Methods and apparatus are disclosed for processing data packets using a router and a proxy in order to transparently proxy a connection between a client and a server. One method involves mapping a TCP connection to a connection ID and sending a segment from the TCP connection to a proxy, including the connection ID, a direction value and an identifier of an assigned proxy application, such that the segment appears to be from the connection. The method further involves a proxy creating and reading from an IP socket which corresponds to the segment, the connection ID, direction and assigned proxy application and then spoofing the segment using the connection ID, a second direction value, and an identifier of the assigned proxy application.

The approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Modern computer networks rely on routers, proxy devices, switches and other infrastructure elements that act as the intermediary devices that connect clients to a destination server. Clients establish connections to the intermediary, which then establishes a connection to the destination server. The intermediary device sends data received from the client to the destination server and forwards data received from the destination server to the client. The intermediary device acts as both a server and a client. It is a server to its client and a client to its destination server.
FIG. 1A illustrates a network using proxy 102 as an intermediary between clients 104, 106 and server 108. Proxy 102 can be configured to perform a variety of functions before sending a segment of data to the server 108; such functions include, for example, Network Address Translation, Firewall protection or executing a software application to perform an operation on data carried in the segment.
In a typical network implementation, the proxy 102 has one connection to clients 104, 106 and another connection to the server 108. When client 104 sends a request, proxy 102 forwards the request on to the server 108 after the proxy 102 performs its intended function. Similarly, the response from server 108 is sent to proxy 102, and is forwarded back to the client 104. A client 104 may have explicit configuration identifying which proxy it should use. The proxy 102 uses its own network address when connecting to the server.
When a proxy has been configured to function as an explicit proxy, meaning that the proxy uses its own network address to connect to at least one connection (the client or the server) the connection must be explicitly configured to connect to the proxy. For example, in FIG. 1A proxy 102, acting as an explicit proxy, requires that every client 104, 106 must be explicitly configured to connect to proxy 102. Typically a configuration setting in client 104, 106 must be manually set to reflect a network address of the proxy 102. Requiring a configuration for every connection is very problematic for large-scale networks.
Similarly, when a firewall 112 is placed between the clients 102, 104 and server 108, so the firewall 112 can inspect all inbound and outbound traffic, as seen in FIG. 1B, client configuration is required. The clients 104 and 106 must still be configured to know about proxy 102; otherwise, traffic will just pass though the firewall 112 and completely ignore proxy 102. A firewall is a special type of router that enforces security policies when moving packets from one network to another. In contrast, in a transparent proxy arrangement, no configuration change is needed at the client side.
Another problem arises in the approaches of FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B when proxy 102 uses its own network address to access server 108. For example, proxy 102 receives two connections, one from client 104 and the other from client 106. As a result, the server 108 sees two requests from a single host proxy 102. The process performed by the proxy 102 is similar in effect to performing PAT (Port Address Translation). PAT is described further in "Configuring Network Address Translation and Static Port Address Translation to Support an Internal Web Server," document ID 12095, from Cisco Systems, Inc., San Jose, Calif. A PAT policy in many cases contradicts with other explicit NAT (Network Address Translation) policies that a user would have configured. A PAT policy also potentially creates problems for other firewall, quality of service, and virtual private network devices that are deployed between the proxy and the server.
When a router or firewall is deployed in "virtual mode," which means it simulates multiple virtual or logical devices on a single hardware device, it often puts great contraints on how/where the explicit proxy 102 should be deployed. For example, assume user designs a virtual router/firewall between network-1 and network-2, and another one between network-3 and network-4. The physical device may classify a network packet to the proper virtual router/firewall by its receiver interface, NAT configuration, and destination MAC, etc. When an explicit proxy is to be deployed for all traffic, user would face a tough design issue on where to put it. Assume he creates a network-5 to host the proxy, he would have traffic from network-1<->network-5<->network-2, and network-3<->network-5<->network-4. This creates two issues. First the original segregated traffic (network-1<->network-2, and network-3<->network-4) are now being mixed in network-5. Secondly packets are now traversing 2 network boundaries, e.g. network-1 to network-5, then network-5 to network-2, each boundary needs its own virtual router/firewall which means user has to double the number of virtual router/firewall configured on his device.
In many cases valuable stream-based applications such as file-based anti-virus scanning cannot be enabled due to the PAT policy. For example, a packet upon arrival at a router is classified into a connection based on information such as the receiver interface, NAT configuration, and destination MAC addresses. Based on the packet classification, the router retrieves the security policy configured for that specific combination of values. If the packet is then diverted to a proxy 102 for processing at a proxy application, under standard IP routing approaches the router cannot re-classify a packet received back from the proxy since the original information used to classify the packet has been discarded at the proxy or proxy application. Thus once the packet is injected back from the proxy, the valuable classification by router 112 is lost.
One prior approach merges the network nodes, such as routers, and proxy application into one machine. In this approach the proxy application is compiled into an existing network node's operating system. However, in many cases the network node's operating system is configured such that it is difficult to incorporate an application software on top of the operating system, thus requiring extensive modification to the software in order to make it compatible with the operating system. Furthermore, by incorporating the operating system with routing logic and proxy application into one machine, all such elements must share CPU time and memory, potentially causing resource starvation. It is much more efficient and beneficial to keep these two components separate.
Another approach used to avoid the re-classification problem resulting from PAT involves a transparent proxy. In a transparent proxy the client is unaware of the proxy and always addresses packets to the server. The proxy intercepts and spoofs the connection. When the proxy connects to the server, the proxy spoofs the client's IP address and port values. Thus none of the client's information is lost upon transfer. Referring to FIG. 1A for illustration purposes, the server will receive one connection coming from client 104 and another connection coming from client 106. The proxy is "invisible" to both the client and the server.
However, in many situations the proxy and proxy application are configured such that they are explicitly set to be an explicit proxy, or require, at minimum, the use of the proxy's IP address for at least one connection, therefore preventing transparency.

Transparently proxying transport protocol connections using an external server


A bottle carrier includes a plurality of walls. At least one of the walls includes a recess on an exterior surface for retaining a bottle thereon, when the carrier is in a horizontal orientation and the bottle is in a horizontal orientation partially disposed in the recess. The carrier may be stackable and connectable to similar carriers to form display or storage racks. At least one of the walls includes a plurality of feet extending therefrom. The feet are interlockable with feet on a similar carrier. When similar carriers are stacked, the feet interlock to improve the stability of the stacked carriers. Adjacent carriers may be connected via corks or other connectors inserted into adjacent walls of the carriers.

The present invention relates generally to a case for carrying bottles and more particularly to a reusable carrier that can be connected to similar carriers to form display racks or storage racks.
Wine bottles are typically shipped in cardboard boxes to stores. At the store the bottles are removed from the boxes and arranged on shelves for display to customers. The wine bottles are also often displayed for sale in the store in the boxes. However, this arrangement makes it difficult for customers to see the products.
Consumers who purchase a case of wine carry the bottles home in the cardboard boxes. If the wine has been removed for display purposes the cardboard boxes must be repacked. These boxes are typically not sturdy and may be subject to damage from water, the environment, etc. These boxes are typically not reused or returned to the store.
It is therefore desirable to develop and design an improved bottle carrier for storing and displaying bottles.


A multi-beam antenna includes a parabolic reflector, a block-down-converter, a support arm and a holding member. The block-down-converter is arranged such that a multi-primary radiator and a housing containing a conversion circuit are integrally molded. The multiprimary radiator is constituted by a plurality of primary radiators having apertures whose central points are arranged linearly. Neighboring two of the primary radiators are integrally joined with each other at a joint part. A polarization angle can be adjusted simply by a function that an angle formed between the block-down-converter and the support arm can be varied about a perpendicular radiation axis by the holding member. A feeding element pair formed on the conversion circuit is constituted by two feeding elements extending orthogonally to each other. Angles formed between the feeding elements and a central line of the joint part are determined on the basis of a center of a longitudinal range of a receiving area.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a parabolic antenna for use in satellite broadcasting or satellite communication and more particularly, to a primary radiator and a block-down-converter which constitute the parabolic antenna.
2. Background Art
Conventionally, parabolic antennas which receive radio waves from a plurality of stationary satellites by a single reflector are referred to as xe2x80x9cdual-beam antennasxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cmulti-beam antennasxe2x80x9d and are mainly adapted to receive radio waves from two satellites located on a stationary orbit with a difference of longitude of 8 degrees.
One example of the parabolic antennas is proposed in Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open Publication No. 3-107810 (1991) and FIG. 27 is a perspective view showing its arrangement. In FIG. 27, a dual-beam antenna 100 includes primary radiators 102 and 103 constituting a double primary radiator and a reflector 101. The primary radiators 102 and 103 and the reflector 101 are coupled with each other by a support arm 104 so as to have a predetermined positional relationship. Radio waves from first and second satellites are reflected by the reflector 101 so as to be, respectively, received by the primary radiators 102 and 103. In this dual-beam antenna, axes of the primary radiators are disposed so as to extend horizontally at the time of reception.
Meanwhile, circular polarization is employed as polarization in satellite broadcasting, while linear polarization of two kinds, i.e., in vertical and horizontal directions is employed as polarization in satellite communication. Therefore, radio waves from a communication satellite contain a polarization angle dependent on a receiving point and thus, this polarization angle should be adjusted.
A method of adjusting the polarization angle is proposed in Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open Publication No. 6-52217 (1994). FIG. 28 is a perspective view indicative of one example of adjustment of the polarization angle. As shown in FIG. 28, the adjustment is performed by rotating an arm 113 through an angle xcex8b about an axis of a fixed primary radiator 111 and further, rotating a primary radiator 112 through an angle xcex8a about its own axis.
FIG. 29 a relationship between antenna diameter D and primary radiator spacing L in the case where difference of longitude between two satellites on a station orbit is 8 degrees and 4 degrees. As shown in FIG. 29, the reflector diameter D and the primary radiator spacing L are substantially proportional to each other and an optimum value of the primary radiator spacing at the time the difference of longitude is 4 degrees is smaller than that at the time the difference of longitude is 8 degrees.
FIG. 30 shows a relationship between aperture diameter d of a primary radiator and antenna efficiency xcex7 in a single-beam antenna. As shown in FIG. 30, when the aperture diameter d assumes dopt, the antenna efficiency xcex7 reaches a maximum xcex7max as follows. If the aperture diameter is small, radiation range over the reflector increases and thus, energy of the reflector spills from the reflector, namely, spill-over happens. On the other hand, if the aperture diameter is large excessively, radiation range decreases and thus, an edge portion of the reflector does not work.
Therefore, in case a dual-beam antenna for receiving radio waves from two satellites with a difference of longitude of 4 degrees is formed by using an antenna having a diameter Do and primary radiators having an optimum aperture diameter dopt, the spacing Lo should be larger than dopt. As shown in FIG. 29, in case a dual-beam antenna is formed by using a reflector having a smaller effective diameter Ds, the spacing L decreases to Ls. If the spacing Ls is smaller than dopt, the aperture diameter d necessarily becomes smaller than dopt yielding the maximum efficiency xcex7max, so that the antenna efficiency xcex7 drops markedly to xcex7o as shown in FIG. 30 and thus, it becomes difficult to obtain desired reception performance.
In order to obviate the above mentioned drawbacks, a double primary radiator of the present invention has a construction in which by using a small-diameter parabolic reflector having an effective diameter of, for example, 45 cm, two primary radiators are integrally joined with each other so as to receive radio waves from two satellites having a difference of longitude of, for example, 4 degrees.
In the double primary radiator of the present invention, since apertures of the primary radiators are arranged to face each other inwardly, it is possible to compensate for reduction of radiation area due to defocus caused in the case where a dual-beam antenna is arranged such that a central point of a joint part of the double primary radiators is located in the vicinity of a focal point of the reflector.
Since a block-down-converter of the present invention can be rotated as a whole about a perpendicular radiation axis, tilt angle of the two radiators can be adjusted relative to polarization angle at a time.
In the block-down-converter of the present invention, if an initial shift angle for adjusting polarization angle is set to that of a point located substantially at a center of a longitudinal range of a receiving area, adjustment of the initial shift angle can be substantially optimized throughout the receiving area. Therefore, since it is not necessary to adjust the initial shift angle for each receiving point, the block-down-converters can be mass produced.
Meanwhile, since the block-down-converter of the present invention has a construction in which a double primary radiator and a housing containing a conversion circuit for performing amplification and frequency conversion of received radio waves are integrally molded, the block-down-converter can be produced by a simple process such as injection molding employing a die, thereby resulting in a reduced production cost.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A method for producing a high resolution detector array so as to provide very high packing fraction, i.e., the distance between scintillator elements is minimized so the detector efficiency will be higher than is currently achievable. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fabrication methodology is enhanced by handling LSO bars rather than single crystals when gluing on the Lumirror® as well as etching the LSO. Namely, an LSO boule is cut into wide bars of a selected dimension, for example 30 mm, which are then acid etched or mechanically polished. A selected number, N, of these LSO bars can then be glued together with Lumirror® sheets between each bar (coating the LSO disks and Lumirror® sheets with Epotek 301-2). The glued bar block is then cut again into bars in a perpendicular direction, and these new LSO-Lumirror® bars are etched. Finally, a selected number, M, of these LSO-Lumirror® bars are glued together with Lumirror® sheets between each bar; thus creating an etched N×M LSO-Lumirror® array, (where M may or may not be equal to N), without having to handle individual LSO crystals or small Lumirror® pieces.

1. Field of Invention
This invention pertains to a method of producing a scintillator detector arrays that may be used in various applications, such as, but not limited to, a PET detector module or nuclear physics applications. More specifically, it relates to a method of producing a high resolution detector array that can be coupled to photodetectors. In certain applications, the photodetector provides an accurate timing pulse and initial energy discrimination, identification of the crystal interaction, which may include the depth of interaction (DOI).
2. Description of the Related Art
When constructing scintillator arrays, it is known to use block scintillator arrays with saw-cut grooves packed with reflector powder. However, this method is not feasible for producing arrays of individual crystals. It is also known to use reflector molds made of a white compound. However, it is often desired to produce light output with a greater depth dependence than these type of reflectors are capable of producing.
Finally, it is also known to hand wrap "plumbers" Teflon® tape around individual detectors as a standard reflector choice for research PET cameras. However, plumbers Teflon® tape is not a realistic choice for large cameras and/or cameras that use very small crystals. Further, hand wrapping individual crystals is both time consuming and difficult to do consistently. Hand wrapping with Teflon® tape also limits the reduction of crystal size for future cameras. In addition, plumbers Teflon® tape, or thicker 8 mil Teflon® tape, is not an ideal reflector. It stretches and creeps, so it can be difficult to accurately cover only the surface of each crystal not coupled to a photodetector. The Teflon® tape also becomes transparent when squeezed, which occurs when making a compact scintillator crystal array, and when glue wicks through it. Moreover, it is difficult to wrap the individual crystals tightly with thicker 8 mil Teflon® tape resulting in inaccurate measures of depth dependence.

Method for producing a high resolution detector array


A method for converting from decimal to binary including receiving a binary coded decimal (BCD) number made up of one or more sets of three digits. A running sum and a running carry are set to zero. A process is performed for each set of three digits in the BCD number in order from the set of three digits containing the three most significant digits of the BCD number to the digits containing the three least significant digits of the BCD number. The process includes: creating six partial products based on the set of three digits, the running sum and the running carry; combining the six partial products into two partial products; and storing the two partial products in the running sum and the running carry. The running sum and the running carry from each set of three digits are combined into a final binary result.

This invention relates generally to data conversion, and more particularly, to converting a number from decimal to binary.
Decimal calculations are becoming more prevalent in today's computers. For example, all financial calculations are inherently decimal calculations. However, most computers operate more efficiently on binary data because the digital circuits are optimized for two-value logic. This causes a need to convert decimal formats to binary formats and vice versa. Currently, look-up tables are utilized to perform conversions from decimal formats to binary formats. Typically, when using a look-up table, the components of the ones digit is added to the tens digit and to the hundreds digit. The use of a look-up table can have negative impact on the speed of the conversion. It would be desirable to be able to perform the conversion from decimal to binary as efficiently as possible in order to provide a high performance computer system.

System and method for performing decimal to binary conversion

International Business Machines Corporation


A method for translating control messages between a network manager and a router. The method includes intercepting an input command message intended for the router, where the router partitioned into a plurality of logical router partitions, and the input command message expressed in terms of logical router partitions. Each logical router partition expression of the input command message is translated into a physical router expression, and the input command message, including any translated expressions, is propagated toward the router.

As demand for transferring electronic data grows, major global carriers seek city-to-city connectivity in their global data networks. The hardware for implementing this and other network connectivity includes computer and networking equipment. Furthermore, the communications industry is rapidly moving to fiber optic mediums, which are faster than conventional copper wired mediums. As with most new technologies, the fiber optic mediums are expensive to procure.
For example, a global carrier may provide network connectivity between the cities of New York City, Los Angeles, Seattle, Tokyo, and Osaka. In this instance, each city requires computer and networking equipment, such as servers and routers (i.e., switches). In this instance, a total of five optical routers would be required to provide connectivity between all five cities.
As more cities are connected to the global data network, additional infra-structure and intra-structure is required. In particular, an additional optical router is required for each location added to the global network, which drives up the purchasing expenses for the global carrier.

Translator for enabling logical partitioning of a network switch


The present invention supports a virtual private network identifier for an information packet transmission on an IP mobility system. By identifying a virtual private network in this manner, the Foreign Agent will be able to properly route data packets even if two or more Mobile Nodes are associated with virtual private networks on the same home network.

Present-day Internet communications represent the synthesis of technical developments begun in the 1960s—the development of a system to support communications between different United States military computer networks, and the subsequent development of a system to support the communication between research computer networks at United States universities. These technological developments would subsequently revolutionize the world of computing.
The Internet, like so many other high tech developments, grew from research originally performed by the United States Department of Defense. In the 1960s, Defense Department officials began to notice that the military was accumulating a large collection of computers—some of which were connected to large open computer networks and others that were connected to smaller closed computer networks. A network is a collection of computers or computer-like devices communicating across a common transmission medium. Computers on the Defense Department's open computer networks, however, could not communicate with the other military computers on the closed systems.
Defense Department officials requested that a system be built to permit communication between these different computer networks. The Defense Department recognized, however, that a single centralized system would be vulnerable to missile attacks or sabotage. Accordingly, the Defense Department required that the system to be used for communication between these military computer networks be decentralized and that no critical services be concentrated in vulnerable failure points. In order to achieve these goals, the Defense Department established a decentralized standard protocol for communication between network computers.
A few years later, the National Science Foundation (NSF) wanted to connect network computers at various research institutions across the country. The NSF adopted the Defense Department's protocol for communication, and this combination of research computer networks would eventually evolve into the Internet.
Internet Protocols
The Defense Department's communication protocol governing data transmission between computers on different networks was called the Internet Protocol (IP) standard. The IP standard now supports communications between computers and networks on the Internet. The IP standard identifies the types of services to be provided to users, and specifies the mechanisms needed to support these services. The IP standard also specifies the upper and lower system interfaces, defines the services to be provided on these interfaces, and outlines the execution environment for services needed in the system.
A transmission protocol, called the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), was also developed to provide connection-oriented, end-to-end data transmission between packet-switched computer networks. The combination of TCP with IP (TCP/IP) forms a system or suite of protocols for data transfer and communication between computers on the Internet. The TCP/IP standard has become mandatory for use in all packet switching networks that connect or have the potential for utilizing connectivity across network or sub-network boundaries.
The TCP/IP Protocol
In a typical Internet-based communication scenario, data is transmitted from an applications program in a first computer, through the first computer's network hardware, and across the transmission medium to the intended destination on the Internet. After receipt at a destination computer network, the data is transmitted through the destination network to a second computer. The second computer then interprets the communication using the same protocols on a similar application program—only in reverse order. Because standard protocols are used in Internet communications, the TCP/IP protocol on the second computer decodes the transmitted information into the original information transmitted by the first computer.
One of the rules in TCP/IP communications is that a computer user does not need to get involved with details of data communication. In order to accomplish this goal, the TCP/IP standard imposes a layered communications system structure. All the layers are located on each computer in the network, and each module or layer is a separate component that theoretically functions independent of the other layers. As an alternative, User Datagram Protocol ("UDP") supports the same type of layered protocol communication system, but with less accuracy checking on message content than the TCP/IP protocol.
TCP/IP and its related protocols form a standardized system for defining how data should be processed, transmitted and received on the Internet. TCP/IP defines the network communication process, and more importantly, defines how a unit of data should look and what information the message should contain so that the receiving computer can interpret the message correctly. Because of the standardized layer design of TCP/IP, a consistent conversion of base data is ensured regardless of the version or vendor of the TCP/IP conversion software.
TCP/IP Addressing and Routing
A computer operating on a network is assigned a unique physical address. On a Local Area Network ("LAN"), the physical address of the computer is a number given to computer's network adapter card. Hardware LAN protocols use this physical address to deliver packets of data, sometimes called information packets, to computers on the LAN.
On the Internet, the TCP/IP protocol routes information packets using logical addressing. The network software in the Network Layer generates logical addresses. Specifically, a logical address in the TCP/IP network is translated into a corresponding physical address using the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) and RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) protocols in the Network Layer.
The TCP/IP's logical address is also called an IP address. The IP address can include: (1) a network ID number identifying a network, (2) a sub-network ID number identifying a sub-network on the network, and, (3) a host ID number identifying a particular computer on the sub-network. The header data in the information packet will include source and destination addresses. The IP addressing scheme imposes a sensible addressing scheme that reflects the internal organization of the network or sub-network.
A computer network is often subdivided into smaller sub-networks. The computer network is divided in this manner to increase data transmission efficiency and reduce overall network traffic. Routers are used to regulate the flow of data into and out of designated sub-networks of the computer network.
A router interprets the logical address of an information packet, such as an IP address, and directs the information packet across the network to its intended destination. Information packets addressed between computers on the sub-network do not pass through the router to the greater network, and therefore does not clutter the transmission lines of the greater network. If data is addressed to a computer outside the sub-network, however, the router forwards the data onto the larger network.
The TCP/IP network includes protocols that define how routers will determine the path for data through the network. Routing decisions are based upon information in the IP packet header and entries in each router's routing table. A routing table possesses sufficient information for a router to make a determination on whether to accept the communicated information on behalf of a destination computer, or pass the information onto another router in the network. The routing table also permits the router to determine where the information should be forwarded within the network or sub-network.
The routing table can be configured manually with routing table entries or a dynamic routing protocol that can accommodate changing network topologies—network architecture, network structure, layout of routers, and interconnections between hosts and routers. In a dynamic routing protocol, a router advertises reachability when it sends updated routing information to a second router claiming that the first router is capable of reaching one or more destination addresses. Advertising accessibility is important to the process of receiving, directing and redirecting information packets on the Internet.
The IP-Based Mobility System
Internet protocols were originally developed with an assumption that Internet users, which are assigned a unique IP address, would be connected to a single, fixed network—that is, one physical fixed location. With the advent of portable computers and cellular wireless communication systems, however, the movement of Internet users within a network and across network boundaries has become quite common. Because of this highly mobile Internet usage, the implicit design assumptions for the Internet protocols have been violated.
The IP-based mobile system includes at least one Mobile Node in a wireless communication system. The term "Mobile Node" includes a mobile communication unit, and, in addition to the Mobile Node, the communication system has a home network and a foreign network. The Mobile Node may change its point of attachment to the Internet through these other networks, but the Mobile Node will always be associated with a single Mobile Node home network for IP addressing purposes.
The home network has a Home Agent and the foreign network has a Foreign Agent—both of which control the routing of information packets into and out of their network.
Registration of a Mobile Node
The Mobile Node keeps the Home Agent informed of its current location by registering a care-of address with the Home Agent. Essentially, the care-of address represents the current foreign network where the Mobile Node is located. If the Home Agent receives an information packet addressed to the Mobile Node while the Mobile Node is located on a foreign network, the Home Agent will "tunnel" the information packet to the Mobile Node's current location on the foreign network via the applicable care-of address.
The Foreign Agent participates in informing the Home Agent of the Mobile Node's current care-of address. The Foreign Agent also de-tunnels information packets for the mobile node after the information packets have been forwarded to the Foreign Agent by the Home Agent. Further, the Foreign Agent serves as a default router for out-going information packets generated by the mobile node while connected to the foreign network.
Foreign Agents and Home Agents periodically broadcast an agent advertisement to all nodes on the local network associated with that agent. An agent advertisement is a message from the agent on a network that may be issued under the Mobile IP protocol (RFC 2002) or any other type of communications protocol. This advertisement should include information that is required to uniquely identify a mobility agent (e.g. a Home Agent, a Foreign Agent, etc.) to a mobile node. Mobile Nodes examine the agent advertisement and determine whether they are connected to the home network or a foreign network.
If the Mobile Node is located on its home network, no additional actions need to be taken because information packets will be routed to the Mobile Node according to the standard addressing and routing scheme. If the Mobile Node is visiting a foreign network, however, the Mobile Node obtains appropriate information from the agent advertisement, and transmits a registration request message to its Home Agent. The registration request message will include a care-of address for the Mobile Node.
The registered care-of address identifies the foreign network where the mobile node is located, and the Home Agent uses this registered care-of address to tunnel information packets to the foreign network for subsequent transfer to the mobile node. A registration reply message may be sent to the Mobile Node by the Home Agent to confirm that the registration process has been successfully completed.
Authenticate, Authorize and Accounting ("AAA")
In an IP-based mobile communications system, the Mobile Node changes its point of attachment to the network while maintaining network connectivity. The Mobile IP Protocol (RFC 2002) assumes that mobile IP communications with a Mobile Node will be performed on a single administrative domain or a single network controlled by one administrator.
When a Mobile Node travels outside its home administrative domain, however, the Mobile Node must communicate through multiple domains in order to maintain network connectivity with its home network. While connected to a foreign network controlled by another administrative domain, network servers must authenticate, authorize and collect accounting information for services rendered to the Mobile Node. This authentication, authorization, and accounting activity is called "AAA", and AAA servers on the home and foreign network perform the AAA activities for each network.
Authentication is the process of proving someone's claimed identity, and security systems on a mobile IP network will often require authentication of the system user's identity before authorizing a requested activity. The AAA server authenticates the identity of an authorized user, and authorizes the Mobile Node's requested activity. Additionally, the AAA server will also provide the accounting function including tracking usage and charges for use of transmissions links between administrative domains.
Mobile IP Extensions
Extensions, as defined in different IP protocols, support the transmission of variable amounts of information in an information packet, the registration of a Mobile Node, or the AAA functions performed by AAA network servers. The general extension mechanism allows appropriate information to be carried by a control message or similar types of discovery messages, agent advertisements, registration requests, or registration replies.
Virtual Private Networks
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) emulates a private internet network over a shared physical infrastructure. By way of example a VPN can reside within a LAN system, or on one of several different servers on one or more service providers. A VPN can thus span multiple computer servers or systems and multiple VPNs can co-exist within this host infrastructure, but the VPN does not exist on non-host infrastructures.
A VPN can be used to extend the IP capability of a corporate network to remote offices or users possessing internet, extranet, or dial-up services. In this way, connectivity in the same manner as a dedicated private network can be achieved without the necessity of funding for equipment and support infrastructure.
A service provider, or other network structure, provides the physical system and computer infrastructure within which the "virtual" network resides. In this manner, the VPN can function much the same as a single, physical network despite the intervening host infrastructure. A number of different types of VPNs are suggested in RFC 2764, but this is by no means an exhaustive list of possible VPN constructs. The distinguishing hallmark of a VPN is that it is a single, logical network found on a public or private computer infrastructure and the VPN may reside upon one or more autonomous systems.
Tunneling
The general IP communication protocol with Home Agents, Mobile Nodes, and Foreign Agents occurs thusly:                1. Home Agents and Foreign Agents advertise their presence on any attached links by periodically broadcasting agent advertisements.        2. Mobile Nodes receive the agent advertisement and compares the advertisement with their stored communication protocols to determine if they are connected to a Foreign Agent.        3. If connected to a Foreign Agent, the Mobile Node acquires a care-of address, which is read from the data fields within the Foreign Agent's agent advertisement.        4. The Mobile Node registers the care-of address with its Home Agent by forwarding a Registration Request Message (IPV4 standard) or Binding Update Message (IPV6 standard) to the Home Agent.        5. The Home Agent takes any data packets addressed to the Mobile Node and tunnels them to the Mobile Node by encapsulating the data packet with the care-of address.        6. The data packet is "tunneled" to the care-of address, where the Foreign Agent decapsulates the original data packet from the tunnel and delivers the data packet to the Mobile Node. The Foreign Agent serves as the router for all the data packets generated by the Mobile Node.
Tunneling is the basic methodology in IP communication by which a data packet is routed to the appropriate internet node through an intermediate internet address. Typically, a data packet with network routing is "encapsulated" by IP address information.
Encapsulation involves adding an outer IP header to the original IP header fields. In this manner, a "tunnel" can be constructed. The outer IP header contains a source and destination IP address—the "endpoints" of the tunnel. The inner IP header source and destination addresses identify the original sender and destination addresses.
The original sender and recipient addresses remain unchanged, while the new "tunnel" endpoint addresses are grafted upon the original data packet. This alters the original IP routing by delivering the data packet to an intermediate destination node (in this case the Foreign Agent), where it is "decapsulated" or "de-tunneled" yielding the original data packet and routing. The packet is then delivered according to the destination found in the original IP address.
The important concept to keep in mind is that the "tunnel" is established by encapsulating a data packet containing the original IP address of the Mobile Node and an IP source address with the intermediate routing IP address (i.e. care-of address) of the foreign network. After the Foreign Agent decapsulates the data packet, the Foreign Agent in turn routes the data packet using the assigned Home Address of the Mobile Node found in the original data packet.

Virtual private network identification extension


A laser light source device includes: a light source; an external resonator constituting a resonator structure with the light source; a wavelength conversion element disposed between the light source and the external resonator, and converting the wavelength of the light emitted from the light source; and a first spacing member maintaining a state in which at least the wavelength conversion element is separated from the external resonator by a predetermined distance.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a laser light source device, an illumination device, an image display device, and a monitor.
2. Related Art
In recent years, in the field of opto-electronics including fiber-optic communication, light application measurement, light display, and the like, laser light source devices have been widely used.
As examples of laser light source devices, laser light source devices in which the wavelength of the fundamental wave laser is used directly without conversion, and laser light source devices in which a converted wavelength of the fundamental wave laser is used, are both well-known.
In the laser light source device in which the converted wavelength of the fundamental wave laser is used, a wavelength conversion element that converts the wavelength of the fundamental wave laser is well-known.
The wavelength conversion element is also called the Second Harmonic Generation element (SHG element).
In the laser light source device, the light emitted from the laser light source is resonated by using the laser light source device while combining an external resonator, the bandwidth of wavelength of the emitted light becomes narrow, thereby it is possible to obtain a high output of laser oscillation.
A laser light source device in which the external resonator structure is combined therein has been suggested, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2001-284719.
In recent laser light source devices, improvement of illumination efficiency and additional miniaturization have been required.
However, in the laser light source device disclosed in the above-described Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2001-284719, not only the external resonator, but also complicated optical members such as a condenser lens, a concave lens and the like are necessary. Therefore, the constitution of the device becomes complex, and miniaturization of the device has not been realized.
Furthermore, in the case of attempting miniaturization of the device, deformations occur in the optical members, optical films disposed in an optical-path are broken, and the optical members are damaged, due to contact made with each optical member. Therefore, there is a problem in that the light utilization efficiency decreases due to the above-described deformation, breakage, and damage.
In order to solve the problem, it is possible that a surface of an optical member be connected with a surface of another optical member via an adhesive. However, the adhesive's quality can change due to the heat generated in the optical-paths. Therefore, there is a new problem in that it is difficult to efficiently utilize the light.

Laser light source device, illumination device, image display device, and monitor


This invention is a display system for an automatically tuned stringed instrument displaying, individually or simultaneously, the frequency of each string of the instrument. The system provides for using the display to manually tune the instrument or to initially tune the instrument to within the operating range of the automatic tuning system.

Manually tuning a musical instrument can be a difficult and tedious process, usually requiring a considerable amount of time and skill. Frequently, a musician will need to verify or change the tuning of an instrument during a performance but, because of the time required, manually retuning the instrument is usually unacceptable. One common, although expensive and inconvenient, solution to this problem is to have properly tuned spare instruments available for such occasions. A much better solution is to have a system for tuning an instrument within a length of time short enough to be acceptable by an audience.
To satisfy this need, there are many different kinds of automatic tuning systems, which can be built into a stringed instrument. Such systems provide ease and convenience as well as accuracy in tuning an instrument, especially in front of an audience. However, these systems do not provide a musician with the capability of easily determining if the instrument is in tune without retuning. Also, these automatic systems are often only able to fine tune an instrument; that is, the instrument must be roughly tuned to within the operating range of the automatic system before the system will work.
Many different types of automatic tuning systems have been devised. There are open-loop systems which drive a tuning actuator to a predetermined position for each desired frequency. These have the advantage of being able to change tuning silently, and therefore unnoticed, during a performance. There are closed-loop systems which measure the frequency of the tone produced by the instrument, compare it to a desired value, and use the result of the comparison to control an actuator which tunes the instrument. This technique is accurate in that it directly controls the frequency of the instrument and is independent of other factors which affect frequency. However, it has the disadvantage that an audible tone must be produced while the instrument is being tuned and the audible tone may preclude tuning during a performance. Some tuning systems, because of interactions between strings, sequentially tune each string and then iterate to compensate for the interactions. Others tune selected strings, or all strings, simultaneously and then iterate. Still other systems measure the tension of (actually, the force applied to) a string and compare the measured value with a desired value to produce an actuator control signal.
A system which compensates for the effect of adjusting one string on the frequencies of the remaining strings, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,803,908 and 4,909,126 to Skinn et al., both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, involves the use of a calibration function which relates the position of each actuator to the frequencies produced by all the instrument's strings. Creating the calibration function involves the measurement of frequencies at multiple positions of each actuator and, through regression techniques, relating the position of each actuator to not only the frequency of its own string but to the frequencies of the other strings as well. The use of regression techniques provides the advantage that a prior knowledge of the detailed characteristics of the instrument being tuned is not required. Also, the calibration function can be updated by recalibration as the instrument ages, or as environmental or other changes occur. Using a calibration function generated from the particular instrument being tuned permits open-loop, and therefore silent, tuning with accuracy comparable to that of closed-loop systems.
Automatic tuning systems usually have a transducer for generating an electrical signal representing the sound produced by the strings and a processor for obtaining the frequency of that signal. However, none of the previously described systems provides a display of all the frequencies simultaneously which can be used for manually tuning the instrument. If, for example, a string breaks and is replaced, or a new set of strings is installed, it is necessary even with an automatic tuning system to manually tune the instrument to a point within the operating range of the automatic system. Manually tuning an instrument under these conditions usually requires for reference a tone generator or another musical instrument, or else some kind of frequency measuring device. All of these tone references only reveal information about one string at a time. However, because the tensions in the individual strings interact, manually tuning a stringed instrument is much easier if the effects on all strings are evident at the same time.
There are many different types of devices, frequently called tuners, available for providing frequency information to the person tuning an instrument. One type of tuner has a microphone for detecting the audible tone produced by the string of an instrument and a meter or digital display for displaying the frequency of the tone to the person tuning the instrument. Another type of tuner is a tone generator for producing an audible reference tone to which a person can compare the frequency of a string of the instrument being tuned. Tone generators range from simple tuning forks to electronic devices producing a wide range of selectable frequencies. However, all these devices provide information about only one frequency at a time and typically are not a part of the instrument being tuned.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a display, indicating the frequencies of all the strings on an instrument either individually or simultaneously, which is available when a musician is playing or manually tuning the instrument. A further object of the invention is to enable a musician to quickly evaluate the tuning of an instrument and to tune the instrument manually to within the working range of the automatic tuning system.

Frequency display for an automatically tuned stringed instrument


A drive system for an agricultural large baler with the device for picking up harvested product from field, a device for further transportation of the harvested product a pressing chamber, a pressing chamber, a binding device, as well as a discharging device for discharge of a finally binded bale, the drive system has a power take-off associated with a tractor for displacing the large baler, an input shaft, transmission means provided between the power take-off and the input shaft and including a pre-switching transmission which at an inlet side is drivingly connected with the power take-off and at an outlet side is connected to the input shaft with a hinge shaft, the pre-switching transmission having at least one drive.

The present invention relates to a drive system for an agricultural large baler with a device for picking harvested product from a field, a device for further transporting the harvested product to a pressing chamber, a pressing chamber, a binding device, as well as a discharge device for discharging the finally bound bales.
Such a large baler is disclosed for example in the patent document DE 92 06 232. The large baler shown in this reference includes an arrangement for automatic interruption and subsequent pre-switching of the drive train, located between the flywheel and the main transmission, for protecting the components of the large baler from an overloading. If the drive train in such a large baler is interrupted or the power pickup of the tractor is suspended to stop the working elements of the large baler, there is the disadvantage that in addition to the mechanical drives which transmit the drive force through for example toothed gears, shafts and chains, also the hydraulic drive must be stopped for example for the upward and downward movement of the pickup device, for the pressure chamber additional adjustment, for opening of a rear flap in a round baler, the bale pressing out element, the bale constricting element, or the binding device. The reason is that the hydraulic pumps are usually mounted on the main transmission of the baler or after it, and after the switching-off do not have any drive power.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,676,532 discloses a construction in which a hydraulic pump is arranged near a tractor and is driven through a wedge rim. Such a design of the drive has however the disadvantage that it is dirt-sensitive and maintenance-intensive. More seldom the hydraulic supply is performed through the tractor, in which case dirtying problems arise because of the plug coupling. Partially, in this case hydraulic pressure accumulators are required on the baler or devices for an emergency hydraulic operation, which are expensive and need maintenance.
A further disadvantage of the prior art is that the input shaft of the main transmission is regularly higher than the drive end of the power take-off, while the hinge shaft which transmits the drive force from the power take-off to the input shaft of the main transmission must be arranged during the operation of the baler inclined to bending angles on the hinge locations. Due to this arrangement, the bending potential of the hinge shaft is used partially, a higher wear occurs on its hinges, and the force flux is not optimal. Also, different machine rotary speeds and eventually a reverse in the known drive systems are not easy to realize. The patent document DE 19 36 188 discloses an intermediate lock transmission, which can be plugged between the drive shafts in two ways to provide rotary speeds of 540 or 1000 revolutions per minute for the drive of an agricultural machine. The disadvantages of the proposed plug transmission are that, no connecting possibility for a hydraulic pump is provided and the hinge shafts can not be optimally oriented.

Drive system for agricultural large baler


A semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array including a plurality of memory blocks, a plurality of redundancy sections respectively provided for the plurality of memory blocks and configured to be substituted for defective memory cells, a test circuit that carries out a test on the memory cell array and outputs defective data, first and second memory circuit that temporarily store the defective data, a first write circuit that writes the defective data alternately in the first and second memory circuits, a first read circuit that reads the defective data alternately from the first and second memory circuits, a plurality of third memory circuits respectively provided for the plurality of memory blocks, that store the defective data, and a second write circuit that writes defective data read by the first read circuit in a third memory circuit corresponding to a memory block in which an error occurred.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device, and more specifically, a semiconductor memory device equipped with a BIST (built-in self test) circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently years, as LSIs (large-scale integrated circuit) have been advanced, semiconductor memory devices equipped with mass-storage memories such as DRAM (dynamic random access memory) and SRAM (static random access memory) have been developed. Such semiconductor memory devices are equipped with a BIST circuit.
The BIST circuit has such a structure that the testing function of the semiconductor memory device that is conventionally carried out with a memory tester is incorporated in the form of a circuit on the same chip. The BIST circuit has the functions of inputting test patterns (such as a memory control signal, test address data and data to be written) to devices in a chip, and judge data read from devices in a chip by comparing them with each other whether the data passes or fails.
In the meantime, the electrical fuse (e-fuse) recently began to be utilized for a redundancy of a memory device, as a substitute for the optical fuse (o-fuse), which is conventionally used to rescue memories. The advantages of using the e-fuse are: operations that require blow of fuse with a laser or the like, become unnecessary; memories can still be rescued with use of a tester or the like, not only in the form of wafer but also still after being packaged; and the chip area is expected to be reduced in the future as compared to the case of the o-fuse.
At present, there are some memory devices that use e-fuses only in place of o-fuses. Further, there are many memory devices that use o-fuses and e-fuses in combination to utilize merits of each of these. In memory devices that use o-fuses and e-fuses in combination, the rescue of a defective memory cell detected in the wafer test is assigned to the o-fuses (, which will be called main rescue, hereinafter) and the rescue of a defective cell found in the package test, which is carried out after the assembly, is assigned to the e-fuses (, which will be called secondary rescue, hereinafter).
Here, in the case where there is no memory medium that can store data outside the chip (for example, a memory tester), it is necessary to stop the test each time the address of a defective cell is output during the test by the BIST circuit, rescue the cell using an e-fuse and then re-start the test to continue. Therefore, it is only natural that the time required for the test is longer as compared to the test that judges if a cell passes or fails, and thus the cost for the test is increased accordingly.
Further, the BIST circuit usually carries out many sorts of memory tests. In some cases, data are written in or read from each memory cell a number of times during one memory cell test. Consequently, there is a high possibility that the address of the same defective cell is output in a series of memory tests by the BIST circuit, which makes the test time even longer.
As a technique related to the case of the above-mentioned type, there has been proposed a technique of reducing the memory capacity for storing defective data. (See Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2002-184197.)

Semiconductor memory device with test circuit


An automatic dishwasher comprises a tub comprising a peripheral wall defining a wash chamber, a rotating water spray assembly in the wash chamber for spraying liquid into the wash chamber, at least one side sprayer in the wash chamber for spraying liquid into the wash chamber, a utensil basket within the wash chamber for holding utensils for washing by the liquid sprayed by the rotating water spray assembly and the at least one side sprayer, and an adjustable utensil carrier attached to the utensil basket and adjustable between a first position wherein a utensil placed therein is predominately exposed to direct spray from the at least one side sprayer, and a second position wherein a utensil supported thereby is exposed to direct spray from both the rotating water spray assembly and the at least one side sprayer.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an automatic dishwasher comprising a utensil carrier for holding cooking utensils, and, more specifically, to an adjustable utensil carrier for holding a utensil such that it can be sprayed by multiple wash liquid sources. In one aspect, the invention relates to an adjustable utensil carrier pivotably mounted to a utensil basket which can be selectively tilted relative to a plurality of wall-mounted spray nozzles and a rotating spray wash assembly between either of two positions. In another aspect, the invention relates to an adjustment mechanism pivotably attached to the adjustable utensil carrier and engaging the utensil basket for automatically tilting the adjustable utensil carrier as a cooking utensil is placed in the adjustable utensil carrier.
2. Description of the Related Art
Automatic dishwashers are well known, especially those for use in household environments. A typical automatic dishwasher comprises a cabinet that defines a washing chamber, which is accessible through a moveable door. Typically, an upper and a lower basket for holding cooking utensils to be cleaned are provided within the washing chamber. Larger utensils, such as plates, platters, and cooking pans, are frequently placed in the lower basket, with smaller utensils in the upper basket. Wash liquid is typically directed into the washing chamber through a rotating lower water spray assembly at the bottom of the washing chamber and an upper spray assembly at the top of the washing chamber. The lower spray assembly is positioned beneath the lower basket and its spray is directed up through the bottom of the basket. The upper spray assembly can be located above or below the upper basket, with its spray being directed downward or upward, respectively.
To enhance the cleaning of larger utensils, particularly cooking pans having baked on or burned food particles adhering thereto, some dishwashers are provided with a series of spray nozzles positioned along the walls of the dishwasher to spray wash liquid generally laterally toward the interior of the lower basket. The lateral spray is normally directed over and through the sides of the lower basket. Utensils placed in the lower basket are thus cleaned by water sprayed from both the rotating water spray assembly beneath the basket and the lateral spray from the side nozzles. For convenience, the combined lower and lateral spray configuration will be call a dual-mode spray.
Cleaning of the cooking utensil, such as a pan with a bottom and a peripheral wall, can be optimized by selectively positioning the utensil relative to the lower spray or dual-mode spray. In either configuration, and especially in the dual-mode configuration, the utensil must be positioned such that the peripheral wall does not block the spray from reaching the bottom of the pan. If the cooking utensil is not placed in the proper position, soil may be incompletely removed from the utensil. Thus, it is important for the cooking utensil to be properly positioned relative to the rotating water spray assembly and the spray nozzles during the washing and rinsing cycles.
For lower spray configurations, this is best accomplished by laying the utensil face down, which disadvantageously greatly reduces the number of utensils that can be washed in a single load. For the dual-mode spray, the dish is best oriented such that both the lower and the lateral spray are directed onto the bottom of the utensil and not blocked by the peripheral wall. In most cases, this requires that the bottom of the utensil be directed at an angle relative to the vertical, which advantageously takes up very little volume in the dishrack and increases the number of utensils that can be washed in a single load. The disadvantage of the dual-mode spray is that current dishracks are not specifically designed to support the utensil in such a position. The user must lean the dish against vertically extending tines in the dishrack. Many utensils are too tall for the tines to maintain the utensil in such a position throughout the wash cycle. Many utensils also have a side wall than is too tall/wide to fit between adjacent rows of tines, thereby preventing such a dish from being positioned at an angle relative to the vertical or in a vertical position.
It is desirable to have an automatic dishwasher having an auxiliary basket that can be readily adjusted to accommodate a cooking utensil in an optimal position relative to a rotating water spray assembly and spray nozzles, yet accommodate other utensils without interference from the auxiliary basket.


Premium point services offered by different retailers require each user to possess a plurality of cards for dealing with different applications. An electronic pocketbook system made of a display device and an IC card is provided to store diverse kinds of application information such as amount information and point information into a single IC card. Portions of the application information to be displayed are stored in a predetermined format into a predetermined area inside the IC card. This allows the same program of the display device to display various kinds of application information successively using a common program, and without having to an application specific program.

The present invention generally relates to an integrated circuit (IC) card, IC card information display device, an IC card reader/writer and an IC card system, and more particularly relates to an IC card, IC card information display device, IC card reader/writer and IC card system for successively accessing and displaying information about a plurality of applications (such as electronic money information and premium point information) from a common IC card.
Recently, so-called premium point plans (e.g., frequent use/purchase plans, frequent flyer plans) are gaining wide acceptance. They work as follows. Every time a user buys merchandise and/or utilizes a service at a participating business (e.g., retailer), such business awards the user premium points which correspond to the amount of the purchase/use, and appropriate premium point information is recorded on a suitable medium. When a sufficient amount of premium points has accumulated, the user subsequently swaps the same for a product/service of matching value. Such plans are intended to encourage customers to repeat their purchases or use of a specific business, e.g., company or chain of stores. The trouble is that such plans are offered by many businesses using magnetic cards, plastic wallet cards, etc., and a customer enrolled in a plurality of plans is forced to carry many so-called point cards specific to the businesses they frequent, thus representing a large inventory of cards which take up substantial space within a user""s wallet. As a further disadvantage, often these dedicated cards must be read by dedicated display devices (e.g., located within a retailer""s place of business) using dedicated programs, thus making it inconvenient for a user to check the status of his/her card.
Meanwhile, as discussed in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. Hei 3-92966, studies have been under way to implement totally xe2x80x9ccashlessxe2x80x9d commercial transactions through the use of an IC card storing electronic money, IC card apparatuses and an IC card system.
A system of interest in the present disclosure involves getting specifically designated amount information written to a memory in an IC card, with such amount information representing, in essence, electronic money. When a customer is to settle a purchase, the necessary amount information is deducted and transmitted from the customer""s IC card to the system, whereby the transaction is completed without the intervention of cash.
Turning now to problems to be solved by the invention, if such an electronic IC card money system is implemented for settling commercial transactions, it is also possible to have the IC cards used by the system to also carry other diverse applications and data along with an electronic money application and data, i.e., it is possible to have a multi-application IC card. This means that other information such as the above-mentioned dedicated programs and premium point information may also be stored in the IC card. If a new application is added to the IC card, the display device also needs to have a new display control program added thereto. To accommodate loading/unloading of diverse programs, the display device must be equipped with a flash memory or like function to deal with that need.
However, problems have been found in attempting to implement a multi-application IC card system. More particularly, portable remote terminals such as a low-cost IC card reader have only limited functions including a display panel and keys. As such, these terminals may be incapable of separately displaying multiple kinds of application information or allowing users to select desired application information. Further, even if a reader is capable of allowing a user to select between multiple kinds of application information, a user has to separately access multiple dedicated programs (e.g., often requiring entry of respective passwords) in order for the user to review basic personal information (e.g., electronic money account balance, frequent flyer milage, accumulated premium points) from each of the application programs. This is inconvenient and time consuming.
The objection of the present invention is to provide a multi-application IC card, IC card display device, IC card reader/writer and IC card system, wherein select information (e.g., balance amounts) can be easily and conveniently accessed/displayed without having to access/utilize separate application specific programs.
Further, it is an object of the present invention to provide an arrangement wherein even IC card readers and IC card reader/writers not having a specific application program matching a specific application provided on a multi-application IC card, can still access/display select information pertaining to that application.
Further, it is an object to supply such arrangement for use even with an inexpensive IC card reader display device, like a balance indicator which is small and has limited functions.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome the above and other deficiencies of the art and to provide a unique and novel multi-application IC card, IC card reader, IC card reader/writer and IC card system with easy and convenient multi-application information reading capabilities. In carrying out the invention and according to one aspect thereof, there is provided an IC card having memory, including: a first memory area in which respective application information for a plurality of applications is stored as data which is each readable/writable by an application program corresponding to the application information; and a second memory area in which predetermined portions of the application information is stored as data in a predetermined form which is readable by a predetermined common program; wherein the predetermined portions stored in the second memory area are created on a basis of the application information stored in the first memory area.
Preferably, the plurality of kinds of balance information may be stored in the IC card as character code information in a standardized format, and the display may display information corresponding to the character code information. Furthermore, the balance information may be stored in specific areas such as a directory file, an answer-to-reset file, or elementary files in the IC card.
As outlined above, a single IC card according to the invention allows a user to keep a single IC card containing information about a plurality of applications such as electronic money information and premium point information. A display device according to the invention allows the user to select and display information about any one of the multiple applications stored in the IC card. When display data (i.e., character, numeric, etc. data) are stored in predetermined areas of the IC card in a standardized format, a functionally limited display device such as a balance indicator may be used to acquire and display necessary application information from the IC card using a simplified control procedure. A common control program need only be used to display information about diverse applications. When a new application is additionally stored into the IC card, the same control program of the display device may still be used to display information about the newly added application. The inventive display device is thus capable of addressing information about a plurality of applications without using a flash memory or the like that has been required by comparable display devices.

IC card information display device and IC card for use therewith

Hitachi Video and Information Systems, Inc.


A device according to examples of the present disclosure includes a crossbar array including a cell. The cell includes a first resistance switch and a second resistance switch connected in series with the first resistance switch. The first and second resistance switches have different switching characteristics. One of the first and second resistance switches may act as a switch, while the other of the first and second resistance switches may weight the switching behavior of the one that acts as the switch.

Artificial neural networks attempt to replicate the structure and/or function of biological neural networks. Biological neural networks typically include a number of neurons which are interconnected by chemical synapses. These chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons transmit signals within the biological neural network. The combination of neurons and synapses provide for biological computations that underlie perceptions, thought, and learning. As the biological neural network is exposed to an input stimulus, some of the neurons and/or synapses undergo a self-learning process using locally available information. This self learning allows the network to adapt to new stimulus while retaining a memory of previous stimulus.
Implementing an artificial neural network within a computer architecture can be challenging. The elementary components of a silicon based computer, the capacitor, resistor, inductor and transistor, do not have intrinsic memory capabilities analogous to neurons or synapses. Consequently, many existing artificial neural networks rely on complex hardware implementations or software simulations. This and other limitations have resulted in artificial neural networks which are complex, resource intensive, and have limited capabilities.

Device with multiple resistance switches with different switching characteristics

Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP


In a voltage regulator, a reference voltage generating circuit generates a reference voltage. A drive transistor is connected between a first power supply terminal and an output terminal and has a control terminal. A voltage divider generates a feedback voltage which is an intermediate voltage between voltages at the output terminal and a first power supply terminal. A differential amplifier generates an error voltage in accordance with the feedback voltage of the voltage divider and the reference voltage, and transmits it to the control terminal of the drive transistor. An oscillation preventing capacitor is connected between the control of the drive transistor and the output terminal. A capacitor is connected between the first power supply terminal and the first input of the differential amplifier.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a voltage regulator having improved power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) characteristics while maintaining a narrow response band.
2. Description of the Related Art
Voltage regulators have been incorporated in mobile stations such as mobile telephone sets or electronic notebooks which need to be small both in size and power consumption.
In a first prior art voltage regulator (see: FIG. 2 of JP-10-260741-A), a reference voltage generating circuit generates a reference voltage. A drive transistor is connected between a power supply terminal and an output terminal and has a control terminal. A voltage divider generates a feedback voltage which is an intermediate voltage between voltages at the output terminal and the ground terminal. A differential amplifier generates an error voltage in accordance with the feedback voltage of the voltage divider and the reference voltage, and transmit it to the control terminal of the drive transistor. An oscillation preventing capacitor is connected between the control terminal of the drive transistor and the output terminal. This will be explained later in detail.
In the above-described first prior art voltage regulator, since the circuit current of the differential amplifier is relatively small and the capacitance of the oscillation preventing capacitor is relatively large, the response band is so narrow that the operation is stable. However, if a high frequency noise higher than a predetermined value is applied to the power supply voltage, the PSRR characteristics deteriorate rapidly, so that such a high frequency noise cannot be compensated for by the negative feedback control. As a result, such a high frequency noise would appear at the output terminal.
In the above-described first prior art voltage regulator, in order to improve the PSRR characteristics at a higher frequency, one approach to is increase the circuit current of the differential amplifier, and another approach is to decrease the capacitance of the oscillation preventing capacitor. In this case, however, the response band is also broadened, so that the operation would be unstable. Also, the former approach would increase the power consumption.
In a second prior art voltage regulator (see: JP-2001-159922-A), differential amplifiers (operational amplifiers) are added to the elements of the above-described first prior art voltage regulator. This also will be explained later in detail. As a result, the amplification of a differential amplifier section formed by the differential amplifiers is increased to improve the PSRR characteristics.
Even in the above-described second prior art voltage regulator, however, the response band would be broadened. Also, since the number of differential amplifiers (operational amplifiers) is increased, the power consumption would be increased and the circuit size would be increased.

Voltage regulator with improved power supply rejection ratio characteristics and narrow response band


An electric motor-driven pump, particularly adapted for pumping condensate from refrigeration and air conditioning systems includes a reservoir body, a reservoir cover supporting an electric motor directly connected to a centrifugal pump impeller at one end of the motor rotor shaft and to a centrifugal cooling air fan at the opposite end of the motor rotor shaft. The motor is mounted on the reservoir cover and a motor cover mounted on the reservoir cover defines cooling air inlet and discharge ports for the flow of cooling air propelled by the fan. Efficient cooling air movement is obtained in a mechanically uncomplicated arrangement.

In the art of electric motor driven pumps, particularly enclosed or unitized motor driven pumps, such as used for condensate pumping applications, it is desirable to provide such pumps with an integral liquid reservoir at which is mounted the pump motor for driving a suitable pump impeller. Such pumps are desirably fabricated to be as inexpensive and compact as possible and typically include an AC electric motor directly driving the pump impeller and enclosed in a motor cover or shroud.
Heretofore, pumps of the general type described above have experienced inadequate motor cooling air flow characteristics. Since such pumps are typically fabricated of molded plastic components and are desired to be mechanically efficient, excessive heating of the motor and the associated housing structure is undesirable.
However, in accordance with the present invention an electric motor driven pump is provided which overcomes disadvantages of prior art pumps and provides several features which are advantageous.

Motor driven pump with improved motor cooling air flow


A ground-free device for measurement of electrostatic potentials on objects. The device is based on the fundamental concept that the static charge on most objects can be estimated by means of a discharge terminal equipped with a capacitor.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a device for measurement of electrostatic potential on a body, and particularly a device of such type which does not require a ground connection.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electrostatic Field meters have been used for at least 30 years. These meters are available in a variety of shapes, configurations, and range capabilities. The principle of operation also varies widely. The most famous technologies include: electro-mechanical meters, electro-optical meters, radioactive-source meters, and electronic meters.
The electronic field meter is the type most commonly used today, due to its simplicity and low price. The electronic field meter became possible with the advances in semiconductor technology, and particularly with the appearance of the field-effect transistor (FET). The circuit widely used by manufactures of electronic field meters comprises at least one FET, and associated circuitry for generating a voltage proportional to the field intensity at the gate of the FET.
While electronic field meters have been useful for measurement of electrostatic fields in a variety of applications, they generally suffer from one common disadvantage: the field meter must be held at a relatively large distance from the charged object. This is necessary to protect both the instrument and the operator from spark-over which may result from an object charged to a high potential. Further, since the potential on any charged object is not known as a priori, the operator must generally perform guesswork to determine the proper distance at which the field meter should be held.
A further complication occurs when the object under test has an irregular geometry (shape). Generally, if the object under test does not have a large, regularly shaped planar surface, then the reading of most field meters used today is extremely inaccurate. Considerable accuracy may be obtained by utilizing a ground connection to establish a reference potential; however, such ground connection is usually inconvenient to the user.
It is the objective of the present invention to provide a device which will allow the measurement of extremely high voltages on any charged body, without the risk of exposing the operator to such high voltages; mainly by allowing the meter to be mounted directly on the object under test and be observed by the operator from a safe distance.
It is another objective of the present invention to provide a device which will take accurate measurements of electrostatic potentials in a manner that is independent of the geometry of the object under test, without utilizing a ground connection.
Other aspects and features of the invention will be more fully apparent from the ensuing disclosure and appended claims.

Ground-free electrostatic measurement device with electrical charge storing capacitor


The invention relates to a communication device (1) comprising a processor configured to create a client handshake message in order to negotiate security settings for a network connection between the device and a network node (2) of the telecommunication network using a transport layer security protocol. The client handshake message comprises a first encryption algorithm indicator indicative of a first encryption algorithm proposed by the communication device for communication from the communication device (1) to the network node (2), and a second encryption algorithm indicator indicative of a second encryption algorithm proposed by the communication device for communication from the network node to the communication device (1). Only one of the first and second encryption algorithm indicator indicates that communication is non-encrypted while the other of the first and second encryption algorithm indicator is indicating that communication is encrypted. This enables e.g. a gateway to perform deep packet inspection in one direction while in the opposite direction the data is still safely encrypted.

The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol and its predecessor, the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, are cryptographic protocols that provide communication security over communication network such as the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Application Layer for the Transport Layer, using asymmetric cryptographic functions for key exchange and peer entity authentication, symmetric encryption for confidentiality, and cryptographic hash functions in message authentication codes for message integrity.
The TLS protocol allows client-server applications to communicate across a network in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping and tampering. The TLS protocol is proven to be universal, since the TLS based FTPs, is an alternative for the SSH based sFTP/SCP. In addition to TLS and SSL, DTLS provides secure reliable communication even on unreliable transport as UDP, to give an alternative for IPSec.
For accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network, usually the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is used. LDAP queries are sent by a client to a remote network node. In case LDAP queries are not covered by TLS, the entire protocol run can be read, thus the sensitive result of the LDAP query is visible for an attacker.
When TLS is used, the entire communication is encrypted. In such a situation a perimeter firewall cannot perform deep inspection of the requests to filter out unauthorized or unwanted requests. This issue is relevant for telecommunication nodes (including, but not limited to BSC, MSC, BTS, HLR, RNC, RBS, SGSN, GGSN eNB), when nodes start to use LDAP for user authentication and authorization in the management plane. As an example, the above mentioned nodes need to access the LDAP server of the OSS, which may contain sensitive information as well. In such cases, deep packet inspection of the requests at the perimeter is desirable, while the response should be well protected.
The above problem can be generalized to HTTPs and to FTPs protocols as well, where the requests need to be investigated and the response needs to be secured.


The invention relates to a multilayer film comprising at least a tri-layer structure, said tri-layer structure being made up of a core polymer layer interposed between two covering polymer layers that each comprise polyethylene, wherein the core polymer layer comprises a melt blend of polyethylene, thermoplastic starch, and ethylene acrylic acid copolymer.

To meet ever increasing performance demands such as tear and puncture resistance, gas impermeability, sealability and clarity, modern packaging films can be quite complex in terms of both their structure (e.g. multilayer) and composition (e.g. type of polymer(s)).
Due to its excellent physical and mechanical properties, processability and clarity, polyethylene is used extensively in the manufacture of packaging films. However, polyethylene is to date ultimately derived from crude oil, and there is now a concerted effort in the packaging industry to avoid or at least reduce the use of such oil based polymers in favour of sustainable, bio-derived alternatives.
Much of the research to date in developing such sustainable, bio-derived alternatives has focussed on utilising naturally occurring bio-polymers such as starch. Starch is an attractive alternative in that it is derived from renewable resources (i.e. plant products), readily available and relatively inexpensive.
A number of approaches have been adopted for incorporating starch into polyethylene based films. For example, monolayer and multilayer films have been prepared using a melt blend of polyethylene and starch. Although such film products comprise a reduced polyethylene content, their manufacture can be problematic. For example, the relatively hydrophilic nature of starch is inherently incompatible with the relatively hydrophobic nature of polyethylene. Accordingly, starch has a tendency to migrate to the surface of a starch/polyethylene meltstream during melt processing and collect at certain parts of the processing equipment such as the die lips. Starch or oxidised residue thereof deposited on the die lips can then intermittently pick off into passing film causing holes and defects in the resulting film product.
Furthermore, the incompatibility of starch within a polyethylene matrix typically results in the formation of a multi-phase morphology having a high interfacial tension that often negatively impacts on the physical and mechanical properties of a resulting polymer film. For example, the presence of starch within a polyethylene film can promote significant reductions in the films gloss, elongation properties, toughness, tear strength, puncture resistance and clarity.
An opportunity therefore remains to address or ameliorate one or more disadvantageous or shortcomings associated with conventional film products comprising polyethylene and starch, or to at least provide a useful alternative.


A multilayer ceramic substrate that includes a first layer positioned at a surface of the multilayer ceramic substrate, a second layer adjacent the first layer and positioned inward of the first layer, and a surface layer electrode disposed on a surface of the first layer. The first layer has a porosity of 13% or less and a maximum pore size of 10 μm or less. The second layer has a porosity of 14% or less and a maximum pore size of 11 μm or less.

Multilayer ceramic substrates in which wiring conductors are three dimensionally disposed have been widely used for, for example, modules in which a plurality of electronic components, such as semiconductor components, are disposed.
Patent Document 1 discloses a multilayer ceramic substrate having a multilayer structure including an inner layer portion and surface layer portions positioned so as to sandwich the inner layer portion in a stacking direction. When the thermal expansion coefficient of the surface layer portion is expressed as α1 [ppmK−1] and the thermal expansion coefficient of the inner layer portion is expressed as α2 [ppmK−1], 0.3≤α−α1≤1.5. A needle-like crystal is crystallized in the inner layer portion.
Patent Document 2 discloses a multilayer ceramic substrate having a multilayer structure including a surface layer portion and an inner layer portion. The thermal expansion coefficient of the surface layer portion is lower than the thermal expansion coefficient of the inner layer portion. The difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the surface layer portion and the inner layer portion is 1.0 ppmK−1 or more. The amount of constituent common to the material of the surface layer portion and the material of the inner layer portion is 75 weight % or more.
In the multilayer ceramic substrates in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, the thermal expansion coefficient of the surface layer portion is lower than the thermal expansion coefficient of the inner layer portion. Thus, compressive stress occurs in the outermost layers at the front and the back during a cooling process after firing, thereby improving the flexural strength of the multilayer ceramic substrate.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-73728    Patent Document 2: International Publication No. 2007/142112

Multilayer ceramic substrate and electronic device


An image processing system includes a pattern detecting unit that detects a plurality of patterns included in a read image, a magnification determining unit that determines a magnification of the reading the read image on the basis of positional relation between adjacent patterns out of the plurality of patterns detected by the pattern detecting unit, and an information detecting unit that detects information from the read image on the basis of the magnification determined by the magnification determining unit.

(1). Technical Field
The present invention relates to an image processing system, an image forming apparatus, an image processing method, and a program recording medium for embedding information in an image and detecting the information from a printed document in which the information is embedded.
(2). Related Art
In recent years, a problem of information leaks due to fraudulent reproduction of printed confidential document in association with widespread usage of personal computers, printers, and copying machines. In order to avoid the fraudulent reproduction of the confidential document, a method of embedding and outputting information relating a user who performs a printing operation, date and time information, identification of outputted equipment, and so on (hereinafter referred to as tracking information) in the confidential document at the time of printing, and reading the printed original document with a scanner or the like to estimate a source of information leaks by analyzing the user, the client PC, the printer, the date and time, and so on embedded in the read image is well known.
The method of preventing information leaks as described above requires a capability of credible reading of the tracking information embedded in the document. In addition, it is required to be capable of reading the tracking information not only from the original document in which the tracking information is embedded when they are printed out, but also from copy of the original document reproduced by the copying machine.

Image processing system, image forming apparatus, image processing method and program recording medium