A vehicle (1) provided with a frame having two frame sections (3,4) which are able to tilt with respect to one another. An opposite steer power transmitter (50) is connected to a steerable front wheel (13). The opposite steer power transmitter (50) is controlled as a function of the tilting moment on the frame sections (3,4). By this means, application of opposite steer is achieved, as a result of which the tilting section of the vehicle xe2x80x9cdrops into the bendxe2x80x9d more rapidly and as a result of which increased maneuvrability is obtained. The opposite steer power transmitter (50) can be used on vehicles having an active tilting system with, for example, hydraulic tilting cylinders (9,9xe2x80x2), which are controlled by a sensor depending on the radius of the bend (24). The tilting moment generated by the tilting cylinders (9,9xe2x80x2) can optionally serve as a control signal for the opposite steer power transmitter (50).

The invention relates to a vehicle provided with
at least three wheels,
a frame having a first frame section and a second frame section, the frame sections being tiltable with respect to one another about a tilt axis located in a longitudinal direction,
at least one front wheel which is connected to the first frame section and is rotatable about a front wheel steering shaft,
a steering wheel rotatably connected to the first frame section,
tilting means for tilting the first and the second frame sections relative to one another, and
a signal transmitter coupled to the tilting means in order, when driving round a bend having a predetermined bend radius, to generate a control signal for controlling the tilting means as a function of said bend radius.
A vehicle of this type is disclosed in WO 95/34459. This publication describes a self-balancing, preferably three-wheel vehicle having an active tilting mechanism, wherein the front frame section is tilted by means of hydraulic tilting cylinders when driving round a bend. In order to control the degree of tilt, the force or the moment on the front wheel is measured by a sensor, which in this case consists of a hydraulic rotary valve. In response to the signal from the sensor, the front frame section, which includes the driver""s cab and the steering wheel, is tilted until the force or the moment on the front wheel becomes virtually zero. In this way a self-stabilising tilting mechanism is obtained which makes the vehicle stable when taking a bend at any speed. Since narrow vehicles as described in WO 95/34459 in general have too low a lateral stability and manoeuvrability to be able to participate in normal (car) traffic, a tilting system of this type increases the stability such that a narrow vehicle of this type can be a satisfactory means of transport. The tilting system described is fully automatic, as a result of which the driver is not expected to have any special skills for steering the vehicle. The known system provides a safe vehicle with a predictable response in all driving conditions to be anticipated.
When the driver turns into a sharp bend rapidly by exerting a moment on the steering wheel, a moment directed towards the inside of the bend will have to be exerted on the tiltable frame section in order to provide the desired tilting. The tiltable frame section will tend to tilt towards the outside, which tendency has to be counteracted by the tilting cylinders. Especially in the case of rapid manoeuvres in which the driver pulls hard on the steering wheel, the front wheel will be turned into the bend to a considerable extent and the moment on the tilting frame section which is directed towards the outside of the bend will be high, so that the tilting cylinders will have to exert a high moment in order to provide the desired tilting. As a result of this the maximum tilting speed is restricted.
It is therefore an aim of the present invention to provide a tiltable vehicle of improved manoeuvrability. In addition to an increase in the tilting speed, it is also an aim of the invention to provide a vehicle with which tilting means can be of relatively compact construction.
To this end the vehicle according to the present invention is characterised in that the tilting means comprise an opposite steer power transmitter which is connected to the front wheel and to the frame, which opposite steer power transmitter exerts a moment on the front wheel that is directed away from the center of curvature of the bend. By means of the power transmitter according to the present invention, an active front wheel servomechanism is created which compensates for the moment which is exerted by the driver on the front wheel and produces slight turning of the front wheel towards the outside. As a result, the front frame section of the tilting vehicle will xe2x80x9cdrop into the bendxe2x80x9d more rapidly and the moments which have to be exerted by the tilting means on the front frame section in order to cause this to tilt are substantially reduced. If the power transmitter according to the invention is used in a tilting vehicle having an active tilting mechanism, that is to say where, when taking a bend, the front frame section is tilted with respect to the rear frame section by means of a separate drive device, the drive device to produce the tilting can be of relatively small construction as a result of the use of the opposite steer power transmitter. If the drive device comprises hydraulic cylinders, said cylinders can be small and/or operate at lower pressure.
The opposite steer power transmitter according to the present invention can, however, also be used in vehicles without an active tilting mechanism, tilting being produced solely by the power transmitter.
The vehicle according to the present invention can have a tiltable frame which is as described in WO 95/34459 and which is provided with three or four wheels, or can comprise a tiltable frame as described in Netherlands Patent Application number 1 005 894. Furthermore, the vehicle according to the invention can include tiltable elements in the wheel suspension, wherein the first frame section is made up of the wheel axles and the second frame section is made up of the parts supported by the wheel axles, such as, for example, the driver""s cab. In this case the wheel axles can remain in a constant position when the second frame section is tilted with respect to the road surface.
The invention is based on the insight that there are two ways of changing the degree of tilt of a vehicle: 1. by exerting a tilting moment, as a result of which the vehicle is actively tilted towards the inside of the bend, and 2. by a steering manoeuvre on the front wheels in the opposite direction to the desired tilt direction, as a result of which the vehicle will tend to lean towards the inside of the bend like a motorbike.
The use of the first method alone has the disadvantage that the tilting moment that can be exerted is restricted by the characteristics (width, mass of the tiltable frame section with respect to the fixed frame section) of the vehicle, as a result of which the achievable tilting speed (and thus the manoeuvrability) are limited. Moreover, a steering moment (towards the inside of the bend) exerted by the driver will cause the tiltable frame section to lean towards the outside, as a result of which part of the available tilting moment will already be used to prevent the tiltable frame section from dropping down further towards the outside. As a consequence the maximum tilting speed is reduced, possibly even to zero.
This can be improved by the opposite steer power transmitter according to the invention, which is connected to the front wheel/the front wheels and the frame section to which the front wheels are attached. Depending on the layout of the vehicle, said section does not have to be the tilting frame section. Said opposite steer power transmitter preferably exerts a steering moment on the front wheel(s) which is a function of (for example proportional to) and in the opposing direction to the tilting moment exerted between the tilting and the non-tilting frame section of the vehicle.
As a result of said steering moment on the front wheels, specifically directed towards the outside of the desired bend, the vehicle will tilt towards the inside more rapidly than in the absence of said power transmitter. In combination with an active tilting system, the maximum tilting speed of the vehicle will be appreciably increased. The steering moment that is exerted by the power transmitter is preferably proportional to the tilting moment and will decrease as the position comes closer to the desired tilt position.
Preferably, the vehicle according to the present invention has an active tilting mechanism in the form of a drive device which is connected to the first and the second frame section in order to exert a tilting moment between the first and the second frame section. With this arrangement the signal transmitter for controlling the opposite steer power transmitter can, in a preferred embodiment, be incorporated in said drive device, so that the tilting moment that is exerted on the tilting frame section is used as a control signal for the opposite steer power transmitter. The absence of a tilting moment on the frame sections means that the vehicle is in the correct tilt position when taking a bend and that the opposite steer power transmitter does not have to be activated. If there is a tilting moment on the front and rear frame sections, this means that the tilt position has to be modified when taking the bend and specifically has to be modified in the direction of the tilting moment. Said tilting of the frame sections can be effected both by the drive device and by the opposite steer power transmitter. When the opposite steer power transmitter is controlled by the tilting moment between the frame sections, the amplification factor is not critical: if the amplification factor is low, little opposite steer will be produced by the opposite steer power transmitter and the vehicle will tilt largely as a consequence of the active tilting produced by the drive device. If the amplification factor is very high, the front wheel will apply a large amount of opposite steer because of the opposite steer power transmitter, so that tilting of the vehicle will be produced mainly by application of said opposite steer and to a lesser degree by the action of the drive device. The front wheel will, however, never apply too great an opposite steer since in that case the vehicle would lean too far into the bend, with the result that the tilting moment on the frame sections would become negative and the operation of the opposite steer power transmitter, and consequently the application of opposite steer by the front wheel, would be terminated immediately.
Irrespective of the way in which the driver""s input is translated into a tilt position and driving direction, it is possible to construct the signal transmitter for the opposite steer power transmitter as, for example, a xe2x80x9clateral acceleration sensorxe2x80x9d which is mounted in the tilting frame section. Said sensor measures the error in the position of the tilting frame section. By using this signal to control the opposite steer power transmitter, the latter will actively steer the front wheel and reduce the error in the tilt position to zero. As a consequence the primary tilting system can be of simpler and more compact construction. Additional safety can also be built in by this means, for example by triggering a fitted emergency system or warning signal if a specific tilt position error angle is exceeded. In this case the signal from the acceleration sensor is a suitable input signal for the opposite steer power transmitter with an amplification factor to be chosen.
Any system can be used to control the drive device for active tilting of the frame sections, for example the system as described in EP-A 0 592 377. With this system the drive device for tilting the front frame section relative to the rear frame section, which carries the drive, is obtained by angular rotation of the front wheel about the front wheel axle with respect to the frame. EP-A 0 020 835 describes a tilting vehicle wherein the drive device for tilting the frame sections is controlled by means of foot pedals or by a movement of the steering column, transversely to the axis of rotation thereof. Preferably, however, the drive device is controlled by a sensor which generates a signal that is dependent on the force or moment exerted on the front wheel. This type of control of the drive device is described in WO 95/34459. In a further preferred embodiment, the steering wheel is connected via a steering shaft to the first frame section, the steering shaft being rotatable with respect to the front wheel about its center line. The drive device is controlled by a turning angle sensor which measures an angle of rotation between the front wheel and the steering shaft. A construction of this type is described in International Patent Application number PCT/NL98/00534.


A tire with at least one component of a rubber composition which contains oriented exfoliated platelets derived from an intercalated clay. Such tire component may be, for example, a rubber/cord laminate and, optionally, a sidewall insert and, optionally, an apex.

This invention relates to a tire with a rubber/cord laminate, sidewall insert and/or apex of a rubber composition which contains a reinforcement as oriented clay particles of which at least a portion thereof is exfoliated.
The invention relates to use of oriented intercalated clay and exfoliated portions thereof in rubber compositions for certain components of a tire of a conventional toroidal shape having an inherent cavity wherein the cavity is designed to be closed by a rigid rim. Such tires may sometimes be referred to as having an open toriodal shape.
In particular, tire carcass plies, carcass belts, sidewall inserts and apex components are addressed for use of such oriented intercalated clay and exfoliated portions thereof
Such intercalated clay particles and exfoliated platelets are envisioned as being of relatively thin, elongated shapes.
In practice, intercalated clay and exfoliated portions thereof are contained substantially in a primary orientation in a direction of the elongation of the clay particles and platelets and a secondary orientation essentially at right angles to the elongation of the clay particles and platelets in the associated rubber compositions for such tire components.
Rubber compositions for such tire components are typically reinforced with particulate carbon black and/or synthetic amorphous silica to aid in achieving one or more desired physical properties.
Clay has also been suggested for use in various rubber compositions for various purposes.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,796, for example, describes a polymer nanocomposite comprised of a mica layered silicate and a fluoroelastomer, wherein the nanocomposite has an intercalated structure and/or exfoliated structure. A multilayered Montmorillonite clay is said to be an example of a suitable clay. Its examples utilized an organophyllic clay which contained a dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium salt within its layered structure which had been prepared by mixing the clay with an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium salt. The resultant organophyllic clay was milled together with a fluoroelastomer to form either (1) an intercalated clay in which the fluoroelastomer penetrated the treated clay layers and spread them apart or (2) a randomly distributed exfoliated clay in the, fluoroelastomer wherein the intercalated clay was submitted to additional mill mixing at an elevated temperature in which X-ray diffraction analysis was said to provide no evidence of layer spacing or crystal ordering, thereby providing evidence that exfoliation had taken place.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,755, for example, describes the blending of an adduct of a phyllosilicate mineral filler (e.g. a smectite clay composed of expandable three-layer structures such as, for example, a Montmorillonite clay) and a quaternary ammonium salt with at least one rubber and an organosilane. Various quaternary ammonium salts are disclosed.
Historically, an intercalated clay is conventionally prepared by
(A) obtaining a smectite clay, other than a koalin type clay, namely a clay such as for example a Montmorillonite clay, which is comprised of a plurality of stacked layers, or platelets and which is swellable upon dispersion in water,
(B) dispersing the clay in an aqueous solution of a surfactant (e.g. a quaternary ammonium salt) which causes the clay to swell so that the average spacing between the platelets expands from about 4 Angstroms to an average spacing in a range of about 10 to about 30 Angstroms, followed by
(C) drying the treated, or intercalated, clay.
The smectite clay (e.g. a Montmorillonite clay) for use in this invention contains sodium ions between its layered platelets and the larger surfactant molecules contained in the water solution in which the clay is immersed position themselves between the layered platelets by an ion exchange with the sodium ions to cause or otherwise enhance the separation of the platelets to make the platelets more amenable to subsequent exfoliation.
Upon blending of the intercalated clay with a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer, a portion of the platelets exfoliate, or delaminate, from the clay composite into a multiplicity of planar platelet-like particles, and possibly fractions of the platelets, within the polymer. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,739,007; 4,810,734; 5,385,776 and 5,578,672.
While, as discussed above, particulate carbon black and amorphous silica, and sometimes clay, have heretofore been used for reinforcing rubber compositions for various tire components, a tire with certain component(s) comprised of a rubber composition which contains an intercalated organoclay which is at least partially exfoliated in situ within the elastomer host is considered herein to be novel and inventive.
For the description of this invention, the term xe2x80x9celastomer exfoliated nanoclay compositexe2x80x9d means, unless otherwise indicated herein, an elastomer composition which contains an intercalated clay, in which the intercalated clay is at least partially exfoliated in situ within the elastomer host, particularly a smectite clay as a sodium Montmorillonite clay, in which the particles are primarily organoclay platelets, and fragments of such platelets, wherein the platelets are somewhat circular and possibly elliptical in shape having an average, somewhat irregular, diameter, or width, in a range of, for example, about 10 to about 1000 nanometers.
For the description of this invention, the term xe2x80x9corganoclayxe2x80x9d, or xe2x80x9cintercalated clayxe2x80x9d means, unless otherwise indicated, a clay, particularly a smectite clay such as a Montmorillonite clay, which has been treated with a surfactant, particularly a quaternary ammonium salt in an aqueous solution, so that the surfactant molecules penetrate the region between the; individual clay platelets (the process of intercalation) to thereby modify the surface properties of the individual platelets to have a greater affinity for a diene-based elastomer.
For the description of this invention, the term xe2x80x9cclay plateletxe2x80x9d means, unless otherwise indicated, an individual, thin, relatively flat, layer contained in a plurality of stacked layers of the above referenced organoclay.
For the description of this invention, the term xe2x80x9cexfoliationxe2x80x9d means, unless otherwise indicated, the process in which at least a portion of platelets of an intercalated clay, particularly an intercalated smectite clay such as an intercalated Montmorillonite clay, are delaminated in situ within an elastomer host as the intercalated clay is mixed with an elastomer composition at an elevated temperature in a range of about 100xc2x0 C. to about 175xc2x0 C.
The smectite clay, preferably the Montmorillonite clay, for use in this invention, might be described as a naturally occurring clay of a structure which is composed of a plurality of stacked, thin and relatively flat, layers, where such individual layers may be of a structure viewed as being composed of very thin octahedral shaped alumina layer sandwiched between two very thin tetrahedrally shaped silica layers to form an aluminosilicate structure. Generally, for such aluminosilicate structure in the naturally occurring Montmorillonite clay, some of the aluminum cations (Al+3) are viewed as having been replaced by magnesium cations (Mg+2) which results in a net negative charge to the platelet layers of the clay structure. Such negative charge is viewed as being balanced in the naturally occurring clay with hydrated sodium, lithium, magnesium, calcium and/or potassium cations within the spacing (sometimes referred to as xe2x80x9cgalleriesxe2x80x9d) between the aforesaid aluminosilicate layers, or platelets. The average spacing, between the layers, or platelets, typically in a range of about 1 to about 5 Angstroms, is largely determined by the nature of such aforesaid cation residues contained with the spacing and by the degree of hydration and which may be measured by x-ray diffraction method.
In the description of this invention, the term xe2x80x9cphrxe2x80x9d is used to designate parts by weight of a material per 100 parts by weight of elastomer. The terms xe2x80x9crubberxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9celastomerxe2x80x9d may be used interchangeably unless otherwise indicated. The terms xe2x80x9cvulcanizedxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9ccuredxe2x80x9d may be used interchangeably, as well as xe2x80x9cunvulcanizedxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cuncuredxe2x80x9d, unless otherwise indicated.
In accordance with one aspect of this invention, in a substantially open toroidaly shaped pneumatic rubber tire comprised of a carcass which supports a circumferential tread designed to be ground contacting and which contains two spaced apart, relatively inextensible bead portions, and two sidewall portions which individually extend from each of said bead portions to the tire tread;
wherein said carcass is comprised of at least one carcass ply extending from bead to bead, and optionally at least one belt ply extending circumferentially around said carcass and positioned between said tread and said carcass plies;
wherein said carcass plies and belt plies are individually comprised of a laminate of a rubber composition and a plurality of spaced apart cords disposed in a substantially parallel relationship to each other, wherein said rubber composition encapsulates said cords, and wherein said cords are comprised of one or more filaments, wherein said filaments are selected from brass coated steel filaments, polyester filaments, nylon filaments, aramid filaments and glass filaments;
wherein said carcass optionally contains an apex as a strip of a rubber composition in a shape of an annular ring positioned within a carcass sidewall adjacent to a bead portion of the carcass in a primary annular direction circumferentially co-extensive within the sidewall portion of the carcass and a secondary radial direction extending toward and spaced apart from the tire tread;
wherein said carcass optionally contains a sidewall insert as a strip of a rubber composition in a shape of an annular ring positioned within a carcass sidewall and spaced apart from a carcass bead portion in a primary annular direction circumferentially co-extensive within the sidewall portion of the carcass and a secondary radial direction extending toward and spaced apart from the tire tread;
wherein said rubber composition for said rubber/cord laminate, sidewall insert and said apex, is comprised of, based upon parts by weight of an ingredient per 100 parts by weight elastomer (phr):
(A) 100 phr of at least one diene-based elastomer, and
(B) about 30 to about 100phr of particulate reinforcement dispersed within said elastomer(s) selected from intercalated smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, clay particles, carbon black, synthetic amorphous silica and silica treated carbon black comprised of.
(1) about one to about ten phr of said intercalated, layered, thin, substantially two dimensional smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, clay particles of which at least a portion thereof is in a form of thin, flat, substantially two dimensional exfoliated platelets derived from said intercalated clay, and
(2) about 20 to about 99 phr of at least one additional reinforcing filler comprised of carbon black, synthetic amorphous silica and silica treated carbon black,
xe2x80x83wherein, for the rubber composition of said rubber/cord laminate of said carcass ply and carcass belt ply, a majority of said dispersed, smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, intercalated clay particles and exfoliated platelets have a primary orientation in the plane of the laminate and substantially parallel to said cords an a secondary orientation in the plane of the laminate and substantially at right angles to said cords;
wherein for the rubber composition of said annular sidewall insert strip and annular apex strip, a majority of said dispersed smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, clay particles and exfoliated platelets have a primary orientation in the plane of the strip and substantially parallel to the annular direction of said strip(s) and a second orientation in the plane of the strip and substantially at right angles to the annular direction of said strip(s);
In practice, a coupling agent may also be used to aid in coupling said silica material and said intercalated clay particles and exfoliated platelets, as the case may be, to an associated diene-based elastomer host.
Such coupling agents typically have a moiety which is reactive with hydroxyl groups (e.g. silanol groups) contained on the silica material, intercalated clay and exfoliated platelets, as the case may be depending upon which are present, and another moiety interactive with at least one of said elastomers.
For example, although not intended to be limiting, such coupling agents may include, for example, bis(3-alkoxysilylalkyl) polysulfides, such as, for example, a bis(3-alkoxysilylpropyl) polysulfide having an average of from about 2 to about 2.6 or from 3.5 to about 4, connecting sulfur atoms in its polysulfidic bridge.
For this invention, said smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, clay particles and exfoliated platelets are viewed herein as being in a form of thin, substantially two dimensionally shaped materials in a sense that their planar length and width dimensions are in a range of about 50 to about 2000 nanometers for said particles of stacked platelets and about 50 to about 500 nanometers for said exfoliated platelets, with the length being longer than the width, and with a thickness in a range of about 10 to about 40 nanometers for said particles of stacked platelets and about one nanometer for said exfoliated platelets.
For the oriented particles and platelets, the said xe2x80x9cprimary orientationxe2x80x9d within the rubber composition is the orientation of the particle, or platelet, as the case may be, in the direction of its length and the said xe2x80x9csecondary orientationxe2x80x9d is the orientation of the particle, or platelet, as the case may be, in the direction of its width. If the length and width should be substantially equal, then the primary and secondary orientations within a respective rubber composition would be substantially indistinguishable.
For example, where a calendered rubber/cord laminate is specified, such laminate is typically prepared via passing cords and associated rubber composition through open roll mills it is contemplated that a major portion of the particles and platelets become aligned, or oriented, with a primary orientation being in a direction of (parallel to) the cords and with a secondary orientation being in a direction perpendicular to the cord direction in the plane of the tire cord ply.
For example, where a rubber composition is extruded through a die to form a shaped rubber strip for use as a sidewall insert of apex of an unvulcanized tire, it is contemplated that a major portion of the particles and platelets become aligned, or oriented, with a primary orientation being in a direction of the extruded strip and with a secondary orientation being in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the extruded strip. Upon building the shaped strip into the tire, the direction of the strip typically assumes a radial direction from the bead portion of the tire, in its sidewall region, toward the tread of the tire.
In one aspect of the invention, the rubber/cord laminate is preferably a circumferential belt ply of rubber/cord of one or more brass plated steel filaments positioned between said tread and said carcass.
In practice, it is to be appreciated that the intercalation of the smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, layered clay can be accomplished, for example, by treating an aqueous dispersion thereof which contains, for example, a quaternary ammonium salt, to cause an expansion of the platelets thereof as hereinafter described.
In practice, it is to be appreciated that at least a portion of the intercalated clay becomes exfoliated to individual thin, flat, platelets by the high shear mixing thereof at an elevated temperature with the associated elastomer composition as hereinafter discussed.
As hereinbefore discussed, in practice, it is to be appreciated that it is contemplated that a majority of said intercalated smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, clay particles and associated exfoliated platelets are oriented within the associated rubber composition by processing the rubber composition via calendering and/or extrusion of the rubber composition to form a calendered rubber/cord laminate, an extruded rubber sidewall insert or an extruded rubber apex, with said orientation being substantially in the direction of the calendering or in the direction of the extrusion of the rubber, as the case may be. The process of calendering rubber and cord together to form a sheet thereof is well known to those having skill in such art. The process of extrusion of a rubber composition via an extruder through a suitable die to form a shaped tire sidewall insert or shaped tire apex is well known to those having a skill in such art.
Accordingly, a significant aspect of providing the rubber composition for the laminate of the rubber/cord component, sidewall insert and apex is the aforesaid primary orientation and secondary orientation of the relatively flat, or planar configured, intercalated clay particles and exfoliated clay platelets. This is considered herein to be significant because a reinforcement of the rubber composition is thereby enhanced in two directions by such particulate orientation in the rubber composition in at least two planar directions of the exfoliated platelets as compared to reinforcement by three dimensional granules of carbon black and/or silica particles.
As hereinbefore discussed; in practice, the smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, clay is preferably intercalated by dispersing said clay in an aqueous solution which contains at least one surfactant (e.g. quaternary ammonium salt) to expand the average spacing between the stacked platelets of said clay to a range of about 10 to about 30 Angstroms.
In practice, for the purposes of this invention, said intercalated clay is homogeneously dispersed in and at least partially exfoliated in situ within its elastomer host by mixing said intercalated clay with said diene-based elastomer(s) at a temperature in a range of about 100xc2x0 C. to about 175xc2x0 C. and under conditions sufficient to exfoliate at least a portion of said intercalated clay in an internal mixer.
In practice, it is considered herein that the smectite, preferably Montmorillonite, clay becomes more compatible with the diene-based elastomer host after intercalation of said clay.
For such exfoliation process within the elastomer host, at the elevated temperature, it is preferred that about 30 to about 95, alternately about 30 to about 60 or alternately about 60 to about 95, weight percent of the intercalated clay becomes exfoliated within the elastomer host during the mixing thereof
In practice, various diene-based elastomers may be used for the tire component (e.g. tire tread) such as, for example, homopolymers and copolymers of monomers selected from isoprene and 1,3-butadiene and copolymers of at least one diene selected from isoprene and 1,3-butadiene and a vinyl aromatic compound selected from styrene and alphamethyl styrene, preferably styrene.
Representative of such conjugated diene-based elastomers are, for example, cis 1,4-polyisoprene (natural and synthetic), cis 1,4-polybutadiene, styrene/butadiene copolymers (aqueous emulsion polymerization prepared and organic solvent solution polymerization prepared), medium vinyl polybutadiene having a vinyl 1,2-content in a range of about 15 to about 90 percent, isoprene/butadiene copolymers, styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymers. Tin coupled elastomers may also be used, such as, for example, tin coupled organic solution polymerization prepared styrene/butadiene copolymers, isoprene/butadiene copolymers, styrene/isoprene copolymers, polybutadiene and styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymers.
In the practice of this invention, the grade of purity of cis 1,4-polyisoprene natural rubber is preferred to be of quality, or grade, of Rib Smoked Sheet Number 2 (R.S.S.#2) or better, according to The Green Book of the IRQPC.(International Standards of Quality and Packing of Natural Rubber Grades).
In the further practice of this invention, particulate reinforcement for the rubber composition may also include particulate synthetic amorphous silica, or a combination of carbon black and amorphous silica (exclusive of silica treated carbon black), usually of an amount in a range of about 35 to about 100 alternately about 35 to about 90, phr. If a combination of such carbon black and silica is used, usually at least about 5 phr of carbon black and at least 10 phr of silica are used. For example, a weight ratio of silica to carbon black ranging from about 1/5 to 5/1 might be used.
Commonly employed synthetic amorphous silica, or siliceous pigments, used in rubber compounding applications can be used as the silica in this invention, including precipitated siliceous pigments and fumed (pyrogenic) silica wherein aggregates of precipitated silicas are usually preferred.
The precipitated silica aggregates preferably employed in this invention are precipitated silicas such as, for example, those obtained by the acidification of a soluble silicate, e.g., sodium silicate and may include coprecipitated silica and a minor amount of aluminum.
Such silicas might usually be characterized, for example, by having a BET surface area, as measured using nitrogen gas, preferably in the range of about 40 to about 600, and more usually in a range of about 50 to about 300 square meters per gram. The BET method of measuring surface area is described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 60, Page 304 (1930).
The silica may also be typically characterized by having a dibutylphthalate (DBP) absorption value in a range of about 50 to about 400 cm3/100g, and more usually about 100 to about 300 cm3/100 g.
Various commercially available precipitated silicas may be considered for use in this invention such as, only for example herein, and without limitation, silicas from PPG Industries under the Hi-Sil trademark with designations Hi-Sil 210, Hi-Sil 243, etc; silicas from Rhodia as, for example, Zeosil 1165MP and Zeosil 165GR, silicas from Degussa AG with, for example, designations VN2 and VN3, as well as other grades of silica, particularly precipitated silicas, which can be used for elastomer reinforcement.
If desired, various coupling agents may be used. For example, a bis(3-trialkoxysilylalkyl) polysulfide having an average of 2 to 2.6 or of 3.5 to 4 connecting sulfur atoms in its polysulfide bridge may be used.
It is readily understood by those having skill in the art that the rubber composition would be compounded by methods generally known in the rubber compounding art, such as mixing the various sulfur-vulcanizable constituent rubbers with various commonly used additive materials such as, for example, curing aids, such as sulfur, activators, retarders and accelerators, processing additives, such as oils, resins including tackifying resins, silicas, and plasticizers, fillers, pigments, fatty acid, zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants and antiozonants, peptizing agents and reinforcing materials such as, for example, carbon black. As known to those skilled in the art, depending on the intended use of the sulfur vulcanizable and sulfur vulcanized material (rubbers), the additives mentioned above are selected and commonly used in conventional amounts.
Typical amounts of tackifier resins, if used, comprise about 0.5 to about 10 phr, usually about 1 to about 5 phr. Typical amounts of processing aids comprise about 1 to about 50 phr. Such processing aids can include, for example, aromatic, napthenic, and/or paraffinic processing oils. Typical amounts of antioxidants comprise about 1 to about 5 phr. Representative antioxidants may be, for example, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and others, such as, for example, those disclosed in The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook (1978), Pages 344 through 346. Typical amounts of antiozonants comprise about 1 to 5 phr. Typical amounts of fatty acids, if used, which can include stearic acid comprise about 0.5 to about 3 phr. Typical amounts of zinc oxide comprise about 1 to about 10 phr. Typical amounts of waxes comprise about 1 to about 5 phr. Often microcrystalline waxes are used. Typical amounts of peptizers comprise about 0.1 to about 1 phr.
The vulcanization is conducted in the presence of a sulfur vulcanizing agent. Examples of suitable sulfur vulcanizing agents include elemental sulfur (free sulfur) or sulfur donating vulcanizing agents, for example, an amine disulfide, polymeric polysulfide or sulfur olefin adducts. Preferably, the sulfur vulcanizing agent is elemental sulfur. As known to those skilled in the art, sulfur vulcanizing agents are used in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 4 phr, or even, in some circumstances, up to about 8 phr.
Accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature required for vulcanization and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. In one embodiment, a single accelerator system may be used, i.e., primary accelerator. Conventionally and preferably, a primary accelerator(s) is used in total amounts ranging from about 0.5 to about 4, preferably about 0.8 to about 1.5, phr. In another embodiment, combinations of a primary and a secondary accelerator might be used with the secondary accelerator being used in smaller amounts (of about 0.05 to about 3 phr) in order to activate and to improve the properties of the vulcanizate. Combinations of these accelerators might be expected to produce a synergistic effect on the final properties and are somewhat better than those produced by use of either accelerator alone. In addition, delayed action accelerators may be used which are not affected by normal processing temperatures but produce a satisfactory cure at ordinary vulcanization temperatures. Vulcanization retarders might also be used. Suitable types of accelerators that may be used in the present invention are amines, disulfides, guanidines, thioureas, thiazoles, thiurams, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. Preferably, the primary accelerator is a sulfenamide. If a second accelerator is used, the secondary accelerator is preferably a guanidine, dithiocarbamate or thiuram compound.
The presence and relative amounts of the above additives are not considered to be an aspect of the present invention, unless otherwise indicated herein, which is more primarily directed to the utilization a particulate nanocompsite for enhancing reinforcement of a conjugated diene-based elastomer for a component of a tire (e.g. tire tread).
The mixing of the rubber composition can be accomplished by methods known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art. For example, the ingredients are typically mixed in at least two stages, namely, at least one non-productive stage followed by a productive mix stage. The final curatives are typically mixed in the final stage which is conventionally called the xe2x80x9cproductivexe2x80x9d mix stage in which the mixing typically occurs at a temperature, or ultimate temperature, lower than the mix temperature(s) than the preceding non-productive mix stage(s). The rubber, and fillers such as silica and silica treated carbon black and adhesive agent, are mixed in one or more non-productive mix stages. The terms xe2x80x9cnon-productivexe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cproductivexe2x80x9d mix stages are well known to those having skill in the rubber mixing art.

Tire with at least one of rubber/cord laminate, sidewall insert and apex of a rubber composition which contains oriented intercalated and/or exfoliated clay reinforcement


A canister is for use with a data storage device and a casing of a computer peripheral enclosure with the casing having at least one compartment. Each compartment has a rectangular cross-section and a depth. Each compartment also has two guide rail guides. The canister includes a u-shaped tray and a pair of guide rails. The u-shaped tray also has a pair of side walls. Each guide rail is mechanically coupled to the side walls of the u-shaped tray walls. The data storage device has a pair of side walls each of which has a pair of mounting holes. The canister on the guide rails of the unshaped tray slides freely, but snugly, into the compartment on the guide rail guides. The u shaped tray has a pair of inward-directed protrusions each of which is aligned with one of the mounting holes of the data storage devices so that the storage device can be securely disposed with said u shaped tray.

This invention relates to enclosures for receiving and operating computer peripheral devices and more particularly to enclosures that allow computer peripheral devices, such as hard disk drives, to be readily interchanged and used in different combinations.
Computers include storage devices and other peripheral devices. These storage devices include compact disks, floppy disks, magnetic optical disks and tape back-up units. These devices are connected by wires and are operated in conjunction with a computer. The spectacular proliferation of electronic devices, particularly computers, in modern society, both in numbers and complexity, demands that such devices satisfy ever-increasing standards of reliability and serviceability to avoid degeneration into chaos. In the early days of the computer industry, relatively high failure rates and corresponding "down time" when the computer system was unavailable to perform useful work were accepted as the norm. As the industry has matured, computers have become more reliable, and users have come to depend on these systems being available when needed. This dependence has become so profound that, for many businesses, the mere unavailability of the computer system for any appreciable length of time can cause significant commercial injury.
In the early days of the computer industry in order to replace a component in a computer one would shut off power to the computer, replace the computer component and re-power the computer. This is a logical way to fix a toaster, but the complexity of modern computers makes this undesirable. It is not possible to simply shut off power and then turn it back on as one would a light bulb. A computer system's state and data must be saved when it is powered down. Its software must be re-loaded, and its state restored, when it is re-powered. For a large modern computer system, these operations can take a very significant amount of time, during which the system is unavailable to its customers.
Computer manufacturers are well aware of the dependence of their customers and have accordingly devoted considerable attention to these problems. As a result, many modern computer systems have some degree of fault tolerance and are capable of concurrent maintenance. Fault tolerance means simply that a single component of the computer system may fail without bringing the entire system down, although in some cases performance of the system or some other characteristic may be adversely affected. Concurrent maintenance is the capability to repair or replace some component of a computer system without shutting down the entire system. The system can continue to operate and perform useful work (although possibly in a diminished capacity) while the repair is being performed. When a computer system is both fault-tolerant and capable of concurrent maintenance it can, in theory, be kept running 24 hours a day for an indefinite length of time. In fact few, if any, computer systems achieve this level of reliability with respect to every component that may possibly fail.
One example of this type of fault tolerance is an array of storage devices known as a redundant array of independent disks. A RAID system stores data on multiple storage devices in a redundant fashion, such that any data can be recovered in the event of failure of any single storage device in the array. RAID systems are usually constructed with rotating magnetic hard disk drive storage devices, but may be constructed with other storage devices such as optical drives, fiber channel devices and tape drives. A paper entitled, "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks", by Patterson, Gibson & Katz and presented at the ACM SIGMOD conference (June, 1988) describes RAID systems that provide different levels of redundancy or other operating characteristics and classifies five types of RAID, designated levels 1 through 5. The Patterson Nomenclature has become standard in the industry. RAID systems have proliferated to the point where an industry trade group called the RAID Advisory Board has attempted to establish standards for RAID characteristics. Further information regarding RAID systems can be found in The RAID-book, A Source Book for Disk Array Technology, published by the RAID Advisory Board (5th Ed. February 1996).
Frequently, a RAID system is manufactured and marketed as a stand-alone storage system that is housed in its own cabinet with its own power supply and supporting hardware and software and that communicates through a standard communications interface with a host computer system. Since it is desirable to make data available to the host system at all times, even if a single storage device in the RAID system fails, the RAID system will frequently have its own on-board data recovery capability that may include temporary spare drives for storage of recovered data. The RAID system may have redundant power supplies or other redundant components.
Electronic systems frequently use back-plane circuit cards for distribution of power, data signals and/or mounting of active or passive circuit elements and connectors. Such a card typically contains multiple parallel layers for embedded circuit patterns, grounds, or power distribution. Pluggable connectors couple the back-plane to other modules which make up the electronic system, such as power supply modules, storage devices, or logic cards. A back-plane card acts primarily as a distribution medium. The back-plane card conveys power and/or data signals from one module to another and contains relatively few functional components attached directly to the back-plane itself. The back-plane contains functional components.
A back-plane contains embedded power planes for distributing electrical power to pluggable modules or other attached devices. It also contains a multiple ground planes. One of the power planes is associated with ground and must be grounded. Grounding insures that electrical paths of negligible resistance are created between ground planes and the zero volts power plane.
The existence of such paths causes parasitic current to flow in the ground planes and lowers the noise immunity of the system. It is desirable to reduce the parasitic current flowing in the ground planes of a back-plane circuit card, particularly a back plane that distributes power to multiple pluggable modules.
U.S. Patent Application No. 0030005231 teaches an access detector that detects an access type of an access to one of a plurality of serial ports interfacing to serial storage devices. The access is intended to one of a plurality of parallel channels interfacing to parallel storage devices via task file registers of the parallel channels. A mapping circuit maps the serial ports to the parallel channels. A state machine emulates a response from the one of the parallel channels based on the access type and the mapped serial ports. The parallel ATA interface has existed in substantially the same form since 1989, and has become the highest volume disk drive interface in production. However, as demand for higher transfer and storage bandwidth increases, the parallel ATA is nearing its performance limit. Serial ATA interface is introduced to replace parallel ATA. The benefits of serial ATA include high data transfer rates up to 150 MB/s as compared to 100 MB/s for parallel ATA, low cost, easy installation and configuration and low pin count. However, due the large amount of parallel ATA currently in existence, the transition from parallel ATA to serial ATA may be a problem. Parallel ATA allows up to two devices to be connected to a single port using a master/slave communication technique. One ATA device is configured as a master and the other slave. Both devices are daisy-chained together via one ribbon cable that is an unterminated multidrop bus. This bus or connection is typically referred to as a parallel channel. In addition, a personal computer may have two parallel ATA channels: a primary channel and a secondary channel. Serial ATA, on the other hand, connects each of the two drives with individual cables in a point-to-point fashion. Software drivers for parallel ATA have to be modified to accommodate serial ATA. In addition, new serial ATA interface is preferably backward compatible with parallel ATA device drivers to avoid transition costs and provide an easy migration path.
U.S. Patent Application No. 0030045175 teaches a dual serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) connector that includes a first SATA connector interface, a second SATA connector interface and housing. The first SATA connector interface and the second SATA connector interface may be mounted in the housing in a double stack configuration parallel to each other. The first SATA connector interface and the second SATA connector interface may be mounted in the housing longitudinally in an end-to-end configuration. The footprints on a printed circuit board (PCB) associated with the SATA connector interfaces provide less manufacturing problems and good electrical performance. Dual SATA interfaces on a single connector save PCB space and manufacturing assembly time.
Currently, most computers have a storage device called a hard drive. A hard drive is connected to the computer by way of an interface, usually a controller card, a cable, and some software protocols. One type of hard drive interface used today is an integrated drive electronics (IDE) interface. This is also known as an advanced technology attachment (ATA) interface. ATA is the actual interface specification for the IDE standard. The current IDE/ATA standard is a parallel interface whereby multiple bits of data are transmitted at one time across the interface simultaneously during each transfer. A parallel interface allows for high throughput, however, as the frequency of the interface is increased, signaling problems and interference between signals become common. SATA is an interface specification that abandons the parallel concept in favor of a serial interface where only one bit is transferred at a time. This allows the interface to operate at higher speeds without the problems associated with a parallel interface at higher speeds. As computer processor performance has increased, so have the read/write data rates of hard disk drive heads and media. Serial ATA eliminates bottlenecks that occur in parallel AT interfaces. Currently, serial ATA connectors are only single position seven pin connectors. Today, not only are processor speeds increasing, but the amount of space that a computer fits into is also shrinking. Therefore, the motherboards or printed circuit boards (PCB) that hold the electronics and other devices for a computer have limited space. In a computer that may contain multiple hard drives, multiple SATA connectors may need to reside on the printed circuit board. This takes up considerable space, depending on the number of hard disk drives and associated SATA connectors. Therefore, there is a need for a dual serial ATA connector that saves PCB space and simplifies the assembly and manufacturing of the PCB.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,532 teaches a computer that includes computer cards, disk drives and power supply circuitry that are mounted in a drawer assembly that is readily removable from the rear of the cabinet.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,989 teaches a rack mounted multiprocessor in a computer that has a node assembly. The node assembly has a logic chassis and a removable chassis. The logic chassis contains logic cards that include memory cards, a service processor card, central processing unit processor cards and input/output cards to which input/output and processor interconnecting cables are attached. The removable chassis contains the power supply module for the node, a node supervisor card, disk drives and cooling fans. The removable chassis is removable from the logic chassis without moving or disturbing the logic chassis. One fan of a pair of cooling fans in the removable chassis draws air through the power supply that has relatively higher cooling needs and blows the air into the logic chassis over logic modules that have relatively lower cooling needs. The other cooling fan draws air over the disk drives and node supervisor card and blows air over into the logic chassis over logic modules that have relatively higher cooling needs.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,873 teaches a disk drive controller that has a plurality of disk drive interfaces. Each disk drive interface includes a connector and a delay circuit. A set of power application circuits has a server which supports hot docking of SCA drives. Each connector mates with a hot docking disk drive having equal length connecting pins and detects the presence of such disk drive when the hot docking disk drive makes contact with the connector. Each delay circuit generates a set of properly delayed enabling signals to the corresponding power application circuits. Each set of power application circuits regulates power applications to the hot docking disk drive making contact with the corresponding connector. The delayed and regulated manner of applying power prevents voltage and power swings that might disrupt on-going operations and/or cause damages to the neighboring drives.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,374 teaches a computer cabinet and hot-pluggable disk drive module design that includes an indicator light support for the disk drive module. The cabinet includes a disk drive module-receiving bay into which the disk drive module is removably installed. The disk drive receiving module bay includes a back plane having at least one connector for engagement with a corresponding connector that is a single connector architecture connector, protruding from a leading surface of the disk drive module. A light source mounted to the back plane near the back plane connector is illuminated to provide status information concerning the disk drive module. A light conduit extends from the light source to a conspicuous viewing location on the computer cabinet. Multiple indicator lights and corresponding light conduits are tinted to different colors and may be employed to provide different status indications, such as power, activity and fault status information. The light conduits are incorporated into the disk drive modules. Once the disk drive module has been installed within the drive bay the light conduits extend from a location on a leading surface of disk drive tray opposing the light sources contained on the back plane to a conspicuous viewing location on a visible surface of the disk drive module.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,313 teaches a system that implements a serial RAID system. Data is striped for an array of disk drives and parity for the striped data is calculated and the resulting data and is written serially to a RAID system over a Fiber Channel or other type of network. The system also allows reading of the striped data and parity serially from the disk array.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,812,754 teaches a modular and highly available RAID system that has a fiber channel arbitrated loop interface coupled with a disk array. Fault-tolerant operation is assured. The system provides dual and isolated arbitrated host and storage device loop circuits for redundant, independent input/output paths to local and/or remote host computers. Each loop includes bypass circuits. The bypass circuits prevent the failure of any device (host computer or storage device) from affecting the operation of loop. Orthogonal data striping may be used to further assure data integrity.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,788 teaches a system that implements RAID-5 parity generation and reconstruction. Data for an array of disk drives is placed in an input/output buffer. The RAID-5 parity engine creates parity data and stores the resulting parity data in the input/output buffer as well. The input/output buffer (both the data and the parity) is then sector-striped across a network of disk drives, such as a Fiber Channel network. The RAID-5 parity engine creates parity on multiple stripes of data upon a single activation of the engine. The RAID-5 parity engine can reconstruct a sector of data using the parity information. The RAID-5 parity engine can also check the data against its expected parity.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,740,397 teaches an adapter for use in a computer system. The adapter has an IDE interface controller and a plurality of drives. The adapter is connected to the IDE controller and the plurality of drives and monitors information transmitted between the IDE interface controller and the plurality of drives. The adapter determines whether each of the plurality of drives is serviceable and whether data on each of the plurality of drives are equal. Identical data is directed to each of the plurality of drives when data on each of the plurality of drives are equal. Data is prevented from being directed to at least one of the plurality of drives when data on each of the plurality of drives are not equal. One of the pluralities of drives is selected as a drive from which to read data.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,515 teaches a small computer system interface disk array subsystem that has removable disk drive units that can be removed while the subsystem has power applied to it and is operational. In order to prevent malfunctions of other disks in the disk array, and in order to prevent rapid fluctuations in the current in the power circuits of the subsystem, the power and the data and control signals are applied to the inserted disk drive unit in a phased sequence. The ground of the disk drive unit is connected to the ground of the subsystem. A pre-charge power connects the power buses of the disk drive unit to the power buses of the subsystem through resistors so that capacitance is connected to the power buses of the disk drive unit is charged gradually through the resistors rather than abruptly. Power is applied directly from the power buses of the subsystem to the power buses of the disk drive unit. Finally, the control and data signal connections are made between the subsystem and the disk drive unit. This phased sequence of connections between the subsystem and the disk drive unit is accomplished by providing sets of contacts having differing lengths in a connector on the disk drive unit so that some connections are made before other connections.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,226 teaches an enclosure for heat-generating electronic components that establishes an airflow path for cooling air. Powered air movers force air through the enclosure. One powered air mover is mounted at the air inlet to the enclosure, and the other of which is mounted at the outlet. Only one air mover is used at a time. In the event of failure of the air mover being used, the remaining air mover begins operation. The total cooling airflow passes through both air movers. The air movers may be arranged in series with respect to the airflow. Because the air movers are mounted in series with respect to the airflow, the airflow pattern is substantially the same regardless of which air mover is currently operating. Hot spots may result when one fan in a fan bank fails. The enclosure may house a redundant array of independent disks of a computer system. The air movers are arranged serially with the airflow and may be used to provide additional cooling for severe operating conditions.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,991,852 teaches a memory system that includes a main memory such as a cache memory and a shadow or back-up cache memory in conjunction with a write cache. The shadow memory is coupled to the same data bus as the main memory and is written to simultaneously. There is no latency between writing to the main memory and writing to the shadow memory. Redundancy is provided for by having a switching circuit that allows control of the shadow memory to be transferred to a second controller upon failure of a first controller. A unique layout arrangement for a RAID chassis is also described in which back-to-back circuit boards are mounted in the center of the chassis and a main bus on one board becomes the shadow bus on the other board, providing a mirror arrangement for the circuit boards.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,019 teaches an electronic system that contains a back-plane circuit card assembly for distribution of electrical signals among component devices. Power is distributed in embedded power planes. One plane is associated with ground. The back plane also contains multiple embedded ground planes. The circuit card assembly is divided by an axis into two halves, each half receiving and consuming approximately equal power. Electrical couplings for power sources and power planes in each half of the back plane are located symmetrically with respect to the axis. A row of ground vias along the axis couples the ground planes to the associated power plane. At all other locations on the back plane the ground planes are electrically isolated from the associated power plane. The back-plane assembly includes a pair of base cards, connected by a single smaller jumper card in which all ground vias are located. Each base card lies on a respective side of the axis, the jumper straddling the axis. An intelligent redundant array of independent disks storage server has concurrent maintenance capability.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,822,184 teaches a modular data device assembly for a computer that has a housing that is designed to fit into a conventional, industry standard size expansion bay. Individual plug-in data storage devices, such as hard disk drive and compact disk drives, are disposed vertically in a stacked formation within the housing. A motherboard with plug-in connectors to which the drives are connected allows easy replacement of defective data devices, which devices slide in or out. The disk drives and modular data device assemblies may be arrayed in either series or in parallel to a controller. By its modular structure and redundant storage functions, the device benefits from what is known as the principle of an redundant array of inexpensive disks.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,667 teaches a hard disk drive mount. The hard disk drive mount includes a stop bar at either side of a front end of a hard disk drive frame. The stop bars prevent a pull handle on a case of the hard disk drive frame from being forcefully pulled up thereby protecting the hard disk drive lock. The relative movement between the pull handle and the stop bar results in a counter force between the case and a mount to cause two connecting ports to be separated to permit smooth removal of the hard disk drive.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,828,548 teaches a removable hard disk drive mount that includes structures at the end of a rack. The structures of the disk drive mount cooperate with structures on the shaft of a pivotal handle to ensure that final insertion of the hard disk drive casing into the rack is carried out in an even manner without excessive force. The mount includes two notches. The two notches are disposed at the end of a pivotal shaft of a handle for the casing. Corresponding angles and bent portions of the rack permit final insertion of the hard disk drive casing into the rack only when the handle is turned from a horizontal to a vertical position.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,869 teaches a sleeve that holds a hard disk drive in portable removable engagement with a computer. The sleeve includes a base and a cover attachable to the base by mechanism of threaded fasteners. The base includes plural holder arms. When the cover is removed from the base and the hard disk drive advanced into the base, the holder arms move outwardly as the hard drive rides on the arms. When the hard disk drive clears the arms, the arms, which are biased to a hold configuration, move back inwardly to hold the hard disk drive in the base, with the cover then attached to the base. The edge of the cover cooperates with the base to hold the holder arms in the hold configuration and thereby securely hold the hard disk drive in the sleeve.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,055 teaches a hard disk drive converting drawer that includes a drawer and a fixing seat. A pull handle is back and forth slidably disposed at the front end of bottom side of the drawer. A transverse beam is disposed between two balance levers of the pull handle for back and forth pulling an auxiliary lever to press and close/open a touch switch. When the touch switch is pressed and closed, the auxiliary lever is forced by a leaf spring disposed on one side to retract the pull handle to a hidden position. When the touch switch is bounded open, the pull handle is pushed and ejected for a user to easily pull out the pull handle. When pulling the pull handle, the auxiliary lever is driven to push a stopper block projecting from one side of the fixing seat so as to smoothly draw out the drawer from the fixing seat for taking out the hard disk drive.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,871 teaches a modular tower that has a plurality of bays. The bays are fitted with rails upon which individual trays are able to slide. The trays are detailed to carry electronic components. Each tray is fitted with electrical connectors that are connected to corresponding electrical connectors on a back plane in the tower. The tower can be employed vertically and horizontally. The tower has easily removable top and side panels. A base may be adjustably secured to one or more of the towers. The front thereof is fitted with a removable frame that carries a hinged door. The frame can be removed and rotated 180 degrees in order to change the swing of the door from left to right and vice-versa.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,347 teaches a system that interlocks computer peripheral enclosures.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,067,041 teaches a shielding strip for a computer that includes an electrically conductive housing and a non-conductive drive mounting structure situated within the housing.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,019 teaches a modular computer chassis that includes a main chassis. A motherboard is attached to the main chassis and a sub-chassis that is attachable to the main chassis. The sub-chassis has at least one computer component that is attached thereto such that the computer component is electrically connected to the motherboard. The computer component is separable from the main chassis by removing the sub-chassis from the main chassis. The sub-chassis contains those computer components subject to mechanical wear and most often requiring replacement, such as the power supply and hard disk drives. The sub-chassis is mechanically connected to the main chassis by using slots and tabs such that when the cover is in place upon the computer, then the sub-chassis is secured therein. The sub-chassis and the computer components disposed thereon thus form a module which is conveniently removable and replaceable such that those computer components most frequently requiring service is quickly removed and replaced by a person unskilled in computer repair.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,750 teaches computer apparatus that includes a compartment and a plurality of modules. Each module has a disk drive memory package and is inserted in a compartment.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,397 teaches a fault tolerant computing facility that includes a housing array for containing a plurality of hardware element modules such as disk drives, a plurality of modularized power supplies and plural power distribution modules.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,954 teaches a mounting arrangement which allows drives of different sizes to be mounted in a drive dock and the hardware device necessary to mount full height, half height or third height drives in a conventional size drive dock. The hardware device provides mounting plates which have upper and lower ridges for mounting a single disk drive of varying size within the single drive dock.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,222,897 teaches a circuit board inserter/ejector system which is for inserting a circuit board into a back plane in a chassis and for ejecting the circuit board from the back plane of the chassis. The inserter/ejector system can be used with a magnetic disk drive to facilitate insertion and removal thereof within a computer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,020 teaches a modular electrical apparatus that includes a plurality of customer removable electrical devices such as disk drives. The devices and support units are all blind pluggable into a removable central electrical distribution unit.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,959 teaches a computer apparatus with modular components including segregated functional units like a disk array, various plug-in card packages, a plurality of power supplies, a plurality of fan units and a motherboard. Another goal for moving towards modular computer components is to improve reliability. A number of disk drives are interconnected in an array for redundant storage of data. Failure of one disk drive does not destroy irreplaceable data.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,497 teaches a computer that has modular components and is used/replaced on a common base mount. The computer also has a motherboard with some number N of connect-receptacles thereon. A deck is superposed to form a plenum above the motherboard and is characterized by N like aperture sets, a connector-slot in registry with each connect-receptacle and several like removable, circuit-modules. An air cool arrangement is arranged to draw cooling-air into the circuit-modules and down upon and across the motherboard.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,776 teaches a static memory device that has compatibility with a disk drive installed in an electronic apparatus as an external storage unit. The static memory device has a first memory board arranged on the same base portion as the one on which the disk drive can be installed, the first memory board having the same projected area as the disk drive.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,546 teaches a computer includes a chassis and a hard disk drive. The hard disk drive is mounted in the chassis of the computer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,696 teaches a computer system that provides for quick removal and quick and simple installation of a disk drive into the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,327,308, U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,914, U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,215, U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,373 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,748 teach a computer system that provides for quick removal and quick and simple installation of a disk drive unit into the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,270 teaches a multimedia data storage system that includes a compartmentalized drawer which can be tailored to accommodate the differing cooling requirements of different device types thus allowing each device type to be mounted in any device position.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,613 teaches a high-density electronic module packaging system that includes a cabinet for housing a plurality of modules. Disposed at the rear of the cabinet and forming a rear wall thereof is a cooling system that is used for cooling the modules that are contained in the cabinet. Disposed within the cabinet are four cooling modules, a power distribution unit having twelve power converters and twenty-eight electronic modules. The number of cooling modules, power converters and electronic modules may be added or subtracted as needed or desired. The cooling modules allow the flow of cooling fluid to and/or from the power distribution unit and/or to the plurality of electronic modules. The power distribution unit supplies power to the plurality of electronic modules. The electronic modules may house one or more sub-modules such as storage disk drives or printed circuit boards.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,379,184 teaches a multi-module storage array that includes cabinets. Each cabinet has a number of identical bays.
U.S. Reissue Pat. No. 34,369 teaches an adapter that is provided for a removable information storage device in an information storage and retrieval system or control system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,099 teaches a modular enclosure apparatus for a personal computer and a workstation that has a plurality of removable and replaceable modules. These modules include a cooling module for cooling the enclosure. A memory storage device module has a plurality of mating slides and carriers for routine installation and removal of each memory storage device and a power supply module for providing power to the enclosure. The modular enclosure apparatus includes a RAID controller module that is similarly removable and replaceable. Each module may include a circuit interrupt assembly for disabling individual modules by cutting off power to the desired module and allowing that module or parts contained therein to be removed while the power is disabled only to the module desired and the remaining modules continue to be enabled.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,427 teaches a disk array system that is for use in a data processing system. The disk array system includes a chassis having a top wall, a bottom wall, two side-walls, an open front end and an open rear end. Disposed within the chassis are three power supplies, a pair of controller boards, a back plane and a set of twenty disk drive modules.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,662 teaches an expandable modular data storage system that includes a plurality of data storage devices and a plurality of identical, vertically stackable storage device housings. The housings slidably receive a data storage device and mechanical connection elements for releasably connecting the top of one storage device housing to the bottom of a storage-device housing stacked thereon.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,250 teaches a full enclosure chassis system with tool-free access to hot-pluggable circuit boards therein. The system includes a front access plate that can be opened and closed from the front of a primary chassis when mounted within a secondary chassis so that only the front access panel is externally accessible. When the front access plate is in an open position, circuit boards within the full enclosure chassis system can be hot-pluggably removed and inserted without powering down the system or disrupting any component of the system. The full enclosure chassis system supplies standard connector access to the components that are external to the system and are connected by standard connectors disposed at the back plane at the back panel of the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,845 teaches a disk array which includes a mainframe chassis conforming to standard SCSI disk drive mechanical form factors, and a motherboard and a RAID controller within the chassis. The motherboard interconnects electrical signals between the electronic modules, at least some of which include disk drives forming a redundant array of independent, or inexpensive, disks. One of the electronic modules is a secondary power supply module that is connectable to the motherboard. The RAID controller is electrically connected to a system host power supply and a host interface bus. Through the RAID controller the motherboard interconnects all the electrical signals between the system host power supply and the host interface bus with the secondary power supply module and the RAID disk drives.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,065,096 teaches a RAID controller which is integrated into a single chip. The RAID controller chip includes a general purpose RISC processor, memory interface logic, a host central processing unit peripheral component-interconnect bus, at least one back-end input/output interface channel, at least one direct memory access channel, and a RAID parity assist circuit. The RAID chip enables higher integration of RAID functions within a printed circuit board and in particular enables RAID function integration directly on a personal computer or workstation motherboard. The back-end input/output interface channel is a dual SCSI channel. The RAID chip is operable in either of two modes. In a first mode, the chip provides pass through from the host central processing unit interface directly to the dual SCSI channels. This first mode of operation, a SCSI pass-through mode, allows use of the chip for non-RAID storage applications and enables low level manipulation of the disk array in RAID applications of the chip. The first mode of operation permits use of the chip without change to host applications and drivers. Rather, the chip is operable in a manner compatible with known available SCSI controller devices. The second mode of operation, a RAID control mode, provides full RAID management features to the attached host central processing unit. The RAID chip presents an intelligent input/output interface to the host central processing unit to enhance portability and performance of the host/RAID interaction.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,752 teaches a technique that allows hot plugging a peripheral controller card, containing both a local bus and a peripheral bus on a single connector, into a host system board containing a host system bus and a host input/output bus. When mating the peripheral controller card to the host system board a local device power supply is inactive, a peripheral device power bus is powered, and signal lines of a peripheral device are maintained in a high impedance state. Following a delay after the mating, the LDPS is activated by the host operating system. Following the activation of the LDPS, the host system bus is coupled to the single connector through switches that are under OS control. In response to the activation of the LDPS, the signal lines of the peripheral device are enabled. The peripheral controller card is a disk array controller card, the local bus is a peripheral component-interconnect bus and the peripheral bus is a SCSI bus. The disk array controller card is coupled to a mass storage peripheral and is programmed for RAID. A peripheral component-interconnect bus and a SCSI bus are carried on a single peripheral connector in order to provide cable management and readily allow hot plugging a redundant peripheral controller card into the host system board.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,054 teaches a system that provides a backup of a portion of a source drive of a plurality of drives in a redundant array of inexpensive disks data storage system. The portion of the source includes a plurality of segments. The system includes a source drive that is associated with a target drive of the plurality of drives.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,456 teaches an enclosure system that receives a number of plug in computer peripheral devices that includes hard disk drives in a disk array and utilizes front and rear cages or enclosures that are separated by a vertical back-plane. The back-plane has internal circuit interconnections and multi-pin docking connectors on each face. The system enclosure for receiving a number of computer peripheral devices to be plugged into and removed from interconnecting circuits includes front and rear cage enclosures. Each cage has a rectangular outline and open front and rear sides relative to an insertion axis the front cage enclosure including guide mechanisms that may be positioned at different elevations on the sides thereof to accommodate combinations of peripheral devices of different heights. A back plane circuit board has front and rear faces and being mounted vertically between the rear of the front enclosure and the front of the rear enclosure. The back plane circuit board includes multi-pin docking circuit connectors on the front and rear faces. Each of a plurality of computer peripheral holding units may be inserted through the front of the front cage enclosure into engagement with connectors on the front face of the back plane. Each of a plurality of support modules may be inserted through the rear opening of the rear enclosure into engagement with the connectors on the rear face of the back plane.
With the advent of disk arrays a number of hard disk drives are used together with a data processing system in order to provide high storage capacity. Manufacturers early adopted the approach of mounting a number of disk drives in a single enclosure. This became possible after hard disk drives and other peripherals became available that were compact, in successively smaller formats (8 inch, then 5¼ inch, then 3½ inch) while achieving high capacity storage now in the gigabyte range. Host computers and disk drive controller cards were designed to operate different disk drives in interrelated fashion on data to be stored by employing disk striping to distribute a data block among a number of disk drives. Data distribution was used to substantially increase data transfer rates, and also to facilitate error correction, using redundancy to improve reliability. These developments also led to the introduction of a number of variants that became referred to as RAID technology, which now encompasses tape drives as well as hard disk drives. Among the features adopted were the use of exchanges of spare drives for defective drives, and the mounting of disk drives and other peripherals in plug-in cassettes, canisters or trays of different configurations. These allowed the peripherals to be inserted into and retained in the enclosure and enabled completion of electrical power and data transfer connections. The peripheral devices could be removed in a "hot swapping" approach that precluded the need for shutdown. There are now many different types of enclosures for removable computer peripheral devices that include hard disk drives in RAID and non-RAID arrays. A number of adapter systems are available that are employable with a standard computer port or receptacle (now typically 5¼ inches or 3½ inches) to enable a smaller sized peripheral within a cassette or canister to be removably inserted. These systems include local controller cards, personality boards, power supplies and interconnects for the different computer peripheral devices. As the array systems and structures have become available in larger volume, system requirements have come into conflict with demands for greater versatility in use along with customer insistence on reduced cost. Current demands are for enclosures that can incorporate different sizes of disk drives, so as to accommodate different storage capacities or different device different configurations. When configurations change, the user interface (display and controls) should likewise be changed to be compatible.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,933 teaches a power sub-frame that has four walls defining first, second, third and fourth sides of a open, rectangular frame. A fifth side is open for receiving a plurality of power supply units for powering the system unit. A power distribution board located at a sixth side of the frame opposite to the open side, for making electrical contact to the power supply units. The power sub-frame can be manufactured as a sub-assembly for a system unit, facilitating manufacture, testing and maintenance. The power sub-frame can be pre-assembled with power distribution logic and cabling ready to be mounted in a system unit. The system unit can, for example, be a computer system unit for rack mounting in a telecommunications application.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,201,692 teaches a disk drive preferences. In 3½ inch drives higher capacity units are taller (1⅝ inches) than lower capacity (1 inch high) units even though both fit within a port or bay designed for a 3½ inch drive. An enclosure accommodates an integral number of whatever height drive is to be used or even allow a mix to be employed. Another respect in which the enclosure is adaptable relates to the different types of bus interconnections that may have to be made. The host input/output connection can be any of a number of different types. The local bus peripheral bus interconnections can also be of one of many different types, such as SCSI, IDE, and peripheral computer interconnect devices. There is also growing adoption of a connection approach known as Single Connector Attachment. It is therefore desirable to have available an arrangement in which only a back plane need be interchanged if different buses are to be used. The multiple pin mating connectors and cables used with different buses also should be readily changeable for enclosure that houses a mix of "slim" and "half high" disk drive sizes in almost any order. The disk drive enclosure includes at least thirteen equally spaced pairs of guide rails.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,313,983 teaches a computer enclosure that includes and an inner casing and an outer casing that receive the inner casing therein. The inner casing includes a bottom panel and a front panel that extends upright from the bottom panel. A disk drive rack is arranged above the bottom panel and attached to the front panel. A main board support panel supporting a main board is attached to the front panel, the bottom and the disk drive rack on a first side of the inner casing. A support member is connected between the disk drive rack and the bottom panel on an opposite second side of the inner casing for enhancing mechanical stability of the structure of the inner casing. The support member has an upper end pivotally attached to the disk drive rack. The support member is movable between an open position where the support member is substantially located outside the inner casing for facilitating maintenance and a closed position where an lower end of the support member engages with the bottom panel to releasably secure the support member to the bottom panel. The support member defines three sets of openings for selectively and interchangeably engaging with pawls of three receptacles containing power supplies of different specifications. Power supplies of different specifications may be selectively mounted to the computer enclosure.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,272,573 teaches a storage system for a computer system in which the storage capacity can be incrementally increased without disrupting the operations of the storage system. The storage system includes a base unit and a plurality of modular units. The modular units are inserted into the base unit when increased storage capacity is required. Each modular unit has an enclosure including a top wall, a bottom wall and two side walls. The bottom and top walls each have at least one power connector and data transmission connector. The bottom wall of a first modular unit attaches to the base unit and the top wall of the first modular unit can attach to the bottom wall of a second modular unit. At least one back plane is provided in each modular unit for providing attachment for a set of storage devices. A data transmission interconnect system transmits data and commands between the plurality of storage devices in the modular units and an external source. In the event of a loss of connection to any one set of storage devices data and commands can still be transmitted from and to any other set of storage devices. Application programs running on a host system issue requests to access data stored on the storage devices that are routed through an input/output bus adapter. An input/output bus itself is the medium in which host commands, disk responses and data are moved between adapters and the storage devices. A disk controller connects a host computer's input/output bus to the storage device input/output bus through a bus adapter channel. The input/output buses are small computer storage interconnect devices to the serial storage architecture and the fiber channel arbitrated loop. Storage subsystems also include power converters. Power from commercial AC power sources needs to be converted to DC power and further converted to supply the amount of power needed for the hard disk drives and the cooling fans in the subsystem. Redundancy is required in all aspects of the storage system, including the hard disk drives, the cooling fans and the power converter systems.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,776 teaches an apparatus that provides a fiber channel interconnection between a plurality of private loop devices through a Fiber Channel private loop device interconnect system. The Fiber Channel private loop device is connected to two or more Arbitrated Loops containing one or more private loop devices. The interconnect system includes a routing filter to filter incoming arbitrated loop physical addresses to determine which fiber channel frames must attempt to be routed through the fabric. Numerous topologies of interconnect systems may be achieved.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,338,110 teaches a data storage system that includes a first storage channel, a first controller that is coupled to the first storage channel and a first storage device that is coupled to the first storage channel. The system also includes a second storage channel, a second storage device that is coupled to the second storage channel and a switch that is coupled to the first storage channel and the second storage channel. The switch separates the first storage channel from the second storage channel in a first state and connects the first storage channel and the second storage channel in a second state. For disk drives and RAM disks, a storage array is commonly called a disk array, in which a disk controller connects a host computer to multiple disk drives. The disk controller provides access to the actual drives in a just a bunch of drives configuration or performs striping of data across the drives in a redundant array of independent disks configuration. Storage channels include an AT Attachment, a small computer system interface, a fiber channel or storage system architecture. The external access interfaces often include industry standard architecture, bus or peripheral component-interconnect bus for host adapters, SCSI, fiber channel, or SSA. For tape drives, the storage array commonly includes individual tapes or tape silos. The controller may provide data striping capability across the tapes. The storage channels and external access interfaces are usually the same as for disk drives. For memory chip storage devices, the storage array commonly is the main processor memory, cache memory, or other memory subsystem. The controller commonly performs error detection and correction (parity and ECC) and provides data striping (usually called interleaving). The storage channels are the memory buses. The external access interfaces are commonly peripheral component-interconnect bus or processor bus. In order to maintain access to the storage devices in the event of a single controller failure (to provide high-availability), two controller cards may be attached to the same storage devices, in a 'dual-controller' configuration. One controller may provide access to one set of storage devices and the other controller may provide access to another set of storage devices.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,942 teaches a system that upgrades an original data storage system into an enhanced data storage system. The data storage system includes a storage array controller device and a storage array. The data storage system is initially connected to a host system via a host bus and presents to the host system an original logical volume mapping associated with a logical identifier and mapped to a physical data set stored in individual storage devices in the storage array. An enhanced storage array controller device is operatively connected to the host system via the host bus and the storage array controller device and a storage connection device coupled to another storage array are operatively connecting to the enhanced storage array controller device via an intermediate bus. The physical data set of the storage array is redistributed across a plurality of storage arrays, including the original and the other storage arrays. The enhanced storage array controller device is reconfigured to present to the host system a logical volume mapping associated with the logical identifier mapping to the physical data set redistributed across the plurality of storage arrays. Other storage controller cards do not provide RAID functionality and merely present the host system with access to multiple disks in an enclosed array (often referred to as a JBOD) without providing the virtual disk functionality. When a JBOD is connected via a SCSI bus, for example, each disk is addressed with both a SCSI Target ID and at least one LUN. Such storage controller cards do not provide RAID functionality, but are intended primarily to provide access to multiple disks and to monitor the environment within a disk array enclosure.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,243,787 teaches an apparatus that conveys data over a packet-switching network. Data are received from a peripheral device for transmission via the network to a memory associated with a central processing unit, followed by an interrupt signal from the peripheral device associated with the data. One or more data packets containing the data are sent over the network to a host network interface serving the memory and the central processing unit, followed by an interrupt packet sent over the network to the host network interface. Responsive to the interrupt packet, an interrupt input of the central processing unit is asserted only after the one or more data packets have arrived at the host network interface. In current-generation computers, the central processing unit is connected to the system memory and to peripheral devices by a parallel bus, such as the ubiquitous Peripheral Component Interface bus. As data path-widths grow, and clock speeds become faster, however, the parallel bus is becoming too costly and complex to keep up with system demands. In response, the computer industry is moving toward fast, packetized, serial input/output bus architectures, in which computing hosts and peripheral are linked by a switching network, commonly referred to as a switching fabric. A number of architectures of this type have been proposed, including "Next Generation input/output" and "Future input/output," culminating in the "INFINIBAND" architecture, which has been advanced by a consortium led by a group of industry leaders (including Intel, Sun, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Compaq, Dell and Microsoft). Storage Area Networks provide a similar, packetized, serial approach to high-speed storage access, which can also be implemented using an INFINIBAND fabric. In a parallel bus-based computer system, when a peripheral device needs to deliver data to the central processing unit, it typically writes the data to the memory over the bus, using direct memory access. When the peripheral has finished writing, it asserts an interrupt to the central processing unit on one of the interrupt lines of the bus. Bus arbitration ensures that the central processing unit will not attempt to read the data from the memory until the writing of the data is complete. When a packet-switching fabric connects a peripheral device and a central processing unit they operate asynchronously. The data sent to the memory and the interrupt to the central processing unit travel over different paths, or channels. A separate line or channel is provided to connect the interrupt pin of the peripheral device to an interrupt controller of the central processing unit, bypassing the switching fabric. There is no a priori assurance that all of the data will have been written to the memory before the central processing unit begins reading.
The inventor hereby incorporates all of the above referenced patents into this specification.

Enclosure for computer peripheral devices