-immiscible carrier liquid in the continuous phase comprises one or a mixture of materials which are relatively hydrophobic so as to be immiscible in water. Some hydrophilic liquid may be included in the carrier, provided the overall carrier liquid mixture is immiscible with water. It will generally be desired that this carrier is liquid (in the absence of structurant) at temperatures of 15xc2x0 C. and above. It may have some volatility but its vapour pressure will generally be less than 4 kPa (30 mmHg) at 25xc2x0 C. so that the material can be referred to as an oil or mixture of oils. More specifically, it is desirable that at least 80% by weight of the hydrophobic carrier liquid should consist of materials with a vapour pressure not over this value of 4 kPa at 25xc2x0 C.
It is preferred that the hydrophobic carrier material includes a volatile liquid silicone, i.e. liquid polyorganosiloxane. To class as xe2x80x9cvolatilexe2x80x9d such material should have a measurable vapour pressure at 20 or 25xc2x0 C. Typically the vapour pressure of a volatile silicone lies in a range from 1 or 10 Pa up to 2 kPa at 25xc2x0 C.
It is desirable to include volatile silicone because it gives a xe2x80x9cdrierxe2x80x9d feel to the applied film after the composition is applied to skin.
Volatile polyorganosiloxanes can be linear or cyclic or mixtures thereof. Preferred cyclic siloxanes include polydimethsiloxanes and particularly those containing from 3 to 9 silicon atoms and preferably not more than 7 silicon atoms and most preferably from 4 to 6 silicon atoms, otherwise often referred to as cyclomethicones. Preferred linear siloxanes include polydimethylsiloxanes containing from 3 to 9 silicon atoms. The volatile siloxanes normally by themselves exhibit viscosities of below 10xe2x88x925 m2/sec (10 centistokes), and particularly above 10xe2x88x927 m2/sec (0.1 centistokes), the linear siloxanes normally exhibiting a viscosity of below 5xc3x9710xe2x88x926 m2/sec (5 centistokes). The volatile silicones can also comprise branched linear or cyclic siloxanes such as the aforementioned linear or cyclic siloxanes substituted by one or more pendant xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94Si(CH3)3 groups. Examples of commercially available silicone oils include oils having grade designations 344, 345, 244, 245 and 246 from Dow Corning Corporation; Silicone 7207 and Silicone 7158 from Union Carbide Corporation; and SF1202 from General Electric.
The hydrophobic carrier employed in compositions herein can alternatively or additionally comprise non-volatile silicone oils, which include polyalkyl siloxanes, polyalkylaryl siloxanes and polyethersiloxane copolymers. These can suitably be selected from dimethicone and dimethicone copolyols. Commercially available non-volatile silicone oils include Dow Corning 556 and Dow Corning 200 series.
The water-immiscible liquid carrier may contain from 0 to 100% by weight of one or more liquid silicones. Preferably, there is sufficient liquid silicone to provide at least 10%, better at least 15%, by weight of the whole composition. If silicone oil is used, volatile silicone preferably lies in a range from 20% possibly from 30 or 40% up to 100% of the weight of the water-immiscible carrier liquid. In many instances, when a non-volatile silicone oil is present, its weight ratio to volatile silicone oil is chosen in the range of from 1:3 to 1:40.
Silicon-free hydrophobic liquids can be used instead of, or more preferably in addition to liquid silicones. Silicon-free hydrophobic organic liquids which can be incorporated include liquid aliphatic hydrocarbons such as mineral oils or hydrogenated polyisobutene, often selected to exhibit a low viscosity. Further examples of liquid hydrocarbons are polydecene and paraffins and isoparaffins of at least 10 carbon atoms.
Other hydrophobic carriers are liquid aliphatic or aromatic esters.
Suitable aliphatic esters contain at least one long chain alkyl group, such as esters derived from C1 to C20 alkanols esterified with a C8 to C22 alkanoic acid or C6 to C10 alkanedioic acid. The alkanol and acid moieties or mixtures thereof are preferably selected such that they each have a melting point of below 20xc2x0 C. These esters include isopropyl myristate, lauryl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, diisopropyl sebacate and diisopropyl adipate.
Suitable liquid aromatic esters, preferably having a melting point of below 20xc2x0 C., include fatty alkyl benzoates. Examples of such esters include suitable C8 to C18 alkyl benzoates or mixtures thereof.
Further instances of suitable hydrophobic carriers comprise liquid aliphatic ethers derived from at least one fatty alcohol, such as myristyl ether derivatives e.g. PPG-3 myristyl ether or lower alkyl ethers of polyglycols such as PPG-14 butyl ether.
Aliphatic alcohols which are solid at 20xc2x0 C., such as stearyl alcohol are preferably absent or present in low concentration such as less than 5% by weight of the whole composition since these lead to visible white deposits when a composition is used.
However, aliphatic alcohols which are liquid at 20xc2x0 C. may be employed. These include branched chain alcohols of at least 10 carbon atoms such as isostearyl alcohol and octyl dodecanol.
Very polar materials are preferably excluded or present in only small quantity in the water-immiscible carrier liquid. Preferably therefore, this liquid or mixture of liquids contains not more than 10% of its own weight, better not more than 5%, of any constituent which is a water-miscible compound.
Silicon-free liquids can constitute from 0-100% of the water-immiscible liquid carrier, but it is preferred that silicone oil is present and that the amount of silicon-free constituents preferably constitutes up to 50 or 60% and in many instances from 10 or 15% up to 50 or 60% by weight of the carrier liquid.
If any oxygen-containing silicon-free organic liquids are included in the hydrophobic carrier liquid, the amount of them is likely to be not over 70% by weight of the carrier liquid. Smaller amounts, ranging up to 20, 30 or 35% by weight are likely.
The carrier liquid must be compatible with the structurant. If the structurant is too soluble or conversely is very insoluble in the carrier liquid it may fail to form a gel and the carrier liquid should be modified to alter its polarity.
Liquid Disperse Phase
A composition of this invention is an emulsion which contains a polar disperse phase. The disperse phase may be a solution of an active ingredient.
The hydrophilic disperse phase in an emulsion normally comprises water as solvent and can comprise one or more water soluble or water miscible liquids in addition to or replacement for water. The proportion of water in an emulsion according to the present invention is often selected in the range of up to 60%, and particularly from 10% up to 40% or 50% of the whole formulation.
One class of water soluble or water-miscible liquids comprises short chain monohydric alcohols, e.g. C1 to C4 and especially ethanol or isopropanol, which can impart a deodorising capability to the formulation. A further class of hydrophilic liquids comprises diols or polyols preferably having a melting point of below 40xc2x0 C., or which are water miscible. Examples of water-soluble or water-miscible liquids with at least one free hydroxy group include ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 2-ethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monomethylether, triethyleneglycol monomethylether and sorbitol. Especially preferred are propylene glycol and glycerol.
In an emulsion the disperse phase is likely to constitute from 5 to 80 or 85% of the weight of the composition preferably from 5 to 50 or 65% more preferably from 25 or 35% up to 50 or 65%, while the continuous phase with the structurant therein provides the balance from 15 or 35% up to 95% of the weight of the composition. Compositions with a high proportion of disperse phase i.e. from 65 to 85% disperse phase may be advantageous because the large proportion of disperse phase can make a contribution to hardness.
An emulsion composition will generally include one or more emulsifying surfactants which may be anionic, cationic, zwitterionic and/or nonionic surfactants. The proportion of emulsifier in the composition is often selected in the range up to 10% by weight and in many instances from 0.1 or 0.25 up to 5% by weight of the composition. Most preferred is an amount from 0.1 or 0.25 up to 3% by weight. Nonionic emulsifiers are frequently classified by HLB value. It is desirable to use an emulsifier or a mixture of emulsifiers with an overall HLB value in a range from 2 to 10 preferably from 3 to 8.
It may be convenient to use a combination of two or more emulsifiers which have different HLB values above and below the desired value. By employing the two emulsifiers together in appropriate ratio, it is readily feasible to attain a weighted average HLB value that promotes the formation of an emulsion.
Many suitable emulsifiers of high HLB are nonionic ester or ether emulsifiers comprising a polyoxyalkylene moiety, especially a polyoxyethylene moiety, often containing from about 2 to 80, and especially 5 to 60 oxyethylene units, and/or contain a polyhydroxy compound such as glycerol or sorbitol or other alditol as hydrophilic moiety. The hydrophilic moiety can contain polyoxypropylene. The emulsifiers additionally contain a hydrophobic alkyl, alkenyl or aralkyl moiety, normally containing from about 8 to 50 carbons and particularly from 10 to 30 carbons. The hydrophobic moiety can be either linear or branched and is often saturated, though it can be unsaturated, and is optionally fluorinated. The hydrophobic moiety can comprise a mixture of chain lengths, for example those deriving from tallow, lard, palm oil, sunflower seed oil or soya bean oil. Such nonionic surfactants can also be derived from a polyhydroxy compound such as glycerol or sorbitol or other alditols. Examples of emulsifiers include ceteareth-10 to -25, ceteth-10-25, steareth-10-25 (i.e. C16 to C18 alcohols ethoxylated with 10 to 25 ethylene oxide residues) and PEG-15-25 stearate or distearate. Other suitable examples include C10-C20 fatty acid mono, di or tri-glycerides. Further examples include C18-C22 fatty alcohol ethers of polyethylene oxides (8 to 12 EO).
Examples of emulsifiers, which typically have a low HLB value, often a value from 2 to 6 are fatty acid mono or possibly diesters of polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol, sorbitol, erythritol or trimethylolpropane. The fatty acyl moiety is often from C14 to C22 and is saturated in many instances, including cetyl, stearyl, arachidyl and behenyl. Examples include monoglycerides of palmitic or stearic acid, sorbitol mono or diesters of myristic, palmitic or stearic acid, and trimethylolpropane monoesters of stearic acid.
A particularly desirable class of emulsifiers comprises dimethicone copolymers, namely polyoxyalkylene modified dimethylpolysiloxanes. The polyoxyalkylene group is often a polyoxyethylene (POE) or polyoxypropylene (POP) or a copolymer of POE and POP. The copolymers often terminate in C1 to C12 alkyl groups.
Suitable emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers are widely available under many trade names and designations including Abil(trademark), Arlacel(trademark), Brij(trademark), Cremophor(trademark), Dehydrol(trademark), Dehymuls(trademark), Emerest(trademark), Lameform(trademark), Pluronic(trademark), Prisorine(trademark), Quest PGPR(trademark), Span(trademark), Tween(trademark), SF1228, DC3225C and Q2-5200.
Antiperspirant Actives
Antiperspirant actives, are preferably incorporated in an amount of from 0.5-60%, particularly from 5 to 30% or 40% and especially from 5 or 10% to 30 or 35% of the weight of the whole composition.
Antiperspirant actives for use herein are often selected from astringent active salts, including in particular aluminium, zirconium and mixed aluminium/zirconium salts, including both inorganic salts, salts with organic anions and complexes. Preferred astringent salts include aluminium, zirconium and aluminium/zirconium halides and halohydrate salts, such as chlorohydrates.
Aluminium halohydrates are usually defined by the general formula Al2(OH)xQy.wH2O in which Q represents chlorine, bromine or iodine, x is variable from 2 to 5 and x+y=6 while wH2O represents a variable amount of hydration. Especially effective aluminium halohydrate salts, known as activated aluminium chlorohydrates, are described in EP-A-6739 (Unilever NV et al), the contents of which specification is incorporated herein by reference. Some activated salts do not retain their enhanced activity in the presence of water but are useful in substantially anhydrous formulations, i.e. formulations which do not contain a distinct aqueous phase.
Zirconium actives can usually be represented by the empirical general formula: ZrO(OH)2nxe2x88x92nzBz.wH2O in which z is a variable in the range of from 0.9 to 2.0 so that the value 2n-nz is zero or positive, n is the valency of B, and B is selected from the group consisting of chloride, other halide, sulphamate, sulphate and mixtures thereof. Possible hydration to a variable extent is represented by wH20. Preferable is that B represents chloride and the variable z lies in the range from 1.5 to 1.87. In practice, such zirconium salts are usually not employed by themselves, but as a component of a combined aluminium and zirconium-based antiperspirant.
The above aluminium and zirconium salts may have coordinated and/or bound water in various quantities and/or may be present as polymeric species, mixtures or complexes. In particular, zirconium hydroxy salts often represent a range of salts having various amounts of the hydroxy group. Zirconium aluminium chlorohydrate may be particularly preferred.
Antiperspirant complexes based on the above-mentioned astringent aluminium and/or zirconium salts can be employed. The complex often employs a compound with a carboxylate group, and advantageously this is an amino acid. Examples of suitable amino acids include dl-tryptophan, dl-xcex2-phenylalanine, dl-valine, dl-methionine and xcex2-alanine, and preferably glycine which has the formula CH2(NH2)COOH.
It is highly desirable to employ complexes of a combination of aluminium halohydrates and zirconium chlorohydrates together with amino acids such as glycine, which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,068 (Luedders et al). Certain of those Al/Zr complexes are commonly called ZAG in the literature. ZAG actives generally contain aluminium, zirconium and chloride with an Al/Zr ratio in a range from 2 to 10, especially 2 to 6, an Al/Cl ratio from 2.1 to 0.9 and a variable amount of glycine. Actives of this preferred type are available from Westwood, from Summit and from Reheis.
Other actives which may be utilised include astringent titanium salts, for example those described in GB 2299506A.
The antiperspirant active will be dissolved in the disperse phase. In this case, the antiperspirant active will often provide from 3 to 60% by weight of the aqueous disperse phase, particularly from 10% or 20% up to 55% or 60% of that phase. The weight of antiperspirant active does not include any water of hydration which may be present in the solid active before it is dissolved.
Optional Ingredients
Optional ingredients in compositions of this invention can include deodorants, for example at a concentration of up to about 10% w/w. Suitable deodorant actives can comprise deodorant effective concentrations of antiperspirant metal salts, deoperfumes, and/or microbicides, including particularly bactericides, such as chlorinated aromatics, including biguanide derivatives, of which materials known as Irgasan DP300(trademark), (Triclosan), Tricloban(trademark), and Chlorhexidine warrant specific mention. A yet another class comprises biguanide salts such as available under the trade mark Cosmosil(trademark).
Other optional ingredients include wash-off agents, often present in an amount of up to 10% w/w to assist in the removal of the formulation from skin or clothing. Such wash-off agents are typically nonionic surfactants such as esters or ethers containing a C8 to C22 alkyl moiety and a hydrophilic moiety which can comprise a polyoxyalkylene group (POE or POP) and/or a polyol.
A further optional constituent of the formulation comprises one or more secondary structurants which can be employed in addition to the esterified saccharide which is the primary structurant. The amount of such secondary structurants in the formulation is often zero, and usually not more than 15% of the formulation. It is normally not greater than the amount of the primary structurant.
The secondary structurants employable herein can be non-polymeric or polymeric. Solid linear fatty alcohol and/or a wax may be included but are not preferred. Non-polymeric secondary structurants, perhaps gelling agents of lower gel formation enthalpy, can be included. Gellants can comprise dibenzylidene alditols, e.g. dibenzylidene sorbitol. Further suitable gellants can comprise lanosterol, selected N-acyl amino acid derivatives, including ester and amide derivatives, such as N-lauroyl glutamic acid dibutylamide, which gellants can be contemplated in conjunction with 12-hydroxy stearic acid or an ester or amide derivative thereof. Still further gellants include amide derivatives of di or tribasic carboxylic acids, such as alkyl N,Nxe2x80x2dialkylsuccinamides, e.g. dodecyl N,Nxe2x80x2-dibutylsuccinamide.
Polymeric structurants which can be employed can comprise organo polysiloxane elastomers such as reaction products of a vinyl terminated polysiloxane and a cross linking agent or alkyl or alkyl polyoxyalkylene-terminated poly (methyl substituted) or poly (phenyl substituted) siloxanes. A number of polyamides have also been disclosed as structurants for hydrophobic liquids. Polymers containing both siloxane and hydrogen bonding groups, which might be used as secondary structurants, have been disclosed in WO 97/36572 and WO 99/06473. If an aqueous disperse phase is present, Polyacrylamides, polyacrylates or polyalkylene oxides may be used to structure or thicken this aqueous phase.
The compositions herein can incorporate one or more cosmetic adjuncts conventionally contemplatable for antiperspirant solids or soft solids. Such cosmetic adjuncts can include skin feel improvers, such as talc or finely divided polyethylene, for example in an amount of up to about 10%; skin benefit agents such as allantoin or lipids, for example in an amount of up to 5%; colours; skin cooling agents other than the already mentioned alcohols, such a menthol and menthol derivatives, often in an amount of up to 2%, all of these percentages being by weight of the composition. A commonly employed adjunct is a perfume, which is normally present at a concentration of from 0 to 4% and in many formulations from 0.25 to 2% by weight of the composition.
Translucent/Transparent Compositions
It is possible to construct the formulation of an emulsion such that the emulsion is translucent or transparent. In order to do this the refractive indices of the water-immiscible continuous phase and the polar or aqueous disperse phase must be matched to each other and the value of refractive index at which they are matched must also approximately match the refractive index of the structurant.
The refractive index of a fibrous network of a structurant can be determined by using that structurant to gel a number of oils or oil mixtures of differing refractive index. When the resulting gel is transparent, the refractive index of the oil or oil mixture(which can be determined by conventional measurement) is a good approximation to the refractive index of the structurant. The oils or mixtures or oils should be chosen from these which are gelled well by the structurant to avoid interfering effects. When the gel is not transparent, but is translucent, it will indicate a refractive index which is not precisely matched to the refractive index of the structurant, and thus indicate an amount of mismatch which can be tolerated without loss of translucency. It is likely that the matched refractive indices of the liquid phases will be not over 0.07 units below and not over 0.04 units above the refractive index of the structurant.
Using this method we have determined the refractive index of a preferred structurant, namely cellobiose octa-nonanoate, to fall in a range between 1.45 and 1.50, being approximately 1.48 at 22xc2x0 C. With this structurant we have found that the value at which the refractive indices of the continuous and disperse phases are matched can be somewhat below the refractive index of the structurant, down to a value of 1.42 or even down as far as 1.41 or 1.40. A value slightly above 1.48 would be useable also, but is inconvenient to achieve.
For the continuous phase, silicon-free water-immiscible liquid oils generally have refractive indices in a range from 1.43 to 1.49 at 22xc2x0 C. and can be used alone or mixed together to give a silicon-free carrier liquid with refractive index in this range. Volatile silicone oils generally have a refractive index slightly below 1.40 at 22xc2x0 C., but carrier liquid mixtures with refractive indices in the range from 1.41 to 1.46 can be obtained by mixing volatile silicone with other oils. Non-volatile silicone oils generally have refractive indices in a range from 1.45 to 1.48 at 22xc2x0 C. and so can be included when desired.
The RI of the continuous phase will be very close to the RI of the carrier liquid (usually a carrier liquid mixture) which is its principal component.
For the disperse phase, a solution of an antiperspirant active salt in water alone will generally display a refractive index below 1.425. The refractive index can be raised by incorporating a diol or polyol into the aqueous solution. It is believed to be novel to match the refractive index of a polar disperse phase to that of a structurant network within a continuous phase. Moreover, it can be achieved without using so much diol or polyol as will make the composition excessively sticky.
For the regular production of compositions with optimum transparency it may prove desirable to monitor the refractive indices of the raw materials to detect any batch to batch variation. If necessary the composition of a liquid phase can be adjusted by variation of the quantity of a constituent material.
Mechanical Properties and Product Packages
The compositions of this invention are structured liquids and may be firm or soft in appearance. Even a soft solid has an ability to sustain its own shape, for instance if it is removed from a mould without being subjected to shear it will retain its shape for at least 30 seconds, usually longer.
A composition of this invention will usually be marketed as a product comprising a container with a quantity of the composition therein, where the container has at least one aperture for the delivery of composition, and means for urging the composition in the container towards the delivery aperture. Conventional containers take the form of a barrel of oval cross section with the delivery aperture(s) at one end of the barrel.
A composition of this invention may be sufficiently rigid that it is not apparently deformable by hand pressure and is suitable for use as a stick product in which a quantity of the composition in the form of a stick is accommodated within a container barrel having an open end at which an end portion of the stick of composition is exposed for use. The opposite end of the barrel is closed.
Generally the container will include a cap for its open end and a component part which is sometimes referred to as an elevator or piston fitting within the barrel and capable of relative axial movement along it. The stick of composition is accommodated in the barrel between the piston and the open end of the barrel. The piston is used to urge the stick of composition along the barrel. The piston and stick of composition may be moved axially along the barrel by manual pressure on the underside of the piston using a finger or rod inserted within the barrel. Another possibility is that a rod attached to the piston projects through a slot or slots in the barrel and is used to move the piston and stick. Preferably the container also includes a transport mechanism for moving the piston comprising a threaded rod which extends axially into the stick through a correspondingly threaded aperture in the piston, and means mounted on the barrel for rotating the rod. Conveniently the rod is rotated by means of a handwheel mounted on the barrel at its closed end, i.e. the opposite end to the delivery opening.
If a composition of this invention is softer, but still capable of sustaining its own shape it will be more suited for dispensing from a barrel with a closure instead of an open end, where the closure has one or more apertures through which composition from the barrel can be extruded. The number and design of such apertures is at the discretion of the designer of the package.
The component parts of such containers are often made from thermoplastic materials, for example polypropylene or polyethylene. Descriptions of suitable containers, some of which include further features, are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,865,231, 5,000,356 and 5,573,341.
Measurement of Properties
i) Penetrometer
The hardness and rigidity of a composition which is a firm solid can be determined by penetrometry. If the composition is a softer solid, this will be observed as a substantial lack of any resistance to the penetrometer probe.
A suitable procedure is to utilises a lab plant PNT penetrometer equipped with a Seta wax needle (weight 2.5 grams) which has a cone angle at the point of the needle specified to be 9xc2x010xe2x80x2xc2x115xe2x80x2. A sample of the composition with a flat upper surface is used. The needle is lowered onto the surface of the composition and then a penetration hardness measurement is conducted by allowing the needle with its holder to drop under a total weight, (i.e. the combined weight of needle and holder) of 50 grams for a period of five seconds after which the depth of penetration is noted.
Desirably the test is carried out at a number of points on each sample and the results are averaged. Utilising a test of this nature, an appropriate hardness for use in an open-ended dispensing container is a penetration of less than 30 mm in this test, for example in a range from 2 to 30 mm. Preferably the penetration is in a range from 5 mm to 20 mm.
In a specific protocol for this test measurements on a stick were performed in the stick barrel. The stick was wound up to project from the open end of the barrel, and then cut off to leave a flat, uniform surface. The needle was carefully lowered to the stick surface, and then a penetration hardness measurement was conducted. This process was carried out at six different points on the stick surface. The hardness reading quoted is the average value of the 6 measurements.
ii) Texture Analyser
The hardness of a softer solid can be measured by using a texture analyser. This test apparatus can move a blunt probe into or out from a sample at a controlled speed and at the same time measure the applied force. The parameter which is determined as hardness is a function of the peak force and the projected area of indentation.
A specific test protocol used a Stable Micro systems TA.XT2i Texture Analyser. A metal sphere, of diameter 9.5 mm, was attached to the underside of the Texture Analyser""s 5 kg load cell such that it could be used for indenting a sample placed beneath it on the base plate of the instrument. After positioning the sample, the sphere position was adjusted until it was just above the sample surface. Texture Expert Exceed software was used to generate the subsequent motion profile used in the test method. This profile initially indented the sphere into the sample at an indentation speed of 0.05 mm/s until a designated force was reached, which was chosen such that the distance of penetration into the sample was less than the radius of the sphere. At this load the direction of motion of the sphere was immediately reversed to withdraw the sphere from the sample at the same speed of 0.05 mm/s. During the course of the test, the data acquired were time(s), distance (mm) and force (N) and the data acquisition rate was 25 Hz.
Suitable samples for measurement were either contained in stick barrels, which had a screw mechanism, or in 15 ml glass jars. For the barrel samples, the stick was wound up until it protruded above the edges of the barrel and then a knife was used to skim the top of the barrel in such a way as to leave a flat uniform surface. The stick was then pushed back into the barrel as far as possible to minimise any mechanical interference resulting from the compliance of the screw mechanism in the pack. Two indents were generally made either side of the screw. The samples in the 15 ml jars needed no surface preparation but only had enough surface area for a single indentation test to be performed.
The data associated with each test were manipulated using standard spreadsheet software and used to calculate the hardness, H, using the following equation:       H              [              N        /                  mm          2                    ]        =                    F        max                          [        N        ]                            A        p                          [                  mm          2                ]
where Fmax is the peak load and Ap is the projected area of the indentation remaining on unloading. This area can be calculated geometrically from the plastic indentation depth. This is slightly less than the total penetration depth measured under load because of elastic deformation of the sample. The plastic indentation depth is calculated from a graph of the unloading-force-versus-total-penetration-depth. The initial slope of this unloading data depends on the initial elastic recovery of the sample. The plastic indentation depth is estimated from an intercept between the zero force axis and a straight line drawn at a tangent to the initial part of the unloading slope.
Similar hardness measurements were also done using a desktop Instron Universal Testing Machine (Model 5566) fitted with a 10 N load cell, and the data analysis performed in the same way.
iii) Deposition and Whiteness of Deposit
Another test of the properties of a composition is the amount of the composition which is delivered onto a surface when the composition is drawn across that surface (representing the application of a stick product to human skin). To carry out this test of deposition, a sample of the composition with standardised shape and size is fitted to apparatus which draws the sample across a test surface under standardised conditions. The amount transferred to the surface is determined as an increase in the weight of the substrate to which it is applied. If desired the colour, opacity or clarity of the deposit may subsequently be determined.
A specific procedure for such tests used apparatus to apply a deposit from a stick onto a substrate under standardised conditions and then measures the mean level of white deposits using image analysis.
The substrates used were
a: 12xc3x9728 cm strip of grey abrasive paper (3M(trademark) P800 WetorDry(trademark) Carborundum paper)
b: 12xc3x9728 cm strip of black Worsted wool fabric.
The substrates were weighed before use. The sticks were previously unused and with domed top surface unaltered.
The apparatus comprised a flat base to which a flat substrate was attached by a clip at each end. A pillar having a mounting to receive a standard size stick barrel was mounted on an arm that was moveable horizontally across the substrate by means of a pneumatic piston.
Each stick was kept at ambient laboratory temperature overnight before the measurement was made. The stick was advanced to project a measured amount from the barrel. The barrel was then placed in the apparatus and a spring was positioned to biassed the stick against the substrate with a standardised force. The apparatus was operated to pass the stick laterally across the substrate eight times. The substrate was carefully removed from the rig and reweighed.
Whiteness of Deposit
The deposits from the previous test were assessed for their whiteness after an interval of 24 hours approximately.
This was done using a Sony XC77 monochrome video camera with a Cosmicar 16 mm focal length lens positioned vertically above a black table illuminated from a high angle using fluorescent tubes to remove shadowing. The apparatus was initially calibrated using a reference grey card, after the fluorescent tubes had been turned on for long enough to give a steady light output. A cloth or Carborundum paper with a deposit thereon from the previous test was placed on the table and the camera was used to capture an image. An area of the image of the deposit was selected and analysed using a Kontron IBAS image analyser. This notionally divided the image into a large array of pixels and measured the grey level of each pixel on a scale of 0 (black) to 255 (white). The average of the grey intensity was calculated. This was a measure of the whiteness of the deposit, with higher numbers indicating a whiter deposit. It was assumed that low numbers show a clear deposit allowing the substrate colour to be seen.
It has been found desirable to carry out deposition of a standard stick composition, and determine the whiteness of the deposit, as a control.
iv) Light Transmission
The translucency of a composition may be measured by placing a sample of standardised thickness in the light path of a spectrophotometer and measuring transmittance, as a percentage of light transmitted in the absence of the gel.
We have carried out this test using a dual-beam spectrophotometer. The sample of composition was poured hot into a 4.5 ml cuvette made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and allowed to cool to an ambient temperature of 20-25xc2x0 C. Such a cuvette gives a 1 cm thickness of composition. Measurement was carried out at 580 nm, with an identical but empty cuvette in the reference beam of the spectrophotometer, after the sample in the cuvette had been held for 24 hours. We have observed that a composition which gives a transmittance of as little as 1% in this test is perceived by eye as xe2x80x9ctranslucentxe2x80x9d. If a stick is made from a composition with 3% transmittance, it is possible to see cavities made by boring beneath the surface of the sample. By contrast, a conventional stick structure with stearyl alcohol is so opaque that it is impossible to see beneath its surface. A transmittance measured at any temperature in the range from 20-25xc2x0 C. is usually adequately accurate, but measurement is made at 22xc2x0 C. if more precision is required. In a number of preferred examples we have achieved a transmittance of 20% or above.
Preparation
Compositions of this invention can be produced by conventional processes for making suspension or emulsion solids or soft-solids. Such processes involve forming a heated mixture of the composition at a temperature which is sufficiently elevated that all the esterified saccharide structurant dissolves, pouring that mixture into a mould, which may take the form of a dispensing container, and then cooling the mixture whereupon the structurant solidifies into a network of interconnected fibres extending through the water-immiscible liquid phase.
In a suitable procedure for making emulsion formulations, a solution of the esterified structurant in the water-immiscible liquid phase is prepared at an elevated temperature just as for suspension sticks. If any emulsifier is being used, this is conveniently mixed into this liquid phase. Separately an aqueous or hydrophilic disperse phase is prepared by introduction of antiperspirant active into the liquid part of that phase (if this is necessary; antiperspirant actives can sometime be supplied in aqueous solution which can be utilised as is). This solution of antiperspirant active which will become the disperse phase is preferably heated to a temperature similar to that of the continuous phase with structurant therein, but without exceeding the boiling point of the solution, and then mixed with the continuous phase. Alternatively, the solution is introduced at a rate which maintains the temperature of the mixture. If necessary a pressurised apparatus could be used to allow a higher temperature to be reached, but with the structurant materials of this invention this is usually unnecessary. After the two phases are mixed, the resulting mixture is filled into dispensing containers, typically at a temperature 5 to 30xc2x0 C. above the setting temperature of the composition, and allowed to cool.
Cooling may be brought about by nothing more than allowing the container and contents to cool. Cooling may be assisted by blowing ambient or even refrigerated air over the containers and their contents.

Unilever Home and Personal Care USA a division of Conopco, Inc.