A heterogeneous memory system includes a network interface card, a main memory arrangement, a first-level cache, and a memory management unit (MMU). The main memory arrangement, first-level cache and the MMU are disposed on the network interface card. The first-level cache includes an SRAM arrangement and a DRAM arrangement. The MMU is configured and arranged to read first data from the main memory arrangement in response to a stored first value associated with the first data and indicative of a start time. The MMU selects one of the SRAM arrangement or the DRAM arrangement for storage of the first data and stores the first data in the selected one of the SRAM arrangement or DRAM arrangement. The MMU reads second data from one of the SRAM arrangement or DRAM arrangement and writes the data to the main memory arrangement in response to a stored second value associated with the second data and indicative of a duration.

Present memory systems often include static random-access memory (SRAM), dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), and non-volatile storage, such as a hard disk or solid-state memory (e.g., flash memory). Typically SRAM is a memory that is at a lower level in the memory hierarchy and receives memory access requests from the processing element(s). If the requested data is not present in SRAM, the DRAM memory is queried for presence of the requested data. If the data is not present in DRAM, the data is retrieved from non-volatile storage, which contains all of the program instructions and data required for the execution of the program.
Since SRAM is fast relative to DRAM, SRAM is often used to implement caches. Since DRAM is less expensive than SRAM and requires fewer transistors, DRAM is often used to implement the main memory in a memory system hierarchy.


A system to reduce chronic troubles includes at least one interexchange point of presence for a network, an access loop, a central office, and a compiler. The access loop exchanges transmissions to at least one end device that is part of the network. The central office of the network is disposed between the at least one interexchange point of presence and the access loop. The compiler gathers performance management data related to the network at a taper code level. The compiler determines if a trouble associated with the network relates to the taper code level.

A network may include a variety of configurations using different technologies. The network may include a backbone line from a central location to connect periphery locations, such as customers. Networks may experience chronic troubleshooting issues where a particular issue may arise on a continual basis. Conventional methods to resolve the issue may locate where the issue is arising. Furthermore, a high percentage of troubles may be access loop related. That is, multiple end point troubles may be attributed to a single issue. Conventional tools to resolve the issues may be capable of identifying a directionality of the trouble (e.g., if the trouble is originating from a copper access plant).

System and method for reducing chronic troubles


A process for cutting hollow molded plastic parts uses two knife cuttings in sequence. A first knife blade (42) is pressed on an uncut hollow molded plastic part for cutting therethrough with a guillotine blade action to form an access hole (46, 48) in the plastic part (10). The plastic part (10) may be secured onto a clamp (34, 36) for the first guillotine blade action. An outer support clamp (50, 52) is then secured about the plastic part with an outer side of the support clamp being positioned in proximity to the finished cut edge (65) of a finished plastic part. A mandrel (54) is inserted into the access hole (46, 48) of the part. The inner end of the mandrel is axially spaced from the outer side of the support clamp to allow a thin knife blade therebetween. A thin knife blade (62, 64) then cuts off the rough edge (47) to provide a finished cut edge (65) in the plastic part axially interposed between the outer side of the support clamp and the inner mandrel.

Plastic parts have seen many applications and continue to replace other materials as the material properties and the processes for manufacturing improve. One problem in manufacturing plastic parts, particularly for blow molded or rotationally molded parts is the cutting process into the final shape. A blow or rotationally molded part is only semi rigid. When pressure from a knife or blade is exerted onto the outside of a hollow blow molded or rotationally molded part, the knife or blade permanently deforms the part to such an extent that the part no longer is within manufacturing tolerances. The manufacturing tolerances may vary with different applications but can be relatively small. For example, duct components made for air movement in specialized machines such as paper copiers may have relatively small manufacturing tolerances.
In order to maintain the part within acceptable tolerances of deformation, other methods of cutting have been developed. One such method is with saw cutting. Saw cutting is a relatively slow process and it creates large quantities of plastic dust. Effort and expense must be spent to control and properly dispose of the plastic dust. Another method is a water jet cutting. Water jet cutting may reduce the plastic dust but only with the inconvenience of a watery mess that also needs to be controlled. Another method is with the use of a laser cutter. The use of a laser literally melts the plastic and burns through the plastic. Great care is needed to prevent discoloration due to charring of the plastic. Furthermore, it is very difficult to maintain a square edge during the laser cutting process due to the melting of the plastic.
What is needed is a economical cutting process that reduces deformation of a plastic part and provides a square edge to the finished part.

Cutting apparatus and cutting process for hollow plastic molded articles


An improved device and method for applying labels to contoured product panels. More specifically, the present invention incorporates a rotating cam which is cut to profile the product panel to be labeled and guides the peeler plate along and in close proximity with the product's surface without actually contacting it. This allows better control of the label application and subsequent wiping than was previously possible. Additionally, this device can label contoured surfaces not previously possible using conventional methods.

Systems for labeling products in the production process are well known. Generally, such labeling systems utilize a conveyor which transports vertically placed products through the system. As the products approach the labeler, a low limit control device detects and meters the presence of the product to determine whether enough product is present to allow passage into the labeler. As the products enter the labeler, synchronized infeed timing screws position, space, and meter the products on the conveyor for subsequent labeling.
An overhead stabilizer assumes control of the product as it leaves the infeed timing screws. This stabilizer functions to hold the product securely against the conveyor as the product passes through the labeler.
The product passes two electronic sensor devices as it approaches the applicator heads. A product sensor is responsible for detecting the presence of the product and subsequently initiating dispensing of a label. A label sensor is responsible for detecting the movement of the label and web during dispensing and signaling a brake to stop dispensing.
A pressure sensitive label is applied to the product or substrate using an applicator head system. A web of label material is unwound from the supply roll, guided across an idler roll and down an apron plate to the peeler plate. The peeler plate guides the web to the peeler tip. The peeler tip peels the label from the web as it is pulled around the tip toward a pressure roller/knurled roller assembly. These applicator heads are operated by a motorized indexing system.
A tension wiper holds the label flat as it passes under the label sensor. The label wiper provides the initial touch of the label to the product, is mounted to the peeler plate and extends past the tip in order to wipe the leading edge of the label to the product as it passes the peeler tip.
The pressure roller/knurled roller assembly is responsible for pulling the label web from the supply roll to the peeler tip, as well as pulling the used web liner from the tip to the rewind roll. A rewind roll serves to take up the used web material. Finally, the labeled product is passed through a label wiper roller system which contacts the label and ensures that the label is securely affixed to the product.
The prior art devices and methods of labeling have several problems and disadvantages. Frequently, the label applied to the product is wrinkled or contains bubbles between the product and the label. Additionally, the label wiper rollers in some instances scratch the label. These imperfections yield undesirable results, and render the product unfit for its intended use, thereby resulting in product waste.
Prior art labeling machines require the peeler plates to actually contact the product. In the prior art methods the product is pushed past the applicator in such a way that the motion of the product moves the peeler around the product. The peeler arm and label wiper are biased or urged into actual contact with the product panel. Oftentimes, the initial contact of the product into the peeler arm causes an exaggerated movement of the peeler arm away from the product as the label dispensing begins, resulting in the aforementioned wrinkling and bubbling. To achieve this contact, the overhead stabilizer must apply a substantial amount of pressure to the product so that the product does not move during this process. The pressure from the overhead stabilizer can cause distortion of the product shape in this situation, which may then result in distortion of the applied label.
Before development of the present invention, labeling machines were not capable of effectively and practically labeling a concave panel surface. Additionally, such labeling machines are limited in the materials which can be used in the labels while still achieving acceptable appearance.
The present invention addresses all of the above problems and disadvantages by providing a peeler plate which, because it is cam driven, comes in close proximity to the product when applying the label, without actually contacting the product. This allows the smooth application of the label to the product without using the motion of the product itself to achieve this result. Therefore, fewer wrinkles and bubbles occur during labeling and less pressure is applied to the product by the overhead stabilizer. The present invention also eliminates the need for a label wiper roller assembly. Individual cams are developed to mirror the contour of specific products thereby enabling the device to apply labels to a variety of contoured panel surfaces.


A floating gate of a semiconductor memory device has a gate bird beak on an end portion thereof. Further, a positional relationship between the floating gate and a drain is controlled such that a depletion layer formed within the drain in a non-selected state of the semiconductor memory device faces the gate bird beak without interposing the drain therebetween. Accordingly, drain disturbance can be efficiently prevented.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a MIS (Metal Insulator Semiconductor) transistor type semiconductor memory device having a two-layer gate electrode made up of a floating gate and a control gate. In particular, the invention can be preferably applied to EPROMs, EEPROMs, flash EEPROMS, and the like.
2. Related Arts
A flash memory is widely known as a nonvolatile semiconductor memory capable of electrically writing and erasing information therein. Such a flash memory generally includes a floating gate provided on a substrate through a first gate insulating layer (a tunnel layer) and a control gate provided on the floating gate through a second gate insulating layer. Further, source and drain are provided in a surface region of the substrate to face both ends of the control gate.
Next, typical operations, i.e., (a) a reading operation, (b) a writing operation, and (c) an erasing operation, of the cell of the flash memory will be explained with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C. When the reading operation is carried out, a positive voltage in a range of 1 to 2 V is applied to the drain, the source is grounded, and a voltage Vcc is applied to the control gate as shown in FIG. 1A. In this state, readout of the information is performed by detecting if a channel current flows. When the writing operation is carried out, the voltage Vcc is applied to the drain, the source is grounded, and a positive high voltage Vpp of, for example, +12 V is applied to the control gate as shown in FIG. 1B. Accordingly, hot electrons are injected into the floating gate from between a channel and the drain through the tunnel layer by a tunnel effect. Further, when erasing operation is carried out, the voltage vcc is applied to the source, the drain is opened, and a negative high voltage Vpp is applied to the control gate as shown in FIG. 1C. Accordingly, the electrons stored in the floating gate are extracted and injected into the source by the tunnel effect.
In general, as shown in FIG. 2, a flash memory 100 includes a large number of bits arrayed in a matrix. When the above-mentioned writing and erasing operations are performed on the flash memory 100, a voltage is applied not only to terminals of bits that are selected (herebelow referred to as selected bits) but to terminals of the other bits (herebelow referred to as non-selected bits). As a result, the non-selected bits charges sometimes move between charge holding parts of the bits and the terminals to which the voltage is applied so that memories stored in the non-selected bits are erased.
This phenomenon is called disturbance in a nonvolatile memory. A particular type of this disturbance is drain disturbance, which arises when a voltage is applied to a drain of a non-selected bit under the writing operation. This drain disturbance phenomenon is further explained with reference to FIG. 3 showing the non-selected bit under the writing operation. Specifically, the source is grounded and the voltage V.sub.cc acts on the drain. Further, the control gate is on a ground level because it is not selected. In this state, by unintentionally applying an extra voltage to the terminal of the drain, a drain side end portion of the gate oxide layer underlying the floating gate is subject to an electrical field having a high field intensity. Consequently, there arises a possibility that the electrons are extracted from the floating gate through the gate oxide layer. This is the drain disturbance phenomenon. It is considered that because a drain side edge of the floating gate is angular, an electric field is likely to be concentrated on the angular edge of the floating gate and the drain disturbance sometimes results.
To avoid this, JP-A-5-29962, JP-A-6-237004, and the like disclose a method for preventing the drain disturbance by chamfering the drain side edge of the floating gate to mitigate the concentration of the electric field on the edge. However, as a result of experiments performed by the inventors, it was found that the drain disturbance could not be sufficiently prevented only by chamfering the drain side edge of the floating gate.


An adapter component capable of connecting to a connector component, and an adapter execution unit for accepting an execution request from an EAI system to initiate the adapter component are provided as an adapter program. With these components, data outputted from the EAI system is received as input, and converted into a format available for the connector component. The converted data is outputted to the connector component.

The present invention relates to a feature for connecting connector components which wrap predefined interfaces of a plurality of information systems in an EAI system for associating the information systems to provide interfaces for other programs.
In recent years, due to fast changes in businesses, trend to borderless business environments, rapid and oppressive changes in basic industrial systems, and the like, a need exists for a system which is capable of implementing new business services in a short term and at low cost, and also capable of implementing a flexible system configuration which permits immediate supports for such changes. To meet the need, a field called "enterprise application integration" (hereinafter referred to as "EAI") has been growing, mainly led by the United States, for rapidly and securely implementing a new intra-enterprise information system by combining existing enterprise application software packages and existing information system assets using an EAI system. The EAI system is mainly responsible for controlling paths among information systems, and transferring data which flows among the information systems. The processing in each information system is referred to as a "transaction"; and data flowing among information systems as "transaction data".
A first known example of EAI is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,256,676. In this known example, the EAI system is referred to as a "hub"; each transaction as a "spoke"; and an overall system using the hub as "hub-and-spoke systems".
A second known example of EAI is described in "The Workflow Reference Model, TC00-1003 (1995)", Chapter 2, pp. 6–18, published by Workflow Management Coalition. In this known example, the EAI system is referred to as a "workflow management engine"; each transaction as an "activity"; and an overall system using the workflow management engine as a "workflow management system".
In recent years, some component models, which enable programs to be reused, have also emerged for realizing short-term development of a server program in a distributed object system which is an information processing system that is constructed making use of distributed object technologies. For permitting the reuse of programs, programs are created in conformity to predefined rules in a component model. A program created in this way is referred to as a "component". Since the component can be reused, it can be sold and purchased as a distributable part.
In a system based on the component model, a program which provides a service initiates a component, and a program which utilizes the service invokes the component to accomplish desired processing. Here, each service provided by each component is referred to as a "method"; a program which provides a service as a "service providing program"; and a program which utilizes a service as a "service utilizing program".
A system based on the component model has a problem in a method of acquiring an identifier for a service utilizing program to call a component. Here, an identifier for calling an object or a component is referred to as "reference information". An object for use by a service utilizing program in acquiring reference information on a component is referred to as a "home".
The system based on the component model also requires an infrastructure for executing components. This infrastructure is referred to as an "application server".
A known example of the component model is described, for example, in "Enterprise JavaBeans Specification, v1.1 (1999)", from Chapter 3 to Chapter 4, pp. 21–38, published by Sun Microsystems, Inc. of the United States ("Enterprise JavaBeans" is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. of the United States). In this known example, a component is referred to as "Enterprise Bean"; a home as "EJBHome"; and an application server as "EJB Container" and "EJB server".
Also, some component models are capable of wrapping existing enterprise application software packages and existing information system assets to connect to an existing transaction program from another program in an united method. In this disclosure, this component model is particularly referred to as a "connector component model".
A known example of the connector component model is described, for example, in "J2EE Connector Architecture Specification, Version 1.0, Proposed Final Draft #2 (2001)", from Chapter 2 to Chapter 4, pp. 5–16, published by Sun Microsystems, Inc. of the United States. In this known example, a connector component is referred to as a "connector"; and a home as a "connection factory"; and an application server as an "application server".
Now, description will be made on a method of connecting an existing transaction program to an EAI system using components in the prior art.
Generally, for integrating an existing transaction program into an EAI system, a connecting means referred to as an "adapter program" must be installed in each transaction for connecting the existing transaction program to the EAI system. The adapter program starts, maintains and terminates a connection with the EAI system in accordance with a connection interface for an adapter defined by the EAI system. Therefore, conventionally, a means for managing the state of connection with the EAI system must be installed in the adapter program. The adapter program is also required to have installed therein a means for converting a data structure for input data passed from the EAI system to the adapter program into a data structure for input data to the existing transaction program; and a means for converting a data structure for data outputted from the existing transaction program into a data structure for output data requested by the EAI system. The adapter program is further required to have installed therein a process of starting, executing and terminating a connection with the existing transaction program in consideration of an inherent interface provided by the existing transaction program.
However, by using a connector component for a connection to the existing transaction program, the adapter program need not handle the interface inherent to the existing transaction program, and instead can implement a process of starting, executing and terminating a connection with the connector component in consideration of a united interface.
Also, by using a component as a service utilizing program which utilizes a service provided by the connector component, it is possible to improve the reusability of the adapter program for installation. In this disclosure, this is particularly referred to as an "adapter component".
For developing an adapter program when a connector component has been previously provided, a programmer for developing an adapter program must be fully familiar with a means for managing the state of a connection to an EAI system; a means for utilizing services provided by the connector components; a means for installing component models of the adapter component; a complicated communication interface between respective components; and the like. Also, for converting input data passed from the EAI system to the adapter into a data format required by the connector component, and returning the result of execution to the EAI system, data on the result of execution must be converted into a data format required by the EAI system.

Program control method, computer system, control program, and storage medium storing the control program


Provided is an array substrate of an LCD that includes a substrate, an active layer, a first insulating layer, and a gate electrode sequentially formed on the substrate. A source region and a drain region reside in predetermined regions of the active layer and each is doped with impurity ions. A second insulating layer overlies an entire surface of the substrate including the gate electrode. A pixel electrode resides on the second insulating layer. First and second contact holes reside in the first and second insulating layer and expose portions of the source region and the drain region, respectively. A portion of a source electrode contacts the source region through the first contact hole and a first portion of a drain electrode contacts the drain region and a second portion contacts the pixel electrode.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an array substrate of a liquid crystal display device (LCD), and more particularly, to an array substrate having a polysilicon thin film transistor (TFT)-LCD which is fabricated using a diffraction exposure process, and a fabrication method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Until recently, a cathode ray tube (CRT) has been most widely used among display devices for displaying image information on a screen. The CRT, however, has may inconveniences owing to a large volume and weight compared with the display area. To this end, a thin flat panel display has been developed that can be used anywhere, because it has a large display area and has a very thin profile. The flat panel display is now replacing the CRT. In particular, a liquid crystal display (LCD) exhibits higher resolution than other flat panel displays, and has a rapid response speed that is comparable to the display quality of the CRT when displaying moving images.
In operation, the LCD utilizes optical anisotropy and polarization. In other words, an alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules is controllable by artificially applying an electromagnetic field to the liquid crystal molecules, which are thin and long in their structure and are directionally aligned.
The ability to artificially control their alignment direction allows the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules to be changed and the light that is polarized due to the optical anisotropy to can be modulated. Accordingly, the LCD is capable of displaying image information through the application of an electromagnetic field.
An active matrix liquid crystal display includes thin film transistors (TFTs) and pixel electrodes connected with the TFTs that are arranged in a matrix configuration. The active matrix LCD is being widely used due to its high resolution and superior moving picture reproduction capability.
A base element of the LCD is the liquid crystal panel, which will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
FIG. 1 is a partial exploded perspective view of a typical LCD. In general, an LCD 11 includes an upper substrate 5 and a lower substrate 22. The upper substrate 5 includes a black matrix layer 6, a color filter layer 7, including sub-color filters of red (R), green (G) and blue (B), and a transparent common electrode 18 formed on the color filter layer 7. The lower substrate 22 includes pixel regions (P), pixel electrodes 17 formed on the pixel regions (P) and an array interconnection line including switching elements (T). Between the upper substrate 5 and the lower substrate 22, there is interposed a liquid crystal layer 15, described above.
The lower substrate 22 is known in the art as an "array substrate." On the lower substrate 22, a plurality of thin film transistors that function as switching elements are arranged in a matrix configuration, and gate lines 13 and data lines 15 are formed to cross the plurality of thin film transistors. Also, the pixel regions (P) are defined by the crossing pattern of the gate lines 13 and the data lines 15.
The pixel electrode 17 formed on the pixel region (P) is made of a transparent conductive material having a superior light transmittance such as indium-tin-oxide. (ITO).
The LCD 11 configured as described above, displays images when the liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer 14 on the pixel electrode 17 are aligned by a signal applied via the thin film transistors. The liquid crystal molecules are aligned in such a way as to control the amount of light passing through the liquid crystal layer 14.
FIG. 2 is a partially magnified plan view of some pixels of a related art LCD array substrate. The array substrate employs a p-Si TFT. In other words, TFTs employed in LCDs are classified into amorphous silicon (a-Si) TFTs and polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) TFTs depending on crystalline state of the semiconductor layer serving as an active channel.
In a p-Si TFT, the driving frequency of a driving circuit that determines the number of the driving pixels can be advantageously enhanced and thus high definition capability is possible because the TFT has high field effect mobility. Also, in the p-Si TFT, enhanced picture quality can be expected because the charge time of a signal voltage to the pixel regions is reduced and thus distortion of transfer signals is reduced. Further, the p-Si TFT has an advantage of low power consumption because it can be driven at a voltage less than 10 V, compared with the a-Si TFT, which has a relatively higher driving voltage (about 25V).
Referring to FIG. 2, a plurality of gate lines 111 and a plurality of orthogonal data lines 112 are arranged in a matrix configuration, thereby defining pixel regions (P).
At cross points of the data lines 112 and the gate line 111, the TFTs (T) each include a semiconductor layer 116, a gate electrode 120, a source electrode 126 and a drain electrode 128, and pixel electrodes 134 electrically connected with the TFTs.
The semiconductor layer 116 is electrically connected with the source electrode 126 and the drain electrode 128 through first and second semiconductor layer contact holes 122a and 122b, and the drain electrode 128 is electrically connected with the pixel electrode 134 through a drain contact hole 130.
The semiconductor layer 116 is formed by depositing an amorphous (a-Si) film on the substrate and crystallizing the deposited a-Si film using laser annealing to form polycrystalline silicon.
FIGS. 3A through 3G are sectional views schematically illustrating a process flow to obtain the LCD array substrate of FIG. 2, in which the sectional views are taken along the line A I-I′ of FIG. 2. In the process shown in FIGS. 3A through 3G, an array substrate employing a p-Si TFT is used, and respective patterns are formed by transferring patterns of a mask onto a substrate having a thin film formed thereon. For example, a photolithography process is used that includes photoresist coating, mask alignment, exposure of the photoresist through the mask, and development of the photoresist.
Referring to FIG. 3A, a buffer layer 30 is formed on the entire surface of an insulating substrate 1 using a first insulating material, and a polysilicon active layer 32a is then formed on the buffer layer 30 using a first mask process.
The active layer 32a is formed by depositing an amorphous silicon layer on the buffer layer 30, performing dehydrogenation of the amorphous silicon layer, and crystallizing the amorphous silicon layer into polysilicon layer by a heat treatment.
Referring to FIG. 3B, after the process of FIG. 3A, a second insulating material and a first metal film are sequentially deposited and patterned by a second mask process to form a gate insulating layer 36 and a gate electrode 38 at a middle portion of the active layer 32a (shown in FIGS. 3D and 3E).
Also, to form a channel region and a heavily impurity-doped source and drain regions in the active layer 32a, both exposed edges of the active layer 32a are ion-doped using the gate electrode 38 as a mask.
Referring to FIG. 3C, after the process of FIG. 3B, a first insulating layer 40 is formed of a third insulating material on a resultant structure of the substrate 1.
Referring to FIG. 3D, after the process of FIG. 3C, a third insulating material is deposited and then patterned by a third mask process to form a second insulating layer 44 having first and second ohmic contact holes 46a and 46b that partially expose both edges of the active layer 32a. Alternatively, the first and second insulating layers 40 and 44 may be formed as a single layer.
In both edges of the active layer 32a, the left edge is a source region 1a connected with a source electrode to be formed by a subsequent process and the right edge is a drain region 1b to be connected with a drain electrode. Next, both exposed edges of the active layer 32a are heavily doped with impurity ions to form ohmic contact layers 32b and 32c.
Next, referring to FIG. 3E, a third metal film is deposited and then patterned by a fourth mask process to form a drain electrode 50 and a source electrode 52. At this time, the drain electrode 50 is connected with the ohmic contact layer 32c of the drain region Ib through the first ohmic contact hole (46a of FIG. 3D), and the source electrode 52 is connected with the ohmic contact layer 32b of the source region Ia through the second ohmic contact hole (46b of FIG. 3D).
In this process, a TFT (T) is formed that includes the semiconductor layer 32, the gate electrode 38, and the source and drain electrodes 52 and 50. The gate electrode 38 is connected with the gate line (not shown), and the source electrode 52 is connected with the data line (not shown).
Next, referring to FIG. 3F, after the process of FIG. 3E, a fourth insulating material is deposited on a resultant structure of the substrate 1 and then patterned by a fifth mask process to form a third insulating layer 54 having a drain contact hole 56.
Next, referring to FIG. 3G, an indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive layer is deposited on a resultant structure of the substrate 1 including the drain contact hole 56 and then patterned by a sixth mask process to form a pixel electrode 62. The indium tin oxide forms a low resistance contact with a metal when a TAB bonded.
As described above, the related art LCD array substrate is fabricated by six masking steps.
The respective mask processes represent a series of processes for forming a desired pattern in a thin film formed on a substrate. Each masking process transfers a pattern of a mask onto the thin film and includes the steps of photoresist coating, exposure, and developing, and the like.
As the number of the mask processes increases, production yield is lowered and the probability of incurring defects is increased. Also, since masks designed for forming patterns are very expensive, the increase in the number of the masks used in the fabrication of the array substrate increases the fabrication costs of the LCD.

Array substrates of liquid crystal display and fabrication method thereof


A method and a device for the treatment of wounds and promotion of wound healing and muscle regeneration. The method includes applying a composition including a non-biodegradable microsphere with a substantial surface charge to the subject. The device further includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a container for containing the composition and the carrier. The microspheres used in the present invention have been shown to promote wound healing and muscle regeneration both in vivo and in vitro.

The present invention relates to wound treatment and, in particular, it concerns a device and methods for accelerating wound healing and enhancement of muscle regeneration with microspheres as a therapeutic agent.
Wound healing is a complex process involving such factors as cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) components and the cellular microenvironment. Essentially, all wound healing involves the repair or replacement of damaged tissues. The precise nature of such repair or replacement depends upon the tissues involved, although all such processes involve certain basic principles. To illustrate these principles, cutaneous, or skin, wound healing will be described, it being understood that the discussion could also extend to all types of wound repair.
Skin has multiple layers, including keratin, epidermis and dermis. If only the epidermis is damaged, as in most minor injuries, keratinocytes migrate from the edge of wound and eventually cover it, reforming the epidermis and keratin D. R. Knighton and V. D. Fiegel, Invest. Radiol., 26:604-611, 1991!.
If all skin layers are damaged or destroyed, new connective tissue, called granulation tissue, must first fill the wound space. This tissue is formed by deposition of ECM components by fibroblasts, which migrate into the wound space D. R. Knighton and V. D. Fiegel, Invest. Radiol., 26:604-611, 1991!. The deposition of these ECM components, such as collagen, is currently believed to be important for healing of the wound. Indeed, the prior art teaches that the strength of the healing wound is ultimately dependent upon collagen deposition Haukipuro, K., et al., Ann. Surg., 213:75-80, 1991!. Thus, collagen deposition must be present at a sufficiently high level to give the healing wound strength and support.
This entire multi-step process must be completed for successful wound healing. If one or more of these components is missing, healing does not take place, the skin is not repaired and the wound remains open. Such open wounds can easily become infected, further retarding the process of healing and leading to the formation of ulcers and sores on the skin. The process of wound healing is further inhibited in many patients by the presence of other complicating conditions, such as diabetes and old age. Patients with such conditions often have skin wounds which ulcerate and refuse to heal, or only heal slowly after an extended period of time has elapsed.
Various treatments have been used in order to accelerate the rate at which wounds heal. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,772,591 discloses a method of accelerating the rate of wound healing by applying a combination of ascorbic acid, calcium, tyrosine or phenylalanine, and anti-inflammatory substances to the wound. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,590,212 discloses a method of applying acetaminophen to the wound. Many other patents have focussed upon other methods of accelerating the rate of wound healing. However, none of these methods has proven broadly effective.
In an attempt to improve treatments for wounds, various pharmaceutical carriers have been employed to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to the wound. Such carriers are particularly required for skin wounds since they are generally either exposed to air, or covered by bandages or clothing. In either case, the therapeutic agent can easily be removed by rubbing, for example. Thus, various creams, gels and powders have been used as pharmaceutical carriers, in an attempt to overcome this problem.
One interesting group of pharmaceutical carriers employs microspheres, which are small, microscopic particles made of various materials, including plastics and long-chain carbohydrates. Many prior art applications are known for microspheres as carriers for various therapeutic agents. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,207 discloses microspheres as a carrier for a pharmaceutical or cosmetic substance. A composition containing the microspheres and the active substance is applied cutaneously, with the microsphercs in effect enabling such a route of administration for the active substance. However, this reference does not teach or suggest using the microspheres themselves as a therapeutic substance.
Similarly, PCT Application Nos. WO 96/13164 and WO 94/13333 both disclose microspheres made of a material which catalyzes the production or release of certain therapeutic substances. PCT Application No. WO 96/13164 discloses polymeric nitric oxide adducts which release nitric oxide when directly applied to damaged tissue. PCT Application No. WO 94/13333 discloses particles which are chemically modified to have free radical activity in the wound environment. Again, neither reference teaches or suggests using the microspheres themselves as a therapeutic substance, without chemical modification of the microsphere material.
However, certain properties of the microspheres used as pharmaceutical carriers were shown to influence the effect of the therapeutic substance itself. For example, the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by class I alloantigen immobilized on latex microspheres was studied. Although the class I alloantigen was clearly providing the stimulus itself, the extent of cell stimulation was increased by using particle sizes of 4 to 5 microns M. F. Mescher, J. Immunol., 149:2402-2405, 1992!. Such increased stimulation may demonstrate surface contact requirements for cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In other words, the optimum particle size may have increased the effect of class I alloantigen by providing an optimum surface area for cell contact. It should be emphasized, however, that these beads were still only carriers for the active substance.
Attempts have been made to exploit the apparent ability of certain particles to enhance the efficacy of active substances to promote wound healing. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,830 discloses glass microparticles which act to promote wound healing when directly applied to damaged tissue. U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,883 discloses biodegradable positively-charged dextran beads with a similar ability to promote osteogenesis and healing of soft tissue injuries. However, none of these references teaches or suggests the promotion of regeneration of muscle by administration of microspheres to the wound. Furthermore, none of these references teaches microspheres which initially promote more rapid cell metabolism and proliferation, yet which have a limited, finite effect, so that rapid cell metabolism and proliferation are not permanently induced.
Such a limited effect is especially important in promoting wound healing, which requires an initial increase in cell metabolism and proliferation, followed by a cessation of such cell activation after healing has occurred. Without an induction of such activation, wound healing will not occur. However, if cell activation does not cease after healing is substantially complete, abnormal scar formation can result, as in the formation of keloids. Thus, there must be a balance between promotion and inhibition of cell metabolism and proliferation during wound healing.
There is therefore an unmet medical need for a particulate substance which can be directly applied to damaged tissue in order to promote healing, yet which has self-limited effects and which is substantially non-toxic, and which can also promote muscle regeneration.


Systems and methods for account specific login throttling are provided. A user with a user account may submit a request to a server regarding download of an application onto one or more user devices associated with the server. The server may determine that the current load of request is more than it handle, assign a number to the request, and send a responsive message includes information about when the application will be made available to the user account for download. Once the allotted number is called and the server is ready to make the application available to the user account, the server may send notification to the user. account. The user may then download the application onto the one or more client devices associated with the user account.

Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to downloading applications. More specifically, the present invention relates to an account-specific login throttling for downloading applications.
Description of the Related Art
Presently available systems allow individuals to download a variety of applications to their electronic devices at any time. Online application stores, such as the iTunes® App Store, are used by various software developers to make applications available to customers. In circumstances where an application is popular (e.g., "goes viral"), there may be problems when millions of people attempt to download the same application at one time. The application developer may not be prepared for so many people to bombard the server hosting the application with requests for download. In such instances, the server may not be capable of handling that many requests at once, thereby resulting in system failure (e.g., crashing) and/or the application becoming otherwise unavailable for download. In such situations, users may be become frustrated at the unavailability of the application and/or unresponsiveness of the (crashed) system. Not only may such users fail to download the applications, but they may further perceive the developer as being an unreliable source, leading them to avoid downloading other applications by that developer. Such users may also tell others of their experience, leading to loss of additional customers in this regard. Application developers naturally do not want to lose users or achieve such a reputation.
There is, therefore, a need in the art for improved systems and methods for downloading applications onto electronic devices.


A scavengeless development system in which toner is detached from a donor belt and attracted to latent electrostatic images carried by an image receiver positioned adjacent the belt. Generation of a controlled powder cloud of toner particles is effected using AC electric fields created by applying an AC voltage to an embedded electrode structure stationarily positioned behind the donor belt. Unused toner is removed from the donor belt in a manner which avoids history effects due to accumulation of highly charged, relatively small toner particles on the donor belt.

This invention relates generally to the rendering of latent electrostatic images visible. More particularly, the invention relates to noninteractive or scavengeless development systems.
The invention can be utilized in the art of xerography or in the printing arts. In the practice of conventional xerography, it is the general procedure to form electrostatic latent images on a xerographic surface by first uniformly charging a photoreceptor. The photoreceptor comprises a charge retentive surface. The charge is selectively dissipated in accordance with a pattern of activating radiation corresponding to original images. The selective dissipation of the charge leaves a latent charge pattern on the imaging surface corresponding to the areas not exposed by radiation.
This charge pattern is made visible by developing it with toner. The toner is generally a colored powder which adheres to the charge pattern by electrostatic attraction.
The developed image is then fixed to the imaging surface or is transferred to a receiving substrate such as plain paper to which it is fixed by suitable fusing techniques.
The present invention is especially suited for use in highlight color printing systems. One form, tri-level imaging, of highlight color imaging described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,929 issued in the name of Gundlach. The patent Gundlach teaches the use of tri-level xerography as a means to achieve single-pass highlight color imaging. As disclosed therein the charge pattern is developed with toner particles of first and second colors. The toner particles of one of the colors are positively charged and the toner particles of the other colors are negatively charged. In one embodiment, the toner particles are supplied by a developer which comprises a mixture of triboelectrically relatively positive and relatively negative carrier beads. The carrier beads support, respectively, the relatively negative and relatively positive toner particles. Such a developer is generally supplied to the charge pattern by cascading it across the imaging surface supporting the charge pattern. In another embodiment, the toner particles are presented to the charge pattern by a pair of magnetic brushes. Each brush supplies a toner of one color and one charge. In yet another embodiment, the development systems are biased to about the background voltage. Such biasing results in a developed image of improved color sharpness.
In highlight color xerography as taught by Gundlach, the xerographic contrast on the charge retentive surface or photoreceptor is divided three, rather than two, ways as is the case in conventional xerography. The photoreceptor is charged, typically to 900 v. It is exposed imagewise, such that one image corresponding to charged image areas (which are subsequently developed by charged-area development, i.e. CAD) stays at the full photoreceptor potential (V.sub.cad or V.sub.ddp). The other image is exposed to discharge the photoreceptor to its residual potential, i.e. V.sub.dad or V.sub.c (typically 100 v) which corresponds to discharged area images that are subsequently developed by discharged-area development (DAD) and the background areas exposed such as to reduce the photoreceptor potential to halfway between the V.sub.cad and V.sub.dad potentials, (typically 500 v) and is referred to as V.sub.white or V.sub.w. The CAD developer is typically biased about 100 v closer to V.sub.cad than V.sub.white (about 600 v), and the DAD developer system is biased about 100 v closer to V.sub.dad than V.sub.white (about 400 v).
The viability of printing system concepts such as tri-level, highlight color xerography requires development systems that do not scavenge or interact with a previously toned image. Since commercial development systems such as magnetic brush development and jumping single component development interact with the image receiver, a previously toned image will be scavenged by subsequent development. Great care is required to optimize the development materials and process conditions for minimum interaction. Since the present commercial development systems are highly interactive with the image bearing member, there is a need for scavengeless or non-interactive development systems.
It is known in the art to alter the magnetic properties of the magnetic brush in the second housing in order to obviate the foregoing problem. For example, there is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,821 granted on Jan. 5, 1982 to Matsumoto et al, an electrophotographic development method and apparatus using two magnetic brushes for developing two-color images which do not disturb or destroy a first developed image during a second development process. This is because a second magnetic brush contacts the surface of a latent electrostatic image bearing member more lightly than a first magnetic brush and the toner scraping force of the second magnetic brush is reduced in comparison with that of the first magnetic brush by setting the magnetic flux density on a second non-magnetic sleeve with an internally disposed magnet smaller than the magnetic flux density on a first magnetic sleeve, or by adjusting the distance between the second non-magnetic sleeve and the surface of the latent electrostatic image bearing members. Further, by employing toners with different quantity of electric charge, high quality two-color images are obtained.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,457,900 discloses the use of a single magnetic brush for feeding developer into a cavity formed by the brush and an electrostatic image bearing surface faster than it is discharged thereby creating a roll-back of developer which is effective in toning an image. The magnetic brush is adapted to feed faster than it discharges by placement of strong magnets in a feed portion of the brush and weak magnets in a discharge portion of the brush.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,001 discloses an electrostatographic developing apparatus utilized in connection with the development of conventional xerographic images. It is utilized for applying developer material to a developer receiving surface in conformity with an electrostatic charge pattern wherein the developer is transported from the developer supply to a development zone while in a magnetic brush configuration and thereafter, transported through the development zone in magnetically unconstrained blanket contact with the developer receiving surface.
As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,089 granted on Dec. 4, 1984 to Itaya, et. al. a magnetic brush developing apparatus for a xerographic copying machine or electrostatic recording machine has a sleeve in which a plurality of magnetic pieces are arranged in alternating polarity. Each piece has a shape which produces two or more magnetic peaks. The sleeve and the magnets are rotated in opposite directions. As a result of the above, it is alleged that a soft developer body is obtained, and density unevenness or stripping of the image is avoided.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,504 granted to Parker et al on May 23, 1989 discloses a magnetic brush developer apparatus comprising a plurality of developer housings each including a plurality of magnetic rolls associated therewith. The magnetic rolls disposed in a second developer housing are constructed such that the radial component of the magnetic force field produces a magnetically free development zone intermediate a charge retentive surface and the magnetic rolls. The developer is moved through the zone magnetically unconstrained and, therefore, subjects the image developed by the first developer housing to minimal disturbance. Also, the developer is transported from one magnetic roll to the next. This apparatus provides an efficient means for developing the complimentary half of a tri-level latent image while at the same time allowing the already developed first half to pass through the second housing with minimum image disturbance.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,604 granted to Frederick W. Schmidlin on Mar. 30, 1987 discloses a combination Xerographic-DEP printing apparatus wherein highlight color images are formed without scavenging and re-development of a first developed image. A first image is formed in accordance with conventional (i.e. total voltage range available) electrostatic image forming techniques. A successive image is formed on the copy substrate containing the first image subsequent to first image transfer, either before or after fusing, by utilization of direct electrostatic printing. Thus, the 604 patent solves the problem of developer interaction with previously recorded images by forming a second image on the copy substrate instead of on the charge retentive surface on which the first image was formed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,505 issued on Oct. 23, 1984 relates to developing apparatus for improved charging of flying toner. The apparatus disclosed therein comprises a conveyor for conveying developer particles from developer supplying means and a photoconductive body positioned to define a gap therebetween. A developer supplying passage for conveying developer particles is provided between the developer supplying means and the gap. The developer supplying passage is defined by the conveyor and an electrode plate provided with a predetermined interval with the conveyor. An alternating electric field is applied to the developer supplying passage by an A.C. power source to reciprocate the developer particles between the conveyor and the electrode plate thereby sufficiently and uniformly charging the developer particles by friction. In the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 6 of the '505 patent, a grid is disposed in a space between the photosensitive layer and a donor member.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,955 issued on Feb. 4, 1986 to Hosoya et al discloses a recording apparatus wherein a visible image based on image information is formed on an ordinary sheet by a developer. The recording apparatus comprises a developing roller spaced at a predetermined distance from and facing the ordinary sheet and carrying the developer thereon, a recording electrode and a signal source connected thereto, for propelling the developer on the developing roller to the ordinary sheet by generating an electric field between the ordinary sheet and the developing roller according to the image information, a plurality of mutually insulated electrodes provided on the developing roller and extending therefrom in one direction, an A.C. and a D.C. source are connected to the electrodes, for generating an alternating electric field between adjacent ones of the electrodes to cause oscillations of the developer found between the adjacent electrodes along electric lines of force therebetween to thereby liberate the developer from the developing roller.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,427 granted to Hosaka et al on Mar. 31, 1987 discloses a method and apparatus wherein a layer of developer which is a mixture of insulative, magnetic particles and insulative toner particles is carried on the surface of a developer sleeve forming part of a magnetic brush. A latent image bearing member carrying an image to be developed is moved relative to the magnetic brush. The brush is spaced from the image bearing member and an AC field is formed across the space to effect toner transfer to the image and non-image areas and to effect a back transfer of excessive toner.
Japanese Publication 62-70881 discloses a toner separating means using a plurality of electrically biased grid wires disposed intermediate a magnet brush developer roll and an imaging surface. The two-component developer is triboelectrified and magnetic carrier is removed from the outer periphery of a sleeve by the action of the north and south poles of the magnetic poles of the magnetic brush.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,600 granted to Hays et al on Sep. 19, 1989 discloses a scavengeless development system in which toner detachment from a donor and the concomitant generation of a controlled powder cloud is obtained by AC electric fields supplied by self-spaced electrode structures positioned within a development nip. The electrode structure is placed in close proximity to the toned donor within the gap or nip between the toned donor and image receiver, self-spacing being effected via the toner on the donor. Such spacing enables the creation of relatively large electrostatic fields without risk of air breakdown.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,367 granted to Dan A. Hays on Apr. 23, 1991 discloses a scavengeless/non-interactive development system for use in highlight color imaging. To control the developability of lines and the degree of interaction between the toner and receiver, the combination of an AC voltage on a developer donor roll with an AC voltage between toner cloud forming wires and donor roll enables efficient detachment of toner from the donor to form a toner cloud and position one end of the cloud in close proximity to the image receiver for optimum development of lines and solid areas without scavenging a previously toned image.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/724,242 filed on Jul. 1, 1991 in the name of Dan A. Hays and assigned to the same assignee as the instant application discloses a scavengeless or non-interactive development system for use in image formation such as highlight color imaging. A toned donor roll structure having two sets of interdigitated electrodes physically supported by an insulative support structure is provided. One set of electrodes has a DC bias applied thereto while the other set has an AC bias applied thereto. The AC and DC biases are such as to preclude background development without creating fringe DC fields between adjacent electrodes.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,997,688 granted to Gundlach et al on Dec. 14, 1976 discloses a xerographic imaging process wherein a positive charge image on the surface of a photoconductor is developed using a blade shaped conductor and a non-conductive and flexible donor sheet having on one side a negatively charged toner layer. The donor sheet is mounted such that the layer is spaced from but near the surface of the photoconductor and the conductor is mounted such that its edge slidably abuts the other side of the donor sheet in the region where the sheet is nearest the photoconductor. As a result, the part of the image nearest the edge establishes a non-uniform electrical field between the image and the edge. The non-uniform field is strongest in the region nearest the edge and causes the transfer of toner from the layer to the photoconductor. In one embodiment the donor sheet is in the form of a belt which is driven so that it slides over the edge. The photoconductor is placed on the surface of a rotatable drum and as the drum is rotated the image is developed. Means are provided for replenishing the toner used during development. In another embodiment the donor sheet and photoconductor are supported in parallel and the conductor is moved across said other side of the donor sheet to develop the image.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,914,460 granted on Oct. 21, 1975 to John Maksymiak discloses a shaped electric field acting on a toner laden donor member for separating toner from the donor member as it enters a development zone and for redepositing any excess toner on the donor member as it leaves the development zone.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,997,460 granted to Gundlach et al on Dec. 14, 1976 discloses xerographic apparatus wherein a positive charge image on the surface of a photoconductor is developed with a blade shaped conductor, and a non-conductive and flexible donor sheet having on one side a negatively charged toner layer. The donor sheet is mounted such that the layer is spaced from but near the surface of the photoconductor, and the conductor is mounted such that its edge slidably abuts the other side of the donor sheet in the region where the sheet is nearest the photoconductor. As a result, the part of the image nearest the edge establishes a non-uniform electrical field between the image and the edge. The non-uniform field is strongest in the region nearest the edge and causes the transfer of toner from the layer to the photoconductor. In one embodiment the donor sheet is in the form of a belt which is driven so that it slides over the edge. The photoconductor is placed on the surface of a rotatable drum and as the drum is rotated the image is developed. Means are provided for replenishing the toner used during development. In another embodiment the donor sheet and photoconductor are supported in parallel and the conductor is moved across the other side of the donor sheet to develop the image.
Wires contacting a toner layer on a donor roll is proven method of scavengeless xerographic development. The wires are problematic, in that, they are difficult to mount in a consistent reproducible manner and they are prone to contamination from agglomerates or debris. Such contamination results in banding and streaks on the output copies.
Stable toners layers on a donor roll are also difficult to achieve. To avoid the history effects due to the accumulation of highly charged, small toner particles on the donor, unused toner should be continuously removed followed by freshly deposited toner. The toner can be scraped from the donor with a blade but this forces the effective toner throughput to levels beyond the capacity of small sump development systems. Stressed development manifests itself by degradation of the toner charge distribution and the appearance of background density. Brush cleaners also can not handle high throughput and keeping the brush clean is difficult and complicated.

Donor belt and electrode structure supported behind the belt for developing electrostatic images with toner


In one implementation, a device may include a voltage regulator circuit, a data processing circuit, and an error correction circuit, where the error correction circuit may correct errors in data processed by the data processing circuit to obtain error-corrected data and output an error-corrected version of the processed data. Additionally, an error monitor circuit may output an error signal indicative of a level of the errors in the processed data. A control circuit may receive the error signal and control the voltage regulator circuit to adjust, based on the error signal, the supply voltage to the data processing circuit. In some implementations, the control circuit may also base its decision to control the voltage regulator circuit based on available timing margins in the data processing circuit.

An important factor in the design of integrated circuits relates to the power dissipation and power usage of the integrated circuits. For System-on-Chip (SoC) designs, for instance, which may integrate all or substantially all components of a system (e.g., a computer or network device) into a single integrated circuit, it can be important to efficiently use power.
For hand-held devices such as cell phones, high power usage can quickly drain batteries. On the other hand, for central office equipment such as telecommunication network devices, high power usage can cause heat dissipation problems that may prevent the equipment from working properly. Accordingly, it may be desirable to reduce power consumption by a device, such as a SoC design.
One technique for reducing power consumption is to adjust the voltage supplied to the device. The voltage supplied to the device has a parabolic relationship to power dissipated by the device. The voltage may be adjusted based on, for example, timing margins (i.e., the "extra" time between the completion of an operation and the beginning of the next operation) within a data processing path of the device. One method is to adjust the supply voltage to maintain sufficient timing margin in the device. Another method is to allow the device to produce small amount of errors due to insufficient timing margin. These errors must be first detected in many modified circuit components such as flip-flops included in the device. Then, the operation that produces errors must be re-computed at a reduced clock rate. Many possible disadvantages of this technique may exist. One possible disadvantage is that the traditional design of circuit components may need to be modified to detect the available timing margins. This can add complexity and expense to the design. Another disadvantage of this technique is the requirement to re-compute the failed operation at a lower clock rate. This requirement is not always possible in practical applications.

Adaptive voltage scaling based on the results of forward error correction processing


A new cultivar of Colocasia plant named ‘Painted Black Gecko’, that is characterized by its clump forming, medium-sized plant habit growing 1.2 to 1.5 m in height, its leaves that are very dark purple-black in color with a blue metallic sheen, its leaves with lower surfaces that are dark maroon in color, its petioles that are dark purple-black in color, its healthy root system that is that is resilient to cold in U.S.D.A. Zone 7, and its production of tubers as it ages.

The present invention, Colocasia 'Painted Black Gecko', relates to a new and distinct interspecific hybrid of Colocasia, hereinafter referred to by its cultivar name, 'Painted Black Gecko'. 'Painted Black Gecko' is a new tropical plant used as a landscape and container plant in tropical and subtropical areas.
The new cultivar was derived from a controlled breeding program conducted by the Inventor at his nursery in Louisville, Ky. The overall purpose of the breeding program is to make selections of Colocasia plants with unique foliage coloration in a variety of sizes and that exhibit leaf sheen. 'Painted Black Gecko' arose from a cross make in June of 2011 between unnamed proprietary Colocasia hybrid plants (not patented) from the Inventor's breeding program as both the female and male parents. 'Painted Black Gecko' was selected as a single unique plant in June of 2013 from amongst the seedlings derived from the above cross.
Asexual propagation of the new cultivar was first accomplished by in vitro propagation, specifically meristematic cell tissue culture, under the direction of the Inventor in Eustis, Fla. in February of 2014. Asexual propagation by in vitro propagation has shown that the characteristics of the new cultivar are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.


A 25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate crystal, a preparation method thereof, and a microemulsion using the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate crystal. The X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate crystal of the present disclosure shows characteristic peaks at 2θ of 10.035°, 11.623°, 14.631°, 15.054°, 15.551°, 16.471°, 17.198°, 19.002°, 19.628°, 20.109°, 21.886°, 23.113°, 23.661°, 24.701°, 25.220°, 25.440°, and 28.527°. The 25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate crystal can effectively enhance the stability of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and is more beneficial to the production and storage of related preparations, and thus biological characteristics of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol can be effectively utilized.

Vitamin D3 itself has no physiological effect (H. F. De Luca et al., 1971). The H3 labeled vitamin D3 is used to perform study, vitamin D3 that is absorbed in the intestine first undergoes hydroxylation of 25-carbon atom in the liver to produce 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted into 1,25-dihydroxy D3 in the kidney mitochondria and then delivered to the small intestine mucosa and the kidneys to promote absorption and reabsorption of two minerals, calcium and phosphorus, and meanwhile produce other functions required for animal body metabolism. Studies have shown that the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol has a different absorption principle from ester-soluble vitamins, and has a higher utilization efficiency.
25-hydroxycholecalciferol, also known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, is an expression type of activity of vitamin D3 in the body, with a structural formula as shown in formula 1.

The 25-hydroxycholecalciferol may be obtained by any method. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,467 reported a method of isolation and purification of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, CN10344301B reported for a method of preparation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by a photochemical reaction, CN103898004A reported a method of preparation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by fermentation, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,565,924 reported a method of production of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Furthermore, it was also reported in related research that 25-hydroxycholecalciferol may be utilized as an active ingredient in a feed. However, a stability test of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol showed that 25-hydroxycholecalciferol has a low stability, and after storage at 25° C. for one month, a content of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is reduced from 99.23% to 65.03%. Therefore, how to enhance the stability of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, so as to facilitate production, storage and use of relevant preparations, and thus make use of biological efficacy thereof, is an urgent problem in this field.
However, there is neither a report on 25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate, nor a relevant literature recording the preparation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate from free 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as a raw material.

25-hydroxycholecalciferol monohydrate crystal, preparation method therefor and microemulsion using same

SHANDONG HAINENG BIOENGINEERING CO., LTD.

SHANDONG HAINENG PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.


A method of fabricating a superconducting-semiconducting stack includes cleaning a surface of a substrate, the substrate comprising a group IV element; depositing an insulating buffer layer onto the substrate, the insulating buffer layer comprising the group IV element; depositing a p-doped layer onto the insulating buffer layer; depositing a diffusion barrier onto the p-doped layer; and processing the superconducting-semiconducting stack through dopant activation.

In the field of quantum computing, superconducting quantum bits (qubits) form the basic unit of quantum information. Qubits can be formed of superconductor-insulator materials to produce a Josephson junction (JJ). Junctions with semiconductors as the weak-link resemble classical field-effect transistors and can be tuned via a gate voltage applied to the semiconductor. A hurdle in the performance of superconductor-semiconductor devices is the quality of the superconductor-semiconductor interfaces. Various defects at the superconductor-semiconductor interface and Schottky barriers can hinder the performance of qubit devices.

Systems and methods for qubit fabrication


A method and system for selectively enabling a cache-invalidate function supplement to a resource-synchronization instruction such as test-and-set. Some embodiments include a first processor, a first memory, at least a first cache between the first processor and the first memory, wherein the first cache caches data accessed by the first processor from the first memory, wherein the first processor executes: a resource-synchronization instruction, an instruction that enables a cache-invalidate function to be performed upon execution of the resource-synchronization instruction, and an instruction that disables the cache-invalidate function from being performed upon execution of the resource-synchronization instruction.

Parallel-processor systems are efficient, scalable, and highly available computer. To manage parallel-processor systems, there is a need for a cache coherence system and control in order to obtain desired system operation.
Conventional hierarchical cache systems provide small fast cache memories next to each fast information processing unit (also called a processing element), and larger memories that are further away and slower. It is impractical to make a fast memory large enough to hold all of the data for a large computer program, and when memories are made larger, the physical size increases, access times slow and heat dissipation becomes a bigger issue. Thus data is moved to data caches that are closer to the processing element when that data is being used or likely to be used soon by the processing element. Parallel-processor systems thus typically include a hierarchy of cache levels. For example, a processing element might have a level-0 (L0) cache on the same chip as a processor. This L0 cache is the smallest, and runs at the fastest speed since there are no chip-to-chip crossings. One or more intermediate levels of cache (called, e.g., L1, L2, etc., as they are further from the processor) might be placed at successively further distances and successively slower access times from the processing element. A large main memory, typically implemented using DDR SDRAMs (double-data-rate synchronous-dynamic random-access memories) is then typically provided. Some systems provide a solid-state-disk (SSD) cache between the main memory and the system's disc array, and caches data from that mass storage at, e.g., a slower speed than main memory. At each level moving further from the processor, there is typically a larger store running at a slower speed. For each level of storage, the level closer to the processor thus typically contains a subset of the data in the level further away. For some systems, in order to purge data in the main memory leaving that data only in the disc storage, one must first purge all of the portions of that data that may reside in the L0, L1, and/or L2 levels of cache.
Further, several processing elements may be operating on the same data at or nearly at the same time. If one processor modifies its cached copy of the data, it must typically notify all the other processors, in order that they do not perform conflicting operations based on their now-old copies of that data. One way to do this is to force a cache purge (also called a cache invalidate) on any cache that might have a copy of outdated data.
However, as more processors and more caches are added to a system, there can be more competition for scarce resources including caches. There is a need to maintain coherence of data (i.e., ensuring that as data is modified, that all cached copies are timely and properly updated) among the various cache types, levels, and locations. One conventional synchronization method uses a "test-and-set" instruction that is performed atomically (i.e., it is guaranteed to operate indivisibly—as if once it is started it will complete without interruption). If several processes are being multitasked in a single processor or across several processing elements of a multiprocessor system, they can have flags that indicate various resources, and these flags can be tested and set (as locks to the various resources) by the atomic test-and-set instructions performed within each of the several processes. The processes can by swapped in and out and run asynchronously and simultaneously on one or more processing elements, and the flags will be used by the operating systems to prevent conflicting or contradictory operations.
It is desirable to maintain the operability of existing codes and programs by allowing existing instructions to continue to operate in their original manner while executing those existing programs, while also adding new functions and capabilities to a computer architecture.

Instructions for test & set with selectively enabled cache invalidate


A molding material for thermoplastic composites is provided. The molding material is prepared from a commingled yarn containing continuous thermoplastic fibers and continuous reinforcing fibers, in a form of threads, textile fabrics, knitted fabrics, or multiaxial laminated fabrics, wherein the fiber commingling parameter of said continuous reinforcing fibers in said commingled yarn is 20% or more, and wherein the orientation index after heat treatment of said continuous thermoplastic fibers is 0.3 or more, and/or the thermal shrinkage ratio of said continuous thermoplastic fibers is 15% or less.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a molding material for use in the preparation of thermoplastic composites containing continuous reinforcing fibers in a thermoplastic resin matrix. In particular, the present invention relates to a molding material formed with commingled yarn containing continuous thermoplastic fibers as well as continuous reinforcing fibers. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a pelletized molding material for use in the preparation of thermoplastic composites. The reinforcing fibers in the pelletized molding material are aligned in a longitudinal direction within a thermoplastic resin matrix of the molding material. Moreover, the present invention concerns a process for the preparation of thermoplastic composites using the aforementioned molding material.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Existing plastic composites containing reinforcing fibers include the so-called "advanced composites" employed for the manufacture of products used in the aviation and space industries as well as the general purpose fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) used in shipbuilding, for bathtub units and in automobiles, etc. In both of these composites, thermosetting resins are ordinarily employed as matrix resins, usually epoxy resins in the former type and unsaturated polyester resins in the latter. If thermosetting resins are used as the matrix, then hardening treatment is necessary in order to harden the matrix resin, moreover, the composites so obtained lack toughness. On the other hand, it is known that improvement with respect to the aforementioned shortcomings can be achieved by using thermoplastic resins for the matrix resins. Furthermore, composites with excellent impact resistance and fatigue resistance can be obtained by using, for example, glass fibers of a length of 3 mm or more as the reinforcing fibers. However, the melting temperature of thermoplastic resins is high, and therefore high temperatures and high pressures are required in order to impregnate long reinforcing fibers with the molten resin. Since the impregnation of molten resin into a long-fiber mat with randomly oriented fibers is relatively easy, composites are ordinarily obtained by impregnating such mats with a thermoplastic resin and then thermoforming these resin-impregnated mats. However, when this method is employed, a high content of reinforcing fibers cannot be achieved, and therefore the mechanical properties of the resulting composites are inadequate.
With the purpose of solving this problem, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication Nos. 60-209034 and 61-130345 disclose processes for the manufacture of molding materials for composites by commingling continuous reinforcing fibers with continuous thermoplastic fibers. These molding materials are molded into composites by techniques such as hot pressing, pultrusion and filament winding, and permit the formation of composites with irregular surfaces. These processes also make possible a marked increase in the reinforcing fiber content of manufactured thermoplastic resin composites as compared with processes based upon impregnation of fiber mats with molten resins. Nevertheless, even when these types of molding materials are employed, adequate quantities of thermoplastic resin cannot be impregnated into the continuous reinforcing fibers when thermoforming is carried out, and consequently the composites so obtained lack toughness. Therefore, a molding material such that the continuous reinforcing fibers are impregnated with a sufficient quantity of thermoplastic resin during the thermoforming process and which thereby provides thermoplastic composites with excellent mechanical properties is desirable.

Molding material for thermoplastic composites


A system and method for intrusion detection includes a first sensor for detecting an intrusion within an area and for outputting a first signal, a second sensor for detecting an intrusion within the area, the second sensor outputting a second signal, and a processor to receive both the first and second signals and to classify both the first and second signals as having a particular state. The processor provides an output for generating an alarm signal when the first signal and the second signal are classified with corresponding states.

It is believed that certain dual-sensing intrusion detection systems, which simultaneously employ two different detection techniques may monitor a volume of space using a passive infrared sensor (PR) and a microwave detector adapted to determine a Doppler frequency shift in received radiation. The redundancy provided by the two distinct detection devices is intended to eliminate the occurrence of false alarms for certain "non-intrusion" events. For example, a spinning fan may give rise to a strong Doppler signal but may not generate significant amounts of IR radiation. In such systems, it may be advantageous to generate an alarm signal when both detection devices detect an intrusion during the same period. According to this technique, an alarm is generated by combining the output of the detection devices by an "AND" logic gate. Since the output signals from each of the detection devices is processed separately from the other and they are only combined at a final stage to reach a determination as to the presence of an intruder, this technique may be referred to as "decision-level fusion".
The respective detection devices may have varying sensitivities with respect to different intrusion events. For example, Doppler microwave sensors may be more sensitive to radial movement while IR sensors may be more sensitive to transverse movements across a scanned area. Continual adjustment of the relevant thresholds for detection may be required for optimal performance. It is believed that a difficulty associated with this variation is in finding an optimal balance between providing sufficient sensitivity to enable detection of intrusions in most situations and avoiding false alarms.
One situation that may particularly test this balance is the movement of pets in the vicinity of the detection system. The movement of a large dog, for example, can induce and/or generate high-amplitude signals at both IR and microwave detection devices. It is believed that U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,934 is directed to this problem by allocating upper and lower IR focus zones (taking advantage of the fact that pets are normally shorter than people) and by temperature compensation to correct for the influence of ambient conditions. However, even with temperature compensation, it may be difficult to set the intrusion detection threshold for the IR signal because the IR focus zones are not necessarily perfectly positioned and do not completely differentiate between larger and smaller moving objects. In particular, when a person moves in a radial towards or away from a detector, the detected IR signals may be smaller than those generated by pets, which may result in a false positive output. The use of shields, such as umbrellas that block IR radiation can compound the problem, since the IR allocated to the "upper zone" may not receive a sufficient amount of radiation to detect the presence of an intruder in this case.
Regarding the processing of signals output by the detection devices, it is believed that U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,216 refers to adjusting the gain of an amplifier for processing the output of one detection channel. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,988 refers to adjusting a microwave detection threshold based upon detection from another channel due to dynamic changes in the environment. However, it is also believed that the adjustment of amplitude described in these references may be insufficient to distinguish human intruders from pets.

Dual sensing intrusion detection method and system with state-level fusion


A stable aqueous pharmaceutical formulation comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody, polysorbate 80, a buffer which inhibits polysorbate oxidation is described along with methods of making the preparation. Also described are formulations with high antibody concentrations which maintain fixed volumes and which may be used on patients of variable weight.

Antibody and protein formulations are known in the art. However, preparing protein formulations, such as antibody formulations, which are chemically and biologically stable, are fraught with challenges. Preparing formulations which are also not only stable but can maintain a small volume (i.e., allowing for a small volume injection) even with an increased concentration of protein, such as antibody, also is problematic. The need for such formulations exist. For example, concentrated amounts of protein in a fixed volume that is also stable would be especially beneficial to patients of variable weight. Administration of fluids to patients of variable weights may, for example, have an adverse reaction. Development of such formulations has been hindered by the proteins or the antibodies themselves, which have a high tendency to aggregate and precipitate.

Immunoglobulin formulation and method of preparation thereof