To provide a four-cycle combustion engine wherein the air-fuel mixture can be smoothly passed at all times by the utilization of the reciprocating motion of the piston to effectively lubricate the valve operating mechanism and the cranking mechanism and also to allow the air-fuel mixture to be supplied into the combustion chamber with a high suction efficiency. By utilization of the reciprocating motion of the piston (9), a portion of the air-fuel mixture (M) fed from the intake passage (33) is circulated through a circulating passage made up of the valve chamber (18), the first passage (24), the crankcase chamber (7) and the second passage (41).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a four-cycle internal combustion engine and, more particularly, to the four-cycle internal combustion engine for use as a power plant in a small size, portable working machine such as, for example, a bush cutter and a mowing machine.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is generally known that the small size, portable working machine such as, for example, a bush cutter is operated adaptively in all positions considered suitable, necessary, optimal and/or convenient for the operator to perform an intended work. Accordingly, the small size, portable working machine has long employed a two-cycle combustion engine of a type utilizing an oil-mixed fuel, i.e., a mixture of fuel with oil. However, in recent years, in view of the pressing demand to substantially purify exhaust gases emitted from the working machine, a four-cycle combustion engine capable of being used as a power plant in the small size, portable working machine has come to be developed such as disclosed in, for example, the Japanese Laid-open Utility Model Publication No. 4-93707.
The four-cycle combustion engine suggested in the above mentioned publication includes an oil sump disposed at the bottom of the crankcase, the design of which is specifically tailored to prevent lubricant oil, accumulated within the oil sump, from leaking even when the portable working machine is operated in any position inclined within a predetermined angle. However, with this four-cycle combustion engine, it has been found that since the lubricant oil within the oil sump tends to flow into a combustion chamber particularly when the portable working machine is so inclined as to assume a substantially inverted (i.e., upside down) position, such portable working machine is in effect incapable of being used in all positions. Also, considering that a substantially large amount of lubricant oil is accommodated within the oil sump, the portable working machine as a whole tends to be so heavy as to impose an increased amount of labor on the operator.
On the other hand, the four-cycle combustion engine requiring no oil sump and capable of being used in all positions is suggested and disclosed in, for example, the Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication no. 8-100621. With the four-cycle combustion engine disclosed in this second mentioned publication, an air-fuel mixture containing oil similar to that used in the two-cycle combustion engine is utilized and is introduced into the crankcase. The air-fuel mixture within the crankcase is, by the utilization of change in pressure inside the crankcase that occurs as a result of a reciprocating motion of the piston, allowed to flow through a first air-fuel passage communicated directly with an intake port as well as through a second air-fuel passage communicated with the intake port through a valve operating mechanism, into the combustion chamber through the intake port, so that a lubricant oil contained in the air-fuel mixture can be utilized to lubricate various parts within the crankcase and those of the valve operating mechanism.
In the four-cycle combustion engine that can be used in all positions such as disclosed in the second mentioned publication, during the intake stroke the air-fuel mixture containing oil within the crankcase that is compressed as a result of a descending motion of the piston is supplied to the intake port through the first air-fuel passage. On the other hand, the air-fuel mixture is also supplied through the second air-fuel passage into a valve chamber of the valve operating mechanism and a portion of the air-fuel mixture introduced into the valve chamber is subsequently introduced into the intake port through a small opening defined in the bottom of the valve chamber and defining a part of the breathing passage. At this time, the lubricant oil then pooled within the valve chamber flows outwardly from the valve operating mechanism through the opening at the bottom of the valve chamber and into the combustion chamber through the intake port. This results in white fume generated undesirably.
Also, in the four-cycle combustion engine disclosed in the second mentioned publication, since the opening at the bottom of the valving chamber is too small for the air-fuel mixture to flow smoothly within the valve chamber, the lubricant oil contained in the air-fuel mixture tends to stick to wall surfaces of passages where the air-fuel mixture flows little and, therefore, various parts of the engine will hardly be lubricated effectively.


A contactless power receiving device includes a power receiving coil receiving power from a contactless power transfer device, a rectifier circuit rectifying the power to form a rectified output on a high potential side and a rectified output on a low potential side, a smoothing circuit receiving the rectified output on the high potential side and the rectified output on the low potential side, and a switching power supply converting a DC voltage from the smoothing circuit to a first voltage. The smoothing circuit includes a first inductor transmitting the rectified output on the high potential side, a second inductor transmitting the rectified output on the low potential side, and a smoothing capacitance element to which the rectified output on the high potential side and the rectified output on the low potential side are supplied, and the rectified output on the low potential side is connected to a ground potential.

In recent years, portable terminals such as mobile devices have been reduced in size and thickness. When the reduction in size and thickness has advanced, the connection of a charging connector at the time of charging of a built-in battery becomes troublesome. Therefore, the demand for charging by the wireless power transfer technology has been increasing. Also, in the case of the wired charging for a built-in battery of an electric vehicle, water may enter the charging connector at the time of rain and the contact point may be deteriorated, and thus the charging by the wireless power transfer technology has been desired.
As the wireless power transfer technology, a system using a radio wave such as a microwave and an inductive coupling system using magnetic field coupling have been studied.
The wireless power transfer technology using a microwave is excellent in transmission distance because it is possible to relatively increase the power transmission distance. However, the wireless power transfer technology using a microwave is poor in transmission efficiency, and is hardly put into practical use. Meanwhile, the inductive coupling system has a transmission distance as short as about several cm to 10 and several cm, but the transmission efficiency of the coil used for power transfer and reception as high as about 90% can be obtained. For these reasons, it is considered that transmission by inductive coupling system will be the mainstream for the wireless power transfer technology.
The inductive coupling system is described in, for example, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2.

Contactless power receiving device, contactless power transfer device, and contactless power transfer and receiving device


A relay includes a movable iron piece, a plate spring fixed to the one surface of the movable iron piece, a shaft hole formed by the one surface of the movable iron piece and the plate spring, and a supporting shaft inserted through the shaft hole. The movable iron piece is rotated round the supporting shaft based on excitation and nonexcitation of a magnetic unit. Both end portions of the plate spring alternately drive a contact point unit. The shaft hole is formed by a flat portion of the one surface of the movable iron piece and a bearing portion formed by subjecting the plate spring to bending work. The movable iron piece is supported so as to be rotatable.

Heretofore, as a high-frequency relay, for example, there is the one in which a contact point block 2 is driven with a movable iron piece 5 that is rotated around a rotation shaft 27 so that a contact point is closed and opened (see Patent Documents 1, 2).
Patent Document 1: JP2003-257734A
Patent Document 2: JP2003-272500A
In the above high-frequency relay, as shown in FIG. 4 of Patent Document 1, a pair of protrusions 26, 26 are provided in parallel on one surface of the thick movable iron piece 5 to form a groove portion 28, and a plate spring 29 is screwed and fastened to the protrusions 26, whereby the rotation shaft 27 is supported.


According to one embodiment, a display device includes a display unit and a mounting stand. The display unit has a housing, a display panel housed at least partially within the housing, an engaging member joined to the housing at a first predetermined location and a processing unit configured to control the display panel to display a position indicator at a second predetermined location substantially corresponding in height to the first predetermined location. The mounting stand has a plurality of engaging parts disposed at different heights for engagement with the engaging member and a plurality of position marks disposed at third predetermined locations, the third predetermined locations being respectively at the different heights and visible when the display unit is mounted on the mounting stand.

Most of the recent display devices, such as PC monitors, POS terminals, television sets, etc., may have a tilting mechanism that enables the display devices to be tilted for a users' convenience. With the tilting mechanism, the display devices can be tilted differently depending on the physique of the user who is operating the display device. For example, if the user of the display device has a large physique, he may tilt it upward. On the other hand, the user of the display device who has a small physique may tilt it downward. However, the tilting mechanism has proved to have limited efficiency for a display device such as an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) since the LCD, if tilted, may provide an indistinct view to the users.
To address the above problem, a height adjustment mechanism of the LCD has been developed. According to the mechanism, the height at which the user views the LCD may be adjusted by engaging the LCD to one of a plurality of hook fixtures provided at different heights on a wall. However, such mechanism may suffer from the disadvantage that for the height adjustment, the plurality of hook fixtures must be provided on a wall in advance. Another problem associated with the mechanism is that the users must look at the back side of the LCD prior to adjusting the height.


A system for self-administered monitoring, displaying, analyzing and recording electrical activity of the brain provides indications of brain activity and a corresponding mental state of a user. A plurality of visual, auditory and tactile feedback mechanisms are integrated with the presentation of control and notification indications, to facilitate neurofeedback training of the user, The operational interface and sequencing is provided in such a manner as to provide the ability to the user to record, manage and control brain activity for different purposes including self-improvement, treatment, peak performance and recreation.

EEG (brainwave) signals have been extensively studied in an effort to determine relationships between frequencies of electrical activity or neural discharge patterns of the brain and corresponding mental, emotional or cognitive states. Biofeedback of identified frequency bands of EEG signals is used to enable a person to voluntarily reach or maintain a target mental state.
Frequency bands of EEG readings used in such biofeedback have been generally categorized in the approximate frequency ranges of:
delta waves, 0 to 4 Hz;
theta waves, 4 to 7 Hz;
alpha waves, 8 to 12 Hz;
beta waves, 12 Hz to 36 Hz, and
sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) waves, 12 to 15 Hz.
It is theorized that each of the major subbands of biofeedback EEG (delta, theta, alpha, beta) has unique bio-electric characteristics which correspond with unique subjective characteristics of an individual. The delta band is observed most clearly in coma and deep sleep, the theta band in light sleep and drowsiness, the alpha band in a variety of wakeful states involving creativity, calm and inner awareness, and the beta band in alert wakeful situations with external focus. In general, a dominant brain wave frequency increases with increasing mental activity.
Many different approaches have been taken to EEG biofeedback to achieve mental state control. U.S. Pat. No. 4,928,704 describes a biofeedback method and system for training a person to develop useful degrees of voluntary control of EEG activity. EEG sensors are attached to cortical sites on the head for sensing EEG signals in a controlled environmental chamber. The signals are amplified and filtered in accordance with strict criteria for processing within time constraints matching natural neurologic activity. The signals are filtered in the pre-defined subbands of alpha, theta, beta and delta, and fed back to the monitored person in the form of optical, aural or tactile stimuli.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,726 discloses an electrical device which is responsive to recorded brain waves to produce an electrical output which corresponds to detection of brain waves in predefined frequency ranges. The output of the device is connected to a device control apparatus to cause an output device to perform a function in accordance with detected brainwave signals. U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,235 describes an EEG neurofeedback apparatus which detects analog signals from the brain, converts readings to digital signals and compares the digital signals to a threshold amplitude to provide an auditory or visual indication to a person of whether or not the detected signals are within a predetermined frequency range.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,967 describes a system for evoking EEG signals from a subject which applies a frequency signal to a stimulus generator for conversion to a stimulative signal such as a photic stimulus to the subject. The brain wave to be evoked is strongly synchronized by the stimulative signal applied to the subject to put the subject in the desired brain wave state. U.S. Pat. No. 5,365,939 describes a method for evaluating and treating an individual with EEG disentrainment feedback by selecting a reference site to determine a reference brain wave frequency, entraining the brain wave frequency in one direction until a first stop condition occurs, the entraining the brain wave frequency in an opposite direction until a second stop condition occurs. Different electrode sites are selected to fully test an individual for flexibility to EEG entrainment feedback treatment. And U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,957 describes an EEG Neurofeedback apparatus for training and tracking of cognitive states which measures bioelectric signals in bandwidth windows to produce a composite amplitude by a fast Fourier transform on an amplified signal. Selected bandwidths are displayed and monitored by computer to enable training of a person being monitored with audio or verbal feedback.
In many of the EEG biofeedback systems and methods of the prior art, it is necessary to interrupt data collection and analysis and/or the biofeedback process in order to perform set-up functions, to review component values, or to set protocols or adjust threshold levels. These functions are typically performed by a session administrator, which can ultimately diminish or otherwise adversely effect the nature and quality of biofeedback signals to a subject seeking to benefit from EEG training.
Most of the neurofeedback systems of the prior art generate only a single form of each type of feedback stimuli, such as a single screen display, or a single auditory and tactile signal, thus inherently limiting the scope of biofeedback and physical (EEG) response.

System for self-administration of electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback training


A cleaning sheet for attachment to a mop for cleaning a floor. The cleaning sheet is a laminate comprising a lower layer of fibrous material for contacting the floor, an intermediate layer attached to the lower layer and having a top surface comprising release material, and an upper layer releasably attached to the intermediate layer. The upper layer has a bottom surface comprising adhesive material on at least a central portion thereof. After the lower layer is used to clean a floor, the lower and intermediate layers are removed from the upper layer to expose the adhesive material. The upper layer can then be used to pick up remaining dirt and particulate material. Also disclosed is a method of cleaning a floor using the above sheet.

Nonwoven sheets used for dry dust-type cleaning typically utilize a composite of fibers that can be thermally or adhesively bonded or bonded by entanglement or other forces, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,629,047 and 5,144,729. When the cleaning sheet is used with a mop, the sheet is typically mechanically attached to the mop head via grippers located on the top of the mop head. A portion of the cleaning sheet contacts the floor being cleaned in order to collect and trap soils such as dust, lint, dirt, crumbs and other particles. To improve cleaning efficacy, the sheet is often made out of a synthetic non-woven material that develops an electrostatic charge capable of "attracting" particles during the mopping operation. Other cleaning sheets include an additive, such as waxes, oils, or polymeric additives, to enhance the pick-up and retention of soils by the cleaning sheet. For example, polymeric additives that are tacky or sticky can be used to enhance large particle pick-up. However, particulate material often remains on the floor after the mopping operation. The consumer may then need to use a dust bin or wet paper towel to pick up the remaining particles. Moreover, polymeric additives on cleaning sheets may leave a residue on the surface of the floor.
Accordingly, there is a continuing need for an improved cleaning sheet and method to increase the efficacy of the cleaning sheet, particularly regarding particle pick-up, without leaving an unacceptable amount of residue on the floor being cleaned.


A gas spring piston (3) includes an external retention feature (254) that is capable of receivably engaging and retention on an associated structural component (1cs). The gas spring piston (204) includes an outer side wall (228), a base wall dimensioned to abuttingly engage the associated structural component (1cs), and at least one external retention feature (254) disposed along the base wall (228). A gas spring assembly (200), a suspension system, a gas spring piston kit, and a method are also included.

The subject matter of the present disclosure broadly relates to the art of gas spring devices and, more particularly, to a gas spring piston that includes an external retention feature capable of receivably engaging and retention on an associated structural component without the use of threaded fasteners or other components that would otherwise extend through the associated structural component. A gas spring assembly and a kit including such a gas spring piston are also disclosed. Additionally, a suspension system including a plurality of gas spring assemblies and a method of installing a gas spring piston are included.
The subject matter of the present disclosure may find particular application and use in conjunction with suspension systems of wheeled vehicles, and may be described herein with specific reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the subject matter of the present disclosure is also amenable to use in a wide variety of other applications and environments, and that the specific uses shown and described herein are merely exemplary. For example, the subject matter of the present disclosure could be used in connection with gas springs associated with support structures, height adjusting systems and/or actuators associated with industrial machinery, components thereof and/or other such equipment.
Wheeled motor vehicles of most types and kinds include a sprung mass, such as a body or chassis, for example, and an unsprung mass, such as two or more axles or other wheel-engaging members, for example, with a suspension system disposed therebetween. Typically, a suspension system will include a plurality of spring devices as well as a plurality of damping devices that together permit the sprung and unsprung masses of the vehicle to move in a somewhat controlled manner relative to one another. Movement of the sprung and unsprung masses toward one another is normally referred to in the art as jounce motion while movement of the sprung and unsprung masses away from one another is commonly referred to in the art as rebound motion.
Generally, the range of motion of a suspension system extends between a first or fully compressed condition and a second or fully extended condition. To eliminate contact between opposing portions of the sprung and unsprung masses, contact between opposing portions of components of the suspension system or contact between any combination thereof, jounce bumpers are commonly installed on one or more portions of the vehicle to prevent such opposing portions from directly impacting one another. Thus, during jounce motion of the suspension system, an opposing component will contact the jounce bumper rather than impacting the component on or near which the jounce bumper is mounted.
During travel in the opposing direction (i.e., during rebound motion), it is common for the suspension system of vehicles to be adapted and/or otherwise arranged such that there are few operating conditions, during normal usage, under which the plurality of spring devices would be tensioned or otherwise undergo a tension load. Nonetheless, conventional gas spring assemblies are often secured on or along associated structural components using threaded fasteners and other similar securement devices that pass through a hole or opening in the associated structural component to secure an end member of the gas spring assembly thereon. In this manner, the end member of the gas spring assembly is fixedly secured to the associated structural component.
Of course, wheeled motor vehicles travel over roadways during a wide variety of environmental conditions and are subjected to many different substances (e.g., water, salt, dirt). Naturally, components of wheeled motor vehicles occasionally require repair or replacement. In other cases, such components may need to be removed to permit repair or replacement of another, different component and/or system. In either case, threaded fasteners can be difficult to remove after enduring years of such harsh environmental conditions and exposure to extreme temperatures as well as water, salt, dirt and/or other substances. Such difficulty can contribute to increased maintenance and repair costs as well as increased time and effort spent in disassembling vehicle components.
Accordingly, it is believed desirable to develop a gas spring piston that includes external retention features, as well as a gas spring assembly and suspension system including the same, that may be capable of overcoming the foregoing and/or other disadvantages.

Gas spring piston as well as gas spring assembly, suspension system, kit and method including same

Firestone Industrial Products Company, LLC


A method of depositing a silica glass insulating film over a substrate. In one embodiment the method comprises exposing the substrate to a silicon-containing reactant introduced into a chamber in which the substrate is disposed such that one or more layers of the silicon-containing reactant are adsorbed onto the substrate; purging or evacuating the chamber of the silicon-containing reactant; converting the silicon-containing reactant into a silica glass insulating compound by exposing the substrate to oxygen radicals formed from a second reactant while biasing the substrate to promote a sputtering effect, wherein an average atomic mass of all atomic constituents in the second reactant is less than or equal to an average atomic mass of oxygen; and repeating the exposing, purging/evacuating and exposing sequence a plurality of times until a desired film thickness is reached.

One of the primary steps in the fabrication of modern semiconductor devices is the formation of an insulation film on a semiconductor substrate. Such insulation films are used for a variety of purposes including, among others, separating adjacent conductive layers (e.g., an intermetal dielectric (IMD) layer separates adjacent metal lines while a premetal dielectric (PMD) layer separates metal layer one from the conductive substrate) and separating adjacent active regions of the substrate (e.g., as part of a shallow trench isolation (STI) structure).
For applications such as the deposition of IMD or PMD layers in an integrated circuit or the formation of STI structures, one important physical property of the insulation film is its ability to completely fill gaps between adjacent structures without leaving voids within the gap. This property is referred to as the film's gapfill capability. Gaps that may require filling include spaces between adjacent conductive lines, spaces formed by an etched trench or the like.
As semiconductor device geometries have decreased in size over the years, the ratio of the height of such gaps to their width, the so-called "aspect ratio," has dramatically increased. Gaps having a combination of a high aspect ratio and a small width present a challenge for semiconductor manufacturers to fill completely. In short, the challenge usually is to prevent the film from forming in a manner that closes off the gap before it is filled. Failure to fill a gap completely results in the formation of a void in the deposited layer, which may adversely affect device operation.
FIG. 1 is a simplified cross-sectional view of a partially completed integrated circuit 10 that can help illustrate the gapfill issue. Partially formed integrated circuit 10 is formed over a silicon substrate 12 that includes a plurality of shallow trench isolation structures 14. As shown in FIG. 1, integrated circuit 10 has a relatively densely packed area 16 where densely packed active devices (e.g., transistors are formed) and a relatively isolated area 18 (also referred to as an "open area") where an active device may be separated from another active device by a distance that is an order of magnitude more than the spacing between devices in the densely packed area.
A typical shallow trench isolation structure is created by first forming a thin pad oxide layer 20 over the surface of silicon substrate 12 and then form a silicon nitride layer 22 over pad oxide layer 20. The nitride and oxide layers are then patterned using standard photolithography techniques and trenches 24 are etched through the nitride/oxide stack into silicon substrate 12. Trenches 24 are then filled with an insulating material such as silicon dioxide using a deposition process that has good gapfill properties. Prior to the gapfill process, however, an initial lining layer 26, such as an in situ steam generation (ISSG) oxide or other thermal oxide layer or a silicon nitride layer, is usually formed.
In some applications trench 24 has an aspect ratio of between about 6:1 to 8:1 and the formation of a highly conformal film such as oxide liner 26 in trench 24 may increase the aspect ratio even further to, for example 10:1 or higher. Thus, the filling of trenches 24 is typically one of the most challenging gapfill applications in the formation of the integrated circuit.
One known method of depositing thin films, including thin film insulation layers, is referred to as atomic layer deposition or "ALD". ALD techniques have been known since the 1970's and have been investigated as a way of depositing a variety of materials including silicon oxide. Historically, an ALD process includes repetitively exposing a substrate to alternating flows of different gases, such as source and reactant gases, where a monolayer of the first gas is adsorbed on the surface of the substrate and the second gas reacts with the monolayer to form the desired material. In some instances the chamber is evacuated or purged between flows of the source and reactant gases to remove any excess gas and prevent gas phase reactions from occurring. For example, an ALD process used to form a layer of silicon oxide, includes exposing a substrate to a first silicon-containing gas so that an atomic layer of the silicon-containing gas is adsorbed on the substrate surface, evacuating the chamber to remove any excess silicon-containing gas and then exposing the substrate to an oxidizing agent that oxidizes the layer of silicon-containing material to form a solid thin film layer of silicon oxide. Each cycle of exposing the substrate to a silicon-containing gas followed by an oxidizing agent is then repeated multiple times until a desired film thickness is obtained.
As can be appreciated, such ALD techniques typically result in a very controlled, slow growth of material. Thus, within a semiconductor manufacturing context, ALD techniques have been typically used to form very thin films, e.g., gate oxides, where precise control over film thickness is more important than a high film deposition rate pulse gases, generally slow deposition, not used commercially for oxide gapfill applications.
Despite the efforts of these researches, however, to the best of the inventor's knowledge, no one has developed an ALD silicon oxide process to deposit relatively thick oxide layers such as those required in shallow trench isolation and other gapfill applications, suitable for commercial use.

Sequential gas flow oxide deposition technique


A wide-angle lens module includes a first lens and a second lens with negative refracting power, a third lens with positive refracting power, a fourth lens with negative refracting power, a fifth lens with positive refracting power, a sixth lens with positive refracting power, and a seventh lens with negative refracting power. The first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens, the sixth lens, and the seventh lens are disposed in order from an object side to an image side.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to lens modules and endoscopes, and more particularly, relates to a wide-angle lens module and an endoscope using the wide-angle lens module.
2. Description of related art
In recent years, capsule type endoscopes have been widely used in the medical field. Generally, an endoscope includes a wide-angle lens module for capturing images of the body's internal organs such as the stomach, intestine and so on.
The viewing angle of the lens module is an important parameter when judging the performance of the lens module. However, the viewing angle of the lens module is relatively narrow, for example, a typical viewing angle is 110°.
What is desired is to provide a wide-angle lens module with a greater viewing angle and an endoscope using the wide-angle lens module.


A fan case assembly is adapted to extend around blades of a fan rotor included in a gas turbine engine. The fan case assembly includes an annular case that extends around an axis, a fan track liner coupled to the annular case and extending circumferentially at least partway about the axis, and a bolting arrangement that couples the fan track liner to the annular case.

Gas turbine engines used in aircraft often include a fan assembly that is driven by an engine core to push air through the engine and provide thrust for the aircraft. A typical fan assembly includes a fan rotor having blades and a fan case that extends around the blades of the fan rotor. During operation, the fan blades of the fan rotor are rotated to push air through the engine. The fan case both guides the air pushed by the fan blades and provides a protective band that blocks fan blades from liberating from the fan assembly in case of a blade-off event in which a fan blade is released from the fan rotor.
Fan cases sometimes include metallic shrouds and liners positioned between the metallic shroud and the fan blades. Liners are generally used to achieve a desired dimensional tolerance between the fan blades and the fan case as well as provide a zone of frangible material for the fan blades to traverse during a fan blade-off event and subsequent fan rotor orbiting such that damage to the fan rotor is limited. The distance between the fan blades and the fan case may vary due to variations in dimensional tolerances or thermo-mechanical deflections. As such, liners may include an abradable layer that the fan blades may contact without damaging them while keeping tight tip clearance for efficiency.
Liners may be coupled to metallic shrouds by hanger features that extend from the metallic shrouds or by adhesives that provide a permanent bond to the metallic shrouds. Over time, it may be desirable to repair or replace the liners. Accordingly, fan liners for fan rotors and methods of mounting the fan liners to the engine remain an area of interest.

Turbine engine fan track liner with outer flange case mounting

Rolls-Royce North American Technologies Inc.


Apparatus, systems, and/or methods may involve reporting a road hazard. Road hazard data may be collected for an object on a road, which may include automatically generated data from a device associated with the object causing a hazard. The road hazard data may be provided to a service, an application, a device, a client, and so on. For example, the road hazard data may be merged with a map and provided to a map services client, a navigation client, and so on. An alert may be generated based on the road hazard data to warn of the hazard caused by the object. The alert may include a visual and/or audio representation of the hazard data. The alert may be used to automatically and/or manually avoid the hazard.

Embodiments generally relate to road hazard reporting. More particularly, embodiments relate to communication of a road hazard (e.g., generating, collecting, and/or providing road hazard data for an object on a road), which may be used to generate an alert to warn approaching traffic.
A hazard platform may require user input to report a road hazard to other users. For example, the user may be required to launch an application and manually report a hazard, such as an accident, a parked off-road vehicle, and so on. Thus, the hazard platform may cause a dangerous condition and/or create complexity by, for example, diverting a user's attention from the road to input data, requiring the user to stop and input the data, delaying the reporting of the hazard, relying on user credibility, and so on. In addition, the hazard platform may not be capable of reporting data for a moving object causing a road hazard, such as a bicycle.


A transmitting and receiving system in base station in a time-division multiple access digital mobile telephone system has a control signal input/output unit (20) for an external system, a speech signal input/output unit (30) for the external system, a plurality of transmitting/receiving units (10a, 10b, 10c) each including a radio transmitting/receiving circuit (11a, 11b, 11c)and a transmission/reception data processing circuit (12a, 12b, 12c), a control signal bus (40) connecting the control signal input/output unit and the plurality of transmitting/receiving units, and a speech signal bus (50) connecting the speech signal input/output unit and the plurality of transmitting/receiving units. The transmission/reception data processing circuit (12) executes processes of disassembling and assembling to and from a plurality of slots with respect to the control signals for all channels to be multiplexed to a single radio frequency, and of data processings for each slot on the control signals and the speech signals for all channels to be multiplexed to a single radio frequency.

The present invention relates to a transmitting and receiving system in base station for a digital mobile telephone system adopting a time division multiple access system (TDMA) and, more particularly, to a transmission/reception data processing circuit, which permits ready transition from a full to a half rate system without alteration of any hardware but with mere simple alteration of firmware.
By the term "half rate system" is meant a mobile telephone system for speech communication at one half the information transmission rate of the full rate system. According to this half rate system about double capacity of the speech communication is permitted for the full rate system. By way of example, in the Japanese standard digital mobile telephone system, one frame is 40 milliseconds and is divided in time into 6 slots. In the full rate system, two slots in one frame are used for communication, while in the half rate system a single slot in the frame is used for communication.
FIG. 3 shows a prior art time division multiple access system transmission/reception data processing circuit of this type. As shown, the circuit has independent data processing means 126, 128 and 130 and 2-port RAMs 127, 129 and 131 for individual channels and also has multiplexing/separating means 125 for multiplexing and separating data of individual channels, the means 125 being provided between the data processing means 126, 128 and 130 and a radio transmitting/receiving circuit 11.
Such a prior art circuit should have a transmission/reception data processing unit and a 2-port RAM for each channel. When the number of channels to be multiplexed is changed such as in the case of transition from the full rate system to the half rate system, an expensive change of hardware is necessary.
For example, the Japanese standard digital mobile telephone system calls for the full rate system of 3-channel multiplexing to be placed in practical use first and the half rate system of 6-channel multiplexing to be introduced about two years later. According to the full and half rate systems coexist at a single radio frequency. Therefore, if processing units which can accommodate only the 3 channels necessary for the initial full rate system are provided in the prior art structure which requires a data processing unit for each channel, it becomes necessary to replace the transmission/reception data processing units at the time of the future introduction of the half rate system. On the other hand, providing data processing units for 6 channels to accommodate the half rate system from the outset causes a great initial investment.
In the half rate system, the bit rate is one half the bit rate in the full rate system so that about one half the transmission/reception data processing capacity suffices. Therefore, to be compatible with both the half and full rate systems it is necessary to have data processing units having the full rate system processing capacity for about 6 channels, which is also expensive.

Transmitting and receiving system in base station


A method of duplicate detection for data items in a stream of data items, the method comprising the steps of: receiving a data item from the stream of data items; applying at least two different hashing algorithms to the data item to generate hash keys that identify elements in a first bloom filter data structure having a plurality of elements; checking a state of each of the identified elements to determine if the data item is a potential duplicate, the determination depending on whether the identified elements are indicated as having been also identified for a previous data item received from the stream; and in response to the determination that the data item is a potential duplicate, checking an index of hash keys to determine if at least one of the generated hash keys exists in the index to identify the data item as an actual duplicate.

In systems operating with streams of data items, in particular data items stored as messages (or parts of messages) in a message stream, it can be important that duplication of data is avoided. For example, in financial transactions, duplication of data items in transactions can result in the application of a transactional operation multiple times. Where such an operation is not idempotent (in that the result is not the same after multiple applications of the operation) undesirable or unintentional effects can result. It is therefore essential in such systems that duplication of data items is at least detected.
Existing techniques for identifying duplicates will normally involve comparing a new data item received in a stream of data items to a list of all data items received to identify a duplicate. If the new data item is not a duplicate of any item in the list then the new data item is determined not to be a duplicate and it is added to the list. Thus the list needs to be interrogated for all new data items received in a stream, including data items that are not duplicates. Further, the list of data items is continually growing and, consequently, continually consuming more resource. As the list grows, the process of comparing all new data items to the list becomes increasingly resource intensive due to the resource required searching a continually growing list. Also, since all received data items need to be checked against the list, the resource overhead of checking a continually growing list affects each and every data item received.

Method, system and computer program product for duplicate detection

International Business Machines Corporation


To calculate information on a relative distance or positional relationship between an interface section and an object by detecting an electromagnetic wave transmitted through the interface section, and using the electromagnetic wave from the object to detect a relative position of the object with respective to the interface section. Information on the relative spatial position of an object 101 with respect to an interface section 102 that has an arbitrary shape and deals with transmission of information or signal from one side to the other side of the interface section 102 is detected with a spatial position detection method. An electromagnetic wave 106 radiated from the object 101 and transmitted through the interface section 102 is detected by an electromagnetic wave detection section 103, and based on the detection result, information on spatial position coordinates of the object 101 is calculated by a position calculation section 104.

As a spatial position detection apparatus, there is exemplified a three-dimensional position detection apparatus which forms images based on infrared rays radiated from a human body by using plural infrared cameras and calculates center coordinates of the human body based on the detected images to detect a position of the human body (JP 07-035842 A). In addition, another spatial position detection apparatus is known in which a beam is emitted from a LED and based on an electromagnetic wave reflected by an object, an angle and intensity of a reflected light are calculated to thereby detect a position of the object (JP 08-082670 A).
Common information input apparatuses utilizing an electromagnetic wave include a touch panel and a pen input apparatus. For example, there is a pen input apparatus which calculates information on incident angles of lights emitted from a pen tip and entering light receiving elements (each of which is composed of a CCD and a lens) installed in two positions, based on irradiation position information of the lights incident on surfaces of CCDs, thus detecting a position of the pen tip (JP 06-168065 A).
In the above-mentioned spatial position detection apparatus utilizing infrared rays, a three-dimensional image of the object is constructed based on images taken by the plural infrared camera. However, if each of the infrared images formed using the infrared cameras does not include information on an angle to some extent, it is difficult to construct the three-dimensional image of the object. To allow each of the infrared images to include angle information, the necessity arises to arrange the infrared cameras spatially, which leads to a problem of making the apparatus structure large. In the apparatus for detecting the position of the object based on the light reflected by the angle and the intensity of the reflected light by using the LED as described above, a light source driver device needs to be provided separately, and therefore the apparatus also has a problem in that its structure becomes large.
In the aforementioned pen input apparatus, the lights are emitted from the pen tip to detect a position of the pen tip based on information on the incident angles of the lights entering the light receiving elements. However, for the pen input apparatus, it is at least necessary to secure a space for disposing the light receiving elements in front of the interface section. Moreover, in this case, since light has a rectilinear characteristic, there is a problem with flexibility in layout. For example, it is difficult to arrange the light receiving elements for detecting the object position in an interface section having irregularities or a curved surface.

Spatial position detection method, information input method, spatial position detection apparatus, and information input apparatus


An interferometric measuring device for three-dimensional measurement of shapes on an object to be measured having: a beam splitter receiving via an input light path, and splitting into measuring and reference light paths, light from a light source; an image pick-up, to which light reflected from the object and from a reference and brought into interference can be supplied via an output light path for conversion into electrical signals; an evaluation unit for determining the surface shape from the signals; and an adaptation device adapting the light intensity or interfering light signals. For increased measuring precision, the measuring device is configured to measure planar regions of the surface which extend over at least the measuring device's lateral resolution and the adaptation device is configured for adjusting the intensity of the light and/or the signals by locally varying reflective properties of the surface with respect to the measuring optics.

Various specific embodiments of interferometric measuring devices for the three-dimensional measuring of shapes on objects to be measured are described, for example, in connection with classic interferometry (see, e.g., A. Donges, R. Noll in "Lasermesstechnik" [Laser Metrology], Hüthig Publishers 1993), white-light interferometry, where light sources of short coherence length are used (e.g., light-emitting diode, superluminescent diode) (compare P. de Groot, L. Deck, "Surface Profiling by Analysis of White-Light Interferograms in the Spatial Frequency Domain" J. Mod. Opt., vol. 42, no. 2, 389-401, 1995; Th. Dresel, G. Häusler, H. Venzke; "Three-Dimensional Sensing of Rough surfaces by Coherence Radar", Appl. Opt., vol. 31, no. 7, 919-925, 1992; German Patent Application Nos. DE 199 48 813.4 and DE 100 15 878.1) and heterodyne interferometry (see, e.g., DE 197 21 842 C2; H. J. Tiziani, "Optical Methods for Precision Measurements", Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 21, 253-282, 1989; K. Creath, "Temporal Phase Measurement Method" in d. W. Robinson, T. G. Reid: "Interferogram Analysis", IOP Publishing Bristol 1993; R. Onodera, Y. Ishii, "Two-Wavelength Interferometry That Uses a Fourier Transform Method", Appl. Opt., vol. 37, no. 34, 7988-7994, 1998).
White-light interferometry established itself as a method of measurement particularly for the three-dimensional measuring of shapes. The setup is typically implemented using a Michelson interferometer. The object is imaged on an image pickup, for example of a CCD camera, via an objective located in an object light path and is superimposed by a flat reference wave. The depth scanning (in the z-direction) may be performed as a scan of a reference mirror located in the reference light path or of the object. When scanning the object, the image plane of the objective and the reference plane are in the same plane. The object is moved only in the depth axis relative to the reference plane. When scanning the reference mirror, only the reference mirror is moved.
The object remains immobile with respect to the objective. In this instance, the depth measurement range is limited by the objective's depth of field. With this measuring method it is possible advantageously to measure industrial surfaces at a depth resolution of a few nm (1-10 nm).
An advantageous further development of a white-light interferometer is described in German Patent Application No. DE 101 15 524 A1, wherein an optical setup for producing a flat intermediate image is situated in the measuring light path, for example an endoscope optics. The depth scan may be implemented as a scan of the reference or as an intermediate image scan. A white-light interferometer including an intermediate image of the object or an endoscope is also described in German Patent Application No. DE 100 47 495 A1. These white-light interferometers also achieve a depth resolution of industrial surfaces of a few nm, while additionally allowing for measurements in narrow and deep bore holes.
In a further development of an optical 3-D measuring device described in German Patent Application No. DE 101 31 778 A1, likewise a white-light interferometer for example, an objective optics is situated on the object light path, which also makes it possible to measure curved surface regions or circumferential radial-symmetric surface regions, for example valve seats, a depth resolution of a few nm being achieved as well and measurement also being possible in narrow and deep bore holes.
German Patent Application No. DE 101 62 180 A1 describes arranging an electrically controllable filter in the measuring arm and/or reference arm of an interferometric measuring device in order to adjust the intensities of the reference beam and the measuring beam to each other.
In the measurement of real industrial surfaces using interferometric measuring devices of the kind mentioned, precise, reliable measurements, however, are frequently hampered by the given surface properties, particularly when special optics are used in order to conduct measurements in the case of special surface shapes.


A carrier signal extraction system for suppressing and extracting a carrier signal component and transmitting a double sideband component includes a polarized light source for transmitting a polarized light signal output; a polarization modulator with a first input coupled to the polarized light signal output and a second input for adding a modulation signal to the polarized light signal, thereby generating a polarization modulated light output; and a polarizing element having an input coupled to the polarization modulated light output for suppressing and extracting the carrier signal component and preferentially transmitting a double sideband component of the polarization modulated light output.

The frequency spectrum of a double-sideband modulated signal consists of a carrier at a given frequency (f0), and higher and lower frequency sidebands separated from the carrier by integer multiples of the modulation frequency (f0+fmod, f0−fmod, f0+2fmod, f0−2fmod, etc.). The amount of power contained in these sidebands relative to the carrier is determined by the amplitude of modulation relative to the total power, or modulation depth. In analog systems, the modulation depth is kept small to minimize nonlinearities produced by nonlinear transfer functions in the modulator or receiver. This results in a spectrum with most of the optical power residing in the carrier. In systems that cannot tolerate large optical intensities, it is sometimes advantageous to suppress the large carrier component and amplify the information bearing sidebands for transmission.
In one approach, such as is described in R. Montgomery and R. DeSalvo, "A novel technique for double sideband suppressed carrier modulation of optical fields," IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett., Vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 434-436 (1995) ("Montgomery et al."), the suppression of the optical carrier in single channel fiber optic links is attempted where the carrier is removed at the transmitter and a new carrier is injected at the receiver. This approach has also been explored as a method of increasing gain in single octave microwave photonic links.
Another carrier suppression technique is removing the carrier with a band-pass filter, e.g. as described in R. D. Esman. K. J. Williams. "Wideband Efficiency Improvement of Fiber Optic Systems by Carrier Subtraction." IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 218-220 (1995), and M. J. LaGasse. W. Charczenko, M. C. Hamilton, and S. Thaniyavarn, "Optical carrier filtering for high dynamic range fibre optic links," Electron. Lett., Vol. 30, no. 25, pp. 2157-2158 (1994), and using a low biased Mach-Zehnder modulator, such as is described in Montgomery et al. These two techniques are limited in that they are inherently single carrier implementations. Additionally, removing the carrier with a band-pass filter requires a stable carrier wavelength. Furthermore, the band-pass filter will remove the sidebands at low frequencies, limiting its use for lower frequency modulations. Exploiting stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) to remove the carrier has also been demonstrated, e.g. as described in K. J. Williams, R. D. Esman, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering for improvement of microwave fibre-optic link efficiency." Electron. Lett., Vol. 30, no. 23, pp. 1965-1966 (1994) and in S. Tonda-Goldstein, S. Norcia, D. Dolfi and J.-P. Huignard, "40 dB dynamic enhancement of modulation depth for optically carried microwave signals." Electron. Lett., Vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 790-792 (2003). This technique requires high initial optical powers and the Brillouin scattering will result in a Doppler shift of the carriers, eliminating the ability to re-inject the carriers in a coherent system.
It would be desirable to provide a system capable of suppressing the large carrier component and amplifying the information bearing sidebands for transmission without these limitations.

Carrier signal suppression and extraction system

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


An image forming apparatus comprises a conveyance roller, a register roller, a sensor, a movable section, and a control section. The conveyance roller conveys a sheet. The register roller is arranged downstream of the conveyance roller along a sheet conveyance path. The sensor detects a deflection amount of the sheet when the sheet is pressed against the register roller. The movable section is connected to at least one end part of the conveyance roller. The control section controls the movable section to move the at least one end of the conveyance roller based on the deflection amount detected by the sensor, to tilt a rotational axis of the conveyance roller relative to a rotational axis of the register roller.

An image forming apparatus conveys a sheet-like medium (hereinafter collectively referred to as "sheet") such as paper and forms an image on the sheet. The image forming apparatus includes a plurality of rollers arranged along a conveyance path. The plurality of rollers in may convey the sheet in a deflected state.
For example, the image forming apparatus includes a conveyance roller and a register roller. The conveyance roller conveys the sheet conveyed from a sheet housing section towards the register roller. When the front end of the sheet reaches the register roller, the register roller is stopped. The conveyance roller continues conveying the sheet after the sheet reaches the register roller. In this way, the front end of the sheet is pressed against the register roller. Then, the rotation of the conveyance roller is stopped.
The sheet may become inclined in the conveyance direction during the process of being picked up from the sheet housing section or the process of being conveyed along the conveyance path. In such a case, the sheet nipped by the conveyance roller is inclined, meaning that the front end of the sheet conveyed towards the register roller is not parallel to the rotation axis of the register roller.
However, the front end of the sheet becomes parallel to the rotation axis of the register roller when the front end of the sheet is pressed against the register roller. However, the sheet nipped by the conveyance roller is still in the inclined state. As a result, the deflection amount of the sheet is not uniform at the left and right side of the sheet in the conveyance direction. In this non-uniformly deflected state, the sheet is drawn in by the register roller. Then the non-uniformly deflected sheet is compressed by the register roller, which may cause flaws such as a wrinkle in the sheet.


A method for dynamically controlling the length of an R.sub.-- DATA message on a random access channel is disclosed. Initially, a set of threshold values for traffic load levels are established with respect to the usage of a random access (RACH) channel. A particular R.sub.-- DATA message length is then associated with each of these threshold values. The RACH channel is monitored to track the traffic load on the RACH, and once one of the established threshold levels are reached, the R.sub.-- DATA message length is set to the value associated with that threshold level. R.sub.-- DATA messages are then transmitted according to the new length.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to mobile originating short message services, and more particularly, to transmission of the R.sub.-- DATA message on an air interface.
2. Description of Related Art
The IS-136 standard defines the air interface between a mobile station and a base station. The IS-136 standard supports mobile originating short message services (MO SMS), enabling a mobile station to originate and transmit SMS messages. Within the IS-136 protocol, the R.sub.-- DATA LENGTH parameter defines the maximum length of the R.sub.-- DATA uplink message. The IS-136 standard provides no guidelines for determining how the R.sub.-- DATA LENGTH parameter should be set. Nor does the IS-136 standard provide any access priority scheme between SMS messages or voice/data/fax calls. Thus, once a random access channel (RACH) sub-channel is seized for any kind of access, the channel is no longer available for an additional access. Once all sub-channels are seized, other mobile stations requiring access to the RACH will be unsuccessful.
This presents a problem to mobile system operators who desire voice/data/fax accesses to comprise a larger share of the channel traffic than SMS message traffic, since these types of accesses provide more revenue due to their increased access length times. Thus, setting the R.sub.-- DATA LENGTH parameter in a static manner can lead to a loss of revenue during low traffic load times due to system capacity being under used by MO SMS users. Similarly, during high traffic load periods, revenues are lost from voice/data/fax accesses due to RACH congestion with MO SMS users.

Method of dynamically controlling the length of a R.sub.-- DATA messages on a random access channel


An apparatus and program product utilize a displayed pictorial representation that depicts the actual physical configuration of a plurality of hardware components in a physical computer system to facilitate the collective management of the underlying hardware components. Typically, within such a pictorial representation, a selected status is displayed for multiple of such hardware components, thereby permitting hardware components sharing common attributes or characteristics to be identified in an efficient and intuitive manner, as well as to permit collective management operations to be performed on all selected hardware components. In addition, a pictorial representation may be dynamically generated to represent the physical configuration of a plurality of hardware components within a plurality of computers. In connection with such dynamic generation, the plurality of computers may be accessed to identify the plurality of hardware components that are resident in such computers.

Graphical user interfaces (GUI's) have been used with great success to simplify and enhance user interaction with computers. In a GUI environment, a combination of text and graphical objects are displayed on a computer display, with a user able to interact with various objects predominantly through "pointing and clicking" with a user-manipulated pointer controlled by a mouse or similar device. GUI environments are often highly intuitive, as a user is able to perform a desired action on a particular object simply by pointing at the object and initiating a desired action. For example, if a user wants to see the files stored on a particular disk drive accessible via a computer, the user may be permitted to point and click on an icon that represents the disk drive, resulting in the display of a window that lists the drive contents.
One area in which GUI's have been employed is that of hardware component management. Hardware component management is used to manage (i.e., to configure and/or obtain status information about) hardware components in a computer or computer system. Conventional GUI environments often permit users, for example, to select icons associated with particular hardware components to perform management operations on the underlying components. For example, in a GUI environment a user may be permitted to pull up a context-sensitive menu by selecting a disk drive icon to perform operations such as formatting the disk drive associated with the icon. Also, dialog boxes may be accessed via icons to perform more advanced configuration operations on underlying hardware components. In some instances, hardware components may even be grouped together into a "control panel" window or a tree-like representation where icons are arranged hierarchically and grouped by type, e.g., where multiple disk drives are grouped together under a "disk drive" heading.
While GUI-based component managers offer substantial usability improvements over older, more cumbersome text-based component managers, most such GUI-based component managers have been found to be somewhat limited in the ability to inform a user of the underlying physical configuration of a hardware component within a computer system—specifically where in a computer a particular hardware component is physically located. Management of a computer or computer system often incorporates more than simple software configuration; oftentimes a user is required to physically access hardware components to effectively manage the overall system.
Conventional GUI-based component managers typically identify the location of a hardware component by identifying the slot or port to which such a component is connected. Looking at the actual computer, however, specific slots or ports may be difficult to locate, and a user may have difficulty in physically locating specific hardware components in the computer.
Moreover, this problem is significantly greater in complex multi-unit computer systems such as servers, midrange computers and mainframe computers, where the number of manageable hardware components can be overwhelming. For example, some enterprise-level storage systems are capable of housing hundreds of individual disk drives in large physical enclosures, and simply providing a user with a slot location in an enclosure for a particular disk drive may still leave the user with the daunting task of locating that particular slot among hundreds in the physical enclosure. In short, there is little information provided in conventional GUI environments that interrelates the logical location of a hardware component (i.e., with respect to the overall logical or software organization of a computer) with the physical location of the hardware computer in the computer.
In some GUI environments, a displayed pictorial representation of a computer has been used to a limited extent to facilitate management of hardware components in the computer. For example, one conventional GUI environment for a laptop computer displays a pictorial representation of the laptop computer, with icons associated with various external devices capable of being connected to the computer disposed around the periphery of the pictorial representation and visually linked to specific external ports on the computer by lines extending from the icons to the depictions of the ports on the pictorial representation of the computer. Management of the underlying hardware components is performed using the icons, and is limited to interaction via singular icons, and to hardware components located on a single computer. Furthermore, such an environment is typically statically defined for a particular computer design, as the environment is based principally on the ports, rather than the devices that could be connected to those ports.
Despite the additional information with regard to physical location that is provided by the display of a pictorial representation in the aforementioned GUI environment, for more complex managed environments, where potentially hundreds of hardware components need to be managed, a significant need still exists for greater flexibility and usability in terms of GUI-based hardware component management. Therefore, a continued need continues to exist in the art for a GUI-based hardware component management environment offering greater usability, flexibility and functionality than conventional GUI-based environments.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Pictorial-based user interface management of computer hardware components


An electronic circuit module includes a circuit board on which electronic components are mounted, and a metal cover covering the circuit board. The metal cover includes a top plate disposed so as to face the circuit board, side plates, and mounting legs. The circuit board has lands to which the mounting legs are joined. The mounting legs each have a bent portion located on the outer periphery of the top plate of the metal cover, and a mounting leg fixing portion in contact with the lands of the circuit board. When seen from the upper surface of the circuit board, the position of the bent portion is on the inner side of the position of the mounting leg fixing portion, and the width of the bent portion is greater than the width of the mounting leg fixing portion.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to an electronic circuit module having a metal cover, and more specifically, it relates to an electronic circuit module in which deformation of a thin metal cover can be prevented.
2. Description of the Related Art
An electronic circuit module is a circuit module in which a high-frequency circuit or the like is formed by a circuit board on which electronic components are mounted. It is built in an electronic device and is used, for example, as an electronic circuit module forming a radio transceiver circuit. It is easy to mount a plurality of electronic circuit modules on a larger-scale circuit board (mother board).
Examples of such an electronic circuit module include a high-frequency tuner module described in US 2008/0174984. FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of the high-frequency tuner module 101 described in US 2008/0174984. As shown in FIG. 9, the high-frequency tuner module 101 includes a circuit board 120 made of a ceramic material, and a shield cover 130 that covers circuit components 110 mounted on a board surface 120a and blocks interfering waves. The shield cover 130 is formed by bending a thin metal sheet into a substantially case shape, and its base surface 131 is disposed parallel to the board surface 120a of the circuit board 120.
The distal ends of four corner side walls 133 of the shield cover 130 are in contact with the four corners of the circuit board 120. By fixing the corner side walls 133 to the circuit board 120, the shield cover 130 is positioned with respect to the board surface 120a of the circuit board 120 in its height direction. Four side walls 132 of the shield cover 130 that are provided so as to correspond to end faces 120b of the square-shaped circuit board 120 are provided so as to extend beyond the board surface 120a of the circuit board 120 along the end faces 120b of the circuit board 120 (in the thickness direction of the circuit board 120).
The shield cover 130 is formed of a metal material. The corner side walls 133 are soldered to GND wires disposed in the four corners of the circuit board 120. The shield cover 130 is thereby fixed to the circuit board 120 and electrically connected with the GND of the circuit board 120. The shield cover 130 covers the circuit components 110 and the like mounted on the board surface 120a of the circuit board 120 and blocks interfering waves from the outside.
As described above, in an electronic circuit module such as a high-frequency circuit, a shield cover (metal cover) is used for blocking electromagnetic waves from the outside. Such a metal cover for blocking electromagnetic waves is often provided so as to cover circuit components (electronic components) mounted on a circuit board, and joined to GND wires (ground wires) of the circuit board. As well as blocking electromagnetic waves from the outside, it prevents high-frequency noise generated by the circuit operation of the electronic circuit module, such as a high-frequency circuit, itself from propagating to the outside.
In recent years, miniaturization of electronic components and development of component mounting technology have progressed, and the area of circuit boards on which electronic components are mounted has been reduced. In an electronic circuit module having a circuit board on which electronic components are mounted and a metal cover, in addition to reduction of the area of the circuit board, miniaturization is required in the height direction. For this reason, the metal cover is provided in such a manner that the clearance between the metal cover and the electronic components is reduced in accordance with the height of the electronic components mounted on the circuit board, and the thickness of the metal sheet from which the metal cover is made has decreased.
However, an electronic circuit module employing a thin metal cover has a problem that the metal cover before joining to the circuit board is deformed owing to drop or external force. The metal cover is formed by cutting and bending a metal sheet by pressing or the like. If the metal cover is dropped or subjected to external force after processing, the metal cover is deformed.
When the metal cover is joined to the circuit board, and if the metal cover before joining to the circuit board is deformed, there is fear that the metal cover is not soldered to the desired position and is soldered to an adjacent different wire. If the deformed metal cover is joined, there is fear that the metal cover is not properly positioned in the height direction and the top plate comes into contact with the electronic components at the time of joining the metal cover.


The invention concerns a process for the isomerization of an aromatic C8 cut using a catalyst containing mordenite, cerium and at least one metal from group VIII. It also concerns a catalyst containing 2-98% by weight of mordenite, 7-40% by weight of cerium, and 0.01-3% by weight of at least one metal from group VIII, the cerium being deposited on the mordenite, and the percentages being with respect to the weight of catalyst.

The present invention concerns a catalyst and a process for the isomerization of an aromatic C8 cut. The catalyst of the invention is an aluminosilicate comprising a mordenite zeolite in which the selectivity and/or catalytic properties has been modified by selectively deactivating the external crystal surface by forming a layer of cerium oxide on the surface, and comprising at least one metal from group VIII of the periodic classification of the elements (Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 65th edition, 1984-85), and a matrix. In general, the external surface of zeolite crystals is modified by dry impregnation of mordenite by an alcoholic or aqueous solution of a cerium salt.
Commercial catalysts currently used for the isomerisation of aromatic C8 cuts are essentially based on ZSM5 zeolite (U.S. Pat. No. 4,482,773, for example).
ZSM5's importance lies in its excellent form selectivity, leading to high selectivity for para-xylene; the selectivity regarding undesirable secondary dismutation reactions remains at a very low level.
Other zeolites with larger pore openings of 12MR (an opening the size of 12 oxygen atoms) have also been used, such as mordenite. Mordenite based catalysts are particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,723,051. However, these zeolites do not have particular geometrical selectivity properties. This means that, whatever its Si/Al ratio, para-xylene selectivities are lower than those obtained for ZSM5 zeolite and in particular, leads to higher production of trimethylbenzene. The production of trimethylbenzenes by dismutation is actually encouraged in mordenite where the microporous system is more open than that of ZSM5: the openings are the size of 12 oxygen atoms instead of 10 for ZSM5.
We have researched improved catalysts based on mordenite to reduce side reactions, in particular the production of trimethylbenzene.

Catalyst based on a mordenite zeolite modified with cerium, and its use in the isomerisation of an aromatic C8 cut


A semiconductor power device and a method of fabricating the same are provided. The semiconductor power device involving: a first conductivity type semiconductor substrate; an epitaxial layer formed on the semiconductor substrate; a second conductivity type well formed in the semiconductor substrate and the epitaxial layer; a drain region formed in the well; an oxide layer that insulates a gate region from the drain region; a first conductivity type buried layer formed in the well; a second conductivity type drift region surrounding the buried layer; and a second conductivity type TOP region formed between the buried layer and the oxide layer.

1. Field
The following description relates to a semiconductor power device and a method of fabricating the same, and to, for example, a semiconductor power device with at least one buried layer and a method of fabricating the same without a high-energy ion implantation process, the buried layer being formed by adding one or more epitaxial layers in a high-voltage lateral DMOS (LDMOS).
2. Description of Related Art
MOSFET devices with high-switching frequency and low power loss have been widely used in power conversion and regulation circuits. There are multiple types of Power MOSFET devices that are referred to as double-diffused DMOS transistors. For example, there is a vertical version of a DMOS transistor, known as vertical double-diffused metal oxide semiconductor (VDMOS). Also, there is a lateral version of a DMOS transistor, known as lateral double-diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS).
When a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate is used to fabricate a power integrated circuit (power IC), the manufacturing process may be simplified as compared to that used with a bulk silicon substrate. However, the cost of SOI substrates is too high for the practical application of such a manufacturing process for most purposes.
VDMOS transistors have large power handling capabilities. However, VDMOS transistors are more difficult to realize in an IC technology in comparison to LDMOS transistors. Thus, LDMOS devices are widely used as a switch for control, logic, and power. LDMOS devices require a high breakdown voltage to endure a high applied voltage. At the same time, these devices require low on-resistance to minimize conduction losses.
A reduced surface field (RESURF) structure, which reduces the peak electric field in the drain region of MOSFETs to obtain a high breakdown voltage and low on-resistance simultaneously, has been developed in the early 1980's. However, in the RESURF processing of conventional art, a high-energy ion implantation process of typically greater than 1 MeV is needed to form the P type buried layer in order to achieve a depth that is sufficient to form the first conduction path. In addition, in the event that additional P type buried layers have to be formed to further reduce the resistance, even higher ion-implantation energy is necessary to form the additional P type buried layers. For instance, an implantation process involving greater than 2 MeV may be necessary, which may not be feasible in many device fabrication facilities.

Semiconductor power device and method of fabricating the same


The temporary pet kennel is an apparatus that serves as a temporary housing and a bed for a pet. The temporary pet kennel includes an elongated enclosure, a cushion, a plurality of fasteners, and at least one ventilation hole. The elongated enclosure further includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion and the second portion, together, enclose the pet. The cushion is contained within the second portion which supports and comforts the pet which rests on the cushion. The plurality of fasteners secures the first portion to the second portion so that the pet remains within the elongated enclosure until the user purposefully disengages the plurality of fasteners. The at least one ventilation hole allows the pet within the elongated enclosure to properly breathe. The apparatus further includes a support plate and a stand which provide storage within the elongated enclosure.

Pets easily become integral members of families. Whether the pet is a cat or dog or hamster, pets bring joy and comfort to families and individuals everywhere. Giving a pet to someone special or a child is a commemorative moment in that person's life that is forever cherished. Consequently, the emotional investment while taking care of a pet can lead to great difficulty once the pet passes. Remembering a pet even once the pet has passed both helps with the healing process and allows the memory of the pet to live on.
It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide a temporary pet kennel that can create a memorable meeting with a pet. The pet may be temporarily contained before being presented as a gift. The present invention further imprints the memory of a pet onto his or her owners as the present invention is convertible into a bed. The pet uses the present invention as a bed every day. The user then associates the present invention with the pet even though the pet may not be using the present invention. The present invention further memorializes the pet as the present invention is able to contain an urn once the pet has passed.


Embodiments provide a user equipment for a wireless communication system. The user equipment is configured to communicate with at least one other user equipment of the wireless communication system using a sidelink resource pool of the wireless communication system. Further, the user equipment is configured to transmit, responsive to an external emergency situation, an emergency notification signal on a resource of the wireless communication system. Thereby, the user equipment is configured to transmit the emergency notification signal with a transmit power that is greater than a regular transmit power used by the user equipment for transmitting regular signals.

The present invention relates to the field of wireless communication networks, and more specifically, to concepts for transmitting data for ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC). Embodiments relate to transmitting and re-transmitting an emergency notification in V2X or D2D user equipments or UEs. Some embodiments relate to URLLC resp. emergency notification requesting spontaneous grant free transmission for V2X or D2D.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an example of a wireless network 100 including a core network 102 and a radio access network 104. The radio access network 104 may include a plurality of base stations gNB1 to gNB5, each serving a specific area surrounding the base station schematically represented by respective cells 1061 to 1065. The base stations are provided to serve users within a cell. The term base station (BS) refers to as gNB in 5G networks, eNB in UMTS/LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro, or just BS in other mobile communication standards. A user may be a stationary device or a mobile device. Further, the wireless communication system may be accessed by mobile or stationary IoT devices which connect to a base station or to a user. The mobile devices or the IoT devices may include physical devices, ground based vehicles, such as robots or cars, aerial vehicles, such as manned or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the latter also referred to as drones, buildings and other items having embedded therein electronics, software, sensors, actuators, or the like as well as network connectivity that enable these devices to collect and exchange data across an existing network infrastructure. FIG. 1 shows an exemplary view of only five cells, however, the wireless communication system may include more such cells. FIG. 1 shows two users UE1 and UE2, also referred to as user equipment (UE), that are in cell 1062 and that are served by base station gNB2. Another user UE3 is shown in cell 1064 which is served by base station gNB4.
The arrows 1081, 1082 and 1083 schematically represent uplink/downlink connections for transmitting data from a user UE1, UE2 and UE3 to the base stations gNB2, gNB4 or for transmitting data from the base stations gNB2, gNB4 to the users UE1, UE2, UE3. Users, such as mobile devices (e.g., vehicles comprising UEs), may further communicate directly with each other in both, coverage mode and out-of-coverage mode using the PC5 interface, as will be discussed later on with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4. Further, FIG. 1 shows two IoT devices 1101 and 1102 in cell 1064, which may be stationary or mobile devices. The IoT device 110, accesses the wireless communication system via the base station gNB4 to receive and transmit data as schematically represented by arrow 1121. The IoT device 1102 accesses the wireless communication system via the user UE3 as is schematically represented by arrow 1122. The respective base station gNB1 to gNB5 may be connected to the core network 102, e.g. via the S1 interface, via respective backhaul links 1141 to 1145, which are schematically represented in FIG. 1 by the arrows pointing to "core". The core network 102 may be connected to one or more external networks. Further, some or all of the respective base station gNB1 to gNB5 may connected, e.g. via the S1 or X2 interface or XN interface in NR, with each other via respective backhaul links 1161 to 1165, which are schematically represented in FIG. 1 by the arrows pointing to "gNBs".
The wireless network or communication system depicted in FIG. 1 may be a heterogeneous network having two distinct overlaid networks, a network of macro cells with each macro cell including a macro base station, like base station eNB1 to eNB5, and a network of small cell base stations (not shown in FIG. 1), like femto or pico base stations.
For data transmission a physical resource grid may be used. The physical resource grid may comprise a set of resource elements to which various physical channels and physical signals are mapped. For example, the physical channels may include the physical downlink and uplink shared channels (PDSCH, PUSCH) carrying user specific data, also referred to as downlink and uplink payload data, the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) carrying for example a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB), the physical downlink and uplink control channels (PDCCH, PUCCH) carrying for example the downlink control information (DCI), etc. For the uplink, the physical channels may further include the physical random-access channel (PRACH or RACH) used by UEs for accessing the network once a UE synchronized and obtained the MIB and SIB. The physical signals may comprise reference signals (RS), synchronization signals and the like. The resource grid may comprise a frame or radioframe having a certain duration, like 10 milliseconds, in the time domain and having a given bandwidth in the frequency domain. The frame may have a certain number of subframes of a predefined length, e.g., 2 subframes with a length of 1 millisecond. Each subframe may include two slots of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols depending on the cyclic prefix (CP) length. A frame may also consists of a smaller number of OFDM symbols, e.g. if utilizing shortened transmission time intervals (sTTI) or a mini-slot/non-slot-based frame structure comprising of just a few OFDM symbols.
The wireless communication system may be any single-tone or multicarrier system using frequency-division multiplexing, like the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system, the orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) system, or any other IFFT-based signal with or without CP, e.g. DFT-s-OFDM. Other waveforms, like non-orthogonal waveforms for multiple access, e.g. filter-bank multicarrier (FBMC), generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) or universal filtered multi carrier (UFMC), may be used. The wireless communication system may operate, e.g., in accordance with the LTE-Advanced pro standard or the 5G or NR (New Radio) standard.
In the wireless communication network as shown in FIG. 1 the radio access network 104 may be a heterogeneous network including a network of primary cells, each including a primary base station, also referred to as a macro base station. Further, a plurality of secondary base stations, also referred to as small cell base stations, may be provided for each of the macro cells. FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a cell, like cell 1061 in FIG. 1, having two distinct overlaid networks, the networks comprising a macro cell network including the macro cell 1061, and a small cell network. Although FIG. 2 represents only a single macro cell, it is noted that one or more of the other cells in FIG. 1 may also use the overlaid networks. The small cell network comprises a plurality of small cell base stations SeNB1 to SeNB5 each operating within a respective area 1201 to 1205, also referring as the coverage area of the small cell. The small cell base stations SeNB1 to SeNB5 may be controlled by the macro cell base station MeNB1 to which the respective small cell base stations SeNB1 to SeNB5 are connected via respective backhaul links 1221, to 1225. Rather than connecting the small cell base stations via the backhaul links to the macro cell base station, one or more of the small cell base stations may be coupled to the core network via respective backhaul links. FIG. 2 further shows a user equipment UE being served by the macro cell base station MeNB1 as indicated by arrow 1241 and by the small cell base station SeNB1, as indicated schematically by the arrow 1242.
In mobile communication networks, for example in networks like those described above with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, like a LTE or 5G/NR network, there may be UEs that communicate directly with each other over one or more sidelink (SL) channels, e.g., using the PC5 interface. UEs that communicate directly with each other over the sidelink may include vehicles communicating directly with other vehicles (V2V communication), vehicles communicating with other entities of the wireless communication network (V2X communication), for example roadside entities, like traffic lights, traffic signs, pedestrians or network infrastructure (V2I). Other UEs may not be vehicular related UEs but may comprise any of the above mentioned devices. Such devices may also communicate directly with each other using the sidelink channels (i.e., direct communication, such as D2D or V2X communication, where V2X could be seen as special form of D2D, e.g., D2D with mobility).
When considering two UEs directly communicating with each other over the sidelink, both UEs may be served by the same base station, i.e., both UEs may be within the coverage area of a base station, like one of the base stations depicted in FIG. 1. This is referred to as a "in coverage" scenario. In accordance with other examples, both UEs that communicate over the sidelink may not be served by a base station which is referred to as an "out-of-coverage" scenario. It is noted that "out-of-coverage" does not mean that the two UEs are not within one of the cells depicted in FIG. 1 or in FIG. 2, rather, it means that these UEs are not connected to a base station, for example, they are not in a RRC connected state. Yet another scenario is called a "partial coverage" scenario, in accordance with which one of the two UEs which communicate with each other over the sidelink, is served by a base station, while the other UE is not served by the base station. In each of the above-mentioned scenarios, the UEs and/or the BS should have knowledge about the resources to be used for the sidelink communication among the UEs.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a situation in which two UEs directly communicating with each other are both in coverage of a base station. The base station gNB has a coverage area that is schematically represented by the circle 200 which, basically, corresponds to the cell schematically represented in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. The UEs directly communicating with each other include a first vehicle 202 and a second vehicle 204 both in the coverage area 200 of the base station gNB (this also works for any scenario where the 2 UEs are connected to different gNBs). Both vehicles 202, 204 are connected to the base station gNB and, in addition, they are connected directly with each other over the PC5 interface. The scheduling and/or interference management of the V2V traffic is assisted by the gNB via control signaling over the Uu interface, which is the radio interface between the base station and the UEs. The BS schedules and assigns the resources to be used within a given resource pool for the V2V communication over the sidelink. The UE operates in this mode only when in coverage and in an RRC_CONNECTED state. This configuration is also referred to as a mode 3 configuration (for D2D this is referred to as mode 1).
FIG. 4 shows a scenario in which the UEs are out of coverage of a BS, i.e., the respective UEs directly communicating with each other may or may not be connected to a base station (i.e. they also may be physically within the coverage of a cell of a wireless communication network and could even be in either RRC_CONNECTED or RRC_IDLE state). Three vehicles 206, 208 and 210 are shown directly communicating with each other over a sidelink, e.g., using the PC5 interface. The scheduling and/or interference management of the V2V traffic is based on algorithms implemented in the UEs and/or (partially) pre-configured by the network. This configuration is also referred to as a mode 4 configuration.
As mentioned above, the scenario in FIG. 4 which is an out-of-coverage scenario does not mean that the respective mode 4 UEs have to be outside of the coverage of a base station, rather, it means that the respective mode 4 UEs are not served by a base station or are not connected to the base station of the coverage area. Thus, there may be situations in which, within the coverage area 200 shown in FIG. 3, in addition to the mode 3 UEs 202, 204 also mode 4 UEs 206, 208, 210 are present. Since the mode 4 UEs 206-210 schedule their resources autonomously and are not connected to the network, the base station is not aware of resources used by the mode 4 UEs 206-210 for the sidelink communication and, likewise, the mode 4 UEs 206-210 are not aware of resources scheduled by the base station gNB to the mode 3 UEs 202, 204 for a sidelink communication. Thus, resource collisions among the UEs in the respective modes and among mode 4 UEs may occur.
In wireless communication networks as described above with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4, going towards fully autonomous driving, 3GPP defined V2X use cases to support "Advanced Driving" and "Platooning Driving", including use cases such as Cooperative Collision Avoidance (CoCA) and "Fully automated driving". Collision avoidance requires low latency combined with strict reliability to ensure almost real-time reaction. The CoCA requirements for connected vehicles are defined in TR 22.886 [2]:                Message size up to 2 kByte depending on the number of involved vehicles, to exchange pre-planned trajectories between vehicles. In NR (new radio) [13] the message size starts from 32 bytes for URLLC.        Less than 10 ms latency for regular maneuver coordination within the CoCA application time limit. In addition ([12], [13]), latency may be reduced to 1 ms.        99.99% reliability for safety coordinated driving maneuver.        Even more stringent requirements are given in [2] for "Fully automated driving" requesting a latency of 3 ms with 99.9999% reliability.
FIG. 5 presents an example for a possible V2X communication to avoid collisions. This example shows people unexpectedly appearing in front of a moving car/cars/platooning-car-set, yet multiple further cars are following closely behind. Immediate braking or collision avoiding measures of the first and all consecutive vehicles is needed to avoid accidents. Direct V2V communication is needed, e.g. if obstacles are not in line-of-sight and thus, cannot be noticed by the vehicle mounted sensors.
V2X is initiated by the first vehicle detecting an obstacle in the driving direction, e.g. by vehicular mounted sensors. The generated alarm invokes an emergency notification (EN), e.g. a sidelink emergency tone (SET) using V2V (or V2X) on the sidelink, broadcasted by the detecting vehicle to all vehicles in proximity.
The EN/SET has to be transmitted with minimum delay demanding an ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC).
Currently scheduled and shared access for D2D is defined in the 3GPP LTE standard; yet, a resource pool is being granted for D2DN2V transmission. Transmission mode 1 and transmission mode 3 are performed by grant-based resources taken care by the base station (BS). However, transmission mode 2 and transmission mode 4 are shared where the UEs access a shared resource pool and transmit on its resource blocks (RBs) using a pre-sensing mechanism, random transmission, or more complex approaches, e.g., game theoretic and/or approaches optimization.
To reduce the latency further, physical layer and/or upper layers optimization need to be considered. In the physical layer a reduced transmission time interval (TTI), namely short-TTI (sTTI) [12], may apply.
Furthermore, in New Radio (NR) a new subcarrier spacing numerology that reduces the TTI to less than ⅛ of its original length, is proposed. Currently, in the 3GPP release 15 for V2X, a sTTI transmission was deferred to future releases. However, a main issue remains, which is the latency caused by scheduling and access granting, which our idea tries to resolve.
In the 3GPP standard, an alarm messages can be broadcasted in the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) or as a system information (SI) block in the SIB messages or as a master information blocks in the MIB. This message is a decodable message which is broadcasted by the BS to neighboring UEs scanning the BS PBCH information. This message is network-controlled, decodable and has a limited number of fields. This message cannot be easily used for V2V/V2P/V2I low latency communication, demanding direct communication in proximity and it has a limited number of fields that will not be sufficient to cover all possible alarm scenarios, use-cases and massive number of simultaneous V2V/V2P/V2I/V2X links.
In 3GPP, priority handling is maintained by the BS for prioritized transmission. With release 13, priority handling is introduced for proximity services (ProSe), which also applies to transmission pool selection in the case of UE-autonomous resource selection. The network can configure one or multiple PPPP (ProSe per packet priority) for each transmission pool in the list of pools. Then, the UE selects a transmission pool associated with the PPPP based on service information by the network [15]. This kind of priority handling does not cover emergency handling in V2X based on vehicular mounted sensor requesting immediate reaction.
For V2X transmission, the BS allocates a resource pool in the UL transmission band (together with the random-access transmission grants) which can be used for side-link transmission, i.e., V2V. Similarly, the vehicles can exchange information with pedestrians using sidelink communication, e.g. using V2P.
Since the sidelink uses/coexists with the uplink resources, all waveforms including OFDM-based and single-carrier transmission (e.g. SC-FDMA, reference signal) shall be supported.
Further, busy tone concepts are described in [3]; V2X, V2V, D2D, and sidelinks are described in [4, 5, 6]; relaying and D2D relaying are described in [7]; sideband transmission is described in [8]; grant-free transmission in the sidelinks (transmission mode 2 and 4 D2D) is described in [9, 15, 16]; power-based or codebook based orthogonal and non-orthogonal multiple access are described in [10]; asynchronous access and multi-user access are described in [11]; LTE-based shorten transmit-time interval (sTTI) and new-radio reduced transmission time reduction and wider sub-carrier spacing, referring to ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) are described in [12, 13]; and power ramping during the initial access procedure (RACH-procedure) is described in [6].

Emergency notification requesting spontaneous grant free transmission for V2X

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