The present invention is an improved compound bow. In particular the present invention is directed to an adjustable compound bow for hunting and archery with noise reduction features. The preferred embodiment of the bow comprises a riser having a main riser length with two ends, each end attached to an adjustable hub with a limb base. Each limb base preferably has a pocketless flat surface with vibration dampening material. Each hub is secured to the main riser length by an adjustment screw and a hub pivot. A limb is preferably secured to each limb base at two points on the pocketless flat surface. A bowstring is strung under tension between the limbs. The bowstring's tension can be adjusted by adjusting the adjustable hubs with the adjustment screws. The bow preferably has a storage position and an in-use position caused by rotating the limbs around the adjustable hubs. Adjustment of the bow can be accomplished without use of a bow press.

Generally, a compound bow is a bow using pulleys, e.g. wheels or cams, attached to each bow limb to create, along with the bowstring, a block and tackle effect that provides force multiplying characteristics and a reduced draw weight at full draw. The invention of the compound bow is attributed to Holless W. Allen and his invention is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,486,495.
However, typical compound bows create substantial vibration and noises when fired. For example, compound bows often have limbs attached to risers in limb pockets. Limbs will typically rattle and vibrate within the limb pockets when the bow is fired. Such noises can disturb game during bow hunting and cause misses or non-fatal hits. Furthermore, bow noise often represents vibration and lost energy that could otherwise be imparted to an arrow for increased velocity and accuracy.
Moreover, typical compound bows often require the use of a bow press for adjustment and/or assembly purposes as the limbs and bowstring of a typical compound bow are under significant tension. Thus, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to adjust a compound bow while hunting. Therefore, an adjustable compound bow with reduced bow noise is desired.


Disclosed is an apparatus for reading information recorded on the track of a data carrier (1). The apparatus comprises rotating means (2) for supporting and rotating the data carrier (1) around an axis of rotation (3). The rotating means (2) comprises a turntable (21) and a motor (23) for rotating the turntable (21). The apparatus according to the invention is able to suppress a wobble introduced by the data carrier (1) when rotated. This is done by a flexible part (24) in the rotating means (2). In an embodiment the supporting surface of the turntable (21) comprises the flexible part (24). This allows the data carrier (1) to tilt in radial and tangential direction. The centrifugal force which are present when rotation the data carrier (1), are able to level the data carrier (1), thus reducing the wobble.

An embodiment of an apparatus according to the opening paragraph is known from WO 00/10166. The known apparatus for reading information recorded on a track of a data carrier comprises a transducer for generating a detection signal in response to the recorded signal on the data carrier. The apparatus has correction means for correcting radial tilt. Radial tilt is an obliquity of the data carrier in a plane oriented transversely to the part of the track that is read by the transducer and transversely to the data carrier.
The apparatus further has error signal generating means for generating an error signal for the correction means. The error signal generating means calculate the error signal from a correlation between a first auxiliary signal and a second auxiliary signal and from the correlation between the first auxiliary signal and a third auxiliary signal, which auxiliary signals are derived from the detection signal. The second and the third auxiliary signal are estimates of the recorded signal. The first and the third auxiliary signal respectively have a first delay and a second delay with respect to the second auxiliary signal, the magnitude of the delays corresponding to the duration of one revolution and two revolutions of the data carrier.
The correction means as described in WO 00/10166 comprises actuators for changing the radial tilt orientation of the transducer with respect to the data carrier. Also a transparent plate can be used which by tilting this plate in radial direction can change the radial tilt error.
An other embodiment of an apparatus according to the opening lines is known from WO 00/10165. The known apparatus for reading information recorded on a track of a data carrier comprises a transducer for generating a detection signal in response to the recorded signal on the data carrier. The apparatus has correction means for correcting tangential tilt. Tangential tilt is obliquity of the data carrier in a plane oriented parallel to the part of the track that is read by the transducer and transversely to the data carrier.
The apparatus further has error signal generating means for generating an error signal for the correction means. The error signal generating means are adapted to derive the error signal for the error signal from a temporal asymmetry of the response of the read signal to recorded signal.
The correction means as described in WO 00/10165 comprises actuators for changing the radial tilt orientation of the transducer with respect to the data carrier. Also a transparent plate can be used which by tilting this plate in radial direction can change the radial tilt error.
When the data carrier has a tilt error, a wobble of the data carrier in a direction transverse to the data carrier is introduced when the data carrier is rotated. This results in a focused reading spot with dynamic coma aberrations in both the radial and tangential directions. Disc reading performance of the transducer given the continuously changing radial and tangential tilt levels is thus very poor, even with the correction means of the known apparatus.

Apparatus for reading information, supporting means for use in the apparatus and method for rotating a date carrier


A generation apparatus of writing error verification data for a pattern writing apparatus includes a data extraction part configured to extract, from layout data including a figure pattern to be written, part of the layout data required for an operation of a function having a writing error occurred after starting writing by the pattern writing apparatus which performs writing on a target workpiece based on the layout data, and a verification data generation part configured to perform a merge process based on extracted part of the layout data, and to generate writing error verification data, for which the merge process has been performed, for verifying the writing error of the pattern writing apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an operation error verification method for a pattern writing apparatus, and a generation apparatus of operation error verification data for a pattern writing apparatus. For example, it relates to an operation error verification method for an electron beam pattern writing apparatus, and a generation apparatus of operation error verification data for an electron beam pattern writing apparatus.
2. Description of Related Art
Microlithography technology which forwards miniaturization of semiconductor devices is extremely important, because only this process performs forming a pattern in semiconductor manufacturing processes. In recent years, with an increase in high integration and large capacity of LSI, a critical dimension of a circuit required for semiconductor elements is becoming narrower and narrower. In order to form a desired circuit pattern on these semiconductor devices, a high precision master pattern (also called a mask or a reticle) is needed. Then, as the electron beam technology for writing or "drawing" a pattern has excellent resolution intrinsically, it is used for manufacturing such high precision master patterns.
FIG. 22 shows a schematic diagram for explaining operations of a conventional variable-shaped electron beam pattern writing apparatus. The variable-shaped electron beam (EB) pattern writing apparatus operates as follows. As shown in the figure, the pattern writing apparatus includes two aperture plates. A first or "upper" aperture plate 410 has an opening or "hole" 411 in the shape of a rectangle for shaping an electron beam 442. This shape of the rectangular opening may also be a square, a rhombus, a rhomboid, etc. A second or "lower" aperture plate 420 has a specially shaped opening 421 for shaping the electron beam 442 having passed through the opening 411 of the first aperture plate 410 into a desired rectangle. The electron beam 442 that left a charged particle source 430 and has passed through the opening 411 is deflected by a deflector. Then, the electron beam 442 passes through part of the specially shaped opening 421 of the second aperture plate 420, and reaches a target workpiece 440 mounted on a stage that is continuously moving in a predetermined direction (e.g. X-axis direction). In other words, a rectangular shape capable of passing through both of the opening 411 and the specially shaped opening 421 is written or "drawn" in a pattern writing area of the target workpiece 440 mounted on the stage. This method of writing or "forming" a given variable shape by letting beams pass through both of the opening 411 and the specially shaped opening 421 is called a variable shaped beam system.
When performing electron beam writing or "drawing", first, the layout of a semiconductor integrated circuit is designed and its layout data is generated. Then, data of the chips satisfying some conditions in the layout data is merged to reconstruct the layout data. This process is defined as a chip merge process. The layout data for which the chip merge process has been performed is converted to generate writing data used in the electron beam pattern writing apparatus. Based on the writing data, a figure is divided into a shot size for actually shooting electron beams to write.
As a technique for generating exposure data to be input into an exposure apparatus (pattern writing apparatus), serving as a pre-step in manufacturing a mask, the following is disclosed: First, design data is divided into a plurality of processing units to perform parallel processing. Then, if an error arises in data conversion in one of the parallel processing, reprocessing is performed only for the data in which the error occurred, and data normally converted is used as it is. (Refer to, e.g., Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 5-249651 (JP-A-5-249651))
In this case, a writing error may be generated during the procedure from inputting the layout data into the pattern writing apparatus to inspecting the target workpiece on which a figure pattern has been written. If such a writing error arises when starting writing by the pattern writing apparatus, the easiest method for performing reproduction for inspection is to use completely the same data. However, if the processing time from starting writing to finding out an error generation point is long, there is a problem that the inspection of the error takes extremely long time.

Writing error verification method of pattern writing apparatus and generation apparatus of writing error verification data for pattern writing apparatus


The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for establishing a connection between two fixed nodes in a mobile radio system. Adaptive antennas are utilized to achieve narrow beams. The connection is established via a reflecting body.

The present invention relates to a method and an arrangement for transferring data or voice via radio between two nodes in a mobile radio system.
In public land mobile networks, PLMNs, the geographic area to which the network provides services, such as voice and data traffic, is divided into cells. A cell, in this context, is a limited geographic area to which these services are provided by a certain base transceiver station, BTS, belonging to the network.
The size of the cell is normally set depending on the traffic density in the area in question. In most systems it is possible to provide a small cell within a larger cell, meaning that a subscriber station residing in the smaller cell may communicate with both the BTS associated with the smaller cell and the BTS associated with the larger cell. This allows the system to provide extra system capacity to so called xe2x80x9chot spotsxe2x80x9d where the traffic density is high. These BTSs should then utilise different frequency bands.
A clear trend in mobile telephony system is an increase in the number of small and very small cells, sometimes named xe2x80x9cmicrocellsxe2x80x9d or even xe2x80x9cpicocellsxe2x80x9d. This results in more flexible systems with an overall increased system capacity.
When a new BTS is introduced it must be connected to the next hierarchical level of the PLMN, which in the GSM case is a base station controller, a BSC. Normally this is arranged by means of a wired connection, i.e. a cable. When the number of small cells increases, however, this approach becomes expensive and cumbersome. A feasible method to overcome this problem is to use a radio link to provide contact between the master node, the BSC and the slave node, the BTS. It should be noted that each master node may be associated with a number of slave nodes. This, however, requires relatively high powered radio transmitters and accurate frequency planning. It also requires sophisticated receivers capable of compensating for multipath fading. This may be accomplished by means of rake-receivers or equalisers. The cost of such equipment is normally substantially higher than the costs of a wired connection.
Another approach for connecting a BSC to a BTS is to provide a regular microwave link between the two nodes. This may then be performed with directional antennas at both nodes accomplishing up- and downlinks in narrow beams between them. This may be performed with relatively low powered transmitters and simple receivers and does not normally require any complicated frequency planning. For this approach to be possible, however, it is necessary to have a line of sight between the respective antennas. This often difficult to accomplish in densely populated areas. Moreover, if the line of sight is disturbed by a temporarily shadowing object the communication between the nodes is shut down.
In mobile systems, and especially in so called point to multipoint, P-MP systems designed for transmission with high requirements on radio-link performance, multipath propagation is quite destructive for such performance. This is particularly the case when no line of sight exists between transmitter and receiver due to obstacles. As a measure of link performance, bit error rate, BER may be used, where BER≈xc2xd*square(S/T), where S is rms delay and T is transmitted symbol duration. A normal way to encounter this problem is to introduce equalisers in TDMA systems and so called RAKE-receivers CDMA systems and to combine these features with different kinds of coding. In high bitrate systems equalisers and RAKE receivers are expensive and cumbersome to implement. They also introduce delay into the system due to base band processing.
One object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method for accomplishing a flexible and inexpensive connection between two, preferably fixed, nodes in a mobile telephony system, where the connection carries data or voice traffic which is sensitive to delay due to multipath propagation and/or fading.
This object is fulfilled by a method for transferring data or voice traffic between first and second fixed nodes in a mobile radio system, where each node includes an adaptive phase controlled antenna unit. A first link is established where the first node transmits radio signals to the second node in a narrow beam deliberately via a reflecting body. A second link is established where the second node transmits radio signals to the first the node in a narrow beam deliberately via a reflecting body. The direction of transmission of the second link is then the direction of reception of the signal received from the first link. This method results in a flexible communication link between the nodes that functions properly even if there is no line of sight between the two nodes. The transmitters may be relatively low powered and the receivers need not compensate for multipath fading. The connection is flexible and may be adjusted as a result of a changing electrical environment.
In an embodiment of the invention the first and second links are established in a common radio frequency band. This frequency band is then shared by using time division duplex, TDD. This allows the links to be set up using a more limited frequency band, no guard band is required between duplex bands.
In another embodiment of the invention the first and second links are established in different radio frequency bands, using frequency division duplex, FDD. Then the duplex distance between the links should be less than 2 percent. This allows the up- and downlinks to be established along the same path (albeit in different directions) and results in less expensive transmitters and receivers.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an arrangement for accomplishing a flexible and inexpensive connection between two, preferably fixed, nodes in a mobile telephony system.
This object is fulfilled by an arrangement for transferring data or voice between first and second nodes in a mobile radio system, where each node includes a phase controlled antenna unit. The arrangement then includes means for establishing a first radio link is where the first node transmits radio signals to the second node in a narrow beam deliberately via a reflecting body. It furthermore includes means for establishing a second radio link where the second node transmits radio signals to the first node in a narrow beam deliberately via a reflecting body. The direction of transmission of the second link is then the direction of reception of the first link. This results in a flexible communication link between the nodes that functions properly even if there is no line of sight between the two nodes. The transmitters may be relatively low powered and the receivers need not compensate for multipath fading.
In a preferred embodiment the first node is connected to a base station controller and that the second node is connected to a base transceiver station. This allows the invention to be used in order to simplify cell planning activities.

Method and an arrangement in a mobile radio system


The present invention relates to electrical transformers and, in particular, to improvements to efficiency in energy conversion in electrical transformers. The improved transformer has a bi-toroidal circuit topology in which the magnetic flux passing through the primary and secondary coils are different. The turns ratio displays an “effective magnification” like an impedance transformed by a feedback loop. The result is a transformer which displays virtually no primary input current increase from no-load to on-load and an on-load power factor of zero for a purely resistive load.

In a transformer, the instantaneous voltage induced across the secondary coil is given from Faraday's Law by:Vs=NsdΦ/dt where Ns is the number of turns in the coil and Φ is the magnetic flux. (integral of magnetic field over the cross-sectional area of the coil) If the coil axis is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, (normally the case by choice in transformers) total flux reduces to a product of the flux density B and the (constant) area A through which it cuts. B varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. By Gauss's law for magnetism the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils so in an ideal transformer the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding is:Vp=NpdΦ/dt Therefore the voltages, turns ratios and currents in the two coils can be related by:Vs/Vp=Ns/Np=Ip/Is Many applications of prior art transformers follow these equations, as illustrated in FIG. 1.


A golf bag includes a bag body for holding golf clubs, the bag body having a top cuff and a bottom cuff at top and bottom sides thereof, and a foldaway stand pivoted to the top cuff of the bag body, the foldaway stand having two pivoted legs for supporting the bag body on the ground in a tilted position, a bottom plate, the bottom plate having a fixed end pivoted to said bottom cuff of said bag body at a bottom side and a free end, and a substantially V-shaped spring wire rod coupled between the free end of the bottom plate and top ends of the legs, wherein a support plate is mounted inside the bottom cuff for supporting golf clubs in one of a plurality of storage chambers in the bag body, the support plate having a fixed end pivoted to an inside wall of the bottom cuff remote from the fixed end of the bottom plate and a free end; two links coupled between the bottom plate and the support plate, for permitting the support plate to be turned upwards/downwards with the bottom plate.

The present invention relates to a golf bag, and more particularly to such a golf bag which has means to support the bag body stably on the ground in a tilted position.
A golf bag generally has a plurality of storage chambers for holding different types, lengths or numbers of golf clubs. There is known a golf bag that can be supported on the ground in a tilted position. This structure of golf bag comprises a bag body defining a plurality of storage chambers for holding different golf clubs, the bag body having a top cuff and a bottom cuff at top and bottom sides thereof, and a foldaway stand pivoted to the top cuff of the bag body, the foldaway stand having two pivoted legs for supporting the bag body on the ground in a tilted position, a bottom plate, the bottom plate having a fixed end pivoted to said bottom cuff of said bag body at a bottom side and a free end, and a substantially V-shaped spring wire rod coupled between the free end of the bottom plate and top ends of the legs. The spring wire rod forces the pivoted legs and the bottom plate outwards when the bag body is placed on the ground and tilted. In order not to hinder the movement of the user, the size of the bottom plate is limited. Because the bottom plate has a limited size, it cannot firmly support the bag body on the ground in a tilted position. Further, because the storage chambers in the bag body have an equal depth, when short golf clubs are stored in one storage chamber, they are completely received inside the bag body, and the user cannot quickly identify the golf clubs from one another.


In a method for localizing a candidate foci in neuroimaging, two images are acquired, one being a baseline (interictal) image and another being an intervention (ictal) image. The two images are aligned and the intensities of the images are normalized. A difference image is calculated by subtracting the baseline (interictal) image from the intervention (ictal) image. The difference image is normalized and regions of interest are selected as candidate foci.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a method for localization of an epileptic focus in neuroimaging.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The following definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations are used herein:    ECD Ethyldysteinatdimers    HMPAO Hexamethylpropyleneamine Oxime    MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging    PET Positron Emission Tomography    SISCOM Subtraction Ictal SPECT Co-registered to MRI    SPECT Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which a person has repeated seizures over time. Approximately 1% of the UK population is affected by epilepsy which is usually controlled (but not cured) with medication. However, 25-30% of people with epilepsy do not have seizure control even with the best available medications.
Surgery may be considered in difficult cases, where a required evaluation will include neurological examination, routine EEG, Long-term video-EEG monitoring, neuropsychological evaluation, and neuroimaging using modalities such as MRI, SPECT and PET.
Once a patient is considered for surgery, the exact location of the epileptic focus needs to be established. Functional SPECT imaging is one imaging technique that could reveal alterations in cerebral metabolism. Images captured during a seizure are referred to as "ictal" or "intervention", while those captured between seizures are referred to as "interictal" or "baseline". Ictal SPECT studies can be obtained by injecting appropriate radioisotope (99mTc-ECD or 99mTc-HMPAO) within seconds of a seizure onset to measure cerebral perfusion. Epileptic areas are hypometabolic between seizures and hypermetabolic during seizures.
One way to facilitate the localization of an epileptic focus is to subtract an interictal image from a corresponding ictal image after alignment and intensity normalization. The resulting difference image identifies areas showing significantly different ictal and interictal uptakes. The identified area may be overlaid on a corresponding MRI image to find the anatomical correspondence. This is called the Subtraction Ictal SPECT Co-registered to MRI (SISCOM) Zubal et al., "Difference images calculated from ictal and interictal technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT scans of epilepsy," Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 36: (1995) pp. 684-689.
Accordingly, one way to facilitate the localization of an epileptic focus in SPECT imaging is to analyze a corresponding SPECT difference image. Once the intervention and baseline images (ictal and interictal images) are registered and intensity normalized, the image data are subtracted, preferably only in the area of the brain outline.
The difference image acquired in this way is beneficial in helping clinicians in identifying epileptic foci O'Brien et al. "Subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI improves clinical usefulness of SPECT in localizing the surgical seizure focus," Neurology, Vol. 50:(1998) pp 445-454. The difference image will have regions with both positive and negative variations. These variations could help in identifying areas showing significantly different uptake. However, difference images acquired according to current methods can be difficult to interpret as they may show too many potential areas of high variation, most of which are in fact irrelevant, and distracting.
Few techniques exist to facilitate the location of epileptic foci. The oldest proposes the classical SISCOM method mentioned above [Zubal1995, O'Brien1998]. To help in the analysis, the difference image is first normalized to a Z-score image, that is to say, a mean value of the image data in the region of interest is calculated. In the present context, the region of interest is the image of the brain. The calculated mean value is then subtracted across the difference image and the resulting value of each pixel divided by the standard deviation of the difference in the brain only. Then, a threshold, corresponding to a number of standard deviations, is selected to visualize and delineate potential foci of interest. However, this has often been found to identify too many potential focus areas. In the references Zubal1995 and O'Brien1998 no further processing is proposed on the difference image to facilitate its interpretation.
More recently-developed methods use ictal SPECT analysis by SPM (statistical parametric mapping), that is, by comparing ictal-interictal pairs to normal images stored in a reference database Lee et al., "Evaluation of ictal brain SPET using statistical parametric mapping in temporal lobe epilepsy,". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 27, (2000) pp 1658-1665 or use ictal-interictal SPECT analyzed by SPM (statistical parametric mapping), that is, by comparing ictal-interictal pairs to pairs of normal images stored in a reference database. Such techniques are described in McNally et al. "Localizing value of ictal-interictal SPECT analyzed by SPM (ISAS)," Epilepsia, 46(9):1450-64 (2005) and Chang et al. "Comparison of Statistical Parametric Mapping and SPECT Difference Imaging in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy," Epilepsia, 43:68-74 (2002).

Method for localization of an epileptic focus in neuroimaging


A terminal for interconnecting a large number of subscriber telephone circuits with a large bandwidth fiber optic transmission system. A system backplane includes a large number of connectors that each can receive a subscriber printed circuit card which is connectable to subscriber telephone equipment. Each connector is connected to several separate communication buses that each carry a number of communication channels from the fiber optic system, but a primary bus position of each connector is connected to a single, unique bus. This allows each card to have a dedicated bus for up to the number of communication channels of the bus, with additional channel capacity available from primary buses of other connectors, if necessary.

This invention relates generally to a telephone communications terminal, and more specifically, to a terminal adapted to interconnect a large number of telephone circuits of various types with a high bandwidth communication link.
In cases where a large number of individual telephone channels need to be provided between two geographical locations, it is common to multiplex a number of such channels on a single wide bandwidth circuit that extends between the locations. Multiplexing equipment is then provided at each location. This is done primarily to reduce the cost of providing transmission link for a large number of channels between the two locations.
An example is a loop carrier system provided between a large telephone company central office and a concentration of individual telephone subscribers located at least several miles away. A high bandwidth communications circuit is provided from the central office to the customer location, with a multiplexing terminal at each end. The use of a fiber optic transmission media between the terminals has an advantage over the use of a single electrical circuit in its greater bandwidth; that is, optical fiber systems can carry a much greater number of individual telephone channels. The channels are time multiplexed onto a single optical fiber transmission medium by providing repetitive time slots in sequence that are dedicated to each channel. Each terminal, therefore, provides for inserting signals from each channel being transmitted into its unique fiber optic time slot, and directs each received time slot to the correct individual telephone circuit. Each terminal includes a time slot interchanger that allows control of which end user telephone channels are assigned to which time slots in the fiber optic transmission system.
Each such terminal must be capable of interconnecting with any one of several standard types of end user telephone circuits. A most common type is a circuit carrying a single telephone channel which is connected to a standard telephone instrument, computer terminal modem, and the like. Another common circuit, long designated as a T1 carrier system, carries 24 individual telephone channels. The T1 circuit eventually terminates each of its channels with a telephone subscriber. Since such systems are already widely in use, it is necessary to be able to connect them with the fiber optic trunk line. Other standards providing 12, 48 and 96 channels on a single wired telephone circuit also exist and must be connectable to such a communications terminal.
Therefore, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a terminal system and components thereof that provides an ability for easily accommodating any of a wide variety of existing telephone subscriber circuits while utilizing the full bandwidth capability of the system.

Subscriber interface for a fiber optic communications terminal


A process that enables a distributed compute network to operate with a network operating system software program. The distributed computer network includes a computer server unit which has output ports and a central processing unit that controls the distributed computer network. The distributed computer network also includes a plurality of computer workstations which are electrically connected to the computer server unit. The first step of the process beings by searching the computer server unit to find an unoccupied area of memory. The second step of the process includes loading the network operating system software program onto the unoccupied area of memory of the computer server unit. The third step of the process includes reconfiguring the computer server unit output ports to eliminate memory address problems with the plurality of computer workstations.

The present invention relates generally to distributed computer workstations, and more specifically the invention pertains to a process that was used to interface multiple "UNISYS" 800/20 workstations with a "BANYAN VINES" Network operating system. Note that the terms "UNISYS", "ETHERNET", "ZENITH", "WANG" and "BANYAN VINES" are registered trademarks, the proprietary nature of which should be respected. The generic equivalent of the "UNISYS" 800/20 workstation is a personal computer workstation as described in the U.S. Patents discussed below. Similarly, the "BANYAN VINES" network operating system can be used with a variety of commercially-available local area networks which serve as generic equivalents, as discussed below.
Although the "UNISYS" 800/20 workstation and the "BANYAN VINES" network operating system are commercially available, they do not currently work together due to conflicts that the two systems have with memory addresses, card configurations, interrupts, operating modes, etc. The task of resolving these differences is alleviated, to some extent, by the systems disclosed in the following U.S. Patents, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,750 issued to Holflich, et al; PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,866,664 issued to Burkhardt et al; PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,041 issued to Anderson et al; PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,847,837 issued to Morales et al; PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,724 issued to Ebersole; PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,953,162 issued to Lyons et al; PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,075 issued to Hirasawa; and PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,089 issued to Fischer. PA1 a WANG ICA Card; PA1 a 3COM Etherlink Plus Card; PA1 a EMUL:EX Tape Controller Card; and PA1 a "UNISYS" Network Interface Card.
All of the above-cited references describe workstations which are electrically connected by a local area network system. These references do not provide insight into the specific solutions which are necessary to pursue to enable the "UNISYS" workstation to be electrically connected with a "BANYAN VINES" system. The present invention is intended to satisfy that need.

Method for configuring a computer server to operate with network operating system software to prevent memory address conflicts between workstations

The United States of America as Represented by the Secretary of the Air Force


The present invention relates to an aquatic toy device that is particularly adapted for skipping upon and across the irregular surface of a body of water. The aquatic surface skipping toy device may be used for recreation, sports, or exercise either by an individual or a group of individuals. The toy device includes a buoyant body having a generally planar bottom surface and a pair of outwardly and forward mounted sponsons constructed and arranged to convert forward motion into hydrodynamic lift to raise the bottom surface of the toy device into a position above the surface of the water. As the bottom surface is extended above the surface of the water the air is channeled between the lower surface of the toy device and the upper surface of the water. Allowing the toy device to glide predominately on a thin layer of air with the sponsons alternatingly skipping across the surface of the water.

Through the years, a virtually endless array of toys and amusement articles have been created to entertain and amuse children of varying ages. The utilization of projectiles, especially balls, discs or other aerodynamically shaped objects for throwing through the atmosphere, is quite well known. Ball games go back to antiquity in terms of being used for both recreation and exercising. Surface skimming projectiles, such as hockey pucks, have also been used for sporting events wherein the objective is to direct the projectile into a net.
Water sports have also employed balls as game projectiles for games such as volleyball, water polo or basketball wherein the participants pass the ball to each other through the air. The spherically shaped balls generally do not exhibit desirable characteristics for use along the surface of the water as a surface skipping projectile nor do they have any appreciable range when used in this manner.
Other aquatic toy devices have been specifically designed for recreational use in water or along the surface of the water. Such devices are typically intended to stay in contact with the water at the air-water interface or are designed to remain under the surface of the water. A representative example of an air-water interface type of aquatic device is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,463,954 to Panse. The Panse patent shows a disc shaped device having a frusto-conical shaped lower surface specifically designed to remain in contact with the water surface without skipping or jumping. The device is manually propelled by throwing so as to smoothly skim along the surface at the air-water interface. Because this type of device remains in contact with the water, its effective range is relatively short. If used in choppy or rough water this type of device is likely to dig into the water and cause the device to tumble and/or stop abruptly.
A representative example of a device designed to stay under the surface of the water is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,241,570 to Thorne. The Thorne patent shows a disc shaped device having a symmetrically shaped top and bottom surface to minimize drag inducing lift effects as the device travels through the water. In operation, the device is thrown or pushed by hand to cause the disc to glide through the water and remain under the surface. The device can be used as a diving plane by scuba divers.
Aquatic recreational devices, as represented by the prior art generally utilize shapes that are not suited for skipping across the surface of water. The prior art is especially ineffective when the water surface is rough, choppy or contains waves such as that found along the coast line. In addition, the prior art devices are incapable of traveling more than short distances due to drag caused by contact with the water surface.
The prior art has also suggested toy devices which glide through the air in close proximity to a smooth surface. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,057,050 and 5,364,299 to Hill disclose Surface Skimming Toys having a generally planar base with a flat under surface. An upwardly extending fin is joined to the upper surface of the base member and one embodiment discloses an aesthetic body supported on the upper surface. The toy is launched in close proximity to a smooth extended surface and assumes a skimming travel in close spacing to the surface while being supported on a thin layer of air.
Another device which glides through the air in close proximity to a smooth surface is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,096 to Greenfield. Greenfield discloses a Ground Effect Toy in which an elongated generally rectangular member is inclined at an acute angle with a surface over which the toy may be thrown. Continuously adjacent along the longitudinal edges and pending downwardly therefrom are two side skirts preferably having an acute triangular shape. In its preferred form a dorsal fin is disposed near the trailing edge of the toy.
These prior art flying devices are only capable of maintaining the air cushion required to suspend the vehicle while traveling parallel and in close proximity to a smooth surface. The devices are generally incapable of maintaining the air cushion over rough surfaces such as those found in water especially around the coast line. The devices are also constructed of very light materials that would not allow these devices to maintain the energy required to skip off of a water surface and continue forward travel. Because these devices must remain in very close proximity to a smooth surface, they are incapable of being jumped or skipped off of waves and maintaining the air cushion or regenerating a new air cushion.
In addition, there remains a continuing need in the art for ever more improved and varied types of toys and amusement articles.


A method and device for regeneration of a particulate filter situated on an exhaust line of an engine. The method determines a soot burden on the filter based on knowledge of a differential pressure ΔP at ends of the filter and triggers combustion of the soot when the burden reaches a predetermined level. A pressure Pdownstream downstream from the filter is modeled without use of a pressure sensor and Pupstream is determined without use of a pressure sensor using the relationship Pupstream=ΔP+Pdownstream. The burden is determined by the relationship ΔP=f (Qvol, mass of soot), with Qvol=K×(Qair+ρfuel×Qcarb)×N×Tupstream/Pupstream, where K is a constant, Qair denotes a mass flow of air, ρfuel denotes a density of the fuel, Qcarb denotes a volumetric quantity of fuel, N denotes an rpm of the engine, and Tupstream denotes an absolute temperature measured upstream from the filter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for regeneration of a particulate filter for a motor vehicle and to a device for use of such a method.
2. Discussion of the Background
As is known in itself, the exhaust systems of diesel-engine vehicles are equipped with particulate filters for the purpose of suppressing discharge of soot particles into the environment.
Regeneration operations must be performed periodically in order to prevent fouling of the particulate filter and the poor engine function that can result therefrom.
The regeneration method is based on knowledge of different parameters, especially on knowledge of the differential pressure at the ends of the particulate filter and of the pressure upstream from this filter.
Thus it is necessary to provide both a differential pressure sensor and an upstream pressure sensor.
The use of two sensors is complex and expensive.

Particulate filter regeneration method for a motor vehicle


An example network device determines to assign a number of global Internet protocol (IP) addresses to respective network interfaces, determines a subnetwork for the network interfaces, determines a prefix corresponding to the subnetwork, determines a first global IP address having the prefix, determines a range value that is equal to or greater than the number of global IP addresses, generates a message according to Duplicate Address Detection Protocol (DAD) including data indicating that the message includes a range of addresses, the data further indicating the first global IP address and the range value, and sends the message according to DAD to one or more host network devices to determine whether any global IP address in a range starting with the first global IP address and through the range value is in use by the one or more host network devices.

A computer network is a collection of interconnected network devices that exchange data and share resources. The network devices may be implemented as physical devices, such as desktop computers, servers, and network appliances, or may be deployed as virtual devices, such as virtual machines executing on virtualization infrastructure. In some networks, such as Ethernet networks, each network interface of the virtual or physical network device is assigned a unique network address, such as an Internet protocol (IP) address. Network devices use IP addresses to determine network routes by which to send network traffic, such as packets, to network devices.
Network devices may use the Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) protocol to determine whether an Internet protocol (IP) address is likely to be unique on a particular link. That is, prior to assigning an IP address to a VM, a network device may send a neighbor solicitation message including the IP address to other network devices to determine whether any of the network devices have reserved the IP address. If one of the other network devices has the IP address reserved, that network device sends a neighbor advertisement message indicating that the IP address is reserved. Thus, if the network device receives such a neighbor advertisement message, the network device may select a different IP address and send a new neighbor solicitation message to the other network devices, and repeat this process until an unreserved IP address is discovered.

Duplicate address detection for ranges of global IP addresses


An inorganic fiber aggregate includes an inorganic material and inorganic fibers on which the inorganic material is provided to fix the inorganic fibers each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an inorganic fiber aggregate, a method for manufacturing an inorganic fiber aggregate, a honeycomb structure using the inorganic fiber aggregate, a method for manufacturing a honeycomb structure, and an exhaust gas purifier.
2. Discussion of the Background
Particulates, such as soot, contained in exhaust gases discharged from internal combustion engines of vehicles, such as buses and trucks, and construction machines, have raised serious problems as contaminants harmful to the environment and the human body. Conventionally, various kinds of filters, used for capturing particulates in exhaust gases and purifying the exhaust gases, have been proposed, and filters having a honeycomb structure have also been known.
For example, a honeycomb structure, which is manufactured by corrugating inorganic sheets obtained through forming of inorganic fibers made of alumina, silica, mullite or the like into a sheet, has been proposed (for example, see JP-A H04-2673).
Moreover, a honeycomb structure in which a catalyst supporting layer made of an inorganic material has been formed on the entire surface of a porous sintered body made of metal fibers has also been known (for example, see JP-A 2001-224967). The contents of JP-A H04-2673 and JP-A 2001-224967 are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Inorganic fiber aggregate, method for manufacturing inorganic fiber aggregate, honeycomb structure, method for manufacturing honeycomb structure, and exhaust gas purifier


A heat dissipating microdevice includes a board, a fluid microsystem, and a coolant. The board includes an insulator layer that has first and second surfaces, a conductor layer formed on the first surface, and a cover member disposed on the second surface. The fluid microsystem is formed in the insulator layer of the board, and includes first and second micro-channel structures, and first and second micro-conduit structures that permit fluid communication between the first and second micro-channel structures. The coolant is contained in the fluid microsystem, and flows from the second micro-channel structure to the first micro-channel structure through the first micro-conduit structure, and from the first micro-channel structure back to the second micro-channel structure through the second micro-conduit structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a heat dissipating microdevice, more particularly to a heat dissipating microdevice including a fluid microsystem formed in a insulator layer of a board.
2. Description of the Related Art
In German Patent Nos. DE19739719 and DE19739722, there is disclosed a conventional method of making a hollow microstructure using first and second circuit boards. Each of the first and second circuit boards includes an insulator layer that has first and second surfaces, and a conductor layer formed on the first surface of the insulator layer. The method comprises the steps of forming recesses in the conductor layer of the first circuit board and bonding the second surface of the insulator layer of the second circuit board on the conductor layer of the first circuit board to form the hollow microstructure. Although the method proposed therein permits hollow microstructure fabrication, since the resulting hollow microstructure is disposed in between the insulator layers, it is not suitable for heat dissipating applications.


An offset matrix adapter for integrating existing components of K'nex construction toys with existing components of Lego-style brick systems, notwithstanding that the spacing matrices of the systems are incompatible. Adapter bricks or bases are provided, having adapter sockets with the same spacing matrix as the studs of the Lego-style bricks. Special K'nex offset matrix adapters are provided, consisting of a pair of spaced-apart mounting stems for reception in a pair of spaced-apart adapter sockets. An offset rod is rigidly supported at the tops of the mounting stems but is offset laterally from the axes of the mounting stems by a distance which is preferably about one-third of the spacing between adapter sockets. By orienting a pair of matrix adapters with the rods offset alternatively inward or outward, the spacing differences between K'nex and Lego-style systems can be reduced to insignificance, allowing the two systems to be easily integrated.

The above mentioned copending application is directed to concepts for integrating the well known K'nex rod and connector construction toy system with brick style construction toy systems, such as Lego and Mega Bloks, for example. Techniques described in the copending application for this purpose involve, among other things, special sizing of the K'nex rod and connector elements for universal compatibility with the well known brick-type construction toy systems, which utilize bricks of standard sizes. The existing brick-type systems are based upon standardized lateral and longitudinal spacing of studs, which project upward from the brick elements and enable such elements to be frictionally connected with similar brick elements positioned directly above. In the system of the above described copending application, special adapter bricks are provided, dimensioned to correspond with existing bricks and which include uniformly spaced vertical sockets, positioned between sets of studs, for receiving special adapter pins. The adapter pins include upwardly projecting end portions configured to engage with connector elements of the K'nex system. The arrangement is such that the K'nex rods and connectors may be joined with brick assemblies at points spaced longitudinally, transversely or diagonally, to accommodate complex integration of K'nex and brick-type structures.
Whereas the above described arrangement for integrating K'nex and brick-type construction toy systems is highly advantageous and useful, it does not easily accommodate the use of the substantial base of existing sizes of K'nex rod and connector elements, with the existing base of Lego-type bricks. The existing K'nex rods and connectors were initially sized without any reference to common brick-type construction sets and are thus dimensionally incompatible with the spacing intervals employed in the common brick-type systems. In general, the use of standard elements of one system has required the elements of the other system to be redimensioned for full compatibility.

Offset matrix adapter for toy construction sets


A flowable vertebral augmentation composition for the treatment and repair of a vertebral body defect, e.g., an osteoporotic condition, contains biocompatible, optionally osteoconductive, support elements that are resistant to deformation or fracture under the normal physiologic loads to which the repair site is subject, the support elements being incorporable into the repair site, at least one osteoinductive susbtance and an amount of biocompatible carrier sufficient to render the augmentation composition flowable, the carrier having the capacity to be cleared from the repair site.

This invention relates to a composition and method for the treatment of porous bone such as osteoporotic bone.
The expression "porous bone" is intended herein to identify a condition of porosity and/or decreased bone mineral density that distinguishes the morphology of bone exhibiting a pathological condition from healthy bone. A common type of porous bone pathology is osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is a pathologic state or disease involving some symptom or risk due to quantitative bone reduction exceeding a certain degree. Major symptoms are spinal kyphosis, fractures of dorsolumbar bones, vertebral centra, femoral necks, lower ends of radius, ribs, upper end of humerus, and others. In normal bone tissue, bone breakdown occurs constantly, but there is good balance between formation and resorption; osteoblasts and osteoclasts play key roles in bone formation and bone resorption, respectively. Upon deterioration of this balance, bone resorption surpasses bone formation, resulting in quantitative bone reduction.
Osteoporosis results in bone fractures in about 50% of postmenopausal women and is a leading cause of disability in an aging population. The decrease in bone mineral density and changes in architecture that accompany postmenopausal osteoporosis predisposes elderly women to fractures, particularly of the vertebral bodies. It is not elderly persons alone who suffer from this painful condition. Other individuals, such as transplant recipients, suffer fractures as a result of chronic steroid use. Current therapies include an adequate calcium and vitamin D intake as well as specific treatment with compounds such as estrogens, calcitonin and the bisphosphonates. However, each of these treatments has either troubling side effects or limited efficacy. Women fear the small increase in potential risk of breast cancer due to estrogens despite the dramatic reduction in myocardial infarctions and reduction in bone resorption. Calcitonin has a limited effect and is a protein and therefore needs to be injected or inhaled which is inconvenient. The new bisphosphonates such as alendronate have had encouraging results with an increase in bone density and decrease in fractures, however, some upper gastrointestinal irritation has been reported (Abraham et al., 1999, Mod. Pathol. Dec. 12(12): 1152-1157). Current research for new compounds has concentrated on the systemic administration of bone anabolic compounds such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) or fragments of PTH or locally acting cytokines or bone growth factors such as bone morphogenic proteins. When these therapies are unable to prevent fractures of porous bone, the victims of such fractures suffer from persistent, often excruciating pain, which significantly impairs mobility and quality of life. External bracing, analgesics, and observation may be all that is necessary for pain control in some patients, but in others, a constant requirement for narcotics can be as life altering as the fracture itself.
Vertebroplasty has been described in the literature as a method of injecting materials into vertebral bodies via a pedicle approach. Patients with various problems including osteoporosis, tumor or trauma have deficiencies of the vertebral body leading to pain or other complications. By injecting polymethyl methacrylate (bone cement) into these areas interventional radiologists or other physicians are able to avoid further subsidence of the vertebrae and alleviate pain. This procedure can be done on an outpatient basis, but currently is reserved for patients with major problems.
Vertebroplasty using injected polymethyl methacrylate suffers from the inability of the implant site to respond well to repeated stresses. Polymethyl methacrylate is a "dead" implant material which becomes brittle when subjected to repeat stresses. Bone repaired with this technique is little more than a bony shell filled with a hardened polymer.
Other methods of vertebroplastyd include the injection of granular, resorbable materials. These methods rely upon osteoinduction to provide long term strength, a process that requires time and is also susceptible to any influences that led to the initial formation of porous bone. Any bone tissue formed through osteoinduction at the implant site may be subsequently subjected to the same influences that produced the porous bone site in the first place.
Therefore, there is a need for an implant composition that is able to support physiological loads at the time of implantation and remain where placed even after it is incorporated into new tissue at the implant site. Success of the implant requires the contiguous growth of tissue to create a solid mass. The implant will be load bearing even while it is undergoing incorporation into new bony/fibrous tissue at the implant site.
Fibrous tissue, consisting primarily of fibrin and collagen proteins has been observed to infiltrate and encapsulate materials implanted into a body. The fibrous tissue can form a network of tissues that are resilient to applied forces and able to sustain physiological loads. Such a tissue network, being primarily soft tissue and containing few bone cells, would not be susceptible to those factors which lead to an increase in bone porosity and/or decrease in bone mineral density. Therefore, the implant, when eventually incorporated into fibrous tissue, would be expected to provide long term relief from the above described difficulties associated with porous bone conditions. In some applications, e.g., tumor defects, it may be advantageous to promote new bone growth at the graft site. An implant in accordance with the invention would provide load-bearing capabilities at the graft site before and during the formation of new bony tissue at the implantation site.
A flowable, and thus injectable, load-bearing composition that remains at the repair site during and after the formation of tissue at the site would be desirable.

Vertebral augmentation composition and method


Apparatus, systems, and methods for inspecting and monitoring bolted joints of metallic and composite structures for defects such as delamination and fatigue cracking are provided that incorporate ultrasonic transducers with load bearing washers. These active washers may be used for inspecting and monitoring a structure beneath such load bearing fasteners as bolts and nuts. Active washers may be used for continuous, periodic, and controlled inspections of bolted joints. Ultrasonic transducers may be permanently applied to a surface of a washer or recessed in a cavity on a surface of the washer. Inspection signals may be transmitted from ultrasonic transducers into a structure and reflected in pulse-echo application or received by another active washer on the opposing side of the structure in a through-transmission application.

Structural inspections represent a large portion of overall maintenance costs on aircraft and other vehicles and structures. Non-destructive inspection (NDI) of structures involves thoroughly examining a structure without harming the structure or requiring its significant disassembly. Non-destructive inspection is often preferred over visual or destructive inspection methods to avoid the schedule, labor, and costs associated with removal of parts or other disassembly for inspection (with the associated potential for damaging the structure). In the field, access to interior surfaces of the structure is often restricted, requiring disassembly of the structure, introducing additional time and labor. Frequently, inspections are necessary or mandated to be performed in hazardous or difficult-to-access areas, such as in fuel cells, electronics bays, and pressure bulkhead cavities, which may require fuel cell venting and removal of panels, ducts, insulation, and other surrounding structures. Non-destructive inspection is advantageous for many applications in which a thorough inspection of the exterior and/or interior of a structure is required, particularly where gaining access to an inspection area is limited. For example, non-destructive inspection is commonly used in the aircraft industry to inspect aircraft structures for damage or defects (flaws) in the structure. Inspection may be performed during manufacturing or after the completed structure has been put into service to validate the integrity and fitness of the structure.
Related to the need for performing structural inspections is the ability to determine whether maintenance is required. For example, to decrease the costs of airplane maintenance, the concept of Vehicle Health Management (VHM) can be used to more accurately determine when maintenance is required, in essence by monitoring the health of the vehicle. Central to the concept of Vehicle Health Management for an airplane is a network of sensors installed throughout the airplane. These sensors may be monitored continuously or queried periodically during maintenance checks, when the tools and/or facilities for repairing any problems are immediately available. Such a sensor network may also be used for Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) in which maintenance checks and maintenance of parts and systems of a vehicle may be initiated by sensor data. For example, maintenance intervals of airplanes are typically conservatively set for routine maintenance, but Condition-Based Maintenance could reduce the need for certain routine maintenance which can be monitored to determine when the maintenance is required, thereby resulting in less frequent maintenance and reduced maintenance overall.
A feature of airplanes and other vehicles and structures that is critical to structural integrity is the bolted joint, including the bolted composite joint. Of concern for bolted composite joints is the potential for defects such as delamination and fatigue cracking around the bolt-holes. Currently, one approach for inspecting bolted joints involves an operator gaining access to an inspection area around the bolted joint and inspecting the area immediately surrounding the bolt-hole with a shear wave ultrasonic beam or eddy current. The operator typically scans the inspection area while monitoring a display screen for any signals which may be interpreted as a defect in the structure. Such inspection often requires preparing the inspection area surface, such as scraping away sealant fillets to provide a clean surface for a transducer or probe. Gaining access to the inspection area often involves removing access panels, hydraulic lines, cables, hoses, brackets, and other interfering structures. In addition to the practical impediments to such inspection, the operator must know how to place and orient a transducer or probe to ensure that defects are examined from the optimum angle. Further, the operator must be able to interpret and evaluate the inspection data on the display in real-time and determine if any potential defects are significant or non-significant. Following such inspections, sealants and coatings must be restored and interfering structures replaced.
Manual inspection of structures typically is very labor intensive, time consuming, and expensive. Manual inspection is subject to human error in performance and variations of interpretation of results. Noise in inspection signals can be interpreted as defects (false positives), and defects can be missed or overlooked as non-significant (false negatives). Further, shear wave ultrasonic beam and eddy current inspection are limited in that only cracks of particular orientations may be detectable. Many structures may also incorporate numerous bolted joints which require inspection in areas which cannot be accessed or are exceptionally difficult to access.
Several approaches have been attempted to inspect bolted joints with sensors. One approach is a smart washer proposed by Innovative Dynamics, Inc, of Ithaca, N.Y. These smart washers incorporate eddy current sensors. However, the sensors cannot be "nulled" or balanced between widely spaced interrogation intervals, so it is not possible to discern crack signals from signals caused by temperature variations, instrument drift, and other noise factors. Furthermore, these smart washers use eddy currents and can only be used on electrically conductive structures.
Another approach is using eddy current rosettes produced by Jentek Sensors of Waltham, Mass. These eddy current rosettes are bonded onto the area surrounding a rivet or bolt. The rosettes contain eddy current sensor loops for detection of surface-breaking cracks. The rosettes can be calibrated in air and provide an absolute measurement, unlike the Innovative Dynamics smart washers which only provide relative measurements that depend upon a stable null point over time. However, the Jentek Sensors rosettes depend on a strain gage adhesive to cement the sensor in place, and these adhesives are subject to failure over time. Furthermore, the Jentek Sensors rosettes are expensive, can be difficult to use and understand, and require new computer models for different applications.
Yet another approach is comparative vacuum monitoring (CVM) sensors produced by Structural Monitoring Systems Ltd. of Perth, Australia. Comparative vacuum monitoring sensors measure the pressure differential between small recesses containing a low vacuum alternating with small recesses at atmosphere, where the alternating series of low vacuum and atmosphere recesses are located in a simple manifold. If no surface-breaking crack is present, the low vacuum will remain at a stable level. If a crack develops, air will flow through the crack from the atmosphere recesses to the vacuum recesses. Comparative vacuum monitoring sensors only have application to surface-breaking fatigue cracks and are unable to detect delaminations below the surface, or fatigue cracks originating at the far surface of a layer.
Although used for a different purpose, a related technology is the permanent mounted transducer (PMT) system by PFW Technologies GmbH of Speyer, Germany. The PFW Technologies permanent mounted transducer system uses an ultrasonic transducer with a bolt to measure elongations of the bolt caused by the clamp load on the bolt, thereby providing a way of measuring the clamp load on the bolt during assembly and providing a way of controlling the torque load exerted by a tightening tool. The PFW Technologies permanent mounted transducer system, however, does not have the capability of detecting defects in the vicinity of the bolt-hole, but only monitors changes in the bolt stress state.
Accordingly, improved apparatus, systems, and methods for inspecting bolted joints of structures are desired.

Active washers for monitoring bolted joints


A human protein (designated Carboxy-terminal Modulating protein, CTMP) is described and is identified as having tumour suppressor properties. CTMP has been shown to interact with protein kinase B and inhibit protein kinase B activity, establishing its importance in the protein kinase B signalling pathway.

Reversible protein phosphorylation is a major mechanism for the coordinated control of many fundamental cellular functions in eukaryotic organisms, including metabolism, growth, and differentiation. The phosphorylation status, and consequently the activity, of specific target proteins is regulated by the opposing actions of protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Generally, these enzymes are specific either for serine/threonine or for tyrosine phosphoacceptors, although some dual specificity kinases and phosphatases have also been described. The importance of phosphorylation cascades is reflected by the finding that many kinases, phosphatases, and the signal transduction pathways in which they participate have been highly conserved during the course of evolution. In recent years, interest has focused on the role of protein phosphorylation in the control of the cell cycle; a number of cellular proto-oncogenes encode members of the serine/threonine kinase family and it has become increasingly clear that certain serine/threonine kinases function as key components of the cell cycle regulatory network. Therefore, the complete delineation of these pathways is an important aim for the understanding of oncogenesis and tumour progression.
Loss of sensitivity to negative growth regulators may be an important step in the development of malignant tumours. For example, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), a potent natural antiproliferative agent, is believed to play an important role in suppressing tumorigenicity. Comparisons of human colon carcinoma and melanoma cell lines have demonstrated a progressive loss of responsiveness to the growth inhibitory effects of TGFbeta as tumour aggressiveness increases (Filmus et al., 1993, Curr. Opin. Oncol., 5, 123-129; Roberts et al., 1993, Growth Factors, 8, 1-9).
It has become increasingly clear over the last 10 years that the products of most of the genes involved in cellular transformation and cancer i.e. oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes are components of signal transduction pathways (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000, Cell, 100, 57-70). As a result of extensive studies of the PI-3K/PKB signal transduction pathway, PKB was determined to play a major role in PI-3K induced signalling and involved in the regulation of various aspects of cellular processes (Galetic et al., 1999, Pharmacol. Ther., 82, 409-425; Vanhaesebroeck and Alessi, 2000, Biochem. J. 346 Pt 3, 561-576). For example, PKB regulates cell survival by phosphorylating and either activating the anti-apoptotic factor BAD (Datta et al., 1997, Cell, 91, 231-241), or inhibiting the pro-apoptotic and growth suppressor Forkhead transcription factors FKHR, FKHRL1 and AFX (Brunet et al., 1999, Cell, 96, 857-868; Kops et al., 1999, Nature, 398, 630-634; Rena et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 17179-17183; Biggs et al., 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 7421-7426; Guo et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 17184-17192; Medema et al., 2000, Nature, 404,782-787).
c-Akt/PKB is an ubiquitous Ser/Thr protein kinase which has a complex mechanism of regulation yet to be completely resolved (Downward et al., 1998, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 10, 262-267; Coffer et al., 1998, Biochem. J., 335, 1-13; Kandel and Hay, 1999, Exp. Cell Res., 253, 210-229; Vanhaesebroeck and Alessi, 2000). PKB is highly activated by the PI-3K-generated second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 phosphate (PI-3,4,5-P3), due to the presence at its N-terminus of a PH domain that has a high affinity for this lipid (Frech et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 8474-8481; Kavran et al., 1998, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 30497-30508). The use of the PI-3K specific inhibitors Wortmannin and LY294002 has clearly demonstrated that PKB, in-vivo, is a downstream target of PI-3K upon cell stimulation by a wide variety of stimuli such as PDGF, EGF, bFGF, serum, insulin and IGF-1 (Burgering and Coffer, 1995, Nature, 376, 599-602; Cross et al., 1995, Nature, 378, 785-789; Franke et al., 1995, Cell, 81, 727-736; Kohn et al., 1995, EMBO J., 14, 4288-4295; Alessi et al., 1996, EMBO J., 15, 6541-6551; Andjelkovic et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93,5699-5704). These results suggested that PKB might be bound to the membrane for activation since PI-3,4,5-P3 is located in the plasma membrane. Indeed, after cell stimulation, PKB is effectively translocated from the cytoplasm to the membrane in a wortmannin-dependent manner (Kohn et al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 21920-21926; Andjelkovic et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 31515-31524). The membrane localization of PKB for activation is further supported in that only a constitutively membrane-bound PKB, such as the retroviral oncogene v-Akt or a chimeric PKB with a myristoylation motif at its N-terminus are able to transform cells (Bellacosa et al., 1993, Oncogene, 8, 745-754; Aoki et al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95,14950-14955).
When bound to the plasma membrane, PKB is required to be phosphorylated on residues Thr308 (in the activation loop) and Ser473 (in the C-terminal regulatory domain) for full activation in a wortmannin-dependent manner (Alessi et al., 1996). In cells lacking the tumour suppressor PTEN (a lipid phosphatase), PKB is more active (Cantley and Neel, 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 4240-4245; Vazquez and Sellers, 2000, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1470, M21-M35), as a result of the increase in phosphorylation at these residues. The kinase PDK1, a kinase that contains a PH domain, has been shown to be able to phosphorylate PKB at Thr-308 in-vivo (Alessi et al., 1997, Curr. Biol., 7, 261-269; Stokoe et al., 1997, Science, 277, 567-570; Stephens et al., 1998, Science, 279, 710-714). Although PDK1 or even PKB itself can phosphorylate Ser473, the kinase responsible for Ser473 phosphorylation in vivo, often referred to as PDK2 or Ser473 kinase has not yet been identified (Balendran et al., 1999, Curr. Biol., 9, 393-404; Biondi et al., 2000, EMBO J., 19, 979-988; Toker and Newton, 2000, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 8271-8274).
The yeast two hybrid system (Fields and Song (1989) Nature 340, 245-246; Chien et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 9578-9582) has previously been used to determine if protein kinase B (PKB) could function by forming specific interactions with other proteins (PCT WO9718303). The existence of a PKB-interacting protein, Carboxy-Terminal Binding Protein (CTBP), was also described therein. For clarification, PKB was previously known as RAC-PK and AKT. Proteins and other factors that interact with PKB need to be identified to allow manipulation of PKB signalling pathways and their dependent cellular processes. The present invention relates to the identification of a novel PKB-interacting protein and its characterization as a tumour suppressor agent.

Novartis Forschungsstiftung Zweigniederlassung Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research


A PDP and driving method improve the contrast of an AC PDP by maintaining stable discharge and preventing over-discharging in a low gray state by enhancing voltage control of the scan electrodes and sustain electrodes during initialization control. A PDP driving method includes a step of maintaining the first electrode, after applying a rising ramp voltage up to a first voltage level, to a second voltage level that is lower than the first voltage level. A voltage of a third voltage level is applied to the second electrode while maintaining the first electrode at the second voltage level, where the third voltage level is lower than the second voltage level. A falling ramp voltage is applied to the first electrode after maintaining the first electrode at the second voltage level.

Plasma Display Panels (PDPs) that display video signals using discharging phenomena may be categorized as DC types (DC PDPs) and AC types (AC PDPs) according to their driving voltages. AC PDPs are getting popular because DC PDPs have a complex structure and have low efficiency and a short life span.
As shown in FIG. 1, a typical AC PDP includes a plurality of layers, and it has spatial merits because it is thin and light and can provide a larger display area than more conventional display devices, such as a CRT.
As shown in FIG. 1, the principal structure of an AC PDP includes scan electrodes 4, sustain electrodes 5, a dielectric layer 2, a protecting layer 3, and an insulating layer 7, all of which are arranged between a first glass substrate 1 at an uppermost location and a second glass substrate 6 at a lowermost location. Discharge cells 12 are located on the first glass substrate 1.
The pair of a scan electrode 4 and a sustain electrode 5 between the first glass substrate 1 and the dielectric layer 2 are aligned vertically and parallel with each other. Address electrodes 8 covered with the insulating layer 7 are aligned laterally on the second glass substrate 6 and are approximately perpendicular to the scan electrodes 4 and the sustain electrodes 5. A discharge cell 12 is formed, as a discharging area, at a location where one address electrode 8 meets the scan electrode 4 and the sustain electrode 5. Barrier ribs 9 are formed parallel to the address electrodes 8 on the insulating layer 7. In addition, phosphor 10 is formed on the surface of the insulating layer 7 and on both sides of the barrier ribs 9.
Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2, the discharge cells 12 are arranged in a matrix pattern according to the scan electrodes 4, sustain electrodes 5, and the address electrodes 8.
Improving contrast, among a variety of features, takes an important role in improving the display quality of a PDP having such a structure. The contrast of an image displayed on the PDP is expressed as a ratio of luminance at the state of no discharging, which is darkest, to a luminance at the peak white state, which is brightest. The light in the peak white state is achieved mainly by a sustain discharge, and the darkest portion is when there is no sustain discharge. However, every cell goes through discharge in the initializing step.
Therefore, improvement of the contrast may be achieved by enhancing the brightness of the brightest portion or by reducing the brightness of the darkest portion. The contrast is also improved if a background luminance in the state of no discharging is lowered.
One field of a signal for driving such an AC PDP usually includes 8 to 12 subfields, where each subfield may be divided into 4 periods of a reset period, an address period, a sustain period, and an erase period.
The address period is a period where actual data is applied. During the address period, cells to be activated are selected and wall charges are accumulated in the selected cells. The reset period is a period for initializing each cell before the address period to ensure application of data in the address period.
The sustain period is a period where discharge takes place in order to actually display a video signal at the cells addressed in the address period. In the erase period, the sustain discharge is terminated by reducing the wall charges of the cells.
FIG. 3 shows a conventional pattern of driving signals for a PDP according to the prior art.
As shown in FIG. 3, the sustain electrode X is kept at its ground voltage in the reset period while a signal applied to the scan electrode Y is increased linearly in a rising ramp period.
At this time, a weak discharge takes place between the address electrode A and the scan electrode Y. As a result, positive wall charges are accumulated at the address electrode A and negative wall charges are accumulated at the scan electrode Y. A small amount of positive charge is also accumulated at the sustain electrode X because the sustain electrode is maintained at its ground voltage.
An initialization discharge that occurs during the rising ramp period is hereinafter described in detail.
During the rising ramp period, a weak discharge between the address electrode A and the scan electrode Y becomes a primary discharge. As a result, positive charges are accumulated at the address electrode A and the sustain electrode X, and negative charges are accumulated at the scan electrode Y.
The sustain electrode X functions as a cathode in the discharge among the address electrode A, the sustain electrode X, and the scan electrode Y, because the sustain electrode X is also maintained at its ground voltage. Therefore, the sustain electrode X also gathers positive charges.
During a falling ramp period that follows the rising ramp period, the positive charges of the address electrode A are maintained, and the positive charges of the sustain electrode X are eliminated by a discharge between the sustain electrode X and the scan electrode Y. During this falling ramp period, negative charges accumulated at the scan electrode Y are in part transferred to the sustain electrode X.
For an AC PDP having 12 subfields, the total luminance in such a reset period is approximately 1.0 to 1.2 cd/m2. Therefore, supposing that the luminance at the brightest state is 500 cd, a contrast ratio in a darkroom would be approximately 420:1 to 500:1, which is low.
In addition, during the reset period, a voltage of 0 (zero) volts is applied to the address electrode A regardless of the color of the phosphor.
FIG. 4 illustrates the driving signals of FIG. 3 for the scan electrode Y and the sustain electrode X together in the same plane during the reset period.
As shown in FIG. 4, the driving voltage Vx applied to the sustain electrode X maintains its ground voltage of 0 (zero) volts while the driving voltage Vy applied to the scan electrode Y remains in a rising ramp period (refer to region a).
At the moment that the driving voltage Vy applied to the scan electrode Y is lowered to a voltage Vs, the driving voltage Vx applied to the sustain electrode X is increased to a voltage Ve. In an intermediate region b, the driving voltage Vx, of the sustain electrode X is maintained to be higher than the driving voltage Vy of the scan electrode Y.
After the intermediate region b, the driving voltage Vy applied to the scan electrode Y is reduced from the voltage Vs to the ground voltage following a pattern of a falling ramp.
FIG. 5 illustrates charges accumulated at each of the electrodes according to regions of the reset period shown in FIG. 4.
In a stage S100 that corresponds to the region a in FIG. 4, the voltage of the scan electrode Y rises up to 380 V following a ramp pattern, and the sustain electrode X and the address electrode A are maintained at their ground voltages.
At this time, a weak discharge occurring between the address electrode A and the scan electrode Y becomes a primary discharge. As a result, positive charges are accumulated at the address electrode A and the sustain electrode X, and negative charges are accumulated at the scan electrode Y.
The sustain electrode X functions as a cathode in the discharge among the address electrode A, the sustain electrode X, and the scan electrode Y, because the sustain electrode X is also maintained at its ground voltage. Therefore, the sustain electrode X also gathers positive charges.
Stage S110 shows a state immediately after entering the region b. At this time, the driving voltage for the sustain electrode X is, for example, 195V, and the driving voltage for the scan electrode Y is reduced, for example, to 165V.
The illustration for the stage S120 shows distribution and movement of wall charges in the region b.
In the region b, the driving voltage Vx applied to the sustain electrode X is increased to a voltage Ve at the moment that the driving voltage Vy applied to the scan electrode Y is lowered to a voltage Vs. Subsequently, the voltage of the scan electrode Y is maintained to be lower than the voltage of the sustain voltage.
At the start of the region b, negative wall charges are accumulated at the scan electrode Y since this is immediately after the rising ramp period of the driving voltage, and positive wall charges are accumulated at the sustain electrode X (refer to S110).
Therefore, applying a voltage to the sustain electrode X that is higher than that applied to the scan electrode Y causes an offset of the positive charges at the sustain electrode X and the negative charges of the scan electrode Y, and as a result, generating self-erasing light.
With such a self-erasing light, wall charge distribution of the sustain electrode X and scan electrode Y becomes opposite to that of the moment when starting the region b. In this situation, a mal-discharge may occur because a sustain discharge may be induced when an address signal is not yet applied.
While such a mal-discharge is occurring, positive charges are accumulated at the scan electrode Y and negative charges are accumulated at the sustain electrode X, which may result in failure of an address discharge and an occurrence of mal-discharge in the sustain period before the address period.
In addition, according to the prior art described above, in the case that such a self-erasing light occurs, an over-discharge may occur in a low gray state wherein the number of discharging subfields is small, and accordingly, the contrast of display becomes unstable.

Plasma display panel and a method for driving the same


A dump block assembly for a dragline bucket rigging assembly including a frame assembly having a first side frame and a second side frame attached to and parallel to the first side frame. The first side frame includes a first attachment portion having a first upper connection portion, a first lower connection portion opposite the first upper connection portion, and a first central connection portion spaced apart from and in between the first upper connection portion and the first lower connection portion. The second side frame includes a second attachment portion having a second upper connection portion, a second lower connection portion opposite the second upper connection portion, and a second central connection portion spaced apart from and in between the second upper connection portion and the second lower connection portion.

Dragline buckets are dragged through earthen material to collect the earthen material within the bucket. The rigging assembly for a dragline bucket includes a variety of components for supporting and controlling the dragline bucket. Conventional dragline rigging assemblies include a pair of drag chains attached to the front of the bucket for pulling the bucket through the earther material to be excavated, a plurality of hoist chains attached to the sidewalls of the bucket for hoisting the bucket, and one or two dump ropes for tipping the bucket. Each dump rope is arranged to extend over a dump block assembly (e.g., a pully assembly) that is linked to the hoist chains. Each dump rope is connected at one end to the front of the bucket and at the other end to the drag chains.
Depending on the rigging configuration and the desired degrees of freedom of movement of the dump block assemblies, the dump block assemblies in dragline rigging assemblies come in different configurations, such as a rigid mount configuration, a swing mount configuration, and a swivel mount configuration. For example, a dump block for a rigid mount configuration will have a different frame assembly design than a dump block for a swivel mount configuration. As a result, depending on the rigging configuration desired, different dump blocks are required.
In GB257656 to Savage, a jib for hoisting cables for a dragline bucket includes a block having two pulleys aligned vertically. The block is mounted to oscillate about two separate axis so that the pulleys can follow the lead of the hoisting cable when the drag line bucket swings during operation of the excavator.


A server system has a shared storage device including a job queue storage area, a job queue registration request storage area and a job assignment storage area, a first server including a job queue registration processing unit registering the job execution request in the job queue storage area according to the registration request information written to the job queue registration request storage area, a second server including an assignment processing unit assigning the job execution request registered in the job queue storage area to the execution server, and writing the relationship between the execution server and the job execution request of the job assigned to the execution server to the job assignment storage area, and an execution server including an execution unit acquiring the job execution request from the job assignment storage area provided for the execution server, and executing the assigned job.

The present invention relates to a job management technology in an information system including a plurality of servers.
There is a system in such a mode that data are allocated on an array disk device (which will hereinafter be termed a shared disk) that can be shared among servers. In this type of system, a plurality of servers shares information used for operations (which will hereinafter be referred to as jobs) executed by the respective servers with each other through the shared disk.
FIG. 1 shows an example of this type of conventional system architecture. In the conventional system, as in FIG. 1, for instance, data of the job executed by a server A is written to the shared disk. On the other hand, data of the job executed by a server B is read from the shared disk. An execution order of the jobs having such a dependent relationship has hitherto been set as a rule (schedule), thus conducting the operation.
This type of system aims the point at only the data used for the job but does not direct the point to control of the job. Further, when the job operation is performed by the plurality of servers, items of schedule information of the job are allocated to the respective servers, each server operates the job, and there is prepared a management server that manages the job schedules of all the servers in a concentrated manner. Then, the management server concentratedly schedules the jobs of other servers. In this mode, in case of a stop of the server managing the jobs in a concentrated manner, the schedule of the jobs can not be implemented between the servers transferring and receiving the data mutually and thus linking up with each other, thereby hindering the job operation.
Thus, such a technology (Systemwalker (registered trademark) etc.) has hitherto existed that a certain specified server manages the schedule information of the jobs in a concentrated manner. A batch (jobs) operated by the plurality of servers is thereby built up. If the server managing the schedule information of the jobs in a concentrated manner stops for some reason, however, there stops the job operated by the plurality of servers in a way that links up these servers with each other.
Further, the schedule information of the job might exist also, not limited to the management server, in the server executing the job. Hence, there is a necessity of, in maintenance such as backing up and restoring the system, backing up and restoring the job schedule information existing in all the servers.                [Patent document 1] Japanese Examined Patent Publication No.7-101407        [Patent document 2] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 55-037626        [Patent document 3] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 3516049        [Patent document 4] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-282551


Data acquisition and cataloging are used to classify polypeptides into a reference index or database. The database can be used to identify previously unidentified samples. New polypeptides are characterized and added to the database.

Proteins are the working parts of living cells. With the near completion of the Human Genome Project there is now a need for an integrated system and program for obtaining, organizing, searching, and for using experimentally global information on the protein composition of cells, and on how that composition varies in development, disease, in response to drugs, toxic agents, and other experimental variables.
The human genome is estimated to code for up to 100,000 different proteins. Most ii not all are post-translationally modified, and/or are transported from the site of synthesis to the site of function. Many are elements of signaling or communication pathways. The protein composition of cells changes in an organized manner during development, and many cell-specific proteins are known.
Methods for separating or identifying proteins by immunochemical means are widely used and well understood. However, no large-scale systematic means for producing protein-specific antibodies has been described, hence a library of antibodies to match the ever increasing number of isolated proteins or the genomic data from the Human Genome Project does not exist.
The final proof that a given protein is present in a given cell type, and in a specific organelle of that cell type can be provided by immunochemical studies on carefully prepared cell and tissue sections. Many instances of such studies have been reported, however, systematic use of such procedures to confirm the localization of multiple numbers, much less large numbers of proteins has not been described. Such studies cannot proceed in the absence of a library of well-characterized antibodies to a library of specific proteins.
While many of the elements of the multi-dimensional Human Genome Project now exist, at least in part, the extension of that information to systematic large-scale studies requires innovation, automation and integration. Tissue and protein samples and fractions rapidly degrade; hence, it is not feasible to organize a project aimed at characterizing all of the proteins in a fashion similar to the Human Genome Project based on cooperative efforts at many sites. To further handle perishable samples, automation is best developed in intimate contact with an existing operating system. In addition, the elements of an integrated system must match each other in throughput and in time requirements. For example, cell fractionation of sets of tissues obtained at the same time must match the requirements of the next step in the fractionation process. Thus, the hierarchical disassembly of a freshly obtained tissue to cells, subcellular fractions, separation and analysis at the protein level, and data acquisition and analysis must match and must include quality control elements so that key steps may be repeated while the samples are still in good condition and available.
To organize, search and experimentally manipulate information relating to such a large number of functional entities will require both a theoretical framework in which new knowledge can be organized, means for obtaining the wide range of data required, and means for doing the experimental studies required to test new hypothesis. Such means did not exist previously in an integrated or integratable form.
The human body is composed of approximately 252 different cell types, all descendant through different intermediate cells from the three germ layers, and ultimately from a single fertilized human egg. While all diploid cells contain the same genetic information, different genes are expressed in different cell types and at different times during development and during the cell cycle. A protein gene product expressed in several cell types may differ in abundance. In addition, most, if not all proteins are post translationally modified. Further, proteins are synthesized in one set of structures (ribosomes), but target themselves into other subcellular structures.
It has been estimated that between 28,000 and 120,000 genes are present in a human. The present consensus estimates between 30,000 to 70,000 genes. However, each gene does not necessarily correspond to one protein. Many genes are expressed in only one gender, at only one developmental stage and in response to certain different stimuli. Thus, the number of protein "gene products" present are considerably less.
However, a single gene may produce several different protein forms as the result of alternative splicing, cleaved signal sequences, posttranslational glycosylation, phosphorylation, cleavage, complexing with cofactors, metal ions, other proteins and other modifications. For example, the well-characterized protein insulin may be found as the C chain or the A chain linked to the B chain. If a separation or purification is performed under reducing conditions, the A and B chains will be separated. Thus, a single "gene product" may be visualized as up to three different "proteins" depending on the conditions.
Proteins are the working parts of living cells. All are parts of self-assembling machines, all can change in abundance in response to experimental and physiological variables, and all turn over constantly, but at different rates. Under starvation conditions the total cell mass may decrease without loss of any individual function of the resting state, and will regain but not exceed a predetermined mass when returned to conditions of normal nutrition, suggesting that the proteome, with its tens of thousands of proteins, is a highly coordinated system.
While collections of proteins are well known, they have not been previously integrated into a unified system able to acquire, organize and sort the data now required to understand both the molecular anatomy and the molecular physiology of man in terms of the human proteome. It is evident that such a system would make possible the detailed description of diseased states, contribute to understanding aging, redefine cancer, and allow both pharmacology and toxicology to be rewritten.
There is therefore an evident need for a cataloging of all of the known proteins that can serve both the passive anatomical function of a data repository and an active physiological function as a search engine for new data and discoveries. An essential attribute of an index is searchability. There is a need for a system, a means and organization to create an index that provides the means for searching the data contained therein for new information and relationships.
It is evident that although some of the data required for such an active index can be acquired from the scientific literature, only an integrated program, analogous to those in atomic physics and space research, can provide and manage the vast amounts of data that can and should be acquired.
A Human Protein Index was hypothesized, Anderson & Anderson, Journal of Automatic Chemistry 2 (4): 177–178 (1980) and Anderson & Anderson, Clinical Chemistry 28 (4): 739–748 (1982), and in conjunction with the human genome project, Anderson & Anderson, American Biotechnology Laboratory September/October 1985. However, heretofore, the materials and methods to allow for the development of such a resource of information were not available.