Disclosed is a fixing device using fuzzy inference, which is used for copying machine, optical printer, or the like. The fixing device is provided with a fixing heater drive circuit 13 for controlling a heater 8 arranged in a fixing roller 9 on the basis of signals from CPU 1. The CPU 1 executes fuzzy inference so as to maintain the heat amount within predetermined value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fixing device, which is used for image forming apparatuses such as a copying machine, an optical printer, and the like, and fixing a toner image on a recording medium by heating.
2. Related Background Art
FIG. 41 is a longitudinal sectional view of a conventional thermal fixing device In a copying apparatus, a fixing device 11 is arranged at a position to which a transfer medium J as a recording medium transferred with a toner image B is fed.
The fixing device 11 comprises a fixing roller 9. The fixing roller 9 is rotatably supported by the apparatus main body, and is rotated by a driving means (not shown) in the direction of an arrow in FIG. 41. The fixing roller 9 has a cylindrical core 9a consisting of, e.g., aluminum, iron, or the like, and the surface of the core 9a is coated with a mold-releasable resin layer 9b such as PFA, PTFE, or the like. A halogen heater (heating member) 8 is arranged in the cylindrical core 9a, and is applied with a voltage from a low voltage power source 5. On the other hand, a thermistor (temperature detection element) 7 contacts the outer circumferential surface of the fixing roller 9 so as to detect the temperature of the outer circumferential surface. The thermistor 7 is connected to a control means C. The control means C controls a ON/OFF state of the halogen heater 8 on the basis of an output signal from the thermistor 7, thereby maintaining the temperature of the outer circumferential surface of the fixing roller 9 at a predetermined value. A separation pawl 18 contacts the outer circumferential surface of the fixing roller 9 so as to prevent the transfer medium J on which the toner image B has been fixed, from being wound around the fixing roller 9.
A press roller 10 is arranged under the fixing roller 9, so that its rotational shaft extends parallel to that of the press roller 9. The fixing roller 10 has a core 10a consisting of, e.g., iron, stainless steel, or the like, and an elastic member layer 10b coated on the core 10a. The elastic member layer 10b consists of silicone rubber, fluororubber, or the like with high heat resistance and good mold release properties. The press roller 10 is arranged so that its outer circumferential surface is pressed against the fixing roller 9. The press roller 10 is driven in the direction of an arrow upon rotation of the fixing roller 9.
An entrance guide member 17 is arranged at the right side of the fixing device 11 with the above arrangement. The entrance guide member 17 feeds the transfer medium J transferred with the toner image B to a nip between the fixing roller 9 and the press roller 10. When the transfer medium J is fed from the right side of the transfer device 11, as shown in FIG. 41, and is fed to the nip between the fixing roller 9 and the press roller 10, the toner image B is fixed on the transfer medium J since it is pressed against the fixing roller 9 heated to a predetermined temperature.
Since the above-mentioned conventional control does not take a drift of an input voltage to be input to the low voltage power source 5 into consideration, when the input voltage drifts, the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 drifts accordingly. The following equation expresses the relationship between the drifted input voltage V and the power W in watts of the halogen heater 8 EQU (W/W.sub.0)=(V/V.sub.0).sup.1.54 ( 1)
W.sub.0 : rated power, V.sub.0 : rated voltage
For example, a case will be examined below wherein a convey speed (to be referred to as a "process speed" hereinafter) of the transfer medium J is 49 mm/sec, the thickness of the core 9a of the fixing roller 9 is 2.5 mm, and the thermistor 7 is brought into contact with a portion which is not in direct contact with the transfer medium J so as to detect the temperature of that portion. In this case, the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 required for attaining proper fixing is about 518 W normally (when the input voltage does not drift). However, in consideration of about .+-.15% (85 V to 115 V) of the drift of the input voltage, the voltage drift occurs within a range from 85 V to 115 V, and in order to guarantee fixing characteristics in this case, a halogen heater having a rated voltage of 100 V and a rated power of 665 W must be used.
As can be understood from equation (1), the power in watts of this halogen heater 8 varies within a range from 518 W to about 825 W in response to the input voltage drift. When the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 drifts largely in this manner the elevating rate of the surface temperature on the fixing roller 9 largely varies.
FIG. 42 shows the relationship between the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 and the elevating rate of the surface temperature on the fixing roller 9. As is apparent from FIG. 42, when the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 is 518 W (input voltage=85 V), the elevating rate of the surface temperature on the fixing roller 9 is 1.6 deg/sec; when the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 is 825 W (input voltage=115 V), the elevating rate of the surface temperature on the fixing roller 9 is 3.7 deg/sec, and varies twice or more the minimum value.
Such a variation in elevating rate of the surface temperature on the fixing roller 9 according to the input voltage poses a particularly serious problem depending on an environment of the apparatus.
Assume that the power switch of the copying apparatus is OFF, and a copy operation (transfer and fixing of a toner image) must be performed immediately after the power switch is turned on in a state in which the surface temperature on the fixing roller is low (in the morning or winter). In this case, when the input voltage becomes high (e.g., 115 V), the elevating rate of the surface temperature of the fixing roller 9 is large, as described above, and hence, the control may overshoot. In this state, a safety circuit (not shown) operates, and the copying apparatus may halt. On the other hand, assume that the power in watts of the halogen heater is set to guarantee fixing characteristics when the input voltage drifts to be lowered (e.g., 85 V). If the input voltage is increased, power consumption of the halogen heater is increased, and arise the above-mentioned problem and another problem associated with an increase in power source capacity in an environment of the apparatus.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a method for decreasing the power in watts of the halogen heater in only a power-ON state by controlling, e.g., the phase of an AC power source voltage is available. With this method, however, since the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 is uniformly decreased independently of the magnitude of the input voltage, for example, when the input voltage drifts by -15%, the time required until the surface temperature on the fixing roller 9 reaches a predetermined value is undesirably prolonged.
For example, assuming that the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 is decreased by 50%, the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 and the elevating rate of the surface temperature on the fixing roller 9 are respectively 412.5 W and 0.9 deg/sec when the input voltage=115 V, and are respectively 332.5 W and 0.6 deg/sec when the input voltage=100 V. Thus, the times of warm-up corresponding to these cases are respectively prolonged to 152 sec and 228 sec. In the worst case (input voltage=85 V), the power in watts of the halogen heater 8 and the elevating rate of the surface temperature on the fixing roller 9 are respectively 259 W and 0.4 deg/sec, and the time of warm-up becomes 343 sec.
The fixing characteristics of the fixing device 11 change due to various other factors in addition to the above-mentioned input voltage drift.


Techniques for guided access to an external distributed file system (DFS) from a database management system (DBMS) are provided. A user access a graphical user interface (GUI) to interactively define a search on an external DFS. The search and any filtering conditions are processed on the external DFS and results are imported to the DBMS and mapped to a table in the DBMS for manipulation and access by the user within the DBMS.

After over two-decades of electronic data automation and the improved ability for capturing data from a variety of communication channels and media, even small enterprises find that the enterprise is processing terabytes of data with regularity. Moreover, mining, analysis, and processing of that data have become extremely complex. The average consumer expects electronic transactions to occur flawlessly and with near instant speed. The enterprise that cannot meet expectations of the consumer is quickly out of business in today's highly competitive environment.
Consumers have a plethora of choices for nearly every product and service, and enterprises can be created and up-and-running in the industry in mere days. The competition and the expectations are breathtaking from what existed just a few short years ago.
The industry infrastructure and applications have generally answered the call providing virtualized data centers that give an enterprise an ever-present data center to run and process the enterprise's data. Applications and hardware to support an enterprise can be outsourced and available to the enterprise twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and three hundred sixty-five days a year.
As a result, the most important asset of the enterprise has become its data. That is, information gathered about the enterprise's customers, competitors, products, services, financials, business processes, business assets, personnel, service providers, transactions, and the like.
Updating, mining, analyzing, reporting, and accessing the enterprise information can still become problematic because of the sheer volume of this information and because often the information is dispersed over a variety of different file systems, databases, and applications.
In response, the industry has recently embraced a data platform referred to as Apache Hadoop™ (Hadoop™). Hadoop™ is an Open Source software architecture that supports data-intensive distributed applications. It enables applications to work with thousands of network nodes and petabytes (1000 terabytes) of data. Hadoop™ provides interoperability between disparate file systems, fault tolerance, and High Availability (HA) for data processing. The architecture is modular and expandable with the whole database development community supporting, enhancing, and dynamically growing the platform.
However, because of Hadoop's™ success in the industry, enterprises now have or depend on a large volume of their data, which is stored external to their core in-house database management system (DBMS). This data can be in a variety of formats and types, such as: web logs; call details with customers; sensor data, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) data; historical data maintained for government or industry compliance reasons; and the like. Enterprises have embraced Hadoop™ for data types such as the above referenced because Hadoop™ is scalable, cost efficient, and reliable.
One challenge in integrating Hadoop™ architecture with an enterprise DBMS is selectively acquiring data from Hadoop™ and importing and using that data within the enterprise DBMS.
Recently, a table-based User-Defined Function (UDF) approach was introduced to allow DBMS users to have direct access to Hadoop™ files in Structured Query Language (SQL) queries. The basic idea is that a customized table UDF pulls data from the Hadoop™ distributed file system (HDFS) into the enterprise data warehouse for manipulation. Each table UDF instance runs on a particular Access Module Processor of the parallel DBMS and is responsible for retrieving a portion of the HDFS file defined in the table UDF.
However, there are a few problems with this approach, such as the three problems listed below.
Firstly, the access code to HDFS is hard-coded in the table UDF and the mapping from HDFS files to the DBMS relational data is also hard-coded. This means that if a user needs to access different columns in the same HDFS file or convert the same columns in the HDFS file to different types, a different Table UDF has to be programmed and used. This approach is not productive when the users frequently need to access different HDFS files or need access to the same HDFS file in different ways.
Secondly, although data filtering and transformation can be done by the UDF as the rows are delivered by the UDF to the SQL processing, the HDFS files are first transferred to the parallel DBMS even when later during processing on the DBS some data in the imported file are to be discarded. This can be an unfortunate waste of network bandwidth.
Thirdly, users have to develop and write the customized UDFs, which require knowledge of the Hadoop™ system and its file system's Application Programming Interface (API), and the users also need knowledge of the DMBS's table UDF infrastructure.

Techniques for guided access to an external distributed file system from a database management system


A circuit board includes an antenna substrate and a main substrate. The antenna substrate has at least one first linking portion. The main substrate has at least one second linking portion. The first linking portion connects with the second portion so that the antenna substrate assembles with the main substrate. Herein, the antenna is substantially perpendicular to the main substrate.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a circuit board and, in particular, to a circuit board with an antenna layout.
2. Related Art
Due to the progress of the wireless communication techniques, wireless communication devices are widely spread and become the mainstream of modern products such as the wireless network cards, personal digital assistants, mobile phones, Bluetooth earphones, etc. In the wireless communication devices, the antenna is an important element used for receiving and emitting wireless signals. Generally speaking, the conventional wireless communication devices are usually equipped with a circuit board, which is installed with an antenna and a circuit layout for processing signals. The antenna is used to receive and emit wireless signals. The signal processing circuit processes (modulates or demodulates) the wireless signals.
Since the antenna and the signal processing circuit are both formed on the above-mentioned circuit board, they are likely to interfere with each other, resulting in antenna characteristic shifts or efficiency lowering. Therefore, the antenna has to be tested (e.g. its polarization properties) once the entire circuit board is finished. Then, the antenna has to be modified according to the test results. For example, the dimension of the antenna might be changed, which is very inconvenient.
Moreover, as the antenna is disposed on the circuit board, its characteristics are thus restricted by the material of the circuit board. In view of the requirement of more compact wireless communication products, the volume of the circuit board is also shrinking. The space allocated for the antenna and the signal processing circuit is also limited. Accordingly, elements in the signal processing circuit may have serious interference with the antenna, causing low transmission efficiency of the circuit board. For example, if the height of a capacitor is far taller than the antenna, the transmitted data may be distorted.
Therefore, it is an important subject of the invention to provide a better circuit board design to avoid the above-mentioned problems.


An optical adhesive, a method for manufacturing an optical adhesive, and a display device are provided. The optical adhesive includes a first, adhesive Layer, a second adhesive layer, and a third adhesive layer that are sequentially stacked, a storage modulus of the first adhesive layer is greater than a storage modulus of the third adhesive laver; and the storage modulus of the first adhesive layer and the storage modulus pf the third adhesive layer are both greater than a storage modulus of the second adhesive layer.

With the development of display technology, display devices have gradually been applied to many fields and become one of the most widely used electronic devices. A display device usually includes a display panel, and may further include components such as a touch structure (e.g., a touch screen), a polarizer, a protective structure (e.g., a cover layer), and the like. The above-mentioned components are bonded together by, for example, an optical adhesive. The optical adhesive is a special adhesive for bonding transparent optical elements, and has the characteristics of colorless and transparent, high light transmittance, good bonding strength, and the like. The optical adhesive can bond various components in the display device, and the optical adhesive does not affect the normal display while achieving the bonding function, and is one of the important raw materials in the display device.

Optical adhesive, method for manufacturing optical adhesive, and display device


This robot system includes a robot, and a controller which sets an operation limitation area for limiting operations of the robot, and the controller resets the operation limitation area by using at least one of information about a floor surface where an object person conducts tasks at a surrounding area of the robot, information about a structure with which the object person may come into contact, information about a non-target object who exists in a vicinity of the object person, and information about another robot which exists in a vicinity of the object person.

Conventionally, there is a known robot system in which an operation limitation area of a robot is set at an surrounding area of an operator, who is a safety monitoring target, in such a case where the operator has a possibility of entering an operation range of the robot, and when the robot enters the operation limitation area, the known robot system performs safety operation control, emergency stop control, and the like of the robot. (See Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2004-243427, for example.)
Also, a known robot system changes the operation limitation area of the robot in response to positions of the operator who is the safety monitoring target. (See Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2003-222295, for example.)


The disclosure relates to a controller area network, CAN, unit and associated method and computer program. The CAN unit is configured to detect a transmit signal edge on a transmit signal for a CAN transceiver; detect a corresponding receive signal edge on a receive signal for a CAN controller of the CAN transceiver; and detect a collision on the CAN bus based on a propagation delay between the transmit signal edge and the corresponding receive signal edge.

In-vehicle network (IVN) busses, such as CAN (Controller Area Network), CAN FD (CAN with Flexible Data-Rate), LIN (Local Interconnect Network), FlexRay, Ethernet based network busses, and other types, can be used for communications within vehicles. For example, controller area network (CAN) bus is a message-based communications bus protocol that is often used within automobiles. A CAN bus network may include multiple bus devices, so called nodes or electronic control units (ECUs), such as an engine control module (ECM), a power train control module (PCM), airbags, antilock brakes, cruise control, electric power steering, audio systems, windows, doors, mirror adjustment, battery and recharging systems for hybrid/electric cars, and many more. The CAN bus protocol is used to enable communications between the various bus devices. The data link layer of the CAN protocol is standardized as International Standards Organization (ISO) 11898-1:2003. CAN Flexible Data-Rate or "CAN FD," which is an extension of the standardized CAN data link layer protocol and is meanwhile integrated into the ISO11898-2:2016 standard, can provide higher data rates. But the standardized CAN data link layer protocol is still in further process of being extended to provide even higher data rates. A further extension, referred to as CAN XL, with a new level scheme allowing even higher data rates is in the definition phase discussed under CiA610 (CAN in Automation) and is moving towards standardization in the form of either a further update of the existing ISO11898 standards or a new standard. However, it is of interest to allow backwards compatibility between all the CAN flavours, for example, CAN XL with CAN FD.


Methods and apparatus for vertical chip-on-board sensor packages can comprise a vertical sensor circuit component comprising a first face, a second face, a bottom edge, a top edge, two side edges, input/output (I/O) pads and at least one sensitive direction wherein the I/O pads are arranged near the bottom edge. Such vertical die chip-on-board sensor packages can also comprise one or more horizontal sensor circuit components comprising a top face, a printed circuit board (PCB) mounting face, a vertical sensor circuit component interface edge, two or more other edges, and one or more sensitive directions wherein the vertical sensor circuit component interface edge supports the vertical sensor circuit component along the Z axis and conductively or non-conductively connects to the vertical sensor circuit component. The methods and apparatus provided include a multi-axis magnetometer for measuring the magnetic field intensity along three orthogonal axes comprising one or more magnetic field sensing circuit components mounted by their PCB mounting face to a PCB and a vertical magnetic sensor circuit component mounted to the PCB such that the vertical magnetic sensor circuit component is attached to and supported by the magnetic field sensing circuit component.

The Earth's magnetic field intensity is about 0.5 to 0.6 gauss and has a component parallel to the Earth's surface that always points toward magnetic north. This field can be approximated with a dipole model—the field always points north, but the angle of the field relative to the surface of the Earth changes from horizontal at the equator to sub-horizontal (i.e., "down" toward the ground) in the northern hemisphere and supra-horizontal (i.e., "up" toward the air) in the southern hemisphere. In all cases, the horizontal direction of the Earth's field points toward magnetic north and is used to determine compass direction.
Magnetic sensors have been in use for well over 2,000 years, primarily used to sense the Earth's magnetic field for direction finding or navigation. Today, magnetic sensors are still a primary means of navigation and many other uses have evolved. As a result, magnetic sensors may be found in medical, laboratory, and electronic instruments; weather buoys; virtual reality systems; and a variety of other systems.
Modern consumer and commercial electronic equipment design has generally involved the consolidation of numerous disparate functions into a single device and the evolution of devices of increasingly diminutive scale. Small devices and devices that incorporate numerous functions require their internal components to be as small as possible. The desire to incorporate wayfinding and navigation technology into such compact devices requires the requisite 2- and 3-dimensional sensors, for example magnetic sensors and/or tilt sensors, to be of minimum height in the Z-axis (i.e., out of the plane of the printed circuit board (PCB)). Mounting a vertical sensor along the Z-axis is a challenge for the semiconductor assembly industry, especially for applications that have space limitations. Current methods fail to mount vertical (Z-axis) sensors for applications with limited space and cost sensitive, high volume, standard PCB processes.
Therefore, a need exists for mounting sensors orthogonally to other sensors mounted in the plane of a printed circuit board, said orthogonally mounted sensors measuring forces or magnetic fields on the Z-axis. In particular, a need exists for mounting of orthogonal sensors in a low profile manner in, for example, cell phone and other consumer and commercial applications. Such needs should be filled by applications that are cost sensitive, high volume, and easily adaptable to common PCB assembly processes.


The invention relates to a heat exchanger of a plate-type construction having first flow channels for a first medium, each formed by a pair of plates, and having corrugated ribs, around which a second medium flows, arranged between neighboring plate pairs. In order to provide an improved heat exchanger which allows a more compact construction of the plant when used in a heating or air conditioning unit of a motor vehicle, it is proposed that the corrugated ribs and at least one of the neighboring plate pairs form second flow channels for the second medium and the second flow channels have a curved course, so that the second medium undergoes a change of flow direction on flowing through the heat exchanger.

The invention relates to a heat exchanger of a plate-type construction, and a heating or air conditioning unit for a motor vehicle equipped therewith.
An air conditioning unit as disclosed, for example, in DE 198 04 389 has an evaporator of what is referred to as a plate-type construction. The evaporator has first flow channels, each formed from a pair of plates, for a coolant of the air conditioning unit, and corrugated ribs, around which the air to be cooled flows, arranged in each case between neighboring plate pairs. Such known plate-type evaporators, as they are called, are of cuboid construction and are used in the air conditioning unit between a fan and a heating member to cool the air to be passed into the passenger compartment.
Motor vehicles today are intended to be as compact as possible in their external dimensions, the interior space being as large as possible. Accordingly, efforts are made to design increasingly compact air conditioning units, so that they take up as little structural space as possible. Designers therefore attempt to make the individual components of the air conditioning unit smaller and more efficient, as shown, for example, by DE 197 19 252, in which the evaporator described is designed such that its overall depth is no more than 50 mm.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Heat exchanger and heating or air conditioning unit of a motor vehicle containing said heat exchanger


An information retrieval system, including a learning and real-time classification methodology, is provided in accordance with the present invention. The system includes a hierarchal analysis component that receives a query and processes probabilities associated with N categories, each category having one or more topics, wherein N is an integer. An interactive component drives clarification dialog that is derived from the query and the probabilities associated with the N categories and the one or more topics. The clarification dialog, driven by a rule-based policy, a decision-theoretic analysis considering the costs of dialog to focus the results versus the costs of browsing larger lists, or combinations of rules and decision-theoretic analysis is employed when valuable to determine at least one category of the N categories to facilitate retrieval of at least one of the topics.

Search information and retrieval systems are common tools enabling users to find desired information relating to a topic. From Web search engines to desktop application utilities (e.g., help systems), users consistently utilize information and retrieval systems to discover unknown information about topics of interest. In some cases, these topics are prearranged into topic and subtopic areas. For example, "Yahoo" provides a hierarchically arranged predetermined list of possible topics (e.g., business, government, science, etc.) wherein the user will select a topic and then further choose a subtopic within the list. Another example of predetermined lists of topics is common on desktop personal computer help utilities wherein a list of help topics and related subtopics are provided to the user. While these predetermined hierarchies may be useful in some contexts, users often need to search for/inquire about information outside of and/or not included within these predetermined lists. Thus, search engines or other search systems are often employed to enable users to direct user-crafted queries in order to find desired information. Unfortunately, this often leads to frustration when many unrelated files are retrieved since users may be unsure of how to author or craft a particular query. This often causes users to continually modify queries in order to refine retrieved search results to a reasonable number of files.
As an example of this dilemma, it is not uncommon to type in a word or phrase in a search system input query field and retrieve several thousand files—or millions of web sites in the case of the Internet, as potential candidates. In order to make sense of the large volume of retrieved candidates, the user will often experiment with other word combinations to further narrow the list since many of the retrieved results may share common elements, terms or phrases yet have little or no contextual similarity in subject matter. This approach is inaccurate and time consuming for both the user and the system performing the search. Inaccuracy is illustrated in the retrieval of thousands if not millions of unrelated files/sites the user is not interested in. Time and system processing speed are also sacrificed when searching massive databases for possible yet unrelated files.
Generally, conventional search systems will search for information in a flat or non-hierarchical manner that can exacerbate the accuracy and speed problems described above. In other words, the search system will attempt to match or find all topics relating to the user's query input regardless of whether the "searched for" topics have any contextual relationship to the topical area or category of what the user is actually interested in. As an example, if a user were to input the word "Saturn" into a conventional search system, all types of unrelated results are likely to be "searched for" and returned such as relating to cars, car dealers, planets, computer games, and other sites having the word "Saturn". Similar results are also achieved with phrases wherein many unrelated topics may be "searched for" and returned in response to the combination of words in the phrases. Consequently, as a result of conventional flat, non-hierarchical search architectures, wherein substantially all potential topics are analyzed for common elements or element combinations of the query input, and as a result of ever increasing databases for storing these topics, user frustrations continue to grow and system performance decreases as more and more potential "search results" are returned having related elements but little contextual similarity.
In view of the above problems associated with conventional search and information retrieval systems, there is a need for a system and/or methodology to mitigate search and retrieval of unrelated information and to facilitate finding information without having to continually author or craft ever more sophisticated queries.

System, representation, and method providing multilevel information retrieval with clarification dialog


A resin composition includes a thermoplastic resin and a metal-resin composite particle, wherein the metal-resin composite particle includes a metal deposition layer, a first coating layer positioned on one side of the metal deposition layer, and a second coating layer positioned on the other side of the metal deposition layer, and the first coating layer and second coating layer include a thermosetting resin respectively. An article includes the resin composition.

Recently, plastic exterior products of diverse colors have become increasingly popular for electronic parts, automobile parts and the like, and plastic exterior products with high a quality sense of touch.
The plastic exterior products usually include a plastic resin and a metal particle to give a metal-like texture to the resin appearance. This is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. 2001-262003 and 2007-137963, but the metal-like texture did not appear in an actual experiment.
For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-262003 discloses the use of a flake-shaped metal particulate, but a weld line occurs in an actual experiment. Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2007-137963 discloses a resin composition including a glass fiber and a metal particle, but appearance failure occurs due to the glass fiber in an actual experiment.
Accordingly, conventional articles formed by adding a metal particle and the like to a plastic resin may not exhibit a metal-like texture or may have various defects and thus are not suitable replacements for a painted article.

Resin composition and article using the same


The present invention has provided a method for live broadcasting in distributed network and means for the same. Wherein the method mainly comprises steps of: tracker servers receive the status report information from the program source connected to the tracker server; generates the status information of the program source based on said status report information; sends status information of the program source to the information synchronization means.

With the rapid development and popularization of Internet, the video technology based on the stream media is used more and more widely. The application mainly focuses on video-on-demand, distance education, video conference, digital library, etc. The transmission of the stream media has strict demand on bandwidth, delay and data loss rate, and other QOS (quality of service) related parameters. With the increase of user amount, traditional Client/Server ('C/S' in short) model has heavy load on central server, which can not guarantee the QOS.
System based on P2P (Peer-to-Peer) protocol has balanced load, self-organization, high fault-tolerant ability, and some other advantage. In the Internet topological structure based on P2P protocol, all user equipments (e.g. personal computer) share the same role, action, responsibility and obligation. The user equipments in this kind of internet topological structure can exchange data with each other while bypassing the central server. Each user equipment can act as either a server or a client end. It can download data from another user equipment and send data to still another user equipment at the same time. Thus, the more user equipments in the network, the higher speed of the data transmission. This structure highly improves the efficiency of the bandwidth and the reliability of the network obviously.
The current P2P based media broadcasting mainly focuses on video-on-demand. With the increasing importance of internet in our daily life, the demand on the network live broadcasting is also increasing. Comparing to the traditional live broadcasting, the network live broadcasting provides users with better initiative control and more choices. Examples are taken as popular match live broadcasting, games live broadcasting, etc. There are a large amount of live broadcasting providers of such activities. The providers publish the data on the Internet, and the audience can select their favorite live broadcasting program conveniently.
Until now, no efficient solution has been found to setup a stable live broadcasting structure with high transmission efficiency.

Method for live broadcasting in a distributed network and apparatus for the same


A method and an apparatus are described for increasing the flexibility of uplink resource allocation for a mobile station (MS) (100), that is backwards compatible with earlier standards that provide only a single data flow per MS. The method includes steps of (A) associating an allocated uplink resource (an Uplink State Flag (USF)) with one or more Temporary Block Flows (TBFs) for a Packet Data Channel (PDCH), and not with a MS per se (although a given USF is associated with only a single MS); and (B) using a Temporary Flow Identity (TFI) for identifying a TBF, where a TFI may be unique to a PDCH and, if not, is unique with respect to the MS on a PDCH (and hence with respect to the USF). The result is that the MS is enabled to send any of its TBFs on allocated resources of the same PDCH. An uplink resource may be allocated to the MS dynamically using the Uplink State Flag (USF) or by using a fixed allocation. A total of n Radio Bearers are associated with a single TBF, where n≧1.

Modern wireless telecommunications systems are evolving to provide high speed packet data services for users of mobile equipment. One example is an ability to provide internet access to a user of mobile equipment. A wireless system that is rapidly evolving in this direction is a Time Division, Multiple Access (TDMA) system known as the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), in particular enhanced versions of GSM known as GSM+, GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EGPRS (Enhanced General Packet Radio Services).
The GPRS Release '97 was the first standard to provide (limited) packet data services. However, this standard did not provide a capability for the user to control the bit rate(s) and delays for a packet data connection. In the developing Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) packet domain permits several packet data connections to be simultaneously maintained, with different qualities of service. Although there have, at present, been two subsequent GPRS releases since the Release '97, the quality of service concept has remained the same.
The GSM/EDGE radio access network (GERAN) release 5 (or simply R5) provides a new radio access network to the UMTS core network, and is to adopt the same quality of service attributes as used in the existing UMTS.
In the UMTS a data connection between a mobile station (MS), such as a cellular telephone, and the third generation (3G) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), or 3G-SGSN, is identified using the Network Service Access Point Identifier (NSAPI) with which the requested quality of service (QoS) parameters are associated. The data connection is realized by a radio access bearer established by the 3G-SGSN to the radio access network. The radio access bearer identity is the same as the NSAPI. That is, in UMTS the data connection is identified using the NSAPI, which also identifies a radio access bearer. In the radio interface the radio access bearer is realized by one or several radio bearers, each having their own identities. During the radio bearer set-up phase the NSAPI is associated with radio bearers and the radio bearers are associated with a channel. As such, in the UMTS radio access network the channel number/identifier unambiguously identifies the data connection and its quality of service parameters and, hence, there is no need to carry either the NSAPI or radio bearer identity in protocol headers.
However, in GERAN R5 there is no provision to associate a data connection to a (physical) channel. As such, one problem that arises is how to identify a data connection in the radio interface.
A second issue relates to improving the flexibility of the GPRS Radio Link Control/Media Access Control (RLC/MAC) layer. An important distinction between the basic GPRS and the UMTS Radio Access Network (URAN) is that the GPRS MAC multiplexes Logical Link (LL) Protocol Data Units (PDUs), while UMTS multiplexes transport (Radio Link Control or RLC) blocks. In general, GPRS multiplexing is inflexible, and is not suitable for connections having different quality of service requirements.
In EGPRS the same access types as in GPRS are supported to establish the Temporary Block Flow (TBF) in the uplink direction (i.e., from the mobile equipment or station to the network). To accomplish this, a control message used by a GPRS mobile equipment to request a packet channel (Packet Channel Request, 11 bits) is re-used for EGPRS.
With Release 5 the standard RLC and MAC sublayers are required to support multiple data flows with different QoS requirements simultaneously. However, the modifications made to the Release 4 (R4) standard to derive the R5 standard must be backward compatible with R4 (and earlier releases back to R97). That is, different mobile stations (MSs) from different releases (R97-R5) must be able to be multiplexed onto the same Packet Data Channels (PDCHs). Put another way, there is no segregation of traffic between R5 MSs and pre-R5 MSs. This implies that the multiplexing fields Temporary Flow Identity (TFI) and Uplink State Flag (USF) in the headers of the RLC/MAC protocol data units must remain unchanged.
Currently in R97-R4 only one data flow at a time is allowed in the MS, in either the uplink or the downlink direction. This data flow is transported on a Temporary Block Flow (TBF) which is identified by a TFI. That is, the TFI uniquely identifies a MS/TBF pair. In the downlink direction (to the MS) the TFI is used to address a block to the MS, and in the uplink direction (from the MS) the TFI is used to identify the owner (MS) of the incoming data block. On a given PDCH a maximum of 32 TBFs (TFI is 5 bits) are allowed in either the uplink or the downlink directions. The USF is used for the dynamic allocation of uplink resources, while on a downlink PDCH Radio Link Control (RLC) data blocks are appended with a USF (by the Media Access Control (MAC)), the value of which allows a unique MS to send one (or four) data blocks in the uplink direction in predefined blocks on the corresponding uplink PDCH. That is, no other MS is allowed to use these blocks. The USF is 3 bits, thereby enabling dynamic allocation for eight different MSs. This implies only eight different dynamic TBFs.
Introducing multiple flows per MS in the uplink through multiple TBFs would thus imply, in this context, that several considerations be made. First, a MS may have several USFs reserved for it: one for each TBF. As such, dynamic allocation is highly restrained. Second, this further implies that the number of MSs on a given PDCH is also highly restrained (maximum of 32 TBFs on the PDCH). Actually, due to the USF constraint only eight MSs in dynamic allocation can be supported per uplink PDCH. Third, introducing multiple flows per MS further implies that the network (NW) schedules all uplink flows, i.e., the MS cannot perform its own scheduling in the uplink direction, which implies further delays in transmitting data. That is, a MS must obtain authorization from the NW before it is enabled to send a particular TBF, which may be unacceptable depending on the desired QoS of the data flow.
The inventors have realized that all uplink resources are under NW control (fixed allocation, dynamic allocation, extended dynamic allocation), which implies that the NW has knowledge of from which MS it will be receiving a data block at any given point in time. Note should be made of the fact that, because of this NW knowledge, the existing TFI in the uplink data blocks is actually not needed, that is, a given MS is not allowed to transmit when it wishes, but only when it is given permission to transmit.

Method and apparatus for sharing uplink state flag (USF) with multiple uplink temporary block flows (TBFs)