Various immunologically active proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi have been prepared by genetic manipulation in microorganisms. To do this, the specific DNA sequences were selected from a B. burgdorferi gene bank using suitable screening methods, or were prepared directly by DNA amplification using selected hybridization probes, and were placed under the control of inducible promoters such as, for example, the lac promoter. It has been possible, owing to description of efficient purification methods for the expressed antigens, to provide the proteins in a suitable way. These proteins can be used to produce specific and sensitive diagnostic assay kits. The specific combination of the immunologically active proteins makes precise diagnosis possible. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies have been generated and are used as reagents for detecting pathogens directly in test samples or after cultivation. The Borrelia burgdorferixe2x80x94specific DNA sequences can be employed for direct detection of the pathogen in patients"" samples (for example by means of the PCR reaction).

Lyme borreliosis is the commonest infectious disease of humans transmitted by ticks in the Federal Republic of Germany. In contrast to Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE) which is likewise transmitted by ticks, Lyme borreliosis is not confined to a few endemic areas but occurs in all the states of the FRG. Infestation of the main vector in Europe, Ixodes ricinus, with the pathogen of Lyme borreliosis, the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, in Southern Germany is about 20% of adults, about 10% of nymphs and about 1% of larvae. The main vector in the USA, Ixodes dammini, may be up to 100% infected by Borrelia in highly endemic areas.
B. burgdorferi belongs to the family of spirochetes. Spirochetes are spiral bacteria 8-30 xcexcm long. They consist of an outer coat, the endoflagella in the periplasm and the protoplasmic cylinder. The protoplasmic cylinder is a complex of cytoplasm, internal cell membrane and peptidoglycan. Representatives of the spirochetes which are pathogenic for humans include, beside B. burgdorferi, the Borrelia of relapsing fever (for example B. recurrentis), the pathogen of syphilis (Treponema (T.) pallidum) and the Leptospira. As a result of the close immunological relationship of the pathogens, cross-reactions are a problem in the serological detection of antibodies in cases of syphilis and Lyme borreliosis with assays currently available.
Infection with B. burgdorferi results in a complex clinical picture which can, similarly to syphilis, be divided into three different stages. The principal manifestations are:
Less common clinical manifestations are: carditis, myositis, iritis and panophthalmitis. Transmission by the pathogen crossing the placenta is possible but to date only a few cases of congenital Lyme borreliosis have been recorded. The various stages may occur singly or in combination. B. burgdorferi infection may also have a subclinical course. Epidemiological studies on 375 clinically confirmed cases show some peculiarities in the age and sex distribution of the various clinical manifestations. Thus, patients with Erythema migrans were commonest in the 30 to 60 year age group. Neuro-logical manifestations showed two peaks with age: the first in children and young people up to 20 years of age, and the second in 40 to 70 year-olds. Lyme arthritis was observed to be commonest in 30 to 60 year-olds. Patients with ACA were never below 30 years of age. ACA affects women distinctly more often than men. Serological testing showed predominantly positive IgM findings in patients with Erythema migrans, and predominantly positive IgG findings when there were neurological manifestations, in an immunofluorescence assay. With the late manifestations of ACA and Lyme arthritis, the IgG titers were regularly elevated, and IgM antibodies were now detectable only in exceptional cases.
Available for diagnosis are both pathogen detection and antibody detection. Pathogen detection in material from patients (skin biopsies, CSF, puncture fluids) is recommended especially in the early stage (Erythema migrans) when antibody detection is frequently negative. However, a complex nutrient medium is required for culturing B. burgdorferi (Preac-Mursic, V.; Wilske, B.; Schierz, G. (1986): European Borreliae burgdorferi isolated from humans and ticksxe2x80x94culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A 163, 112-118) and cultivation is therefore restricted to special laboratories. In addition, a time of up to 5 weeks is required to isolate the pathogen. B. burgdorferi is isolated from skin samples in 50-70% of cases with cutaneous manifestations and in 3-5% of cases with neuroborreliosis (Preac-Mursic, V.; unpublished results).
Antibody detection (IgM, IqG) is carried out on serum and, when there are neurological manifestations, also from CSF. The serological finding depends on the stage of the disease, the duration of the symptoms and any antibiotic therapy which has already been applied. Thus, antibody detection with assays available to date is successful only in 20-50% of cases with Erythema migrans, in 50-90% of cases with neurological manifestations and in 90-100% in cases with ACA and arthritis.
Therapy of Lyme borreliosis is predominantly carried out with penicillin G, tetracyclines, erythromycin or cephalosporins. Although Lyme borreliosis frequently resolves spontaneously in the early stages, even then late manifestations are not ruled out. This is why therapy in the early stage is indispensable. In addition, clinical resolution after antibiotic therapy can be achieved when there are late manifestations only in some of the cases (for example only about 50% of cases with Lyme arthritis).
This is why Lyme borreliosis should be diagnosed as early as possible. Since (as already explained) pathogen isolation is costly, time-consuming and, moreover, not always successful, better serodiagnostic assays ought to be developed. The methods used to date (immunofluorescence assay (IFA), indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) frequently fail in the early stages. The antigens employed for these assays are all B. burgdorferi cells or whole-cell ultrasonicates. The use of different B. burgdorferi strains as antigen in the ultrasonicate ELISA leads to differing test results. Immobilization of cells on slides or ultrasonicate antigen on microtiter plates is followed by incubation with serum or CSF and detection of the Borreliaxe2x80x94specific antibodies with a second fluorescence- or peroxidase-labeled antibody of the appropriate immunoglobulin class. The reaction is then quantified either in a fluorescence microscope (IFA) or after a color reaction in a photometer (ELISA).
Broad cross-reactions of the pathogen B. burgdorferi with other bacterial pathogens, especially with T. pallidum, the syphilis pathogen, is a problem for the specificity of the assays. Since the assay antigens generally consist of lysates of the whole pathogen there is also detection of antibodies against so-called common antigens (Hansen, K.; Hindersson, P.; Pedersen, N. S. (1988): Measurement of antibodies to the Borrelia burgdorferi flagellum improves serodiagnosis in Lyme disease. J. Clin. Microbiol., 26, 338-346). Common antigens are widely distributed proteins with highly conserved sequences, that is to say the common antigens of Borrelia, Treponema as well as many other bacteria have common epitopes. Besides this, false-positive reactions may occur in the IgM-IFA or IgM-ELISA when the sera have rheumatoid factor activity. Therefore, in order to make the assays more specific, in the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies a preabsorption of the sera with a Treponema ultrasonicate, and additionally for the detection of IgM antibodies also absorption with rheumatoid factor absorbent, is carried out.
An object of the present invention is therefore to provide immunologically active proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi which are used in an assay kit which does not have the abovementioned disadvantages. An additional aim is that this assay kit makes it possible rapidly and reliably to detect antibodies directed against Borrelia burgdorferi.
Another object of the present invention is to provide monoclonal antibodies which are directed against particular immunologically active proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi. A further aim is to provide immunologically active proteins which are suitable as vaccines against infections caused by Borrelia strains.
Testing of patients"" sera from different stages of the disease of Lyme borreliosis in a Western blot, and testing of non-Lyme borreliosis patients (especially syphilis patients) for cross-reactivity with B. burgdorferi resulted in the finding of immunologically active proteins (B. burgdorferi antigens) which, on the one hand, elicit a good antibody response after infection and, on the other hand, show a low cross-reactivity with sera which are not B. burgdorferixe2x80x94positive (Example 1). It emerged that a particular strain of B. burgdorferi which has the internal laboratory identifier PKo and which was deposited at the Deutsch Sammlung fxc3xcr Mikroorganismen (DSM) under No. 5662 possesses, inter alia, an immunodominant protein in the molecular-weight region about 22 kD (pC protein). Under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty, representative samples of the Borrelia burgdorferi strain (internal laboratory identifier PKo) were deposited at the DSM Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1 B, D-3300 Braunschweig, Germany, under accession number DSM 5662, on Nov. 30, 1989. The molecular weight of the proteins according to the invention was determined by methods known per se, in particular by SDS gel electrophoresis. It was found that this protein is immunodominant for the IgM response. This protein is not expressed in the same way in all B. burgdorferistrains. This immunologically active protein (pC protein) was prepared by genetic manipulation according to the invention (Example 3).
Other immunologically active proteins (antigens) which are particularly suitable for use in assay kits were also prepared in generally accessible and commercially available Escherichia coli cells such as, for example, strains JM 105 (Pharmacia) or DH 5 (Gibco-BRL). To do this, the B. burgdorferi DNA fragments coding for these proteins were isolated and subsequently inserted into efficient expression vectors (Examples 2 and 3).
The appropriate DNA fragments were identified and isolated by various methods. Thus, an immunologically active protein with a molecular weight of about 41 kD, which is also called p41 protein hereinafter, was prepared by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers whose sequences were prepared by synthesis (Example 2).
In addition, a gene bank of the B. burgdorferi genome was constructed and was screened using monoclonal antibodies for the direct expression of immunologically active proteins.
In a corresponding way, proteins with molecular weights of about 100 kD and 31 kD were also cloned and sequenced.
Another method comprised purifying particular selected immunologically active proteins (antigens) from B. burgdorferi lysates and determining the amino-acid sequences of these antigens. Subsequently, oligodeoxy-nucleotides corresponding to the amino-acid sequence were synthesized and, by hybridization, those clones in the gene bank which have DNA sequences coding for the immunologically active proteins were identified. The two latter methods are explained in detail in Example 3.
After characterization, sequencing and recloning of the genes into appropriate expression vectors, the antigens were expressed in E. coli cells and subsequently purified. A preferred purification method is described in Example 4.
The immunologically active proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi which have been prepared according to the invention can be used in assay kits which provide a surprisingly sensitive detection of antibodies against B. burgdotferi in various test fluids. One advantage of the immunologically active proteins prepared according to the invention is that the preparations consist only of the required protein and possibly those proteins which are attributable to degradation events and/or incomplete translation. These preparations contain no B. burgdorferi proteins which do not correspond to the protein produced by recombination because they have been prepared by genetic manipulation.
The term xe2x80x9cassay kitsxe2x80x9d means a set of assay reagents which makes it possible to detect particular antibodies. The principles on which assay kits are based have been described in xe2x80x9cImmunoassays for the 80sxe2x80x9d (1981) by A. Voller et al., published by MTP Press Ltd., Falcon House, Lancaster, England. The assay reagents display as principal component the antigen(s) and, where appropriate, specific, preferably monoclonal, antibodies.
The assay kits according to the invention for detecting antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi contain at least one immunologically active protein which is available without contamination by other proteins from the Borrelia burgdorferi strain. This immunologically active protein acts as antigen and reacts with the antibodies present in the test fluid. Assay kits according to the invention preferably have two to four immunologically active proteins which are available without contamination by other proteins from B. burgdorferi. The assay kit furthermore contains an indicator component which makes the detection of the presence of complexes of antigen and antibody possible.
The assay kits according to the invention can be based on a variety of principles known per se. In principle, the antigen can carry a label, and the label can consist of a radioactive isotope or an enzyme which catalyzes a color reaction. It is likewise possible for the antigen to be bound to a solid support (microtiter plates or beads), and the indicator component can comprise an antibody which is directed against antibodies and carries a label, and the label can comprise a radioactive isotope or an enzyme which catalyzes a color reaction.
The assay kit preferred for the purposes of the present invention is the so-called ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). One embodiment thereof is described in detail in Example 5. The results of this example show that it was surprisingly possible to achieve a very high specificity of the assay kit by using only one immunologically active protein according to the invention. Furthermore, the assay kits according to the invention surprisingly make possible a differentiation correlated with the stage of the disease. The combined use of a plurality of antigens in one assay kit makes it possible to detect antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi even in cases in which the symptoms of the disease have not yet become clinically manifest. It is likewise possible to diagnose infections with B. burgdorferi in which the patient experiences only a subclinical infection. The information which can be obtained from the assay kits according to the invention is particularly important in cases in which it has been possible to find a tick bite but it is unclear whether an infection with a Borrelia strain is present.
Combined use of a plurality of the immunologically active proteins is preferred for the purpose of the present invention. A combination of the proteins p41, pC, p17 and/or p100 is very particularly preferred. The use of the ELISA assay kit preferred according to the invention also makes possible a differentiation with regard to the nature of the antibodies. If, for example, IgM antibodies are to be detected, the so-called xcexc capture assay can be employed, in which antibodies directed against IgM antibodies are bound to the solid phase. After the assay plates have been incubated with the fluid to be tested, the IgM antibodies present in the test fluid are bound to the solid phase. It is then possible, after saturation of non-specific bindings, to add an immunologically active protein of the present invention. This antigen is then detected by an indicator molecule. In this case the antigen can be biotinylated, and subsequently avidin which has covalently bonded peroxidase is added. The peroxidase then catalyzes a reaction which leads to color formation.
Another possibility comprises adding monoclonal antibodies, which are specific for the antigen and are biotinylated, to the complex of support/anti-IgM antibody/antibody to be detected/antigen according to the invention. Biotinylation is described, for example, in Monoklonale Antikorper [Monoclonal antibodies] (1985) Springer Verlag, J. H. Peters et al. Detection of the complex is effected therein by adding avidin to which an enzyme catalyzing a color reaction is coupled.
Another embodiment of the present invention comprises detecting IgM by indirect ELISA. This entails the antigens according to the invention being bound to microtiter plates, incubated with the fluid to be detected and, after washing, the immune complexes being detected by means of anti-xcexc conjugate.
Another aspect of the present invention comprises a generation of monoclonal antibodies which are directed against the immunologically active proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi. The preparation of monoclonal antibodies of this type is explained in detail in Example 6. It is possible to use monoclonal antibodies of this type as reagents for direct pathogen detection. However, monoclonal antibodies can also be coupled to the solid phase of a microtiter plate. The immunologically active proteins (antigens) are added and then immobilized by antibody-antigen binding to the microtiter plate. The test fluid (which can be, for example, serum or CSF) is subsequently added. The antibodies present in the test fluid then bind to the antigen and can be detected with the aid of an indicator component.
Furthermore, the monoclonal antibodies can be used very satisfactorily for purifying immunologically active proteins (antigens). The advantage in this case is that the purification is particularly gentle. To do this, the monoclonal antibodies are bound to a solid matrix. This solid matrix is preferably in the form of a column. The partially prepurified antigens are then mixed under physiological conditions with the antibodies coupled to a solid matrix. After the matrix-antibody-antigen complex has been washed it is possible to elute the antigens. It is normal to use for this high salt concentrations or buffers with a pH which makes the elution possible.
In another aspect of the present invention, DNA sequences which correspond in whole or in part to the amino-acid sequence of the immunologically active proteins are provided. These DNA sequences can preferably be used to detect Borrelia strains in test material by hybridization. To do this, an oligonucleotide which partly corresponds to the DNA sequence is prepared. This oligonucleotide is radioactively labeled. On the other hand, the DNA from the test material is bound to a suitable filter, preferably nitrocellulose, and subsequently hybridized with the radioactively labeled oglionucleotide. It is likewise possible to use the DNA sequences according to the invention for in situ hybridization for direct detection of B. burgdorferi in infected tissue. In place of the chemically synthesized oligonucleotides it is also possible for appropriate DNA fragments to be replicated in bacteria and subsequently cut out of the vectors with the aid of restriction endonucleases. After isolation of these DNA fragments they can be radioactively labeled and used as described above for the hybridization.
Another aspect of the present invention comprises the possibility of using the immunologically active proteins (antigens) according to the invention from Borrelia burgdorferi as vaccines. To do this, the antigens according to the invention are prepared in pure form. They are subsequently administered, singly or in combination with or without an agent stimulating the immune response, to the person to be immunized. This stimulates the formation of specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi strains.
The proteins, DNA sequences and monoclonal antibodies according to the invention can be used in various areas. Thus, the assay kits according to the invention can also be used to detect B. burgdorferi infections in livestock, and the proteins can also be used for immunizing livestock, especially valuable livestock.
To the extent that the present invention relates to proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi, these can also be protein fragments which have only a partial sequence of the complete amino-acid sequence. Partial sequences of this type usually have at least 10 amino acids and preferably at least 15 amino acids.
However, the protein fragments are normally larger. Thus, for example, it has been found with the protein with a molecular weight of about 41 kD that deletion of about 20 to 25 amino acids at the N terminus of the protein leads to a protein which has an increased specificity. The reason for this might be that a so-called common epitope is deleted and specific epitopes remain. The use of proteins with deletions of this type is particularly preferred in this connection.
Proteins with a molecular weight of about 22 kD or 100 kD are particularly preferred for the purpose of the present invention. These proteins can also derive from other Borrelia burgdorferi strains.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention are explained in detail by means of the following tables, figures and examples.
Specific, commonly occurring serum antibodies, which are directed against particular individual B. burgdorferi antigens, show minimum cross-reactivity with proteins of related pathogens and, in addition, permit correlation with the individual stages of the disease of Lyme borreliosis, were sought.
The Western blot was used to search for commonly recognized antigens. To do this, a bacterial extract of B. burgdorferi (PKo strain) (Preac-Mursic, V.; Wilske, B.; Schierz, G. (1986): European Borreliae burgdorferi isolated from humans and ticksxe2x80x94culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A 163, 112-118) was pelleted, resuspended in PBS/NaCl and treated with ultrasound and then fractionated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Laenunli, U.K. (1970): Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227, 680-685).
The gels consisted of a collecting gel with pockets for the samples and a separating gel. The separating gels had the following composition: 15% acrylamide (Bio-Rad), 0.026% diallyltartardiamide (DATD, Bio-Rad) per percent acrylamide, 0.15% SDS, 375 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 0.14 mM ammonium peroxodisulfate (AMPER, Bio-Rad) and 0.035% N,N,Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, Bio-Rad). AMPER and TEMED acted in this case as the radical initiators for the polymerization. 2-4 h after the polymerization, the collecting gel (3.1% acrylamide, 0.08% diallyltartardiamide, 0.1% SDS, 125 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.0, 3 mM AMPER and 0.05% TEMED) was poured over the separating gel and provided with a Teflon comb. The anode and cathode chamber were filled with identical buffer solution: 25 mM tris base, 192 mM glycine and 0.1% SDS, pH 8.5.
In each case 20 xcexcl of sample in lysis buffer (3% sucrose, 2% SDS, 5% xcex2-mercaptoethanol, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.0, bromophenol blue; heated at 100xc2x0 C. for 5 min) were loaded per pocket. The electrophoresis was carried out at room temperature overnight with a constant current of 6 mA for gels 20xc3x9715 cm in size. The gels were subsequently transferred to nitrocellulose (NC).
For the protein transfer, the gel with the nitrocellulose lying on it was placed between Whatman 3 MM filter paper, conductive foam 1 cm thick and two carbon plates which conducted the current via platinum electrodes. Filter paper, foam and nitrocellulose were thoroughly impregnated with blot buffer (192 mM glycine, 25 mM tris base, 20% methanol, pH 8.5). Transfer took place at 2 mA/cm2 for 2 h. Free binding sites on the nitrocellulose were saturated for 1 h at 37xc2x0 C. with Cohen buffer (1 mg/ml Ficoll 400, 1 mg/ml polyvinylpyrrolidone, 16 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 0.1% NP 40, 0.05% Bacto gelatin in sodium borate buffer pH 8.2); (Cohen G. H., Dietzschold, B., Ponce de Leon, M., Long, D., Golub, E., Varrichio, A., Pereira, L. and Eisenberg, R. J.: Localisation and synthesis of an antigenic determinant of Herpes simplex virus glyco-protein D that stimulates the production of neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 49 (1984) 4183-4187). The blot was incubated with the patients"" sera (1:100 dilution in 154 mM NaCl and 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5) at room temperature overnight and with shaking.
After the serum incubation, the blot was washed with TTBS (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 500 mM NaCl, 0.01% Tween 20) four times for 15 minutes each time. The blot was then incubated with peroxidase-coupled anti-human immunoglobulin (DAKO, Hamburg, 1:1000 dilution in 154 mM NaCl and 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) at room temperature for 2 h. The blot was washed several times with TTBS and then stained with 0.5 mg/ml diaminobenzidine and 0.01% hydrogen peroxide in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5. The staining was subsequently stopped with 1 N sulfuric acid, the blot was washed with water until free of acid and was dried between filter paper.
A selection of the reaction patterns of various sera with the Western blot strips is shown in FIGS. 1, 2a and b.
The following proteins proved to be immunodominant: p17 (17 kDa), pC (22 kDa), p41 (41 kDa) and p100 (100 kDa with variation in size in different B. burgdorferi isolates). Apart from p41, the biological functions of these antigens are unknown; p41 is the flagellin protein (Barbour, A. G. S., Hayes, S. F., Heiland, R. A., Schrumpf, M. E. and Tessier, S. L.: A Borrelia genusxe2x80x94specific monoclonal antibody binds to a flagellar epitope. Infect. Immun. 52 (1986) 549-554).
These analyses, which were carried out with a relatively large number of patients"" sera from the various stages of the disease, provided evidence that not all B. burgdorferi infections are always detected with a single antigen. It emerged, in particular in the case of sera with IgM antibodies (recent infection), that a protein (pC) in the 22 kD region is particularly often recognized besides the flagellin (p41). However, simultaneous occurrence of both antibodies was not inevitable. It was possible to find sera which had only antibodies against p41 or only antibodies against the pC protein (FIG. 1 and 2a, Western blots). Detection of intrathecally formed antibodies in the CSF is of great importance in neuroborreliosis. IgG Western blots on 12 CSF/serum pairs from patients with Bannwarth""s lymphocytic meningoradiculitis showed in all cases a local intrathecal immune response to p41. In the late stage, besides IgG antibodies against the flagellin, particularly found were antibodies against proteins in the 100 kD region (p100) and in the 17 kD region (p17) which were undetectable or only rarely detectable in the early stages. Thus, antibody reactivities with the p17 and p100 proteins are good markers for the attainment of stage III (FIG. 2b, Western Blot).
Improved standardization of the assays can be achieved with the aid of these four antigens.
The proteins p42, pC and p17 additionally show only a slight cross-reactivity with other bacterial strains, and the protein p100 proved to be a genusxe2x80x94specific protein with B. burgdorferixe2x80x94specific epitopes. Tab. 2 (reactivity of immune sera against various bacterial pathogens with proteins from B. burgdorferi) summarizes the cross-reactivity of sera against various related pathogens with B. burgdorferi antigens according to Western blot analysis. It emerged from attempts to purify the four proteins (p41, pC, p17, p100 from B. burgdorferi extracts that large amounts of starting material are required. It was particularly difficult to purify p100, which is under-represented in the complete extract. Since cultivation is elaborate and costly it was necessary to look for possible ways of preparing these antigens by genetic manipulation. Western blot analysis of patients"" sera has shown that virtually complete identification of all positive sera is possible with a combination of p41, pC, p17 and p100 produced by genetic manipulation as antigen and, furthermore, there is a correlation with the stage of the disease.
The p41 coding region was obtained from a complete B. burgdorferi (DSM No. 5662 P/Ko2/85) DNA preparation by means of DNA amplification by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence obtained in this way was subsequently placed under the control of inducible promoters and, after transfection into E. coli, expression was induced (Maniatis, T.; Fritsch, E. F.; Sambrook, J. (1982). Molecular cloning. Cold Spring Harbor).
For this purpose, the B. burgdorferi cells were cultivated for 2 weeks at 37xc2x0 C. in 2 1 of modified Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly (BSK) medium (Preac-Mursic, V.,; Wilske, B.; Schierz, G. (1986): European Borreliae burqdorferi isolated from humans and ticksxe2x80x94culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A 163, 112-118), pelleted at 6000 rpm, washed in TEN buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6; 1 mM EDTA; 10 mM NaCl) and resuspended in 20 ml of lysozyme buffer (20% sucrose, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 50 mM EDTA, 5 mg/ml lysozyme). After incubation at 37xc2x0 C. for 30 min, the protoplasts produced by the action of lysozyme on the cell wall were lyzed by adding 1 ml of 25% SDS (sodium dodecylsulfate). After a further 10 min, 4 ml of a 5 M NaCl solution were added. Protein was denatured by adding an equal volume of TE-saturated (TE: 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.8, 1 mM EDTA) phenol. The phases were separated by centrifugation at 40xc2x0 C. and 6500 rpm for 5 min. Using a pipette with a wide opening (to avoid shear forces) the upper DNA-containing aqueous phase was cautiously transferred into a fresh tube and subsequently extracted once again with the same volume of phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (1:1:0.04). After separation, the upper aqueous phase was again cautiously transferred into a new tube, and the DNA was precipitated with twice the volume of ethanol. After about 5 min, the DNA which has precipitated out in the form of long threads is removed by winding onto a glass rod and is transferred into a 70% ethanol solution for washing. The DNA bound by adhesion to the glass rod was subsequently stored at room temperature for 2 h in order to bring about evaporation of the ethanol, and was then transferred into 4 ml of TEN buffer.
1 xcexcl portions of the complete B. burgdorferi DNA obtained in this way were amplified in 100 xcexcl PCR mixtures.
The sequences chosen as specific primers for the polymerase-catalyzed amplification contained the information for the translational start and the 3xe2x80x2 end of p41 (flagellin). The DNA sequences shown in FIG. 3 were used for this. The two oligodeoxynucleotides were synthesized in 1 xcexcmol columns in a Milligen/Biosearch 8700 DNA synthesizer and, after cleavage with ammonia, roughly purified by ethanol precipitation and taken up in 400 xcexcl of H2O in each case. 1 xcexcl portions of this oligodeoxynucleotide solution were employed for each PCR mixture; the buffers, nucleotides and the Taq polymerase originated from a commercially obtainable assay kit (Cetus/Perkin-Elmer, xc3x9cberlingen) and were also used in accordance with the assay descriptions. The temperature conditions for the individual cycles were:
50 cycles were carried out.
The mixtures from the PCRs were subsequently combined, and the DNA was precipitated, after adding NaCl in a final concentration of 0.2 M, with 2.5 times the amount of ethanol at xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. for 5 h. After pelleting and washing in 70% ethanol, the DNA was dissolved in 200 xcexcl of H2O and, after addition of appropriate buffers, cleaved with the restriction enzymes Bam HI and Pst I (Boehringer Mannheim) as stated by the manufacturer. Fractionation by gel electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel was followed by isolation of the amplified DNA fragment (about 1000 bp) and insertion into a pUC8 vector (Pharmacia) cut with BamHI and PstI (Vieira, J.; Messing, J. (1982): The pUC plasmids, and M13 mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. Gene 19, 259-268), using 0.25 xcexcg of the vector, 0.5 xcexcg of the p41 fragment and 2U of T4 DNA ligase with buffer as specified by the manufacturer (Boehringer Mannheim).
The ligated DNA fragments were transformed into the E. coli strain JM 109 (Pharmacia) (Yanisch-Perron, C.; Vieira, J.; Messing, J. (1985): Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13 mp18 and pUC19 vectors. Gene 33, 103-119) and plated out on agar plates containing ampicillin (50 xcexcg/ml) and X-Gal (30 xcexcg/ml), and then white colonies were cultured in 5 ml of L broth medium, and the isolated plasmids were investigated for their inserts by restriction enzyme cleavage.
The B. burgdorferi flagellin-encoding DNA fragment is thus located behind the inducible lacUV5 promoter of the vector in the same reading frame as the lacZxcex1-encoding transcript started by this promoter. This results in a flagellin which contains a few pUC8-encoded amino acids at its N terminus. This region is detailed below:
Liquid cultures of positive E. coli clones (for example pUC8 ly13) which contained the vector with DNA insert of the expected length (1000 bp) were again set up, and transcription from the lac promoter of the plasmid was induced by induction with 1 mM IPTG shaken at 37xc2x0 C. for 3 hours. 1.5 ml of these cultures were then briefly pelleted, the bacteria were lyzed with boiling mix (3% sucrose, 2% SDS, 5% xcex2-mercaptoethanol, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.0, 2% bromophenol blue) at 100xc2x0 C. for 10 min, and the proteins were fractionated by means of 17.5% SDS-PAGE. Staining of the proteins with Coomassie brilliant blue revealed a new additional band at about 41 kD, which corresponds to the expected size of flagellin, for the cells with plasmid insert. A specific reaction of this recombinant antigen with a serum from a Lyme borreliosis patient and with a monoclonal antibody against B. burgdorferi p41 flagellin is demonstrated by the immunoblot shown in FIG. 4.
Every other inducible plasmid which starts a transcript in the same reading frame is also suitable just like pUC8 for the production of p41. Expression of an authentic p41 which has no foreign amino acids fused on is possible by cleaving the p41-encoding region at the translation start with BspHI (TC ATG A) and PstI (at the 3xe2x80x2 end) and inserting the fragment into the NcoI site (CC ATG G) and PstI site of a so-called ATG vector. The clone pUC8ly17 was used for the methods indicated hereinafter.
To prepare B. burgdorferixe2x80x94specific DNA sequences, a chromosomal gene bank was set up in E. coli. It was possible with the aid of suitable methods such as immunoscreening or hybridization with selected oligonucleotides to identify in this gene bank E. coli clones which contained corresponding B. burgdorferixe2x80x94specific DNA sequences. A restriction enzyme map was constructed after restriction enzyme analysis. It was possible to use this to transfer the DNA sequences which were sought specifically into expression vectors and to carry out sequencing thereof. The specific procedures for this were as follows: to isolate B. burgdorferi (DSM No. 5662) DNA (chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA), the cells were cultivated as described in Example 2. After centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 20 minutes, the cells were washed and resuspended in SET buffer (20% sucrose, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6; 50 mM EDTA). The cell wall was partially cleaved by adding 15 mg/5 ml lysozyme for 20 minutes. The protoplasts from the cells were then lyzed by adding SDS (n-dodecyl-sulfate sodium salt) final concentration 1%. After 20 minutes at 37xc2x0 C., proteinase K (final concentration 1 mg/ml) was added for 1 hour twice, and the DNA-containing solution was adjusted to 100 mM NaCl with TEN buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 300 mM NaCl). One phenol extraction and two further phenol/chloroform/iso-amyl alcohol extractions (phenol:chloroform in the ratio 1:1; chloroform:iso-amyl alcohol in the ratio 24:1) were carried out. The supernatant extracted in this way was mixed with 2.5 vol. of 95% ethanol, and the DNA was precipitated at xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. It was possible to obtain the DNA by winding the precipitated threads onto a glass rod and to wash it in 70% ethanol. After brief drying in a desiccator, the DNA was taken up in TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA) which contained RNAse (20 xcexcg/ml). The DNA prepared in this way was used for the subsequent steps.
B. burgdorferi DNA was incubated with the restriction enzyme Sau 3A (Boehringer, Mannheim) as stated by the manufacturer. Partial cleavage of the DNA was achieved by choosing suitable enzyme dilutions and the time the enzyme acted thereon. Partially cleaved DNA obtained in this way was ligated with vector DNA (pUC18 or other suitable vector DNA) which had been restricted with BamH I and dephosphorylated by treatment with alkaline phosphatase. T4 DNA ligase (Boehringer Mannheim) was employed as specified by the manufacturer for this. 0.2-0.5 xcexcg/xcexcl complete DNA was employed per transformation mixture. E. coli JM 109 (or other suitable E. coli strains) were transformed with the ligated DNA by the protocol of Hanahan (Hanahan, D. (1985): Techniques of Transformation of Escherichia coli, pp. 109-135. In: D. M. Glover (ed.) DNA cloning, Vol. 1. A practical approach. IRL Press, Oxford) or as described by Maniatis et al. (Maniatis, T. (1982): Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Recombinant E. coli clones were selected and cultivated on LB medium (10 g of tryptone, Difco, 5 g of yeast extract, Difco, 5 g of NaCl, Merck) which contained 100 xcexcg/ml ampicillin (or another suitable antibiotic). The colony pattern was transferred identically to LB plates, and colony replicas on nitrocellulose were produced. The cells in these colony replicas were lyzed in different ways on the filter depending on the screening method used. When mono- or polyclonal sera (immunoscreening) were used to detect B. burgdorferixe2x80x94specific gene products induced by the DNA inserted by recombination, the cells were lyzed over saturated chloroform vapor for 15 min. After saturation of the filter treated in this way with a skimmed milk solution for 2 hours, the filters were incubated with the various sera overnight, washed several times with TTBS buffer (see above) and incubated with the second peroxidase-conjugated antibody (Dako, Hamburg) for 2 hours. Renewed washing with TTBS buffer served to reduce non-specifically bound peroxidase-conjugated antibodies. It was possible to identify positive, that is to say B. burgdorferi antigen-producing E. coli clones by enzymatic conversion of the substrates diaminobenzidine (Sigma-Chemie, Munich) and H2O2 into an insoluble brown pigment. The positive E. Coli clones identified in this way were inoculated from the initial plate and analyzed. When specific oligonucleotides were used for the hybridization and thus for the detection of specific B. burgdorferi antigen sequences (screening by hybridization), the cells underwent alkaline lysis on the nitrocellulose filter (Schleicher and Schuell) (by wetting the filters with 0.5 M NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl for 5 minutes). After neutralization (by wetting the filters in 1.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0 for 5 minutes), the filters with the denatured DNA were wetted with 2xc3x97SSPE (20xc3x97SSPE: 3.6 M NaCl, 200 mM NaH2PO4, pH 7.4, 20 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) and dried. The DNA was immobilized by baking the filters at 80xc2x0 C. for 2 hours. The filters treated in this way were then employed for the hybridization. The hybridization was carried out using radioactive (32p) and non-radioactive (for example digoxigenin, Boehringer Mannheim) as detection methods. The labeling methods for this were known (Maniatis, T. (1982): Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor) or recommended by the manufacturer (Boehringer Mannheim) (32P labeling with 32P-gamma-ATP and kinase reaction or digoxigenin labeling with Dig-11-UTP and terminal transferase reaction). A restriction enzyme analysis was drawn up for positive E. coli clones and, with this information, expression of the antigen-encoding DNA sequences in suitable vectors, and sequencing thereof, were carried out. The hybridization probes employed at the start were synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides whose sequence had been selected on the basis of p100 and pC amino-acid sequences.
The procedure for this was as follows:
The two proteins were partially purified from lysates of B. burgdorferi by extraction with n-octyl xcex2-D-thio-glucopyranoside and further fractionated by SDS-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antigens were subsequently transferred by Western blotting to a glass fiber matrix, and the appropriate pieces with the B. burgdorferi proteins were cut out. p100 then underwent partial N-terminal sequencing, and the first 22 amino acids of the amino terminus were determined (this method of micro-sequencing is described in: Eckerskorn, C., Mewes, W., Goretzki, H. and Lottspeich, F.: A new siliconized fiber as support for protein-chemical analysis of electroblotted proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 176 (1988) 509-519). In the case of pC, direct partial sequencing was not possible since the N terminus is not directly amenable to sequencing, that is to say that it is possible that myristylation or similar modifications are present. For this reason, this protein was cleaved with trypsin, the fragments were fractionated by HPLC, and two of them were then partially sequenced. The oligodeoxynucleotide sequences specified hereinafter were then derived from the amino-acid sequences obtained in this way. Since in most cases there are several codon options for an amino acid, it was also necessary for the base variations and the appropriate sites on the oligonucleotide to be taken into account and incorporated during the synthesis in equimolar ratios.
p100-p1-p100-amino-acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2):
Glu Leu Asp Lys Glu Lys Leu Lys Asp Phe Val Asn Leu Asp Leu Glu Phe Val Asn Thr
p-100-oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:3), the bases indicated in parentheses and separated by xe2x80x9c;xe2x80x9d were incorporated during the synthesis (in a Milligen/Biosearch 8700 DNA synthesizer) in equimolar ratios:
The oligodeoxynucleotide sequence was used as probe and hybridized with the clones containing the B. burgdorferi DNA. Subcloning results in a clone which contains the gene for p100. The following coding DNA sequence of p100 (5xe2x80x2 end) of the strain PKo was found for a length of 346 base pairs (SEQ ID NO:4):
The following amino-acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:5) was found after complete cloning:
Amino-acid sequence of the p100 protein
In an analogous manner, using pC amino-acid sequences:
the corresponding oligodeoxynucleotide sequences were synthesized:
pC-p1 oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:8):
pC-p2 oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:9):
After suitable clones have been found by hybridization and subcloning of the required gene it was possible to determine the following coding DNA sequence of pC of the strain PKo for a length of 639 base pairs (SEQ ID NO:10):
The protein pC has the following sequences for a length of 212 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:11):
Amino-acid sequence of the pC proteinxe2x80x9422 kD xe2x80x94
In a corresponding way, a part of the coding DNA sequence of OspA (5xe2x80x2 end) of the strain PKo was also determined for a length of 680 base pairs (SEQ ID NO:12):
After complete sequencing it was possible to determine the following amino-acid sequence for the 31 kD protein (SEQ ID NO: 13):
Amino-acid sequence of OspA (strain PKo)
a) p41 (Flagellin) as Example
A 50 ml overnight culture of the clone pUC81y2 described in Example 2 was added to 1.5 ml of fresh L broth medium and incubated, shaking vigorously, at 37xc2x0 C. When an optical density of 0.7 ws reached, the culture was induced with IPTG in a final concentration of 1 mM and incubated for a further 3 h. The bacteria were pelleted (6000 rpm, 10 min), resuspended in 300 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM EDTA, 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme and placed in a water bath at 37xc2x0 C. for 45 min. Addition of NaCl in a final concentration of 150 mM and Triton-X-100 in a final concentration of 1% was followed by further incubation at 37xc2x0 C. for 45 min, and the suspension was subsequently treated with ultrasound three times for 5 min each time. Insoluble constituents were pelleted at 9000 rpm for 30 min, resuspended in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10 mM dithiothreitol and 1% octyl glucopyranoside (Sigma-Chemie, Munich) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After subsequent pelleting of insoluble constituents at 17,000 rpm for 30 min, the supernatant was cautiously decanted off. The pellet was subsequently resuspended in 150 ml of 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 8 M urea and 1% xcex2mercaptoethanol by stirring for 2 h. Insoluble constituents were once again in this case removed by centrifugation at 17,000 rpm for 30 min, and the supernatant was pumped onto a DEAE Sephacel column (Pharmacia, Freiburg) with a gel volume of 550 ml (diameter 3 cm, height 80 cm). The p41 antigen was eluted in an NaCl gradient from 0 to 800 mM in a total volume of 600 ml. The recombinant p41 is eluted at an NaCl concentration of about 0.25 M. The appropriate fractions were combined and further purified by HPLC with a Mono Q column (anion exchanger) (FIG. 4). An elution profile with the purified p41 in an NaCl gradient from 0 to 800 mM is shown in FIG. 5. The fractions which were positive for p41 here (according to Western blot analysis) were dialyzed against 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl2 and 0.1% xcex2-mercaptoethanol, and subsequently used for the assays shown in Example 5. The yield typically to be expected from purification of p41 starting from 11 of bacterial culture is 5 to 10 mg.
It was possible to determine the following amino-acid sequence after sequencing (SEQ ID NO:14):
Amino-acid sequence of the p41 protein
b) Purification of Recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi pC Antigen From E. coli
A clone which contains the gene for the pC antigen (pDS1PC5) is inoculated in 100 ml of L broth (containing 50 xcexcg of ampicillin/ml), left to grow over-night and then transferred into 900 ml of L broth/ampicillinxe2x80x942xc3x97concentrated yeast extract/2 ml of glycerolxe2x80x94and, after about 1 h, induced with 2 mM IPTG and shaken for a further 2-3 h.
The pellet, after centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 10 min, is resuspended in 20 ml of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM DTE, 0.1 mM PMSF;
0.4 mg/ml lysozyme). Stirring at room temperature for 30 min is followed by addition of Triton-X 100 (final concentration 0.1-0.2%). Also added are 10 xcexcl of Benzonase (Merck). Stirring at room temperature is continued for a further 30 min. The suspension which is now clear is adjusted to 1 M NaCl with solid NaCl and stirred for a further 30 min-60 min (at 4xc2x0 C.).
After centrifugation at 4xc2x0 C. and 15,000 rpm for 30 min, the pC protein is quantitatively present in the supernatant. The pellet is discarded. The supernatant is dialyzed against 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, changing the buffer several times. Centrifugation and/or filtration is followed by loading onto DEAE Sepharose (Pharmacia), the column being equilibrated with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. On elution with 0 M NaCl, the pC protein appears in the second peak of the flow-through. The first fractions can be discarded, and the remainder is collected and rechromatographed. The separating column is regenerated with 1 M NaCl and equilibrated in 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0. The antigen obtained in this way can now be used in a suitable assay kit, for example an ELISA.
c) Purification of Recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi OspA Antigen From E. coli
A clone which contains the gene for the OspA antigen (pDS10spA) is inoculated in 100 ml of L broth (containing 50 xcexcg of ampicillin/ml) and cultured over-night. The culture broth is transferred into 900 ml of L broth/ampicillinxe2x80x942xc3x97concentrated yeast extract/2 ml glycerolxe2x80x94and, after about 1 h, induced with 2 mM IPTG and shaken for a further 2-3 h.
The cells are centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 5 min, and the pellet is resuspended in 20 ml of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM DTE, 0.1 mM PMSF; 0.4 mg/ml lysozyme). Stirring at room temperature for 30 min is followed by addition of Triton-X 100 (final concentration 0.5-1%). Also added are 10 xcexcl of Benzonase (MERCK). This is followed by stirring at room temperature for a further 30 min.
The suspension which is now clear is adjusted to 1 M NaCl with solid NaCl and stirred further (at 4xc2x0 C.). After centrifugation at 4xc2x0 C. and 15,000 rpm for 30 min, OspA is virtually quantitatively present in the pellet. The supernatant is discarded, and the pellet is resuspended in 2 M urea (with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM DTE). OspA is now in the supernatant.
The supernatant is dialyzed in a dialysis tube against 5 mM MES (2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid) buffer, pH 6.0, it being absolutely necessary to change the buffer several times. After centrifugation and filtration, the protein is loaded onto an S Sepharose fast-flow (Pharmacia) column. It is first washed with 0 M NaCl and then eluted with a gradient from 0 to 1 M NaCl. The OspA antigen elutes as a sharp peak at about 0.4 M NaCl. After dialysis against 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, the OspA antigen can be used in a suitable assay kit, for example an ELISA.
Owing to the high purity of the recombinant antigens produced, it is possible to carry out B. burgdorferixe2x80x94specific assays which are machine-readable and can be carried out without great technical and personnel expenditure.
Microtiter plates were coated with 50 xcexcl of the purified p41 (concentration 0.5-5 xcexcg/l) per well. The plates were incubated by standard methods at 4xc2x0 C. overnight, washed, and the binding sites which were still free were saturated with 2% strength bovine serum albumin solution. Subsequently, 50 xcexcl of serum (dilution 1:200) were pipetted into each and incubated at 37xc2x0 C. for 2 h, unbound portions were washed out and the bound immune complexes were detected with 50 xcexcl of peroxidase-labeled anti-human IgG (dilution 1:1000) in each case. Another wash was followed by each of the wells being charged with 100 xcexcl of ortho-phenylene-diamine (concentration 0.1% in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 6.0 with 0.03% H2O2) as color reagent, and the staining was carried out in the dark and stopped with 100 xcexcl of 1 N sulfuric acid after 10 min. The microtiter plate was evaluated in a photometer at 486 nm (FIG. 6).
In the example shown here, 7 positive and 8 negative anti-B. burgdorferi sera were tested. Three of the clinically confirmed Lyme-positive sera showed no reaction with p41 on Western blot strips with B. burgdorferi as antigen, that is to say were sera from the early stage of infection. These likewise showed only marginal reaction in an ELISA with the recombinant antigen. By contrast, normally p41-positive sera reacted very well, whereas Lyme-negative sera remained in the range below OD=0.3.
Female Balb/C mice were immunized intraperitoneally with B. burgdorferi (DSM No. 5662). The first immunization was carried out with complete Freund""s adjuvant, and 2-5 further immunizations with incomplete Freund""s adjuvant followed at intervals of 2 weeks. 2 weeks later, the antigen was administered without adjuvant, and 3 days later the mice were sacrificed and the spleen was removed. The spleen lymphocytes were mixed with mouse myeloma cells (Ag8-653) in the ratio 1:1, sedimented and mixed with fusion solution (2.5 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG), 2.5 ml of RPMI-medium, 250 xcexcl of DMSO): 1 min addition of the fusion solution, incubation at 37xc2x0 C. for 90 sec. The cells were again sedimented, the PEG was removed, and culture medium (HAT medium) was added. Finally, the cell suspension was inoculated into microtiter plates which contained macrophages as feeder cells and was incubated. Hybridoma supernatants were subjected undiluted to an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) (Wilske, B.; Schierz, G.; Preac-Mursic, V.; Weber, K.; Pfister, H. -W.; Einhaupl, K. (1984): Serological diagnosis of Erythema migrans disease and related disorders. Infection, 12, 331-337).
IFA-positive cell supernatants were subjected to Western blot analysis. Hybridomas which reacted in the Western blot were subcloned 4 times by limiting dilution, and their immunoglobulin class and IgG sub-class were identified.
The following monoclonal antibodies (MAB) were obtained in this way:
1. MAB against p41:
(a) L41 1C11
This antibody reacted with all 30 assayed B. burgdorferi strains and with Borrelia of relapsing fever (apart from B. hermsii) but not with Treponema.
(b) L41 1D3
This antibody reacted with the majority (21 of 24) of the B. burgdorferi strains but not with the Borrelia of relapsing fever and Treponema.
2. MAB against p100 (L100 1D4):
This antibody reacted with all 30 assayed B. burgdorferi strains but not with the Borrelia of relapsing fever or Treponema.
3. MAB against pC (L22 1F8):
This MAB reacted with pC proteins from strains from skin and CSF strains, whereas the pC proteins of some but not all tick strains were negative.
4. MAB against OspA:
OspA is a major protein (30 kD) region of the outer membrane of most B. burgdorferi strains. OspA proteins of European B. burgdorferi strains are antigenetically heterogeneous and differ antigenetically from the American strains. The few OspA-negative strains have pC proteins.
(a) L32 2E7
In total, 29 of 32 strains reacted. The negative strains had no OspA protein. The 3 negative strains reacted with the pC-specific MAB L22 1F8.
(b) L32 1G3:
This MAB reacted with only 3 of 25 assayed strains.
The combination of MAB L32 2E7 and MAB L22 1F8 and the reaction with MAB L100 1D4 allows identification of B. burgdorferi Borrelia and Treponema. Reliable identification and differentiation of B. burgdorferi has not been possible with monoclonal antibodies available to date.
The amino-acid sequence of a protein with a molecular weight of about 22 kD was determined by the methods described in the previous examples. This protein was cloned from another Borrelia strain and was subsequently sequenced. This strain has been deposited at the ATCC under the number 35210 and is generally accessible. The following amino-acid sequence was determined in this case (SEQ ID NO:15):
Amino-acid sequence of pC protein
74 sera from patients with Erythema migrans were assayed for IgM and IgG antibodies. In addition, a negative control group of 100 blood donors was tested. In these assays, on the one hand ultrasonicate preparations of Borrelia burgdorferi were employed in accordance with methods known per se for carrying out ELISA assays. On the other hand, recombinant proteins prepared according to the invention were employed separately and together. The following tables show unambiguously that a considerably higher sensitivity can be achieved by the method according to the invention than when ultrasonicate is used.
1.1. Sera from healthy people and, to a greater extent, from syphilis patients exhibited antibodies against p60 (common antigen). Antibodies against p41 were found less commonly.
1.2. For early manifestations (EM and LMR), the immunodominant proteins proved to be the flagella protein p41 and the pC protein. pC is the immunodominant protein for the early immune response. In particular, IgM antibodies against pC may occur earlier than IgM antibodies against p41 (see also FIG. 2a)
1.3. Sera from patients with late manifestations (ACA and arthritis) reacted in all cases (n=22) with p41 or p100 and in 21 cases with p100 or p17. p17 reacted in 17, p100 in 19 and p41 in 20 cases.
1.4. The intrathecal IgG immune response was directed against p41 in all 12 tested cases. Antibodies against p41 were undetectable in serum in 3 cases.
Tab. 2
Reactivity of the immune sera (against various bacterial pathogens) with proteins from B. burgdorferi (Western blot).
Western blot strips with B. burgdorferi lysate fractionated by electrophoresis were prepared as described in Example 1 and incubated with sera against various more or less related and therefore cross-reacting pathogens. The sera were derived from rabbits which had been immunized with the particular pathogens. p100 has the lowest cross-reactivity; only one (anti-B. hermsii) of the 15 assayed pathogen-specific sera reacts with this protein. p41 and pC each react with three of the sera and therefore also appear suitable for diagnostic use. The presence of immunoconserved antigens is distinctly evident; thus, for example, 14 and 12, respectively, of the assayed sera react with proteins 40 and 60 kD in size (p40; p60). These common antigens are therefore unsuitable for diagnostic use.

Immunologically active proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi


This invention relates to preparation of an elastomer which contains a dispersion of silica reinforcement by forming a silica reinforcement in situ within an unvulcanized elastomer host, the resulting elastomer/filler composite and tire having component which contains such reinforced elastomer. The invention includes a rubber composition of at least two elastomers wherein one of said elastomers is a pre-formed composite of elastomer/in situ formed silica reinforcement. A tire having a component of such rubber composition, particularly a tire tread, is specifically contemplated.

This invention relates to preparation of an elastomer which contains a dispersion of silica reinforcement by forming a silica reinforcement in situ within an unvulcanized elastomer host, the resulting elastomer/filler composite and tire having component which contains such reinforced elastomer. The invention includes a rubber composition of at least two elastomers wherein one of said elastomers is a pre-formed composite of elastomer/in situ formed silica reinforcement. A tire having a component of such rubber composition, particularly a tire tread, is specifically contemplated.
Elastomers are conventionally reinforced with particulate reinforcing fillers such as, for example, carbon black and sometimes precipitated silica.
It is sometimes difficult to obtain an adequate, homogeneous dispersion of silica in the rubber composition, by conventionally blending amorphous silica with unvulcanized rubber under high shear mixing conditions. Such difficulty may be, for example, because of a typically large difference in polarity and hydrophobicity between conjugated diene-based elastomers and precipitated silica, the silica may tend to agglomerate, or clump, together to form small domains of silica aggregates within the elastomer instead of widely disperses silica aggregates, or particles.
Accordingly, it is sometimes desired to more effectively create a homogeneous dispersion of the silica particles within the rubber composition.
Historically, alternate methods of creating a dispersion of silica in various elastomers has been suggested without simply dry blending precipitated silica and rubber under high shear and relatively high temperature conditions.
Historically, dispersing of silica in polysiloxane polymers such as poly(dimethylsiloxane), or (PDMS), elastomer(s) has been suggested by in-situ formation of silica from a base-catalyzed sol-gel conversion of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). For example see xe2x80x9cPrecipitation of Silica-Titania Mixed-Oxide Fillers Into Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Networksxe2x80x9d by J. Wen and J. Mark; Rubber Chem and Tech, (1994), volume 67, No.5, (pages 806-819).
Historically, a process of preparing rubber products has been suggested by mixing the TEOS with a solution of unvulcanized rubber in an organic solvent and subjecting it to a sol-gel condensation reaction to provide a finely powdered, spherically shaped, silica within the rubber. For example, see Japanese patent application publication 93/02152.
Historically, a composition has been suggested which comprises a rubber and globular silica made by a sol-gel method and having an average particle diameter of 10-30 microns and specific surface area of 400-700 square meters per gram. The composition is suggested for use in a flap of a tire. For example, see Japanese patent application publication 6145429.
Historically, a tread rubber composition has been proposed as a composition of rubber and spherical silica prepared by a sol-gel transformation. For example, see Japanese patent application publication 6116440 and corresponding Japanese patent publication 2591569.
Historically, an in-situ formation of silica from a sol gel reaction of TEOS in an organic solution of styrene/butadiene rubber, onto which a bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide has been previously grafted to form triethoxysilyl groups, has been reported. (xe2x80x9cThe Effect of Bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) Tetrasulfide on Silica Reinforcement of Styrene-Butadiene Rubberxe2x80x9d by Hashim, et al, in Rubber Chem and Tech, 1998, Volume 71, pages 289-299).
However, it is envisioned herein that it would be advantageous to create a relatively homogeneous particulate silica dispersion within an elastomer of a very small silica particle size which is not predominately spherical in shape.
In the description of this invention, the term xe2x80x9cphrxe2x80x9d where used herein, and according to conventional practice, refers to xe2x80x9cparts of a respective material per 100 parts by weight of rubber, or elastomerxe2x80x9d.
In the description of this invention, the terms xe2x80x9crubberxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9celastomerxe2x80x9d if used herein, may be used interchangeably, unless otherwise prescribed. The terms xe2x80x9crubber compositionxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9ccompounded rubberxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9crubber compoundxe2x80x9d, if used herein, are used interchangeably to refer to xe2x80x9crubber which has been blended or mixed with various ingredients and materialsxe2x80x9d and such terms are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing or rubber compounding art.
In accordance with this invention, a method is provided of preparing an elastomer/silica composite as a dispersion of a filler formed in-situ within an elastomer host via a condensation reaction of TEOS and an additional organosilane, by
(A) blending with an organic solvent solution of at least one diene hydrocarbon based elastomer containing 100 parts by weight (phr) of said elastomer;
(1) an organic solvent solution of said TEOS containing about 0.5 to about 50, alternately about 5 to about 30, phr of said TEOS;
(2) an organic solvent solution of said additional organosilane containing about 0.5 to about 25 phr of said organosilane;
(3) a catalytic amount of condensation reaction promoter for said TEOS and said additional organosilane and a sufficient amount of water to facilitate said condensation reaction, followed by
(B) recovering a composite of said elastomer and dispersion therein of an in situ formed condensation reaction product of said TEOS and additional organosilane; wherein said blending process comprises:
(1) substantially simultaneously blending said TEOS solution and said additional organosilane solution with said elastomer solution following which said condensation promoter and water are added, or
(2) first blending said TEOS solution with said elastomer solution, following which said condensation promoter and water are added and subsequently blending said additional organosilane solution therewith; wherein said additional organosilane is of the following general formula (I), (II), (III), or (IV).
(OR)2xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94(R1xe2x80x94Snxe2x80x94R1xxe2x80x94Snxe2x80x94R1yxe2x80x94CH3)2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(I)
(OR)2xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94(Rxe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94CH3)2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(II)
(OR)2xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94(CH2xe2x80x94Z)2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(III)
wherein Z is selected from;
xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94CH3xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(Z1)
xe2x80x83xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CH2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(Z2)
xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94Cxe2x80x94(CH3)3,xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(Z3)
or
xe2x80x94(CH2)2xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)2xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH3xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(Z4)
(OR)3xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94R1xe2x80x94Snxe2x80x94R1xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94(OR)3xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(IV)
wherein R is an alkyl radical selected from at least one of methyl and ethyl radicals, preferably a methyl radical, R1 is an alkyl radical selected from ethyl, propyl and butyl radicals, y is a value of 1 to and including 4, x is a value of 2 to and including 3, y is preferably a value of 2 to and including 3, and n is an average of 2 to and including 2.6 or of 3.5 to and including 4. Representative examples of Formulas (I) to (IV) are, for example:
(C2H5O)2xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94[(CH2)xxe2x80x94Snxe2x80x94(CH2)xCH3)]2;xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(I)
(C2H5O)2xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94[(CH2xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94CH3)]2;xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(II)
(C2H5O)2xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94[(CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94C(CH3)3]2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(III)(Z3)
(C2H5O)2xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94[(CH2)2xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)2xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C2H5]2xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(III)(Z4)
(C2H5O)3xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94(CH2)3xe2x80x94Snxe2x80x94(CH2)3xe2x80x94Sixe2x80x94(C2H5O)3xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(IV)
In practice, said elastomer host is preferably selected from at least one of homopolymers of conjugated dienes, copolymers of conjugated dienes, copolymers of conjugated diene with a vinyl aromatic compound, preferably selected from styrene and alpha-methylstyrene and more preferably styrene.
Significantly, where the solutions of TEOS and additional organosilane are substantially added to elastomer solution, filler is formed in situ within said elastomer host by a condensation reaction of said TEOS in combination with said additional organosilane.
This is considered herein to be significant, and a departure of simply creating a filler in situ within an elastomer host by a condensation of TEOS alone. The silane and thiasilane networks are a different created simultaneously in contract to the in situ formed reinforcement fillers derived from TEOS alone.
Alternatively, where the TEOS solution is first added to the elastomer solution, followed by the condensation promoter and then the additional organosilane is added, it is considered therein that the additional organosilane substantially reacts with condensation product of the TEOS or may form its own siloxane or thiosilane network.
This is considered herein to be significant as being different from a simultaneous blending of TEOS and organosilane in the elastomer host method.
A significant aspect of the invention is considered that it is contemplated that the resultant filler formed within the elastomer host by the practice of this invention is not spherical in shape, at least as compared to using the TEOS alone, and, by using a dilute solution, the in situ formed filler particles also have a higher surface area to volume of the particle as compared to using the TEOS alone.
Further, due to the functional groups of the organosilane, the resultant filler particles have a higher reactivity and better compatibility with the surrounding elastomer host.
Also, significantly, dilute solvent solutions of all of the said TEOS, additional organosilane and elastomer are used to form the blend. This is significant in order to form the nano-sized filler particles within the elastomer host.
In practice, various solvents may be used for the aforesaid organic solvent solutions, representative of which are, for example, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, cyclohexane and hexene.
In additional accordance with this invention, an article is provided having at least one component comprised of said rubber composition.
In further accordance with this invention, said article is selected from industrial belts and hoses.
In additional accordance with this invention, a tire is provided having at least one component comprised of said rubber composition.
In further accordance with this invention, a tire is provided having a tread comprised of said rubber composition.
In practice, it is preferred that a concentration of the elastomer solution is within a range of about 5 to about 35 weight percent of the elastomer.
In practice, it is preferred that a concentration of the TEOS solution is within a range of about 0.5 to about 30 weight percent of the elastomer.
In practice, it is preferred that a concentration of the additional organosilane solution is within a range of about 0.5 to about 20 weight percent of the elastomer.
It is considered herein that the significance of utilization of dilute solutions, particularly of the TEOS, is to form very small silica particles in the solvent matrix and therefore within the elastomer host.
It is envisioned herein that a relatively small size, homogeneous dispersion of silica particles is encouraged by the process of this invention because it is contemplated that very small, nanoparticle size (e.g. about 5 to about 25 nanometers average diameter particle size ) silica particles can be achieved which promote a better dispersion, compatibility and interaction within the elastomer host.
It is therefore considered herein that the utilization of the prescribed dilute solvent mixtures promotes the formation of small silica particles within the unvulcanized elastomer host such as, for example, silica particles of an average particle diameter in a range of from about 3 to about 25 nanometers (nm) and more preferably in a range of about 5 to about 10 nm.
While a sol gel condensation type of process of forming particulate silica is utilized, the practice of this invention significantly departs what is believed to be past practice because the formation of the particulate silica filler occurs in the presence of a dilute elastomer solution resulting in particularly well dispersed small, nanoparticle size, silica particles within the elastomer host which are relatively non-spherical, irregular shaped silica particles through use of the said organosilane.
Representative of organosilanes of formula (I) is, for example, diethoxy-di(2,4-dithioheptyl) silane.
Representative of organosilanes of formula (II) is, for example, diethoxy-dibutenyl(2)silane.
Representative of organosilanes of formula (II)(Z3) is, for example, diethoxy-di-isopentylsilane.
Representative of organosilanes of formula (II)(Z4) is, for example, diethoxy-di-(2,6 dioxohexyl)silane.
Representative of organosilanes of formula (IV) is, for example, bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide.
In the practice of this invention, various of well known condensation reaction promoters are contemplated such as for example, isobutylamine, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and ammonia. Usually the isobutylamine is preferred.
In practice, various additional reinforcing fillers may also be subsequently mixed with the elastomer/in-situ formed reinforcing filler composite, usually under high shear conditions.
For example, such additional fillers may be carbon black, precipitated silica and other fillers containing hydroxyl groups on their surface such as, for example, aluminum doped precipitated silica and modified carbon blacks, which would have aluminum hydroxide and/or silicon hydroxide on their respective surfaces.
Exemplary of such aluminum doped precipitated silicas are, for example aluminosilicates formed by a co-precipitation of a silicate and an aluminate. An example of modified carbon black is, for example, a carbon black having silicon hydroxide on its outer surface by treatment of carbon black with an organosilane at an elevated temperature or by co-fuming an organosilane and oil at an elevated temperature.
In further accordance with this invention, an elastomer composition is provided which is comprised of at least one elastomer/silica composite of this invention as well as a blend thereof with least one additional diene-based elastomer.
For example, an elastomer blend composition is provided which is comprised of at least two diene-based elastomers of which one elastomer is a pre-formed elastomer/silica composite of this invention, based on 100 phr of elastomers
(A) about 10 to about 90 phr of at least one diene-based elastomer selected from at least one homopolymer and copolymer of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene and copolymer of at least one diene selected from isoprene and 1,3-butadiene with a vinyl aromatic compound selected from at least one of styrene and alpha-methylstyrene, preferably styrene;
(B) about 90 to about 10 phr of at least one of said pre-formed composite of elastomer/filler;
(C) at least one of additional reinforcing filler provided, however, that the total of said in-situ formed filler and said additional reinforcing filler are present in an amount of from about 30 to about 120 phr and where said additional reinforcing filler may be selected, for example, from at least one of precipitated silica, aluminosilicate, carbon black and modified carbon black having hydroxyl groups, eg: hydroxyl and/or silicon hydroxide groups, on its surface; and
(D) optionally a coupling agent having a moiety reactive with said filler(s) and another moiety interactive with said elastomer(s).
In further accordance with this invention, an article of manufacture is provided having at least one component comprised of the elastomer/silica composite of this invention or a rubber composition comprised of a blend thereof with at least one additional elastomer, particularly a diene-based elastomer.
In additional accordance with this invention, an article selected from industrial hoses and belts, particularly conveyor belts and power transmission belts is provided having at least one component comprised of the elastomer/silica composite of this invention or a rubber composition comprised of a blend thereof with at least one other elastomer, particularly a diene based elastomer.
In further accordance with this invention, a tire is provided having at least one component comprised of the elastomer/silica composite of this invention or a composition comprised of a blend thereof and at least one additional elastomer, particularly a diene based elastomer.
In additional accordance with this invention, a tire is provided having a tread comprised of said elastomer/silica composite of this invention or a composition comprised of a blend thereof and at least one additional elastomer, particularly a diene based elastomer.
In practice the diene-based elastomer(s) are contemplated as being selected from, for example, homopolymers and copolymers of monomers selected from isoprene and 1,3-butadiene and copolymers of monomers selected from at least one of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene with an aromatic vinyl compound selected from styrene and alpha-methylstyrene, preferably styrene, and mixtures thereof
Representative of such elastomers, particularly for elastomer (A) are, for example, cis 1,4-polyisoprene, cis 1,4-polybutadiene, isoprene/butadiene copolymers, styrene/butadiene copolymers including emulsion polymerization prepared copolymers and organic solvent solution polymerization prepared copolymers, styrene/isoprene copolymers, 3,4-polyisoprene, trans 1,4-polybutadiene, styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymer, high vinyl polybutadiene having from about 35 to about 90 percent vinyl groups, and mixtures thereof.
Representative of elastomer components for elastomer (B) are, for example, organic solution polymerization prepared cis 1,4-polyisoprene, cis 1,4-polybutadiene, isoprene/butadiene copolymers, styrene/butadiene copolymers, styrene/isoprene copolymers, 3,4-polyisoprene, trans 1,4-polybutadiene and styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymers, and mixtures thereof
In practice, the diene-based elastomer may be provided in an organic solvent solution by, for example,
(A) dissolving the elastomer in a suitable organic solvent, such as for example, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane or THF (tetrahydrofurane); or
(B) by providing the elastomer as a cement, or polymerizate, namely in the solution resulting from an organic solvent solution polymerization of appropriate monomers to provide the elastomer in solution.
Such organic solvent solution polymerization of monomers to obtain elastomers is well known to those having skill in such art.
Classical rubber-reinforcing carbon blacks considered for use in this invention, including carbon blacks used for preparation of the carbon black composite, are, for example, carbon blacks having an Iodine Adsorption Number (ASTM test D1510) in a range of about 30 to about 180 and sometimes even up to about 250 g/kg and a DBP (dibutylphthalate) Adsorption Number (ASTM test D2414) in a range of about 20 to about 150 cm3/100 g. Representative examples of such carbon blacks, and references to associated ASTM test methods, may be found, for example, in The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook, 1990 edition on pages 416 to 418.
The resultant physical properties obtained for rubber compositions of this will depend somewhat upon the carbon black composite used, the coupler used and the rubber composition itself.
The rubber composite itself can also be provided as being a sulfur cured composition through vulcanization of the uncured elastomer composition. The sulfur curing is accomplished in a conventional manner, namely, by curing under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure for a suitable period of time.
The curatives for sulfur curing the rubber composition are curatives conventionally used for sulfur curable elastomers which typically include sulfur and one or more appropriate cure accelerators and sometimes also a retarder. Such curatives and use thereof for sulfur curable elastomer compositions are well known to those skilled in the art.
Sequential mixing processes for preparing sulfur curable rubber compositions in which elastomers and associated ingredients exclusive of curatives are first mixed in one or more sequential steps, usually called a xe2x80x9cnon-productive mixing step(s)xe2x80x9d followed by a final mixing step for adding curatives, usually called a xe2x80x9cproductive mixing stepxe2x80x9d, are also well known to those skilled in the art.
In the practice of this invention, additional diene-based elastomers can be blended with the aforesaid elastomer composition such as homopolymers and copolymers of conjugated dienes and copolymers of conjugated diene(s) and vinyl aromatic compound. Such dienes may, for example, be selected from isoprene and 1,3-butadiene and such vinyl aromatic compounds may be selected from styrene and alpha-methylstyrene. Such elastomer, or rubber, may be selected, for example, from at least one of cis 1,4-polyisoprene rubber (natural and/or synthetic, and preferably natural rubber), 3,4-polyisoprene rubber, styrene/butadiene copolymer rubbers, isoprene/butadiene copolymer rubbers, styrene/isoprene copolymer rubbers, styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymer rubbers, cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber, trans 1,4-polybutadiene rubber (70-95 percent trans), low vinyl polybutadiene rubber (10-30 percent vinyl), high vinyl polybutadiene rubber having from about 35 to about 90 percent vinyl 1,2-content and emulsion polymerization prepared butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers.
As hereinbefore discussed, it is to be appreciated that additional silica, particularly precipitated silica, and/or carbon black might also be blended with the said composite of pre-formed reinforced elastomer and additional elastomer(s).
It is intended for the practice of this invention that the term xe2x80x9cprecipitated silicaxe2x80x9d, when used herein, also includes precipitated aluminosilicates as a form of precipitated silica. The precipitated silicas are, for example, those obtained by the acidification of a soluble silicate, e.g., sodium silicate, generally exclusive of silica gels.
Such silicas might be characterized, for example, by having a BET surface area, as measured using nitrogen gas, preferably in the range of about 40 to about 600, and more usually in a range of about 50 to about 300 square meters per gram (m2/g). The BET method of measuring surface area is described by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller: Journal of American Chemical Society (1938) Page 309. An additional reference might be DIN Method 66131.
The silica may also be typically characterized by having a DBP (dibutylphthalate) Absorption Number in a range of about 100 to about 400, and more usually about 150 to about 300 cc/100 g.
Various commercially available precipitated silicas may be considered for use in this invention such as, only for example herein, and without limitation, silicas commercially available from PPG Industries under the Hi-Sil trademark with designations 210, 243, etc; silicas available from Rhodia with, for example, designation of Zeosil 1165MP and silicas available from Degussa AG with, for example, designations VN2 and VN3, BV3380GR, etc. and from Huber as Zeopol 8745.
Various couplers may be used and many are well known to those skilled in such art. For example bis(trialkoxysilylalkyl) polysulfides may be used which contain from two to about eight sulfur atoms in their polysulfidic bridge, with an average of about 2 to about 5 sulfur atoms. For example, the polysulfidic bridge may contain an average of from about 2 to 3 or 3.5 to 5 sulfur atoms. The alkyl groups may be selected, for example, from methyl, ethyl, and propyl groups. Therefore, a representative coupler might be, for example, a bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) polysulfide containing from 2 to 8, with an average of about 2 to about 5, sulfur atoms in its polysulfidic bridge.
It is to be appreciated that the coupler, if in a liquid form, might be used in conjunction with a carbon black carrier, namely, pre-mixed with a carbon black prior to the addition to the rubber composition, and such carbon black is usually to be included in the amount of carbon black accounted for in the rubber composition formulation.
It is readily understood by those having skill in the art that the rubber composition would be compounded by methods generally known in the rubber compounding art, such as mixing the various sulfur-vulcanizable constituent rubbers with various commonly used additive materials such as, for example, curing aids, such as sulfur, activators, retarders and accelerators, processing additives, such as oils, resins including tackifying resins, silicas, and plasticizers, fillers, pigments, fatty acid, zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants and antiozonants, peptizing agents and reinforcing materials such as, for example, carbon black. As known to those skilled in the art, depending on the intended use of the sulfur vulcanizable and sulfur vulcanized material (rubbers), the additives mentioned above are selected and commonly used in conventional amounts.

Preparation of elastomer reinforced with in situ formed silica and tire having component thereof


A method and apparatus are provided for providing an electro-optic signal processing device. The method includes the steps of providing an optically transparent substrate having first and second planar elements with an abutting common edge, the planar elements lying at differing angles with respect to each other about the common edge and a plurality of alignment apertures formed in the substrate. A plurality of optical devices of an optical array are disposed on the first planar element of the substrate, with transmission paths of the optical devices passing directly through the substrate. A signal processor is also disposed on the first planar element of the substrate. An optical fiber holder comprising a plurality of respective optical fibers and guide pin apertures disposed on a first surface of the optical fiber holder is aligned to the optical array using the guide pins and guide pin apertures. Optical signals of the optical devices of the optical array are coupled to respective optical fibers of the aligned optical fiber holder. A printed circuit board having a first surface is attached to a mating surface of the substrate""s second planar element.

This invention relates, in general, to fabrication of optical devices and, more particularly, to interconnecting optical devices and optical fibers.
The coupling of an optical device or array of optical devices, an optical fiber or array of optical fibers, and an interconnecting substrate can be a difficult task. Usually the coupling is done manually or semi manually and can incur several problems such as being complex, inefficient, and not suitable for high volume manufacturing.
In order to reduce electrical parasitics, short electronic interconnects are needed between semiconductor photonic devices such as lasers and photodiodes and electronic interface circuitry. This electronic circuitry may include photonic signal drivers and photonic signal receivers. The need for decreased distance between photonic devices and electrical interface circuitry increases as the signaling data rate increases. Photonic components are often placed on simple carrier substrates to verify operation, to do bum-in, or simply to facilitate handling of that device. This photonic device and carrier substrate are then placed on another substrate and additional packaging is completed. This packaging adds additional electrical interfaces, such as wire bonds and long non-controlled impedance wires, decreasing the electrical performance of the photonic device.
In order to reduce optical losses and parasitics, efficient coupling of optical signals is needed. As optical signals tend to diverge from their original transmission axis, coupling devices or waveguides must be proximate optical transmitting and receiving devices. Signal loss increases with increased distances from an optical port to an optical connector, unless light is adequately directed through a coupling device. One example of a setup with limitations because of increased distance between the optical device and optical fiber is an electro-optic TO can with an optical port. After placing the optical component in a can and making electrical wire bonds, further packaging must be done in the alignment with a fiber optic cable. The distance between the optical device and the fiber is often relatively large, minimizing or eliminating the possibility of multiple optical devices on the same semiconductor substrate. With increased distances between a waveguide and multiple optical devices disposed on the same semiconductor, optical cross talk can reduce signal integrity.
Some prior art devices have reduced the length of electrical and/or optical interconnects by placing multiple components on a common, flexible substrate. Other prior art references teach of the use of lensing systems to guide light appropriately, thus allowing multiple optical devices on the same semiconductor while minimizing optical losses. Yet, lensing may require multiple optical couplings which can lead to signal loss. In addition, multiple waveguides require additional steps in aligning optical signals with an external optical waveguides and connectors, thus increasing manufacturing costs and decreasing yield.
Commonly used vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structures and photodiode structures have both electrical contacts and optical ports on the same surface of the semiconductor, creating packaging problems when trying to optimize the performance of each of these interfaces. These packaging problems are exacerbated when the optical components have arrays of optical devices. A novel packaging technique is described below under illustrated embodiments of the invention that combines complex electrical and optical trace patterns, and simplifies packaging by using a common transparent substrate. This transparent photonic circuit board could support arrays of photonic chips and electrical interface circuitry while reducing electrical losses, optical losses, and manufacturing costs.
A method and apparatus are provided for providing an electro-optic signal processing device. The method includes the steps of providing an optically transparent substrate having first and second planar elements with an abutting common edge, the planar elements lying at differing angles with respect to each other about the common edge and a plurality of alignment apertures formed in the substrate. A plurality of optical devices of an optical array are disposed on the first planar element of the substrate, with transmission paths of the optical devices passing directly through the substrate. A signal processor is also disposed on the first planar element of the substrate. An optical fiber holder comprising a plurality of respective optical fibers and guide pin apertures disposed on a first surface of the optical fiber holder is aligned to the optical array using the guide pins and guide pin apertures. Optical signals of the optical devices of the optical array are coupled to respective optical fibers of the aligned optical fiber holder. A printed circuit board having a first surface is attached to a mating surface of the substrate""s second planar element.

Transparent substrate and hinged optical assembly