The present invention relates to a device for radiating or receiving an electromagnetic wave. The device includes a substrate including a recess coated by a material that reflects the electromagnetic wave, a metal portion that radiates or receives the electromagnetic wave, and an electronic element connected to the metal portion on the substrate. The metal portion includes a portion provided above an opening of the recess and a portion which is located on the substrate and connected to the electronic element.

Usually, a device for radiating or receiving an electromagnetic wave includes a radiating element formed by a metallic structure and an electronic circuit for signal processing. The size of the radiating element is usually the same as the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave to be received or to be radiated. When the frequency of the electromagnetic wave reaches the THz range, the size of the radiating element is in the submillimeter range, so that the radiating element can be directly integrated on a substrate on which the electronic circuit has already been integrated. VLSI fabrication techniques can be used for manufacturing both the radiating element and the electronic circuit.
The electrical resistance of the radiating element of the device for receiving an electromagnetic wave needs to match that of the signal processing circuit in order to obtain a high sensitivity. Here, fine patterning is required for the signal processing circuit as the effective frequency capability increases, resulting in an increase in the resistance of the signal processing circuit. As a result, the resistance of the radiating element needs to be high in order for the device to receive a high frequency electromagnetic wave with high sensitivity.
Here, the signal processing circuit is usually manufactured using VLSI techniques, so that the signal processing circuit is integrated on a semiconductor substrate. In this case, a simple method for manufacturing the radiating element of the antenna is to manufacture a metal pattern (metal portion) on the semiconductor substrate by using the same VLSI techniques. However, the relative permittivity of semiconductors is usually large. For example, the relative permittivity of silicon is 12.1. A high relative permittivity means that an electric field is more easily generated in this medium than in a material having a lower relative permittivity. As a result, the radiation resistance of an antenna which radiating element is placed on a semiconductor with a high relative permittivity is lower that than of the same element placed in or on a medium with a lower relative permittivity. Therefore, some inventions have been reported to increase the radiation efficiency of integrated antennas.
Rebiez, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,597 (PTL 1) reports an integrated antenna for transmitting or receiving a millimeter or submillimeter electromagnetic wave. The integrated antenna is manufactured by combining two substrates (35 and 40) to form an array with a horn structure having a pyramidal shape as shown in FIG. 12. A membrane 45 spreads as a connection portion between the two substrates inside each horn. The membrane is electrically transparent. There is a metal pattern that functions as an antenna (radiating element) 54 on the membrane. A processing circuit is mounted between the substrates. The purpose of this device is to strengthen the electromagnetic pattern generated by the antenna by concentrating the electromagnetic energy thanks to the pyramidal shape of the horn.
A second purpose of the integrated antenna is to reduce the electromagnetic coupling between the antennas. However, although this invention improves the electromagnetic pattern of the antenna and reduces the electromagnetic coupling, this invention does not particularly improve the radiation impedance of the antenna. For example, PTL 1 does not discuss the electrical connection between the antenna (radiating element) and the processing circuit. According to PTL 1, the antenna is placed at the center of the membrane and the processing circuit is placed between the two substrates. As a result, the antenna and the processing circuit are far away from each other. There is a connection portion between the processing circuit placed between the substrates and the radiating element. This connection portion radiates an electromagnetic wave, especially inside the substrate, so that the radiation impedance of the radiating element varies from its ideal value.
The manufacturing process of this invention is complex. The integrated antenna uses two substrates that must be assembled. This may require a complex technique such as wafer bonding and wafer alignment. Furthermore, it is difficult for current micro-manufacturing techniques to accurately perform etching for the large depth required to manufacture the horn. Finally, the shape of the final integrated antennas is uneven (not flat). Therefore, it is difficult to integrate other elements such as an array of microlenses.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,026 (PTL 2) reports a monolithic microwave/millimeter-wave antenna device. The device includes a substrate, an electronic circuit provided along with the substrate, an opening in the substrate, a stripline antenna located above the opening, a horn which is provided along with the substrate and aligned with the opening, and a cover above the stripline antenna. In the device, some freedom is given to the shape that can be achieved for the horn and the materials that can be selected for the cover, the horn, and the material for finally filling the horn. However, if the size of the device is reduced to a size required for the THz range, it is expected that the manufacturing of the device will be difficult. For example, the depth of the opening in the substrate is greater than the considered wavelength. In practice, the wavelength at 1 THz is 300 μm, but a standard thickness for a 4-inch wafer is 525 μm, and thinner thicknesses are difficult to handle during the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the size of the stripline antenna in the THz range is smaller than that for microwaves, so that it is expected that the alignment between the stripline antenna and the opening will be difficult. It is possible that the opening needs to be etched after depositing the stripline antenna and that this etching must be performed from the backside. In this case, it is extremely difficult to appropriately align the stripline with the outer shape of the opening appearing on the surface.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-064679 (PTL 3) discloses a device for receiving or generating an electromagnetic wave. One purpose of this device is to enhance the antenna characteristics by placing the antenna on a supporting portion away from the substrate.

Device for radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves


Methods and systems for making ammonia are provided. The method can include converting carbon monoxide in a first syngas to carbon dioxide to produce a shifted syngas. At least a portion of the carbon dioxide can be separated from the shifted syngas to produce a carbon dioxide-lean syngas. Carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide in the carbon dioxide-lean syngas can be converted to methane to produce a methanated first syngas. A second syngas can be separated to produce a purified second syngas and a waste gas. The methanated first syngas and the purified second syngas can be combined to produce an ammonia feedstock. The ammonia feedstock can have a hydrogen to nitrogen molar ratio of about 3.5:1 to about 2.5:1. At least a portion of the hydrogen and nitrogen in the ammonia feedstock can be reacted to produce an ammonia product.

Field
A hydrocarbon feed is usually reformed in a primary steam methane reformer and a secondary reformer such as an autothermal reformer to produce a raw syngas. In more recent systems, the syngas leaving the secondary reformer is further reformed in a reforming exchanger to produce the raw syngas. The raw syngas is then purified in a system that typically includes one or more gas shift converters, one or more carbon dioxide removal units, and one or more methanators to produce a purified syngas.
Description of the Related Art
An ideal syngas for the synthesis of ammonia will have a molar ratio of 3 moles of hydrogen to 1 mole of nitrogen. Traditional ammonia synthesis systems continue to struggle to produce a syngas with this desired hydrogen to nitrogen molar ratio while simultaneously increasing ammonia production capacity. One attempt to increase plant capacity includes replacing existing units with units having a larger capacity, which requires large upfront investment and plant shut down time.

Methods and systems for producing and processing syngas in a pressure swing adsorption unit and making ammonia therefrom


The present application is generally directed to ultrapure synthetic carbon materials having both high surface area and high porosity, ultrapure polymer gels and devices containing the same. The disclosed ultrapure synthetic carbon materials find utility in any number of devices, for example, in electric double layer capacitance devices and batteries. Methods for making ultrapure synthetic carbon materials and ultrapure polymer gels are also disclosed.

Technical Field
The present invention generally relates to ultrapure synthetic carbon materials, methods for making the same and devices containing the same.
Description of the Related Art
Activated carbon is commonly employed in electrical storage and distribution devices. The high surface area, conductivity and porosity of activated carbon allows for the design of electrical devices having higher energy density than devices employing other materials. Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are an example of such devices. EDLCs often have electrodes prepared from an activated carbon material and a suitable electrolyte, and have an extremely high energy density compared to more common capacitors. Typical uses for EDLCs include energy storage and distribution in devices requiring short bursts of power for data transmissions, or peak-power functions such as wireless modems, mobile phones, digital cameras and other hand-held electronic devices. EDLCs are also commonly use in electric vehicles such as electric cars, trains, buses and the like.
Batteries are another common energy storage and distribution device which often contain an activated carbon material (e.g., as anode material, current collector, or conductivity enhancer). For example, lithium/carbon batteries having a carbonaceous anode intercalated with lithium represent a promising energy storage device. Other types of carbon-containing batteries include lithium air batteries, which use porous carbon as the current collector for the air electrode, and lead acid batteries which often include carbon additives in either the anode or cathode. Batteries are employed in any number of electronic devices requiring low current density electrical power (as compared to an EDLC's high current density).
One known limitation of EDLCs and carbon-based batteries is decreased performance at high-temperature, high voltage operation, repeated charge/discharge cycles and/or upon aging. This decreased performance has been attributed to electrolyte impurity or impurities in the carbon electrode itself, causing breakdown of the electrode at the electrolyte/electrode interface. Thus, it has been suggested that EDLCs and/or batteries comprising electrodes prepared from higher purity carbon materials could be operated at higher voltages and for longer periods of time at higher temperatures than existing devices.
Although the need for higher purity carbon materials having both high surface area and high porosity has been recognized, such carbon material is not commercially available and no reported preparation method is capable of yielding the high purity carbon desired for high performance electrical devices. One common method for producing high surface area activated carbon materials is to pyrolyze an existing carbon-containing material (e.g., coconut fibers or tire rubber). This results in a char with relatively low surface area which can subsequently be over-activated to produce a material with the surface area and porosity necessary for the desired application. Such an approach is inherently limited by the existing structure of the precursor material, and typically results in low process yields and a carbon material having an ash content (i.e., metal impurities) of 1% or higher.
Activated carbon materials can also be prepared by chemical activation. For example, treatment of a carbon-containing material with an acid, base or salt (e.g., phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, etc.) followed by heating results in an activated carbon material. However, such chemical activation produces activated carbon materials with a high level of residual process impurities (e.g., metals).
Another approach for producing high surface area activated carbon materials is to prepare a synthetic polymer from carbon-containing organic building blocks (e.g., a ultrapure polymer gel). As with the existing organic materials, the synthetically prepared polymers are pyrolyzed and activated to produce an activated carbon material. In contrast to the traditional approach described above, the intrinsic porosity of the synthetically prepared polymer results in higher process yields because less material is lost during the activation step. However, as with carbon materials prepared from other known methods, activated carbon materials prepared from synthetic polymers via reported methods contain unsuitable levels of impurities (e.g., metals).
While significant advances have been made in the field, there continues to be a need in the art for highly pure carbon materials, as well as for methods of making the same and devices containing the same. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides further related advantages.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Copiles a series of instructions by optimizing them for a process executed if a variable has a particular value. An optimization compiler including an update instruction detecting section that detects, in a program to be optimized, an update instruction to update a content of a variable or a content of a storage area specified by a variable, a series of instructions detecting section that detects a series of instructions in the target program, a compile section that compiles the detected series of instructions by optimizing the series of instructions for a process executed if the variable or the storage area has a predetermined particular content, and a generating section that generates a set instruction to set a destination address in the control shift instruction to an address of the series of instructions optimized by the series of instructions compile section.

In recent years, a program language such as an object oriented language has been commonly used in order to reduce burdens on programmers and to improve the robustness, maintainability, and the like of programs. Compilers translate a program described in a program language into a machine language; they generally carry out various types of optimization in order to increase the speed at which the program is executed.
The following documents are considered:
[Patent Document 1]
Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 2002-259135.
[Non-patent Document 1]                Nobuhisa FUJINAMI, "Run-time Optimization for Object Oriented Language", Theses from Twelfth Conference of Japanese Software Science, September 1995, pp. 245 to 248.
[Non-patent Document 2]
Motohiro KAWAHITO, Hideaki KOMATSU, and Toshio NAKATANI, "Technique to Optimize Speculative Memory Accesses to Java® Language", Journal of the Information Processing Society of Japan, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 883 to 896, 2003 (Java® is a registered trade mark).,
As an optimization that increases the execution speed for a program, a technique has been proposed which specializes a part of the program for a process executed if a variable referenced by the program has a particular value. For example, a technique has been proposed which operates for each method in a program to determine whether or not a variable has a particular value every time the method is called so that the program branches to a specialized series of instructions and a non-specialized series of instructions (see Patent Document 1).
Another technique has been used; for a private variable used only in an object, if it is known that a value is substituted into the variable only when the object is generated, all the methods in the object which use the variable are compiled by specialization (see Non-patent Document 1). Non-patent Document 2 will be described later.
According to the technique in Patent Document 1, the compiler generates an instruction to determine whether or not the variable has a particular value, at the beginning of processing executed by the method. Thus, every time the method is called, this determining process is executed. However, once it has been determined whether or not the variable has the particular value, this determination need no longer be executed unless the value of the variable is subsequently updated. Thus, unwanted determining processes may be executed.
Moreover, with this technique, only if the processing time reduced by specialization exceeds the processing time required to determine whether or not the variable has the particular value, the compiler determines that the efficiency of the entire program will be improved and then compiles the program by specialization. Consequently, the processing time required for unwanted determining processes may prevent the program from being appropriately specialized.
According to Non-patent Document 1, even if the particular value is likely to be substituted into the variable, the compiler cannot execute optimization unless it is ensured that the value is substituted into the variable. Thus, the optimization may not be appropriately executed even if the specialization is to improve execution efficiency.

International Business Machines Corporation


An insulated wire includes a conductor, a first insulation coating layer which is provided directly on the conductor and includes a polyamide-imide resin including dispersed inorganic fine particles, and a second insulation coating layer which is provided on the outer circumference of the first insulation coating layer and includes a polyamide-imide resin or a polyimide resin. A minimum winding multiplied diameter that does not cause a crack in the first insulation coating layer when the insulated wire is elongated by 30% by a method in compliance with JISC 3216 “5.1.1” and is wound around a winding bar is greater than 2d but smaller than 4d (where d is a conductor diameter of the insulated wire).

Inverters are used as efficient variable voltage controllers in many rotary machines. Such inverters are controlled by high-speed switching devices in a range of several kHz to several hundred kHz and high surge voltage is generated when voltage is applied.
Particularly in recent inverters, steep voltage rise is enabled by high-speed switching devices such as IGBT (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor) or SiC and this causes instantaneous surge voltage of up to double the output voltage to be generated.
For example, enameled wires having an insulating film (enamel film) on a conductor are used as material to form coils of rotating machines using such inverters.
Partial discharge occurs between surfaces of coiled portions of the enameled wire due to surge voltage and causes erosion of the enamel film. The erosion of the enamel film due to partial discharge eventually causes breakdown.
To address the effect of such surge voltage, it is desirable to use, e.g., partial-discharge-resistant insulated wires (inverter-surge-resistant enameled wires) as are disclosed in PTLs 1 to 3.
Meanwhile, since motors have been downsized, coils are formed so that coil end portions are more flattened than the conventional manner. For example, PTL 4 discloses the invention which aims to reduce height of coil end portion of stator winding of rotating machine.


An analytical microscope provides both UV fluorescence imaging and spectroscopic analysis of a sample with use of the same light collection element (objective lens or other optical element). An incident UV light beam travels to the sample via a dark field illumination path about the periphery of the collection lens, with the collection lens then collecting the emitted light from the sample and forwarding it to an eyepiece and/or camera for viewing. The sample is also illuminated with a laser through the collection lens to generate Raman emissions, which are then collected through the same collection lens and provided to a spectrograph for wavelength identification. Use of the same collection lens for both imaging and spectroscopic analysis better ensures that any imaged regions of interest on the sample are the same as those being spectroscopically analyzed.

When analyzing materials, it is often useful to use a multi-mode analytical microscope which allows conventional forms of microscopic imaging of the material in question in combination with some other form of imaging/analysis. As an example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,661,509 to Deck et al. describes a multi-mode analytical microscope which provides both conventional optical microscopy (i.e., magnified viewing of microscopic sections of a sample) with Raman spectrometric analysis (i.e., analysis of laser light scattered by the sample, which can provide information about the composition of the sample). Other types of multi-mode microscopes may provide additional or alternative types of microscopic viewing (e.g., fluorescence microscopy, which allows viewing of wavelength-shifted light emitted from a sample) with additional or alternative types of sample analysis (e.g., spectrometric analysis of light emitted and/or scattered by a sample from incident light in infrared, visible, and/or ultraviolet wavelengths).
While multi-mode analytical microscopes can often be constructed by "superimposing" features of different microscopes, spectrometers, and similar instruments—in other words, by simply combining the components of the different instruments about the sample mount/stage so that the different instruments may be used together—such a construction can be expensive and inefficient, with the combined instruments providing redundant and/or interfering components. As an example, it is desirable to have the optical elements (lenses, mirrors, etc.) of one instrument also at least partially serve as the optical elements of the other instrument, thereby allowing a reduction in cost and physical size of the combined instrument. However, this may not be feasible because optical elements designed for use in visible ("Vis") wavelength ranges, ultraviolet (UV) wavelength ranges, and infrared (IR) wavelength ranges are generally not appropriate for use at other ones of the ranges: the different instruments may effectively have incompatible optics. Thus, it is often necessary to provide components for each of the combined instruments, and to possibly move/exchange these components when changing the multi-mode instrument from one mode of viewing/analysis to another. This can lead to greater instrument costs and size, as well as added complexity when performing viewing/analysis techniques. In particular, the need to switch optics can lead to difficulties in accurate viewing and analysis. To illustrate, after microscopically viewing some specific region of interest on the sample, it can be problematic to switch optics to then allow spectrometric analysis of the same region on the sample because of difficulties in attaining the same alignment of the microscopic and spectrometric optics. It would therefore be useful to have available additional multi-mode analytical microscopy devices and methods which eliminate at least some of the component redundancies, excessive space, viewing/analysis difficulties, and other drawbacks of conventional arrangements.

Devices and methods for multi-mode analytical microscopy, in particular for UV fluorescence and Raman analysis of samples

Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments LLC


The present invention relates to a supply station jointly storing a low-temperature-liquefied combustible gas, in particular natural gas, and liquid nitrogen and designed for supplying each component separately or jointly as needed to a vehicle, the supply station being present on the vehicle, the station comprising at least a first storage tank for storing said liquefied combustible gas; and at least a second storage tank for storing said liquid nitrogen and at least one heat-transmitting connection element between the at least one first storage tank and the at least one second storage tank, which connection element is designed so that the combustible gas can be cooled, or can be maintained at a temperature below its boiling point, directly or indirectly by the liquid nitrogen.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the joint storage and/or transfer and/or transportation of low-temperature liquefied combustible gas, in particular natural gas, and of liquid nitrogen and also to uses of the method and of the apparatus.
2. Related Art
It is known to operate internal combustion engines of motor vehicles with natural gas. The natural gas is carried, either under pressure or in low-temperature liquefied form, in special storage tanks in the motor vehicle. In the latter case, the liquid natural gas has a temperature of at most −161° C. at atmospheric pressure, and part of the natural gas may constantly evaporate on account of the heat supplied by the surroundings. Evaporation is undesirable, especially when the motor vehicle is not in operation. The gaseous part of the natural gas mainly contains the more volatile constituents of the gas which have a higher vapour pressure or a lower boiling temperature. The extraction of part of the natural gas present in gaseous form in the storage tank leads, in the long term, to an enrichment of higher hydrocarbons, in particular propane, in the low-temperature liquefied part of the natural gas. The high propane gas fraction may be harmful for an internal combustion engine, when later supplied to it. Moreover, the mixture composition changes with time, this being undesirable. In an extreme case, the higher hydrocarbons may also freeze out of the solution.
In refrigeration vehicles operated with natural gas, which have a refrigeration space for the transport of refrigerated stock, it is known from EP 0 788 908 A2 to utilize the evaporation energy of the natural gas to keep the refrigeration space at a low temperature. The gaseous natural gas is subsequently supplied to an internal combustion engine designed for natural gas. At times when the vehicle is not being operated, but the refrigeration space has to be kept cold, the refrigeration space is cooled conventionally, in which case the conventional cooling engine may, in turn, be driven by natural gas. Among other things it is disadvantageous that the natural gas itself needs to be conducted all the way from a natural gas tank mostly close to the combustion engine to the cooling unit, usually arranged in or close to the refrigeration space, which implies a lot of risks according to the flammable properties of the natural gas in case of defects like leakages in the supplying fuel lines. Moreover, especially the use of such a cooling method in a trailer truck is only applicable quite limited, because no appropriate, workable systems for disconnecting fuel lines, which would be necessary in case of decoupling a trailer from a tractor, are available. Therefore the refrigeration space of a trailer in a trailer truck usually is cooled by liquid nitrogen or by conventional compressor cooling methods solely, even if the tractor is driven by natural gas.
Evaporating natural gas also represents a problem at filling stations which make liquid natural gas available for natural-gas-operated vehicles. According to the prior art, the evaporated gaseous natural gas is compressed in a complicated way at the filling stations and may be used further, where appropriate, in gaseous form. However, here too, the result of the constantly evaporating natural gas is that the liquid natural gas still contained in the tank is enriched after some time with higher hydrocarbons, in particular propane, since the constituents having a lower boiling point evaporate sooner. The rising propane fraction may, beyond certain limits, constitute a problem for natural-gas-operated internal combustion engines.

Method for the refrigerated transportation of a stock in a vehicle implementing a liquid combustible gas tank and a liquid nitrogen tank

L'Air Liquide Société Anonyme Pour L'Étude Et L'Exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude


Disclosed is a system and method for evaluating educational effectiveness and establishing an index for comparison. The index is called the Classroom Productivity Index and is determined from four factors multiplied together. Two of the factors come from a Curriculum Calibration of student assignments process: (1) Alignment to Standards and (2) Breadth of Coverage. The two other factors come from a School Wide Instructional Practices Summary (classroom observations) process: (3) Time on Task, and (4) Instructional Effectiveness. The Index is used to quantifiably measure the educational institution's overall effectiveness and to identify areas for improvement in the school's instructional processes that will result in improved student learning and improved student achievement on state assessments. A repeat determination of the Classroom Productivity Index at a future time can measure a school's progress, or lack of progress, in improving its educational processes. The usefulness of the Index is based on the premise that improved teaching results in improved student learning.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to improving classroom instruction for the goal of improving student performance, and more particularly to a system and method for evaluating an educational institution's effectiveness and establishing an index for comparison.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the field of education, it is a primary objective of educators and administrators of grades K–12 to raise the level of student achievement overall and to narrow the persistent significant achievement gap between high performing students, generally coming from middle and upper socio-economic status families, and lower performing students, generally coming from lower socio-economic status minority families (the "SES performance gap"). Much effort has been spent to analyze the SES performance gap with some researchers/experts attempting to use correlational studies to prove an unbreakable cause-and-effect link between SES and academic achievement. Other researchers, while acknowledging the strong correlation between SES and student performance, have claimed that the correlation can be mitigated through alignment of curriculum and assessment along with effective classroom teaching. Still other researchers have used data to support the assertion that the relationship between effective instruction and student performance is stronger and more predictive than SES.
Ignoring the potential SES link to student achievement or the data concerning the effectiveness of curriculum alignment and quality instruction, educators and administrators have historically relied on information about student achievement as the sole measure of the value of their institutions. In the past, for example, many schools, school districts, and states have used mean student scores from nationally-normed standardized tests to establish ratings/rankings for schools and/or districts such as "high-performing," "low-performing," "program improvement," "blue ribbon," etc. Because of the persistent SES performance gap, a system of multiple measures was developed. Recently the State of California developed a complex "Academic Performance Index" using, again, student achievement data solely as the basis for rewards and punishment given out in recognition of quality schools and/or districts. Given the data concerning factors that contribute to or possibly cause high or low student performance, the incentives and disincentives given out to schools based upon student performance alone are inappropriate. For example, districts create schools for gifted students by moving the highest performing students from many schools onto one campus. State testing then shows these schools to be the highest performing in the state, and they receive awards based on the students' high test scores. Teachers from low performing schools may even come over to observe the teaching mistakenly thinking that the high test scores are a direct result of exceptional teaching.
Efforts have not been made to quantify in measurable terms a school's educational processes. There are some who believe that the state departments of education should expand their efforts to include such measures. Sanctions and rewards could then be then be given based on the quality of the schools' instructional programs.
For the first time, the Classroom Productivity Index provides an unbiased, non-judgmental method to calculate the effectiveness of a school's educational program. There are, in fact, some educators who believe that schools should receive awards and sanctions based only on their educational effectiveness instead of their students' achievement on state tests.
It is therefore highly desirable to provide a method by which educators and administrators can objectively evaluate the quality of their educational program that will be minimally distorted by the quality of the students it serves and to identify particular areas where changes may be made to improve.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,092,081 and 6,405,226 describe an interactive teacher and workstation computer environment where the teacher can mark student work with a tag or goal. The goal may be taken from a standardized list so that the work of all students is evaluated using the same criteria. Different weights may be given to different criteria for use in the analysis, and summary reports can be generated. However, while these patents describe some basic data collection, comparison and reporting, they do not provide any direct analysis of teaching effectiveness as they focus on students' test scores. They use test scores to identify areas in which students need additional teaching. These patents do not attempt to measure nor quantify, especially for the purposes of instructional improvement, key educational processes themselves such as time on task, alignment of teacher assignments to grade-level state content standards, coverage of the breadth and depth of the content standards, and effectiveness of classroom instructional practices.
It is therefore desirable to provide a mathematical model of calculating classroom productivity so that schools can focus their efforts on improving their own instructional effectiveness, which is the foundation of improved student learning that, in turn, produces higher student test scores.

Methods for generating classroom productivity index


On the laterally opposite side of an upper frame constructing an upper rotating body to a cabin, are installed devices in a state that a pin insertion and removal space sufficient for inserting and removing a boom foot pin in the axial direction is ensured, and in a bracket provided in the pin insertion and removal space, is provided a pin guide in a square tube shape for guiding the boom foot pin in the insertion and removal direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a construction machine provided with a construction for inserting and removing a boom foot pin such as a hydraulic excavator.
2. Description of the Related Art
The related art will be described with an example of a hydraulic excavator which is a preferred example of the present invention.
An upper rotating body of the hydraulic excavator is provided with an upper frame. A cabin is installed on one of left and right sides (generally on the left side) of the upper frame. A pair of left and right boom attachment frames are provided on the inner side of the upper frame to the cabin (on the middle part in the lateral direction). A base end of the boom (boom foot) is attached to the boom attachment frames by a boom foot pin.
On the opposite side (on the right side) of the upper frame to the cabin, a side cover is provided on a side surface part, and a front cover is provided on a part covering a front surface part and an upper surface part, respectively. In a device chamber covered by both the covers on the front-right side, are installed various devices including a working oil tank.
The boom is attached to and detached from the upper rotating body at the time of transportation of the machine, maintenance and the like. In this case, since the cabin is located on the left side of the boom foot pin as mentioned above, the boom foot pin is inserted and removed only from the right side.
However, on an extended line of an axis of the boom foot pin (hereinafter, referred to as pin insertion and removal line), is located the working oil tank disturbing the insertion and removal of the pin.
Therefore, there are proposed means that a through hole sufficient for inserting and removing the boom foot pin is provided in the working oil tank (Known Technique 1), or, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. Hei10-18347 and 2000-291056, means that the devices such as a tank is installed at a position apart from the pin insertion and removal line in the device chamber so that a pin insertion and removal space is ensured on the pin insertion and removal line (Known Technique 2).
However, in Known Technique 1, with a complicated shape of the working oil tank, troublesome processing and high cost, there is a fear that the tank is damaged when the pin is inserted or removed. Since there are a lot of harmful effects as mentioned, Known Technique 1 is not the best idea.
Meanwhile, according to Known Technique 2, since the devices are not changed, the problem in Known Technique 1 can be solved. However, since the boom foot pin is not supported in the pin insertion and removal space, there occurred new problems that when the pin is inserted and removed (particularly when removed), the boom foot pin is inclined from the pin insertion and removal line and brought into contact with surrounding structures such as hydraulic piping, or the pin is dropped off as soon as removed from the boom attachment frames so that the pin itself and the structures are damaged.

Kobelco Construction Machinery Co., Ltd.


In a method for compensating recording power, being suitable for an optical disk apparatus, applying the WOPC therein, as a means for compensating recording power during recording operation, and also an optical disk apparatus applying the same therein, wherein the recording operation is interrupted, when a predetermined amount of data is recorded continuously, to determine the recording power for when recoding next, from the recoding condition onto the optical disk just before interruption thereof, and thereby starting the recording, with the recording power determined from that just after said interruption thereof, wherein an adjustment is made on a tilt angle of an optical pickup when the recording power, which is determined when interrupting the recording operation, exceeds a predetermined threshold value, and the recording is started just after said interruption, with the recording power onto the optical disk just before it is interrupted. Further, by detecting the recording power, again, by reproducing an end portion just before the interruption, or by reducing the recording power determined, the recording is started just after that interruption thereof, with the said reduced recording power.

The present invention relates to recording power compensation, in particular, in an optical disk apparatus, for recording/reproducing information onto/from an optical information recording medium, and in particular, it relates to a recording power compensating method applying a walking OPC (operating Power Control) therein and an optical disk apparatus applying the same therein, as a means for compensating the power recording (i.e., recoding compensation) during the recording operation, as well as, achieving high-speed recording of the optical disk.
In the optical disk apparatus for enabling to recode/reproduce information on the information recording surface of an optical disk, i.e., the optical information recording medium, the recording/reproducing of information onto/from the optical disk is achieved by irradiating a laser beam while rotating the optical disk at high speed, or by detecting the reflection light thereof. As a technology for achieving such recording compensation thereof while estimating the recording quality during when recording on the optical disk, conventionally, so-called a running OPC (herein after, being abbreviated "ROPC") is conducted, i.e., an estimation is made on a return light during the recording operation at a point B (B level), thereby to compensate the recording power upon the basis of deterioration or degradation of that B level.
However, as a means for treating a bending or curvature of the optical disk and/or fluctuations of sensitivity thereof, in that ROPC, as is already known inn the following Patent Documents 1 and 2, the recording is stopped or interrupted, when the recording power after making compensation through the said ROPC exceeds a predetermined value, so as to execute a tilt adjustment, and thereafter re-starting the recording operation. Also, in the following Patent Documents 3 is disclosed that, the recording compensation is conducted through ROPC, while conducting the tilt adjustment, every time when elapsing a certain time period, or every time when the recording operation progresses, elapsing a predetermined addressing sections.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2004-234703 (2004);
[Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2005-4873 (2005); and
[Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2005-276248 (2005).
By the way, in recent years, accompanying with an increase of speed in recording operation for the optical disk, in particular, so-called a walking OPC (herein after, being abbreviated "WOPC") is applied, as a means for compensating or adjusting the recording power during that recording operation. Thus, with this WOPC, recording is interrupted or stopped at every predetermined interval on the optical disk, to reproduce an end portion of the recording, and thereby conducting the compensation of the recording power while estimating the recording quality.
On the other hand thereof, accompanying with wide spread of the optical disks, as an information recording medium, various optical disks are provided, differing in the kind (or type) and the functions thereof, and also in each of those optical disks, there can be sometimes found disks, being large in the fluctuation of sensitivity within that disk or in the bending or curvature in a part thereof. For this reason, it is difficult to maintain a sufficient recording quality for such the optical disks, only with the compensation of the recording power through such WOPC.
However, with such high-speed of recording mentioned above, also with the compensation of recording power through the conventional ROPC, it is difficult to detect the B level at high accuracy, and in addition thereto, as was mentioned above, the above WOPC comes to be a means for compensating the recording during the recording operation, and for that reason, there is necessity of combining the recording power compensation and the tilt adjustment suitable for that WOPC.

Optical disk apparatus method for compensating recording power for the same


A mandrel for bending a rectangular duct body is provided. A round part and a shaft pin hole are formed at the front end of the mandrel, connection pieces and rollers are formed at the front end of the mandrel, protruded parts for supporting the bent part of the rectangular duct body and depressed parts in which depression parts will be formed are formed on both sides of the rollers, and oil grooves are formed in the sides of the rollers. Accordingly, there is an advantage in that workability and productivity can be improved because frictional force between the rollers and between the inside of the rectangular duct body and the rollers is reduced when performing a bending work because grease within the oil grooves formed in the rollers performs a lubrication action.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a mandrel for bending a rectangular duct body and, more particularly, to a mandrel for bending a rectangular duct body, wherein when a rectangular duct body used for various purposes, such as a hanger arm connected to the trunk lead of a vehicle is bent in a specific shape, the rectangular duct body is partially depressed so that a bent part is prevented from being cracked and rollers that form the mandrel are smoothly rotated.
2. Description of the Related Art
As noted, in a hanger arm connected to the trunk lead of a vehicle or parts that form various types of mechanical tools, a rectangular duct body is bent in a specific shape using a bending machine. When bending the rectangular duct body, the bending work is performed by inserting a mandrel into the rectangular duct body in order to prevent the bent part of the rectangular duct body from being depressed.
From among mandrels used to prevent a phenomenon in which a rectangular duct body is depressed when bending the rectangular duct body using a bending machine as described above, there is a mandrel having a main body formed of a rectangular pole and having a front end rounded. When performing a bending work on the rectangular duct body using such a mandrel, the round part of the mandrel needs to be precisely matched with the bent part of the rectangular duct body. However, an accurate position of the mandrel cannot be seen outside because the mandrel is inserted into the rectangular duct body.
Accordingly, there is a disadvantage in that the rectangular duct body is depressed in the direction in which the bent part of the rectangular duct body is bent because the bent part of the rectangular duct body cannot be precisely matched with the round part of the mandrel. Furthermore, there are many disadvantages in the structure of the mandrel, such as that a range in which the rectangular duct body is applied to the parts of various types of mechanical tools is narrowed, because the rectangular duct body cannot be bent at various angles.
In order to solve the disadvantages, a mandrel including one roller or two rollers and a mandrel having a metal plate stacked thereon have been disclosed, thereby solving some of the disadvantages of the mandrel. In such mandrels, however, a crack is generated in a bent part because the entire bent part is not depressed.
Furthermore, there are many problems in the structures of conventional mandrels, such as that the lifespan of the mandrel is short and a bending work is not smoothly performed, because a lubrication action is not smoothly performed between rollers that form the mandrel and between the roller and the rectangular duct body.

Mandrel for bending rectangular duct body

BEIJING JINGUMCHANG AUTOMOBILE HITECH CO., LTD.


In a method for semiactive chassis control, in particular for damping resilient wheel suspension systems in vehicles, having a piston displaceable in a cylinder and subdividing it into two work chambers, the cylinder and piston are each connected to a vehicle body or a wheel axle. At least one valve that controls the flow of pressure fluid into and out of the work chambers is associated with the work chambers. Control of the valve is effected as a function of an absolute vertical speed of the vehicle body and of a zero crossover of the relative speed of the relative motion between the axle or wheel in the vehicle body and/or of a zero crossover of the damper force and/or of a zero crossover of the differential pressure at the damper piston.

The invention relates to a method for semiactive chassis control, in particular for damping resilient wheel suspension systems in vehicles.
From the standpoint of vibration control, two essential sources of trouble affect the vehicle. One of them is unevenness of the road surface, which causes vertical wheel motions as well as up-and-down, pitching and rolling vibration of the vehicle body; secondly, undesirable vehicle motions are also caused by driver interventions, such as turning, accelerating and braking. All these thus-induced vibrations definitively affect the comfort of the ride and driving safety.
For optimal damping of the body motion of a vehicle, the ideal component would be an inertially guided damper that is built in between a hypothetical rail, extending parallel to and above the road surface, and the body.
However, a so-called skyhook damper of this kind, as described for instance in "Optimierung des Fahrzeugverhaltens mit semiaktiver Fahrwerkregelung" [Optimizing Vehicle Performance with Semiactive Chassis Control], VDI-Berichte [Reports of Association of German Engineers] No. 699, 1988, pp. 121 ff. is not industrially feasible. It is approximately feasible industrially, however, for a built-in damper between the wheel and the body to be triggered as a function of the absolute vertical speed of the body. This can be done by feedback of the speed signal at each wheel unit individually to the applicable damper, or on the basis of the total motion of the body, which is composed of up-and-down, pitching and rolling motions. The control is then done in accordance with suitable algorithms, and control valves on the various dampers are controlled directly.
Another problem area arises with regard to the direction in which a damping force should act, that is, whether a damping force should be varied when the piston rod is moving outward, known as the tension stage, or with the piston rod moving inward, known as the compression stage. The direction of the damping force (tension or compression) cannot be controlled arbitrarily, as will be readily understood; instead, it depends on the instantaneous direction of the relative speed between the body and wheel or wheel suspension, and in principle works in the opposite direction thereto. Some patent publications do exist in which the tension and compression stages of a damper are triggered separately and are decoupled from one another hydraulically by means of check valves. Among these can be named the following German published patent applications: 35 24 863, 35 24 862, 36 11 315, 37 61 506 and 36 10 937. However, it is apparent in these systems that work is done with at least two valves hydraulically decoupled from one another by means of check valves, which have considerable disadvantages in terms of expense and control.


It has been discovered that a dynamic mixed media package with a mechanism for dynamic modification/update provides a media experience to users that exceeds the experience offered by individual media files. A dynamic mixed media package accommodates various types of media and allows for additional media and modifications of existing media. Additional media includes media generated by consumers, such as media derived from a seed media. A seed media is marked and assembled with supplemental media into a package. The seed media is marked to allow performance of various operations, such as identification of the seed media during the lifetime of the package and attribution when the seed media is incorporated into consumer generated derivative media.

The entertainment industry does not exercise complete control over their raw assets delivered through digital distribution channels. Conventional delivery of these raw assets suffers from several limitations, which is perhaps most obvious with conventional distribution of music content. First, conventional digital music delivery over the Internet or other digital distribution channels (e.g., digital radio broadcast, Compact Disc, Audio or Video on Demand services through cable, terrestrial broadcast or via satellite, cellular phone networks, etc.) is limited to delivery of an individual or delivery of multiple individual tracks. This limitation constrains a consumer to single track playback. Second, an individual audio track is separate from other related assets. Third, the format of audio tracks is often proprietary (i.e. non-standard) and only in one format or resolution. These limitations hamper control over their raw assets and the ability of music industry members to innovate with respect to their raw assets. Although described in the context of music content, these same issues plague other digital content spaces (e.g., eBooks, videos, games, image data, etc.).
The conventional delivery model restrains the entertainment industry owners' and creators' ability to innovate. The conventional delivery model relies heavily on an intermediate entity (i.e. content aggregators and distributors, download store front and network operators, content delivery and playback software/device manufacturers etc.). The intermediate entity that delivers content separates the owners and creators of the content from their customers. This separation interferes with the owners' and creators' ability to collect helpful statistical data and interact closer with their end customers. Instead, distributors and software/hardware providers (e.g., Apple iTunes® music service, Real Network Rhapsody® music service, etc.) substantially control the consumer experience of consuming content via the Internet, digital media files, and media streams. Allowing these intermediate entities to possess control over distribution and the consumer interaction hinders progress in product differentiation by members of the entertainment industry. Lastly, the intermediate entities have the best abilities to influence the consumption behavior and experience of consumers since they are the closest to the consumers.


A curtain track for an aircraft cabin enables curtain sliders to be quickly loaded into the curtain track. The curtain track is constructed of an elongate channel with a first end fitting on a first end of the channel and a second end fitting on a second end of the channel. There is a unique cutout in the bottom surface of the first end fitting that forms a curved slot surface that enables curtain sliders to be loaded into the channel of the curtain track through the cutout to quickly load the curtain onto the curtain track without disassembling any of the parts of the curtain track or removing the curtain track from its attachment to the aircraft cabin.

There are many different types of curtain track assemblies for aircraft cabins. Many of the different types of curtain track assemblies are related in that they require the removal of an end cap from at least one end of the curtain track in order to install curtain sliders into the track and along the length of the track.
For example, there are curtain track assemblies for an aircraft cabin that require an end cap be unsnapped from an end of the curtain track and removed from the end of the curtain track. The curtain sliders are then able to be inserted into the open end of the track and slid along the track. Once the curtain sliders are loaded into the track, the end cap is returned to the end of the track and snapped into place to secure it.
In another type of curtain track assembly, a screw on the end cap is unscrewed to allow the end cap to be removed from the end of the track. Curtain sliders are then able to be inserted into the open end of the track and slid along the length of the track. Once the curtain sliders are loaded into the track, the end cap is returned to the end of the track and the screw of the end cap is screwed down to secure the end cap to the end of the track.
In a further curtain track assembly, an end cap on an end of the track is provided with a spring loaded or spring biased mechanism. The mechanism has a push pad that is manually pushed against a spring upward into the end cap until the push pad latches on a protrusion. The push pad pushed up to the latched position provides an opening in the end of the track for insertion of the curtain sliders through the opening and along the length of the curtain track. Once the curtain is loaded into the curtain track, the push pad is pushed upward into the end cap to unlatch the push pad and release it from the protrusion. The spring biasing the push pad then pushes the push pad downwardly into its original position in the end cap.
The first two described types of curtain tracks for an aircraft cabin require some disassembly of an end cap from the curtain track in order to load the curtain sliders into the curtain track. In some curtain track assemblies, the track and the attached end caps must first be disassembled from the structure of the aircraft cabin prior to the end cap being disassembled from the end of the track. Once the curtain sliders are installed in the track, the end cap must be reassembled to the end of the track. This is a very time consuming process for installing the curtain sliders into the curtain track. It is also a very time consuming process if maintenance of the curtain track assembly requires the curtain sliders to be removed from the curtain track. Again, the end cap must be removed from the end of the track, the curtain sliders removed from the track for maintenance, the curtain sliders then reinstalled in the track and the end cap reattached to the end of the track.
The aircraft curtain assembly that includes an end cap with a push pad is expensive to produce. The end cap comprised of the push pad, the biasing spring and the latching protrusion in the end cap is comparatively more expensive to produce than a conventional end cap.

Quick loading curtain track for an aircraft cabin


An oxide sintered body including an oxide of indium and aluminum and having an atomic ratio Al/(Al+In) of 0.01 to 0.08.

Field effect transistors, such as a thin film transistor (TFT), are widely used as the unit electronic device of a semiconductor memory integrated circuit, a high frequency signal amplification device, a device for a liquid crystal drive, or the like, and they are electronic devices which are currently most widely put into practical use. Of these, with significant improvement in displays in recent years, in various displays such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), an electroluminescence display (EL) and a field emission display (FED), a TFT is frequently used as a switching device which drives a display by applying a driving voltage to a display device.
As a material of a semiconductor layer (channel layer) which is a main component of a field effect transistor, a silicon semiconductor compound is used most widely. Generally, a silicon single crystal is used for the high frequency amplification device and the device for integrated circuits which need high-speed operation. On the other hand, an amorphous silicon semiconductor (amorphous silicon) is used for a device for driving a liquid crystal in order to satisfy the demand for realizing a large-sized display.
A thin film of amorphous silicon can be formed at relatively low temperatures. However, the switching speed thereof is slow as compared with that of a crystalline thin film. Therefore, when it is used as a switching device which drives a display, it may be unable to follow the display of a high-speed animation. Specifically, amorphous silicon having a mobility of 0.5 to 1 cm2/Vs could be used in a liquid crystal television of which the resolution is VGA. However, if the resolution is equal to or more than SXGA, UXGA and QXGA, a mobility of 2 cm2/Vs or more is required. Moreover, if the driving frequency is increased in order to improve the image quality, a further higher mobility is required.
On the other hand, a crystalline silicon thin film had problems that, although it has a high mobility, it required great energy and a large number of steps in the production and formation of large-area display was difficult. For example, when crystallizing a silicon-based thin film, laser annealing which is conducted at a high temperature of 800° C. or higher and requires expensive equipment is required. Moreover, since the device configuration of a TFT was usually limited to the top-gate structure, reduction in cost, such as reduction of the number of masks, was difficult in the case of a crystalline silicon thin film.
Generally, fabrication of an oxide semiconductor thin film is conducted by sputtering using a target (sputtering target) which consists of an oxide sintered body. For example, an oxide semiconductor thin film obtained by doping indium oxide with aluminum has been disclosed (Patent Document 1). In the examples of Patent Document 1, an oxide semiconductor device is fabricated by using a target in which the atomic ratio of indium and aluminum Al/(Al+In) is 0.005. However, evaluation on target performance and studies on nodules which are generated at the time of sputtering were not sufficient.

Sintered oxide body, target comprising the same, and oxide semiconductor thin film


The invention concerns a method for controlling the opening of an internal combustion engine throttle valve body assembly, characterized in that it includes the following steps: specifically mapping the engine, limiting the opening angle of the throttle valve body assembly, and defining particular operating points requiring replacement of the usual mapping by the specific mapping.

I. Field of the invention
The present invention relates to the field of engine control. More specifically, it relates to a strategy for opening the intake throttle of an internal combustion engine.
This invention finds a favored, although non-exclusive, application in normally-aspirated spark-ignition gasoline engines, but turbocharged diesel engines can also benefit from the proposed strategy.
II. Description of Related Art
Under full load acceleration, the throttle pedal is fully depressed. The computer sends the "wide open throttle" information to the motorized throttle valve body assembly, and the throttle valve is opened wide throughout the speed range. The cross section opened up by opening the throttle wide is designed not to restrict the air supply to the engine when the air supply is entering at its maximum flowrate. The size of the opening is therefore calculated to meet maximum flowrate requirements, that is to say to provide maximum power. Thus, the opening in the throttle valve body assembly is often too great, and the throttle valve body assembly is therefore oversized.
Opening the throttle wider than just the amount needed has no positive effect on engine behavior or performance but detracts from the pleasure of driving the vehicle by needlessly increasing the level of engine noise. Indeed, it has been found that some engine noise, identified as "induction noise" is directly associated with the opening of the throttle.
Publication JP 200129571 discloses a reduction in engine noise by modifying the passage cross section for air through the induction circuit. The system described does actually make it possible to limit the noise level under certain circumstances but takes no account of the true engine operating conditions.

Method for controlling the opening of a throttle valve body assembly


A memory controlling method adapted for driving a memory within a computer system is disclosed. When the computer system is booted, the memory is driven and tested via the BIOS. The memory controlling method performs tests on multiple controlling signals of the memory. The memory controlling method includes steps of: detecting an active window of each controlling signal; determining whether the active windows is larger than a predetermined window; performing a parameter adjustment on the controlling signals if one of the active windows is smaller than the predetermined window; performing a phase range test between two of the control signals if the active windows are larger than the predetermined window; performing a phase adjustment on the active windows of the controlling signals if the controlling signals fails in the phase range test; and driving the memory according to the adjusted controlling signals.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a memory controlling method and, more particularly, to a controlling method for setting memory parameters using a test command in the basic input/output system (BIOS).
2. Related Art
With the fast development of components in computers, there are multiple kinds of memory modules in the market both for sale and customization. The memory specification varies along with the different manufacturers, gains, and different released time. When the memories are produced, the memory manufacturers and system assembling manufacturers should determine the stable working environment of each memory such as the working voltage configuration, driving strength, a delay time reference, an active window of the memory and so on. The memory needs the optimum settings to read, write and store data with the highest stableness. Since the initial settings set by the memory manufacturers may not satisfy the criterion or the requirement of the system assembling manufacturer, the memory needs to be finely adjusted and tested by the system testing engineers or the research and development engineers to get the optimum settings of the memories.
Taking a personal computer as an example, the motherboard usually has BIOS to initialize the memory module and perform the power on self test (POST). The BIOS usually stores a large lookup table for looking up the environment condition settings for each kind of memory.
However, with the innovation of semiconductor processing, the memory is developed from the synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) to double-data-rate three (DDR3) SDRAM, and the memory has different specifications. The time span in developing new product is shorter and shorter. Every time the memory brings out, the electronic product needs to be adjusted again for making the memory work stably. Therefore, the manufacturers need to pay a lot for designing and manufacturing, and the user also may feel inconvenient in practical usage.


An apparatus for adjusting wheel alignment at an upper ball joint assembly of a vehicular suspension includes a bushing having an outer surface defined about a first axis, and a receptacle defined about a second axis eccentric to the first axis. The apparatus further includes a locking key having an arm portion adapted to removably cooperate with selected ones of slots arranged radially in a flange portion of the bushing so as to retain the bushing in a predetermined position.

Vehicular wheels are often times mounted to a suspension arrangement which involves a spindle or steering knuckle that is configured to engage with upper and lower ball joint assemblies of a suspension control arm. Due to the multiple-point connectivity of the control arm to the steering knuckle, manipulation of the orientation of the upper portion of the control arm relative to the lower portion thereof acts to modify the wheel orientation relative to the vehicular frame. Such wheel orientations are known as camber and caster.
Wheel alignment adjustment in such suspension systems may be accomplished through a variety of methods and mechanisms. A common example mechanism involves eccentric devices, such as offset ball joints and offset bushings at one or more of the ball joint shafts. Caster/camber modifications may be effectuated through rotation of such eccentric devices, which relatively reposition the upper and lower ball joints.
An example conventional ball joint bushing used in connection with pinch bolt-type axle arm connections at the upper ball joint is illustrated in FIG. 1, wherein upper ball joint 10 includes a ball joint stud 12 extending up from steering knuckle 14. Upper control arm 16 includes a pinch bolt securement arrangement, wherein coupling end 18 of upper control arm 16 includes a slot 20 that may be operably compressed by bolt 22 extending through coupling end 18 of upper control arm 16. The conventional arrangement of FIG. 1 includes a ball joint bushing 24 having a central bore 26 through which ball joint stud 12 is operably inserted. Bore 26 may or may not be eccentric to a longitudinal axis defined by bushing 24.
An isolation view of bushing 24 is illustrated in FIG. 2, wherein tab 28 is clearly visible radially extending from bushing 24. Tab 28 is typically integrally formed with bushing 24, and is therefore immovable with respect to bushing 24. As shown in FIG. 1, tab 28 is configured to be at least partially received in slot 20 of coupling end 18. As such, tab 28, as well as the integrally connected bushing 24, may be secured to coupling end 18 of upper control arm 16 through compression of slot 20 by the actuation of bolt 22. Compression of slot 20 frictionally secures tab 28 between the opposed faces of coupling end 18 defining slot 20, and such frictional securement correspondingly secures bushing 24 about ball joint stud 12. Tab 28 may include a recess portion 29 through which bolt 22 may operably extend.
Because of the integral relationship described above between tab 28 and bushing 24, wheel alignment is limited to the one position afforded through the orientation of bushing 24 when tab 28 is positioned in slot 20. In some cases, vehicular modifications are made which necessitate adjustment to original wheel alignment. Such vehicular modifications include suspension changes and changes to the vehicle itself, such as modifying origination chassis arrangement to serve specific purposes. Such chassis modifications may include, for example, ambulance, utility truck, and conversion packages which significantly alter the weight distribution upon the chassis, and can thereby alter wheel alignment out of desired specifications. One solution for adjusting wheel alignment back within desired specifications has involved the use of replacement ball joint bushings, such as that illustrated in FIG. 3. Typically, conventional replacement ball joint bushings 40 do not have a tab extending radially therefrom, such as tab 28 in bushing 24, and instead are merely held in place within aperture 21 of coupling end 18 through the compressive action provided by bolt 22. The lack of a tab, such as tab 28, at bushing 40 enables various camber and caster adjustments to be made simply by rotating bushing 40, with its offset bore 46 about an axis defined by ball joint stud 12. Thus, replacement bushing 40 enables wheel alignment adjustment in various degrees without the need for replacement of the ball joint bushing.
In some cases, however, the lack of a tab extending from bushing 40 can result in displacement over time of the bushing position with respect to ball joint stud 12. Such displacement can include rotational and axial movements. In some cases, such displacement can dislodge bushing 40 out from an installed position in coupling end 18 altogether. Such an occurrence can result in major wheel misalignment, and even unsafe vehicular steering conditions.
In view of the above, therefore, it is a principle object of the present invention to provide an alignment apparatus which enables selective alignment adjustment without disassembly of the ball joint while being retainable in a predetermined secure position.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a ball joint bushing that can be removably locked in a predetermined alignment position, while also enabling selective further adjustment of wheel alignment, including camber and caster adjustment.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a wheel alignment apparatus utilizing a ball joint bushing which is configured for replacement of original vehicular equipment, and which bushing enables secure selective wheel alignment adjustment.


A cellulose ester film which can be melt cast is manufactured by esterfying cellulose to form a cellulose acetate or cellulose acetate propionate having degrees of substitution of DSac=1.9 to 2.6, DSpr=0 to 0.9 and DS.sub.OH =0 to 0.55 and melt compounding the resulting polymer with a non-volatile phosphoric acid ester. A film is formed by melt extruding the compounded polymer onto a cooling surface to form a solid film. The film is then biaxially oriented at 130.degree. to 200.degree. C. and a stretch ratio of 1.25x to 2.5x in both directions. The resulting product is a film of excellent properties such as surface smoothness, light transmission, low haze, low color, high elastic modulus and curl relaxation after aqueous processing. The melt cast film is useful as a photographic roll film to replace solvent cast cellulose triacetate.

For many years, solvent-cast cellulose triacetate film has been used as a photographic film support. Its physical characteristics and the dimensional uniformity and surface quality imparted by solvent casting have made cellulose triacetate the first choice for many photographic films.
Despite the excellent photographic properties of solvent-cast cellulose triacetate film, environmental concerns about solvents conventionally used in the casting of the films have created a need for a new method of manufacture of cellulose triacetate films or for a new kind of photographic film support. Unfortunately, cellulose triacetate cannot be melt-cast because its melting point is above its decomposition temperature. As for solvent casting of cellulose triacetate, no new solvents have been found which are more acceptable than the conventional ones.
One possible way to eliminate solvents is to melt cast a thermally stable polymer such as poly(ethylene terephthalate). Indeed, this type of polymer is used commercially for the manufacture of supports for photographic sheet films such as x-ray films and graphic arts films. It is not suitable, however, for many kinds of photographic films, including roll films for amateur cameras. In this use the polyester film develops curl or "core set" when wound on the film spool. Cellulose triacetate also develops curl when wound (and a certain amount of core set is desirable), but when the cellulosic film is processed in aqueous developing solutions the curl of the hydrophilic cellulosic film is relaxed and the film lies flat. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) films, on the other hand, do not relax their core set in aqueous baths so they are unsatisfactory for photographic roll films. Other polymers lack one or more of the combination of properties and capabilities that make cellulose triacetate successful as a photographic film support.
Esters of cellulose hydroxyl groups have been made over a wide range with both single and mixed acids for different uses. Cellulose diacetate (DS.sub.ac =2.45), unlike the triacetate, has a sufficiently low melting point that, with adequate plasticizer addition, it can be melt extruded. Mixed esters, or replacement of acetyl groups of the triacetate with propionic or butyric groups can accomplish the same purpose. However, films previously made from these known cellulose ester compositions of lower acetyl content than the triacetate have been deficient in properties that are necessary for photographic roll film supports, most notably in stiffness and heat distortion temperature.
In addition, the plasticizers and flame retardants previously used in melt-processable cellulose esters are volatile at extrusion temperatures and generate aerosols which can condense and create surface defects on the film. Hence a continued need exists for a melt cast film having the desired combination of properties for photographic film supports.

Light sensitive silver halide element with cellulose ester film base


A semiconductor structure and related method for fabrication thereof includes a liner layer interposed between: (1) a pedestal shaped channel region within a semiconductor substrate; and (2) a source region and a drain region within a semiconductor material layer located upon the liner layer and further laterally separated from the pedestal shaped channel region within the semiconductor substrate. The liner layer comprises an active doped silicon carbon material. The semiconductor material layer may comprises a semiconductor material other than a silicon carbon semiconductor material. The semiconductor material layer may alternatively comprise a silicon carbon semiconductor material having an opposite dopant polarity and lower carbon content in comparison with the liner layer. Due to presence of the silicon carbon material, the liner layer inhibits dopant diffusion therefrom into the pedestal shaped channel region. Electrical performance of a field effect device that uses the pedestal shaped channel region is thus enhanced.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to semiconductor structures. More particularly, the invention relates to channel isolation within semiconductor structures.
2. Description of the Related Art
As semiconductor structure and device dimensions decrease, several novel effects become more prominent within semiconductor devices. A particularly detrimental novel effect that is often exhibited within field effect devices is a short channel effect. Short channel effects often arise as gate electrode length (i.e., linewidth) dimensions decrease to less than about 200 nanometers. Short channel effects are generally manifested as a decreased level of control of a gate electrode over a channel region within a field effect device. Such a decreased level of control of the gate electrode over the channel region is typically manifested within the context of compromised electrical operating properties of the field effect device.
It is thus desirable to provide semiconductor structures, and methods for fabrication thereof, that provide for field effect semiconductor devices with inhibited short channel effects.
Various semiconductor structures having desirable properties, and methods for fabrication thereof, are known in the semiconductor fabrication art.
Specific examples of such semiconductor structures, as well as related methods for fabrication thereof, are disclosed within: (1) Nishikawa et al., in "Reduction of transient boron diffusion in preamorphized Si by carbon implantation," Appl. Phys. Lett., 60 (18), 4 May 1992, pp. 2270-72; (2) Ban et al., in "Suppression of Oxidation-Enhanced Boron Diffusion in Silicon by Carbon Implantation and Characterization of MOSFET's with Carbon-Implanted Channels," IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices," 44 (9), September 1997, pp. 1544-51; and (3) Gossmann et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,920. Each of the foregoing disclosures describes the use of implanted carbon as a boron dopant diffusion inhibitor within particular semiconductor structures.
Semiconductor structure and device dimensions are certain to continue to decrease as semiconductor technology advances. As a result thereof, desirable are semiconductor structures and devices that provide enhanced performance at decreased semiconductor structure and device dimensions.

Semiconductor structure including doped silicon carbon liner layer and method for fabrication thereof


A modified maleimide oligomer is disclosed. The modified maleimide oligomer is made by performing a reaction of a compound having a barbituric acid structure, a free radical capture, and a compound having a maleimide structure. A composition for a battery is also disclosed. The composition includes the modified maleimide oligomer.

Recently, 3C electronic devices such as notebook computers, folding cell phones, digital cameras and the like are developed to be lighter, thinner, shorter and smaller, which has become the trend of development of electronic technique and communication devices and further increased the demand for a "secondary battery" as a portable power supply. Accordingly, secondary batteries have been also developed to be thinner, smaller and lighter. Meanwhile, the requirement of capacitance of a secondary battery is increased in response to the need of electronic devices with multifunction, high speed, high performance and high power.
Generally, a lithium ion battery has an energy density about 260 to 270 kWh/m3, which is about 2 folds or higher of the energy density of a nickel-cadmium alkaline secondary battery. Lithium ion/lithium-polymer secondary batteries have the advantages such as rapid charging rate, high discharging power and high energy density, so that lithium ion batteries and lithium-polymer batteries have played important roles in the application of small-scaled electronic devices among all secondary batteries. However, there still is a need to focus on safety, capacitance and cycle life at high temperature and high pressure for batteries in battery industry and electric vehicles.

Modified maleimide oligomer, preparation method thereof and composition containing the same

INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE


There is provided a sorbent for removing metabolic waste products from a dialysis liquid, the sorbent comprising a layer of immobilized uremic toxin-treating enzyme particles intermixed with cation exchange particles.

Kidneys are vital organs of the humans homeostasis system. Kidneys act as a natural filter in the body which remove toxic metabolic wastes such as urea from the blood. Kidney failure or malfunction may lead to an accumulation of toxins and to an imbalanced electrolyte level in the blood, which may result in undesirable repercussions that are hazardous to an individual's health. In this regard, patients with impaired kidney functionality will usually have to undergo dialysis for the removal of toxic wastes in the blood and for the restoration of the optimal level of electrolytes in the blood.
For the past few years, the predominant form of dialysis used for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is hemodialysis. Hemodialysis involves the use of an extracorporeal system for the removal of toxins directly from the patient's blood by passing a large amount of the patient's blood through a filtering unit or dialyzer. In conventional hemodialysis processes, patients must spend hours immobilized throughout the duration of the dialysis, encumbering the patient's mobility. Another drawback of hemodialysis is the need to utilize an anticoagulant during the treatment process, which may inevitably increase the risk of internal hemorrhages.
The other form of dialysis used for patient with kidney failure is peritoneal dialysis, most commonly applied in the following two techniques: "continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis" (CAPD) and "automated peritoneal dialysis" (APD). In CAPD, fresh dialysate is infused into the patient's abdominal (peritoneal) cavity where, by means of diffusion, metabolic waste and electrolytes in the blood are exchanged with the dialysate across the peritoneal membrane. To allow sufficient diffusion of the electrolytes and metabolic waste to occur, the dialysate is retained in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity for a couple of hours before removal and replacement (of the spent dialysate) with fresh dialysate. Major drawbacks of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis are a low level of toxin clearance, and the need to continuously replace the spent dialysate, which can be arduous for the patient and disruptive to his/her daily activities.
To overcome the above-mentioned problems of conventional hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis treatments, automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) devices have been developed in recent years. In APD, dialysis is performed at night, or while the patient is resting. The dialysate is exchanged and replaced automatically. This allows for more frequent changes of dialysate and better toxin clearance with minimal interruption to the patient's daily activities.
However, all dialysis techniques described above still suffer from several drawbacks. For example, hemodialysis fails to remove protein-bound toxins, while peritoneal dialysis entails a significant loss of beneficial proteins for the patient. Hemodialysis, CAPD and APD fail to provide optimal clearance for uremic toxins, because of limitation in the volume of dialysate used (due to cost constraints). In cases where the hemodialysis device comprises a regenerating unit, such as a sorbent cartridge that regenerates spent dialysate, the overall size and weight of these dialysis devices are often too large to be portable and therefore do not improve a patients' mobility. Such devices are also cumbersome due to the bulky nature of the sorbent used to ensure adequate removal of the toxins, which is a requirement resulting from the intermittent use of the device. In addition, the flow system of known regenerating hemo-dialysis devices requires a plurality of pumps, which in turn undesirably increases the overall size, weight and power consumption of the device. In alternative forms of these devices proposed for use in peritoneal dialysis, the portability of the automated peritoneal dialysis devices is attempted to be improved by reducing the size of the regenerating units. However, the trade-off for the reduction in size of the regenerating unit is the significant lowering of the efficacy of toxin removal by the regenerating unit or sorbent, which eventually compromises the patients' well being.
There is a need to provide a dialysis device that overcomes or at least ameliorates one or more of the disadvantages described above. Such a device should be portable, relatively light and have high efficacy in removing toxins. Accordingly, there is also a need to provide a regenerating component or sorbent that is compact and has a superior capability of removing toxins and, which can be incorporated into the dialysis device.


According to one embodiment, a technique is presented to dynamically adjust a sample period used at a presenter device for a screen content capture sharing function during a communication session. In another embodiment, a technique is provided to control how frames of screen capture content, e.g., in a desktop sharing function, are sent to attendee devices during an online conference session. According to a still another embodiment, a technique is provided to enable on-demand designation of frames as key-frames during a desktop sharing function of an online conference session.

In online meetings, meeting participants are able to share content, such as any content currently presented on their "desktop" to allow participants to view/listen to the desktop content, such as documents, video, etc. The desktop sharing function is a very useful collaboration application.
In the desktop-share process there is a presenter and one or more attendees. At the presenter, screen image capture is performed on a periodic basis. The captured content is then sent to one or more attendees. At the attendee, the content is displayed on a screen.

Self-adaptive sample period for content sharing in communication sessions


A method and apparatus for designing a processor-based emulation integrated circuit (chip) having a selectable fastpath topology. Included are initially designing an N-level fastpath topology comprising a plurality of processors, then reducing the N-level fastpath topology to an M-level topology such that the performance of the topology meets a design criterion, e.g., capable of evaluating data during a time of an emulation step. In this manner, an emulator chip designer may configure the fastpath topologies without redesigning the chip layout.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to a hardware emulator, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for designing a hardware emulation chip using a selectable fastpath topology.
2. Description of the Related Art
Hardware emulators are programmable devices used to verify hardware designs. A common method of hardware design verification is to use processor-based hardware emulators to emulate the design prior to physically manufacturing the integrated circuit(s) of the hardware. These processor-based emulators sequentially evaluate combinatorial logic levels, starting at the inputs and proceeding to the outputs. Each pass through the entire set of logic levels is known as a cycle; the evaluation of each individual logic level is known as an emulation step.
An exemplary hardware emulator is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,698 titled "Clustered Processors In An Emulation Engine", which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Hardware emulators allow engineers and hardware designers to test and verify the operation of an integrated circuit, an entire board of integrated circuits, or an entire system without having to first physically fabricate the hardware.
The complexity and number of logic gates present on an integrated circuit has increased significantly in the past several years. Hardware emulators need to improve in efficiency to keep pace with the increased complexity of integrated circuits. The speed with which a hardware emulator can emulate an integrated circuit is one of the most important benchmarks of the emulator's efficiency, and also one of the emulator's most important selling factors in the emulator market.
Hardware emulators are comprised of processors. The processors are generally arranged into groups of processors known as clusters. Each processor performs an identical set of functions, i.e., retrieving data from a memory, evaluating the data, and writing the processed result back to the memory. The processors may compute results in series, i.e., an output of one processor functions as an input to another processor. Computing results in series increases the computational efficiency of the hardware emulator by reducing the number of emulation steps required to evaluate all of the data.
Originally, hardware emulators would perform a single function within a single processor at each step of an emulation cycle. As processor speed increased, the processors were configured to operate in groups (referred to as chains) such that the output of one processor is coupled to the input of another processor and the outputs of all foregoing processors in a chain are coupled to subsequent processors in the chain. These chains of processors perform a series of functions within one step of an emulation cycle. The number of processors operating sequentially in a chain is referred to as the depth and has been known to contain as many as eight levels. These chains of processors that operate together in a single step of an emulation cycle have come to be known as a "fastpath" and the arrangement of the processors with a fastpath is known as a fastpath topology.
When emulator designer's layout an emulator that uses fastpath, they must compute a maximum clock rate that enables the fastpath depth to be completely used during each emulation step, e.g., one clock cycle. Since the time required to utilize the entire depth and produce a result varies depending upon the propagation delays of signals, the layout of the processors, the temperature of the emulator, and so on, the task of determining the number of processors to use in a fastpath is difficult. If an emulator is designed to use a fastpath having an eight level depth, but, because of the current temperature of the emulator, the propagation delays have increased and the emulator can only complete seven of the eight functions that are required before the end of the step, the emulation performed is useless and becomes unpredictable.
As such, emulator designers must predict the maximum depth that an emulator can handle. If the prediction is incorrect, as determined by chip design verification, the emulator layout must be reconfigured at great cost. For example, if it is found that certain fastpaths are too slow to utilize an eight level depth, the emulator requires the layout to be reconfigured to trim the depth to a depth that is functional, e.g., seven or six sequential processors. Such redesign is very time consuming and costly.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a method and apparatus for reorganizing a fastpath topology without performing extensive layout redesign.

Method and apparatus for designing an emulation chip using a selectable fastpath topology


Methods, machine readable media and systems for performing side channel analysis are described. In one embodiment, a method can determine, from a gate level representation of a circuit in a layout on a die of an IC, a first set of paths through the circuit that process security related data during operation of the circuit, the circuit including a second set of paths that do not process security related data; and the method can further determine, in a simulation of power consumption in the first set of paths but not the second set of paths, power consumption values in the first set of paths to determine potential security leakage of the security related data in the circuit. The method can further determine, from the power consumption values, positions in the layout for inserting virtual probes on the die for use in measuring security metrics that indicate potential leakage of the security related data. The insertion of the virtual probes is relative to the actual simulated layout of the die. Other methods, machine readable media and systems are also described.

This disclosure relates to data security for devices, such as smart phones, credit cards, and computers.
Side channel attacks on a device, such as a smart phone or credit card or computer, can non-invasively extract sensitive information, such as cryptographic keys or passwords, from the device. There has been a proliferation of such attacks that exploit unintentional leakage through the "side channel" information which includes information derived from power supply noise (e.g., on a power grid of an integrated circuit (IC)), power consumption, electromagnetic emission, and thermal emission. For example, by measuring the dynamic voltage drop or current draw of a device while performing a large number of encryption/decryption operations, the sensitive information of the device can be learned and extracted through statistical correlation analysis. Current methods to detect these leakages during a process for designing a device rely upon hardware techniques that test the device after manufacturing the device, and these tests are performed in laboratories of certified testing services. These tests can be used to cause a redesign of an IC, but only after the IC has been fabricated.
Side channel attacks (SCA) can extract secret data from running ICs (that are using the secret data such as cryptographic keys) by measuring the physical emissions of security sensitive registers/nets or unprotected data memory. The protection of side channel leakage would require a thorough side channel emission analysis (SCeA) of the targeted chip at multiple locations, including the power noise presented in the entire power supply network, the electromagnetic field radiation near the chip surface, as well as the temperature profile of the chip package system.

Security information extraction and probe insertion for side-channel analysis


Two semi-oval pieces of fabric form an elastic pouch attached to a nylon belt. Both end's of the nylon belt are attached to a male and female buckle that secure the belt around the participant's waist. To accommodate different waist sizes, the length can be increased and decreased through a three strand adjustor. The fabric's stretchability allows it to expand and decrease in order to hold one to three tennis balls without falling out of the pouch. When the Ball Belt is not in use, it's flexible construction can be rolled-up, folded or used as a case to carry the tennis balls in.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a nylon belt with an attached elastic pouch that straps around the waist and is designed in particular to hold three tennis balls while the player is engaging in the sporting activity.
2. Description of Prior Art
In the past, many have attempted to design a device to carry tennis balls in that eliminates time and energy in gathering balls. However, those devices have more drawbacks and fall short of the need to provide a suitably comfortable and easily accessible, safe product to wear and to carry balls. Companies, such as, Unique Sports Inc. have designed and trademarked a plastic clip-on ball pocket to hold only one ball. Its design does not allow the ball to be easily removed from its plastic pocket. U.S. Pat. No. 4,416,404 to Daniels (1983) disclosed a device that holds only 2 balls. In addition, the belt's fastener is cumbersome and the tubular construction of the ball chamber does not provide quick and easy access. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,803 to Liberboim (1984) disclosed a device to hold at least six tennis balls that is suitable only for practice, but not for the comfort of engaging in a game.
Technically, a tennis game without errors would require only one to two balls. Most games have a need for three balls. U.S. Pat. No. 4,836,427 to McManus (1989) disclosed a device to hold one to four tennis balls. However, the belt's construction of the ball retainer cages are not enclosed in a soft fabric bag for safety and suitably comfortable to wear in a game.


A method of statistically characterizing combustion knock events includes receiving signals from a sensing device such as an accelerometer, estimating at least one parameter of a probability distribution function based on the received signals, and calculating a value indicative of an nth percentile based on the parameter to predict upcoming combustion knock events.

The present invention relates to the detection and control of combustion knock events in an internal combustion (IC) engine. Generally, accelerometers mounted on an engine block are used to detect vibrations of the engine caused by pressure waves that are the result of knock events. Based on the signals generated by the accelerometers, knock detection systems relying on digital signal processing techniques, determine signal levels in frequency ranges during crank-angles where knock events are not expected to occur. Additionally, this signal processing can also be done during crank-angles where knock events are expected to occur. The knock intensities measured, usually on an individual cylinder basis, are used in methods of closed loop control to reduce the effects of knock events.
Some technologies that enable individual cylinder detection and control of combustion knock events do not account for the stochastic and non-stationary nature of knock intensities. As a result, these control systems can under or over estimate the level of knock in an engine and result in non-optimal operation of the engine.

Combustion knock detection and control through statistical characterization of knock levels