An object is to provide a transparent conductive film having favorable transparency and conductivity at low cost. Another object is to reduce the resistivity of a transparent conductive film formed using conductive oxynitride including zinc and aluminum. Another object is to provide a transparent conductive film that is formed using conductive oxynitride including zinc and aluminum. When aluminum and nitrogen are made to be included in a transparent conductive film formed using oxide including zinc to form a transparent conductive film that is formed using conductive oxynitride including zinc and aluminum, the transparent conductive film can have reduced resistivity. Heat treatment after the formation of the transparent conductive film that is formed using conductive oxynitride including zinc and aluminum enables reduction in resistivity of the transparent conductive film.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light-transmitting conductive film, a display device that uses the light-transmitting conductive film, an electronic device that uses the light-transmitting conductive film, and a manufacturing method of the light-transmitting conductive film. In particular, the present invention relates to a light-transmitting conductive film that is formed using conductive oxynitride including zinc and aluminum, and a manufacturing method of the light-transmitting conductive film.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, liquid crystal display devices, light-emitting display devices, and electrophoretic display devices which are typified by flat panel displays have been actively developed. Most of them have a structure in which a displayed image or display light is seen through a transparent electrode in which transparent conductive oxide is used. As an example of the transparent conductive oxide, an indium oxide-tin oxide compound (In2O3—SnO2, abbreviated to ITO) film formed using a target obtained by adding tin oxide to indium oxide and performing sintering can be typically given. Having a lower resistivity than transparent conductive oxides using other materials and high transparency in a visible light region, ITO is often used as a transparent electrode in flat panel displays and the like.
However, indium which is a main material of ITO is a rare metal and very expensive and may cause the increase in cost of flat panel displays and the like. Further, indium resources are in danger of depletion, and discovery of an alternative material is desired from the standpoint of environmental protection.
As an alternative transparent conductive oxide to ITO, transparent conductive oxide using zinc oxide (ZnO) can be given. Although transparency and conductivity of ZnO are inferior to those of ITO, ZnO is a very inexpensive material as compared to ITO. For example, the cost of a target formed by sintering ZnO is approximately two thirds to half of the cost of a target formed by sintering ITO. As a method to improve the conductivity of ZnO, a method for forming transparent conductive oxide including a slight amount of aluminum functioning as a donor in ZnO is known (Patent Document 1).

Light-transmitting conductive film, display device, electronic device, and manufacturing method of light-transmitting conductive film

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A fuel delivery system for a liquid-type fuel cell and method of use are disclosed. The fuel delivery system includes a fuel tank and a fuel controller. The fuel tank stores a concentrated fuel, which is delivered to a chamber containing a diluted fuel. The fuel delivery is controlled by the fuel controller such that the fuel concentration of the diluted fuel is maintained in an optimal range.

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices which directly convert hydrogen, or hydrogen-rich fuels into electricity without combustion. This process is much more efficient than traditional thermal power plants, converting up to 80% of the chemical energy in the fuel into electricity (compared to a maximum of 40% for conventional power plants). Compared to traditional energy sources, fuel cells require low working temperatures, produce little pollution and noise during operation, and are capable of responding rapidly to changes in the power demand.
Based on the physical characteristics of the fuel supply, fuel cells may be roughly divided into two families: gas-type fuel cells and liquid-type fuel cells. Direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFC) are a relatively new member of the liquid-type fuel cell family. In a DAFC, an alcohol fuel such as methanol, is oxidized at an anode catalyst layer to produce protons and carbon dioxide (CO2). The protons migrate through an electrolyte from the anode to the cathode. At a cathode catalyst layer, oxygen reacts with the protons to form water. The anode and cathode reactions in this type of direct methanol fuel cell are shown in the following equations:Anode reaction (fuel side): CH3OH+H2O→6H++CO2+6e−  1.Cathode reaction (air side): 3/2 O2+6H++6e−→3H2O  2.Net: CH3OH+3/2 O2→2H2O+CO2  3.
The electrolyte can be an acidic or an alkaline solution, or a solid polymer ion-exchange membrane (PEM) characterized by a high ionic conductivity. Ideally, all the electro-oxidation should occur at the anode catalyst layer. However, since DAFCs use basically the same catalyst for both anode and cathode, a water soluble alcohol fuel may permeate through the electrolyte and combine with oxygen on the surface of the cathode catalyst. This phenomenon is termed "fuel crossover". Fuel crossover lowers the operating potential of the oxygen electrode and results in consumption of fuel without producing useful electrical energy. In general, fuel crossover is a parasitic reaction which lowers efficiency, reduces performance and generates heat in the fuel cell. It is therefore desirable to minimize the rate of fuel crossover.
There are a number of approaches to reduce fuel crossover. The rate of crossover is proportional to the permeability of the fuel through the solid electrolyte membrane and increases with increasing fuel concentration and temperature. The permeability of the PEM to the liquid fuel can be reduced by choosing a PEM with low water content, or by coating the PEM with a material that is permeable to hydrogen but not permeable to the fuel. In addition, the concentration of the liquid fuel can be lowered to reduce the crossover rate.
In direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), fuel crossover is typically controlled by using diluted methanol fuel that contains 3-5 wt % methanol and 97-95 wt % water. The diluted fuel, however, reduces not only the fuel crossover but also the fuel efficiency of the fuel cell. Since one water molecule (molecular weight=18) is consumed with each methanol molecule (molecular weight=34) in the electrochemical reaction, only about 2.5 wt % water will be consumed with methanol in a fuel composition containing only 5 wt % methanol, the other 92.5 wt % of water becomes "dead weight". Therefore, the real "consumable fuel" in the diluted methanol fuel accounts to less than 8% of the total fuel composition.

Fuel delivery system and method of use thereof

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A theft prevention system is disclosed wherein modified screw heads can be removed by only a specially configured tool. The screw heads have a central polygon groove with at least two grooves projecting outward from the polygon. The screw removal tool is adapted to mate with the polygon groove and the projecting grooves to accomplish removal and tightening of the screw.

The impetus for thieves to steal cars is highly associated with other crimes. For example, before a criminal will rob a bank, commit a drive-by shooting, etc., the criminal will usually steal a car or its license plates. Not only are the car or its license plates of tremendous value in an of themselves, but the anonymity conferred to anyone in a stolen car or a vehicle tagged with stolen plates is vital in the commission of crime.
Unfortunately, there exists no reliable means of securing license plates to automobiles. Screws of the prior art do adequately protect against vehicle license plate theft. Many of the prior art screws fail in one of two ways. First, they may have a unique configuration which mates with a special tool, but the purpose is usually to get a better contact in order to reduce stripping. Examples of this are U.S. Pat. No. 3,369,441, issued to Kosar on Feb. 20, 1968, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,667, issued to Wilner on Oct. 11, 1994. Since their purpose is not to prevent removal, but rather to facilitate it, they have the ability to be removed by an ordinary screwdriver, entirely defeating the whole purpose of the present invention.
Another deficiency commonly found in prior art is the lack of any visual indication that a license plate has been secured with unconventional means. The problem is that with many different security screws available, the car dealer or mechanic must be able to easily identify the proper tool from a visual inspection. In the present invention, this is accomplished by simply looking at the notches with respect to the center of the screw and arriving at an orientation, much like the placement of the hands of a clock.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,892,031, issued to Bisbing on Jul. 1, 1975, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,241,408, issued to McCauley on Apr. 30, 1964, suffer in that they are either incapable of being varied or that if they are varied the different variations are not easily recognizable and all of the tools must be tried until the right tool is randomly arrived at.
U.S. Pat. No. 755,804, issued to Smith on Mar. 29, 1904, has different designs on the heads of screws, however, the designs are simply used for ornamentation and do not form the basis for engagement with a tool.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,686, issued to Plumer on Mar. 24, 1992, shows a device which requires a special tool to operate it. This differs substantially from the present device. First, Plumer is a lock and key combination. The key must pass into various layers of the lock in order engage the various mechanisms. Second, while the top layer of the lock is somewhat similar to the present invention, in that the lock has a circular opening and an intersecting notch, the lock differs in that it only has one such notch. Furthermore, the goal of the Plumer is not to have multiple tools, but only one. Therefore, there would be no need or reason to add additional notches to Plumer. This is point is important because the purpose of a screw, for purposes of the present invention, is to hold a license plate in place. License plates are valuable and loss is to be avoided. Therefore, the screw must be inserted tight enough to securely hold the plate. A tool having only one point of engagement, such as Plumer's device, cannot properly accomplish this goal.
Therefore a need has been established for a novel screw and removal tool combination which provides secure attachment of an item, primarily a license plate to a car, which deters unauthorized removal and at the same time facilitates easy removal by authorized personnel.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a secure method and apparatus for attaching license plates to vehicles.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a reliable method for removing license plates to vehicles.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for preventing unauthorized removal of license plates from motor vehicles.
It is also an object of the present invention to accord the owner of a vehicle with a simple and cost effective solution to the problem of vehicle license plate theft.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a nearly infinite number of variations for a vehicle license plate safety device so as to maintain low manufacturing costs.
It is also another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus associated with license plate security which is fully functional in accomplishing its goals.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a license plate security apparatus and method which is dependable, nearly tamper-proof, and of great simplicity but keen design.

Anti-theft "O" tool and screw set for license plates


A multi-block thermoplastic polyurethanes system which incorporates polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane into conventional biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes built up by poly(ε-caproactone) and polyethylene glycol blocks, resulting in biostability. The multi-block thermoplastic polyurethanes are synthesized from lysine-diisocyanate with poly(ε-caprolactone)-diol, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-diol, and poly(ethylene glycol) using a one-step synthesis process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multi-block thermoplastic polyurethanes system, and, more specifically, to a system incorporating polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane into conventional biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes.
2. Description of the Related Art
Biostability is of critical importance for biomaterials applied for long-term medical implants. Thermoplastic polyurethanes ("TPUs") are composed of hard segment and soft segment. The hard segment block consists of a selected diisocyanate and a selected chain extender. The soft segment is usually a polyol, either hydroxyl- or amine-terminated polyester, polyether, or polycarbonate. The flexible soft segment affords the TPUs great elasticity while the hard segment contributes strength. Both segments are incompatible and tend to form phase-separated morphology. Due to their great potential in tailoring polymer structures, polyurethanes have unique mechanical properties and good biocompatibility that make them ideal for many implantable biomedical devices, including artificial hearts components, heart valves, vascular grafts, and mammary prostheses. Since their introduction, many different polyurethanes have been evaluated for their stability in the biological environment using both in vitro and in vivo test procedures. It has been recognized that polyester-based polyurethanes are not suitable for long-term implantation due to their susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation.
Both poly(ε-caprolactone) ("PCL") and poly(ethylene glycol) ("PEG") are biocompatible and non-immunogenic. So far, there have been several PCL- and/or PEG-based biomedical products for various clinical uses approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). Polycaprolactone is one of the most promising synthetic polymers that can degrade in contact with microorganisms. The related enzymatic hydrolytic degradation of PCL-based polymers has also been investigated, especially in the presence of ester-bond cleavage enzymes. Lipases are among the most popularly studied enzymes to catalyze the cleavage of ester bonds by transesterification. Importantly, semicrystalline PCL blocks make the associated polyurethanes stiff and hydrophobic, limiting its compatibility with soft tissues and the range of potential applications.
Poly(ethylene glycol) is one of the most widely studied synthetic polymers used for designing hydrogels in the biomedical applications. The intrinsic hydrophilicity of PEG-based hydrogels repels nonspecific protein adsorption and resists bacterial and animal cell adhesion. Its elastic and soft natures enable them to have low mechanical and frictional irritation when to contact with tissues and organs. However, PEG-based polyurethanes showed poor mechanical properties. The properties of these polymers can be improved by either blending or copolymerization. Because of the combination of great advantages of PCL and PEG, PCL-PEG-based copolymers might have great potential application in biomedical fields including drug delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering. A family of new biodegradable segmented polyurethanes with a wide variety of chemical and mechanical properties suitable for use in soft tissue applications has previously been developed. The hard segments of these materials are composed of a phenylalanine-based diester chain extender and a lysine-based diisocyanate. The soft segments are either a PCL or PEG diol. Through blending of PCL and PEG-based polyurethanes, the degradation rate and mechanical properties have been optimized. Due to its vulnerability to hydrolytic and oxidative degradation, PCL-PEG-based copolymers have proven unsuitable for long-term implantation.
Polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane ("POSS") is a class of hybrid molecules with an inorganic silicon-oxygen cage (Si8O12) and eight variable organic side groups pendant to each silicon corner of the cage with the size of 1˜3 nm. The silica-like framework renders POSS cages chemically stable, non-toxic, and mechanically robust. Past work on POSS polyurethanes concerned microstructure-deformation studies, biodegradation, controlled drug delivery, and biocompatibility. In vitro hydrolysis and oxidation tests have been conducted in order to assess the degradative resistance of polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane integrated poly(carbonate-urea)urethane (POSS-PCU). These studies revealed that all samples showed no significant difference in their compliance and elasticity after a 70-day hydrolysis and oxidation test, indicating their striking biostability. Thus it was proposed that POSS nanocores covalently incorporated in PCU chains imparts a type of "protective" or "shielding effect" on the soft phase, thereby preserving its elasticity and compliant properties in oxidation and hydrolysis. Polycarbonate-urethane itself, however, possesses a greater biostability than does polyether-urethane and polyester-urethane. How to change polyether- and polyester-based urethanes from a biodegradable form to a biostable form by incorporation of POSS (or other means) has not yet been reported.

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane polyurethanes


A swing arm configured to be attached to a frame of a motorcycle is described. The swing arm includes at least one attachment member, a pair of V-shaped swing arm members each having an open end, a pair of swing arm side plates each attached across the open end of a respective V-shaped swing arm member, and at least two cross members configured to attach the side plates to one another. The swing arm side plates include a swing arm pivot for pivotably attaching the swing arm to the motorcycle frame and a plurality of openings. The openings are configured to align with holes formed in the motorcycle frame to accept insertion of the at least one attachment member. The insertion of attachment members are configured to defeat the pivoting of the swing arm with respect to the motorcycle frame. A method for modifying a suspension system of a motorcycle is also described.

This invention relates generally to motorcycle suspension systems, and more specifically, to methods and apparatus for converting the suspension structure of a motorcycle swing arm.
At least some known older motorcycles did not include rear suspension systems. The rear wheel assembly was attached directly to a frame of the motorcycle. As a result, the riders of such motorcycles were subjected to a rough and sometimes uncomfortable ride, since the seat, was also likely to be directly attached to the motorcycle frame. While such a configuration could be acceptable for short distances, the popularity of long motorcycle road trips made the lack of a rear suspension system unacceptable to at least some motorcycle riders and owners.
To address the issue, the now well known swing arm technology was developed. A swing arm serves as the mounting device for the rear wheel assembly of the motorcycle. In addition, a swing arm is configured to be pivotably attached to the motorcycle frame. To further smooth the ride associated with the swing arm based suspension system, a shock absorbing device can also be installed between the swing arm and the motorcycle frame. In certain embodiments, the shock absorbing device is installed such that it is fairly well hidden from view which, at least to some motorcycle enthusiasts is aesthetically pleasing.
There are other aesthetic drawbacks to the swing arm system. One such aesthetic drawback is that incorporation of a swing arm generally results in a rear fender mounting in which the rear tire is separated from the rear fender by a larger than desired distance. The separation allows the rear tire to move with respect to the motorcycle frame (and frame mounted fender) while ensuring that the tire does not contact the fender. In addition, many motorcycles are manufactured where frame struts for the rear fender provide at least a portion of the support for a rear seat of the motorcycle. Since the frame struts associated with the fender provide at least some of the support for the seat, such fenders are rather large in size. These fenders may also serve as the mounting for backrests, saddlebags, luggage carriers, and a connection point for tow behind trailers.
However, many motorcycle enthusiasts believe that motorcycles are better looking when a smaller rear fender is mounted very close to the rear tire. The current popularity of custom manufactured motorcycles has only increased awareness of these rear fender size and mounting issues. In many custom motorcycles, the focus is mainly on aesthetics. Accordingly, some custom motorcycles do not incorporate swing arms in order to attain these aesthetic design goals. In addition, these motorcycles may incorporate a single seat design with a rear fender much smaller than those which are associated with a swing arm based design. Further, a distance between the tire and fender may be greatly reduced. However, many motorcycle enthusiasts are not able to obtain such a custom manufactured motorcycle.

Methods and apparatus for conversion of motorcycle rear suspension


A portable telephone (100, 700) such as a flip type cellular telephone is provided with a pivoting head (112, 710), that includes a multipurpose auxiliary display (118, 720), and a camera (122, 716). The pivoting head facilitates using the camera to capture pictures of the user of the cellular telephone, or of a scene that the user is observing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to cellular telephones. More particularly, the present invention relates to clamshell style cellular telephones.
2. Description of Related Art
In the past decade the use of cellular telephones has increased to the point that a high percentage of people in many societies carry cellular telephones with them at all times and enjoy the ready access to telephonic communications that the cellular telephones provide. Recently, there is an interest in enhancing the functionality of phones, so that users who already carry cellular telephones will be able to make greater use of them. In this vein, and in anticipation of increased cellular network bandwidth, recently cameras have been integrated into cellular phones, in order to allow user to transmit still pictures and video.
Cellular telephones having a statically mounted camera facing the front of the cellular telephone, allow users to take a picture of themselves while operating controls on the front of the telephone. However simultaneously operating controls on the front of the telephone, while taking a picture of a scene in front of the user is ergonomically problematic.
One ergonomically advantageous cellular telephone is the clamshell type. Clamshell type cellular phones are quite small when folded allowing them to be easily stowed, while at the same time when opened up to an obtuse angle are long enough to bridge the distance between the ear and mouth. Recent models of clamshell type cellular telephones have small displays on the outside of the top half that are viewable when the telephone is closed. Such small displays are used to display caller ID information to the user without the user having to open the telephone, thus allowing the user to selectively answer calls without opening the telephone, and allowing the telephone to be configured to automatically answer incoming telephones when the user opens the telephone. However, the use of such displays is limited since they are not visible when the telephone is opened and the user is facing the main display, and keyboard.

Cellular telephone with improved mechanical design


Described is system for object recognition from moving platforms. The system receives a video captured from a moving platform as input. The video is processed with a static object detection module to detect static objects in the video, resulting in a set of static object detections. The video is also processed with a moving object detection module to detect moving objects in the video, resulting in a set of moving object detections. The set of static object detections and the set of moving object detections are fused, resulting in a set of detected objects. The set of detected objects are classified with an object classification module, resulting in a set of recognized objects that are then output.

Aerial video analysis is challenging due to many factors, such as moving cameras, view point change, illumination change due to view angle change, and distorted object appearance due to oblique view. A previous system by the inventors used a residual saliency (RS) detection approach, a motion-based moving object detection approach known as MogM, and convolutional neural network (CNN) based classification for object recognition, as described in Literature Reference No. 1 (in the List of Incorporated Cited Literature References) and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 14/205,349 and 13/938,196, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein. RS is based on a bio-inspired attention model and, generally, can detect image areas that are significantly different from their surroundings (i.e., salient areas). For example, RS can usually find high contrast areas as potential objects of interest. However, this approach does not take any advantage if one has knowledge of samples of the objects of interest (OIs).
Thus, a continuing need exists for a system that can better adapt to known object classes that can provide many samples for training and performs well on aerial videos captured with moving platforms (i.e., airplanes).

Robust object recognition from moving platforms by combining form and motion detection with bio-inspired classification


An organic EL device includes in a luminescent layer, hole transport layer or an electron transport layer, a triphenylene compound defied by the following formula:

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent (EL) device having an excellent luminescence property such as high efficient luminance
(b) Description of the Related Art
An organic electroluminescent device (which will hereinafter be called xe2x80x9corganic EL devicexe2x80x9d) is a light-emitting device which makes use of the principle that when an electric is field is applied, a fluorescent material emits light in response to the charge recombination of holes injected from an anode and electrons injected from a cathode. After C. W. Tang et al. of Eastman Kodak Company reported a low-voltage-driven organic EL device using a double layered structure (C. W. Tang, S. A. Vanslyke, Applied Physics Letters, 51,913(1987) and the like), studies on an organic EL device have been briskly carried out. Tang et al. reported an organic EL device using tris(8-hydroxyquinolinol aluminum) in a light-emitting layer and a triphenyldiamine derivative to a hole-transporting layer. This stacked structure gives such advantages as an improvement in the injection efficiency of holes into the light-emitting layer; blocking of electrons injected from a cathode, which increase the efficiency of exciton production from charge recombination; and confinement of the excitons into the light-emitting layer. A double layered structure composed of a hole-injecting and transporting layer and an electron-transporting and light-emitting layer or a triple layered structure composed of a hole-injecting and transporting layer, a light-emitting layer and an electron-injecting and transporting layer is well known as an organic EL device. In order to increase the recombination efficiency of injected holes and electrons, various improvements in the device structure or fabrication process have been introduced to such multi-layered devices. As a hole-transporting material, triphenylamine derivatives such as 4,4xe2x80x2,4xe2x80x3-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine and aromatic diamine derivatives such as N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyl-N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine, which are starburst molecules, are well known (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 20771/1996, 40995/1996, 40997/1996, 543397/1996. and 87122/1996).
As an electron-transporting material, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives and the like are well known.
As a light-emitting material, known are chelate complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolate)aluminum complex, coumarin derivatives, tetraphenylbutadiene derivatives, bisstyrylarylene derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives and the like. Since various color light in a visible region from blue to red are obtained from these light-emitting materials, there increased expectation for industrialization of a full color organic EL device (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 239655/1996, 138561/1995, 200289/1991 and the like).
In recent days, organic EL devices with high brightness and long lifetime have been disclosed or reported, but any of then are not enough in these properties.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide materials for the organic EL devices having high luminance or long-term operating life.
The inventors found that specific organic compounds having a triphenylene frame exhibit excellent properties for high-luminance electroluminescence, and thus are suitable for the materials for the organic EL devices In addition, among other organic compounds having the triphenylene frame, the compounds having a diarylamino group as a substituent group, wherein the aryl group has a styryl group as a substituent group, provided excellent organic EL devices exhibiting an especially high luminance.
In accordance with the above findings, the present invention provides organic EL devices defined as follows:
(a) Organic EL device having one or more than one organic thin-film layers disposed between an anode and a cathode, and at least one of the organic thin-film layers including, in the form of a mixture or a single substance, the trphenylene compound expressed general formula [1] as follows:
wherein each of R1 to R12 independently represents hydrogen atom, halogen atom, hydroxyl group, substituted or non-substituted amino group, nitro group, cyano group, substituted or non-substituted alkyl group, substituted or non-substituted or non-substituted alkenyl group, substituted or non-substituted cycloalkyl group, substituted or non-substituted alkoxy group, substituted or non-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, substituted or non-substituted aromatic heterocyclic group, substituted or non-substituted aralkyl group, substituted or non-substituted aryloxy group, substituted or non-substituted alkoxycarbonyl group, or carboxyl group, and wherein each of R1 to R12 may be a ring formed by two of the atoms or groups as mentioned herein;
(b) Organic EL device defined in (a), wherein the triphenylene compound defined by formula [1] (simply referred to as triphenylene compound [1], hereinafter) is such that at least one of R1 to R12 is a diarylamino group expressed by xe2x80x94NAr1Ar2, each of given Ar1 and Ar2 independently representing aryl group having 6-20 carbons, at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 having a substituted or non-substituted styryl group as a substituent group;
(c) Organic EL device defined in (a), wherein the organic thin-film layer includes a hole transport layer having the triphenylene compound [1] in the form of a mixture or a single substance;
(d) Organic EL device defined in (a), wherein the organic thin-film layer includes at least a hole transport layer having the triphenylene compound defined [1] in a mixture or a single substance, and wherein at least one of R1 to R12 is a diarylamino group expressed by xe2x80x94NAr1Ar2, each of given Ar1 and Ar2 independently representing aryl group having 6-20 carbons, at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 having a substituted or non-substituted styryl group as a substituent group;
(e) Organic EL device defined in (a), wherein the organic thin-film layer includes at least an electron transport layer including the triphenylene compound [1] in the form of a mixture or a single substance;
(f) Organic EL device defined in (a), wherein the organic thin-film layer includes at least an electron transport layer having the triphenylene compound [1] in the form of a mixture or a single substance, and wherein the triphenylene compound [1] is such that at least one of R1 to R12 is a diarylamino group expressed by xe2x80x94NAr1Ar2, each of given Ar1 and Ar2 independently representing an aryl group having 6-20 carbons, at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 having a substituted or non-substituted styryl group as a substituent group;
(g) Organic EL device having a organic luminescent zone disposed between an anode and a cathode, wherein the organic luminescent zone includes, adjacent to said anode, one or more than one organic thin-film layers, at least one of said one or more than one organic luminescent layers including a compound expressed in a general formula [1]; and
(h) Organic EL device defined in (g), wherein the triphenylene compound defined by formula [1] (simply referred to as triphenylene compound [1], hereinafter) is such that at least one of R1 to R12 is a diarylamino group expressed by xe2x80x94NAr1Ar2, each of given Ar1 and Ar2 independently representing aryl group having 6-20 carbons, at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 having a substituted or non-substituted styryl group as a substituent group.
The EL device according to the present invention exhibits a high luminance and a long-term operating life compared to the conventional EL device.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description, referring to the accompanying drawings.

Organic electroluminescent device having high efficient luminance

Abstract: Wherein each of R1 to R12 represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl group, amino group, nitro group, alkyl group etc.


A reflectometer data reduction technique is provided that utilizes a ratio of an expected reflectance spectrum of the sample being measured to the actual reflectance spectrum of the sample being measured. The technique is particularly useful in spectral regions that contain sharp spectral features, for example such as the sharp features that thin films often exhibited in the VUV region. In this manner sharp spectral features, for example resulting from either interference or absorption effects are advantageously utilized to better determine a data minimum that is indicative of an actual measurement value. The derivative of this ratio may be utilized to accentuate sharp spectral features. The data reduction techniques may further utilize a two step approach first using a low resolution difference based technique and then a high resolution technique based on reflectance ratios in the region of interest initially identified by the low resolution technique.

The present invention relates to the field of optical metrology. More specifically, it provides a method by which broad-band vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) reflectance data may be accurately calibrated. Additionally, it also provides a method by which highly accurate thin film measurements may be performed.
Optical reflectometry techniques have long been employed in process control applications in the semiconductor manufacturing industry due to their non-contact, non-destructive and generally high-throughput nature. The vast majority of these tools operate in some portion of the spectral region spanning the deep ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths (DUV-NIR generally 200-1000 nm). The push towards thinner layers and the introduction of complicated new materials have challenged the sensitivity of such instrumentation. As a result, this has necessitated an effort to develop optical reflectometry equipment utilizing shorter wavelengths (below 200 nm), where greater sensitivity to subtle changes in material properties may be realized. One approach to performing such measurements is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/668,642, filed on Sep. 23, 2003, which discloses a system and method for a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) reflectometer, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
To obtain meaningful quantitative results from reflectometry data it is desirable to normalize or calibrate measured reflectance values in order to generate absolute reflectance spectra. At longer wavelengths in the DUV-NIR region this has traditionally been accomplished using a variety of techniques involving complicated optical arrangements that incorporate moving mirrors. Examples of such methods are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,983 (and references incorporated therein) which describes an apparatus and method to measure the absolute reflectivity of a sample using a multiple pass reflectometer.
While such methods offer a means of obtaining calibrated reflectance data, they generally suffer from the fact that they are time-consuming, involve considerable mechanical motion and can not easily be integrated into systems suitable for use in semiconductor manufacturing environments. Furthermore, many of these methods were designed for use in single wavelength reflectometers wherein a single wavelength detector is used in combination with a wavelength selecting pre-monochromator.
Ideally, it would be desirable to provide a technique by which broad-band reflectometry data could be simultaneously calibrated quickly and simply and in a manner that would lend itself suitable for use in semiconductor manufacturing environments.
One calibration approach is presented in U.S. Pat. No. RE 34,783 wherein a method is described that involves measuring the reflectance from a calibration sample whose absolute reflectance is well known, dividing the measured value by the absolute value to obtain a system efficiency coefficient and then, without changing the illumination or optics, measuring the reflectance of an unknown material and applying the coefficient to the measured value to obtain its absolute value.
In practice, single crystal silicon wafers are commonly employed as calibration samples since they are readily available, controllably manufactured and their optical properties in the DUV-NIR region have been well characterized. This approach works reasonably well at wavelengths above ˜250 nm where the reflectance of single crystal silicon is both stable and predictable.
At shorter wavelengths (<250 nm) the reflectance of single crystal silicon wafers is neither stable nor predictable. Subtle variations in the thickness of the naturally (or "native") formed silicon dioxide layer present on the wafer can significantly influence the measured reflectance. Additionally, ultra-thin layers of moisture and/or hydrocarbons are known to adsorb onto the surface further modifying the sample reflectance in this spectral region. As a result, it is generally not advisable to regard the reflectance of single crystal silicon wafers at wavelengths <250 nm as a "known" property.
One approach to overcoming this problem is presented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,837, which describes an optical measurement system that includes a reference ellipsometer and at least one non-contact optical measurement device, such as a reflectometer. The reference ellipsometer is used to determine an optical property of the calibration sample. The optical measurement device is then calibrated by comparing the measured optical property from the optical measurement device to the determined optical property from the reference ellipsometer.
Integration of a separate reference ellipsometer into an optical measurement system in order to calibrate the first optical measurement device is both complicated and expensive. Furthermore, the reference ellipsometer itself must be properly aligned and calibrated if it is to yield accurate results.
It follows that it would be highly desirable to develop a means of quickly and accurately calibrating broad-band data from an optical reflectometer operating at wavelengths <250 nm without the complication and expense associated with incorporating a second reference instrument into the system.
Additionally, it would be advantageous if this method specifically enabled the accurate calibration of reflectometry data at wavelengths encompassing the VUV spectral region, where small uncertainties in the properties of third party certified standards can result in substantial errors. It would be further desirable if this method was capable of independently determining the properties of such standards so as to reduce or altogether remove the need for their procurement and maintenance.
In addition to providing a technique to enable accurate calibration of reflectometry tools, it is desirable to provide a technique by which highly accurate thin film measurements may be performed. Optical reflectance measurements are used in a wide range of thin film applications. Ordinarily the absolute reflectance of a sample is recorded and subsequently analyzed using mathematical models in order to determine an assortment of physical properties.
Typically, the analysis is deemed complete when a quantitative indicator (generally referred to as the "goodness of fit" parameter) attains a specific value. Unfortunately, there are limits to the measurement accuracy that can be attained using conventional "goodness of fit" parameters. Hence, it follows that it would be desirable to develop a more sensitive measure of "goodness of fit" in order that higher levels of accuracy in thin film measurement may be obtained.

Method and apparatus for performing highly accurate thin film measurements


A method, system, and program product for quantizing discrete cosine transform coefficients, e.g., for MPEG compression, with minimal bit rate overhead and without using a quantization matrix. This is done by scaling a uniform quantization parameter for the entire discrete cosine transform block, defining a variety of thresholds for the quantization of discrete cosine transform coefficients below which the corresponding coefficient will be quantized to zero, and setting different normative reconstructed values for coefficients that have not been quantized to zero as the decoder will still use the original, unmodified reconstructed values as long as the corresponding coefficient is not zero.

The invention is directed to optimizing the quantization of transform coefficients with minimal bit rate overhead by scaling a uniform quantization parameter for the entire transform block, obviating the need for a quantization matrix. Although the invention is described in the context of video coding, those skilled in the art will understand that one can apply the invention to other areas, such as image and audio coding.
The basic essence of a video transmission is a sequence of pictures transmitted at a relatively fixed time sequence for reproduction at a receiving site. For digital transmissions, such sequences of pictures are transmitted in the form of a digital bit stream that is stored at the receiving site for reproduction in some form. In practice, such digitized video transmissions have accompanying audio and synchronization data that together add up to a large amount of data. The video and audio data can occupy a vast amount of storage space as well as transmission bandwidth.
In order to save transmission bandwidth and storage space, video data is compressed at the transmission end, and decompressed at the receiving end. Video compression typically involves taking the differences between adjacent pictures in a stream of pictures or frames and then coding most frames as differences relative to neighboring pictures. This may be done in several ways through the process of motion estimation and compensation by the encoder, and motion compensation at the decoder. An encoder at the beginning of the transmission process is required to determine the way in which a picture is compressed, solely at its own discretion, and then calculate the displacement or motion vectors. This is done frequently through code sequences represented by a long decision tree. In contrast, the decoder at the receiving end is configured to merely perform decoding operations according to discrete operational processes performed by the encoder, or "does what it is told to do." To serve as a basis of prediction of other frames and to provide functionalities such as random access to the compressed bitstream, the encoder will occasionally encode input video frames independent of other frames. Such frames are termed "Intra" coded frames. In contrast, other frames that are encoded as the difference between the input and the motion compensated predicted information are termed "Inter" coded frames. An encoder sometimes uses information from "future" or subsequent frames in a sequence of frames to decode current frames. Thus, the coding order, the order in which compressed frames are transmitted, is not the same as the display order, which is the order in which the frames are presented to a viewer. Frames encoded with reference to both future and past frames are termed "B" (B-directional) frames.
MPEG (Movie Picture Expert Group) is a standard specifically engineered for inter-frame (motion) compression of video sequences. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate, respectively, a group of pictures in display order in FIG. 1 and in coding order in FIG. 2. In FIGS. 1 and 2 "I" represents intra coded frames, "B" represents bidirectional coded pictures, and "P" represents predicted pictures. FIG. 3 illustrates the use of a forward prediction reference pictures and backward prediction reference pictures to generate a current picture. Specifically, FIG. 3 illustrates motion compensation, that is, how future pictures are predicted from subsequent pictures (and future pictures). If motion occurs in a sequence of frames, prediction is carried out by coding differences relative to areas that are shifted with respect to the area being coded. This is known as "motion compensation," and the process of determining the motion vectors is called "motion estimation." The resulting motion vectors, describing the direction and amount of motion of a macroblock, are stored and transmitted to the decoder as part of the MPEG bitstream. In operation, the decoder uses the origin and length of the motion vector to reconstruct the frame.
In intra-coding a single frame, the basic building block is the macroblock. Typically, the macroblock is a 16×16 sample array of luminance (gray scale) samples together with one 8×8 block of samples for each of the two chrominance (color) components. Next in the hierarchy is what is known as the "slice," a contiguous sequence of macroblocks in raster scan order. The slice starts at a specific address or position in the picture, and the address is specified in a slice header.
Intercoding and intracoding are both built on the Discrete Cosine Transform (hereinafter the "DCT"), representing the prediction error after motion compensation (in the case of Inter coding) of the input signal itself (in the case of Intra coding) as a linear combination of spatial frequencies. Each spatial frequency pattern has a corresponding DCT coefficient, that is, the amplitude needed to represent the contribution of the specific spatial frequency to the block of data being represented.
DCT coefficients are then quantized by a scalar quantizer via division by a non-zero "quantization step size" and thereafter either truncating the quantized DCT coefficient or rounding the quantized DCT quotient to the nearest integer, termed quantization levels. At the decoder, the inverse operation ("de-quantization") is performed by multiplying the quantization level by the same quantization step size used by the cnoder. Both the quantization step size and the quantization levels for each DCT coefficient are signaled in the compressed bitstreams. The reconstruction values, as determined by the above process will always be a multiple of the quantization step size of the corresponding coefficient used by the encoder.
It is to be noted that, the larger the quantization value, the lower the precision of the quantized DCT coefficient, and the smaller the quantization level. Physiologically, large quantization values for high spatial frequencies allows the encoder to discard high frequency activity that are of lower perceptability to the human eye. This saves bandwidth and storage space by discarding data that can not be detected by the human eye.
To exploit the difference is perceptability of different DCT frequencies by the human visual system and to improve compression performance, in image and video compression standards such as JPEG and MPEG-2, quantization matrices were designed so that different quantization step sizes could be applied to different DCT coefficients by signaling only the matrix itself, instead of each of the 8×8=64 different quantization step sizes, one for each DCT coefficient. Standards such as JPEG further allows the signaling of customized quantization matrices from the encoder to the decoder to take advantage of the differences in statistics of the input image and video signal at hand. For example, a JPEG encoder used for media images may use a different quantization matrix than one used for consumer digital cameras.
It should be noted that, however, not all image and video coding standards use quantization matrices or allow the usage of custom quantization matrices. Also, due to numerous profiles and levels for all image and video coding standards which define the subset of image and video coding tools used by compliant encoder and decoders, not all standard compliant image and video decoders support the usage of custom quantization matrices, even if the matrices are transmitted in the bitstreams in a standard-compliant manner. In addition, when the original image and video signal to be compressed exhibit strong time-varying characteristics, adapting the quantization matrix to the varying input may require a large overhead of extra data associated with sending the quantization matrices. For some standards or configured CODECs (components having combined analog to digital and digital to analog converters), dynamic adjustment of quantization matrices may not even be possible.
Therefore, it is highly desirable to design a system that can benefit from the capability of differentiated quantization for DCT coefficients without the overhead of sending the possibly time varying quantization matrices in the bitstreams. As will be seen, the invention accomplishes this and overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art in an elegant manner.

System and method for performing optimized quantization via quantization re-scaling


A method includes retrieving a map of a 3D geometry of an environment the map including a plurality of non-spatial attribute values each corresponding to one of a plurality of non-spatial attributes and indicative of a plurality of non-spatial sensor readings acquired throughout the environment, receiving a plurality of sensor readings from a device within the environment wherein each of the sensor readings corresponds to at least one of the non-spatial attributes and matching the plurality of received sensor readings to at least one location in the map to produce a determined sensor location.

A primary means of finding outdoor location are satellite-based radio navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) or similar systems such as GLONASS, Galileo, Baidu Navigation Satellite System, and NAVIC. These systems are constellations of satellites that use radio-navigation to provide position on or near the surface of the Earth. However due to attenuation by walls, roofs, and structures determining position is poor or non-existent in indoor spaces. Thus, for indoor navigation other methods have been proposed and implemented using infrastructure, self-estimates such as odometry, and external sources such as passive (barcodes) or active beacons (RF, IR, etc).
Just as satellite systems such as GPS are used to find one's location and path outdoors, it would be of great practical use to be able to find indoor locations of people, objects, automated vehicles, robots, and the like. Position information can be used in many applications to find a particular location and providing a path to get to/from that location.

Aligning measured signal data with slam localization data and uses thereof


The present invention provides amino acid sequences of peptides that are encoded by genes within the human genome, the enzyme peptides of the present invention. The present invention specifically provides isolated peptide and nucleic acid molecules, methods of identifying orthologs and paralogs of the enzyme peptides, and methods of identifying modulators of the enzyme peptides.

The present invention is in the field of enzyme proteins that are related to the NADPH oxidase subfamily, recombinant DNA molecules, and protein production. The present invention specifically provides novel peptides and proteins that effect protein phosphorylation and nucleic acid molecules encoding such peptide and protein molecules, all of which are useful in the development of human therapeutics and diagnostic compositions and methods.
Many human enzymes serve as targets for the action of pharmaceutically active compounds. Several classes of human enzymes that serve as such targets include helicase, steroid esterase and sulfatase, convertase, synthase, dehydrogenase, monoxygenase, transferase, kinase, glutanase, decarboxylase, isomerase and reductase. It is therefore important in developing new pharmaceutical compounds to identify target enzyme proteins that can be put into high-throughput screening formats. The present invention advances the state of the art by providing novel human drug target enzymes related to the NADPH oxidase subfamily.
Neutrophil NADPH oxidase is a multicomponent enzyme that is activated to generate superoxide anion and is defective in the cells of patients with chronic granulomatous disease. It requires both membrane and cytosolic components, the latter including 47- and 67-kDa proteins recognized by the polyclonal antiserum B-1. Immunoscreening of an induced HL-60 lambda ZAP cDNA library yielded seven cross-hybridizing cDNAs encoding the 47-kDa component. Fusion proteins of 22-50 kDa were recognized by B-1. Antiserum against a fusion protein recognized a 47-kDa protein in normal neutrophils but not in those from patients with autosomal chronic granulomatous disease who lack the 47-kDa cytosolic oxidase component.
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase is a complex enzyme system that plays an important role in host defense. After stimulation with opsonized microorganisms or other activating agents, the oxygen consumption of these cells increases dramatically (respiratory burst) and they release a large amount of superoxide. Superoxide is then converted to more potent reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and hypohalous acids, which are used by phagocytes to control microbial infections. The importance of this defense mechanism is made evident by a rare inherited syndrome, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) in which phagocytes fail to generate superoxide, rendering the patients highly susceptible to life-threatening microbial infections.
The present invention has a substantial similarity to p47phox. The cDNA of this enzyme was originally isolated for the 47-kilodalton (kDa) subunit of the NADPH oxidase system, whose absence is responsible for the most common form of autosomally inherited chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). It encodes a 44.7-kDa polypeptide, which contains two src homology (SH3) domains and several possible sites for phosphorylation by protein kinase C. An antiserum raised to the predicted C terminus of the protein detects a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 47 kDa in normal neutrophil granulocytes but not in those from patients with autosomal CGD. The antibody has been used to show that the protein associates with the vacuolar membrane and is phosphorylated in response to phorbol ester treatment. Analysis of a number of tissue types and cell lines shows that expression of the gene is confined to phagocytic cells and B lymphocytes. It is suggested that patients with CGD may also have a defect in lymphocyte function. p47 protein and mRNA levels increase during retinoic acid-induced neutrophil differentiation of HL60 cells. The gene is a primary target for regulation by retinoic acid. For a review related to p47 phox, see Rodaway et al., Mol Cell Biol October 1990;10(10):5388-96; Volpp et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA September 1989;86(18):7195-9 Erratum in: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA December 1989;86(23):9563.
Enzyme proteins, particularly members of the NADPH oxidase subfamily, are a major target for drug action and development. Accordingly, it is valuable to the field of pharmaceutical development to identify and characterize previously unknown members of this subfamily of enzyme proteins. The present invention advances the state of the art by providing previously unidentified human enzyme proteins, and the polynucleotides encoding them, that have homology to members of the NADPH oxidase subfamily. These novel compositions are useful in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of biological processes associated with human diseases.
The present invention is based in part on the identification of amino acid sequences of human enzyme peptides and proteins that are related to the NADPH oxidase subfamily, as well as allelic variants and other mammalian orthologs thereof. These unique peptide sequences, and nucleic acid sequences that encode these peptides, can be used as models for the development of human therapeutic targets, aid in the identification of therapeutic proteins, and serve as targets for the development of human therapeutic agents that modulate enzyme activity in cells and tissues that express the enzyme. Experimental data as provided in FIG. 1 indicates expression in humans in the placenta, B cells from Burkitt lymphoma, primary B-cells from tonsils and leukocyte.

Isolated human NADPH oxidase, nucleic acid molecules encoding said proteins, and uses thereof


A ZIF PGA mobile socket (1) includes a base (2), a cover (3) slidably mounted on the base, a number of electrical contacts, a ring (5) secured in the cover, a cam (4) partially received in the ring, and a washer (42). The cam of the socket rotates in the metallic ring when driven by an external tool, thereby driving the cover to slide along the base, opening and closing the engagement between pins of a chip mounted on the cover and the electrical contacts mounted in the base. The cam has a riveting portion (413) extending downwardly beyond the base. The washer includes a support portion (422) being riveted to the cam by the riveting portion and a peripheral portion (423) has no engagement with the base. The support portion is thicker than the peripheral portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrical socket, and particularly to a ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) mobile socket for use with a PGA (Pin Grid Array) chip.
2. Description of the Related Art
A ZIF socket is often used to mount a PGA chip onto a printed circuit board (PCB). Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, one example of such connectors 6 comprises a base 7, a cover 8 mounted onto the base 7, a plurality of electrical contacts (not shown) received in the base 7, a metallic cam 9, a metallic ring 91, and a metallic washer 92. The metallic ring 91 is assembled in the cover 9 of the socket 6 by loosely fitting, interferentially fitting, or by being adhesively bound into a hole in the cover 8. The cover 8 is actuated to slide on the base 7 by the rotation of the metallic cam 9 in the ring 91 and a hole of the base 7, thereby causing pins of the PGA chip mounted on the cover to engage with/disengage from the electrical contacts in the base 7.
The metallic cam 9 comprises a riveting portion 93 to be riveted to the washer 92 to prevent the cam 9 from falling off from the base 7 and the cover 8. The washer 92 is generally planar and has thus a uniform thickness throughout the configuration thereof. The washer 92 is also comparatively slim since the electrical socket 6 as whole is small due to the application thereof. During the course of riveting the riveting portion 93 to the washer 92, the washer 92 is in the danger of whole deformation because of the uniform thickness thereof and the comparatively small dimension thereof. Furthermore, the washer 92 is partly supported by a bottom wall of the base 7, so the deformation of the washer 92 sometimes causes the washer 92 to interferentially engage with the bottom wall of the base 7 because materials from which the washer 92 and the base 7 are made are different and the force needed to rivet the riveting portion 93 to the washer 92 is large. When the washer 92 engages with the base 7, the rotation of the metallic cam 9 will be adversely affected.
Therefore, an improved washer is desired to overcome the disadvantages of the related art. An approach is made as disclosed in the copending application with a Ser. No. 10/108,124 filed on Mar. 27, 2002 and the same assigned with the instant invention.
The major object of the present invention is to provide a ZIF PGA socket having a washer which ensures the rotation of a metallic cam of the ZIF PGA socket.
An electrical socket in accordance with the present invention comprises a base, a cover slidably mounted onto the base, a metallic ring secured in the cover, a cam partially received in the ring, a plurality of electrical contacts received in the base, and a washer. The base comprises a first flange located at one side thereof and defining a hole extending through the first flange. A plurality of passageways are defined in the base and each passageway accommodates one of the electrical contacts. The cover defines a plurality of passages corresponding to the passageways of the base into which pins of a PGA package mounted on the cover fit. The cover also forms a corresponding second flange which cooperates with the first flange, and the second flange defines an aperture therethrough corresponding to the hole of the base. The cam comprises a head, an upper disk, a lower disk and a riveting portion. The coincident rotational axes of the head and the upper disk are offset from the rotational axis of the lower disk. The upper disk is received in the ring while the head is supported a top face of the cover. The lower disk of the cam extends through the hole of the first flange. The washer comprises a support portion to which the riveting portion of the cam is riveted and a peripheral portion has no engagement with a bottom face of the base. The support portion is thicker than the peripheral portion to be supported by the lower disk in the course of riveting the riveting portion of the cam thereto and to provide a strength to endure a riveting force applied thereto.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present embodiment when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.


A system is provided for mounting an electrical connector on a rear side of a panel having a hole through which the connector can mate with a complementary mating connecting device. The system includes a bracket having a body positionable against the rear side of the panel. The body has an aperture alignable with the hole in the panel. A plurality of flanges are arranged in a U-shape and project rearwardly of the body about the aperture for receiving the connector in an insertion direction generally parallel to the rear side of the panel. An electrical connector has a mating end positionable onto the flanges in the insertion direction and includes a mating portion alignable with the aperture in the bracket. Complementary interengaging latches are provided between the mating end of the connector and the flanges for holding the connector on the bracket.

It is known to provide a variety of systems for mounting an electrical connector on a panel, such as on a rear side of a panel. For instance, personal computers are connected with peripheral devices, such as a printer and the like, by electrical connectors mounted on a rear panel of the computer body. When connecting such peripheral devices as a printer on the computer, the connectors are mounted on the rear panel by a fairly permanent mounting means. That is because the printer will not be frequently connected and disconnected. For instance, screws often are used to mount the connector onto the rear side of the panel.
On the other hand, it is desirable to connect such devices as a video camera, a digital still camera or the like on the computer body by a more releasable mounting system so that such devices can be readily connected and disconnected. In addition, such peripheral devices preferably are connected and disconnected at a front panel of the computer body where it is undesirable to have such non-aesthetic mounting means as screws projecting from the front of the computer.
It would be desirable to have a system wherein an electrical connector is mounted to a rear side of a panel, such as a front panel of a computer, and the peripheral device can be mated through a hole in the front panel with the connector mounted on the rear side of the panel. When the peripheral device is disconnected, the hole can be easily covered by an aesthetically pleasing cover. The present invention is directed to satisfying this need and solving the various problems inherent therewith.

System for mounting an electrical connector on a panel


A transmission apparatus for relaying different types of trunk signals, including a central processing unit including a reception counter processor which is inserted between a pair of exchanges and enables direct relay of exchange trunk signals (Sxt) and analog trunk signals (Sem) of a pulse ear and mouth (E&M) mode on a radio transmission line by counting the pulse width of the signals (Sem) and determining their type, a transmission counter processor which transmits the pulse E&M signals until the count of the pulse width inherent to the signals Sem corresponding to the signals Sxt is finished, and a logical operation unit which generates the corresponding signals Sxt based on the result of determination of the reception counter processor and drives the transmission counter processor based on the input signals Sxt, whereby it is possible to give an existing digital transmission apparatus handling E&M signals a function corresponding to a conventional higher rank exchange.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a digital transmission apparatus which is able to relay different types of trunk signals, for example, a digital transmission apparatus which directly relays exchange trunk signals and pulse "ear and mouth" (E&M) signals.
The trunks provided at the input and output ports of exchanges are essential components in the interfaces for connecting one exchange with another. A digital transmission apparatus is inserted between the trunks of one exchange and the trunks of the other exchange for actual connection of the same. One such transmission apparatus is the one known as a "PCM30", which for example functions to multiplex, demultiplex, and transmit 30 channels' worth of signals. The present invention relates to a functional facility used in such a digital transmission apparatus, that is, a transmission apparatus for relaying different types of trunk signals.
2. Description of the Related Art
As will be explained in further detail later referring to the drawings, a general telephone network includes a plurality of so-called "subscriber side exchanges", i.e., lower rank exchanges each having a plurality of subscriber terminals under them connected by subscriber circuits.
These lower rank exchanges connect to subscriber terminals of other lower rank exchanges through higher rank exchanges called "regional centers (RC)". Such higher rank exchanges RC are constructed at respective regions. When establishing an intra-city route connecting one higher rank exchange RC with another over a steep mountain or dense jungle, the two higher rank exchanges RC are connected to each other through radio stations.
To enable transfer of trunk signals between one lower rank exchange and another through a pair of radio stations in such a network configuration, it is necessary to use two different types of signals, that is, the digital trunk signals of the exchange trunk signals (S.sub.xt) and the analog trunk signals of the pulse E&M signals (Se.sub.m).
The transfer of information among these two completely different types of trunk signals, i.e., the exchange trunk signals S.sub.xt and pulse E&M signals Se.sub.m, is possible due to the higher rank exchanges RC, which serve as interfaces between these signals. Without such higher rank exchanges RC, relaying between these different types of trunk signals has not been possible. Therefore, there was the problem that large sized facilities were required, which pushed up line costs.

Transmission apparatus for relaying different types of trunk signals


An alert transmission apparatus for a policy-based intrusion detection and response has a central policy server (CPS) and an intrusion detection and response system (IDRS). In the CPS, a policy management tool generates security policy information and then stores the generated security policy information in a policy repository. A COPS-IDR server sends the information to the IDRS and an IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message to a high-level module. An IDMEF-XML message parsing and translation module stores a parsed and translated IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message in an alert DB or provides the message to an alert viewer. In the IDRS, a COPS-IDR client generates the IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message and provides the message to the CPS. An intrusion detection module detects an intrusion. An intrusion response module responds to the intrusion. An IDMEF-XML message building module generates an IDMEF-XML alert message and provides the message to the COPS-IDR client.

Conventionally, a network management policy manages and executes security policies by applying an intrusion detection and response concept to a network environment more effectively and integratively.
Conventional protocols for a policy-based intrusion detection and response system are classified into a common open policy service (COPS) protocol for transmitting policy information and an intrusion alert protocol/intrusion detection exchange protocol (IAP/IDXP) for transmitting alert information. In this case, it is required to install the IAP/IDXP additionally at a policy-based system having the COPS protocol in order to transmit alert information appropriately.
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram for illustrating a conventional alert transmission apparatus for a policy-based intrusion detection and response including a central policy server (CPS) 10 and an intrusion detection and response system (IDRS) 20.
Security policy information (hereinafter, policy information) generated at a policy management tool 11 in the CPS 10 is stored at a policy repository (PR) 12 and provided to a COPS server 13 at the same time.
The COPS server 13 provides the policy information to a COPS client 21 in the IDRS 20 through a COPS protocol S1, and then, the COPS client 21 sends the policy information to an intrusion response module 23 and an intrusion detection module 25 to thereby execute the policy information.
If an intrusion occurs by a hacker while the policy information provided from the COPS client 21 is being executed, the intrusion detection module 25 detects the intrusion and generates a raw alert transmission message. Then, the raw alert transmission message is provided to an IDMEF-XML (intrusion detection message exchange format extensible markup language) message building module 27 and the intrusion response module 23. When the raw alert transmission message is transmitted from the intrusion detection module 25 to the intrusion response module 23, the intrusion response module 23 copes with the intrusion.
The IDMEF-XML message building module 27 transforms the raw alert transmission message into an IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message and provides the IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message to an IAP/IDXP analyzer 29.
The IAP/IDXP analyzer 29 provides the IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message to an IAP/IDXP manager 14 in the CPS 10 through an IAP/IDXP protocol S2.
The IAP/IDXP manager 14 sends the IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message to an IDMEF-XML message parsing and translation module 15. The IDMEF-XML message parsing and translation module 15 parses and translates the IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message, so that the message is stored at an alert database (DB) 16 or provided to an alert viewer 17.
In order to transmit alert information between the CPS 10 and the IDRS 20, both the COPS protocol S1 for transmitting the policy information and the IAP/IDXP S2 for transmitting the IDMEF-XML-type alert transmission message are required. As a result, a complexity of structures between the CPS 10 and the IDRS 20 is increased. Further, when a plurality of clients (e.g., a plurality of IDRSs 20) are connected to a single server (e.g., the CPS 10), there is a problem of managing both the alert information and the policy information inconsistently.
Alert transmission technologies for the policy-based intrusion detection and response are described in "Method for Transmitting Alert Information in Transmission System," filed as a Korean application No. 10-1998-0060879 on Dec. 30, 1998, "Distributed Intrusion Detection and Reaction Architecture," disclosed in Proceedings of WISA 2002 dated August 2002, and "A Design of Secure Network Framework using PBNM," disclosed in Proceedings of APNOMS2002 dated September 2002.
According to the Korean application No. 1998-0060879, in a method for transmitting alert information, the alert information generated in the transmission system is sent to an operator of a central center such as a network management system. The method is performed by following steps. When the alert information is received, a timer is set. The received alert information is continuously stored in a buffer. When a timeout signal is received from the timer, the alert information stored in the buffer is read and transformed into an alert packet. Then, the buffer is checked whether it is full of the alert information. If the buffer is full of the alert information, the alert information is transformed into the alert packet.
Thereafter, it is checked whether a channel connected to the central center has been set in the transmission system. If the channel has not been set, the channel should be set. On the other hand, if the channel has been set, the alert packet is outputted to the central center. When the alert packet is entirely transferred, the channel is released.
In this prior art, the alert information generated in the transmission system during a fixed time is grouped into one packet and then sent to the central center, thereby reducing an increase of traffic due to the transmission of the alert information.
Next, according to "Distributed Intrusion Detection and Reaction Architecture", a distributed intrusion detection and response system includes a central analyze center functioning as a policy decision point (PDP) like the policy-based intrusion detection and response system, a distributed analyze center for processing the functions of the central analyze center distributively, a sensor acting as a policy enforcement point (PEP) and security policy enforcement points.
Each of the central analyze center and the distributed analyze center has a central security policy server, a central monitor station, a central analyzer center and a central data warehouse acting as a policy repository.
Herein, as protocols convey information between the PDP and the PEP, an intrusion detection exchange protocol (IDXP) is used for transmitting alert information and a common open policy service (COPS) protocol is used for transmitting policy information, wherein the IDXP is defined as a profile of a blocks extensible exchange protocol (BEEP) corresponding to a general application protocol framework. Both the protocols transmit information by using security characteristics provided by a transport layer security (TLS) profile and a SASL profile suggested by the BEEP. Therefore, the policy information and the alert information can be more safely transmitted.
The prior art describes that the COPS protocol for transmitting the policy information may be applied on the BEEP in two ways. First, the COPS protocol can be directly used on the BEEP without a modification. Second, the COPS protocol is transformed into an XML-type protocol corresponding to a profile of the BEEP and then used. In this case, the alert information has an IDMEF-XML type being standardized in IDWG of Internet engineering task force (IETF).
Next, according to "A Design of Secure Network Framework using PBNM", a cyber patrol control system (CPCS) acting as a central policy server in a wide area network performs a security management and a security gateway system (SGS) includes an intrusion detection system (IDS) for intrusion detection and response.
The CPCS includes a COPS server for transmitting policy information, an IAP server for transmitting alert information, an alert manager for managing the alert information provided from several SGSs, a high-level analyzer for performing a synthetic analysis such as an alert correlation and the like, in a high level, a policy management tool for generating and editing the policy information, a policy decision point for distributing the generated policy information and a web server for providing a user interface.
Meanwhile, the SGS includes a COPS client for transmitting the policy information, an intrusion alert protocol (IAP) client for transmitting the alert information, a CP-agent acting as a local manager in the SGS, a DBM for storing and managing both the policy information and the alert information and a sensor/analyzer for detecting an intrusion.
In this prior art, protocols for conveying information between the CPCS (PDP) and the SGS (PEP) include a COPS protocol and an IAP protocol. The COPS protocol suggested by PBNM is used for transmitting the policy information and the IAP protocol suggested by IDWG of IETF is used for transmitting the alert information. Both the protocols have a client and a server, wherein the server and the client are located in the CPCS and the SGS, respectively.
The alert information transmitted between the CPCS and the SGS has the IDMEF-XML-type being standardized in IDWG of IETF. The IDMEF-XML-type alert information is transmitted through a payload of an IAP protocol message.
The above-mentioned prior arts still have problems. In other words, as shown in FIG. 1, both the COPS protocol S1 for transmitting the policy information and the IAP/IDXP S2 for transmitting the alert information between the CPS 10 and the IDRS 20 are used to convey the alert information, thereby increasing a complexity of structures between the CPS 10 and the IDRS 20. Further, in case where a plurality of clients are connected to a single server, an inconsistent management on information can be one of the problems.

Alert transmission apparatus and method for policy-based intrusion detection and response

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


A system and method for controlling a fan is disclosed. In one embodiment, a fan controller is integrated in silicon and uses an embedded microcontroller to implement a digital fan control algorithm. The microcontroller may continually monitor temperature and sample the speed of the controlled fan. The speed of the fan may be compared to RPM values fitted on a desired curve that is representative of the Temperature-versus-RPM function for the given controlled fan. The fan control algorithm may be based on a PID compensator or a Ramp Rate Closed-loop controller (RRCC), which may be operated to drive the fan to the desired speed. The fan may also provide a Fan ID feedback signal to the microcontroller, which may use the Fan ID feedback signal upon system start-up to initialize the PID compensator gain settings or the RRCC parameter settings, and select the appropriate Temperature-versus-RPM function curve based on pre-determined values for the given fan. Thus, fans from different vendors may be changed at the factory without having to perform configuration programming. The need for a PWM command may be obviated, thereby facilitating the removal of any associated circuitry from the given fan, and thus reducing the cost of the fan.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to cooling equipment for electronic systems, e.g., fans, and more particularly, to controlling the rotational speed of a fan.
2. Description of the Related Art
Fans are often used to evacuate warm air from enclosures in which electronic systems are contained. For example, most computer systems include one or more cooling fans to aid in circulating the air inside the enclosures and for maintaining the temperature inside the enclosures within an acceptable range. The increased airflow provided by fans typically aids in eliminating waste heat that may otherwise build up and adversely affect system operation. Employing cooling fans is especially helpful in ensuring proper operation for certain central processing units (CPUs) with relatively high operating temperatures.
Control of fans in a system typically involves a fan control unit executing a fan control algorithm. A fan control algorithm may determine the method for controlling one or more fans that are configured to evacuate warm air from a system enclosure. For example, the fan control algorithm may specify that a fan's speed should be increased or decreased dependent upon a detected temperature. Such control algorithms may also involve turning off a fan if the temperature is deemed cool enough to do so, or in certain systems, such as personal computers (PCs) for example, lowering the speed of the fan and allowing the fan to continue running at a minimum speed.
For detecting the temperature, a temperature sensor may provide to the fan control unit a signal indicative of the current temperature of a particular temperature zone in the electronic system. Often, fans used for CPU and/or computer system cooling have a three-wire interface with wires for power, ground, and a tachometer signal. Fan drive systems often use a signal generator that provides a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal to drive an external circuit that controls the voltage between the power and ground interfaces of the fan, which in turn controls the speed of the fan. Signal generators that provide PWM signals are useful because they provide a digital control for the pulse width of a signal. The fan is typically powered only for the duration of the pulse. Between pulses power to the fan is turned off, although the fan is typically still spinning during this time. The duty cycle of the PWM pulse train currently being provided to the fan determines the fan's speed. Another typical way to control three-wire fans is to drive the fan by utilizing a high side Field Effect Transistor (FET), thereby controlling the DC voltage supplied to the fan. Generally, this provides an effective dynamic control range of 3V, which typically ranges from 5V down to around 2V. The lower limit voltage (2V) is still sufficient to power the fan circuitry, and valid tachometer signals may still be obtained from the fan.
Alternatively, some computer systems use fan control circuitry that features a 4-wire fan interface, where the fourth wire typically carries an additional control signal from the system to the fan. Thus, for fan drive systems that use PWM signal generators, in addition to the power, ground, and tachometer signal, a four-wire fan will typically have a PWM-drive input, which is used to control the speed of the fan. In such systems, instead of switching the power to the entire fan on and off, generally only the power to the drive coils is switched, making the tachometer information available continuously. Another advantage of 4-wire fans is that the fan speed can typically be controlled at speeds as low as 10% of the fan's full speed.
Many PC desktop and workstation cooling fan solutions today use open loop 4-wire fan control methods, or are thermistor based, where a thermistor is integrated into the fan. Typically, when considering a computer system from an overall systems perspective, 4-wire PWM-controlled cooling fans have unnecessary (i.e. redundant) built-in circuitry, which typically adds complexity and cost to the fans. In addition, it is generally difficult to qualify different fans from multiple fan vendors when building a computer system due to the challenge in meeting the usually tight fan specifications.
Typically when an open-loop four-wire cooling fan control method is used, two fan curves are specified. The first is generally a desired Temperature-versus-PWM curve, and the second is usually a PWM-versus-RPM (Revolutions Per Minute—an indication of rotational fan speed) curve. Many currently available fan control devices implement the Temperature-versus-PWM curve, and the cooling fans must generally follow the tightly specified PWM-versus-RPM curve. Open loop four-wire fan control systems thus have to rely on the tight fan specifications supplied by the fan manufacturer in order to achieve the desired fan RPM for a given PWM command.
Tight fan specifications generally add complexity and cost to cooling fans because the fan vendors must add circuitry in order to be within the specified tolerances. Today's approaches to designing four-wire fan control systems typically do not address the issue of reducing the complexity of four-wire fans. While simple proportional controllers have been introduced in some fan control systems, such controllers suffer from steady-state error, and the system response cannot be dampened to handle the wide variation of step-responses for fans from multiple fan vendors.
Other corresponding issues related to the prior art will become apparent to one skilled in the art after comparing such prior art with the present invention as described herein.


The invention disclosed is a television mounting frame with a removable lifting assembly for facilitating the installation of heavy equipment, particularly large televisions. A television or the like is affixed to a lower frame yolk. An upper frame yolk, which complimentarily engages with the lower yolk to form a complete frame, is mounted to an overhead structure via a hanger pipe attached to a mounting bracket. A lifting assembly is removably affixed to the hanger pipe and disposed so that the winch cable may unwind from the winch and through the hanger pipe for attachment to the television mounted on the lower frame yolk. Once attached to the cable, the television may be lifted into engagement with the upper frame yolk without the use of large and cumbersome scaffolding systems or many assistants. The winch assembly may then be removed for use in the installation of other equipment to different mounting brackets.

The present invention relates to a winch assembly that may be used to lift heavy equipment, and more specifically to a removable winch assembly that can be used for multiple installations of large televisions or like equipment.
In recent years, the use of electronic equipment has become widespread not only in the home but in the public environment. Such electronic equipment includes television sets or monitors, stereo equipment and loudspeakers. This use may be for business, such as advertising and information dissemination, for commercial purposes, such as in a retail store or exhibition hall, and for education, such as in a university lecture hall. For employment in these environments, the equipment, most often a television set or monitor, must be mounted to a ceiling in the desired location.
Inherent in every demand for a mounted equipment, especially televisions, is the consideration of feasibility of installation of that equipment. A common method of installing or mounting a television set would typically include the affixation of a mounting plate with an accompanying hanger pipe and attached upper frame yolk from the ceiling in the region of the desired location of the television. Next, a half frame yolk is affixed to the bottom of the television, secured typically by the use of clamps on the sides of the television cabinet. The television, with lower half yolk in place, is lifted up to the ceiling so that the lower yolk may be engaged with the upper yolk to complete installation.
The initial installation of the mounting plate to the ceiling and the affixation of the lower yolk to the television is quite simple and easy, however, the task of lifting the television up to the desired position on the ceiling is a much more difficult task. This is particularly true if the ceiling is very high as in a large exhibition hall or if the size of the television or piece of equipment is quite large. The ease of installation, particularly the lifting of the television into place has become a concern due to the ever increasing demand for the mounting of larger and larger televisions. Also, the demand for large numbers of television sets contributes to the need for easy installation and subsequent disassembly.
Further, the installation of a large equipment, such as large televisions (36" and larger, which can weigh in excess of 200 pounds), has required the use of many people on a ladder to lift the television into place and then install it. For example, four to five men are often needed to lift a 36" television for mounting on a ceiling. Alternatively, a scaffolding system, or a mobile scissor jack, is commonly used to lift the television up into place for installation.
These prior art methods either require the use of many people or heavy scaffolding equipment. Such a requirement is tremendously burdensome to the user of the equipment. This is particularly true considering the cost and availability of a scissor jack, or the like, and the considerable time and work power consumed by the use of many workers for the installation of television equipment. In addition, access from the floor to the ceiling can be impaired by the placement of chairs, exhibits, and the like under where the mounting may occur. Accordingly, there is a demand for a television or electronic equipment mounting system that does not require the use of many individuals to lift the television into place or the use of a scaffolding system. The present invention overcomes the foregoing disadvantages and problems encountered in previous television mounting systems.

Television mounting support with removable lifting assembly


To process image data, a distribution of gray levels of frame image data is detected. A remapping function for providing remapped gray levels is determined based on the distribution of the gray levels such that a number of the remapped gray levels is less than a number of the gray levels. Low-power frame image data are provided based on the frame image data and the remapping function such that displaying the low-power frame image data uses less power than the frame image data.

1. Field
Example embodiments relate to a data processing and, more particularly, to a method of processing image data and a display system for display power reduction.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, various display devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCD), plasma displays, and electroluminescent displays have gained popularity. Particularly, the electroluminescent display can be driven with quick response speed and reduced power consumption, using a light-emitting diode (LED) or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that emits light through recombination of electrons and holes.
The electroluminescent display can be driven with an analog or a digital driving method. While the analog driving method produces grayscale using variable voltage levels corresponding to input data, the digital driving method produces grayscale using variable time duration in which the LED emits light. The analog driving method is difficult to implement because it requires a driving integrated circuit (IC) that is complicated to manufacture if the display is large and has high resolution. The digital driving method, on the other hand, can readily accomplish the required high resolution through a simpler IC structure.
A special attention is being paid to the electroluminescent display device for replacing the LCD due to the merits of the quick response speed, the excellent reproducibility of colors, etc. Also the electroluminescent display device has the merits of emitting lights by unit of pixels without backlight that is essential for the LCD. However, the electroluminescent display device requires to overcome several important issues such as uniformity in pixels, degradation of brightness, power consumption, etc. In particular, as the display resolution as well as the panel size increases rapidly, reducing power consumption in the electroluminescent display device becomes utmost concern in designing electronic devices such as mobile devices, televisions, etc.

Method of processing image data and display system for display power reduction


A molded trocar latch apparatus for locking a safety shield in position is described. The molded latch includes a trocar housing and a shield. The housing has a first monolithically formed cap and a monolithically formed base. A latch mechanism, including a slider and a latch, may be monolithically formed with either the base or the cap of the housing. The slider and the latch are operatively connected to move the latch between a locked and an unlocked position. The latch in the locked position is configured to engage a ledge on the shield and at least stop further proximal movement of the shield that could unintentionally expose the blade of the trocar.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a surgical trocar assembly and, in particular, to a trocar assembly having an integral latch mechanism which locks a protective shield of the trocar assembly in a fixed position and prevents retraction within the housing to the trocar assembly. Subject matter related to this application is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/526,837 filed Mar. 16, 2000, entitled "Modular Trocar System and Methods of Assembly", and U.S. application Ser. No. 5,352,274 entitled "SAFETY TROCAR", filed Dec. 7, 1994 by Green, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,190, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
2. Background of Related Art
Trocars are sharp pointed instruments used to puncture a body cavity. Generally, a trocar includes an obturator having a sharp obturator lip for penetrating the cavity wall and a protective sleeve in which the obturator is coaxially positioned. The trocar further includes a trocar sleeve or cannula. Once the body cavity has been punctured by the trocar, the obturator is typically removed from the cannula, thereby leaving the cannula in place extending into the body cavity. Endoscopic or laparoscopic procedures are then performed with surgical instruments, e.g., laparoscopes, dissectors, graspers, staplers introduced through the cannula.
Commercially available safety trocars includes a spring loaded safety shield which is adapted to cover the obturator tip once the body cavity has been entered so as to provide an increased level of protection to internal structures from puncture or laceration. Other available safety trocars incorporate latching mechanisms having complex trigger and linking arrangement for locking and unlocking the protective sleeve. For example, a convenient location of the trigger on the trocar may require at least one intermediary linking mechanism to operatively connect the trigger with the locking member. The intermediary linking mechanism moves the locking member for the locking or unlocking of the shield in response to an operator's movement of the trigger. Latch mechanisms also generally require multiple bias members to ensure the positioning and the desired interrelation of the components such as the blocking member and linking mechanism. These configurations often require tightly controlled tolerances and are complex and time consuming to assemble. Additional complications include the manual adjusting of the interrelated components, such as the biased elements, after manufacturing in order to ensure the desired operational quality and reliability of the device.
A continuing need exists for a trocar latch mechanism that is monolithically molded as an assembly requiring a minimal number or even no additional components. A continuing need also exists for a trocar latch mechanism that reduces manufacturing costs by minimizing the need for manual post manufacturing adjusting of the latch mechanism.