The Spurious-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) in a broadband digital radio transceiver is typically limited by the required digital-to-analog converter which introduces differential nonlinearities that cause harmonic distortion in intermodulation products. The invention was a digital-to-analog conversion subsystem that coherently combines the outputs of two or more digital-to-analog converters that have different internal architectures. As a result, spurious responses are not correlated with one another while desired signal components do add coherently. The spurious responses therefore cancel in the combined output while the desired signal components add in phase. The overall result is to increase spurious-free dynamic range at the radio transmitter output.

Certain types of broadband multichannel radio transmitter equipment is finding increasing use in wireless communication systems such as Cellular, Mobile Telephone and Personal Communication Services systems. This equipment is capable of processing many Radio Frequency (RF)carrier signals using common radio frequency circuitry. The individual transmitted signals are first formed as digital baseband signals such as by a bank of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs). The digital baseband signals output by the DSPs are fed in parallel to a digital combiner which provides a composite signal in digital form. In the digital composite signal, the individual channel signals are each translated to a different digital intermediate frequency, typically as equally spaced digital carrier signals. The digital composite signal is then fed to a digital-to-analog converter, and the resulting multicarrier analog waveform is then fed to broadband Radio Frequency (RF) equipment.
While broadband transmission of many radio channels in parallel through the use of sophisticated digital signal processing techniques provides an advantage of compact size and low price, this comes at the cost of more sophisticated expensive Radio Frequency (RF) equipment. One such system component is the broadband transceiver that transmit the multicarrier waveform as a suitable radio signal. Since the broadband transceiver is transmitting many channels in parallel, it must operate as linearly as possible to avoid adjacent channel and/or harmonic distortion in the resulting transmitted waveform. For example, certain digital wireless protocols such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) specify that the intermodulation distortion between adjacent channels must be such that a dynamic range of 70 decibels (dB) or more is available.
It has been found that although this approach is particularly advantageous in a multiuser wireless communication system where multiple signals must be transmitted at the same time such as at the base station location, the required digital-to-analog conversion places a limitation on the overall system performance. In particular, the digital-to-analog conversion introduces non-linearities that are manifested as spurious sidelobes. These spurious sidelobes limit the effective dynamic range of the radio transmitter.
Unfortunately, this limitation becomes significant as the number of desired carrier frequencies increases. At a point, it even becomes necessary to consider reverting to conventional types of single channel radio equipment in order to meet the required specification for spurious-free intermodulation distortion.
One approach to increasing spurious dynamic range is to add additional bits to the digital-to-analog converter. It is also possible to modify the analog amplifying circuitry to provide better linearity. However, each of these implementations require modification to a digital-to-analog subassembly design which in turn implies a much higher system cost.
What is needed is a way to increase the overall system performance by reducing the sidelobes produced in the digital-to-analog conversion process without unnecessarily complicating the digital signal processing hardware and without modifying the broadband analog radio equipment.

Reducing spurious modulation products in broadband multicarrier transmission by coherrent summation of the outputs of dissimilar digital-to analog device types


The invention provides tarF polypeptides and DNA (RNA) encoding tarF polypeptides and methods for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques. Also provided are methods for utilizing tarF polypeptides to screen for antibacterial compounds.

It is particularly preferred to employ Staphylococcal genes and gene products as targets for the development of antibiotics. The Staphylococci make up a medically important genera of microbes. They are known to produce two types of disease, invasive and toxigenic. Invasive infections are characterized generally by abscess formation effecting both skin surfaces and deep tissues. S. aureus is the second leading cause of bacteremia in cancer patients. Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, septic thrombophlebitis and acute bacterial endocarditis are also relatively common. There are at least three clinical conditions resulting from the toxigenic properties of Staphylococci. The manifestation of these diseases result from the actions of exotoxins as opposed to tissue invasion and bacteremia. These conditions include: Staphylococcal food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome.
The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus infections has risen dramatically in the past 20 years. This has been attributed to the emergence of multiply antibiotic resistant strains and an increasing population of people with weakened immune systems. It is no longer uncommon to isolate Staphylococcus aureus strains which are resistant to some or all of the standard antibiotics. This has created a demand for both new anti-microbial agents and diagnostic tests for this organism.
Clearly, there is a need for factors, such as the novel compounds of the invention, that have a present benefit of being useful to screen compounds for antibiotic activity. Such factors are also useful to determine their role in pathogenesis of infection, dysfunction and disease. There is also a need for identification and characterization of such factors and their antagonists and agonists which can play a role in preventing, ameliorating or correcting infections, dysfunctions or diseases.
A target that would be useful in developing such factors are teichoic acids, which are polymers found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. Teichoic acids have been shown to be essential for viability and normal morphogenesis of several Gram-positive species. CDP-glycerol:poly(glycerophosphate) glycerophospho transferase is a key enzyme in the wall teichoic acids biosynthetic pathway. The gene is named tarF in S. aureus, which makes the ribitol-based polymer, and tagF in Bacillus subtilis, which make the glycerol-based polymer. The enzyme adds CDP-activated glycerol in the final step of synthesis of the lipid-linked linkage unit on which the polymer is synthesised. Mutation of this gene has been shown to be lethal in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and will prevent the synthesis of wall teichoic acids, which are essential for the viability of Gram-positive cells. Although there are many types of wall teichoic acids in bacteria, the linkage unit structure is conserved in most species tested, and thus inhibition of this enzyme is a valid antibacterial strategy.
The polypeptides of the invention have amino acid sequence homology to a known Bacillus subtilis tagF protein. See Briehl et al. 1989. "Mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 thermosensitive for growth and wall teichoic acid synthesis" J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:1325-1334; GenBank Accession Number X15200.


A flat metal key has a groove-shaped recess in the narrow side of the bow for receiving a transponder as a code transmitter, a ferrite coil and a line connecting the ferrite coil with the code transmitter.

A flat key with a transmitter is known for example from GB 2,273,128 A. The code transmitter is provided together with the ferrite antenna in a recess in the tip of the shaft. Thus, a considerable part of the shaft cannot be provided with locking depressions for the tumblers of the lock.
Further it is known to dispose the code transmitter and the ferrite antenna in a plastic sheath on the broad sides of the bow of a flat key. However this forms a voluminous key which is bulky in a bunch of keys.
German patent application 195 17 728.2/U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/646,472 discloses a reversible flat key wherein two ferrite antennas are disposed on the two narrow sides of the bow on the side of the bow facing the shaft.


Control circuits for operating a two-phase brushless do motor from a dc power source are described. Control of the motor is optimized by detecting induced back EMF of the two phases to sense rotor phase position. It is common knowledge that the voltage developed across the terminals of a permanent magnet motor can be represented by a winding resistance, a winding inductance and a generated back EMF. In two-phase brushless dc and permanent magnet stepping motors, the induced back EMFs of the two phases are displaced from each other by 90 electrical degrees. Thus, by detecting the back EMFs of the two phases, an accurate relative position of rotor-to-stator can be determined at any rotor position. Commutation of the motor phases and closed loop control of the motor and load is achieved by accurately sensing the back EMFs of the two phases. Also, phase position of the permanent magnet rotor poles is detected by integrating the sensed back EMFs of the two phases to produce quadrature sinewaves the magnitudes of which are constant relative to rotor speed.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates, generally, to the control of de motors which are electronically, rather than mechanically, commutated and to the control of 2-phase, permanent magnet, brushless DC motors, in particular.
2. Prior Art
In motion control applications requiring high performance, incremental motion, the prime mover should possess highly linear torque characteristics versus applied current and a high resolution position feedback signal should be provided. Most applications require that these characteristics be met over a wide range of speeds with low ripple torque content, low audible noise, high power conversion efficiency and efficient thermal dissipation.
In the field of high performance, incremental motion control, the most commonly used motor technology is the dc servo motor with an integral encoder providing position feedback. The straight forward and well defined control criteria is the primary reason for the popularity of such motors. The motor is self-commutating, requiring that only a dc voltage (or current) be applied across a single pair of terminals to produce a torque to drive the load.
Unfortunately, this motor technology is relatively poor in reliability (due to brush/commutator wear), thermal characteristics (because it is rotor wound) and in terms of price/performance characteristics.
Alternative, but much less commonly used, motor technologies include the brushless DC (BLDC) and permanent magnet (PM) stepper type motors. Though different in construction, these two motor types are similar in that they contain permanent magnet rotors with wound stators and they must be electronically commutated. The range of applications of these types of motors has previously been limited by the difficulty in commutation while still requiring a high resolution position encoder to achieve a high level of performance. Also, they suffer from such undesirable characteristics as high torque ripple, high audible noise, as well as low and mid-range resonances. However, the thermal characteristics thereof are superior to the dc servo motor (because they are stator wound), the reliability is superior (because there are no brush or commutator segments to wear out) and the price/performance characteristic is better. Moreover, electromagnetic interference is significantly reduced by the elimination of mechanical commutation.
BLDC motors are most commonly supplied in a 3-phase (Wye or Delta) configuration with Hall sensors imbedded in the motor to define commutation positions for each phase. The three phases are displaced 120 electrical degrees from each other. If the torque profiles of the individual phases are sinusoidal and the Hall sensors are ideally located, a ripple torque of about 14% of the output torque results. However, the Hall sensors are difficult to align, resulting in significantly more torque ripple thereby producing poor torque linearity, high audible noise and degraded power conversion efficiency. Thus, these motors are limited to high speed, low performance applications unless a high resolution encoder and fairly complex control algorithms are used.
Stepper motors are most commonly supplied in 2-phase configurations. (Four-phase configurations are also common. However, these are the same as 2-phase with different lead wire connections.) The phases in these motors are displaced by 90 electrical degrees from one another. They are commonly used in low performance, open-loop positioning applications. Control strategies include (in order of increasing performance) full, half and micro-stepping modes. Full and half-step modes are simple and inexpensive to implement, but suffer from high torque ripple, high audible noise, as well as low and mid-range resonances. Micro-stepping overcomes many of the undesirable characteristics, but at the expense of complexity and cost. However, in all of these operating modes the motor must be overdriven to insure reliable positioning; performance is dependent on constant or will behaved mechanical loads; and the torque-speed range is significantly less than that achievable under closed-loop control.
While the constructions and typical applications of the 2-phase BLDC and stepper motors differ vastly, the optimum control requirements therefor are strikingly similar. Simply stated, the two phases must be excited with sinusoidal currents which are in-phase with the respective torque profiles, where the resultant torque produced is linearly related to the magnitudes of the excitation currents. The two motor types complement each other well toward providing a wide range of torque/speed capabilities. The difference in the effective torque/speed ranges of the two is generally attributable to the electrical pitch (or commutation rate) of the motor phases.
Prior art technology in the field of closed loop control using induced EMF sensing is best represented by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,275,343 and 4,455,513. However, the technology described in these patents (as well as other known technology) suffers from several performance limitations. For example, the known controllers do not maintain accurate position information in speed ranges down to, and including, zero velocity. The known systems also require a low-performance, open-loop, start-up sequence which is undesirable in many applications. Moreover, the prior art systems generally operate to commutate the motor with square waves of voltage or current which is quite limiting. Furthermore, the known systems do not accurately cancel variations in motor winding resistance, inductance and/or back EMF.
As a result, the best known technology currently in existence does not use the sensed position signals to achieve high performance position and velocity control in an effective, cost efficient manner.


A semiconductor device having dual work-function structures, such as dual work-function gate electrodes of transistors. In the preferred embodiment in which NMOS and PMOS transistors are formed on a semiconductor device, the transistors are initially formed with a dummy gate electrode and a dummy dielectric layer. The dummy gate electrode and dummy dielectric layers are removed. A gate dielectric layer and a first electrode layer are formed. A nitridation process is performed on the NMOS transistor to reduce the work function of the gate electrode. A second electrode layer is then formed on the first electrode layer.

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology is the dominant semiconductor technology used for the manufacture of ultra-large scale integrated (ULSI) circuits today. Current CMOS transistors typically utilize polysilicon as the gate electrode for both NMOS and PMOS transistors, wherein the polysilicon is doped with an N-type dopant to form NMOS transistors and is doped with a P-type dopant to form PMOS transistors. Polysilicon gates, however, often exhibit gate depletion problems.
As a result, CMOS transistors with metal gates have been attempted. Furthermore, because PMOS and NMOS function differently, it is desirable to fabricate PMOS and NMOS transistors having gates of different work functions. Generally, this is obtained by using different metal gates on the PMOS and NMOS transistors. One method of fabricating PMOS and NMOS transistors is by depositing a first metal layer on both the NMOS and PMOS gates and etching the metal layer from one of them. The etching process, however, frequently damages the gate dielectric layer, thereby affecting the performance of the transistor.
Another method that has been attempted is to deposit a metal layer for both the NMOS and PMOS transistors, but then performing an ion implant to alter the work function of either the NMOS or PMOS transistor. This method, however, is difficult to optimize the work function of both the NMOS and PMOS transistors.
Therefore, there is a need for an apparatus, and a method of manufacture, with metal gates having a first work function for a PMOS device and a second work function for an NMOS device that may be fabricated in a cost-effective manner.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.


The present invention is directed to modified CFTR proteins or fragments thereof that contain single or multiple amino acid mutations to improve the structural stability of such CFTR proteins and/or fragments. Specifically, the modified CFTR proteins or fragment thereof differ from the wild-type human CFTR protein or fragment thereof by the presence of four or more mutations selected from V150D, M470V, S492P, F494N, S495P, A534P, I539T, G550E, G551D, R553Q, R555K, Q637R, S1255L, K1334G, S1359A, E1371Q, H1402S, Q1411D, and any combination thereof, such that the stability of the polypeptide is increased relative to that of the wild-type human CFTR polypeptide or fragment thereof.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease that affects approximately 30,000 children and adults in the United States and approximately 30,000 children and adults in Europe. Despite progress in the treatment of CF, there is no cure. CF is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that encodes an epithelial chloride ion channel responsible for aiding in the regulation of salt and water absorption and secretion in various tissues. In epithelia cells, normal functioning of CFTR is critical for the maintenance of electrolyte transport throughout the body, including respiratory and digestive tissue. CFTR is composed of approximately 1480 amino acids that encode a protein made up of a tandem repeat of transmembrane domains, each containing six transmembrane helices and a nucleotide binding domain. The two transmembrane domains are linked by a large, polar, regulatory (R)-domain with multiple phosphorylation sites that regulate channel activity and cellular trafficking. The gene encoding CFTR has been identified and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the CFTR gene of CF chromosomes has revealed a variety of disease causing mutations. The most prevalent mutation is a deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 of the CFTR amino acid sequence, and is commonly referred to as ΔF508-CFTR. This mutation occurs in approximately 70% of the cases of cystic fibrosis and is associated with severe disease. It is believed that the deletion of residue 508 in ΔF508-CFTR prevents the nascent protein from folding correctly, resulting in the inability of this mutant protein to exit the ER, and traffic to the plasma membrane. As a result, insufficient amounts of the mature protein are present at the plasma membrane and chloride transport within epithelial tissues is significantly reduced. In fact, this cellular phenomenon of defective ER processing of ABC transporters by the ER machinery has been shown to be the underlying basis not only for CF disease, but for a wide range of other isolated and inherited diseases.
Accordingly, there is a pressing need to better understand CFTR folding, structure and function to address how these are affected in patients with CF and related diseases.

Modified cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) polypeptides with increased stability and uses thereof


Implementations are described herein for analyzing a sequence of digital images captured by a mobile vision sensor (e.g., integral with a robot), in conjunction with information (e.g., ground truth) known about movement of the vision sensor, to determine spatial dimensions of object(s) and/or an area captured in a field of view of the mobile vision sensor. Techniques avoid the use of visual indicia of known dimensions and/or other conventional tools for determining spatial dimensions, such as checkerboards. Instead, techniques described herein allow spatial dimensions to be determined using less resources, and are more scalable than conventional techniques.

Vision sensors such as cameras inherently have fields of view ("FOV") that represent the area covered by the vision sensor's lens' angle of view. However, the spatial dimensions captured by the FOV may vary depending on a variety of factors, such as how far away the vision sensor is from the object(s) being captured, an angle between the vision sensor and the object(s) being captured, etc. There are many scenarios in which it is desirable to determine spatial dimensions of object(s) captured in a FOV and/or of the FOV itself. For example, mobile robots and/or other autonomous/semi-autonomous vehicles are often equipped with cameras configured to capture multiple images of the environment. These may be used for navigation, mapping, and/or measurements of other geographic areas.
Techniques exist for determining spatial dimensions of object(s) captured in the FOV and/or of an area captured in the FOV, such as utilizing visual indicia having known dimensions (e.g., measuring stick), other objects of known spatial dimensions, so-called "checkerboard" processing, stereo camera calibration techniques (which require two lenses), and so forth. However, these techniques tend to be cumbersome, unreliable (especially in the absence of visual indicia of known spatial dimensions), and not generally scalable.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


The invention provides a connector for coax cable with a snap bearing providing the interface between the inner body and the outer body. A concave surface below the snap bearing, which is retained by a pair of shoulders, allows the snap bearing to elastically deform during assembly of the connector to thereby reduce the risk of plastic deformation of the components while allowing significant improvements in overlap at the interface of the components.

For small assemblies, such as coaxial connectors, it is often desirable to use components that are configured to snap together rather than use fasteners. In certain connectors, two parts that are to rotate relative to one another are snapped together with a snap ridge of one part engaging a groove in the other part. The overlap between the components in such connections is typically kept to a minimum, such as a few thousandths of an inch of overlap in brass components, in order to minimize plastic deformation of the components during assembly. The minimal overlap results in high bearing pressures and high friction forces in the interface between the components resulting in wear and degradation of the snap ridge. A terminator connector having a snap fit between an outer body and an inner body is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,546, issued to Jason Perry, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
Snap bearings may be used to allow the rotation of one part with respect to another while substantially increasing the overlap between the components. A typical snap bearing is split to allow the bearing to be stretched over a ridge during assembly. However, radial loads, such as those applied during assembly, may cause deformation of conventional snap bearings.
Therefore, an improved interface between components in a coax connector with increased overlap and reduced risk of plastic deformation of the components is desired.


An apparatus and method for a query governor to govern query execution in a parallel computer system with one or more networks. The query governor uses a network monitor to gather network status information to determine how to govern query execution. The query governor may also use historical information of previous query execution stored in a query file to determine if the query should be allowed to execute. The query governor may also use node and network restrictions to determine what networks the query can use.

1. Technical Field
This invention generally relates to query governors in a computer database system, and more specifically relates to a database query governor for a parallel computer database system.
2. Background Art
Databases are computerized information storage and retrieval systems. A database system is structured to accept commands to store, retrieve and delete data using, for example, high-level query languages such as the Structured Query Language (SQL). The term "query" denominates a set of commands for retrieving data from a stored database. The query language requires the return of a particular data set in response to a particular query.
Optimization and execution of a database query can be a resource-intensive and time-consuming process. Further, the larger the database, the longer the time needed to execute the query. In order to prevent an excessive drain on resources, many databases are configured with query governors. A query governor prevents the execution of large and resource-intensive queries by referencing a defined threshold. If the cost of executing a query exceeds the threshold, the query is not executed. The query governor has a configuration file that determines the databases that an instance of the governor monitors and how it manages it.
Many large institutional computer users are experiencing tremendous growth of their databases. One of the primary means of dealing with large databases is that of distributing the data across multiple partitions in a parallel computer system. The partitions can be logical or physical over which the data is distributed. Prior art query governors have limited features when used in parallel computer systems. The query governors do not consider network resources of multiple networks in a parallel system with a large number of interconnected nodes.
Massively parallel computer systems are one type of parallel computer system that have a large number of interconnected compute nodes. A family of such massively parallel computers is being developed by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) under the name Blue Gene. The Blue Gene/L system is a scalable system in which the current maximum number of compute nodes is 65,536. The Blue Gene/L node consists of a single ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) with 2 CPUs and memory. The full computer is housed in 64 racks or cabinets with 32 node boards in each rack.
The Blue Gene/L supercomputer communicates over several communication networks. The 65,536 computational nodes are arranged into both a logical tree network and a 3-dimensional torus network. The logical tree network connects the computational nodes in a tree structure so that each node communicates with a parent and one or two children. The torus network logically connects the compute nodes in a three-dimensional lattice like structure that allows each compute node to communicate with its closest 6 neighbors in a section of the computer.
On parallel computer systems in the prior art, the query governor is not able to effectively control the total use of resources across multiple nodes with one or more networks. Without a way to more effectively govern queries, computer systems administrators will continue to have inadequate control over database queries and their use of system resources.

Query governor with network monitoring in a parallel computer system


The embodiments of the present invention provide a shift register unit, a gate driving device, a display panel and a display device for solving the problem of relatively large noise in the signal outputted by the shift register unit within non-working time when the clock signal is of high level. Within the non-working time of the shift register unit, i.e., when displaying a frame of images, in periods of time other than the period of time when the scan trigger signal is of high level and the period of time when the output end of the shift register unit is of high level, the first pull-down drive module can connect the output end of the shift register unit with a low level signal end when the received clock signal is of high level, or when the received clock signal is of low level and the output end of the shift register unit is of low level, thereby releasing the noise coupled to the output end of the shift register unit by the high level signal to the low level signal end, so as to reduce the noise in the signal outputted by the shift register unit in the non-working time.

The liquid crystal display panel is formed by a two dimensional liquid crystal pixel matrix; the driving device of the liquid crystal display panel comprises a gate driving device and a data driving device. The data driving device latches the inputted display data in order and converts them into analog signals, the data lines of the liquid crystal display panel are scanned sequentially; the gate driving device comprises several shift register units, the signal at the control signal output end of each stage of shift register unit will be transmitted to the reset signal input end of its previous stage of shift register unit and the control signal input end of its next stage of shift register unit. Each stage of shift register unit converts the inputted clock signal into an open signal or a close signal, which is outputted from its control signal output end to a gate line corresponding to it.
The typical structure in the existing shift register unit is as shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 is a working sequence diagram of the shift register unit as shown in FIG. 1. Its working principle is as follows:
In the first phase, the control signal input end INPUT is of high potential, the reset signal input end RESETIN is of low potential, the transistor T103 is turned on, the transistor T101, the transistor T102, and the transistor T104 are cut-off, the capacitor C102 is charged through the transistor T103, hence, the connection point P is of high potential;
In the second phase, the control signal input end INPUT is of low potential, the reset signal input end RESETIN is of low potential, the clock signal input end CLKIN is of high potential, the transistor T101 is turned on, hence, the control signal output end OUTPUT outputs a high level signal; since the transistor T102, the transistor T103, and the transistor T104 are cut-off, the connection point P is floating here, the control signal output end OUTPUT is of high potential, and is coupled to the connection point P through the capacitor C102, so the potential at the connection point P continues to rise on the basis of the first phase;
In the third phase, the control signal input end INPUT is of low potential, the reset signal input end RESETIN inputs a high level signal, the transistors T102 and T104 are turned on, the transistor T101 and the transistor T103 are cut-off, the capacitor C102 is discharged, the connection point P is of low potential, since the source of T102 is connected with the low voltage signal input VSSIN, the control signal output end OUTPUT is of low potential;
In the fourth phase, the control signal input end INPUT is of low potential, the reset signal input end RESETIN is of low potential, hence, the transistor T101, the transistor T102, the transistor T103 and the transistor T104 are all cut-off, the signal outputted by the control signal output end OUTPUT remains at a low potential;
In the fifth phase, the signal inputted by the control signal input end INPUT is of low potential, the reset signal input end RESETIN is of low potential, the transistor T101, the transistor T102, the transistor T103 and the transistor T104 remain in the state of the fourth stage, hence, the control signal output end OUTPUT is still of low potential.
In these five phases: in the first phase, control signal input end INPUT is inputted a high level signal; in the second phase, control signal output end OUTPUT outputs a high level signal, thus a shift is completed; in the third phase, reset signal input end RESETIN is inputted a high level signal to complete the reset operation; hence, the first, second and third phases can be defined as the working time of the shift register unit, the fourth and the fifth phases can be defined as the non-working time of the shift register unit.
It can be seen that in the non-working time, the control signal input end INPUT, the reset signal input end RESETIN and the control signal output end OUTPUT are all of low level; when the clock signal input end CLKIN is of high potential, it will be coupled to the connection point P through a parasitic capacitance between the gate and the drain of the transistor T101, such that the leakage current of the transistor T101 is increased, which results in rising of the potential of the control signal output end OUTPUT; moreover, since the transistor T103, the transistor T104 and the transistor T102 are all cut-off in the non-working time, the voltage of the control signal output end OUTPUT cannot be reduced, thereby enabling the output signal of the control signal output end OUTPUT to produce a relatively large coupled noise.
To sum up, in the non-working time of the existing shift register unit, when the received clock signal is of high level, the high level signal will be coupled to the output end of the shift register unit through a parasitic capacitance on the transistor, while the output end is in a floating state in the non-working time, such that the noise coupled to the output end of the shift register unit by the high level signal cannot be eliminated, and the noise will be outputted together with the signal of the output end of the shift register unit, which results in relatively large noise in the signal outputted by the shift register unit.

Shift register unit, gate driving device, display panel and display device

ORDOS YUANSHENG OPTOELECTRONICS CO., LTD.


A method includes mounting a light emitting device on a board having electrodes on its surface, disposing a resin sheet containing a light conversion material so as to face the surface of the board and filling a space between the resin sheet and the board with a first light transmissive resin, covering a surface of the resin sheet opposite to a surface of the resin sheet covered with the first light transmissive resin, with a second light transmissive resin, forming a groove extending from a top surface of the second light transmissive resin to the board, filling the groove with light reflective resin and covering the top surface of the second light transmissive resin with the light reflective resin, removing the light reflective resin, and dicing the light emitting device by cutting along the light reflective resin.

Conventionally, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor light emitting device is known that includes a first frame to which a light emitting device is attached, a second frame spaced apart from the first frame and connected to an electrode of the light emitting device via a metal wire, and a resin package covering the light emitting device and the first frame and the second frame (for example, see Patent Document 1).
In the method for manufacturing the semiconductor light emitting device described in Patent Document 1, a light emitting device, and a first resin covering a first frame and a second frame are formed first on the surface of a metal plate having a plurality of first frames and a plurality of second frames alternately disposed thereon, and a sacrificial sheet is attached to the surface of the first resin. Then, a groove is formed in the first resin and the sacrificial sheet on the metal plate along the outer periphery of the resin package; the groove is filled with second resin; and the second resin is cut along the groove to form a resin package having the outer periphery of the first resin covered with the second resin. Thereafter, an adhesive sheet having greater adhesive strength than the sacrificial sheet is adhered to the second resin covering the top surface, and the adhesive sheet is peeled off from the resin package, thereby removing the second resin formed on the top surface of the first resin together with the sacrificial sheet. Thus, the light emitting surface is exposed, and the semiconductor light emitting device is completed.

Method for manufacturing an optical module and optical module


A fuel supply apparatus for a gas turbine comprises a fuel supply system for sending fuel in a fuel reservoir to a plurality of gas turbine combustors, a heater provided for the fuel supply system for heating the fuel, a pressure reducing valve for reducing a pressure of the fuel, which has been heated, according to a required fuel pressure of a gas turbine, and a surge tank absorbing a change of the fuel pressure after the pressure reduction. A fuel supply control unit for a gas turbine comprises a fuel supply system for sending fuel in a fuel reservoir to a plurality of gas turbine combustors, a heater provided for the fuel supply system for heating the fuel, a pressure reducing valve and a gas turbine combustor inlet fuel cutoff valve disposed downstream of the heater, and a pressure reducing valve controller which detects an inlet fuel pressure of the gas turbine combustor inlet fuel cutoff valve and applies a pressure reduction control signal to the pressure reducing valve if a detected pressure is higher than a required fuel pressure of the gas turbine.

The present invention relates to a fuel supply apparatus for a gas turbine and a control unit for the same adapted to adjust the fuel supplied from a fuel reservoir so as to provide appropriate temperature and pressure before the fuel is sent to a gas turbine combustor.
In general, as shown in FIG. 13, the fuel supply apparatus in practical use for a gas turbine having an output of 100 MW or less is designed to feed such fuel as liquid natural gas (LNG) or other gaseous fuel from a fuel reservoir 1 to a gas turbine combustor 5 via a fuel emergency cutoff valve 2, a gas turbine inlet fuel cutoff valve 3 and a fuel flow regulating valve 40 In the combustor 5, high-pressure air from a compressor 6 which sucks in atmospheric air to generate the high-pressure air is added to the gaseous fuel to produce a combustion gas which is then fed as a working fluid to a gas turbine 7 where it performs expansion work. The rotating torque obtained by the expansion work is used to run a generator 8 to provide electrical output.
Hitherto, in this type of gas turbine in actual use to provide electrical output, the fuel pressure at the time of feeding the fuel from the fuel reservoir 1 to the gas turbine combustor 5 has been given by an expression (1) shown below, taking into account various losses and the pressure balance of the high-pressure air supplied by the compressor 6. EQU P=P1+P2+P3 (1)
where P denotes a fuel pressure required by the gas turbine 7, P1 denotes the discharge pressure of the compressor 6, P2 denotes a pressure loss of the gas turbine combustor 5 including a fuel nozzle, etc., and P3 denotes various losses of a fuel supply piping system.
Typically, a proper fuel pressure required by the gas turbine 7 which is calculated based on the above expression (1) is ranged from 20 to 25 atg.
Although the required fuel pressure values shown above may be appropriate, if any accidental situation should break out, it becomes difficult to generate combustion gas in the gas turbine combustor 5. For this reason, in some cases, a booster 9 is provided at the inlet end of the gas turbine inlet fuel cutoff valve 3 as emergency corrective measures as illustrated in FIG. 14.
In recent years, more power stations are combined with electric power plants which combine a plurality of gas turbine power plants or combine gas turbines with steam turbines in the same premises or in separated premises as shown in FIG. 12 for the purpose of effective use of land. With this trend, the fuel reservoirs for the aggregate power plants are also being integrated From the viewpoint of an environmental preservation, gaseous fuels such as LNG is frequently used.
When feeding fuel from the single fuel reservoir 1 to power stations A, B, - - - , in order to set the fuel pre-pressure of the gas turbine combustors 5, 5, - - - , of the power stations A, B, - - - , (i.e. the fuel pressure required by the gas turbines) to PA, PB, - - - , an original fuel pressure P0 is determined with the loss of the piping system taken into consideration. The original fuel pressure P0 is adjusted by a pressure regulating valve 10.
The original fuel pressure P0 is decided based on a fuel pre-pressure PD required by the gas turbine combustor 5 of a power station which is located farthest from the fuel reservoir 1, and the fuel pre-pressures PA, PB, - - - , vary depending on the operating situations of the power stations A, B, - - - .
For instance, in an operation mode wherein the power station A is halted, the power station B and a power station C are partially loaded, and a power station D is fully loaded. The fuel pre-pressure of the gas turbine combustors 5, 5, 5, - - - , of the power stations B, C, D, - - - , will be the required value or higher since the supply of fuel to the power station A has been cut off. Hence, there is a demand for reducing the fuel pressure in the operation by providing pressure reducing valves 11, 11, - - - , to obtain the required fuel pre-pressure of the gas turbine combustors 5, 5, 5, - - - , of the power stations B, C, D, - - - .
To adjust the fuel pre-pressure of a gas turbine combustor, the fluctuation in load on the gas turbine can be dealt with satisfactorily by the pressure regulating valve 10 regardless of provision of the booster as long as there is only one combustor. If, however, each gas turbine combustor of a plurality of power stations is required to perform the operation in which the fuel pressure is reduced, then the following several problems are posed.
(1) When reducing the pressure of fuel, excessive reduction of the pressure would cause the saturation temperature of the fuel to drop due to the Joule-Thomson effect, thus accelerating the liquefaction of the fuel. Thus, when the combustion gas is generated in the gas turbine combustor, the rich part of the fuel is unevenly distributed, causing the combustion gas to locally develop an abnormally high temperature. Consequently, a high concentration of NOx may result, the nozzle may be damaged by the local abnormal high temperature at the fuel nozzle portion, or the combustion gas which has locally developed the abnormally high temperature may be generated in the gas turbine 7 and flows through the gas turbine 7, burning the stationary blades or moving blades thereof.
Further, in the case of the fuel rich, since the combustion temperature temporarily increases, it is required to throttle the fuel, and in such case, if a time lag exists, supply pressure in the fuel supply line may be reduced and a back-fire may be caused to the fuel system, which will results in the burning to the upsteam side of the fuel system.
(2) When performing the operation in which the fuel pressure is reduced, the pulsation of the fuel which takes place each time the pressure reducing valve 11 is opened or closed affects the opening or closing of the gas turbine inlet fuel cutoff valve 3 or the fuel flow regulating valve 4. This causes a valve rod to be hunched, leading to a possibility of breaking it. Further, in case of an emergency such as a first cutback operation (isolated operation in a power station), the pressure of the fuel itself considerably changes and there is a danger that the combustion gas in the gas turbine combustor may develop a flameout in some cases Furthermore, in the case of the fuel rich, since the combustion temperature temporarily increases, there is a feat that a combustor liner, a transition piece, and movable and stationary blades of the gas turbine may be burnt and hence damaged.

Fuel supply apparatus for gas turbine and control unit for the same


A manhole frame assembly for supporting a member that can obstruct an access opening when the level of a construction material around the opening is raised, includes an outer frame member having a support surface and a side wall extending from the support surface. The side wall is constructed and arranged with an upper surface that is substantially flush with an original level of the construction material. An inner frame member can be received on the support surface and includes a surface for supporting a member for obstructing the access opening. The side wall includes an abutment device for preventing upward movement of the inner frame member when the original level of construction material around the outer frame member is raised. A portion of the inner frame member is movable in a direction transverse to a direction of a length of the access opening. Other features of the invention are directed to a method of fastening the inner frame to the outer frame and an apparatus for fastening the obstructing member to a manhole frame structure.

Manhole frame assemblies located along a roadway typically include an outer frame that is disposed around an access opening which may lead, for example, to utility service distribution lines. A manhole cover, drainage grate or the like in the outer frame rests flush with the roadway surface. Ordinarily an inner frame in the form of a support insert is used in the outer frame when the roadway is resurfaced with an added layer of paving material. In the case of a manhole cover, for example, the support insert raises the level of the manhole cover to the new street level. Support inserts occupy the position where the manhole cover originally rested, typically on the rim of the outer frame.
Manhole frame assemblies may be provided with locking mechanisms to prevent unauthorized personnel from removing the cover, for example, and from removing the support insert from the outer frame. As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,770, the locking mechanisms for locking the support insert to the outer frame typically include fasteners which engage the underside of the rim. Workers may have difficulty securing the inner frame since they must reach under the rim to tighten the fasteners. Tools may be dropped into the access opening and lost in the process. Moreover, such fastening devices are only able to apply a limited force to the underside of the rim and to the insert.
Manhole frame and cover assemblies are currently unable to satisfactorily prevent "inflow", a combination of storm water and other street surface liquids, from entering the access opening. This inflow may consist of billions upon billions of gallons of excess street surface liquids. Once the inflow enters the manhole frame it gains entry into utility services such as sanitary sewer distribution lines, where it burdens wastewater treatment plants, and gas, electric or telecommunications underground vaults. The inflow is a problem because it mixes with the effluent in sanitary sewers, resulting in costly additional wastewater treatment.
An additional problem is presented when the inflow reaches other utility service areas normally found in gas, electric or telecommunications distribution lines. These service areas have concrete manhole casements that do not have an individual drainage system and thus, are partially or completely filled with inflow. Such installations often require extensive vacuum pumping to remove the inflow before workmen can safely enter the manhole to perform the required maintenance or other utility service.
Manhole frame assemblies are normally comprised of metal castings, generally produced by cast iron foundries, using sand casting molds. These casting methods are used to produce manhole components in cast ductile iron, grey cast iron, or the like. Castings made from these casting processes create difficulties in duplicating nearly exact castings as compared to the mold images. Non-uniform shrinkage, warpage, and the like promote dimensional instability that affects the fit between metal surfaces necessary to provide a water-tight condition.


A disposable arthroscope for examining the interior of a joint and for carrying out diagnostic and therapeutic procedures within the joint includes an elongated needle and a cap housing which has a base plate. The proximal end of the needle is mounted on the cap opposite the base plate, and the distal end of the needle extends outwardly from the cap. The needle is a hollow tube which surrounds an image guide and a bundle of illuminating fibers that extend through the tube. A lens is attached to the distal end of the image guide and is slightly angled relative to the longitudinal axis of the needle. The proximal ends of both the image guide and the bundle of illuminating fibers extend from the proximal end of the tube and through the cap for exposure at the surface of the base plate. The base plate of the disposable arthroscope is engageable with a camera and with a light source to position the camera in light communication with the image guide, and to position the light source in light communication with the bundle. With these engagements, the combination of disposable arthroscope, light source and camera generate a visual display of an object that is illuminated by the light source through the bundle of illuminating fibers.

In the area of medicine, modern surgical techniques have been developed for diagnosing and correcting damage to the interior structure of body parts, e.g., bone joints. One of these modern surgical techniques is arthroscopy, which can be used for examining the interior structure of a body joint, for example, a knee, in order to determine the extent of any damage to the joint. In other words, arthroscopy permits viewing the internal structure of a body joint without requiring conventional surgery on the joint. If required, relatively non-invasive corrective surgery can be performed in conjunction with arthroscopic examination techniques to repair joint damage which is discovered during the examination.
Arthroscopic examination typically involves inserting a probe into the joint to be examined. The probe has an imaging device attached to it, and the imaging device is in turn connected through the probe to a video display for generating a picture of the interior structure of the joint. Consequently, the operator of the arthroscope is able to view, real-time, the interior structure of the joint as the probe is inserted into the joint. By viewing the internal structure of the joint, a diagnosis of any damage to the joint can be made and appropriate treatment prescribed.
It is the case that existing arthroscopes require support equipment which is relatively large and bulky and which is typically permanently installed for use in an operating room. Consequently, these arthroscopes cannot be easily moved from one location to another, as may occasionally be required in a medical establishment. Furthermore, arthroscopes which require sizable support equipment are ordinarily expensive devices, and their relatively high cost can make arthroscopic examination cost prohibitive for some patients The present invention recognizes that an arthroscope need not require large and expensive support equipment and that there is a need to provide an arthroscope which can be used in a Doctor's office for diagnosis of a joint injury. Further, there is a recognized need to provide an arthroscope with a sufficiently small disposable probe so that only a local anesthetic is necessary.
Additionally, the probes of existing arthroscopes are typically reusable devices and must accordingly be sterilized before each use, in order to eliminate the possibility of infecting the arthroscopy patient with a contaminated probe. Unfortunately, the possibility remains that a reusable probe may not be effectively sterilized and can accordingly remain septic, or that a properly sterilized probe could become septic in the time period between sterilization and use of the probe. The present invention recognizes that an arthroscope can be provided which uses a non-reusable probe to substantially reduce the likelihood of transmitting infections.
In addition to the above considerations, it is also desirable for the arthroscope to have a relatively wide field of view when the probe of the arthroscope is positioned within the joint. This is in order to maximize the size of the internal body area which the arthroscope operator can examine. Providing a wide field of view simply by enlarging the lens of the arthroscope, however, would be counterproductive since the introduction of a larger lens would require a larger entry site into the knee. A larger entry site, however, is to be avoided. Accordingly, it is desirable that the arthroscope be capable of viewing a relatively large area within a joint, without requiring the use of a comparatively large arthroscope lens.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an arthroscope which is portable and hand-held. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an arthroscope which has a disposable probe that is insertable into a body joint for generating a real-time picture of the joint. It is also an object of the present invention to provide an arthroscope which can view a relatively large portion of the internal structure of a joint. Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide an arthroscope which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and comparatively easy and cost-effective to use.

Portable arthroscope with periscope optics


A series of new compounds, called "the phomactins" is provided and may be isolated from the culture broth of fungi of the genus Phoma. especially Phomas sp. SANK 11486 (No. FERM BP-2598). These compounds are platelet activating factor antagonists and may be used for the treatment of disorders for which known such agents may also be used.

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 07/596,580 filed Oct. 10, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,529, issued Sep. 29, 1992, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/440,235 filed Nov. 22, 1989, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a series of new compounds, to which we have assigned the class name "Phomactin". These compounds may be produced by cultivation of an appropriate microorganism (fungus) of the genus Phoma. The invention also provides a fermentation process for producing these compounds using a novel strain of microorganism of the genus Phoma, as well as the new strain itself, and provides methods and compositions using the new compounds of the invention as platelet activating factor antagonists.
"Platelet activating factor" is herein abbreviated, as is conventional, to "PAF".
Natural PAF, at least as isolated from mammalian tissues, is a mixture of from 2 to 5 phospholipids, the number depending upon the nature of the original tissue. The major constituents of PAF may be represented by the formula (A): ##STR1## in which R represents a log chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group, which may be saturated or unsaturated. Natural PAF is levorotatory and the various components of natural PAF may be identified, for example as: l-C.sub.16:0 =formula (A) where R represents a hexadecyl group: l-C.sub.18:0 =formula (A) where R represents an octadecyl group: or l-C.sub.18:1 =formula (A) where R represents a 9(Z-octadecenyl group. The convention used above for identifying the constituents of PAF gives the rotation first (l, in the above examples), followed by the number of carbon atoms, and finally the number of double bonds.
PAF exhibits a strong platelet activating and aggregating effect, from which it derives its name. It has, however, in recent years been seen to be a potentially crucial mediator in a wide variety of pathological processs. Thus, it also has a hypotensive effect and increases vasopermeability; it is believed to be an active agent in the induction of the shock state (for example endotoxin-induced shock) and to act as a mediator of inflammatory disease. It has also been found to play a role in cardiac and systemic anaphylaxis, gastric and intestinal ulceration, psoriasis and immune and renal disorders.
It is not, therefore, surprising that, as a result, PAF antagonists have been investigated with a view to developing new types of treatment for the above pathologies, and notably new types of anti-shock agent and anti-inflammatory agent. Accordingly, various compounds have been investigated in an attempt to find such PAG antagonists, and, currently, several compounds are known as PAF antagonists. Although the chemical structure of known PAF antagonists varies widely, and there appears to be no obvious common factor linking their chemical structures, in general, known materials having PAF-antagonist activity may be classified according to their chemical structure as either PAF type or non-PAG type compounds. Of the known compounds. PAF type antagonists are mostly prepared by chemical synthesis, whilst non-PAF type antagonists are mostly recovered from the secondary metabolites of plants and microorganisms. Examples of compounds of the non-PAF type include, for example, ginkgolide (isolated from Ginkgo biloba), kadzurenone (isolated from Piper futokadzura), veraguensin (isolated from Magnolia acuminata), galbengin and galbrabin (isolated from Himantandra velgravena), nectandrin A and B (isolated from Nectandra rigida), burseran (isolated from Bursera microphlla) [details of the above compounds are given by P. Braquet and J. J. Godfroid: Trends in Pharm. Sci., Vol. 7, pp. 397 et seq (1986)], a gliotoxin derivative [isolated from Penicillium terlikowskii: M. Okamoto, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 34, 340 (1986)] and a diketopiperazine derivative [isolated from Streptomyces sp.: S. Takase, J. Org. Chem., 52, 3485 (1987)].
A variety of PAF-type compounds are known, but these are not relevant to the present invention.
A review of the nature and uses of PAF antagonists is given by P. Braquet et al., Trends in Pharm. Sci., Vol. 10, pp. 23 et seq (1989). Braquet et al examined the effect of BN-52021 (5 mg kg.sup.-1, given 15 min before coronary artery occlusion) on arrhythmias in mongrel dogs. As shown in Table I, BN-52021 significantly reduced the number of ectopic beats during the 30 min ischemic period. In addition, preliminary studies in rats subjected to coronary artery ligation have shown that BN-52021 (5 mg kg.sup.-1, i.v. immediately before occlusion), significantly reduced the infarct size as assessed by histological examination after 24 h of occlusion. In the control group the infarct size was 26.+-.2.2% of heart tissue, whereas in the BN-52021-treated group this value was reduced to 17.+-.1.8% (p<0.05). ##STR2##
TABLE I __________________________________________________________________________ Effect of BN-52021 on arrhythmias evoked by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs anesthetized with halothane Number of ectopic beats during 30 min of ischemia, mean .+-. SEM Treatment .eta. 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 min __________________________________________________________________________ Control 18 106 .+-. 26.0 119 .+-. 33.4 208 .+-. 41.8 355 .+-. 69.5 473 .+-. 104.8 BN-52021 7 10 .+-. 5.4* 10 .+-. 5.3* 15 .+-. 6.3* 55 .+-. 28.6* 98 .+-. 39.0* __________________________________________________________________________ These cumulative data represent the sum of single ventricular extrasystoles in salvos, and ventricular tachycardia. BN52021 was introduced in an i.v. bolus of 5 mgkg.sup.-1 15 min before coronary arter ligation. *.rho. < 0.05 (Wilcoxon test).
We have now discovered a series of new PAF-antagonist compounds of the non-PAF type, which we have in accordance with current convention, named "the phomactins", and which can be produced by the cultivation of a microorganism, which we have identified as SANK 11486, which belongs to the species Phoma and which has been isolated from the shells of certain crabs.

Platelet activating factor antagonists, named "the phomactins", their preparation and use


Systems and methods are described herein for avoiding interfering with 5GHZ frequency band signals with a peer-to-peer wireless local area network connection. A peer-to-peer client is notified of radar signals in proximity to the client over a master-to-client wireless local area connection with an enterprise access point. If the notification includes a non-interfering radar channel, the peer-to-peer client resets the peer-to-peer channel to the non-interfering radar channel. If the notification does not provide a non-interfering radar channel, the peer-to-peer client resets the peer-to-peer network connection to a non-dynamic frequency selection channel and may disconnect the Wi-Fi connection with the enterprise access point.

The use of unlicensed communication frequency bands for IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks has enabled wireless network usage to expand in a very pervasive manner in the consumer and enterprise arenas. However, the 802.11 devices need to share the band with other non-802.11 devices that are not within the wireless local area network.
In a peer-to-peer environment, the peer-to-peer communications may interfere with non-802.11 devices. Typically, peer-to-peer mobile devices are not capable of detecting signals from the non-802.11 devices. Therefore, the peer-to-peer mobile devices are not capable of actively avoiding communication frequency bands being used by the non-802.11 devices. Currently, the peer-to-peer devices are precluded from using certain types of frequency bands or communications channels to avoid interfering with non-802.11 devices. However, this approach limits the amount of bands that are available for peer-to-peer wireless local area network connections.

Systems and methods for avoiding interference for a peer-to-peer network connection


A device and method for forming designs into the haired surface on the body. The device features a design head having a shape defined by a perimeter edge and a support shaft engaged with the design head. Hair is trimmed from the haired surface adjacent to the perimeter with one hand while the other hand compresses the design head against the haired surface. A second shape may be formed by trimming the haired surface inside of an aperture located inside the perimeter edge of the design head.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the cutting of hair. More particularly the device and method herein disclosed relates to a method and apparatus to cut special designs into the scalp and other hair on a human or the fur on an animal body. The device employs a stencil or design head that is engaged at the distal end of a support shaft that provides a guide during removal of hair or fur. Employing the stencil component, special designs may be cut into the hair on the body of a person or animal leaving either a positive or negative design depending on whether hair is removed leaving skin surrounded by hair, or hair is protected and surrounding hair is removed. Employing a plurality of removably engageable stencil heads, the device enables the user to place an infinite number of designs on the hair or fur.
2. Prior Art
Hair cutting and hair removal on the body of humans is a common practice. The hair on the head is commonly styled to the style of the individual being given the haircut by a stylist. Also common is the removal of hair from other areas of the body including the arms and pubic hair. This can be done with a razor or wax or a chemical means of hair removal. Animals too have their fur cut using razors or other means for fur removal.
For the more artistic members of the culture the removal of surrounding hair in regions of hair growth on the body in order to leave a design in a positive or negative format can be a popular form of artistic expression. This can also be done in reverse by removing hair inside a surrounding surface of growing hair. However, such a removal of hair to leave a design is generally a subjective process with the eventual artistic outcome of the adventure directly dependant on the skill and artistic ability of the stylist or hygienist removing or cutting the hair in question. Much like a tattoo, removing hair from a human or fur from an animal in order to leave a design on the body can turn out badly if the stylist is less than talented.
In such an obviously subjective system of artistic hair removal there is a need for components that will allow for a more constant achievement of artistic results in the artistic endeavor of hair removal resulting in designs on the body. Such a device should be easily useable by both professional and marginally skilled hair stylists and hygienists while still yielding repeatable professional results. Such a device should allow for a large number of artistic designs to be placed in the hair or fur being removed with an ease of use that will allow for the procedure to be done in a timely yet accurate fashion. Such a device should allow the buyer to choose the exact design desired before it is placed on the scalp, skin, or a more indiscrete spot on the body.
With respect to the above description, before explaining at least one preferred embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangement of the components or steps set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The various apparatus and methods of the invention are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways which will be obvious to those skilled in the art once they review this disclosure. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
Consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for designing of other devices, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present disclosed device. It is important, therefore, that the objects and claims be regarded as including such equivalent construction and methodology insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Further objectives of this invention will be brought out in the following part of the specification, wherein detailed description is for the purpose of fully disclosing the invention without placing limitations thereon.

Apparatus and method for forming designs in a haired surface


An example display control device including: a first acquisition unit that acquires operation information indicative of an orientation of an device held by a user; a second acquisition unit that acquires size information in dictate of a size of a content displayed on a display; a determination unit that determines, based on the acquired size information, a scrolling amount by which the content displayed on the display is scrolled in a predetermined direction in accordance with the acquired operation information; and a display controller that controls display of the content performed by the display unit to scroll the content by the determined scrolling amount in accordance with the acquired operation information.

It is common for electronic devices to adopt an operating method that supports operations other than button operations and touch operations on a touch screen. Such an operating method works by, for example, displacing the electronic devices.
The application provides a display control device including: a first acquisition unit that acquires operation information indicative of an orientation of an device held by a user; a second acquisition unit that acquires size information in dictate of a size of a content displayed on a display; a determination unit that determines, based on the acquired size information, a scrolling amount by which the content displayed on the display is scrolled in a predetermined direction in accordance with the acquired operation information; and a display controller that controls display of the content performed by the display unit to scroll the content by the determined scrolling amount in accordance with the acquired operation information.

Display control device, storing medium, display system, and display method


A planar transformer includes first and second windings that may be comprised of electrically conductive traces etched onto one or more printed circuit boards. The printed circuit boards may be arranged in various orientations so as to change the turns ratio of the planar transformer. In one embodiment, the printed circuit boards are substantially similar and may be electrically connected via connectors that separate the circuit boards. Insulating sleeves may be inserted between the printed circuit boards in an interleaved configuration.

Planar transformers provide simplified solutions for compact electrical devices and have a generally planar form incorporating a larger number of coils as a printed circuit than can be fit into the equivalent space of round cross-sectional wire. Planar printed circuits afford many design options, one of which allows the coil to take any shape and width. Wide conductors make higher current flow possible. Thin conductors significantly reduce the transformer's weight. Still, one inflexible aspect of such devices relates to the design of the turns ratio. Whereas round wire wound onto a core provides a certain degree of design flexibility, new printed circuits must be fabricated for each coil pattern desired resulting in additional time and cost.
In another aspect of planar transformers, it is known to provide insulation between conductor layers, e.g. circuit boards. Typically, a dielectric coating is applied to the circuit boards to prevent electrical contact between coils. Kapton® as manufactured by Dupont™ is one type of insulation used. However the thickness of the coating varies, particularly in the vicinity of irregular shapes or protrusions printed on the substrate. Some coatings can even become porous over time or after drying, allowing an electrical discharge when the circuit is in use.
A need exists for a planar transformer that is modular and that insulates the circuit boards to prevent electrical contact between conductive layers. One purpose of this invention is to provide such arrangements with its various attendant advantages.

Planar transformer and method of manufacturing


The present invention relates to a method for chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis, belongs to the field of pharmaceuticals. CS was biosynthesized by sulfating the chondroitin with C4ST or C6ST in Tris-HCl buffer assisted with 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phophosulfate (PAPS). C4ST and C46ST came from bioengineered Escherichia coli or Pichia pastoris. Chondroitin came from bioengineered Bacillus subtilis 168.

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) belongs to glycosaminoglycan (GAG), is an anion, linear, and acidic polysaccharides with repeating disaccharides unit of alternative 1-4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and 1-3-N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) with some sulfated modification. CS was structural heterogeneity and each disaccharides was sulfated differently: CSA=GlcUA-GaINAc(4S); CSC=6S, GlcUA-GaINAc(6S)); CSE=GlcUA-GaINAc(4S6S); CSK=GlcUA(3S)-GaINAc(4S), CSL=GlcUA(3S)-GaINAc(6S), and CSM=GlcUA(3S)-GaINAc(4,6S). Because of the physiological anti-inflammatory function, CSA and CSC have recently substituted the conventional nonsteroidal drugs for osteoarthritis treatment while CSE promote neurite outgrowth toward primary neurons and play an important role in anticoagulant activity of thrombomodulin as heparin.
All the CS applied in pharmacological was extracted from shark cartilages, bovine, and so on. However, another glycosaminoglycan, keratin sulfate, was the contaminant of the CS, and was hard to separate it from CS because of the similar structure during the extraction procedures. It limited the application of CS in other pharmacological industry other than as osteoarthritis drugs. What's worst, there may be a risk of acquiring mad cow disease after ingested chondroitin sulfate from bovine tissue (FDA). Therefore, several reports appeared in the documents for the synthesis of CS in the last few years with CS oligosaccharides synthesis. Sulfated modification was challenging to introduce sulfate groups to the specific position of oligosaccharides chains by chemical synthesis. So bioenzymatic method for CS was supposed to be an optimum method, which was mild, effective and specify as for HP and other glycosaminoglycan.
The synthesis of GAG by bioenzymatic method was divided into two parts: precursor synthesis, sulfated modification. The precursor was synthetized by kinds of glycosyltransferases and epimerases. However, the active sulfotransferase was supposed to be glycosylated modification during the process of protein maturation. But there was no glycosylated modification in prokaryote and different glycosylated modification in eukaryote. So these sulfotransferases were only expressed in some animal cells, such as COS cell, for a long time. So it was difficult in expressing the sulfotransferases in microbial cells. During the last decade, some reports in the document pointed that the sulfotransferase for HP synthesis was expressed with the active protein in yeast while these active sulfotransferases also need glycosylated modification. Therefore, the yeast was chosen to be host for C6ST, C4ST, and CHST 15 expressing. It was supposed to be a method for CS synthesis by bioenzymes and also may be will correct the application of CS in other pharmaceutical fields.

Method for do novo biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate


A mobile telephone using the LCD for the display thereof wherein the address data bus connected to the CPU comprises two separate data buses; the one exclusively provided for the LCD, and the other one for the parts other than the LCD, and in the case of accesses other than access to the LCD, the LCD exclusive address data bus is not actuated.

The present invention relates to a mobile telephone using a liquid crystal display (LCD) for the display portion.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the structure of an address data bus for a mobile telephone using a LCD in its display portion. In FIG. 3, when information specifying an address is output from the CPU 1 for performing processing such as internal computations and controls, same information is transmitted to all of a data writable/readable internal RAM 2, an internal ROM 3 in which executable programs are stored, a DAC (D/A converter) 4 for converting signals from digital to analogue, a timer 5 for timing and counting an elapsed time, a RF controller 6 for controlling radio, a LCD controller 15 for controlling a liquid crystal display, a non-volatile SRAM 8, and a FLASH/ROM 9. In other words, it is constructed in such a manner that by controlling any one of blocks connected to the CPU 1 via an address data bus 10 shown above, the same information is transmitted to all other blocks connected to the CPU 1 via the address data bus 10.
However, in the mobile telephone of recent years, the level of downsizing, weight reduction, and slimming down is ever increasing, and therefore, the structure is changing in such a manner that the LCD located on the upper part of the terminal is getting closer to the antenna. As shown in FIG. 4, in the case where the structure is such that the LCD 13 mounted to the mobile telephone 12 is locate in the vicinity of the antenna 14, thee is a recognized disadvantage in that the receiving sensitivity of the antenna 14 is deteriorated due to the noise generated from the address data bus connected to the LCD 13. It is because the distance between the antenna 14 and the LCD 13 is getting shorter with the advance of downsizing, and consequently the noise from the address data bus connected to the LCD 13 is apt to be transmitted to the antenna 14.
It is conceivable to reduce the noise from the address data bus by lowering the voltage on the bus line frequently, however, since the CPU 1 is also connected to a block of which the access timing is fast, it is impossible to lower the voltage of the bus line frequently.


The present invention relates to polypeptides which comprise the ligand binding domain of Tie-2, crystalline forms of these polypeptides and the use of these crystalline forms to determine the three dimensional structure of the catalytic domain of Tie-2. The invention also relates to the use of the three dimensional structure of the Tie-2 catalytic domain both alone, or in complex with inhibitors, in methods of designing and/or identifying potential inhibitors of Tie-2 activity, for example, compounds which inhibit the binding of a native substrate to the Tie-2 catalytic domain.

Angiogenesis is a fundamental process by which new blood vessels are formed through sprouting, branching, proliferation, and tubule formation by endothelial cells from existing vasculature. In healthy humans, this neovascularization is under stringent control, normally occurring only during embryonic development, endometrial regulation, breast lactation and wound repair. However, in many pathological conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, solid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, blindness due to ocular neovascularization, psoriasis and atherosclerosis, disease progression is dependent upon persistent angiogenesis. The vasculature, which is the conduit for drug delivery, is one of the most accessible tissues in the body. Each endothelial cell of tumor vessels is estimated to support 100 to 1,000 neighboring cells, yet in the absence of an angiogenic stimulus endothelial cells typically divide only once every thousand days.
A number of polypeptide growth factors and their associated endothelial cell specific receptors have been discovered which are primarily responsible for the stimulation of endothelial cell growth, differentiation and the establishment of new vasculature. These growth factor receptors include the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) Flk-1 (mouse), KDR/VEG-FR-2 (human), Flt-1/VEGFR-1, and Flt-4/VEGFR-3. Receptors which are responsible for neovascularizaton also include the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2.
Due to its role in regulating new vascular development, Tie-2 is a potential target for therapies aimed at controlling diseases which depend upon persistent angiogenesis. The development of biochemical assays for Tie-2 has enabled drug discovery to proceed along the pathways of identifying lead Tie-2 inhibitors by high-throughput screening of compound libraries and by testing compounds that mimic substrate structure; however, rational, structure-based design has not been possible up to this point because of the lack of accurate three-dimensional structural data for Tie-2 receptors.

Method of identifying inhibitors of Tie-2


Bandage for an ankle joint comprising an elongated tape, wherein the elongated tape runs around a heel, across a lateral side of the ankle joint, across an instep in a medial plantar direction and across a sole of a foot in a lateral plantar direction. First and a second transverse edges of the elongated tape are fastened to the tape itself. A first bridle and a second bridle is attached to the elongated tape. The first bridle extends from a lateral side on a forefoot and the second bridle extends from a lateral side on the ankle joint. The second bridle is circularly closed around the ankle joint and extends to the lateral side of the ankle joint. The first bridle is guided on the forefoot across the instep to the ankle joint and is circularly closed around the ankle joint and over the second bridle. The first bridle extends to the lateral side of the ankle joint. This Abstract is not intended to define the invention disclosed in the specification, nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a bandage for the ankle joint.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Depending on their design and range of indications orthopaedic bandages carry out a fixing, guiding, bracing and/or supporting function on the limbs of the human body. The form of these medical bandages must be such as to correspond to the anatomical circumstances in order to exert an influence from outside on the human body by means of form and force-fit
The manufacture of such medical bandages is effected by cutting to size blanks made of sheet materials such as neoprene, knits or fabrics. The anatomical form is achieved by the shaping of the blanks or darts, for example with gussets, and the subsequent joining of the blanks as in the case of clothing.
Joining can be effected by means of sewing, bonding or other standard procedures. The major disadvantages of such bandages are that it is difficult to achieve an exact anatomical fit and that a large number of joins thereby result, for example seams. These joins affect the characteristics of the material used, and there is the risk of pressure sores on the skin.
Ankle joint orthotic devices or bandages are primarily used for the early functional treatment of fresh fibular ligament ruptures and minor and moderately severe tarsal distortions as well as for chronic instability.
DE 38 40 714 A1 reports of an ankle joint orthotic device with a U-shaped support, whose sidepieces come together in a bridge under the foot, reach over the ankle and which are held together at the ends by a fixing strap. Here the outer sidepiece extends upwards at the side before the ankle and the inner sidepiece opposite the outer sidepiece before the Achilles tendon. Both sidepieces run towards the bridge to a position before the heel and continue upwards towards their ends in such a manner that they extend upwards laterally next to the edges of the shinbone more or less parallel to same, including a retaining band at the bottom of the sidepieces, which runs diagonally upwards from the one sidepiece across the instep to the other sidepiece with means of attachment, is guided around the Achilles tendon above the ankle and ends in a retention piece on the instep crossing over at the other sidepiece. This design of ankle joint orthotic device is supposed to prevent sprains, in particular in a lateral/forward direction, i.e. towards an equinus position. As the U-shaped support of this ankle joint orthotic device extends upwards laterally with its outer sidepiece before the malleolus and with its inner sidepiece before the Achilles tendon and is held together by a bridge running underneath the foot, the medial edge of the metatarsus is not included, thus limiting the use of this ankle joint orthotic device.
A foot fixing splint is described in DE 39 09 922 A1. In particular, this foot fixing splint is used for the post-operative treatment of an injured ankle joint, with a foot-piece encompassing the foot, which is attached to a retention piece extending upwards to the calf equipped with closing pieces. The retention piece is divided into two side-sections, which are joined to the foot-piece and are dish-shaped. Each part of the side-section covering the malleolus is provided with a cut-out in the form of a window. The area of the Achilles tendon on the foot-piece and the retention piece is thus cut away. The adjustable and fixable band-shaped closing pieces are made of non-elastic material, with one closing piece being positioned on the foot-piece so it secures the instep from supinatory rising overlapping the first ray of the metatarsus. The objectives of such a foot fixing splint are firstly to achieve absolute immobilization of the foot to be treated and secondly, to avoid the disadvantages of a plaster cast: after injuries and operations on the outer ligaments the foot is frequently put in plaster to immobilize it, thus precluding any postoperative treatment of surgical wounds due to numerous major disadvantages. This foot fixing splint is based on a U-shaped joint sleeve with a section covering the entire sole of the foot, encompassing the metatarsus and forefoot to the ball of the little toe, without however sufficient flexibility being provided in the metatarsal area.
DE 43 18 588 C2 also reports of an ankle joint orthotic device consisting of a U-shaped joint sleeve made of thermoplastic material, which includes a lateral malleolus splint and an inner malleolus splint. These ankle splints are joined together by a bridge passing under the heel. The ankle splints also include anatomically shaped depressions catering for the contours of the ankle and ensuring an anatomical fit. Another element of the orthotic device is its metatarsal section, which is likewise made of thermoplastic material. This part of the orthotic device passes crosswise under the sole of the foot proximally to the capituia of the metatarsalia I–V and is designed medially and laterally in the form of a tab. These shaped tabs encompass the edges of the foot at the outside and inside. They firstly guide the metatarsus and secondly, are used to fix transverse and cross strips in place. The metatarsal section is connected at the sole of the foot by a bridge also made of thermoplastic material which is nevertheless highly flexible. This bridge has the function of a joint and operates in the manner of a hinge consisting of a film material. The rotational axis of this joint designed as a highly flexible bridge runs dorsomedially in an anterolateral direction and forms an angle of approx. 10° with the longitudinal axis of the foot, according to the anatomy of the lower ankle joint.
DE 34 15 657 C2 relates to an ankle bandage with an angled, tube-shaped ankle sock. A drawstrap is attached to the ankle sock. The ankle sock consists of a closed body with an opening only for the end of the foot and the leg. A sock is comparatively complicated and expensive to manufacture. It also has practical disadvantages as it may result in an accumulation of heat at the foot among other things, particularly when made of the rubber fabric generally used. An accumulation of heat then results in an unpleasant increase in sweating.
DE 31 22 463 C2 describes a bandage for the ankle joint which must include the additional features of two attachment strips with Velcro closures on both sides and two fixing and bracing strips to ensure proper positioning on the foot as well as adequate stabilization of the joint.
DE 43 18 791 C2 reports of an ankle joint bandage whose design can be described as complex. This ankle joint bandage consists of a lower-leg section and a foot section to which a pronation band is attached The lower-leg section includes two tabs which can be made to partially overlap, forming a tube encompassing the lower leg by means of a fast closure.
DE 92 11 750 U 1 describes an ankle joint bandage which offers very little relevance in practical terms as it only surrounds the upper part of the ankle joint and invariably requires a mobile connection to a shoe to be worn, which is created by means of straps
The ankle joint bandage reported in WO 92/19187 A1 consists of a sock sewn from a blank to which a band is attached. In addition, the band starts at the ankle joint when the bandage is in place, and not at the sole of the foot, in the case of the bandage forming the subject of the invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,699,959 A shows a bandage consisting of two strips, with the shorter being firmly sewn to the longer in such a manner as to encompass the foot at the heel. The longer of the two strips is then wound round the foot in the shape of a cross in a complicated movement.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,777,751 A shows a bandage for the ankle joint that likewise consists of two bands. The first of the two bands is sewn to itself to form a closed circle. The second band is also attached by being directly stitched in place at this point. Several strips of adhesive tape encompassing the leg are used to finally attach the second band to same.
DE 198 02 511 A1 reports of a bandage which is suitable for functional treatment of minor and moderately severe tarsal distorsions and chronic instability in the case of the ankle joint. The bandage consists of a longitudinal strip and a band attached to the longitudinal strip. The first transverse edge of the strip is basically positioned vertically on the medial side of the ankle joint. Starting from the first transverse edge the longitudinal strip is wound around the heel, across the lateral side of the ankle joint, across the instep in a medial plantar direction and across the sole of the foot in a lateral plantar direction. The first transverse edge of the longitudinal strip is attached to the longitudinal strip itself, preferably by means of stitching. In addition, the second transverse edge is the starting point for the band which is guided from the lateral side of the sole of the foot across the instep to the medial side of the ankle joint, around the heel to the lateral side of the ankle joint and across the lateral side of the ankle joint and fixed in place.


By doping an organic compound functioning as an electron donor (hereinafter referred to as donor molecules) into an organic compound layer contacting a cathode, donor levels can be formed between respective LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) levels between the cathode and the organic compound layer, and therefore electrons can be injected from the cathode, and transmission of the injected electrons can be performed with good efficiency. Further, there are no problems such as excessive energy loss, deterioration of the organic compound layer itself, and the like accompanying electron movement, and therefore an increase in the electron injecting characteristics and a decrease in the driver voltage can both be achieved without depending on the work function of the cathode material.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting device and a manufacturing method thereof using a light emitting element which has a film containing an organic compound (hereinafter referred to as an "organic compound layer") between a pair of electrodes and which can give fluorescence or luminescence by receiving an electric field. The light emitting device referred to in the present specification is an image display device, a light emitting device or a light source. Additionally, the following are included in examples of the light emitting device: a module wherein a connector, for example, a flexible printed circuit (FPC) or a tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, or a tape carrier package (TCP) is set up onto a light emitting element; a module wherein a printed wiring board is set to the tip of a TAB tape or a TCP; and a module wherein integrated circuits (IC) are directly mounted on a light emitting element in a chip on glass (COG) manner.
2. Description of the Related Art
A light emitting element in the present invention is an element for emitting light by applying an electric field thereto. With respect to the light emitting mechanism, it is said that an electron injected from a cathode and a hole injected from an anode are recombined in an organic compound layer by applying a voltage to electrodes sandwiching an organic compound layer to produce a molecule with an excitation state (hereinafter referred to as "a molecular exciton") and the molecular exciton releases energy to emit light when it is returned to a ground state.
In such a light emitting element, the organic compound layer is generally made from a thin film having a thickness less than 1 μm. In addition, since the light emitting element is a self-luminous type element such that the organic compound layer itself emits light, a back light used in a conventional liquid crystal display is not required. Thus, it is the big advantage that an extremely thin and lightweight light emitting element can be manufactured.
Also, when the carrier mobility of, for example, an organic compound layer having a thickness of about 100 nm to 200 nm is considered, a period from the injection of a carrier to the recombination is about several ten nanoseconds. Even when a period required for a process from the recombination of a carrier to light emission is included in the period, light emission is conducted within the order of microsecond. Thus, an extremely high response speed is one of characteristics thereof.
From characteristics such as a thin type, lightweight, high speed responsibility, and direct-current low-voltage drive, the light emitting element has been noted as a next generation flat panel display element. In addition, since the light emitting element is a self-luminous type and has a wide viewing angle, the visibility is relatively good. Thus, it is considered that the light emitting element is effective as an element used for a display screen of a mobile electronic apparatus.
Tang et al. of Eastman Kodak company succeeded to obtain high luminance and high efficiency that are sufficient to put into practical application with luminance of 1000 cd/m2 at 10 V or less and external quantum efficiency of 1% by laminating organic compounds having different carrier transportation in order to improve the characteristics of elements in which holes and electros are injected from each anodes and cathodes with sufficient balance and the thickness is set to 200 nm or less (Reference 1: Appl. Phys. Lett., 51, 913 (1987)). With respect to the high quantum efficiency elements, Tang uses Mg (magnesium) having small work function to the organic compound that is basically regarded as insulators in order to lower the energy barrier generated with injection of electrons from metal electrodes. However, Mg is easily oxidizable, instable, and has poor adhesion property to the organic surface, so that Mg is co-deposited with Ag (argentine) that is relatively stable and has high adhesion property to the organic surface to be alloyed is used.
The group of Toppan Printing Company reported that lower driving voltage and higher luminescence than the element using Mg alloy by alloying Li (lithium) having smaller work function than Mg with Al (aluminum) in order to stabilize as to use as cathode (Reference 2: 51st Japanese Society of Applied Physics Annual Meeting, Digest 28a-PB-4, p. 1040).
In light of the background art of the above-mentioned alloy electrodes, it has been desired to develop more stable cathodes. In recent years, it has been reported that by interposing a cathode buffer layer made of lithium fluoride (LiF) or the like as a super-thin insulating layer (0.5 nm), even an aluminum cathode can give luminescence property equivalent to or more than that of alloy of Mg and Ag, or the like alloy (Reference 3: L. S. Hung, C. W. Tang and M. G. Mason: Applied Physics Letters, 70 (2), 152 (1997).
The mechanism of the property improvement by disposing this cathode buffer layer would be as follows: when LiF constituting the cathode buffer layer is formed to contact Alq3 constituting an electron transport layer of an organic compound layer, the energy band of Alq3 is bent to lower an electron injection barrier.
Another report is that improving the injection of electron from cathode by reducing the electron injection barrier from cathode to the organic compound layer by forming a metal doping layer in the organic compound layer contacting with a cathode of the light emitting element, the doping layer is made from one or more metals from the following: alkali metals having 4.2 eV or more work functions, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals including rare earth metals (Japanese Patent Application laid-open No. Hei 10-270171).
As described above, in a light emitting element composed of an anode, a cathode and an organic compound layer, an invention is made for improving the capability of injecting carriers from the electrode, resulting from an element characteristic of the light emitting element.
Further, there is another report that the carrier density according to the improvement of hole injection and conductivity can be increased by doping the electron acceptance materials to the hole transporting layer contacting with the anode of the light emitting element. Thus, a low driving voltage can be realized (Reference 4: J. Blochwitz, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, and K. Leo, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, No. 6, p. 729 (1998)).
However, with respect to the active matrix light emitting device, when above-described cathode buffer layer and metal doping layer are provided between the organic compound layer and the cathode in order to improve the element characteristics of the light emitting element, the injection from the cathode is improved, meanwhile, TFT characteristics is deteriorated since the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals contained in a part of the cathode buffer layer and the metal doping layer are diffused to drift, and the TFT connected to the light emitting element is influenced by that. Thus, the characteristics of the light emitting element is improved, but then, the characteristics of TFT is deteriorated.
By doping the electron acceptance material, the carrier density according to the improvement of the hole injection and conductivity can be increased, meanwhile, the organic compounds functioning as an acceptor is possible to form a charge-transfer complex. In the case that the charge-transfer complex exists at the interface with the light emitting layer, an energy produced by recombination of carrier generated on the light emitting layer moves to a non-luminous charge-transfer complex to be quenched. The same is equally true of donor that improves electron injection by doping the electron dose materials.

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.