A semiconductor device includes: a gate electrode that is provided on a semiconductor layer; a source electrode and a drain electrode that are provided on the semiconductor layer so as to interpose the gate electrode; a source wall that extends from the source electrode to a point between the gate electrode and the drain electrode through the region above the gate electrode, the source wall having a joining portion in the extending region; and an electrode portion that is joined to the joining portion and has a region extending closer to the drain electrode than the joining portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device, and more particularly, to a semiconductor device for high-frequency amplification and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Field-effect transistors have been known as semiconductor devices that are suitable for amplifications in high-frequency bands of microwaves, sub-millimeter waves, millimeter waves, and the likes. The factors that hinder high-frequency operations of those field-effect transistors include the source-drain parasitic capacitance and the drain-gate parasitic capacitance. To operate a field-effect transistor at a high speed, it is necessary to minimize those parasitic capacitances.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-297854 discloses a technique of forming a source wall that extends from the source electrode to a point between the gate electrode and the drain electrode through a region above the gate electrode. By this technique, the parasitic capacitance of a semiconductor device can be reduced.
By the technique (prior art) disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-297854, the parasitic capacitance between the gate and the drain of a semiconductor device cannot be adequately reduced.

Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same


The invention concerns a method and a system for online ferroresonance detection in a high voltage electrical distribution network. The method includes:                Overflux detection (23), which acts as the start element, overflux being set if the flux is greater than a threshold for specified time duration,        mode verification (26) which is to recognize the modes of the ferroresonance, a fuzzy logic method being used to discriminate the ferroresonance modes.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and a system for online ferroresonance detection, especially of power transformer ferroresonance.
2. Description of the Related Art
Ferroresonance is a phenomenon that is the occurrence of an unstable high voltage, typically on three phase electrical systems, which only occurs under specific conditions.
Ferroresonance is a very dangerous phenomen for transformer feeder or mesh corner and tee connection constructions where there is a double overhead line section.
Indeed, when a transformer feeder is disconnected from the rest of a power system, the transformer may be driven into saturation due to discharge of the capacitance-to-earth of the isolated system. Ferroresonance may then occur between the reactive components, said ferroresonance being maintained by energy transferred from the coupling capacitance of the parallel line which remains on load. When there is ferroresonance, the re-energized transformer can cause severe switching overvoltages. Therefore a ferroresonance detection and alarm device is essential.
Ferroresonance is a complicated nonlinear electrical resonant phenomenon, which is caused by saturable inductance of a transformer coupling with system capacitance. This phenomenon, which can take place for a wide range of situations in power systems, is very dangerous for power systems due to overvoltages, overcurrents and the abnormal rate of harmonics it bring about, which may cause dielectric and thermal destructions, reduction in performance and lifetime of insulators, failure of the equipment (e.g. untimely tripping of the protection devices), premature ageing of the electrical equipments, even breakdown of whole system.
The main characteristic of ferroresonance is that it is highly sensitive to system parameters and initial conditions, which makes it is hard to be predicted.
There are four different modes of ferroresonance according to the shape and frequency of its voltage, said modes are the fundamental mode, the subharmonic mode, the quasi-periodic mode and the chaotic mode. The fundamental and subharmonic modes are more frequent than the other two in power system.
Conventional UK practice has been to fit ferroresonance detection which automatically initiates isolation of the transformer from the de-energized line by operation of an open terminal disconnector at the onset of ferroresonance: when de-energized, if two out of three phases voltages remain high, the alarm will be issued.
The document referenced [1] at the end of the description describes a protection relay (XR 309) made by the Reyrolle company. On supergrid systems, ferroresonance may be experienced following de-energisation of a directly connected transformer. Ferroresonance may be sustained by the induction from an energized parallel circuit. Re-energising the transformer whilst in a ferroresonant state can risk severe switching overvoltages, therefore where there is such a risk a ferroresonance alarm relay is essential. So the relay XR 309 detect ferroresonance, with the system energized or de-energised, as follows:                On system de-energisation, the secondary voltage falls below the reset level, and three elements drop-off. In the event of ferroresonance occurring, two out of three elements will remain energized.        If ferroresonance is induced onto a de-energised system, the relay will only respond if the amplitude of ferroresonance is above the relay element pick-up level of 40V AC.        Relay contacts are wired to initiate a timer, which in turn will initiate the alarm.
This prior art method cannot cover all ferroresonance situations: for example the only phase high voltage case in the electrical rail circuits. Another shortcoming of this relay is that it is not numerical but analog. Therefore it cannot be incorporated into the new protection relays.
The invention is related to the detection of ferroresonance and determination of the mode of said ferroresonance, especially in transformer feeder connection conditions, or equivalent, such as mesh corner and circuit tee connections, where a section of double circuit overhead lines exists.
The purpose of the invention is to obtain an accurate detection and mode recognition of ferroresonance, in focusing on its most distinctive feature, which is transformer iron core saturation, and its spectrum performance.

Method and system for online ferroresonance detection


On a silicon substrate (1) is formed a MOS transistor which comprises a gate oxide film (3), a polysilicon gate electrode (4), an LDD diffusion layer (5) and a source/drain diffusion layer (7). A Ti film (8) is formed over the entire surface of the MOS transistor, the surface areas of the source/drain diffusion layer (7) and the polysilicon gate electrode (4) are silicified to form Ti silicide film (9, 10). Thereafter, W or Ta is ion-implanted as an alloy forming material into Ti silicide (10), and an anneal treatment is performed to react doped W or Ta with Ti silicide (10) and form TiW.sub.x Si.sub.y or TiTa.sub.x Si.sub.y (11).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, and particularly to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device wherein stable and high heat-resistant silicide is formed with high productivity by using a salicide process.
2. Description of the Related Art
A silicide structure using high melting-point metal has been hitherto proposed in order to reduce an electrical resistance of impurity diffusion layers and polysilicon layers of semiconductor devices, and particularly a salicide forming process using high melting-point metal such as Ti (titanium) has been used. According to the salicide forming process, an element isolation oxide film, a gate oxide film and a gate polysilicon electrode are formed on a silicon substrate, then a side wall made of an insulating film is formed on the lateral surface of the gate polysilicon electrode, and then source/drain diffusion layers are formed. In such a state that these diffusion layers and the polysilicon gate electrode are exposed to the outside, As (arsenic) is doped to make amorphous the surface area of the diffusion layers and the gate polysilicon electrode, and then a pure Ti film is formed at a temperature of 300.degree. C. or more by a sputtering process and then subjected to a ramp anneal heat treatment to form Ti silicide (TiSi.sub.2) having C49 crystal structure on the surfaces of the diffusion layers and the polysilicon gate electrode. Thereafter, those portions which are not silicified on the oxide film are selectively removed by a wet etching treatment, and further the ramp anneal treatment is performed again to make TiSi.sub.2 have stable C54 crystal structure having reduced resistance.
The recent microstructure (minute) design of devices has caused the junction of the diffusion layer to be shallow, and when the junction of the diffusion layer is shallow, it is required that the thickness of silicide on the diffusion layer is set to 50 nm or less. In addition, the dimension in the lateral direction is reduced, so that the width of the diffusion layer is reduced and also the gate width is reduced. Therefore, TiSi.sub.2 agglomerates on the diffusion layers and the gate because the surface energy of TiSi.sub.2 becomes smaller when it agglomerates rather than it forms a film on silicon. Therefore, the silicide portion and the Si portion are arranged in the spot form, and thus the resistance is increased and the dispersion of the resistance is also increased. In addition, since thin film silicide is more liable to agglomerate as the temperature increases, it starts agglomeration when the heat treatment is performed at 750.degree. C. or more, and the resistance increases more greatly and the dispersion thereof becomes more remarkable particularly in the case of narrow line patterns. In the present CMOS process, there are some cases where the process using a temperature of 750.degree. C. or more is needed after silicide is formed. Further, even in a case where the silicide process is applied to another device, the application of silicide is greatly limited because the silicide has no resistance to heat of 750.degree. C. or more.
As described above, TiSi.sub.2 has the lowest specific resistance among suicides, however, the heat resistance thereof is lowered. Accordingly, in order to enhance the heat resistance with suppressing the increase of the resistance value as much as possible, it is expected that the resistance could be suppressed and the heat resistance could be enhanced if an alloy of Ti and metal of high melting point is used in place of pure Ti. From this viewpoint, an alloy of Ti and W (tungsten) or Ta (tantalum) has been proposed. W and Ta each has a melting point of 3000.degree. C. or more, and this melting point is sufficiently higher than 1668.degree. C. and 1540.degree. C. which are the melting points of pure Ti and TiSi.sub.2 respectively. The relationship between the melting point of the metal of high melting point to be mixed and the heat resistance of silicide obtained has not been clarified at present, however, it is estimated that high melting-point metals of W, Ta, etc. having a higher melting point than Ti and TiSi.sub.2 suppress diffusion of Ti or Si at the grain boundaries to exhibit a heat resistance effect in the process that TiSi.sub.2 is constricted at grain boundaries and agglomerates as described by S. L. Hsia et al. in the paper "Resistance and Structural Stabilities of Epitaxial CoSi.sub.2 Films on (001) Si Substrates" (Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 72, P1864-1873 (1992)).
However, as a conventional method of forming high heat-resistant silicide as described above, a target of high melting-point alloy is disposed in a sputtering apparatus in a Ti film-forming process in the salicide process as described above, an alloy film containing Ti is formed using the alloy target in the sputtering process, and high heat-resistant silicide is formed by using the salicide process. Therefore, in the case where the desired heat resistance of individual silicide is varied in accordance with the purpose of a device to be manufactured, it is necessary to prepare plural different alloy targets and exchange an alloy target to another in conformity with the device to be manufactured. Therefore, the management of the alloy target is cumbersome, and a process of exchanging the alloy target to another is required, so that the productivity of the device is lowered.

Method of manufacturing semiconductor device


A vertical channel structure including a substrate, a plurality of stacked structures, a charge storage structure, a channel structure and a dielectric structure is provided. The stacked structures are disposed on the substrate. An opening is located between the stacked structures. The charge storage structure is disposed on a sidewall of the opening. The channel structure is disposed on the charge storage structure and on the substrate at a bottom portion of the opening. The dielectric structure includes first and second dielectric layers. The first dielectric layer is disposed on the channel structure. The second dielectric layer is disposed on the first dielectric layer and seals the opening to form a void in the dielectric structure. A top portion of the second dielectric layer is higher than a top portion of the first dielectric layer. The dielectric structure exposes an upper portion of the channel structure.

Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a channel structure, and more particularly, relates to a vertical channel structure.
Description of Related Art
With continuous development of technologies, advancements in electronic devices lead to increasing demands for greater storage capabilities. In order to satisfy the need for high storage density, memory devices are designed to include smaller size and higher integration. Accordingly, a structure of the memory device has been developed to change from a 2D memory device with a planar gate structure into a 3D memory device with a vertical channel (VC) structure.
During a manufacturing process of the 3D memory device with the vertical channel structure, because a high aspect ratio of a VC hole will reduce a capability of a dielectric material for filling the VC hole, a void is easily formed in the dielectric material filled in the VC hole.
In the subsequent process of forming a plug for channel pick up, a conductive material for forming the plug often passes through the dielectric material to enter the void. As a result, an undesired potential may be generated to lower performance of the memory device.


A stereoscopic universal digital camera adapter in the form of a quick-snap, center sliding plate and guide track adapter with built-in leveling jacks, a horizontal level vial and dead-end stops between 0 and 55 mm, which is similar to the average distance between the center of two human eyes. This pocket-sized universal adapter is for use with digital cameras to better facilitate, and quickly and easily capture very precise quality still pair of images of a scene or a subject by any person. The invention helps to capture a stereo pair of images. The two image pairs can then be downloaded into a computer and/or printed on paper through printing devices or viewed in any desired stereoscopic, anaglyph or interlaced viewing formats.

This application is a 371 of PCT/US/04/04331 filed Feb. 13, 2004, which is a continuation of 10/366,099 filed Feb. 13, 2003, abandoned, and is a continuation of 10/378,253 filed Mar. 3, 2003, abandoned, and is a continuation of 10/378,531 filed Mar. 3, 2003, abandoned, all of which are hereby incorporated by refrrencc in their entireties.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to stereoscopic photography and the capture of a matched pair of digitized photo images by use of any single lens digital camera and stores these images in two separate files, one to represent a right-eye view of the intended subject and another for a left-eye view. These two images can then be combined for viewing with various three-dimensional formats such as parallel, cross-eyed viewing, with hand-held viewers, anaglyph or liquid crystal shutter glasses, or lenticular sheet viewing or more particularly to a digital camera guiding track apparatus for accurately taking a stereo pair of digital images of a scene or a subject.
2. Description of the Related Art
Typically, a stereoscopic camera comes with a built-in pair of left and right eye views of a subject and captures two images on a filmstrip for slide viewing. These cameras are old and do not offer the convenience, ease of use, and economy of digital cameras. Since no such stereoscopic digital cameras exist to date, it was important to create a new sliding mechanism that easily allows the capture of left and right digital images by a single lens digital camera.
Although several patents of various apparatus have been designed to provide the ability to take a left and right eye view of a scene or a subject as suggested in prior art U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,355 issued Jan. 10, 1997; U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,049, issued Aug. 30, 1988; U.S. Pat. No. 2,791,950, issued May 1957; U.S. Pat. No. 2,279,443, issued April 1942; U.S. Pat. No. 1,371,439, issued Mar. 15, 1921; and U.S. Pat. No. 713,177, issued Nov. 11, 1902; an ordinary camera with only a single capture lens can be used to sequentially expose respective images of the same scene or subject on a pair of adjacent film frames when the camera is in right and left picture-taking positions. A suitable distance between the right and left photo-capture positions is chosen to obtain a matched pair of images that, when looked at together through an appropriate stereoscopic viewer, shows a stereoscopic three-dimensional image of the original scene or subject. All come with a tripod support for the camera and typically having two pre-set locations for locating the camera in the right and left photo-captures positions.
In addition, other sliding plates are too slow to operate, and capture two left and right views of a subject with a single camera. This is especially hard to do when taking stereoscopic portrait photography with a single camera, because humans are less able to stand still for a long period of time until the user releases, then shifts, and then locks the camera from right to left requiring a new, better, and faster method.

Stereoscopic universal digital camera adapter


An insert, or gasket, intended to be used at a joint between two panels. The insert is preferably pre-formed into a particular cross-sectional shape such that it can be easily, and securely, installed between two panels. Preferably, the insert is shaped, in cross-section, with one flange on each end, such that upon installation, one flange is seated on the front side of the panels and the other flange is seated on the rear side of the panels. In the preferred embodiment, the first and second flange portions may include a pair of lips, and the lip of the second flange portion is of a thickness that is greater than that of the lip of the first flange portion. Such a configuration facilitates installation. The present invention also relates to a method of installing such an insert.

Architects, designers, and others frequently utilize partial or full height glass partitions in both commercial and residential spaces. Such partitions may be made from several panels. Although they are often made of glass, other materials have been used. In order to create the desired aesthetic effect, the panels are often framed at only the top and bottom (and sometimes at the outermost edges), so that adjacent panels are positioned edge-to-edge with small spaces between panels, which are commonly referred to as butt-joints.
In order to reduce the level of noise, sound, odor, smoke, etc. that passes through the space or joint between panels, the joint is ordinarily sealed. Commonly, the joint is sealed by filling it with liquid silicone dispensed from a caulk gun or a tube. The silicone then hardens in place, forming a barrier that prevents, or at least minimizes, the transfer of air and sound through the joints between panels.
However, there are several drawbacks to caulking liquid silicone. For example, the resulting silicone bead may have cosmetic problems, such as air bubbles or shape deformities. The shape of the bead may be deformed for a variety of reasons, such as from the traces created by stopping and re-starting the caulk gun, or the bead may be too thick or too thin in certain places. Basically, the aesthetic quality of the silicone bead greatly depends upon the skill level of the person doing the caulking.
Moreover, silicone caulking is labor intensive, not only during the actual caulking, but also during the preparation of the surface and the clean-up. For example, prior to caulking, the joints need to be taped-off to prevent silicone from getting on the front and rear surfaces of the glass panel. During caulking, the bead needs to be "tooled" from both sides of the partition simultaneously, thereby requiring two craftsmen. Finally, after caulking, empty silicone tubes or cartridges, as well as the cloths or paper towels that are used to periodically remove the excess caulk from the tools, and any other waste needs to be collected and removed. Tools and waste that contain caulk may contact the floors, adjacent walls or other surfaces, possibly damaging these surfaces, or at minimum creating other areas to clean.
In addition, silicone caulk is difficult to remove from unintended surfaces surrounding the space being caulked. Furthermore, in some applications, once installed, the silicone caulk cannot be removed without leaving an unsightly condition. Even if removal is not an issue, clear silicone caulk can sometimes create blemishes on the edges of laminated glass, requiring replacement of the glass. Also, the caulking process creates an unpleasant odor.
There are also other drawbacks associated with the use of caulked silicone in certain applications. For example, in showcases, both sides of the partition are visible, but only one side is often readily accessible for someone to tool the caulk bead. Accordingly, the non-accessible side is either left un-tooled, or alternate methods of tooling are devised. Another drawback of using silicone caulk for butt-jointed glass is that tape cannot be applied to sandblasted glass for a period of thirty days after the necessary sealer is applied. Accordingly, the caulk normally cannot be installed at the same time that the partition is installed and sealed, which increases costs because a separate trip to the site is required.


A hydrodynamic bearing device comprises at least one of a rotating component and a fixed component having a dynamic pressure-generating mechanism, and a lubricant present in a gap between the rotating component and the fixed component; wherein the lubricant contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of aliphatic ethers having one or more ether bonds and a total carbon number of 24 to 39.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dynamic pressure-type hydrodynamic bearing device, as well as a spindle motor and information device using the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A hydrodynamic bearing device comprises a shaft and a sleeve that supports the shaft, and a lubricant that is interposed in the gap between the two parts. With rotation of the shaft, the lubricant is gathered up by dynamic pressure-generating grooves that are formed on the shaft or sleeve, and generates pressure such that the shaft is supported within the sleeve without coming into contact therewith. As a result, when high-speed rotation is attained, ambient noise during the rotation can be alleviated.
A spindle motor equipped with such a hydrodynamic bearing device can provide the requisite rotational accuracy with an increased recording density of the medium, and can furthermore provide excellent shock resistance and quietness. Thus, it can be used in a majority of motors for application in such representative magnetic disk devices as information technology equipment and audio-visual equipment.
In recent years, the demand has grown stronger for magnetic disk devices that are increasingly miniaturized and more energy-conserving, for decreased power consumption for the spindle motor that is the main component, and in particular, for reduced torque in the hydrodynamic bearing device that exerts a significant influence on decreasing power consumption in the motor. Since the torque of the hydrodynamic bearing device will be roughly proportional to the viscosity of the lubricant used to fill the device, using a lower viscosity lubricant is an effective way to reduce the torque.
For this reason, esters such as dioctyl sebacate (DOS), dioctyl azelate (DOZ), and dioctyl adipate (DOA) have been proposed for use as lubricants in hydrodynamic bearing devices. Moreover, esters obtained from neopentyl glycol and C6 to C12 monovalent fatty acids and/or their derivatives for use as lubricants in hydrodynamic bearing devices (see for example Japanese published unexamined application No. 2001-316687), the use of esters represented by the generic formula R1—COO-(AO)n—R2 as lubricants for bearings (see for example Japanese published unexamined application No. 2002-206094), and ethers containing viscosity index improvers and anti-wear agents (see for example Japanese published unexamined application No. 2002-348586), have been proposed.
However, while it is possible to reduce the torque in such conventional hydrodynamic bearing devices, since the heat resistance of the lubricant is low (vapor pressure is high), the amount of evaporation will be significant when used over a long period, and it will not be possible to maintain the quantity of lubricant required for stabilized rotation of the bearing device. Consequently, there will be problems with the device having inadequate reliability and the operational lifetime will be shorter.
As a countermeasure to the amount of evaporation, one can consider a method by which the above requirement is addressed by adding an excess of the lubricant. However, this approach will entail problems in that this additional amount can increase the torque and bring a higher cost, and accommodating the additional space will make miniaturization more difficult.
Moreover, resins can undergo dissolution or swelling from coming into contact with ester-type lubricants, leading to the deterioration and lower performance of the resins used in the bearing components or in the material of the seals. This limits the choice of resins that can be used.
Moreover, Japanese published unexamined application No. 2002-348586 teaches that when polymeric viscosity index improvers are added to the lubricant, the molecular bonds of the polymer are cleaved by shearing forces after long-term use at high speed rotations, which will cause marked changes in the viscosity, and raises concerns that the reliability of the hydrodynamic bearing will be impaired.

Hydrodynamic bearing device, and spindle motor and information device using the same


A sewing machine including an upper thread supply to a needle, a loop taker accommodating a bobbin for a bottom thread, a drive unit which through coupling elements affects a number of mechanical elements, of which the needle is one of the mechanical elements, to perform synchronous cyclic movements between themselves, wherein the needle during its movement in cooperation with the loop taker performs stitches on a sewing material which is transported between upper thread and bottom thread, by means of a take-up lever which in each stitch pulls tight a knot, which is formed in the sewing material by the upper thread and the bottom thread in cooperation, wherein the sewing machine includes a sensor function that detects a deviation between a set value for a point of time at which a predetermined value for a tensile force in the upper thread is reached at pull tight of a knot and an actual value at the time of point where the predetermined value of the tensile force in the upper thread is reached at pull tight of the knot, and wherein the sewing machine includes control means for the control of the means being used to supply upper thread to the needle, so that the deviation between a first position and a second position is brought to zero.

To establish a seam on a fabric there exists, today, on the market a number of devices of different designs for performing lock stitches. On common home sewing machines an upper thread and a bottom thread on a bobbin in cooperation with a needle is used, in a known way, to bring the upper thread to perform a lock stitch on the fabric, which is sewn on the sewing machine.
A correct relation between the length of the upper thread and the length of the bottom thread of a stitch is desirable to accomplish a seam that looks decorative and holds a high quality. The proportion between the length of the upper thread and the bottom thread of each stitch depends on the relation between the tension of the upper thread and the bottom thread, respectively, during the forming of a knot that is made by upper thread and bottom thread and which constitutes a lock for a stitch in the seam.
To obtain the desired quality of a stitch, it is desirable that the knot of a stitch can securely be placed at the desired location in relation to the fabric. Usually, an optimal location of the knot is in the middle of the fabric as seen in a cross section of the extension of the fabric.
In prior art it is known to automatically adjust the present thread tension of the upper thread based on thread consumption of former stitches of the seam. Such a device is disclosed, as an example, in document U.S. Pat. No. 6,012,405. In this device the real thread consumption of the upper thread is measured be means of a decoder for consumed thread length after a completed stitch, whereby this information about real thread consumption for an already performed stitch is used to adjust the thread tension of a subsequent stitch to accomplish a correct relation of thread lengths between upper thread and bottom thread. This and other similar solutions presupposes that the amount of upper thread required for a present stitch is known in advance.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 4,967,679 discloses a solution to attain automatic control of thread feed, wherein a sewing machine for straight seams utilizes to thread portioning out in accordance with a requisite amount of upper thread, and which adjusts the thread tension of the upper thread at zigzag sewing. The thread portioning out of this solution is mechanically driven, wherein rolls which drives the thread are rotated synchronically with the driving mechanical members of the sewing machine. At zigzag sewing the thread tension is electrically set according to a manually predetermined value. In this described solution the thread supply is indirectly supervised and not through a direct reading of a prevailing deviation between actual thread consumption and a predetermined thread consumption per stitch.
During sewing, the calculated consumption of upper thread sometimes deviates from the actual consumption, which for example can depend on that the displacement of the fabric differ from the theoretically accurate. If, e.g. it is desired to portion out the thread by means of a thread portioner, automatically portioning out a calculated amount per stitch, instead of adjusting the tensile force in the upper thread by means of conventional friction braking, a precise information about a deviation between a calculated and an actual thread consumption is required already during the present stitch. An object with the present invention is to provide a device and a method to obtain this desired information.

Control of thread feed for a sewing machine


A method of utilizing timestamps for the global ordering of event information, particularly hardware error reporting, is disclosed. Locally generated time stamps are associated with hardware errors or other events. The timestamps form the basis for the global ordering of event information. The timestamps are normalized, either through a pre-synchronization process with a common time, or through the use of offsets maintained either locally near system chips or by the system processor. Once normalized, the timestamps can be compared to determine a first occurring event among multiple reported events.

Some computer systems have many chips working under the control of one or more processors. Hardware problems or faults suffered by the chips and/or observed by the chips and reported to the processors often manifest themselves almost simultaneously. An initial hardware fault may trigger multiple error reports which are transmitted to the system processor. The multiplicity of these reports from a single triggering event may make diagnosis of the problem causing the initial error difficult in that it is often problematic to reconstruct which error occurred first among multiple reported errors.
Determining the time of the occurrence of the errors is difficult since chips working under the control of one or more processors frequently have local time counters which are not synchronized. The local time counters may increment with every clock tick (e.g. every 16 nanoseconds or however fast the clock is in the electronic device). Even when two local chips are both using counters that increment on the clock tick however, the values of the local time counters may be different since they may have started from a different baseline. Since the chips each have their local time counters operating independently, comparison of the different local time counters for the purposes of identifying the first event in a string of events is frequently quite difficult. Furthermore, propagation times of errors from the chips to the operating system may not be uniform for all chips, resulting in inaccurate assignment of error times to errors.
Conventionally, computer systems have generated hardware faults and reported them to controlling processors. The controlling processor can accumulate the reports of hardware errors and present them to a human user. Unfortunately without some way of determining which error occurred first, the diagnosis of the initial cause of the fault is exceedingly difficult.

System and method for determining a global ordering of events using timestamps


A method of machining a crankshaft using a machine tool arrangement having a cutting insert comprising a first plurality of cutting teeth comprising a rounded cutting tooth being disposed at the intersection of a first contoured side surface and a first planar side surface; and second plurality of cutting teeth comprising a rounded, corner cutting tooth being disposed at the intersection of said second contoured side surface and a second planar side surface.

1. Technical Field
The present application relates to a method of machining crankshafts. The present application further relates to a cutting insert for use in the method, which cutting insert has a prismatic basic shape and has a top and a bottom surface which are arranged parallel or relatively parallel to one another and are connected by four side faces which are arranged perpendicularly or relatively perpendicularly thereto. The cutting insert also has two opposite side faces that have projecting and recessed sections, which together with the top and the bottom surface form respective cutting edges, and two other opposite side faces that are arranged in a planar manner and parallel or relatively parallel to one another.
The present application also relates to a method of machining rotated workpieces, possibly crankshafts, in which at least one cutting insert is first being fed in onto the workpiece in the radial direction and then being moved relative to the workpiece in the axial direction.
2. Background Information
Background information is for informational purposes only and does not necessarily admit that subsequently mentioned information and publications are prior art.
Some methods of machining rotationally symmetrical workpiece surfaces, such as crankshafts, involve rotating the workpiece surface during the machining, then first rough-machining by means of cutting tips, and then finish-machining by means of at least one further cutting tip, wherein the workpiece surface to be machined, during the finish machining, is machined by the longitudinal turning process by the further cutting tip moved in the axial direction of the workpiece surface. The tool having the further cutting tip is fed in radially to the workpiece surface during the finish machining, the longitudinal turning being effected by means of at least two lips of the further cutting tip which lie axially next to one another at a distance apart and work essentially simultaneously. The tool used for this purpose has a tool parent body on which at least one cutting tip for the rough machining and at least one further cutting tip for the finish machining are to be arranged. Said further finishing tip has, for the finish machining by longitudinal turning, at least two lips lying next to one another at an axial distance apart, possibly a cutting edge having a tooth-like profile, in which a multiplicity of lips lying next to one another at a distance apart each have a triangular shape. The points formed by these triangular lips lie in one plane.
In other words, one method of machining a crankshaft involves placing a workpiece in a rotating device which holds and rotates the workpiece in the style of a lathe. A cutting tool with a cutting insert or tip is moved radially, i.e. is moved in a direction corresponding to a radius extending perpendicularly to the longitudinal rotational axis of the workpiece, towards and into the workpiece. This first cutting insert engages and cuts a portion of the workpiece as the workpiece rotates as part of a rough machining or cutting process. The first cutting insert is then removed upon completion of the cutting process, and a second cutting tool with another cutting insert, such as a comb-shaped cutting insert, is moved radially toward the workpiece. This second cutting insert also initially contacts the workpiece in a radial direction, however, it is then moved in a substantially axial direction, i.e. in a direction parallel to the longitudinal rotational axis of the workpiece. In this manner the second cutting insert cuts across the face or exterior of the workpiece in a finish machining or cutting process.
Some tools are provided with cutting tips which lie one behind the other in the circumferential direction and with which different machining operations can be carried out on a crankshaft. Rough machining is effected using a first set of, for example, four cutting tips, during which rough machining, in the example cited, cutting inserts which are rectangular in plan view of the rake face are fed in radially in the direction of a crankshaft. Once the crankshaft has been machined by the recessing process to such an extent that a journal circumferential surface having lateral oil collars has approximately developed, a cutting tip having a plurality of triangular cutting edges is fed in onto the workpiece for the finishing and is moved in a longitudinally axial manner for the longitudinal turning.
Some cutting inserts with prismatic basic shapes have two essentially parallel, top and bottom surfaces and at least three side faces which run essentially perpendicularly to the top and bottom surfaces. A cutting edge is formed at the interface between at least one side face and the top or bottom surface. The relevant side face is not planar and has alternately arranged projecting and recessed sections, whereby effective sections of main cutting edges are formed at least in the region of the projecting sections. Extending between these main cutting edges are sloping secondary cutting edges which are angled relative to the main cutting edges partly by 60 degrees and in the corner regions by 45 degrees. Furthermore, the rake faces are formed by recesses assigned to each section of a main cutting edge, an angle between the rake face and the main flank within the range of 62 degrees to 72 degrees being obtained in the central region of a main cutting edge.
These cutting inserts may be fitted on a milling tool in such a way that their main cutting edges overlap slightly and the main cutting edges of one cutting insert mutually cover the recessed regions of a following cutting insert, such that the secondary cutting edges come into engagement with the workpiece with only or substantially only their regions directly or relatively adjoining the main cutting edges. A corresponding tool is provided solely for infeed in the radial direction in order to mill, for example, grooves or the like in a workpiece.
One problem is how to provide a method of machining workpieces in which the cutting insert is to be fed in both radially and axially during the machining of workpieces, wherein the corresponding workpiece surfaces are to be produced efficiently and in good quality, i.e. with low tolerances.
According to one possible method, at least one cutting insert is to be used for producing rotationally symmetrical surfaces. Possibly, this cutting insert is to comprise certain angles, namely a first angle which is formed between the rake faces and the plane of the main flanks, this plane being defined by the regions of the side face adjoining the main cutting edge, and which is to be between 72 degrees and 76 degrees, and furthermore an angle between 75 degrees and 70 degrees between the secondary cutting edges and the main cutting edge and an angle of inclination of the cutting insert at which an effective clearance angle of 8 degrees to 12 degrees is formed. It is emphasized that the selection of such angles firstly makes possible a positive cutting geometry during both the radial and the axial infeed to the workpiece, and in addition reaction forces which occur could be kept relatively small. Such tool is also only suitable for fine machining.
There is therefore the disadvantage with the above-mentioned methods that first, to produce the bearing of a crankshaft, rough machining is carried out using a first cutting insert. To this end, a "triangular indexable insert" having a corner radius of 1.2 millimeters is often used. Then, for the fine machining, one of the cutting inserts described above having a comb-like cutting edge is used, with which the final contour of the bearing root is machined by a longitudinal turning process. In order to be able to produce a crankshaft, a certain number of cutting inserts having different geometries and in different grades should be kept in stock. The number of different types of indexable insert variants is not inconsiderable, which may disadvantageously result in the risk of mix-ups during fitting, with costly malfunctioning of the fitted tools. The multiplicity of cutting inserts desired also results in long setting-up times. Ultimately, the tool costs have a substantial effect on the production costs of the workpieces to be machined.

Method of machining crankshafts and a crankshaft machining tool insert therefor

Kennametal Widia Produktions GmbH & Co. KG


A hand-held micro-fluid ejection device for ejecting a fluid onto a substrate surface in a plurality of physical orientations between the ejection device and a substrate surface, and methods for controlling the geometric accuracy of printing using a hand-held printing apparatus. Various spatial and dynamic orientations of the ejection device are measured, such as rotation angle, yaw angle, and velocity and acceleration vectors. Threshold limits are established for the orientations and printing is disabled if the measured values exceed the threshold limits.

It may be desirable to provide a micro-fluid ejection device, for example, a printer, that is manually positioned over a media or substrate surface (such as a piece of paper, cardboard, cloth, wood, plastic, film, or similar material). The device may then be activated to eject fluid, such as ink, to provide text or graphical information on that surface. Ejection of ink in the manner described above is analogous to airbrush painting except that the pattern of ink from the ejection device is controlled to produce textual or graphic images instead of the simple spray "dot" or lines produced by an airbrush device. In such applications the ejection device is generally substantially physically unengaged from the media or substrate on which the fluid is deposited. In other words, the physical location, orientation, and motion of the surface and micro-fluid ejection device with respect to each other are not mechanically controlled either by the ejection device or by an external mechanism.
As used herein the term "orientation" refers to both spatial and dynamic orientations. A spatial orientation is a geometric orientation between an ejection head and a substrate surface irrespective of whether there is relative translational or elevational motion between the ejection head and the substrate surface. A dynamic orientation is a kinetic relationship between an ejection head and a substrate surface. A dynamic orientation is defined at least in part by a vector having a magnitude and a direction. The magnitude and the direction of vectors are each separately considered herein to be an element of orientation between an ejection head and a substrate surface. The dynamic orientation may represent a relative velocity or a relative acceleration between the ejection head and the substrate surface.
In order to compensate for the mechanical dissociation between the ejection device and the surface, one or more optical sensors may be incorporated into the ejection device to track the relative motion of the device as it moves over the surface of the material onto which the fluid is ejected. The foregoing is analogous to the tracking provided by an optical mouse in a computer system. Referential position information regarding the location of the ejection device with respect to substrate surface is provided by the optical sensor to the ejection device, and control circuitry in the ejection device uses this positional data to assist the user in determining when to eject fluid as the ejection device moves over the surface of the substrate.
While these hand-held micro-fluid ejection devices typically sense position over the substrate surface and may automatically determine when an area traversed should be imprinted, the motion of these devices is controlled by the operator whose motion may be random, irregular, and inconsistent. Such unpredictable motion contrasts sharply with traditional printers where motion is precisely controlled, so the hand-held design has unique challenges in compensating for the motion of the operator to maintain quality of the imprinted image. What are needed are apparatuses and methods for dealing with operator motion that exceeds desired design limits. Examples include: print motion outside optimal speed; excessive rotation or acceleration; excessive yaw angle; and separation of the ejection head from the substrate surface.
Exemplary embodiments of the disclosure provide a hand-held micro-fluid ejection device for ejecting a fluid onto a substrate surface in a plurality of physical orientations between the ejection device and a substrate surface. The device typically incorporates an ejection head that has an enabled state for permitting the ejection of the fluid onto the substrate surface and a disabled state for blocking the ejection of the fluid onto the substrate surface. A position sensor system is typically included. The position sensor system is configured to provide measured data indicative of an actual orientation between the ejection device and the substrate surface. Generally an electronic processor is provided, and the electronic processor is configured to receive the measured data from the position sensor system and configured to place the ejection head in the disabled state if the measured data indicates that the actual orientation of the ejection device exceeds a threshold limit for the orientation between the ejection device and the substrate surface.
Some embodiments provide a hand-held micro-fluid ejection device for ejecting a fluid onto a target area of a substrate surface that includes an ejection head that has an enabled state for permitting the ejection of the fluid onto the substrate surface and a disabled state for blocking the ejection of the fluid onto the substrate surface. A position sensor system is provided, and the position sensor system is configured to provide measured data indicative of a location of the ejection device with respect to the target area of the substrate surface. An electronic processor is included, and the electronic processor is configured to receive the measured data from the position sensor system and configured to place the ejection head in the disabled state if the measured data indicates that the location of the ejection device is not within the target area.
Methods are provided for controlling the geometric accuracy of printing using a hand-held printing apparatus. In exemplary applications the method includes a step of acquiring in the printing apparatus at least one threshold limit representing a maximum value for an orientation parameter affecting the spatial accuracy of printing on a target area of a printing surface. The method generally further includes a step of sensing a print signal that if positive indicates an operator's instruction to print a portion of an image using the printing apparatus, and a step of sensing an orientation of the printing apparatus relative to the target area of the printing surface. The method typically further includes a step of disabling the printing by the printing apparatus if the orientation of the printing apparatus relative to the target area of the printing surface exceeds the threshold limit when the print signal is positive.

Hand held micro-fluid ejection devices configured to block printing based on printer orientation and method of blocking


According to decode system and method of the present invention in which a system clock is generated on the basis of a time stamp contained in transmission data to be transmitted every packet, and the transmission data are decoded on the basis of the system clock, the transmission data are stored into a buffer memory before a time stamp is extracted, and a packet storage amount of the transmission data stored in the buffer memory is detected to increase the read-out rate of the transmission data from the buffer memory when the storage amount is larger than a predetermined reference value and reduce the read-out rate of the transmission data from the buffer memory when the storage amount is smaller than the predetermined reference value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an encode system, an encode method, a decode system, a decode method, an encode data recording device, an encode data recording method, an encode data transmitting device, an encode data transmitting method and a recording medium which are suitably used when audio data or video data are digitalized and packeted according to an MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) system, and these data are transmitted through a prescribed network and received at a reception side.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 15 shows the construction of a conventional data transmission system.
An encoder 1 encodes video signals and audio signals according to an MPEG-2 system, for example, and inputs these data to a system encoder 2. The system encoder 2 packets the input video signals and the audio signals, and also adds time stamps to these data to transmit the data onto a network 3. The network 3 is an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) network, for example, and a statistical multiplexing processing is conducted. That is, when data of a packet are transmitted, data of another packet are held in a buffer memory. When the transmission of the data of the packet concerned is completed, the data of the other packet (cells) are read out from the buffer memory and a transmission processing is executed on many nodes constituting the network 3.
The data which are transmitted through the network 3 are input to a system decode 4. For example, as shown in FIG. 16, the system decoder 4 is constructed by a time stamp take-out circuit 11, a PLL circuit 12 and a system decoder 13. The system decoder 13 releases the packetting of the input packeted audio data and the video data, and outputs the obtained audio stream and the video stream to the decoder 5.
On the other hand, the time stamp take-out circuit 11 takes out a time stamp contained in the input data, and outputs it to the PLL circuit 12. The PLL circuit 12 generates a system clock by using the input time stamp, and outputs the system clock to the decoder 5. In the case of the MPEG-2 system, the frequency of the system clock is set to 27 MHz.
The decoder 5 decodes the streams of the audio data and the video data supplied from the system decoder 13 on the basis of the system clock input from the PLL circuit 12.
The PLL circuit 12 is constructed as shown in FIG. 17, for example. The time stamp which is extracted by the time stamp take-out circuit 11 is input to a subtracter 21. The time stamp is set as PCR (Program Clock Reference) in the transport stream of the MPEG-2 system. The transport stream is set as a fixed packet of 188 bytes, and it is transmitted as a stream of a fixed speed. PCR is transmitted at an interval within at least 0.1 second. In the case of transmission, it is disposed at the header of a packet.
PCR represents the timing of an encode in the encoder 1 by a count value of the system clock of the system encoder 2. The subtracter 21 calculates the difference between the PCR and the count value of the system clock of the counter 24 (system clock in the system decoder 4). The output of the subtracter 21 is input to a low-pass filter (LPF) 22 and smoothed, and then input to a DA (Digital/Analog) converter and VCO (voltage control oscillator) 23. The DA converter and VCO 23 converts the digital signal input from the low-pass filter 22 to the analog signal, and uses the analog signal as a control voltage to produce a system clock whose frequency corresponds to the control voltage.
The system clock is supplied to the decoder 5, and also input to the counter 24 to be counted. The count value of the counter 24 is supplied to the subtracter 21 as a signal representing the frequency and phase of the system clock at that time.
When the data encoded at the transmission side are transmitted through the network 3 to the reception side and then decoded at the reception side as described above, the system clock of the decoder side could be easily synchronized with the system clock of the encoder side if the time stamps arrive at the decoder side at the accurately same interval.
However, there actually occurs delay fluctuation on the network 3. That is, the network 3 carries out the statistical multiplexing processing on the data every packet, and in order to transmit a prescribed packet and another packet onto one transmission path, one packet is required to be stored in a buffer memory and kept on standby when the other packet is transmitted. When the transmission of one packet is completed, the transmission processing of the other packet which is kept on standby is performed. Since the processing as described above is carried out on many nodes (ATM switches) in the network 3, the transmitted packet (ATM cell) is caused to have random delay fluctuation. If the delay fluctuation is left as it is, it will be difficult to perform the accurate decoding operation at the decoder side.
Therefore, in order to cancel the random delay fluctuation, it is considered that the time stamps are rewritten into values which are in consideration of the delay fluctuation. However, this processing complicates the construction of the network 3.
Alternatively, it is considered that the random delay fluctuation in the network 3 is absorbed by a PLL circuit 12. However, since the delay fluctuation is extremely large, in order to absorb the random delay fluctuation, the PLL circuit 12 needs a long time to synchronize it or must be designed in a complicated circuit construction.
Furthermore, in the encoder 1, the encode processing is carried out at a variable bit rate. Therefore, data quantity increases for a complicated image, and it is reduced for a simple image.
On the other hand, in the transport stream, the length of the packet is set to a constant value of 188 bytes. Therefore, when data quantity is large, the arrival interval of packets is short. When the data quantity is small, the arrival interval of packets is long. That is, the data rate at which the packet is transmitted is varied in accordance with the code quantity produced in the encoder 1.
When the variation of the arrival interval and the delay fluctuation as described above are left as they are, it would be difficult to perform the accurate decoding operation at the decoder side.
The above problem also occurs when the data output from the system encoder 2 are not directly transmitted, but temporarily stored in a recording medium and then transmitted,


The present invention relates to solid catalyst components comprising a reaction product of a titanium compound, a magnesium compound, an alcohol, an aluminum alkoxide, a siloxane mixture, and a maleate derivative; and catalyst systems comprising the solid catalyst components and organoaluminum compounds. The present invention also relates to methods of making the solid catalyst components and the catalyst systems, and methods of polymerizing or copolymerizing ethylene using the catalyst systems.

Polyethylene is one of the most popular plastic in the world. Polyethylene is used to make grocery bags, shampoo bottles, toys, pipes, containers, drums, and even body armors. For such a versatile material, it has a very simple structure, the simplest of all commercial polymers. Specifically, polyethylene contains a long chain alkane with different alkyl substitutes. The long chain alkane having other long chain alkyl branching is called low density polyethylene (LDPE). The long chain alkane containing many short chain alkyl branches is called linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). High density polyethylene (HDPE) has very little alkyl branching, resulting in the polyethylene with high crystallinity and high density. Linear polyethylene is generally much stronger than branched polyethylene, but branched polyethylene is typically cheaper and easier to make and process.
Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems have been used to make a wide variety of ethylene polymers including HDPE and LLDPE with high polymerization activity. The most widely used Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems comprise titanium, magnesium, halogen and optionally electron donors. It is known that high activities are exhibited especially when a Ziegler-Natta catalyst component is obtained from a liquid magnesium halogen, a liquid titanium compound and an electron donor.
Ziegler-Natta catalysts have been continuously developed for making polyethylene with higher activity and various polymer properties. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,803 discloses the addition of an alkyl silicate and a monoester in a traditional titanium catalyst. The resulted solid titanium catalyst component has increased catalytic activity. Employing this solid titanium catalyst component, less hydrogen is used in producing polyethylene with lower molecular weight.
The inventors have tested a number of organic compounds as additives in the Ziegler-Natta catalyst syntheses and found that adding a specific family of organic compounds in the catalysts can produce polyethylene with a narrow molecular weight distribution and other distinct polymer properties.


A display device includes a display panel having pixels each constituted by red, green, blue, and white subpixels and a backlight, further including: a grayscale ratio calculating section acquiring RGB data and calculating a ratio of the lowest to the highest of RGB grayscales in each pixel; a detection section detecting, from the RGB data, a ratio of the number of target pixels in one frame; a conversion coefficient calculating section acquiring, by using the detected ratio, a conversion coefficient for converting the RGB data into RGBW data; a RGB data conversion section converting the RGB data into the RGBW data per pixel by using the conversion coefficient; and a display control section generating, from the RGBW data, an image to be displayed on the display panel and causing the display panel to display the image.

In general, a color image display device expresses various colors by mixing three colors of R (red), G (green), and B (blue). For example, each pixel of a display panel is provided with R, G, and B color filters, and light from a backlight is transmitted by these color filters so that light of R, G, and B is emitted.
Recently, there is known a technique in which each pixel is provided with a W (white) subpixel in addition to R, G, and B subpixels. In this case, image data acquired by a color image display device is normally in the form of RGB data, and accordingly it is necessary to convert the image data into data corresponding to a pixel of RGBW.
For example, Patent Literatures 1 and 2 describe a method in which a liquid crystal display device having RGBW pixel sequences converts RGB data into RGBW data.

Display device, method for controlling display device, program, and recording medium


A rudder bar includes a main module provided at least with pedals and with all the elements subject to maintenance, the main module being one-piece and detachable relative to a support frame integrated into the floor of the cockpit of the aircraft, so as to exhibit significant flexibility with respect to its maintainability, particularly in the event of the failure of a component, by allowing quick intervention both on a local level and an overall level.

On an aircraft, a rudder bar is a mechanical device that allows the pilot and co-pilot to control the rudder and the wheel brakes.
The rudder bar comprises pedals and a set of movable parts, which, depending on the types of movements that are applied to the pedals by the one or more pilots, control the rudder or the brakes of the aircraft.
The rudder bars used on aircraft are, mainly on airliners, rudder bars that are integrated into the floor of the cockpit.
In order to be operated, the rudder bar must comprise a large number of parts (hinges, connecting rods, pivots, etc.) Such a conventional rudder bar is complex, particularly due to this high number of parts.
It is generally not conceivable, due to its size and its architecture, for a rudder bar to be disassembled (except in extreme circumstances).
With a conventional rudder bar that is not easily disassembled, it is necessary, in the event of an intervention, for significant volumes to be cleared that are simply required for maintenance. Furthermore, such disassembly, which is possible in a conventional nose cone of an aircraft, becomes impossible in a new generation nose cone, in which the volumes dedicated to these functions are intentionally condensed in order for gains to be achieved by increasing the payload volumes.
A conventional rudder bar therefore does not exhibit significant flexibility with respect to its maintainability, in the event of a failure of one or more of its internal components.

Rudder bar for aircraft with a one-piece and detachable main module


The present disclosure relates to a method for facilitating synchronization in a wireless communication system. A number sequence of length L is defined. The number sequence is mapped on a first set of discrete Fourier frequency coefficients. A second set of discrete Fourier frequency coefficients is generated by frequency shifting the first set of discrete Fourier frequency coefficients. The second set of discrete Fourier frequency coefficients is transformed into a time domain signal.

A fundamental acquisition procedure in a cellular wireless system is the cell search, which is performed by a mobile terminal for obtaining time synchronization and frequency synchronization to a cell in the network and detecting its cell identity. Cell search is enabled by the detection of synchronization signals transmitted from a base station.
The cell search is regarded as a procedure demanding much complexity and power in the mobile terminal, since finding synchronization requires correlators (i.e., matched filters) performing complex valued multiplications (due to matching the received signal to a replica signal). It is therefore crucial to design the synchronization signal such that low-complex receiver implementations of the cell searcher can be used.
A further objective of the synchronization signal is to enable detection at very low Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratios (SINRs). Low SINRs often occur at the cell edge and the coverage of the cell is implicitly dependent on whether the synchronization signal can be detected. However, low SINRs may not only occur at distances far from the transmitter. High interference situations may be common in heterogeneous network deployments, i.e., where small low-power cells (e.g. pico cells, femto cells, Home eNodeBs etc.) are deployed at the same carrier frequency as a high-power macro cell and in its coverage region.
In heterogeneous network deployments the experienced SINRs at a mobile terminal may become much smaller than what is currently seen in homogeneous macro cell deployments. It is therefore a problem to provide synchronization signals that can be detected under severe interference conditions with a dominant interferer, while at the same time exhibit a structure that allows low-complex detectors.
For such deployments, system performance can be improved by allowing a mobile terminal (e.g. a User Equipment, UE) to connect to the pico cell, although the received power from the pico cell is smaller than for the macro cell. In that case, a UE that is connected to a pico cell may experience a stronger signal (i.e., large interference) from the macro cell, which implies that the SINRs at the UE could be much less than 0 dB. This cell-association procedure is sometimes referred to as cell range expansion and can be achieved by adding a bias value in the cell selection criterion. FIG. 1 illustrates a heterogeneous network deployment, where received signal strength from a macro cell is larger than a received signal strength from a pico cell, if a mobile terminal is located in the cell range expansion region.
The macro cell is regarded as a dominant interferer for UEs that are in the range expansion zone. These severe interference situations could be handled for data channels by coordinated scheduling between the macro cell and the pico cell. However, there are typically no means for interference coordination of the synchronization channels, which makes synchronization a problem.
For example, in a 3GPP LTE Rel-10 system, a primary synchronization signal is transmitted on 62 subcarriers; 31 subcarriers directly below and above the DC subcarrier, respectively. This applies to all cells in the system. Hence, synchronization signals from different cells are always overlapping in frequency. This constitutes no major problem for homogeneous network deployments. However, for a frame synchronous heterogeneous network deployment, the system has no means for avoiding the strong interference caused by a synchronization signal from a macro cell colliding with the synchronization signal of the pico cell.
Patent documents U.S. Pat. No. 7,751,490, EP2090050 and EP1980030 disclose synchronization signals enabling low-complex receiver implementations. A centrally symmetric number sequence du[n], n=0, 1, . . . , L−1, where L is odd, has its central element n=(L−1)/2 punctured. The punctured number sequence is mapped to a set of discrete Fourier frequency coefficients Hu[l],l=0, 1, . . . , N 1, such that the Fourier coefficients are symmetric around l=0, i.e., Hu[l+p]=Hu[l−p]=Hu[l−p+N], where p is an integer and where the last equality follows from the periodicity of the discrete Fourier transform. The mapping can thus be described by
            H      u                  [      l      ]        =      {                                        0            ,                                                l            =            0                                                                                d                u                                                          [                                  l                  +                                                            L                      -                      1                                        2                                                  ]                                      ,                                                              l              =              1                        ,            2            ,            …                                                              ,                                          L                -                1                            2                                                                                d                u                                                          [                                  l                  -                  N                  +                                                            L                      -                      1                                        2                                                  ]                                      ,                                                              l              =                              N                -                                                      L                    -                    1                                    2                                                      ,            …                                                              ,                          N              -              1                                                                        0            ,                                                elsewhere            .
When generating the continuous time-domain base-band signal, the discrete frequency l=0 corresponds to the DC subcarrier, i.e., the center frequency of the carrier. By such construction, the discrete time-domain base band signal
                              s          u                                  [          k          ]                    =                        1          N                                              ∑                          n              =              0                                      N              -              1                                                                                H                u                                                          [                n                ]                                                                W              N                              -                kn                                                          ,          k      =      0        ,    1    ,    …                      ,          N      -      1                          W        N            =              exp        (                  -                                    j                                                                                2                            n                        N                          )              ,          j      =                        -          1
becomes centrally symmetric, su[k]=su[N−k], k=1, 2, . . . , N−1. This property can be used in an implementation to reduce the number of complex valued multiplications.
Furthermore, for a complex conjugated sequence pair u and ú, where dú=du*[n], it follows that sú[k]=su*[k]. Also this property can be used in an implementation to reduce the number of complex valued multiplications.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Generating synchronization signals for wireless communication systems


Fluorinated 4"-cyano substituted terphenyls of general formula (I), wherein R.sub.1 is selected from alkenyl, H, R, RO and RCO where R is alkyl or perfluoroalkyl containing up to 12 carbon atoms, n is 1, 2 or 3 and the lateral fluorosubstituent(s) may be in any of the available substitution positions are provided. These have liquid crystalline properties and may be used as components of liquid crystal materials.

The use in liquid crystal materials of 4-alkyl and 4-alkoxy-4"-cyano terphenyls is described in GB 1433130, among many other publications and liquid crystal materials containing them are widely used. GB1433130 suggests the possibility of one of the three phenyl rings being laterally substituted, suggested substituents being the bulky methyl group or an unspecified halogen. No example of any such laterally substituted terphenyl is disclosed in GB1433130, no method for their preparation is given, and no preference for any particular halogen substituent is expressed.
GB2039937A describes liquid crystal materials which contain at least one laterally substituted 4-alkyl-4"-cyanoterphenyl of general structure: ##STR1## where R is alkyl, one of X.sub.1 or X.sub.2 being hydrogen and the other being methyl or a halogen preferably the bulky chlorine. A complex 6 step method for preparation of these terphenyls is described in GB2039937A, but no example of a terphenyl having X.sub.1, or X.sub.2 as a halogen is described, the implication being that none were made.
Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. (1985) 123 169-177 describes 2 and 2' fluorosubstituted 4-alkyl-4'-cyanobiphenyls, but the data presented therein suggests that lateral fluorination increases the melting point of these compounds, and that their solubility in liquid crystal materials is low.
Laterally fluoro-substituted terphenyls of general structure: ##STR2## where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl or alkoxy are known and examples are given in EP-A-0132377. The preparation method described therein cannot easily be applied to the preparation of a terminally cyano substituted terphenyl.
The present invention has identified a class of terphenyls which on the basis of the prior art discussed above appear to be newly prepared and which show advantageous properties. A novel process for their synthesis which for the first time makes them also commercially viable has also been discovered.

The Secretary of State for Defence in her Britannic Majesty's Government of the U.K. of Great Britain and Northern Ireland


Identification servers are small, perhaps embedded, systems that can be used as subsystems of a tracking and verification system. An identification server can obtain identification data when a trigger, called an identification event, occurs. The identification server can store the identification data in a database module with a key. The identification server can send a message containing the identification data or the key to a set of subscribing clients. Subscribing clients, such as a central database or a graphical user interface, are clients that subscribe to receive messages from the identification server. An identification server can trigger off of an identification message sent by another identification server.

There are many systems and methods currently used for obtaining identification data and for detecting the presence of people and vehicles. Driver's license readers are used to control access to buildings. Road loops are used to detect the presence of vehicles. Traffic cameras are used record pictures of speeding vehicles or video of vehicles illegally traversing intersections.
Driver's license readers can be stand alone units or connected units. Stand alone units are sometimes used to control access to venues such as liquor serving establishments. A door man can pass a prospective patron's driver's license through a driver's license reader. The reader can indicate the person's age and can also store data contained in the driver's license. The stored data can later be uploaded to a computer and used to produce mailing lists or demographic statistics. Connected driver's license readers can be connected to a computer by a serial cable, USB cable, a telephone modem, or an Ethernet connection. The computer can then automatically upload the driver's license data.
Road loops have been used as sensors for traffic light sensors, traffic sensors, and camera sensors. A vehicle in the road loop can cause a signal wire to transition to an "on" state. Cameras, counters, and traffic lights can interrogate the signal wire and react to the state of the signal wire.
Traffic cameras are often used to video traffic. In many cases, the traffic cameras are also used to gather evidence for use against speeders and red light runners. A person examines the evidence to determine the transgressing vehicles license plate number. A database query to a vehicle registration database can identify the vehicles owner who then receives a traffic fine.
There are many isolated system for gathering personal data as people move about. Systems and methods for using the personal data as tracking data are needed.

Method for verification via information processing


User devices are disclosed for managing a plurality of supplemental payment sources of a user. One method includes: generating and displaying a user interface prompting a user to input: an identifier of a primary payment source account for applying resources to transactions originating at one or more merchants, the primary payment source account being accounted for in a first data structure of a shared ledger and having its identifier linked with one or more supplemental payment source accounts; identifiers of one or more supplemental payment source accounts for applying resources to transactions originating at one or more merchants, the supplemental payment source accounts being accounted for in second and subsequent data structures of the shared ledger; and preference settings for applying resources of the primary payment source account and the supplemental payment source accounts to transactions, based on identities or categories of merchants involved in the transactions.

When consumers approach a merchant to conduct a payment transaction, they typically must select from a variety of payment sources. For example, a consumer might choose to pay using his or her credit card or debit card, or a store credit or gift card loaded with funds useable only at that merchant. Likewise, the consumer may choose to pay using points earned through a loyalty program and/or use an alternate currency, such as Bitcoin or another peer-to-peer currency. In some cases, a consumer might desire to use a variety of payment sources in combination. For example, a user might want to pay for part of a purchase using an available amount of funds remaining on a store credit or gift card, and pay for the remainder of the purchase using the user's credit card.
The task of selecting the right payment source(s), or combination of payment sources, for any given payment transaction with a merchant becomes particularly burdensome since the consumer may need to use multiple payment vehicles (i.e., cards, vouchers, or mobile apps). Moreover, the user may have to log-in and manage multiple accounts, and in some cases follow special procedures for their use. Thus, there is a desire for a system and method of enabling consumers to manage multiple supplemental payment sources for a given transaction, in some cases based primarily on one primary account, and/or based on the identity of the merchant the consumer is patronizing. The management of multiple payment sources by consumers, merchants, and financial institutions may also pose the risk of inconsistencies in accounting. Thus, there is also a desire for a uniform accounting of multiple payment sources linked to a single account.

User interfaces for using shared databases for managing supplemental payment sources


An x-ray diffraction imaging (XDI) system having a system axis includes at least one x-ray source configured to generate x-rays directed toward an object that includes at least one substance. The at least one x-ray source is further configured to irradiate at least one voxel defined within the object with x-rays arriving from a plurality of directions, each direction defined by an angle of incidence with respect to the system axis. The system also includes at least one detector configured to detect scattered x-rays after the x-rays have passed through the object. The system further includes at least one processor coupled to the at least one detector. The processor is programmed to generate a plurality of XDI profiles of the object voxel. Each XDI profile is a function of an associated angle of incidence.

The embodiments described herein relate generally to an x-ray diffraction imaging (XDI) system and, more particularly, to an angle-dependent XDI system.
Known security detection systems are used at travel checkpoints to inspect carry-on and/or checked bags for concealed weapons, narcotics, and/or explosives. At least some known security detection systems include x-ray imaging systems. In an x-ray imaging system, an x-ray source transmits x-rays through an object or a container, such as a suitcase, towards a detector, and the detector output is processed to identify one or more objects and/or one or more materials in the container.
At least some known security detection systems include an XDI system, e.g., a multi-detector inverse fan beam (MIFB) XDI system that uses an inverse fan-beam geometry (a large source and a small detector) and a multi-focus x-ray source (MFXS). At least some known XDI systems provide an improved discrimination of materials, as compared to that provided by other known x-ray imaging systems, by measuring d-spacings between lattice planes of micro-crystals in materials. Further, x-ray diffraction may yield data from a molecular interference function that may be used to identify other materials, such as liquids, in a container.
Known MIFB XDI systems feature an x-ray multisource emitting a multiplicity of x-ray beams, such that each object voxel is irradiated from several different directions, and such that these systems measure spatially-resolved x-ray diffraction profiles of the constituent voxels of inhomogeneous, extended objects. However, currently, all photons belonging to the same object voxel are merely summed to yield an average XDI profile. This average XDI profile has a fourfold dimensionality, i.e., three spatial dimensions defining the voxel location, and one momentum dimension. As such, no provisions are currently made for separately storing angle dimensional information about the measured photons. Such angle dimensional information relates to the direction at which a primary beam irradiates a certain object voxel relative to a system axis. Therefore, since the angle is assumed to be isotropic, no use is currently made in the threat/no threat classification procedure of possible differences in the form of XDI profiles acquired from different irradiation directions for the same voxel.
For liquid, amorphous and micro-crystalline powder samples there is no preferred orientation direction and the XDI profile is independent of irradiation angle. Voxels however containing an appreciable amount of single-crystal material have a statistically-varying preferred orientation direction, and the XDI profile changes according to the relative angles of the primary x-ray beam to this orientation direction and according to the number of crystallites included in a voxel signal. One example of substances whose XDI profiles vary with angle is the class of anisotropic substances, including coarse-grain powders. Since such anisotropic substances have a relatively high degree of single crystal material compared to isotropic substances such as fine powders. Not leveraging use of this anisotropic nature may lead to less than optimum detection performance.

Angle-dependent X-ray diffraction imaging system and method of operating the same


A handy body washer comprises: a main body; a pump accommodated in the main body, a tank, slidably attached to the main body to house the main body therein, and a retractable nozzle member connected to the main body. The nozzle member has a free end and a plurality of nozzle apertures formed proximate the free end. The tank comprises: (i) a bottomed cylindrical body having an open top end and a bottom end, where the bottom end has a water supply opening; (ii) a water supply cover pivotally supported on the bottom end for opening and closing the water supply opening; and (iii) a gutter formed in an inner surface of the water supply cover for introducing the washing water flowing downward into the water supply opening while the water supply cover is open.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a handy body washer that is used especially for bathing the posterior parts and the external genitals of the body.
2. Description of the Related Art
With increased concern about the health and cleanness, body washers and bidets are used commonly. The body washer or bidet is generally fixed to the seat of the toilet. While washing water is jetted out of a nozzle projected from a main body of the body washer, the nozzle swings back and forward or left and right to bathe the posterior parts and the external genitals of the body. In the body washer of such structure, tap water is directly fed into the main body and used as washing water. Recently the needs for a body washer which can be used even out of the house are greatly increasing.


An epoxy resin containing side-chain-tethered caged POSS and a preparation method thereof as well as epoxy resin material containing POSS-epoxy and a preparation method thereof are disclosed. The epoxy resin containing side-chain-tethered caged POSS (POSS epoxy) is formed by tethering of POSS group to the side chain of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. The preparation method of the POSS epoxy includes a step of reacting epoxy resin with caged POSS to form epoxy resin containing side-chain-tethered caged POSS (POSS-epoxy). The preparation method of epoxy resin material containing POSS-epoxy includes a step of reacting DGEBA epoxy resin with POSS-epoxy to get epoxy resin material containing POSS-epoxy. The POSS-epoxy is distributed evenly in the epoxy resin material with POSS-epoxy.

The present invention relates to an epoxy resin material containing caged POSS and preparation method thereof, especially to the epoxy resin containing side-chain-tethered caged POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) and a preparation method thereof as well as epoxy resin material containing POSS-epoxy and a preparation method thereof that are applied to various fields such as high performance adhesives, heat resistant coating, filler for home decoration, composite material, electronic material, electrical insulating materials, electronic information products, and optoelectronics.
Epoxy has features of good adhesiveness, mechanical properties and physical properties such as tensile strength, impulse durability, insulation properties and good machinability so that it is broadly applied to composite material, electronic material and electrical insulating materials.
Along with fast development of various electronic information products, and optoelectronics, features of epoxy such as light transmittance, high hardness, high gas barrier characteristics, high heat resistance and excellent dimensional stability gradually got challenged. Conventional epoxy resin material is formed by physically mixture of epoxy resin with fillers such as processed organic clay, glass fiber or other nano-scale powder. However, above fillers have disadvantages of larger particle diameter and higher density. Moreover, filler in the epoxy resin has poor dispersion and the formed epoxy resin has poor oxidation resistance, poor film forming ability and low glass transition temperature (Tg). Refer to Patent Pub. No. KR20050004563, the POSS in the material has not been polymerized so that phase separation easily occurs and distribution of POSS is not even. As to U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,013, although POSS is with epoxy group, the POSS may aggregate and distribute unevenly while crosslinking due to poor compatibility of POSS with epoxy.
Thus an epoxy resin containing side-chain-tethered caged POSS and a preparation method thereof as well as epoxy resin material containing POSS-epoxy and a preparation method thereof is provided. Because caged POSS has smaller nano-scale particle diameter and lower density so as to have better distribution in epoxy resin. Moreover, caged POSS is bonded with DGEBA epoxy resin to form caged POSS-epoxy. Then the POSS-epoxy is further added into and reacted with epoxy resin to form epoxy resin material containing POSS-epoxy that has better oxidation resistance and film forming ability while glass transition temperature (Tg) is higher.

Epoxy resin containing side-chain-tethered caged POSS and preparation method thereof as well as epoxy resin material containing POSS-epoxy and preparation method thereof

Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Armaments Bureau, M.N.D


A method and system for an infrastructure for performance-based chip-to-chip stacking are provided in the illustrative embodiments. A critical path monitor circuit (infrastructure) is configured to launch a signal from a launch point in a first layer, the first layer being a first circuit. The infrastructure is further configured to create an electrical path to a capture point. The signal is launched from the launch point in the first layer. A performance characteristic of the electrical path is measured, resulting in a measurement, wherein the measurement is indicative of a performance of the first layer when stacked with a second layer in a 3D stack without actually stacking the first and the second layers in the 3D stack, the second layer being a second circuit.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to a method, system, and computer program product for creating integrated circuits. More particularly, the present invention relates to an infrastructure for determining the performance of separate integrated circuit chips when stacked into a stack of chips, such as in three dimensions (3D stack) or in a common two dimensional plane (2D stack), or in a package-to-package, chip-to-chip, or package-to-chip coupling using 2D or 3D stacks.
2. Description of the Related Art
Modern day electronics include components that use integrated circuits. Integrated circuits are electronic circuits formed using Silicon as a substrate and by adding impurities to form solid-state electronic devices, such as transistors, diodes, and resistors. Commonly known as a "chip", an integrated circuit (IC) is generally individually encased in hard plastic forming a package. The components in modern day electronics generally appear to be rectangular black plastic pellets with connector pins protruding from the plastic encasement. Often, many such packages are electrically coupled so that the chips therein form an electronic circuit to perform certain functions.
Circuit designers use a variety of software tools to design electronic circuits that accomplish an intended task. For example, a digital circuit may be designed to accept digital inputs, perform some computation, and produce a digital output. An analog circuit may be designed to accept analog signals, manipulate the analog signals, such as my amplifying, filtering, or mixing the signals, and produce an analog or digital output. Generally, any type of circuit can be designed as an IC.
The software tools used for designing ICs produce, manipulate, or otherwise work with the circuit layout at very small scales. Some of the components that such a tool may manipulate may only measure tens of nanometer across when formed in Silicon. The designs produced and manipulated using these software tools are complex, often including millions of such components interconnected to form an intended electronic circuitry. A wire is a connection between parts of electronic components, and is formed using a metallic material that conducts electricity. A conducting path in an IC, such as a wire, is also known as a back-end macro. The set of electronic components implementing logic or a function is called a front-end macro.
An IC may use many layers of silicon to implement a circuit. In other words, components forming the circuit may be placed on different layers of silicon in a chip. Interconnects connecting the components on one layer to components on different layers go through the silicon layer. Such interconnects are also known as through silicon vias (TSVs).
In an effort to further reduce the footprint of electronic circuits, different chips are being stacked together in a single package. Stacking chips together into a common package is called chip-to-chip stacking. For example, a processor chip and a memory chip, each possibly formed using multiple layers, may be stacked to occupy a smaller area on a circuit board, or to consume less power, as compared to using separate processor and memory chips.

Infrastructure for performance based chip-to-chip stacking

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION