A process for producing and recovering light alcohols, particularly ethanol, alcohol mixtures containing ethanol, and ABE mixtures (alcohol mixtures containing acetone, butanol and ethanol), using a combination of steps including fermentation, first membrane separation, dephlegmation and dehydration by second membrane separation.

Ethanol, an alcohol derived primarily from the fermentation of sugars, is a sustainable, low cost and environmentally-friendly energy alternative to fossil fuel. It is compatible with current and future transportation systems and results in near-zero net greenhouse gas emissions. The sugars required for the fermentation process may be obtained from multiple sources, and any substance capable of being treated to yield fermentable sugars may be considered a potential feedstock for ethanol production. These potential feedstocks include, but are not limited to, starches, plant matter (also called biomass) and food matter.
In some cases the feedstock may be a waste product from another process, such as wood pulp from paper-making or corn-stover from food crops. In other cases feedstocks may be grown specifically as a source of raw material for ethanol production.
Interest in ethanol as a fuel source is not new. In 1896 Henry Ford built his first automobile, the Quadricycle, to run on ethanol. A Model T designed in 1908 contained a carburetor adjustment that could allow it to run on ethanol. The design proved unsuccessful however, as high ethanol taxes led people to favor gas.
Demand for ethanol fluctuates with the rising and falling availability of oil, peaking during times such as World Wars I and II or the energy crisis of the 1970s. In the 1980s, U.S. Congress enacted a series of legislative measures aimed at making ethanol more attractive to potential producers. Today, as concern over the depletion of fossil fuels grows, interest in ethanol as a fuel source is again on the rise. As of January 2005, there were 87 U.S. ethanol plants with a total production capacity of 3,557 million gallons per year. Another 16 plants with a total production capacity of 681 million gallons per year are under construction.
Increasingly, farmers are investigating the value of adding an ethanol production facility to their operations. The benefits to the rural community in terms of job growth and economic opportunity are many. However, most ethanol production today is being done at large centralized processing facilities, because the methods currently used are economically viable only at capacities of 30 million gallons per year or more. There exists a need for more cost-effective ethanol recovery processes that will allow ethanol production to occur at the local level. Such production will bring benefits not only locally, but nationally and globally.
Interest in the production of other light organic compounds, for example acetone and other light alcohols, by fermentation is also increasing. In particular, the use of butanol as a biofuel or fuel additive is of interest.
In some cases, the raw materials that comprise the feedstock used to produce bioethanol may not contain any or sufficient fermentable sugars, so various conversion techniques may be used to obtain fermentable sugars, particularly from cellulosic or lignocellulosic materials. A recent survey of such approaches is given in Mosier et al., "Features of Promising Technologies for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass," Bioresource Technology 96, pp 673-686, 2004.
Early work on recovering ethanol from lignocellulose-containing material is described in U.S. Pat. No. 1,323,540, to Brown. The process includes a saccharification step, in which cellulose is broken down to sugars by acid hydrolysis. Numerous other patents describe hydrolysis of cellulosics by acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis or other methods. Representative patents include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,990,945; 4,174,976; 4,409,032; 5,628,830 and 6,333,181.
A recent innovation, known as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), combines saccharification and fermentation into one step. U.S. Pat. No. 4,009,075, to Bio-Industries, describes a representative SSF process.
Recovery of ethanol from fermentation broth has been performed traditionally by filtering out solid material, and separating ethanol from water by distillation. U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,036, to Hayes, describes a process for manufacturing ethanol from sugar cane in which a membrane separation step is used to separate ethanol from water by pervaporation, and in which the ethanol-rich permeate vapor from the membrane separation step is passed for purification to distillation/rectification.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,975 to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., describes a process for separating organic compounds from water using a combination of pervaporation and dephlegmation. The process can be applied to ethanol/water separation. U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,975 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,899,743, to Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., described a process for separating organic/organic mixtures using a combination of membrane separation and dephlegmation.


A first light feedback element is arranged at an optical distance L1 from a front facet of a semiconductor laser from which an output light is emitted on an optical path of the output light. An i-th light feedback element is arranged at an optical distance Li from the front facet on the optical path of the output light, where i=2 to n, n is a positive integer not less than 2, and Li>L1. L1 and Li satisfies ((M−1)+0.01)<(Li/L1)<(M−0.01), where M is a positive integer not less than 2, satisfying (M−1)<(Li/L1)≦M.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser device.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the field of optical communications, an optical transmission system using a wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) system has been developed to achieve high-capacity transmission. As a pump light source for an optical fiber amplifier used in the WDM system, there is an increasing demand for a pump semiconductor laser in 1480 nm or 980 nm band. It is known that a technology of providing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in an optical fiber is very effective in stabilization of the wavelength of a laser light emitted from a semiconductor laser device.
There has been a conventional problem in the semiconductor laser device using the FBG, of temporal instability due to fluctuation of the output power of the emitted laser light.
As a method of mitigating this problem, a method of providing an extra FBG of equal half width of a reflectance-wavelength spectrum and of equal reflectance to those of the other FBG in the optical fiber is proposed. In McGowan and D. Crawford, ThGG42 "Dual Bragg Grating Frequency Stabilization of a 980 nm Diode Laser", OFC2002 Technical Digest, pp. 671-672, in particular, conditions for obtaining a stable laser output are studied by variously changing an interval between FBGs or a distance from a semiconductor laser to one of the FBGs, which is closer to the semiconductor laser.
If a light output is unstable in a semiconductor laser device using the FBG, an oscillation spectrum is observed as a phenomenon such that the oscillation longitudinal mode of the semiconductor laser temporally switches between a single-mode state and a multi-mode state. To stabilize the light output, it is important to always maintain multi-mode oscillation. Such an oscillation state is called "coherence collapse". The technology disclosed in the above literature is effective to obtain such a coherence collapse state. However, even if the multi-mode oscillation is maintained, the light output still sometimes fluctuates temporally.
Although temporal fluctuations of the light output tend to occur around a threshold current of the semiconductor laser in general, the stabilization of the light output is required even in a current range closer to the threshold current because of recent improvement in performance of optical fiber amplifiers.


Apparatus and associated methods relate to a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based gas sensor including an electrolyte contacting one or more top electrode(s) arranged on the bottom surface of a top semiconductor substrate (TSS), and one or more bottom electrode(s) arranged on the top of a bottom semiconductor substrate (BSS), the TSS and BSS joined with an adhesive seal around the electrolyte, the sensor including one or more capillaries providing gaseous communication to the electrolyte from an external ambient environment. The electrodes may be electrically accessed by one or more vias to externally accessible bond pads. In some examples, an electrical connection may be made from an additional bond pad on top of the TSS to the electrolyte. Various embodiments may reduce the size of various gas sensors to advantageously allow their inclusion into portable electronic devices.

Electrochemical gas sensors are gas detectors that measure the concentration of a target gas by oxidizing or reducing the target gas at an electrode and measuring the resulting current. These types of sensors may contain one or more electrodes in contact with an electrolyte. Gas may diffuse into the sensor through a porous membrane to a working electrode where it is oxidized or reduced. This electrochemical reaction may result in an electric current that may pass through an external circuit for intensity measurement, for example.
Gas sensors may be employed for personal safety in settings where dangerous gases may suddenly exist. The sensors may trigger audible alarms and/or visible warning lights.

Electrochemical gas sensor constructed with MEMS fabrication technology


A pneumatic tire comprises a carcass extending between bead portions through a tread portion and a pair of sidewall portions, and a sidewall rubber disposed axially outside the carcass in each sidewall portion, the sidewall rubber comprising an axially outer layer and and an axially inner layer, the outer layer disposed along the outside of the tire and containing powder rubber, the inner layer disposed along the axially inside of the outer layer and containing no powder rubber, the thickness of the outer layer being 3 to 50% of the total thickness of the sidewall rubber, and the outer layer composed of 100 parts by weight of a base rubber compound and 5 to 20 parts by weight of the powder rubber. The powder rubber has a maximum particle diameter of 30 to 80 meshes.

The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire, more particularly to an improved sidewall.
In general, as shown in FIG. 4, a sidewall rubber (d) disposed in the sidewall portion (b) of a pneumatic tire (a) is formed by applying a raw sidewall rubber portion (da) on the outside of a carcass (c). Then, the assembled raw tire is put in a vulcanizing mold.
The raw sidewall rubber portion (da) is typically wound in a roll (r) as shown in FIG. 5, with a separator (f), (e.g. a polyethylene film disposed between the windings to prevent their adhesion).
Accordingly, before applying the raw sidewall rubber (da) on the carcass (c), the separator (f) must be removed, which decreases production efficiency.
Further, because the outside of the raw sidewall rubber in the raw tire is adhesive, when putting the raw tire in the mold, the outside is liable to adhere to the inside of the mold irregularly. Thus air-filled spaces are liable to form. Such spaces result in blemishes the outside of the finished tire.

Pneumatic tire with double layer sidewall


A stadium-styled universal seat cover that converts to a backpack or tote. More specifically, a convertible seat cover having a front wall with first and second lateral edges, and first and second edges. The front wall also has first stitching adjacent to the first edge. The front wall further has a first channel. A rear wall extends from the second edge. The rear wall has third and fourth lateral edges, and a third edge. The rear wall further has second stitching adjacent to the third edge. An engaging wall extends from the third edge. The engaging wall has first and second lateral walls, and a fourth edge. The engaging wall further has third stitching adjacent to the fourth edge; and a cord assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to seat covers, and more particularly, to seat covers that convert to backpacks or totes.
2. Description of the Related Art
Applicant believes that one of the closest references corresponds to U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0179756 A1, published on Sep. 16, 2004 to Hisato Kani for Storage Bag. However, it differs from the present invention because Kani discloses a storage bag that includes a string for closing an openable and closeable opening portion. The storage bag is fun in that contours and expressions of animals or human figures drawn on a bag body change. Ear portions 3, which resemble those of a human figure or an animal, project from both sides of an opening edge of the bag body 2, and a string 1 is disposed in the bag body 2 except for the ear portions 3. The storage bag is configured so that the ear portions 3 rise up when the string 1 is pulled and the opening is closed
Applicant believes that another reference corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. D584,894 S issued to Javaughn McDaniel on Jan. 20, 2009 for Carrying Bag. However, it differs from the present invention because McDaniel teaches an ornamental design for a carrying bag.
Applicant believes that another reference corresponds to U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0284631 A1, published on Nov. 11, 2010 to Alexander S. Lee for Bag, Tote, and Backpack with Channel-Anchored Drawstrings. However, it differs from the present invention because Lee teaches a drawstring bag comprising (i) a flexible container, which has at least one wall, a closed bottom, an open top, and a channel comprising at least two openings, (ii) a first drawstring, the ends of which are anchored at or near the first opening, (iii) a second drawstring, the ends of which are anchored at or near the second opening, and (iv) optionally, grips adjacent to the first and second openings; a tote comprising the drawstring bag and at least one handle and/or a strap comprising elongated grips connected by an opener; a backpack comprising the drawstring bag, first and second points of attachment at or near the edge of the at least one wall at the closed bottom end of the container through which the drawstrings pass, and, optionally, at least one handle and/or a strap comprising elongated grips connected by an opener, and/or drawstring length adjusters; and a method of stabilizing a drawstring in a flexible container.
Applicant believes that another reference corresponds to U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0026159 A1, published on Jan. 29, 2009 to Mazur et al. for Systems and Methods for Organizing, Storing, and Carrying Items. However, it differs from the present invention because Mazur teaches an organization system may include a storage device comprising a plurality of compartments, wherein the plurality of compartments comprise at least a first compartment having a first characteristic feature and at least a second compartment having a second characteristic feature that differs from the first characteristic feature. The organization system may also include a first portable container comprising the first characteristic feature and a second portable container comprising the second characteristic feature.
Applicant believes that another reference corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 8,491,976 B2 issued to Sato et al. on Jul. 23, 2013 for Laminate, Package, Packaging Sheet, Packaging Material, Labe and Container. However, it differs from the present invention because Sato teaches a laminate and the like capable of improving the barcode reading accuracy with a configuration having a smaller number of layers is provided. Further, a laminate and the like capable of further improving the barcode reading accuracy and further reducing the size of a barcode portion even when applied to a conventional layer configuration is provided. The laminate includes a colored barcode print layer 5, a base material layer 1, and a bead-containing coating layer 7 having beads 7b dispersed in a resin 7a.
Other patents describing the closest subject matter provide for a number of more or less complicated features that fail to solve the problem in an efficient and economical way. None of these patents suggest the novel features of the present invention.


A structure of seat back in vehicle seat, wherein a back board element is provided the said backward side of the seat back in such a manner as to normally provide a substantially flat plane rigid enough to withstand one load applied toward a backward side of the back board element, thereby to allow the back board element to be usable as a means for carrying load and cargo thereon, while being resiliently deformable in a backward direction of the vehicle seat by another load applied toward a seat occupant's back support side of said seat back. A plurality of crevices may be defined properly in one side of the back board element so as to effectively permit the back board element to be either in the substantially flat state or in a resiliently deformable state.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a structure of seat back of a vehicle seat, wherein the seat back is provided, at the back side thereof, with a back board which can serve as a load-carrying platform or cargo loading area in a vehicle.
2. Description of Prior Art
Among various kinds of seats, there is known a fold-down rear seat of the type allowing its seat back to be foldable onto its seat cushion, thereby allowing the back side of the seat back to be transformed into a load-carrying platform area in a cabin section or a cargo loading section in a vehicle cabin, as found in a recreational vehicle, a mini-van, a station wagon, a small-sized vehicle, or the like.
In most cases, this sort of fold-down rear seat is provided with a back board at the back side thereof. One typical example of such back board is known from the Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2000-125796, according to which, one piece of robust flat panel having a high rigidity is disclosed.
Normally, a cabin or a cargo loading section in vehicle, which can accommodate the fold-down rear seat of the foregoing type, requires formation of a storage space in the floor so as to allow both of seat cushion and seat back of the seat to be stored in that storage space, such that, when the seat back is folded down onto the seat cushion, the back side of the seat back is set in registry with the upper surface of the floor. In view of such structural requirement, it is desirable that a whole of the seat, or, particularly the seat back, should be made small in thickness. Particularly, the same goes for a small-sized vehicle.
To meet this demand, it would be necessary to reduce the thickness of foam padding (i.e. a cushion body) in the seat back so as to provide a relatively thin seat back. However, when it comes to attaching the foregoing conventional rigid back board to the back side of such thin seat back, a degree of elasticity of the padding will be limited by the rigid back board, resulting in a poor cushioning effect of the padding. In other words, a passenger resting on the seat back will feel, at his or her back, the hardness of the back board, due to the reduced thickness of the padding in the seat back, with the result that a comfortable seating touch is not attained.


A laser pointer offered as a kit for woodworkers using blocks of wood of their choice to create hand crafted laser pointers. Similar to woodworking pen kits these Laser pointer kit for woodworkers create high quality “executive” style pens, this invention provides the ability to create “executive” style laser pointers that is certified to meet applicable U.S. laser safety requirements.

Woodworking is a craft in which people make things out of wood as a hobby or professionally. There is a large market that exists in woodworking kits whereby woodworkers purchase project kits. These project kits come with hardware and instructions to make the object simpler to build, as opposed to designing and/or sourcing the all the necessary hardware themselves.
Some project kits include everything required to craft the object including the wood. As an example, a bird house. The kit would comprise of all the necessary wood cut to the actual dimension, so the woodworker uses the kits and follow the instructions to build them.
Other project kits include everything except the wood. This gives the woodworker all the necessary hardware needed to complement the wood design for the final product. An example would be a knife kit. It would include instructions, the metal blade, and fastening hardware. The woodworker will choose their own type of wood and craft a wooden handle and use the hardware to complete the assembly.
There are many types of kits specifically for "wood turners". Wood turners are a type of woodworker who uses a lathe to "turn" wood. There are several kits available for wood turners in the market today for novelty and professional instruments. Pen kits are the most common. A pen kit normally comprises of instructions and all the non-wooden parts such as the end cap, tip, refillable pen, pocket clip, metal housing tube. Other types of wood turner kits include candlesticks, peppermill, bottle opener, etc. The woodworker will procure a "blank" which is commonly a rectangular block of wood for the wood turner to craft into a cylindrical piece that will fit the hardware provided in the kit. Wooden blanks come in many species of wood. Different wood species provide the woodworkers many options to choose from for color, texture, and grain patterns. There are even types of "blanks" made of non-wood materials such as plastic, stone, antlers, horns, etc.
Pen kits are very popular for wood turners. They are relatively simple to create and to make for gifts or to sell as high-quality pens which rival high-end pen manufacturers. The price of hand crafted executive pens is in the hundreds of dollars.
There are currently no laser pointer kits available in the market with the features and method to assemble as the one demonstrated here. This new kit meticulously follows the government regulations for laser pointers including those required by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The governing body within the FDA that controls lasers is the CDRH. A laser pointer kit will create a new demand for wood turners to be able to create high quality, hand crafted laser pointers like pens.


A hold-up time extension controlling device for a power supply, that has a power factor correction circuit, a hold-up time extension circuit, a hold-up time controlling circuit, a storage capacitor and a DC to DC converter. The hold-up time extension controlling device has a switch and an auxiliary capacitor. When an AC power source is normal, the switch is controlled to turn on according to the power factor correction circuit to make the auxiliary capacitor connecting to the storage capacitor in parallel to averagely have a ripple current. When the AC power source is interrupted, the switch is controlled to turn off. At the time, the hold-up time extension circuit obtains a storage power of the auxiliary capacitor and then output to the DC to DC converter to keep the voltage of the storage capacitor at a preset voltage for a long time.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a power supply, and more particularly to a power supply having an extending hold-up time controlling unit.
2. Description of Related Art
Power systems are necessary elements for industrial equipments, and more specifically to an AC to DC power supply, which is one type of the power system. One important characteristic of the AC to DC power supply is hold-up time. When the line power is interrupted, the AC to DC power supply has to supply DC power for a while to let the load have enough time to storage data and orderly terminate the operation.
A general AC to DC power supply mainly has a rectifier, a power factor correction circuit, an output capacitor and a DC to DC converter. The output capacitor is coupled between outputs of the power factor correction circuit and inputs of the DC to DC converter. In the normal condition, the output capacitor has a function of suppressing ripple current. Once the AC power source supplied to the rectifier is interrupted, the output capacitor discharges a storage current therein to the DC to DC converter. The DC to DC converter outputs the DC power to the load for a while after the AC power source is interrupted, so the load shuts down safely.
Based on the foregoing description, a function of extending hold-up time is required by each power supply. Since a capacitance of the output capacitor determines the hold-up time, the output capacitor usually uses a bulk capacitor. However, the bulk capacitor has a large size to occupy a larger space in the power supply. Therefore, the bulk capacitor limits the miniaturization scale of the power supply.
To solve the foregoing drawback of the general AC to DC power supply, a hold-up time extension circuit is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,504,497 (hereinafter '497 patent). With reference to FIG. 4, the hold-up time extension circuit (90) is electronically connected to a power supply having a rectifier (70), a diode (DBO), a DC to DC converter (80), an output capacitor (CBO) and an auxiliary capacitor (CBAUX). The rectifier (70) is coupled to the DC to DC converter (80) through the diode (DBO). The output capacitor (CBO) is electronically between the cathode electrode of the diode (DBO) and a ground. The auxiliary capacitor (CBAUX) is electronically between the anode electrode of the diode (DBO) and the ground. The end of the auxiliary capacitor (CBAUX) connected to the anode electrode of the diode (DBO) is also electronically connected to the hold-up time extension circuit (90). The output of the hold-up time extension circuit (90) is electronically connected to the input of the DC to DC converter (80).
When a voltage (VBO) stored in the output capacitor (CBO) is lower than a preset voltage, the auxiliary capacitor (CBAUX) discharges a storage current therein to the hold-up time extension circuit (90). The hold-up time extension circuit (90) converts the storage current of the auxiliary capacitor (CBAUX) and then outputs to the DC to DC converter (80). Therefore, the voltage of the output capacitor (CBO) is not decreased to zero in a short time and is extended.
Even thought the hold-up time extension circuit (90) of the '497 patent still has obvious drawbacks as follows.
1. In the normal condition, the output capacitor and the auxiliary capacitor are electronically connected in parallel. However, a diode is electronically connected between the output and auxiliary capacitors, so a positive voltage (about 0.7V) dropped at the diode exists between the output and auxiliary capacitors. The 0.7V voltage results that an output current with a large ripple current from the rectifier is output to the output capacitor. Therefore, the operation life of the capacitor is decreased. That is, under a normal condition of the AC power source, the auxiliary capacitor and output capacitor can not share averagely, so the output capacitor has a shorter operation life and easily becomes useless. Accordingly, an operation life of the AC to DC power supply is also decreased.
2. The AC to DC power supply including the hold-up time extension circuit of the '497 patent still uses a bulk capacitor to be the output capacitor to increase its operation life under receiving the larger ripple current condition. Therefore, the AC to DC power supply including the hold-up time extension circuit of the '497 patent does not reduce the entire size wildly.
With reference to FIG. 5, a circuit for maintaining hold-up time while reducing a size of the bulk capacitor size and improving efficiency in a power supply is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 7,061,212 (hereinafter '212 patent). The power supply with a maintaining hold-up time circuit has a bridge rectifier, a first stage boost converter (110), a second stage boost converter (120), and a DC to DC converter (130). The first and second stage boost converters (110, 120) are electronically in serial between the bridge rectifier and the DC to DC converter (130). Therefore, the capacitors (118, 128) of the first and second stage boost converters (110, 120) commonly receive the ripple current from the bridge rectifier and are used to supply power to the DC to DC converter (130) when the AC power source is interrupted.
The power supply of the '212 patent uses two stage boost converters (110, 120) to solve the drawbacks of the power supply with the hold-up time circuit of the '497 patent. However, the inductor (112, 122) and diode (116, 126) of the two stage boost converters (110, 120) cause power consumption in partial to decrease the power efficiency of the AC to DC power supply.

Power supply having an extending hold-up time controlling unit


There is realized a control device capable of speeding up an output response without causing deterioration in the resolution of a time-proportional output. The control device controls a control object at a ratio of ON-time to OFF-time for a time-proportional output. The control device comprises a PID computation unit for executing PID computation of deviation between a set value and a measured value from the control object, an integrator for sequentially adding up control output values each representing the result of the PID computation executed by the PID computation unit, an ON/OFF determination unit for determining whether the time-proportional output is turned ON or OFF on the basis of an integrated value of the integrator, and a time-proportional output unit for turning the time-proportional output ON/OFF on the basis of a determination value of the ON/OFF determination unit.

With a control device such as temperature controllers, programmable logic controller, and so forth, a time-proportional output is used as one of outputting methods. With the time-proportional output, the magnitude of an output is expressed in terms of an ON-time ratio within a cycle time.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional control device, and FIG. 6 is a diagram for describing an operation of a conventional time-proportional driver.
In FIG. 5, a control device 10 controls a control object 20 according to a ratio of ON-time to OFF-time of time-proportional output. A PID computation unit 11 executes PID computation of deviation between a set value SV and a measured value PV from the control object 20, thereby delivering a PID computation output as a control output value MV. A time-proportional driver 12 delivers a time-proportional output corresponding to the control output value MV to the control object 20 upon receiving the control output value MV.
In FIG. 6, 10 ms (in the case of 50 Hz) or 8.666 ms (in the case of 60 Hz), corresponding to one half of a commercial power supply cycle, is often selected as resolution of ON-time, and a cycle time is decided in consideration of a minuscule value expressed in terms of the control output value MV.
For example, in the case where a power supply of 50 Hz is in use, and the control output value MV is expressed by the step of 0.1% in a range of 0 to 100%, a cycle time of at least 10 s (1000 times 10 ms) is required in order to express the time-proportional output in terms of the same minuscule step. When the cycle time is set to 10 s, according to the time-proportional output with the control output value at 40%, the control device 10 is ON for 4 s (Ton), and is OFF for 6 s (Toff).
For example, in JP 2000-47703 A, there has been disclosed a time-proportional type control device capable of accurately and speedily providing a control object with results of output control for controlling the control object.

Control device for controlling a control object at a ratio of on-time to off-time for a time-proportional output


The present invention provides a black and white photothermographic material having, on at least one side of a support, at least a photosensitive silver halide, a non-photosensitive organic silver salt, and a reducing agent for silver ions, wherein the reducing agent for silver ions is a compound represented by the following formula (PP) and having a molecular weight of from 450 to 3000, and the black and white photothermographic material further comprises a compound represented by the following formula (II).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a black and white photothermographic material. More particularly, the invention relates to a black and white photothermographic material which exhibits excellent image tone, excellent raw stock storage stability, and excellent image storage stability.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, in the field of films for medical diagnosis and in the field of films for graphic arts, there has been a strong desire for decreasing the amount of processing liquid waste from the viewpoints of protecting the environment and economy of space. For this reason, technology regarding thermal developing image recording materials for medical diagnosis and for graphic arts, which can be exposed effectively by laser image setters or laser imagers and thermally developed to obtain clear black-toned images of high resolution and sharpness, is required. The thermal developing image recording materials do not require liquid processing chemicals and can therefore be supplied to customers as a simpler and environmentally friendly thermal processing system.
Thermal image forming systems utilizing organic silver salts are described, for example, in the specifications of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,152,904 and 3,457,075 and in "Thermally Processed Silver Systems" by D. Klosterboer, appearing in "Imaging Processes and Materials", Neblette, 8th edition, edited by J. Sturge, V. Walworth, and A. Shepp, Chapter 9, pages 279 to 291, 1989. All patents, patent publications, and non-patent literature cited in this specification are hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. In particular, photothermographic materials generally have an image forming layer in which a photosensitive compound (for example, silver halide), a reducing agent, a reducible silver salt (for example, an organic silver salt), and if necessary, a toner for controlling the color tone of developed silver images are dispersed in a binder. Photothermographic materials form black silver images by being heated to a high temperature (for example, 80° C. or higher) after imagewise exposure to cause an oxidation-reduction reaction between a reducible silver salt (functioning as an oxidizing agent) and a reducing agent. The oxidation-reduction reaction is accelerated by the catalytic action of a latent image on the silver halide generated by exposure. As a result, a black silver image is formed in the exposed region.
The photothermographic materials utilizing an organic silver salt have an advantageous characteristic of containing all components necessary for image formation in the film in advance and being capable of forming images only by heating. However, on the other hand, the photothermographic material has a problem in that it is difficult to attain high sensitivity due to generation of fog. In addition, the photothermographic material has a problem relating to storage stability in which, for example, sensitivity changes or fog increases during storage thereof. Moreover, because photosensitive silver halide grains remain in the material after image formation, there are serious problems in that film turbidity becomes high due to light absorption and light scattering, and fog increases during placement of the images under light conditions, which is called print-out.
As a reducing agent in the photothermographic material utilizing an organic silver salt, an o-bisphenol derivative is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2001-92075.
On the other hand, JP-A Nos. 2001-312026, 2003-215767, and 2003-215764, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,166 disclose photothermographic materials containing a color developing agent and a coupler. These materials use photosensitive silver halides such as silver chloride, silver bromide, silver chlorobromide, silver iodobromide, or silver iodochlorobromide. Because light scattering and light absorption due to the silver halide increase turbidity and opacity of the film, fogging becomes extremely high and is as high as 0.58 to 1.2 as described in the Examples of the above specifications. Accordingly, as described in JP-A Nos. 2003-215767 and 2003-215764, the obtained image is a primary image and is not an image for being directly viewed, and accordingly, the image is digitalized, and image processing is performed to reduce fogging and adjust gradation and color tone, whereby it is attempted to form a reprocessed image which can be provided for viewing.
The use of sulfonamido phenols as color developing agents is known. For example, JP-A Nos. 2001-330923, 2001-330925, and 2002-49123 disclose the use of a dye formed by a process using a coupling reaction of an oxidation product of sulfonamido phenols with a coupler, in order to improve image tone of a black and white photothermographic material. However, the use of conventional reducing agents and couplers cannot provide an image with desired color density and favorable color tone. There exists a problem in that yield of dye becomes low, because the reaction of forming a dye from a coupler and a developing agent is prevented by other various reactions that occur simultaneously at the time of development. For this reason, the conventional technology is insufficient to obtain desired color-forming dye density. Increasing the amount of coupler or developing agent for use in order to gain dye density is not only ineffective, but also does not satisfy photographic performance under the present circumstances because of occurrence of deterioration in storability.

Black and white photothermographic material


In order to reduce a possibility of damaging a seedling in the event of transplant of unit nursery beds when the seedlings are replanted from a seedling tray that supports unit nursery beds individually planted with seedlings germinated from seeds to a hydroponic panel capable of securing a longer seedling-to-seedling distance, a seedling transplanter (1) includes: a seedling tray (3) supported by a frame (2) and configured to support a nursery bed (7) having unit nursery beds (71) separable from each other and arranged in two directions on a plane; a hydroponic panel (4) supported by the frame (2) and provided with holes (41) for storing the unit nursery beds (71), the hydroponic panel (4) serving as a transplant destination of the unit nursery beds (71) on the seedling tray (3); and a holding member (5) supported by the frame (2) pivotally around a vertical axis and vertically movably to separate the unit nursery bed (71) from the nursery bed (7) by holding any one or a plurality of the unit nursery beds (71) on the seedling tray (3) arranged in the outermost side of the nursery bed (7) from a lateral face side of the unit nursery bed (71) in a width direction of the unit nursery bed (71), insert the unit nursery bed (71) into the hole (41) of the hydroponic panel (4), and release the unit nursery bed (71).

In a nursery bed where plants are planted in a seed state and germinated seedings are planted, the seedlings are divided into seedling units and are planted for each unit nursery bed partitioned (arranged) in two horizontal directions. For this reason, when the seedings are replanted from a seedling tray that supports the nursery bed to a hydroponic panel capable of securing a large distance between adjacent seedlings, the plants are moved (transplanted) to the hydroponic panel arranged in a separate position while being held in each unit nursery bed (see Patent Documents 1 to 4).
In the nursery bed, the unit nursery beds are arranged while making contact with each other in two directions. Therefore, a plant is moved (transplanted) to the hydroponic panel for each unit nursery bed by holding (gripping) a seedling protruding from the nursery bed (Patent Documents 1 and 2) or by holding the unit nursery bed with a holding (gripping) tool (Patent Documents 3 and 4). Here, if a seedling that has just germinated from the unit nursery bed is directly held, the seedling is highly likely damaged. Therefore, it is considered that the method of holding the unit nursery bed (Patent Documents 3 and 4) is appropriate in order to avoid any damage to the seedling.


A stackable tray for paper stock, drawings sheets, or the like comprising a bottom panel, opposing side walls extending upwardly from the bottom panel along the side edges thereof, and front and walls extending upwardly from the bottom panel along the front and rear edges thereof. The front wall is comprised of a pair of spaced apart front wall segments defining an opening traversing substantially the length of the tray. The walls define a top ledge extending upwardly and a bottom ledge extending downwardly. The top and bottom ledges are sized and positioned so that the top ledge of one tray is received within and bounded by the bottom ledge of a like tray when the trays are stacked, or vice versa. The bottom panel defines a plurality of recesses aligned in rows and columns. A cross brace traverses each tray and is received within a recess formed in the underside of the bottom panel. The walls and bottom panel are molded to form inner and outer shell segments with a hollow cavity therebetween, with the lower shell segment of each square recess extending upwardly adjacent to the upper shell segment of the bottom panel. The trays may be stacked with the openings facing the same or opposing directions relative to one another. Each tray will support a large weight of paper stock without flexing or bending to obstruct the opening of a tray lower in the column, and without breaking or becoming dislodged.

This invention relates generally to open stackable platform trays for storing drawing sheets, paper stock, and the like.
Various types of platform trays are known to the art, and are used as an alternative to flat files, tubes, lockers, and vertical slat cabinets for storing large drawings sheets, paper stock, and the like in a flat, generally horizontal planar orientation.
One type of stackable modular interlocking tray utilizing molded plastic body with steel reinforcing is known, and has been marketed under the name of Sort-A-System.TM. by the Fidelity Products Company. Each Sort-A-System.TM. tray was capable of holding paper sheets having dimensions up to 26" by 393/4", and provided an open front through which the paper sheets could be removed or replaced.
However, the Sort-A-System.TM. trays present significant limitations. Despite the steel reinforcement, the trays cannot support a large volume of paper stock without bending or collapsing. The trays are limited to a smaller and non-standard sized paper sheet, while most paper stocks are obtained and maintained in sizes up to 42" by 32". The rear and sides of the Sort-A-System.TM. trays are generally open, which permits dust to build up on paper stock if left unused for a significant time, and which can expose the paper stock to uneven or inconsistent light and cause bleaching or discoloration of portions of the stock. Moreover, the legs of the Sort-A-System.TM. trays used to interlock trays stacked in a column are formed separately from the tray bodies and affixed to the tray bodies during assembly, thus producing projections that extend outwardly from the lines of the trays and create obstacles to working around the column of trays, create weak points where the legs could separate from the tray bodies and be damaged, and also producing visual discontinuity and a less aesthetically pleasing appearance.
The weight of a volume of paper stock can be difficult to calculate unless the particular type of paper stock is designated. For example, a text paper may be termed a "basis 24" with a size of 17" by 22" (432 mm. by 559 mm.) This means that one ream of five hundred 17".times.22" sheets of that stock will have a weight of 24 lbs. A similar weight text paper might be a "basis 80" with a sheet size of 25" by 38" (635 mm. by 965 mm.) In each case, the sheets may have different thicknesses so each ream of five hundred sheets has a different height, but each sheet has an effective density of 118 g/m2. That is, in the case of the basis 80 paper, each sheet has an area of 0.61 m2 and a weight of approximately 72.3 g., and a ream of five hundred such sheets would have a weight of approximately 36.15 kg. or 80 lbs. In contrast, a standard cover stock might be basis 100 with a sheet size of 251/2" by 38" (648 mm. by 965 mm.), and have a sheet density of 270 g/m2.
When converting these designations to a standard large sheet size of 32" by 42" (813 mm. by 1067 mm.), it may be seen that a ream of the basis 80 text stock would weigh approximately slightly over 51 kg. or 112 lbs., and a ream of the cover stock would weigh slightly over 117 kg. or 257 lbs. The relative heights of each ream might be the same but are likely to be significantly different from one another.

Stackable and reversible trays for storing drawing sheets, paper stock, and the like


The invention relates to a display stand including a backrest which can slide along a rail by a manually-actuated tab so as to form an adjustable area for displaying articles. The invention is characterized in that the stand also includes an independent backstop device which operates by co-operation between at least one notched extension located at the sliding backrest and at least one complementary toothed counterpart positioned on the rail supporting the backrest.

The arrangement of the articles on the selling premises in the form of a stack of packages is hardly attractive to customers, such unstable constructions lead to rapid dissemination of the packages throughout the shelf spaces with a mixture of the different articles. An arrangement of the packages on the edges thereof and without a particular display rack brings about the same shortcomings.
The presentation of the articles on the selling premises and notably in the shelf spaces in the supermarket, has involved for some time more and more sophisticated means to meet the customers' expectations. The customers expect easy access and rapid visualization of the product which they are looking for and that, regardless of the height of the shelves, it is therefore particularly important that the arrangement of the articles in the department should enable to expose the visual items printed on the packaging. From a management viewpoint of the selling premises, it is moreover desirable to improve the display efficiency of the articles on the racks, to limit the arrangement time or the replacement time, and to do so, display racks which are more functional than simple shelves are necessary.
To solve the shortcomings associated with stacked articles, different devices have been suggested for more advantageous and more functional presentation in the shelf spaces. Entirely automatic display racks enabling the articles to move forward towards the customers as they are taken off the racks may be realized, but the high costs of such racks limit the use thereof to automatic dispensers such as those delivering beverage cans or sweets, in public places notably.
There are also semi-automatic devices which use a push-type system with a rail-mounted recall spring, which system comprises a set of mechanically fragile parts for an intensive use and is moreover relatively costly to manufacture.
In supermarkets, the large number of shelves to be equipped, and the fact that customers help themselves induces the necessity of highly heavy-duty racks, quite reliable functionally and of very low costs. To remedy certain shortcomings, various devices have been suggested for edge-standing articles, using a rack moving over a toothed rail. However, this system does not enable to solve an essential operating problem of such type of display rack for edge-standing articles, which consists in preventing the articles from returning to the rear of the bracket, acting as a support, under the effect of the weight of the articles or careless handling of the customers when grabbing said articles.
When the display rack has been loaded with articles over the whole length thereof by the staff of the store, the customers seize the first elements exhibited, then as the rail becomes empty, it is necessary to bring the rear support forward for easier access to the commodities. Still, failing any anti-recall system, the mobile support returns rapidly backwards during usage and the articles become again hardly accessible to the customers.
To attempt at solving this problem, different solutions have been suggested, with a ladder bracket assembly whereas both parts co-operate, or different rail-mounted devices. However, these presentation assemblies are complex, comprise parts whereof the manufacture is delicate and which prove brittle when using.
The purpose of the invention consists then in solving the main difficulties encountered by the display racks for edge-standing articles, intended for sales and in direct contact with the consumers on the selling premises, i.e. the provision of a display rack of minimum costs, heavy-duty, designed for daily usage and round the year on the selling point, with as simple as possible an operation and with an efficient anti-recall function.

Stand for displaying articles, such as flat-packed articles


A method of producing a semiconductor device on a silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate is disclosed. In one aspect, the method comprises providing a device with a monocrystalline semiconductor layer on an insulating layer; providing a mask on the semiconductor layer to provide first shielded portions and first unshielded portions, amorphizing the first unshielded portions to yield first amorphized portions of the monocrystalline semiconductor layer, implanting a first dopant in the first amorphized portions, applying a first solid phase epitaxial regrowth action to the semiconductor device while using the first shielded portions as monocrystalline seeds.

1 . Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for producing a semiconductor device comprising providing a device with a monocrystalline semiconductor layer on an insulating layer.
2 . Description of the Related Technology
It is presently known to produce semiconductor devices on silicon on insulator (SOI) wafers or substrates. A problem however, may be formation of polycrystalline Si crystals during growing the silicon on the insulator. The formation of polycrystalline crystals can disrupt performance of transistors and other devices produced in the silicon layer on the insulator. In general, this is solved by providing one or more monocrystalline silicon seeds before growing the silicon layer. An example can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,162 . A recent development in the manufacture of semiconductor devices is the use of Solid Phase Epitaxial Regrowth (SPER). An example of SPER is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,682 . According to this prior art document SPER entails the heating of previously amorphized (or preamorphized) silicon within the range of 550° C. to 650° C. which causes the amorphized silicon to recrystallize to substantially uniform crystallized silicon.

Method of manufacturing a semiconductor on a silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate using solid epitaxial regrowth (SPER) and semiconductor device made thereby

Interuniversitair Microelektronica Centrum (IMEC) vzw


An audio codec suitable for robust wireless transmission of high quality audio with low latency, still at a moderate bit rate. The encoding and decoding methods are based on ADPCM and in addition to the encoded output bits APM, additional data QB are included in output data blocks, namely data QB representing an internal value of the adaptive quantization ADQ of the ADPCM encoding algorithm, especially a scaling factor encoded and truncated to such as 8 bits. Further, output data blocks preferably include data CFB representing an internal value of the predictor PR of the ADPCM encoding algorithm, especially data CFB representing coefficients of a lattice prediction FIR filter which, truncated to such as 8 bits, can be sequentially included in output data blocks. These additional data QB, CFB regarding internal values of the ADPCM encoding algorithm can be utilized at the encoder side to increase robustness against loss of data blocks in wireless transmission. Especially, the decoding algorithm may comprise comparing its current internal ADPCM decoding values corresponding to the received internal values QB, CFB from the encoder, and in case there is a difference, the decoder can adapt or overwrite its internal values to the ones received QB, CFB. This helps to ensure fast recovery after lost data blocks, thereby ensuring robustness against artefacts in the reconstructed signal, e.g. clicks in case of audio.

Real-time bidirectional audio applications like headsets, microphones and monitor speakers typically requires communications system with minimum latency. When digital transmission with limited bit rate is desired, for example for wireless transmission, the constraints on the audio coding schemes are tight. For such applications, sample by sample coding schemes based on Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) provides attractive low latency. However, wireless transmission systems are subject to transmission errors and data loss. The audio encoding scheme has to handle such events in a proper way and to minimize disturbance as much as possible.
Currently, it is usual practice to accept longer latency by used compression algorithms. To use less compression, i.e. more bits per sample, to obtain a rather poor quality, i.e. less SNR at give bitrate, and to accept more artifacts caused by packet loss.


Systems and methods are provided for sending and receiving encrypted submessages. Messages could be partitioned into a plurality of submessages based on the content of a message, and such submessages could be individually encrypted and sent over a network. The partitioning could be based on various standards and/or heuristics. In the sending process, submessages could be designated to travel over different networks and networks of different types. Such submessages could then be received and reassembled in spite containing overlapping content with respect to each other, having to contend with copies of submessages, and having accompanying related content (e.g., advertisements) and non-related content (e.g., random bits). Moreover, the sending process could also be performed in real time or in a batched manner, depending on the implementation.

In an economy increasingly based on electronic transactions, security regarding such transactions is paramount. Current security systems encrypt entire messages and then split them up into packets to be sent over a network. However, this solution does not provide the most secure manner of communicating such messages. There is a need in the art to encrypt messages on a finer level of granularity (and on considerations other than the message itself).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Systems and methods for sending and receiving encrypted submessages

United Services Automobile Association (USAA)


An earth boring drill bit comprising a bit body having a longitudinal axis along a path of the bit, a first plurality of cutters mounted to the body, and a second plurality of cutters rotatably mounted to the body, wherein a longitudinal axial relationship between the first plurality of cutters and the second plurality of cutters is adjustable. The first and/or second plurality of cutters may be mounted to the body in such a manner as to allow them to slide parallel to the longitudinal axis. The longitudinal axial relationship may be adjusted to exchange the first plurality of cutters and the secondary plurality of cutters between a primary cutting position and a secondary cutting position. The bit may include a sensor to provide an indication of a formation type being excavated by the bit and a processor to control the longitudinal axial relationship based on the indication.

1. Field of the Invention
The inventions disclosed and taught herein relate generally to earth boring drill bits; and more specifically relate to hybrid PDC/roller cone earth boring drill bits.
2. Description of the Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,371 discloses a "hybrid rock bit . . . wherein a pair of opposing extended nozzle drag bit legs are positioned adjacent a pair of opposed tungsten carbide roller cones. The extended nozzle face nearest the hole bottom has a multiplicity of diamond inserts mounted therein. The diamond inserts are strategically positioned to remove the ridges between the kerf rows in the hole bottom formed by the inserts in the roller cones."
U.S. Pat. No. 7,398,837 discloses a "drill bit assembly [that] has a body portion intermediate a shank portion and a working portion. The working portion has at least one cutting element. In some embodiments, the drill bit assembly has a shaft with an end substantially coaxial to a central axis of the assembly. The end of the shaft substantially protrudes from the working portion, and at least one downhole logging device is disposed within or in communication with the shaft."
U.S. Pat. No. 7,350,568 discloses a "method for logging a well. Includes receiving energy with at least one array of elements coupled to a drill bit, wherein the at least one array of elements functions as an electronic array. An apparatus for logging a well includes a drill bit and at least one array of elements coupled to the drill bit, wherein the at least one array of elements functions as an electronic array."
The inventions disclosed and taught herein are directed to an improved hybrid PDC/roller cone earth boring drill bit.

Adaptive control concept for hybrid PDC/roller cone bits


Provided is a temperature change composition including a neurosensory component; and a first phase change component having a first phase change temperature between about 15 degrees C. and about 40 degrees C. Also provided is a temperature change composition including an evaporative cooling component; and a first phase change component having a first phase change temperature. Also provided is a temperature change composition for cooling skin, the composition including a first phase change component having a first phase change temperature; and a second phase change component having a second phase change temperature different from the first phase change temperature.

The invention relates to a skin cooling composition, and in particular to a skin cooling composition that provides short and long term skin cooling. There are a variety of products that are applied to the skin. It would be desirable under many circumstances if such products provided a cooling feeling to the skin when the products were applied to the skin. Some example products include lotions, creams, moisturizers, bath agents and insect-repellent sprays (among others).
Existing products typically provide skin cooling by combining skin cooling agents with other substances. However, many existing products fail to provide satisfactorily strong and long lasting skin cooling.
There are several different means to impart a cooling sensation to the skin, including using evaporation, neurosensory components, or physical agents such as phase change materials (PCMs). One example cooling agent is menthol which provides cooling in the form of a physiological or neurosensory effect on nerve endings in the human body that sense temperature. The cooling sensation from menthol is not due to latent heat of evaporation but appears to be the result of direct stimulus on the cold receptors at the nerve endings.
There is a need for skin cooling compositions that provide a refreshing feeling during or after use of the product. The skin cooling compositions should provide cooling strength and persistence while also being compatible with other agents that may be used in various skin products. Formulations that provide consistent, long-term cooling to the skin are desirable.
While particular aspects and/or individual features of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Further, it should be apparent that all combinations of such aspects and features are possible and can result in preferred executions of the invention.


A method for implementing the interaction of the IWF service data includes the steps of that: the base station controller encapsulates the PPP data bearing the IWF server data into the RTP packet data by defining the IWF data carry format between the base station and the media gateway; the interaction of the IWF service data between the base station and the IWF device is implemented based on encapsulated packet. The method of this invention solves the problem of that: after the A interface between the base station and the mobile switch center is standardized by IP, it can't support the IWF service, because of not defining the IWF data bearer format between the base station controller and media gateway logical interface in the prior art, this invention can support the IWF service, after A interface is standardized by IP.

An IWF device is a data intercommunication device in a wireless network, through which the wireless network is capable of implementing interaction of IWF service data with a different network, such as a PTSN (Public Switched Telephone Network), etc. The IWF services include asynchronous data service, PC facsimile service and analog facsimile service. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the asynchronous service refers to transmission and receipt of texts and files on a PC1 and a PC2 with the use of "Hyper Terminal" or alike, the PC facsimile service refers to implementation of a facsimile service on a PC using a facsimile software such as WinFax or the like, the analog facsimile service refers to implementation of a facsimile service through a connection of a facsimile machine with a fixed station (a terminal in the wireless network). The "Hyper Terminal" refers to a program, which can be invoked for a connection with another computer, an Internet remote login site, a BBS (Bulletin Board System), an online service and a host if a Modem or a Null Modem Cable is used.
The 3GPP2 has defined a standard supporting the asynchronous data service and the facsimile service in a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system. In the protocol stack as illustrated in FIG. 2, asynchronous data and applications of facsimile in the application layer are borne through the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)/IP (Internet Protocol)/PPP (Point to Point Protocol), wherein these protocols can be terminated at a fixed station MT2 and an IWF device. The fixed station MT is a terminal incapable of data processing, and hence has to be connected with a terminal device to enable the data processing. For instance, the fixed station can be connected with a facsimile machine to enable the facsimile service, and with the PC software "Hyper Terminal" to enable the asynchronous data service.
The IWF device can be located at a BSC (base station controller) or an MSC (Mobile Switching Center).
In the case that the IWF device is located at the BSC, the IWF device can accomplish a switching between the asynchronous data/facsimile applications borne through the TCP/IP/PPP and PSTN data/modulated facsimile data. The PSTN data/modulated facsimile data can be borne via a service interface between the BSC and the MSC, such as an A2 interface. A protocol stack for the A2 interface is illustrated in Table 1 with a bearer rate of 56/64 Kbps.
TABLE 156/64 Kbps PCMDS0
In the case that the IWF device is located at the MSC, a logic interface between the BSC and the MSC, such as an A5 interface, can be used for transmission of the byte stream of the asynchronous data and facsimile data, and the ISLP (Intersystem Link Protocol) can be borne via the physical interface A2 to achieve a rate adaptation from air-interface data to 56/64 Kbps. The protocol stack for the A5 is illustrated in Table 2.
TABLE 2Data Octet StreamISLPDS0
In the case that a TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) system is used for transmission, a dedicated link of 56/64 Kbps is assigned for each user at A interfaces including an A1/A2/A5 interface, wherein the A1 interface is used for transmission of signaling, the A2 interface for transmission of voice data, and the A5 for transmission of the IWF service data. A bandwidth will still be occupied even if there is no data for transmission, thus resulting in a low utilization rate of bandwidths.
For improving the utilization rate of transmission resources of the A interfaces, the 3GPP2 has established a new standard IPizing the A1 interface/the A2 interface borne in the TDM system. That is, an IPized interface can be used for transmission of signaling and user data. User data can be borne through the IP/UDP (User Datagram Protocol)/RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol). Furthermore, a transcoder TC can be located in a core network, and thus instead of a 56/64 Kbps PCM code signal stream, an encoded/decoded data stream output from the transcoder TC can be borne on the RTP.
As obvious from the above, in the case of data transmission through the TDM, the bandwidth occupied for a user is a slot of 64K prior to IPizing the A interfaces. After the IPization of the A interfaces, the A interfaces can be enabled in a packet-switching way, and air-interface encoded/decoded data output from the transcoder TC can be transmitted, which is free from conversion into a 64 k PCM signal by the BSC. The air-interface encoded/decoded data has an average bandwidth of less than 8K, thus can save the transmission resources and greatly decrease the demands for transmission bandwidth of the A interfaces in comparison with the 64K bandwidth of the A interfaces prior to the IPization.
Although the IPization of the A1/A2 interface can decrease the demands for the transmission bandwidth of the A interfaces, the 3GPP2 has no definition of a bearer format (including protocol stack for the A5 interface, an RTP payload format, etc.) for the IWF data. The corresponding relationship between the defined standard service type and the RTP payload type is illustrated in Table 3, including Bearer Format IDs, Encoding Names, RTP Payload Types and Descriptions. Here the standard service type does not support bearing of an IWF service.
TABLE 3Bearer FormatEncodingRTP PayloadIDName6Type Value7Meaning0PCMUStaticMu-law (G.711)per [43]1PCMAStaticA-law (G.711) per[43]2QCELPStaticHeader-fullQCELP [IS-733]per [44]3EVRCDynamicHeader-full EVRCper [45]4EVRC0DynamicHeader-free EVRCper [45]5SMVDynamicHeader-full SMVper [45]6SMV0DynamicHeader-free SMVper [45]7telephone-eventDynamicDTMF digit & toneevents per [46]All other values reserved
In the case of data transmission with the TDM, the IWF data can be adapted to 64K by means of the protocol of ISLP borne via the A5 interface, and then be borne in 64K slots of the TDM. Since the 3 GPP2 has no definition of the bearer format (including protocol stack for the A5 interface, RTP payload format, etc.) for the IWF data, the IWF service data can not be transmitted to an IWF device, and consequently the IPized A interface is incapable of supporting the IWF service.
Obviously from the above, no bearer format for IWF data has been defined for the A5 interface by the 3GPP2 in the related art, and consequently an IPized A interface is incapable of supporting the IWF service.

Method for implementing the interaction of the IWF service data


Provided are a method, system, and article of manufacture, wherein in certain embodiments a request is received to initiate a session. A determination is made whether the session should be initiated with addressing information provided by a client. The session is initiated with trusted addressing information corresponding to the client, in response to determining that the session should not be initiated with the addressing information provided by the client.

1. Field
The disclosure relates to a method, system, and article of manufacture for controlling client access.
2. Background
A firewall may be a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls may be implemented either in hardware and software, or any combination thereof. A firewall may be used to prevent unauthorized clients from accessing a computer that is protected via the firewall. All messages entering or leaving the private network may pass through the firewall, which may examine each message and block those that do not meet a specified security criteria. A firewall may be considered a first line of defense in protecting private information within the private network. Firewalls may provide security for computers, devices, and other resources that are located inside the firewall from applications, networks, computers, devices, and other resources that are located outside the firewall.
A storage manager, such as, the Tivoli Storage Manager* product marketed by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM*), may be used in securely storing and backing up data. The storage manager may execute in a storage management server, and assure data integrity and provide the ability to protect business critical data in the event of hardware, software and environmental failures. * Trivoli Storage Manager and IBM are trademarks of IBM corporation.
The storage manager server may be coupled to a plurality of data storage devices and other computational devices within a private network. A firewall may isolate a storage management server and the private network associated with the storage management server, from a plurality of clients that may be potentially allowed to access the storage management server.


An animated holiday-scene display device for providing decorative entertainment tools. The animated holiday-scene display device includes a base member having a top side and being adapted to rest upon a surface; and also includes an ornamental figurine being mounted upon the topside of the base member and having a body and movable arms; and further includes an ornamental object also being mounted upon the top side of the base member; and also includes a light-emitting assembly being disposed throughout the ornamental object; and further includes an assembly for actuating movement of the ornamental figurine.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to holiday events entertaining assemblies and more particularly pertains to a new animated holiday-scene display device for providing decorative entertainment tools.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of holiday events entertaining assemblies is known in the prior art. More specifically, holiday events entertaining assemblies heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,775,352; 5,468,172; U.S. Pat. No. Des. 61,022; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,607,336; 5,820,441; and 5,603,993.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not disclose a new animated holiday-scene display device. The inventive device includes a base member having a top side and being adapted to rest upon a surface; and also includes an ornamental figurine being mounted upon the topside of the base member and having a body and movable arms; and further includes an ornamental object also being mounted upon the top side of the base member; and also includes a light-emitting assembly being disposed throughout the ornamental object; and further includes an assembly for actuating movement of the ornamental figurine; and allows the user to display the animated holiday-scene display device, in particular, during the holidays to add to the gala of the particular event.
In these respects, the animated holiday-scene display device according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of providing decorative entertainment tools.
The general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new animated holiday-scene display device apparatus and method which has many of the advantages of the holiday events entertaining assemblies mentioned heretofore and many novel features that result in a new animated holiday-scene display device which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the prior art holiday events entertaining assemblies, either alone or in any combination thereof.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the animated holiday-scene display device in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto.
In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a new animated holiday-scene display device apparatus and method which has many of the advantages of the holiday events entertaining assemblies mentioned heretofore and many novel features that result in a new animated holiday-scene display device which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by any of the prior art holiday events entertaining assemblies, either alone or in any combination thereof.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new animated holiday-scene display device for providing decorative entertainment tools.
Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new animated holiday-scene display device that livens and induces a gala or party atmosphere.
Even still another object of the present invention is to provide a new animated holiday-scene display device that adds decorative appeal during the holiday season.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there are illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.


An antenna is shaped to include a substantially 1-wavelength loop portion and a pair of dipole portions. The loop portion includes vertical portions, which are located opposite to each other in a vertical direction. The dipole portions share part of the loop portion, and are located opposite to each other in a horizontal direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an antenna and a radio communication device provided with the antenna.
2. Description of the Related Art
When a portable radio communication device is in a communication state, a user's head is located close to the portable radio communication device. In this case, if a radiation pattern of a wave radiated from an antenna provided in the portable radio communication device has a main lobe on a side of the communication device which is close to the user's head, the radiation characteristics of the antenna are greatly varied due to an influence of the user's head, etc., thereon.
As techniques for overcoming such a disadvantage, those disclosed in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publications No. 2002-9534 and No. 2001-339215 are known.
In a portable radio communication device disclosed in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2002-9534, an antenna is provided in a housing. The antenna comprises a linear feed element and a linear passive element, which are arranged substantially parallel to each other. The feed element and the passive element extend in a direction perpendicular to the front surface of the housing (which is a surface on which a receiver is provided). The passive element is spaced apart from the feed element in a direction away from the front surface of the housing. To the feed element, current is supplied from feeding means. As a result, the feed element functions as a dipole antenna.
The antenna has a directivity wherein radiation of a wave radiated from the antenna has a peak in a direction from the feed element toward the passive element, due to an operation of a combination of the feed element and the passive element. That is, the antenna has characteristics wherein a radiated wave is directed toward the rear side of the housing, thus reducing the influence of a living body close to the front side of the housing upon the antenna.
Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2001-339215 discloses an antenna including two feed elements and two passive elements. To be more specific, in the antenna, the two feed elements and the two passive elements are arranged such that the two passive elements are interposed between the two feed elements or the two feed elements are interposed between the two passive elements. Then, currents having opposite phases are supplied to the feed elements, respectively, thereby reducing current flowing through the housing of a radio device, and reducing lowering of the characteristics of the antenna which is caused by an influence of a living body thereon.
However, it is necessary for the antennas disclosed in the above Publications to perform balanced feeding or provide two feeding points, in order to obtain desired radiation characteristics. To carry out balanced feeding, the feeding means needs to include a balun, thus increasing the cost of parts, the loss due to provision of the balun, the area for mounting the parts and the variance in characteristics among manufactured antennas. Also, in the case where two feeding points are provided, the cost of parts, the area for mounting the parts and the variance in characteristics among manufactured antennas increase.
On the other hand, in both a balanced feeding method and an unbalanced feeding method, a loop antenna is known as an antenna in which the variation amount of a radiation pattern is small.
FIG. 22 is a view illustrating the distribution of current at a square 1-wavelength loop antenna. In this type of loop antenna, currents having the same phase are generated at a pair of horizontal elements when the horizontal elements are excited. Thus, as shown in FIG. 23, a horizontally polarized wave is radiated in a direction (X direction) perpendicular to a plane defined by the pair of horizontal elements and a pair of vertical elements. The pair of vertical elements are excited to generate currents having opposite phases at the vertical elements. Thus, as shown in FIG. 23, a vertically polarized wave is radiated in a direction (Y direction) along the horizontal elements. As shown in FIG. 22, current flowing through each of the horizontal elements is larger in value than that of current flowing through each of the vertical elements, and thus the vertically polarized wave is smaller than the horizontally polarized wave.
In such a manner, in the 1-wavelength loop antenna, it is inevitable that a wave greatly radiates in the X direction. In order to restrict radiation of a wave toward the front side of the housing of the portable radio communication device, it is necessary to direct the plane defined by the horizontal elements and vertical elements of the loop antenna in a direction perpendicular to the front surface of the housing. Therefore, the thickness of the housing (i.e., the distance between the front surface and rear surface of the housing) must be sufficiently increased.
FIG. 24 is a view showing the distribution of current at a square 2-wavelength loop antenna. As shown in FIG. 24, in the case where the length of the antenna is set to correspond to two wavelengths, currents having opposite phases are respectively generated at a pair of horizontal elements when the horizontal elements are excited. Also, currents having opposite phases are respectively generated at a pair of vertical elements when the vertical elements are excited. Thus, as shown in FIG. 25, a vertically polarized wave is strongly radiated in the Y direction, and radiation of a horizontally polarized wave in the X direction can be restricted.
Therefore, in the 2-wavelength loop antenna, a plane defined by the horizontal elements and vertical elements is located parallel to the front surface of the housing, and in addition radiation of a wave toward the front side of the housing can be reduced.
However, the 2-wavelength loop antenna occupies a large space in the housing, since its length is great.
In such a manner, conventional antennas have disadvantages in which balanced feeding must be performed or a large space in the housing is occupied by structural elements.
In view of such circumstances, it has been required that an antenna is made small, and in addition reduces radiation of a wave in a specific direction even when unbalanced feeding is performed by using one feeding point only.

Antenna and radio communication device provided with the same


Some embodiments include methods of forming capacitors. Storage nodes are formed within a material. The storage nodes have sidewalls along the material. Some of the material is removed to expose portions of the sidewalls. The exposed portions of the sidewalls are coated with a substance that isn't wetted by water. Additional material is removed to expose uncoated regions of the sidewalls. The substance is removed, and then capacitor dielectric material is formed along the sidewalls of the storage nodes. Capacitor electrode material is then formed over the capacitor dielectric material. Some embodiments include methods of utilizing a silicon dioxide-containing masking structure in which the silicon dioxide of the masking structure is coated with a substance that isn't wetted by water.

A continuing goal of integrated circuit fabrication is to increase integration density. An approach utilized for achieving increased integration density is to reduce the footprint of individual electrical components so that more components can be fit across a unit of semiconductor real estate. For instance, capacitors have become increasingly tall and thin in an effort to reduce the footprint of individual capacitors, while retaining desired levels of capacitance.
A problem that can occur as capacitors become tall and thin is that the tall, thin storage node structures formed during fabrication of the capacitors may tip, or even topple, during a fabrication process. Accordingly, various structures have been developed to provide support to the storage node structures. Example support structures are lattice structures, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,667,502, and in U.S. Patent Publication Numbers 2005/0051822 and 2005/0054159.
Another problem that may occur during fabrication of tall, thin storage nodes is that spaces between adjacent storage nodes may function as capillaries during an etching process, and/or during a rinsing process, so that solution is drawn into such spaces. Adhesion of the solution with the adjacent storage nodes may pull the adjacent storage nodes into one another, and the storage nodes may then stick to one another. The sticking of the storage nodes to one another may be referred to as stiction.
A prior art capacitor storage node fabrication process is described with reference to FIGS. 1-5 to illustrate the stiction problem.
Referring to prior art FIG. 1, a portion of a semiconductor construction 10 is illustrated. The construction includes a semiconductor base 12. The base 12 may be, for example, a semiconductor wafer, such as a monocrystalline silicon wafer. The base 12, alone or in combination with various materials, may be referred to as a "semiconductive substrate" or "semiconductor substrate." The terms "semiconductive substrate" and "semiconductor substrate" mean any construction comprising semiconductive material, including, but not limited to, bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductive wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). The term "substrate" refers to any supporting structure, including, but not limited to, the semiconductive substrates described above.
A pair of electrically conductive nodes 14 and 16 are supported by base 12. The nodes may be, for example, conductively doped regions of the semiconductor wafer and/or pedestals (for instance, metal-containing pedestals).
A plurality of materials 18, 20 and 22 are over base 12, and over nodes 14 and 16. The materials 18, 20 and 22 may be undoped silicon dioxide, doped silicate glass, and silicon nitride, respectively. The doped silicate glass may be, for example, phosphosilicate glass (PSG), borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), fluorosilicate glass (FSG), etc. The material 20 may be referred to as a support material, in that it ultimately supports capacitor storage nodes (as discussed below), and the material 22 may be referred to as a lattice material in that it ultimately forms a lattice to provide additional support for the capacitor storage nodes.
Referring to FIG. 2, openings 24 and 26 are formed through materials 18, 20 and 22, and to nodes 14 and 16, respectively. The openings may be formed by providing a photolithographically-patterned photoresist mask (not shown) over material 22; transferring a pattern from the photoresist mask to materials 18, 20 and 22 with one or more etches, and then removing the mask to leave the structure shown in FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 3, electrically conductive storage node material 28 is formed within openings 24 and 26. The storage node material may comprise titanium nitride. The storage node material may be formed by depositing the storage node material within the openings and over material 22, and then removing the storage node material from over material 22 with chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). The storage node material forms storage nodes 23 and 25 within openings 24 and 26, respectively.
Referring to FIG. 4, an opening 30 is formed through material 22 to expose the underlying support material 20. Opening 30 may be representative of a plurality of openings formed through material 22 so that all of material 20 may be removed with a subsequent isotropic etch (discussed below with reference to FIG. 5). Opening 30 may be formed by providing a photolithographically-patterned photoresist mask (not shown) over material 22; transferring a pattern from the photoresist mask to material 22 with an etch, and then removing the mask to leave the structure shown in FIG. 4.
Referring to FIG. 5, support material 20 (FIG. 4) is removed with an isotropic etch. It appears that material 22 is floating in the view of FIG. 5, because the only structures shown in FIG. 5 are those within the cross-sectional plane of the figure. Structures out of the plane are not illustrated in order to simplify the drawing. The material 22 is thus not floating at the processing stage of FIG. 5, but instead is supported by regions that are not visible in the cross-section shown in FIG. 5. The supporting regions may be analogous to those shown and described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0054159.
Support material 20 (FIG. 4) may be removed with an aqueous etchant comprising about 5% (by volume) hydrofluoric acid in water. After the etching of material 20, the etchant may be removed by a rinse with deionized water, and then the deionized water may be removed by drying the construction 10 (i.e., the water may be volatilized from the construction). The drying may be enhanced through utilization of isopropyl alcohol, acetone and/or other azeotropic solvents.
A capillary 31 forms between adjacent storage nodes 23 and 25. Solvent within such capillary during etching, rinsing and/or drying may pull the material 28 of storage node 23 into the material 28 of storage node 25. The material 28 of storage node 23 sticks to the material 28 of storage node 25 through stiction forces, and thus a short is formed and maintained between the two storage nodes 23 and 25.
It would be desirable to develop new methods of patterning capacitors which alleviate or prevent the shorting illustrated in FIG. 5. It would be further desirable for the new methods to have applications beyond fabrication of capacitors.

Methods of utilizing silicon dioxide-containing masking structures


An outdoor light fixture that has a cover with a clear pane and an inner refracting lens adapted to refract light emitted from a light source and to fit over the light source.

The present invention relates to light fixtures and more particularly to refracting lenses for outdoor light fixtures.
As disclosed in co-pending, commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/742,917 and U.S. design patent applications Ser. Nos. 07/696,521, 07/696,528, 07/696,530 and 07/696,531, all filed May 7, 1991, outdoor light fixtures are widely known. Such fixtures typically are used to illuminate gardens, outdoor walkways, driveways, patios and other areas or to floodlight sculptures, trees, structures and other objects. Typically, low voltage outdoor light fixtures are constructed of metal or plastic, and have a power source, a stake for being inserted into the ground and for supporting the other parts of the light fixture, a light bulb, and a globe assembly that protects the light bulb, diffuses light emitted from the light bulb and provides decoration. In some fixtures, solar panels are used to generate power for the light bulb. In other fixtures, a low voltage power supply provides typically about 12 volts AC through a wire that runs, e.g., underground, from the low voltage power supply to the light fixtures.
In known outdoor light fixtures, the globe assembly generally serves a number of purposes, including: mounting the light bulb, conductively connecting the light bulb to a wire, protecting the light bulb, shielding the light bulb and associated electrical elements from dust and other contaminants, diffusing or redirecting the light emitted from the light bulb, and providing a decorative appearance.
It is desirable to diffuse or redirect the light to avoid large glaring hot spots. It is known to diffuse light by frosting lens portions of the globe assembly or by incorporating a translucent pigment. It is also known to refract light by incorporating ribs in the lens of the globe assembly. Such ribbed or frosted lenses are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,774,648 and 4,814,961.
Known globe assemblies incorporating translucent pigments, frosted surfaces or ribs possess a number of known disadvantages. One such disadvantage is diminished light output. Diminished light output occurs in frosted and translucent lenses and commonly is seen in commercial globe assemblies incorporating ribbed lenses.
A further disadvantage is that incorporating the refracting lens in the globe assembly decreases design flexibility. Often clear or unpatterned globe assemblies are preferable for aesthetic as well as functional reasons, such as efficient light transmission and staying cleaner in dusty outdoor conditions.
Yet another disadvantage is that the globe assembly must be removed in order to view the elements of the light fixture that are inside the globe to aid in installation and maintenance.


A cam assembly for mounting a pressure die to the arm of a standard pipe bending machine. The assembly comprises a base with a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom. A cam shaft has an off-center opening adapted to receive the pivot post. A pivot assembly is combined with the pressure die and has an opening adapted to receive the cam shaft so that movement of the cam shaft around the pivot post changes the position of the pressure die relative to the bending machine's arm. Movement of the pivot assembly around the cam shaft swings the pressure die out of the way to load and unload the pipe being bent.

This invention relates to pipe bending machines, and more particularly to a cam assembly for adjusting the distance between opposed pipe bending dies.
Pipe bending machines include die halves or die blocks that have cavities or grooves for receiving and contacting the pipe or tubing during the bending operation (hereinafter collectively referred to as "pipe"). Typically, a pipe bending machine comprises at least two dies, a pressure die and a forming die. The pressure die applies bending pressure to the pipe around the curvature of the forming die. The forming die, pressure die, or both rotate relative to the other to achieve the required bending pressure to bend the pipe.
Typically pipe bending machines are adapted to bend pipes of various diameters. As different sized pipes are fed into the machine between the pressure die and the forming die, it is necessary to adjust the distance between the two dies to avoid abnormalities in the bent pipe. For example, if the pressure die is too close to the forming die before the bending begins, the pressure die may not be able to be rotated fully into position for bending, rather, it may interfere with the forming die during bending which may create excessive drawing of the pipe being bent as well as galling the pipe surface. If the pressure die is too far from the forming die before the bending begins the pipe will not fully seat into the pressure die groove causing wrinkling on the inside of the bend and flattening of the outside of the bend due to lack of drawing and shaping by the pressure die.
Traditionally the distance between the pressure die and forming die has been adjusted by changing the position of the pressure die on the bending arm. Bending arms typically have a plurality of openings adapted to receive bolts for securing the pressure die mounting assembly thereto. The pressure die can be mounted at various positions along the bending arm by securing the die mounting assembly into the openings. A similar concept is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,987,656 wherein aligned bores allow a motor to be secured in alternate positions along the length of the frame to permit the bending of pipes having various diameters.
The problem with these die adjustment means is that the openings in the bending machine's arm are a predetermined distance apart from each other, usually one inch. The openings do not allow for a continuous range of adjustment, which is problematic since pipe diameters and bend radii can vary infinitely. For example, a pipe may have a diameter that requires the dies to be set at a distance in-between the one inch settings on the machine's arm. The traditional adjustments can have adverse effects on the pipe being bent, as described above.
Therefore, there is a need for a pressure die mounting assembly which allows for an infinite adjustment of the position of the pressure die relative to the forming die on a pipe bending machine.

Adjustable cam assembly for mounting a pressure die to a pipe bending machine