A wireless charging holder for vehicles, which is used to firmly clamp a mobile terminal and wirelessly charge the mobile terminal, comprises a fixing component, a supporting component, a steering joint and a conductive circuit. The fixing component is for fixing a mobile terminal and includes a wireless charging module for charging the mobile terminal. The supporting component is for supporting the fixing component. The steering joint is connected between the fixing component and the supporting component, thereby the fixing component may rotate relative to the supporting component. The conductive circuit is extending from an inside of the supporting component through an inside of the steering joint and into an inside of the fixing component, to connect with the wireless charging module.

The development of technology has made various electronic products more intelligent, more functional, and easy to use. For example, the mobile phone nowadays is used as a mobile terminal, and people are increasingly dependent on it in their daily lives. Functions such as map navigation and voice control of mobile phones are used more and more frequently in daily travel, especially in driving environments.
In the driving environment, the user can charge the mobile phone through the power supply in the car. It is common to use a car phone holder to hold and charge the mobile phone. For the current car phone holder with wireless charging function, the charging cable interface is generally arranged on the housing of the clamping part of the phone holder, and an external charging cable is used to transfer the electrical power to the wireless charging device disposed in the clamping part. The clamping part is usually designed to be rotatable to meet the needs of consumers for adjusting the angle or direction of the clamped mobile phone. However, rotating the clamping part during the charging process easily causes the charging cable to be entangled on the clamping part, thereby affecting the use of the mobile phone and driving safety.
Therefore, how to develop a wireless charging device for vehicles that can hide the charging cable to prevent it from being entangled when charging the mobile phone and provide consumers the function of adjusting the angle or direction of the mobile phone freely, has become the issue that those skilled in the art want to actively solve.


A method of analyzing ions is disclosed comprising: (i) separating ions according to a physico-chemical property in a separator; (ii) transmitting ions which emerge from the separator through a transfer device with a first transit time t1, energizing a pusher electrode or orthogonal acceleration electrode and obtaining first data; (iii) transmitting ions which subsequently emerge from the separator through the transfer device with a second greater transit time t2, energizing the pusher electrode or orthogonal acceleration electrode and obtaining second data; and (iv) repeating steps (ii) and (iii) one or more times. The pusher electrode or orthogonal acceleration electrode is energized with a period t3, wherein t2-t1 is arranged to equal t3/2. The first and second data are combined to form a composite data set.

The present invention relates to a method of analysing ions, a method of mass spectrometry, an analytical device and a mass spectrometer.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,992,283 (Micromass) discloses an arrangement wherein ions are passed through an ion mobility separator and are then mass analysed by a Time of Flight mass analyser.
It is known to perform asynchronous IMS-Time of Flight acquisitions wherein the Time of Flight experimental time determines the ion mobility spectrometry or separation digitisation rate.
One problem with conventional mass spectrometers comprising an ion mobility separator or spectrometer in combination with a Time of Flight mass analyser is that the effective digitisation of an ion peak eluting from an ion mobility spectrometry or separation device by the Time of Flight mass analyser may be limited.
It is known to synchronise an orthogonal acceleration Time of Flight pusher with the release of ions into an ion mobility spectrometry or separation device. This approach is, however, limited by the need to accurately synchronise the pusher and ion mobility spectrometry or separation cycle times and requires additional electronics. This approach also introduces the possibly of additional systematic errors in mobility calibration due to any lack of synchronicity.
FIG. 10 of US 2011/0062323 (Micromass) discloses an arrangement comprising an ion mobility separator 26 and a collision cell 27 arranged downstream of the ion mobility separator 26. It is contemplated that the collision cell 27 may comprise an Electron Transfer Dissociation ("ETD") collision cell. The collision cell 27 comprises a plurality of ring electrodes and an arrangement is contemplated wherein travelling or transient DC voltages are applied to the ring electrodes and a feedback control mechanism is used to control the effective velocity at which the transient DC voltages are translated along the length of the collision cell 27 in order to optimise the Electron Transfer Dissociation fragmentation and charge reduction process.
US 2003/0001087 (Fuhrer) discloses a time of flight mass spectrometer for monitoring fast processes using an interleaved timing scheme and a position sensitive detector.
US 2007/0278397 (Micromass) discloses providing an ion guide downstream of an ion mobility spectrometer. A plurality of axial potential wells are created in the ion guide to maintain the fidelity of ions received from the ion mobility spectrometer.
US 2010/0128246 (Heizmann) discloses an optoelectronic sensor for the measurement of distances.
GB-2497948 (Makarov) discloses a collision cell for tandem mass spectrometry.
GB-2391697 (Micromass) discloses a mass spectrometer having an ion guide which receives ions and emits ions in a synchronised manner with an orthogonal acceleration Time of Flight mass analyser.
GB-2397433 (Micromass) discloses a mass spectrometer wherein ions from a pulsed ion source are received by an ion guide in which multiple trapping regions are created.
GB-2451149 (Micromass) discloses a dual mode ion mobility mass analyser device.
GB-2421840 (Micromass) discloses a mass spectrometer comprising an ion guide located downstream of an ion mobility spectrometer.
GB-2485667 (Micromass) discloses a mass spectrometer comprising a gas phase ion-neutral reaction device arranged to perform Hydrogen-Deuterium exchange.
It is desired to provide an improved mass spectrometer and method of mass spectrometry.

Time shift for improved ion mobility spectrometry or separation digitisation


A printed wiring board comprises a pattern layer, an insulating layer and a ground layer laminated in an upper-lower direction. The printed wiring board is formed with one or more vias. The insulating layer is provided between the pattern layer and the ground layer. The ground layer is formed with a ground pattern. The pattern layer is formed with one common ground plane and two or more pads. The pads are arranged in a lateral direction. The common ground plane is located forward of the pads in the front-rear direction. The vias include a first via that connects the common ground plane and the ground pattern with each other. The pads include one or more ground pads and one or more signal pads. The ground pads are connected with the common ground plane. The signal pads are unconnected with the common ground plane.

This invention relates to a printed wiring board which is available as a relay board that relays electric signals.
For example, this type of printed wiring board is disclosed in JP-A 2012-64338 (Patent Document 1), the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
As shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, a board (printed wiring board) 900 disclosed in Patent Document 1 is formed with electrodes (signal electrodes) 910, ground electrodes 920 and grounded plates 930. The ground electrodes 920 are connected with the grounded plates 930, respectively. The board 900 is connected with twinaxial cables (cables) 940 and has shield covers 950 attached thereto. Each of the cables 940 has a conductive line (signal conductor) 942, a dielectric body 944 covering the signal conductor 942, a shield layer (ground conductor) 946 covering the dielectric body 944, and a drain wire 948 connected to the ground conductor 946. The dielectric body 944 and the ground conductor 946 are peeled off at an end portion of the cable 940 to expose the signal conductor 942. The signal conductor 942 is connected to the signal electrode 910 of the board 900 while the ground conductor 946 is connected to the ground electrode 920. The drain wire 948 is connected to the shield cover 950.
The shield cover 950, the ground electrode 920 and the grounded plate 930 are connected together and cover around the end portion of the cable 940, or around the exposed portion where the dielectric body 944 and the ground conductor 946 are peeled off. Because the exposed portion of the cable 940 is thus covered by the ground potential, impedance of the exposed portion of the cable 940 can be matched with impedance of an unexposed portion that is other than the exposed portion.
The board 900 of Patent Document 1 is required to have the shield cover 950 attached thereto, wherein the shield cover 950 is formed separately from the board 900. Accordingly, material cost and assembly cost increase. Moreover, because this structure makes it difficult for the pitch of the signal electrodes 910 to be smaller, the board 900 is difficult to be reduced in size. In addition, the board 900 and the shield cover 950 have a gap formed therebetween, wherein the gap has a size nearly equal to a thickness of the signal electrode 910 or the ground electrode 920. Accordingly, for example, when two cables 940 are connected to adjacent two of the signal electrodes 910, respectively, these adjacent signal electrodes 910 might cause cross-talk therebetween along a surface of the board 900.

JAPAN AVIATION ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY, LIMITED


Server-assisted secure function evaluation (SFE) is performed with input consistency verification for two parties that want to evaluate a function. The server computes a garbled circuit corresponding to the function. A predefined bit of the 0-secret of wire i in the garbled circuit is set to a random bit bi and a predefined bit of the 1-secret of wire i in the garbled circuit is set to bi. The server communicates with each party using an Oblivious Transfer (OT) to provide encrypted versions of the respective inputs of each party. Each party receives the encrypted wire secret of the other party and the garbled circuit for computation of a respective output and stores the predefined bit of a wire of interest of the other party. A given party can verify input consistency by the other party over at least two executions by comparing the values stored by the given party for the at least two executions with corresponding values obtained from the server.

Server-assisted secure function evaluation (SFE) allows two parties to evaluate any function on their respective inputs x and y with the assistance of a server, while maintaining the privacy of both x and y. Efficient SFE algorithms enable a variety of electronic transactions, previously impossible due to mutual mistrust of participants. For example, SFE algorithms have been employed in auctions, contract signing and distributed database mining applications. The problem of secure computation has been solved for both semi-honest and malicious players. Generally, having access to a semi-honest server resolves the problem of malicious circuit generation. As computation and communication resources have increased, SFE has become practical for common use. A malicious SFE model provides a guarantee of complete privacy of the players' inputs. Existing server-assisted SFE algorithms typically employ Garbled Circuits (GCs). For a detailed discussion of GCs, see, for example, Y. Lindell and B. Pinkas, "A Proof of Yao's Protocol for Secure Two-Party Computation," Journal of Cryptology, 22(2):161-188 (2009).
While such existing server-assisted SFE algorithms have significantly improved the privacy of two party transactions, a number of limitations remain, which, if overcome, could further improve the efficiency, utility and/or security of generic two-party SFE algorithms. For example, in the case of multiple SFE executions between the same parties, there is a need for verifying input consistency between executions. Consider profile matching and match ratio computation. These are the underlying functionalities, for example, in online dating, resume/job matching, profiling for advertisement and other services. In many of these applications, it is important that users cannot manipulate their inputs to extract maximum benefit, but, rather, that the user inputs are consistent among executions. For example, a corporation is running a promotion campaign targeting a certain demographic, and other users should not be able to improperly adjust their profiles to take advantage of the promotion.
A need therefore exists for techniques for ensuring input consistency that allow a party to prove he or she is using the same input that was used in a prior execution.

Input consistency verification for server assisted secure function evaluation


(2S)-[4-(Carboxymethyl)thiazol-2-ylthio]-N-{[4-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methyl}acetamide hydrobromide and a crystal thereof, which resist easy weight change caused by vapor sorption as compared to a free form, and are superior as drug substances of pharmaceutical products, and a production intermediate therefor are provided.

(2S)-[4-(Carboxymethyl)thiazol-2-ylthio]-N-{[4-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methyl}acetamide is a compound described in WO WO2006/028284 (patent document 1). This compound is known to show CCR3 affinity, and is useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases including immune diseases and allergic diseases, for example, asthma, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic myelitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, chronic rheumatoid arthritis and the like.
While patent document 1, Example 2, describes a free form of the aforementioned compound, a specific description of a salt form of the aforementioned compound is not found.    patent document 1: WO WO2006/028284


Systems and methods for estimating the post-treatment ultrafiltration rate of a patient are provided. A medical device can be configured to determine an estimated post-treatment ultrafiltration rate based on one or more values associated with a patient prepared to undergo treatment with the medical device. The medical device can also be configured to compare the estimated post-treatment ultrafiltration rate with one or more threshold values. The medical device can be configured to have an alert module, which can be activated when the estimated post-treatment ultrafiltration rate exceeds the one or more threshold values.

Certain extracorporeal blood treatment systems, such as dialysis systems, use ultrafiltration to remove fluid from a patient undergoing dialysis treatment. Ultrafiltration generally refers to membrane filtration in which forces like pressure lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight can be retained in a retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the filtrate. Ultrafiltration rate generally refers to the rate at which fluid is removed from a patient's body during a dialysis treatment. Excessive ultrafiltration rates may be a major source of morbidity and mortality for dialysis treatments. Because of these hazards, dialysis providers may be required to report ultrafiltration rates to agencies, such as to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) as part of quality incentive programs (QIPs).

Systems and methods for estimating ultrafiltration rates


A resin structure includes: a box-shape main body having multiple regions; and multiple lids assembled to the main body. The main body has a first partition wall extending to separate between a pair of the regions. A first one of the multiple lids covers one of the pair of the regions and has a second partition wall provided at its edge portion. A second one of the multiple lids covers the other of the pair of the regions and has a third partition wall provided at its edge portion. The first partition wall and the second partition wall are located to overlap each other in a thickness direction of the first partition wall to form a multi-layer wall structure, and the first partition wall and the third partition wall are located to overlap each other in the thickness direction to form a multi-layer wall structure.

In a recent year, a resin structure has been proposed in which a plurality of resin bodies are assembled with each other, such as an electric connection box (for example, a relay box) mounted on a vehicle. For example, in one of electrical connection boxes of the related art, a lid having a shape corresponding to an opening of a box-shaped body for accommodating electronic components and the likes is assembled to close the opening.
As for details of the above resin structure, refer to JP 5088090 B and JP 4605143 B.
By the way, depending on the specifications of the electrical connection box, the inside of a main body of the electrical connection box may be divided into a plurality of regions and a plurality of lids corresponding to each of the regions may be used to close an opening of each region. For example, from a viewpoint of improving the maintainability of the electrical connection box, each area may be designed so that a relay is mainly accommodated in one region and a fuse is mainly accommodated in other region. However, when the electrical connection box is divided into a plurality of regions and each region is closed with a lid as such, water blocking property at a boundary between adjacent regions will generally be lower than when there is no such boundary. Not limited to the electrical connection box, in a resin structure having a plurality of internal regions, the water blocking property at the boundary between adjacent regions is reduced in the same manner as described above. Therefore, when providing a plurality of regions in the resin structure as described above, it is desirable to enhance the water blocking property especially at a boundary.


A threaded casing connection for use in drilling-with-casing operations includes an integral, sacrificial wear sleeve on the downhole end of the coupling which has additional wear protection on portions of its outer wall and leading face.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to threaded API casing connections, but more specifically to the couplings for API Buttress threaded casing to be used as a combination drill string and casing string—i.e., Drilling With Casing (DWC).
2. Description of the Related Art
Presently the conventional method for drilling oil and gas wells is to use drill pipe specifically designed for and dedicated to drilling the well bore. Upon drilling a well to completion, the drill pipe is pulled from the well and transferred to the next location for drilling another well. The drill pipe is thus used until it is worn out. The open hole left by the drill pipe is sealed off by running a string of casing pipes to the bottom of the hole and cementing the casing string in place.
In contrast to the above procedure, it is the purpose of new technology to eliminate the use of the above-described drill pipe and instead use the casing string for both drilling the well and casing off the open hole. The procedure is commonly referred to as "Drilling With Casing" (DWC). This procedure has been tried in various parts of the world but with limited success. However DWC offers so much potential for reducing drilling costs that interest remains high throughout the industry and many new projects are aimed at advancing the technology.
In conventional casing usage, the casing and its connections are subjected only to static loads comprising tension, torsion, compression, bending, pressure and any combination thereof. In DWC usage, the casing and connections are not only subject to all of the above static loads, but also to dynamic loads due to rotating the casing at 100 to 150 RPM while drilling the well bore. As the casing rotates and advances down the well bore, the casing string and particularly the connections, which have a larger outside diameter than the casing, are subject to cyclic fatigue loads, severe abrasion wear and impact loading, then finally to all the static loads mentioned above after the casing is set and cemented in the well.
This invention is directed at one of the primary problems associated with DWC—the connections which join each length of casing, one to another. Experience to date with DWC has demonstrated a need for a more robust, yet economical casing connection to withstand the additional rigors of dynamic loading and frictional wear caused by rotating the string while drilling.

Coupling for drilling-with-casing operations


A hair extension applicator including a base, an opening, a needle, a hook, a pair of curved hook extenders, a pair of grips, a concave thumb controller, an activation control, and a motor. The thumb controller has a selectively activated position. The hook is configured to create a loop in a thread when the thumb controller is in the activated position. The needle is configured to stitch the thread through a hair extension when the thumb controller is in the activated position. Each of the pair of hook extenders is configured to protect a user's head from injury.

Various types of hair extension devices are known in the prior art. However, what has been needed is a hair extension sewing device including a base, an opening, a needle, a hook, a pair of curved hook extenders, a pair of grips, a thumb controller, an activation control, and a motor. What has further been needed is for the thumb controller to have a selectively activated position. The thumb controller is in the activated position when a user applies a downward pressure to the thumb controller. Lastly, what has been needed is for the hook to be configured to create a loop in a thread when the thumb controller is in the activated position. The needle is also configured to stitch the thread through a hair extension when the thumb controller is in the activated position. The hair extension sewing device enables a user to avoid the time and effort that is required to sew in a hair extension by hand. Instead, a user can now quickly and efficiently utilize the hair extension sewing device to sew in hair extensions at home or in a salon.


An improved putter having an adjustable handle, shaft, and putter head. The adjustable handle is configured for a first position or a second position. The shaft is connected with the adjustable handle and configured to rotate about the handle. The putter head is connected with the shaft and configured to move in a pendulum motion as the shaft rotates about the handle. The adjustable handle can be placed at a first position such that the handle is substantially perpendicular with respect to the shaft. The adjustable handle can be placed at a second position such that the handle is positioned in a vertical or upright position so that the golfer can easily place the improved putter into the golf bag after putting. In the first position, the golfer can use the pendulum motion of the putter head to putt a golf ball into the hole. Because the pendulum motion provides a stable motion for a putter head, the putter head can strike a golf ball with a higher degree of accuracy by moving along a target line and not deviating from that line. The improved putter also has a slidable grip on the shaft that allows the golfer to have a free flowing putting stroke.

A common goal for golfers is to reduce the number of strokes to their golf game. Reducing putting strokes on the green, however, is a problem area for many golfers. To reduce putting strokes, manufacturers of putters have focused on different putter head designs to improve target accuracy. For example, manufacturers have placed one or more alignment lines or large white dots (which represent aligned golf balls) on the putter heads for targeting a golf ball towards a hole. These types of putters have a number of limitations. For instance, to obtain target accuracy, the golfer must maintain a stable target line throughout the putting stroke. This requires rigid positioning of the arms and hands during the putting motion. Often times, as the golfer moves the putter during the back swing, the putter head goes off the target line causing the golfer to push or pull the putt so that the golf ball goes right or left of the hole. Golfers also tend to lift their head during the putt leaving the putter face open and causing the golf ball to move off target.
Another putter disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,361 disclosed a putter that allowed for a pendulum motion of the shaft for advanced play. This putter, however, was not designed to improve putting accuracy. For example, the handle is positioned vertically with the shaft and putter head, causing the golfer to hold the putter in an awkward position. When holding such a putter, a golfer's hands on the handle and shaft can obstruct the eyesight path to the putter head and golf ball. Such an obstruction impedes the golfer from aligning the golf ball properly when putting.

Golf putter with an adjustable handle and a shaft that rotates about the handle and method for using the same


Systems and methods generate a video for virtual reality wherein the video is both panoramic and spatially indexed. In embodiments, a video system includes a controller, a database including spatial data, and a user interface in which a video is rendered in response to a specified action. The video includes a plurality of images retrieved from the database. Each of the images is panoramic and spatially indexed in accordance with a predetermined position along a virtual path in a virtual environment.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates generally to systems and methods for using video for virtual reality applications, and more particularly for generating a video in response to an action requested by a user to perform virtual movement along a virtual path in a virtual environment and such that the video is both panoramic and spatially indexed.
2. Description of Related Art
There have been many attempts to recreate the experience of "being in a particular place." Traditionally, this was done only through art and descriptive prose. Photography provided a great step forward in the ease and accuracy with which places could be depicted. Motion pictures and video recording provided another important improvement. These conventional mediums provide a user with a view of the space selected by a photographer in advance.
Ideally, reconstructing the experience of "being in a particular place" would allow the user to freely move around, and choose where to look. Conventionally, one approach requires a computer model of the space, and real time view rendering as a user virtually navigates through the space. Another recent approach is to record enough images to approximate the flow of light in any direction and through any point in the space, such as by representing structures using "light fields" or "lumigraphs" over a four dimensional domain.
Two conventional image-based approaches have been previously developed in an attempt to provide the feeling of being in a particular place. One approach is panoramic imagery, which allows a user to freely choose which direction to gaze from a fixed point of view. The panoramas may be recorded digitally, or may use film-based images which are scanned at high-resolution during post-processing. The panoramic images or video may be delivered over the Internet using a streaming system. Another approach is the association of video with paths that a user may follow, or images with points along those paths.

Systems and methods for providing a spatially indexed panoramic video


Methods and apparatus for performing conflict assessments conducted by a software tool, which are particularly suited for monitoring internal conflicts of various countries are disclosed. An application of this method and apparatus to the international community is also disclosed.

Since the end of the Cold War, according to the US Department of State, approximately 100 armed conflicts have erupted worldwide, 35 of which stem from internal disputes based on identity. Collectively, such crises have come to be described generally as "ethnic conflict," a term that refers to inter-group violence based on language, religion, race, ethnicity, sect, class, caste, clan or some combination of these. Such identity wars collectively may be referred to as internal conflict.
While weapons proliferation and terrorism remain serious potential security threats, internal conflict represents the most lethal and actual security threat of our time. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, more people—some estimates put the total as high as 5 million—have died from internal conflict than from international terrorism and interstate wars combined. Far greater casualties could result from a second generation of failed states, particularly in more populous societies.
Anticipating and assessing such conflict is highly complex. It requires extensive knowledge of the societies at risk, as well as the ruling elites, history, culture, demography and economy. Also critical is an understanding of the specific social groups in those societies and their political relationships to each other and to the state. These factors cannot be analyzed by quantitative techniques alone. Another complexity is the fluidity of group identity in such disputes. All individuals hold multiple social identities Each becomes relevant for different purposes in different situations. Shifting identities is not uncommon in conflict that target civilians.
The development of better diagnostic and analytical tools for early warning and policy assessment is needed, both to prevent military intervention, if possible, and to improve preparation, when necessary. Thus far, such methodologies remain elusive. Existing works tend to be too general, lack policy-relevance, verify the obvious or are of limited practical utility. Studies that rely exclusively on quantitative techniques fail to capture key variables that are not subject to statistical verification. They often oversimplify complex situations, lack the texture of "ground truth" in countries at risk, and do not provide an overall analytical framework. Some have argued that we already have adequate early warning from humanitarian workers, human rights organizations, diplomats and international organizations. However, these are actually late warnings that usually sound the alarm after the fire has broken out, when it is often too late to put out the blaze. Early warning should alert the international community before the combustion actively ignites, in sufficient time to respond to and prevent it, hopefully without military intervention.
Furthermore, while the international community has devoted significant attention to post-conflict strategies and the definition of missions for military intervention, it still lacks adequate tools to enable analysts to track a conflict over time—before, during and after violence—so that policy makers can provide continuity in an integrated response over the duration of the conflict and its resolution.
The present invention addresses some of these needs. It presents a methodology to better anticipate, analyze and assess a country at risk as it teeters between war and peace. It can be utilized by multinational organizations, such as NATO, international organizations, such as the UN or World Bank, individual state governments, intelligence analysts, scholars and researchers. The present invention should not be construed as a paradigm for all conflicts (such as revolutionary, ideological or territorial wars), although elements could be adapted and applied to conflicts involving states with homogenous populations. Neither should the present invention be seen as a prescription for specific policies, a formula for predicting international humanitarian responses, or a mechanism for addressing questions of political will or national interest. The present invention may strengthen the capacity of the international community to anticipate and respond more effectively to impending catastrophes. At the very least, leaders will not be able to say that they did not fully appreciate what was happening.


A system and method of performing re-synchronization for a Digital Video Broadcasting over Handheld (DVB-H) receiver, wherein the method comprises performing a time division multiplexing (TDM) data burst transmission sequence on bits of data received by the DVB-H receiver; performing a data bit re-synchronization sequence on the DVB-H receiver; removing an on-chip timer and internal state registers in the DVB-H receiver; and allowing the DVB-H receiver to power off in between receipt of data bursts. Preferably, the removing process reduces the time to perform the re-synchronization in the DVB-H receiver. Preferably, the data bit re-synchronization sequence comprises performing an automatic gain control (AGC) lock process; performing a mode and guard detecting process; performing a frequency offset estimation process; performing a transmit parameter signaling (TPS) detection process; performing a timing and carrier loop lock process; and performing an equalizer delay process.

1. Technical Field
The embodiments herein generally relate to wireless technologies, and, more particularly, to mobile television (TV) technologies.
2. Description of the Related Art
In Digital Video Broadcasting over Handheld (DVB-H) device systems, a time division multiplexing (TDM) based scheme, so called time-slicing, is introduced to reduce the average power consumption in DVB-H receiver. The concept of time-slicing is to send data in bursts using a significantly higher bit rate compared to the bit rate required if the data was transmitted continuously. Within a burst, the time to the beginning of the next burst (ΔT) is indicated. Between the bursts, the data of the elementary stream is not transmitted, allowing other elementary streams to use the bit rate otherwise allocated. This enables a receiver to stay active for only a fraction of the time, while receiving bursts of a request service.
The receiver can sleep for a period of time equal to ΔT before it wakes up again to receive the next burst. In order to wake up again after a period of time ΔT, the receiver has to keep a timer running. This timer times out after ΔT and wakes up the receiver. This timer requires a clock running on-chip during the sleep time, ΔT. This requires having a crystal oscillator (XO) and phase locked loop (PLL) circuits to be running on the chip, which consumes significant power.
Furthermore, before the arrival of the next burst, the receiver has to wake up a bit earlier to synchronize some PHY parameters; e.g., carrier and timing offset, transmit parameter signaling (TPS) information to determine the scattered pilots location for channel equalization, etc. The time required to re-synchronize these parameters determines how early the receiver has to wake up before the arrival of the next burst. The longer the re-synchronization time, the longer the receiver active time is during the burst reception and thus, the higher the average receiver power consumption. In order to reduce the average power consumption, it is essential to reduce the receiver re-synchronization time between bursts. To facilitate the re-synchronization process, an on-chip timer and several internal state registers have be needed to be active while the receiver is in the sleeping mode. This consumes additional power of running the XO, PLL circuits, and timer circuits between bursts. Accordingly, there remains a need for a re-synchronization technique that facilitates low power consumption in a DVB-H receiver.

Host processor assisted fast re-synchronization techniques for DVB-H systems


A method and apparatus for adaptively maintaining the power-frequency spectrum in a reverberation chamber. The invention is thus capable of maintaining a relatively constant power-frequency spectrum in the chamber even when a device under examination is placed into the chamber which exhibits selective frequency absorption and or directional frequency absorption. The object disposed within the chamber need not necessarily be a device under examination. Rather, the present invention can also adaptively maintain a relatively constant power-frequency spectrum when heating any material disposed within a electromagnetic wave chamber.

1. Field of the Invention (Technical Field)
The present invention relates to a method of improving the uniformity of standardized microwave exposures while maximizing the exposure field level for a given Radio Frequency (RF) input power. The present invention is an extension of previous methods in that it is applicable to devices and materials that exhibit frequency-selective microwave absorption, actively adjusting the shielded chamber excitation to maintain a uniform average microwave exposure field.
2. Description of Related Art
RF microwave exposures can be performed in many ways. It can be performed in the free field, often the most realistic situation. Of course, the escape of microwave radiation to the surroundings is guaranteed. Furthermore, high power sources are often needed to assure sufficient electric field at a Device Under Exposure (DUE). Anechoic chambers are used to obviate the first problem: the microwave radiation is contained and absorbed by special wall linings inside of a shielded cavity. The problem still exists that high power sources are necessary for a wide range of exposures, that the direction of incidence of the microwave radiation is from one direction at a time only, and depending on the source, exposures are performed in one electric polarization at a time. RF testing or industrial microwave exposures then become an onerous procedure, onerous especially if only high-level, global results are required.
Reverberation chambers lack the absorbing wall linings that anechoic chamber incorporate. The microwave radiation "fills" the shielded cavity, bouncing back and forth between the walls. The multiplication of the electric field strength in the cavity "hot spots" can be enormous: this is how a microwave oven works. Much lower power sources are required. Furthermore, testing is performed at all angles, directions of incidence, and all polarizations as the radiation bounces around the cavity. The benefits are large for production line microwave exposures: the weakness, however, is equally large. The weakness associated with reverberation chambers is that they have electric cold spots and hot spots interspersed throughout the volume, depending on how the electric fields add and cancel as they bounce around. The position of these can dramatically affect the electric field level to which the DUE is exposed. Worse, the positions of the hot and cold spots depend on the test frequency, as well as the location and orientation of the DUE.
Two solutions have been implemented to mitigate these disadvantages in reverberation chambers. The traditional solution is the one that has received the greatest investment in development; it is known as "mechanical mode-stir". By incorporating a significant moving mechanical feature inside the chamber, the positions of the hot-spots and cold-spots can be shifted back and forth, up and down, so that on average the electric field is the same everywhere inside the chamber. Typical mode-stir devices are giant fans, whose blades rotate to change the effective boundary location of the wall, and rotate rapidly in an attempt to minimize the time that the electric field hot spots exist in any one location. The average shifting times in a good mechanical mode-stir equipped device are in the milliseconds. Despite the fact that modern electronics respond to time scales up to one million times faster than this, mechanical mode-stir has been developed to provide a reliable, well-defined and reasonably inexpensive method of testing.
The competing technology in reverberation chamber microwave exposures is electronic mode-stir. With this background, electronic mode-stir is simple to qualitatively define. Since the positions of the chamber hot-spots and cold-spots depend on the excitation frequency, then by rapidly changing the excitation frequency over a range of values, then these hot-spots and cold-spots can essentially "blur" together. This is accomplished in practice by either sweeping the excitation up or down in frequency, or, by randomly shifting from one frequency or phase to another. The latter method is often referred to as noise excitation.
Noise excitation is particularly simple to implement. A noise signal is combined with a microwave center frequency signal at a balanced mixer, and the result is a fairly uniform band of random frequencies generated above and below that center frequency. With clever system design, this results in a reverberation chamber having an average electric field value everywhere in the chamber, regardless of the center frequency or of the position of the DUE in the chamber.
It is informative to define electronic mode-stir more quantitatively. For a rectangular cavity with perfectly conducting walls, the frequencies at which resonances can exist is given by equation 1, wherein (l, m, n) is any set of non-negative integers, except (0, 0, 0), (a, b, d) are the dimensions of the rectangular cavity, and c is the speed of light.
                              f          lmn                =                              c            2                                                                                (                                          l                      a                                        )                                    2                                +                                                      (                                          m                      b                                        )                                    2                                +                                                      (                                          n                      d                                        )                                    2                                                      .                                              Equation                                                  1
Each mode of the chamber then can be designated by the integer triple (l, m, n). If a is the largest chamber dimension (they may all be equal), then the base frequency of the rectangular chamber corresponds to the mode (1, 0, 0). Below this the chamber is electrically small compared to the excitation frequency, and cannot sustain any resonance at all. As l, m, and n increase and became large, then the frequencies flmn become closer together and eventually form a nearly continuous variable. The result is often called an "over-moded" chamber. The nearly continuous spectrum of chamber excitation frequencies is denoted simply by 'f'.
At large l, m, and n, the total number of all modes excited up to such a high frequency, N, can be closely approximated by Equation 2:N≈lmn  Equation 2.In this high-frequency approximation, Equation 3 shows that for some constant factor γ, the number of modes ΔN within some frequency interval Δf centered at a frequency f is:
                              Δ                                                              N                =                                            24                            V                                      γc              3                                                      f            2                              Δ                                                                          f            .                                              Equation                                                  3            One can see an important result; the number of modes contained in some frequency range is proportional to the volume, and to the square of the frequency. Doubling the volume doubles the number of modes in a frequency range. Double the frequency quadruples the mode structure density. The more modes excited, the better the mode-mixing and the more uniform the microwave exposure inside of the reverberation chamber. In electronic mode stir excitation, one can see that bigger test chambers and higher frequencies are better.
A rule-of-thumb that has often been quoted in electronic mode-stir exposures is that for a given chamber volume and test frequency, the excitation bandwidth should be sufficient to excite at least 60 modes in an over-moded chamber for a statistically significant electric field uniformity. This may arrive at average electric field uniformity variations of about 1 dB. Since more is better, more than a hundred modes should be excited to achieve better than 10% maximum field variation.
Despite the promise of electronic mode-stir to establish rapid electronic testing on electronic time-scales, the concept still has enormous weaknesses. The first weakness is often overlooked, yet very important in RF testing. The typical implementation of electronic mode-stir generation, using a noise generator and a balanced mixer, results in a randomly-generated set of frequencies about the center frequency with the exclusion of the center frequency itself.
The second weakness of traditional electronic mode-stir exposure is far worse. Devices under examination that actually do have significant microwave frequency vulnerabilities will, almost by definition, have correspondingly significant energy absorption at those frequencies. This is a disaster for electronic mode-stir testing. DUEs with significant frequency-dependent microwave absorption therefore change the mode-structure of the excited chamber, and therefore change the average electric field incident upon themselves. Simply put, microwave-absorbing materials or devices exposed in electronic mode-stir chambers change the conditions of their own exposure. In searching for methods of standard industrial microwave exposure, electronic mode-stir is often seen as the first method to discard for this reason alone. There is thus a present need for a method of improving the uniformity of standardized microwave exposures while maximizing the exposure field level for a given RF input power.

Reverberating adaptive microwave-stirred exposure system


An error detector is configured to identify transmission errors and maintain a transmit error counter (TEC) value and corresponding network identifier for each of a plurality of electronic control units (ECUs) connected to a network bus. The error detector is configured to adjust the TEC values for the ECUs based on error frames and inform an intrusion detection system when an ECU changes error state. In this manner, the error detector is configured to help identify and attribute attacks by an impersonating node when a message is received containing the network identifier of a legitimate ECU that is in a Bus Off state.

Increasingly, modern vehicles rely on technology and connectivity that runs on complex software. Modern vehicles have multiple dedicated computers, often referred to as "electronic control units" (ECUs), for controlling various aspects of a vehicle's operation. These ECUs may, for example, control the vehicle's engine, various driver assistance technologies (e.g., forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking, and vehicle safety communications), and entertainment systems. Many of these ECUs are networked together in the vehicle environment. As the automotive industry moves towards connected cars and autonomous vehicles, cybersecurity is becoming a growing concern for vehicle manufacturers. Systems and components responsible for vehicle operation need to be protected from harmful attacks, unauthorized access, damage, or anything else that might interfere with important vehicle functions. Such unauthorized access is often referred to as an "intrusion." The methodology of detecting unauthorized access to computer networks or electronic systems is often referred to as "intrusion detection."

Attributing bus-off attacks based on error frames


Systems and methods are described that enable handwriting into a data-entry field on a screen without independently selecting that data-entry field. These systems and methods can also provide a handwriting guide geographically associated with a data-entry field into which a user is intending to write that permits substantially all of a computing device's screen to be viewed.

Many computing devices, such as hand-held computers, PDAs, and Palm Pilots™, enable users to enter text and commands by handwriting over the device's screen. Ink recognition software can convert this handwriting into text or a command that the device can understand.
Prior to enabling handwriting into a particular data-entry field, these devices often require that a user independently select the data-entry field into which the handwriting text is to be entered. A user can select the data-entry field with a writing gesture called "tapping", after which the device can enable handwriting of text into the selected data-entry field. This and similar requirements make these devices less intuitive and hence, more difficult for new users to use. That is, many users are most comfortable with handwriting on a paper medium, not computing devices. The more user-intuitive paper medium does not require a user to tap a field on a page in order to write into that field.
As noted above, once a data-entry field is selected on a computing device, such as by "tapping" on the field, the device typically enables a user to enter text into the selected data-entry field. To guide the user's handwriting, some devices have a screen area, often a narrow rectangle at the bottom, into which a user can write. Handwriting made into this writing area can be entered as text into the data-entry field. This writing area, however, can be geographically unassociated with the data-entry field into which the user is attempting to enter text. That is, in many systems, this writing area is limited to a particular geographic location, while the data-entry field can be anywhere on the screen.
This disjoint or non-logical association between the data-entry field and where the user actually writes can reduce the user's ability to mentally retain the field's context. The user may want to view or otherwise ascertain the information currently in or surrounding the data-entry field when handwriting in the writing area. To view or ascertain such information, the user may have to change his or her focus from the writing area to the data-entry field and its context. Needless to say, this can be distracting.
Additionally, the area allotted for handwriting can be quite small. Especially for devices with fairly small screens, having a small portion of that screen for handwriting can make handwriting difficult. A small area, for example, can make it difficult for a user to write large enough for ink recognition software to convert the handwriting to text. And, a small area can restrict how much a user can write at once, potentially slowing or causing the user to lose his or her train of thought.
Some other computing devices enable a user to enter text into a previously selected data-entry field by handwriting anywhere over the device's screen. Allowing a user to write anywhere on a screen can cause numerous problems. First, it can confuse users because the location at which the user writes can be geographically unassociated with the field, thus facilitating a user's forgetting which field was originally selected. Once the user begins to write, for instance, they can get distracted and mentally lose track of the selected field. Second, when a user is not given guidance in terms of acceptable character size, he or she may write too large or too small. A user may, for instance, attempt to write or cram everything inside a data-entry field that may simply be too small to accommodate all that the user intends to write. Small handwriting can be difficult for ink recognition software to recognize and may also be a strain on the user. On the other hand, handwriting that is too large can cause a user to run out of room on the screen. Third, allowing users to write anywhere can permit them to write at an angle which, in turn, may cause ink recognition software problems insofar as the ability to recognize tilted handwriting is concerned.
Still other computing devices can enable a user to enter text into a previously selected data-entry field via a pop-up window. When a user selects the data-entry field, the device can pop up a window, usually just below the field. This pop-up window, however, can obscure part of the screen. By so doing, the window can obscure features and information that a user might need. For example, if a user wants to write notes for a 9 a.m. meeting into his or her day-timer and needs to concurrently see what he or she has to do at 10 a.m., for instance, the pop-up window may prevent the user from seeing this information by obscuring the 10 a.m. field.

Systems and methods for handwriting to a screen


A system and method for providing programming-language-independent access to file system content. In one embodiment, the system may include a storage device configured to store a plurality of files and a file system configured to manage access to the storage device and to store file system content. The file system may include a programming-language-independent interface whereby an application accesses the file system content.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to computer systems and, more particularly, to file-based storage systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Computer systems often process large quantities of information, including application data and executable code configured to process such data. In numerous embodiments, computer systems provide various types of mass storage devices configured to store data, such as magnetic and optical disk drives, tape drives, etc. To provide a regular and systematic interface through which to access their stored data, such storage devices are frequently organized into hierarchies of files by software such as an operating system. Often a file defines a minimum level of data granularity that a user can manipulate within a storage device, although various applications and operating system processes may operate on data within a file at a lower level of granularity than the entire file.
In some file-based computer systems, various types of information about files, also referred to as metadata, may be stored in addition to the files themselves. However, in typical conventional computer systems, access to files and their metadata by application software is provided by an interface specific to a particular programming language, operating system, or hardware architecture. In such systems, for applications using a new programming language, operating system, or hardware architecture to be given access to files and metadata, a separate interface may need to be provided.
Creating and supporting new interfaces may require additional programmer effort, such as coding and verification effort. Further, as types of interfaces multiply, the effort required to maintain them over time increases. Additionally, if a unique interface is provided for each programming language, operating system, or architecture scenario, such interfaces may diverge considerably in their support for various features of file and metadata access. For example, not all interfaces may provide all programming languages the same level of access to file data and metadata. Such divergence among interfaces may complicate the application programming task and hinder acceptance of a given file format among developers.

System and method for providing programming-language-independent access to file system content


A playlist containing a plurality of tracks is filtered to generate a customized subset or window of tracks for playback. The method includes automatically determining user preference data for each of the plurality of tracks based on the user's conduct when each of the plurality is accessed for playback. The tracks in the playlist are reordered after each track is accessed based on the user preference data. A subset of the playlist is selected for playback based on the reordered track arrangement.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to digital media products. More particularly, the present invention relates to interfaces and methods for accessing and organizing digital music content and other tracks.
2. Description of the Related Art
Digital content has evolved dramatically in terms of scope and prevalence over the past several years. For example, analog sources such as vinyl records played back on turntable playback units have been substantially replaced by portable CD ROM players or personal portable players having MP3 (Motion Picture Experts Group, Audio Layer III) and other audio digital file playback capabilities. Recently, personal portable media players have seen increasing popularity. More recently, portable media players have offered the storage of digital audio files in fixed or removable memory. In order to expand the content available from the fixed capacity of the memory, the digital files are often stored in compressed form and played back by the device after decoding.
As semiconductor process gate lengths have decreased, available memory capacities have increased. In turn, this enables the storage of a greater number of tracks on portable devices. Although improved navigation techniques have permitted users to access individual songs quickly, many users yearn for a simplified experience. One technique that has freed the user from a series of selection activities is the playlist. A playlist is a user defined collection of songs ordered for playback. Many users prefer to organize tracks in accordance with playlists to simplify their experience.
These playlists are often created based on metadata regarding the tracks. For example, applications running on the host computer may allow the user to select attributes for the tracks to be added to a playlist, with the hope that the program selected tracks are found suitable by the user. Unfortunately, many tracks placed into the playlist by these automatic playlist generation algorithms are deemed undesirable by the user. Moreover, the users' interests may change over time with the result that tracks initially favored by the users over time may lose their appeal. Many programs allow the user to access the playlist from the host computer and make manual deletions or additions. But these techniques require an investment of the user's time and reflect the user's views only as current as the last time the host computer's program was accessed.
For users that didn't want to take the time to generate playlists, devices offered 'random' playback options (often called 'shuffle') to mix up the play order of the stored tracks. This too, led to undesired results and a less then enjoyable experience.
It is therefore desirable to provide a method of providing a listing of tracks for playback that tracks the user's preferences in a more dynamic fashion and that doesn't require him to constantly access the host computer to modify playlists.

System and method for modifying media content playback based on an intelligent random selection


A thin film transistor array panel according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes: an insulating substrate; a gate electrode disposed on the insulating substrate; a gate insulating layer disposed on the gate electrode; a semiconductor disposed on the gate insulating layer; a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed on the semiconductor; an ohmic contact layer disposed at an interface between at least one of the source and drain electrodes and the semiconductor. Surface heights of the source and drain electrodes different, while surface heights of the semiconductor and the ohmic contact layer are the same. The ohmic contact layer is made of a silicide of a metal used for the source and drain electrodes.

(a) Technical Field
The present disclosure is directed to a thin film transistor array panel and a manufacturing method thereof.
(b) Description of the Related Art
In general, a thin film transistor array panel includes a gate electrode disposed on a substrate, a gate insulating layer disposed on the gate electrode, a semiconductor layer disposed on the gate insulating layer, a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed on the semiconductor layer and facing each other with respect to the gate electrode, and an ohmic contact disposed between the source electrode and drain electrode and the semiconductor layer.
In addition, a thin film transistor array panel typically includes a channel formed in the semiconductor layer between the source electrode and the drain electrode that is referred to as a horizontal channel.
An interval between the source electrode and the drain electrode has a minimum size that is determined by the resolution of the light exposer used to form the source electrode and the drain electrode in a photolithography process. Accordingly, reducing the length of the interval between the source electrode and the drain electrode to be less than the light exposer resolution is a challenge.
In addition, parasitic capacitance between the gate electrode and the source electrode and between the gate electrode and the drain electrode generated by an overlap between the source electrode and drain electrode and the gate electrode decreases an on-current of the thin film transistor.
Furthermore, the ohmic contact is made from an impurity-doped portion of the semiconductor layer that is formed under the source and drain electrodes, and forming the ohmic contact may damage the channel portion of the semiconductor layer.

Thin film transistor array panel and manufacturing method thereof


A coulter adjusting device for use in a reversible plowing machine having a non-reversible mast frame, a bottom frame secured to the non-reversible mast frame in such a manner as to be rotatable or reversible relative to the non-reversible mast frame, a rotatable shaft for rotating or reversing the bottom frame, plural pairs of bottoms fixed to the bottom frame such that each pair of bottoms is secured to upper and lower sides of the bottom frame respectively, and coulters provided in correspondence with each pair of bottoms, at least one of the coulters being secured to the non-reversible mast frame, includes an adjusting mechanism the position of the coulter secured to the non-reversible mast frame by inclining the coulter on a plane perpendicular to a plowing direction by an angle corresponding to the plowing depth, or by moving the coulter in the plowing width direction by an amount corresponding to the tread of a tractor interlockingly with a reversing operation of the bottom frame.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a coulter adjusting device for a reversible plow, and particularly to a coulter adjusting device for a reversible plow in which a coulter fixed to a mast frame side is swingable (i.e., movable angularly) and/or movable in a plowing width direction in accordance with variation in the plowing depth or the tread of a tractor for hauling the reversible plow.
2. Description of Related Art
A bottom plowing machine is conventionally used as one type of agricultural machine for performing plowing. In order to perform plowing of a field using the bottom plowing machine, the bottom plowing machine is hauled by a tractor while a bottom of the bottom plowing machine plows the soil with a predetermined plowing depth. In the conventional bottom plowing machine, during the plowing operation, the soil (i.e., conglomerate clay) is plowed up (scraped out) by the bottom to form a groove and the plowed-up soil is placed at only the right side of the groove with respect to a plowing direction while the plowing machine is reversed. After one groove is formed, the tractor is turned on a headland, and then the above operation is repeated to form the next groove. Therefore, to perform plowing with the conventional bottom plowing machine, an opening (i.e., grooving) operation must be performed at a central portion of a field (i.e., several portions of the field when the field is wide) initially, and then a predetermined plowing operation in accordance with a plowing manner is carried out. As a result, in the plowed field, the reversely scraped-out soil is piled symmetrically with respect to the groove which is formed during the plowing operation. Therefore, plowing and preparation of the field takes a long time, and the headland must be plowed up and the plowed-up soil is reversely piled up at the last stage, so that the conventional bottom plowing machine has poor working efficiency.
Recognizing that the working efficiency could be improved if plowing is continuously carried out, a reversible plowing machine has been recently proposed which has bottoms at upper and lower sides of a bottom frame. In a plowing operation using the reversible plowing machine, the tractor is turned on a headland after plowing one line on a field (that is, one groove is formed), and then the bottoms at the upper and lower sides are reversed to plow an unplowed line adjacent the plowed line. Therefore, a continuous plowing operation can be carried out using the reversible plowing machine by intermittently reversing the bottoms.
The reversible plowing machine comprises a reversible plow frame to which bottoms are secured, a non-reversible mast frame which is linked to a tractor through a three-point link, and coulters each provided in correspondence with each bottom and which serve to cut the soil. In a conventional bottom plowing machine using fixed or non-reversible bottoms, each of the coulters is fixedly disposed in front of each corresponding bottom in a plowing direction because the bottom itself is fixed or non-reversible. Accordingly, a problem occurs in the positioning of the coulters.
As the simplest means of solving this problem, a reversible bottom plowing machine as shown in FIG. 16 may be employed. As shown in FIG. 16, all coulters 1a, 2a, 3a, and 4a which are assigned to bottoms 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, are secured to a plow frame 5 so as to be rotatable together with the plow frame 5 relative to a non-reversible front frame 7 by extending and contracting a reversing cylinder 6. This machine has no problem in construction as compared to the system above, but has a problem in the driving force for plowing. That is, the plowing machine having the construction as described above has an extremely long body at the rear side of a cross bar, and thus a point of application of force against tractive resistance for the plowing is excessively deviated to a rear side, so that the tractor's driving force is ineffectively used.
In order to overcome the above disadvantages, a first coulter which is assigned to a first bottom (i.e., nearest to the tractor) is fixedly secured to a mast frame serving as a non-reversible or fixed member. However, a plow width (defined as the width of an area to be plowed in a plowing operation for one line) is unintentionally varied due to inclination of a tractor which is also varied in accordance with a plow depth (defined as the depth of the area to be plowed), so that the position of the coulters must be adjusted in a width direction of the plowing in correspondence with a reversing operation of the bottoms.
Further, in a tractor having a prescribed tread, a first coulter is frequently not disposed in front of a corresponding first bottom after the reversing operation of the bottoms. That is, the disposed position of the coulter in the reversing operation is dependent on the tractor tire tread. Accordingly, the position of the coulters must also be adjusted in the width direction in accordance with the tractor tread. To meet such a requirement, the plowing machine is mechanically more complicated.
In order to solve the problem in the position adjustment of the coulters, the same applicant has previously proposed two types of coulter adjusting devices as disclosed in Japanese Post-Examined Publication Nos. 61-25321 and 1-59841, respectively.
According to the coulter adjusting device as described above, the adjustment of offset and inclination of the coulters which are caused by a reversing operation of the bottoms can be performed by effectively using the property of the reversible plow machine. However, conventionally this adjustment has been manually carried out by the operator, and thus the adjustment operation is relatively cumbersome.

Coulter adjusting device for reversible plow


Provided is a method of performing communication by using a plurality of network interfaces mounted on a communication terminal apparatus. The method includes allocating different Internet protocol (IP) addresses corresponding to the plurality of network interfaces to a plurality of applications of the communication terminal apparatus, relaying data transmitted or received between the plurality of applications and the plurality of network interfaces based on the allocated IP addresses, and simultaneously performing communication with an external network by the plurality of network interfaces through the relaying of the data.

1. Field of the Invention
Aspects of the present invention relate to a method of and apparatus for performing communication by using a plurality of network interfaces mounted on a communication terminal apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, a plurality of network interfaces have been mounted on various portable apparatuses such as notebooks, portable multimedia players (PMPs), personal digital assistants (PDAs), and cellular phones. FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams for explaining an operation of a conventional portable apparatus having a plurality of network interfaces mounted thereon.
Referring to FIG. 1A, the portable apparatus includes a plurality of applications 102, 104, 106, and 108 and a plurality of network interfaces 112, 114, 116, and 118. The plurality of network interfaces 112, 114, 116, and 118 include an IEEE 802.11g interface 112, a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) interface 114, a wireless broadband (WiBro) interface 116, and a Bluetooth interface 118. In FIG. 1A, the plurality of applications 102, 104, 106, and 108 all communicate with an external network 120 by using the IEEE 802.11g interface 112. In FIG. 1B, the plurality of applications 102, 104, 106, and 108 all communicate with the external network 120 by using the WCDMA interface 114.
Conventionally, even when the plurality of network interfaces 112, 114, 116, and 118 are mounted on the portable apparatus, as illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the plurality of applications 102, 104, 106, and 108 all communicate with the external network 120 by using a single network interface 112 or 114. As a result, the remaining network interfaces, except for the single network interface 112 or 114, cannot be utilized, resulting in degradation of communication efficiency.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Communication terminal apparatus and method of performing communication by using plurality of network interfaces mounted on the communication terminal apparatus


The present invention provides for a construction for a bipolar plate for a fuel cell stack that enables the bipolar plate to be a more compliant member in the fuel cell stack. The bipolar plate can be configured to provide varying levels of compliance, as demanded by the design of the fuel cell stack. The bipolar plate can be more compliant than the diffusion media members and the active elements used to form the individual fuel cells. The compliant nature of the individual bipolar plates enables localized dimensional changes that occur within the fuel cell stack to be compensated by a localized deformation of the portions of the bipolar plate within that region. The bipolar plate has an internal coolant flow field where some opposing pairs of lands are spaced apart with a gap therebetween while other opposing pairs of lands are in contact with one another.

Fuel cells have been proposed as a power source for electric vehicles, stationary power supplies and other applications. One known fuel cell is the PEM (i.e., Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell, which is an acid-type fuel cell. Other types of fuel cells include alkaline-type, molten-carbonate-type and solid-oxide-type. A PEM fuel cell includes a so-called MEA ("membrane-electrode-assembly") comprising a thin, solid polymer membrane-electrolyte (active element) having an anode on one face and a cathode on the opposite face. The MEA is sandwiched between a pair of electrically conductive contact elements which serve as current collectors for the anode and cathode, which may contain appropriate channels and openings therein for distributing the fuel cell's gaseous reactants (i.e., H2 and O2/air) over the surfaces of the respective anode and cathode. A diffusion media member is disposed between the MEA and each electrically conductive contact element. The diffusion media is operable to transport the fuel cell's gaseous reactants from the flow channels to the catalyst layers on the MEA. The diffusion media members require a compressive force to be exerted thereon to achieve a desired low electrical contact resistance to facilitate the collection of electrical current by the current collectors.
Fuel cell stacks typically comprise a plurality of fuel cells stacked one upon another. In PEM fuel cell stacks a plurality of the MEAs are stacked together in electrical series while being separated one from the next by an impermeable, electrically conductive contact element known as a bipolar plate or current collector. In some types of fuel cells each bipolar plate is comprised of two separate plates that are attached together with a fluid passageway (internal cavity) therebetween through which a coolant fluid flows to remove heat from both sides of the MEAs. In other types of fuel cells the bipolar plates include both single plates and attached together plates which are arranged in a repeating pattern with at least one surface of each MEA being cooled by a coolant fluid flowing through the two plate bipolar plates.
The plurality of stacked fuel cells form a fuel cell stack which is compressed to hold the plurality of fuel cells in a compressive relation. The fuel cell stack requires a significant amount of compressive force to squeeze the fuel cells of the stack together. The need for the compressive force comes about from the internal gas pressure of the reactants within the fuel cells plus the need to maintain good electrical contact between the internal components of the fuel cells.
During the manufacture of the fuel cell stack, the fuel cells are compressed to an initial compressive state. Subsequent operation of the fuel cell stack can cause the compression of the fuel cells to change. The change can occur in an overall compression of the entire fuel cell stack or in localized changes in the compressive force experienced by individual fuel cells or portions of a single fuel cell or adjacent fuel cells.
These changes in the compressive force imparted on the fuel cells and/or fuel cell stack can be detrimental. Excessive compressive forces can cause premature failure of individual fuel cells and/or the entire fuel cell stack. When the compressive forces are too low, the output of the individual fuel cells and/or the entire fuel cell stack can be degraded. Thus, it would be advantageous to compensate for the dimensional changes that occur within the fuel cell stack while maintaining the compressive force on the fuel cells and the fuel cell stack within a predetermined range.


A body and any occupant of a land vehicle (10) is protected against effects of a landmine explosion, by conducting shock waves laterally outwardly by means of one or more shock wave guide members (16, 18) of a material having high acoustic velocity, and located proximate a ground engaging element (12) of the vehicle. The material may be glass, ceramic or the like having an acoustic velocity of about 6000 m/sec or more, i.e. higher than other materials of other components of the land vehicle. Shock waves encounter less resistance in high-acoustic velocity materials and are thus conducted laterally outwardly, i.e. away from the body. The shock wave guide members may be located immediately above bottom runs of tracks (12) and annularly within wells of bogey wheels (14) of track vehicles; and annularly around hubs or within tyres of wheels of wheeled vehicles.

When a vehicle sets off a landmine, generally the landmine explodes underneath a ground engaging element such as a wheel or track of the vehicle because of the ground pressure created by said ground engaging element on the landmine.
Japanese patent document having publication number 2002090095, discloses an apparatus for removing a mine buried under the ground surface. The apparatus includes a composite rotor having a plurality of generally coaxial rollers loosely located with lost motion in a radial direction over a fixed axis shaft mounted on, so as spatially to lead, a vehicle. The rollers can individually follow contours, hollows, humps, etc. to trigger landmines. Behind the rotor there is provided a protective plate screening the landmine blast and protecting the vehicle and an occupant.
Japanese Patent document having a publication number 2002340499, discloses a rotor including a plurality of blades. The rotor is rotated to cause the blades to cut into a ground surface to destroy mines. A curved safety cover is provided over the rotor to protect the vehicle and a driver from sand, mud and landmine fragments. A lower level grader-like blade deflects sand, mud and mine fragments laterally to provide a smooth running surface for the vehicle. It is notable that the vehicle is not intended to trigger landmines to explode, but to destroy landmines before explosion. The inventor thus did not anticipate landmine explosions and resulting shock waves.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,990 discloses a scarifying drum leading a track vehicle to explode landmines. A flap is provided over the drum to act as a shield.


The invention relates to a rolling system for rolling strip-shaped rolling stock, comprising at least one first (1, 5) and one second reel (20), and at least one reversing frame (8, 13) between the two reels (1, 5, 20) and comprising associated coil transport means (22, 23, 28) for feeding or removing coils of the rolling stock to and from the respective coil transfer stations (24, 29), if present, and comprising transverse transport means (27) for the coil transport between the coil transfer stations (24, 29, 30). The invention is characterized in that a single common coil transport means (25), by which the coils can be transported from or to the transverse transport means (27), is disposed downstream of the coil transfer stations (24, 29).

The invention relates to a rolling plant for rolling strip-shaped rolling stock with two or three reels and at least one roll stand between the two reels, and with corresponding coil transporting means for supplying or removing coils of the rolling stock to the respective coil transfer stations, and with a transverse transport means for the coil transport between the two coil transfer stations.
A rolling plant of this type is known from EP 0 618 018 B1.
Known rolling plants are equipped with a separate take-off reel and with at least two additional reels, usually two reels, which serve as reversing reels. All arriving coils are placed on a take-off reel. The departing coils are picked up by a different reel, or by both other reels (take-up reel). There are also rolling plants in which arriving coils are placed on a reel and are then again also picked up from this reel. This reel is a take-off and take-up reel. A reel which serves for taking-off and taking-up is called a reversing reel.
The departing coils are picked up by one of the two take-up reels each by means of a coil transport carriage. This carriage transports the coils to further run-out devices, such as, for example, a coil scale, a coil binding machine, a coil marking machine, a coil inspecting machine, etc. There are also plants in which the coils are picked up by a first coil transport carriage and are transferred to a further coil transport carriage or another transport device.
Each of the two take-up reels is equipped with its own separate removal transporter and run-out device; this means that the removal transport and run-out devices of the two reels are separate.

Rolling system for rolling strip-shaped rolling stock


A differential amplifier comprises a plurality of first switching elements configured to output differentially amplified signals through output terminals when a voltage level of a first input signal and a second input signal belongs to a first range and a plurality of second switching elements configured to output the differentially amplified signals through the output terminals when the voltage level of the first input signal and the second input signal belongs to a second range.

1. Technical Field
The embodiments described herein relate to semiconductor circuit technology and, more particularly, to a differential amplifier and an input circuit using the same.
2. Related Art
A conventional semiconductor memory device includes a signal transferring unit for receiving and transferring a signal and a signal processing unit for processing the signal transferred from the signal transferring unit according to a prescribed operation.
A conventional signal processing unit is also called a core circuit. A conventional core circuit integrates different kinds of elements. In fact a conventional core circuit will includes as many elements as is possible within the limits of the associated design technology and the processing capacity of the semiconductor memory device.
For example, a conventional core unit includes an input circuit for transferring an input signal to the core unit, and an output circuit for outputting data from the core unit.
The input circuit receives various signals transferred from the outside, namely, an address signal, a clock signal, and data signal and transfers them to the core circuit positioned inside the semiconductor memory device. The output circuit outputs the data, which correspond to the received address. Therefore, the input circuit, which receives the data and address signals, should perform an accurate buffering operation to ensure reliable operation.
A conventional input circuit includes a differential amplifier having a MOS transistor (hereinafter, a transistor). The operational characteristic of the transistor can be changed by a PVT (process, voltage, temperature) fluctuation. Also, when the input circuit is included in a mobile device, a termination operation is not performed in order to minimize operating current and conserve power; however, forgoing the termination operation can result in a voltage change. This is because the termination operation controls the voltage levels of input signals 'IN' and 'VREF' to be within a prescribed range, to cope with the fluctuation of external high and low voltages (VDD) and (VSS), '.
As shown in FIG. 1, when the termination operation is performed, the input signals 'IN' and 'VREF' have a voltage swing that is bounded by the external high voltage (VDD). The input signal 'IN' can be a clock signal and the input signal 'VREF' can be out of phase with the clock signal.
Meanwhile, as shown in FIG. 1, when the terminal operation is not performed, the input signals 'IN' and 'VREF' swing in an abnormal voltage range that can be bounded by an external low voltage (VSS). In such situations, the middle voltage (Vmp) of the input signals 'IN' and 'VREF' is less than ½(VDD) because of the termination operation is not performed. AS a result, the gate-source voltage (Vgs) of a transistor that receives the input signals 'IN' and 'VREF' can be low as compared with the threshold voltage (Vth) of the transistor. When the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is lower than the threshold voltage (Vth), the transistor cannot operate, and thus the input circuit operates abnormally or cannot operate at all.
Although the duty ratio of the input signals 'IN' and 'VREF' is constant, if the input circuit operates abnormally or cannot operate at all, then the duty ratio of an output signal of the input circuit can be distorted. As shown in FIG. 2, when the middle voltage (Vmp) is less than 50 percent of the external voltage (VDD), the duty ratio of the output signal of the input circuit is rapidly distorted to be less than 50 percent. If the duty ratio is distorted, the margin of a setup/hold time is reduced. Eventually, the semiconductor memory device will produce an output error.

Differential amplifier and input circuit using the same


Apparatus, and an associated method, for facilitating optimization of the communication capacity of a communication system. A selector is coupled to receive channel state information associated with the channel conditions upon subcarriers defined pursuant to an OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) the selector operates to select communication allocation of the data to be communicated on the different ones of the subcarriers. Selection is made pursuant to a selected optimization scheme. And, bit and power profiles are formed that are utilized to control the modulation scheme by which data is modulated upon the different subcarriers. As channel conditions change, the communication allocations are adaptively altered.

The need to communicate data is an endemic necessity of modern society. Data is communicated through operation of a communication system. In a communication system, the data is communicated between a sending a station and a receiving station. The sending and receiving stations are connected together by way of a communication channel.
Data that is to be communicated by the sending station is converted into a form to permit its communication upon the communication channel. When the data is communicated upon the communication channel, the data is delivered to the receiving station. Once delivered at the receiving station, the informational content of the data is recovered.
A wide variety of different types of communication systems have been developed and are regularly utilized to effectuate communication of information between the sending and receiving stations. And, new types of communication systems have been, and continue to be, developed and constructed as a result of advancements in communication technologies.
A radio communication system is exemplary of a type of communication system that has benefited from advancements in communication technologies. In a radio communication system, radio links are utilized upon which to define communication channels that extend between sending and receiving stations operable therein. The need otherwise to utilize fixed, wireline connections upon which to define communication channels is obviated. Reduced infrastructure costs are, accordingly, generally associated with radio communication systems. And, radio communication systems can be constructed to permit one or both of the sending and receiving stations to be mobile.
The radio links, upon which the communication channels are defined, are formed upon a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The communication capacity of a radio communication system is, however, sometimes constricted by bandwidth limitations associated with the bandwidth of the electromagnetic spectrum available to a communication system upon which to form communication channels. When the communication capacity of the communication system is constrained in this manner, the communication capacity of the system can be increased only through more efficient utilization of the allocated bandwidth.
Digital communication techniques are implemented in many communication systems, and the use of such techniques permits the communication capacity of a communication system to be increased. The use of digital communication techniques generally permit the bandwidth allocated to the communication system to be utilized more efficiently.
Digital communication techniques typically involve digitizing data that is to be communicated into digital form to form digital bits. The digitized bits are sometimes then formatted into sequences referred to as packets or frames. While different communication systems define the groupings of digital bits in different manners, the terms packet and frame shall, at times, be used interchangeably herein to refer to any set, or group, of digital data that is communicated during operation of a communication system.
Sequences of the data forming the packets or frames can be communicated at discrete intervals and thereafter connected theretogether to recreate the informational content of the data. Because packets or frames of data can be communicated at the discrete intervals, a frequency band need not be dedicated solely for the communication of data generated by one sending station for transmission to one receiving station, as conventionally required in circuit-switched communications. Instead, the frequency band can be shared amongst a plurality of different sending and receiving station pairs. Because the same frequency band, e.g., radio link, can be utilized to effectuate communications by the plurality of pairs of communication stations, improved communication capacity is possible.
Conventional local area networks (LANs) communicate packets of data to effectuate communications between sending and receiving stations defined therein. Wireless networks, operable in manners analogous to LANs, referred to as WLANs (wireless local area networks) have also been developed and are utilized to communicate data over a radio link.
The standards of operation of an exemplary WLAN are set forth in the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 802.11 specification. The system standard set forth in the specification provides for multi-user communications.
At least one implementation of a WLAN anticipates, or otherwise uses, OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) techniques. OFDM effectively forms a hybrid of a multi-carrier modulation (MCM) and frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation. Frequency-divided carrier frequencies are defined in an OFDM system, and the carriers are selected to be orthogonal to one another, such as by separating the carriers by integer multiples of the inverses of symbol durations of parallel bit streams that are to be applied thereto. The orthogonal carriers are transmitted simultaneously thereby permitting an entire allocated channel to be occupied through an aggregated sum of narrow, orthogonal subbands.
Various techniques are used in conventional, wireline communication systems that utilize OFDM. In particular, a so-called, water-filling technique is sometimes utilized to facilitate optimal utilization of the subcarriers defined in the OFDM system. However, such conventional water-filling techniques do not provide a dynamic allocation scheme needed for a radio application. That is, the communication characteristics of channels defined upon a radio link are much more likely to be adaptively alterable due to fading characteristics regularly exhibited upon radio channels. And, a more dynamic allocation scheme than that provided by a water-filling technique for use in a radio communication system.
Accordingly, an improved manner by which to allocate communications on the subcarriers are defined in a communication system, such as a WLAN, that utilizes OFDM techniques would be advantageous.
It is in light of this background information related to communication systems that utilize OFDM, or other multi-carrier modulation techniques, that the significant improvements of the present invention have evolved.

Apparatus, and associated method, for facilitating communication allocation in a radio communication system


A log splitter which includes an elongated frame having a reservoir for hydraulic fluid a wedge secured to one end of the frame and a hydraulic cylinder and ram/piston secured to the other end of the frame. The ram/piston being movable toward and away from the wedge. The reservoir includes an inlet and outlet and a discharge tube associated with the inlet or outlet and having a length effective to discharge incoming fluid into the reservoir at a position remote from the inlet to prevent short circuiting. A log splitter and arm for mounting the splitter to a vehicle having a hitch style receiver secured to the rear of the vehicle. The splitter is adapted to be secured to an elongated arm and supported above the ground. The splitter's linear working action is substantially normal to the vehicle's direction of movement.

Wood in the form of logs is frequently used as a fuel in stoves, fireplaces, furnaces and at remote locations such as campsites. The log must be of a size suitable for use. Usually this means that the log is to be cut and split to size. Such sizing can be by a hydraulic log splitter wherein a hydraulic ram drives the log against a wedge which splits or cuts the log.
Frequently the source of wood or logs is in a remote location, such as a forest. Thus, it is necessary to bring the log splitter to the location. In addition, the site where the wood is to be used can be nearby or may be a substantial distance from the site where the wood is to be collected or secured. Thus, it is desirable to transport the log splitter to the collection or use site using a vehicle such as a pick-up truck which can travel on a highway or road at speeds such as 55 miles per hour (mph).
However, it has been found that available log splitters are not suitable for highway use since they are not towable at highway speeds. Moreover, such log splitters present problems when the vehicle is backed up, particularly as it can't be seen due to its short width.
Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a log splitter and mounting system for a pick-up truck or similar vehicle, that is to be used on a highway, at highway speeds, which mounting system is compatible with such use.
Furthermore, it is desirable to provide a splitter than can be used for residential projects, can be stored in a residential garage, can be moved by hand, can be used at a camp site and can be easily shipped. Conventional and available splitters are too large and too heavy for such uses and/or shipment.
Thus, it is another object of this invention to provide a splitter which fulfills such residential or local uses and can easily be shipped.
These and other objects of this invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims.