This invention relates to a process for trimerizing organic polyisocyanates in the presence of thermally active catalyst systems. The catalyst systems comprise (a) compounds selected from the group consisting of 1) lithium salts of aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids, 2) lithium salts of hydroxyl group containing compounds wherein the hydroxyl groups are directed attached to an aromatic ring, and 3) lithium hydroxide; used in conjunction with (b) an organic compound which contains at least one hydroxyl group.

This invention relates to a process for the trimerization of isocyanates in the presence of a thermally active catalyst. The catalyst system comprises A) a lithium compound selected from the group consisting of 1) lithium salts of aliphatic or aromatic mono- or dicarboxylic acids, 2) lithium salts of hydroxyl group containing compounds having from 1 to 3 hydroxyl groups per compound, wherein the hydroxyl groups are directly attached to an aromatic ring, and 3) lithium hydroxide; used in conjunction with B) an organic compound containing at least one hydroxyl group.
The trimerization of isocyanates to form polyisocyanurates is well known in the art. Trimerization catalysts described in the prior art include alkali carboxylates as described in DE-OS 3,219,608, basic alkali metal salts complexed with acyclic organic compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,905, basic alkali metal salts complexed with crown ethers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,928, and combinations of tertiary amines with specific quaternary ammonium salts as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,954,684.
Catalysts described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,632,785 and 4,540,781 comprise alkali metal salts or quaternary ammonium salts of carboxylic acids of the formulas ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is a highly branched alkyl having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl, R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and cycloalkyl, R.sup.5 is independently selected from aryl, and M.sup.+ is a cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metal cations and quaternary ammonium cations of a specific formula.

Trimer catalyst for aliphatic and aromatic isocyanates


A frame buffer system is disclosed that employs non overlapping serial enable signals to access pixel data values from sets of pixel buffers contained in each interleave of a multiple interleave frame buffer according to the attribute data in the frame buffer. The frame buffer system provides circuitry for varying the interleave factor between frame buffer accesses and the generation of corresponding video data. The frame buffer system also provides circuitry for expanding double buffered pixel data values into full addressing for color look-up.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to the field of computer graphics systems. More particularly, this invention relates to a frame buffer system with non overlapping pixel buffer access, variable interleaving, nibble replication and unaligned VRAM/DRAM memory access.
2. Art Background
Prior computer graphics systems typically include a graphics subsystem that receives graphics data from a host processor and renders images defined by the graphics data onto a display. A typical prior graphics subsystem comprises a rendering controller or rendering processor, a frame buffer, a frame buffer post processor, and a digital to analog converter (DAC).
The rendering controller in such a prior system usually receives the graphics data from the host processor over a system bus. The rendering controller generates a set of pixel data according to the graphics data from the host processor. The rendering controller then writes the pixel data into the frame buffer.
The frame buffer in such a system typically contains a set of video random access memories (VRAMs) that buffer the pixel data generated by the rendering controller. Prior high performance graphics subsystems usually implement frame buffers with multiple interleave factors. Such multiple interleave frame buffers improve pixel data throughput between the rendering controller and the VRAMs. A multiple interleaved frame buffer overcomes the input/output bandwidth limitations of conventional VRAMs.
In such a prior system, the frame buffer typically transfers the pixel data to the frame buffer post processor over a pixel bus. The frame buffer post processor typically generates video data corresponding to the pixel data by performing frame buffer post processing functions on the pixel data. The frame buffer post processing functions typically include color look-up table functions and cursor control functions.
The frame buffer post processor typically transfers the video data to the DAC over a video bus. The DAC then performs digital to analog conversion functions on the video data and generates a set of analog video signals for the display device. The analog video signals typically include the red, green, and blue video signals and video sync signals for generating a display on the display device.
Such a multiple interleave frame buffer usually transfers multiple pixel data values in parallel over the pixel bus to the frame buffer post processor. Such a parallel transfer of multiple pixel data values requires that the frame buffer post processor provide a large number of input/output pins to accommodate the parallel pixel data.
For example, a common prior multiple interleave frame buffer provides a five way interleave factor. Such a frame buffer transfers five pixel data values in parallel over the pixel bus. Each pixel data value transferred over the pixel bus typically comprises 32 bits for a high resolution display device. As a consequence, the frame buffer post processor must provide 5.times.32 input pins for accepting the pixel data over the pixel bus. Unfortunately, such a high number of input pins greatly increases the manufacturing cost of the frame buffer post processor.
Furthermore, such a multiple interleave frame buffer usually transfers video data for multiple pixels in parallel over the video bus to the DAC according to the interleave factor of the frame buffer. Such a parallel transfer of video data also increases the number of output pins (5.times.24) for the frame buffer post processor, thereby increasing frame buffer post processor manufacturing costs. Such increased manufacturing costs of the frame buffer post processor greatly increases the overall system computer graphics system cost.
In addition, prior computer graphics systems commonly provide a frame buffer that accommodates 24 bit values in either single buffered or double buffered mode. Each 24 bit value usually provides a 24 bit pixel data value in single buffered mode, or a pair of 12 bit double buffered pixel data values in double buffered mode. Each 24 bit pixel data value typically comprises an 8 bit red value, an 8 bit green value, and an 8 bit blue value. On the other hand, each 12 bit double buffered pixel data value comprises a 4 bit red value, a 4 bit green value, and a 4 bit blue value in a double buffered arrangement.
In such a system, the frame buffer post processor typically implements separate color look-up tables for 24 bit single buffered and the 12 bit double buffered modes. Such a prior system typically provides color look-up tables with 256 colors for the 24 bit buffer single buffered mode and color look-up tables with 16 colors for the 12 bit double buffered mode. Unfortunately, the additional color look-up tables for the 12 bit double buffer mode increases the cost of the frame buffer post processor. Such increased cost contributes to increased costs of the overall computer graphics system.

Frame buffer system with non-overlapping pixel buffer access variable interleaving, nibble replication


An imaging apparatus of the present invention includes an optical lens unit of a photographic optical system; an imaging device for converting light received through the optical lens to electrical signals; a zooming device for changing a focal length of the photographic optical system; a zooming position detector for detecting a current zooming position; an A/D converter for converting analog image signals outputted from the imaging device to digital image signals; and a gradation sequence converter which converts a gradation sequence characteristic of the digital image signals by referring to a gradation sequence conversion table for converting the gradation sequence characteristic, wherein converting amounts of the gradation sequence conversion table are changed based on a current zooming position detected by the zooming position detector.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an imaging apparatus, and more specifically, to an electronic camera which changes a gradation sequence characteristic by a zoom lens.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional technique is disclosed in JP-A 2002-369796, which matches luminance differences with a dynamic range in an endoscope based on a luminance distribution of a photogenic subject, and which shifts a gamma table in accordance with a zooming position to remove an influence of light other than the light from the subject which is subjected to photographing. As in this conventional technique, heretofore a gradation sequence characteristic is changed based on the luminance distribution or the like of the subject. However, in this method, it is impossible to discriminate a part which is originally black but photographed bright from a grey part which is originally blighter than black. In other words, there has been a problem that even if the subject is grey which is blighter than black, the grey part is compensated to be darker.
In some zoom lenses, for example, a degree of influence with the light other than the light from the subject photographed varies, depending on positions of the lenses at a "wide-range" side in which a focal length is short and at a "telescopic-range" side in which a focal length is long. For example, there is one which tends to be influenced more by the light other than the light from the subject as the lenses are shifted to the "telescopic-range" side, resulting in a brighter entire picture. The influence floats the black in a low-luminance part and hence affects a photographed image. Such a phenomenon is generally called "flare".

Imaging apparatus with gradation sequence conversion based at least upon zoom position


The workloads (Z, ZS, ZS(X), gn1) of a microprocessor system (MPS), of all signaling channels (D) to the connected communication terminal equipment units (KE) and of a memory element pool (SEP) are measured in subscriber line modules (SLMO) of a communication system (KS). The measured workloads are compared to predetermined workload limits (GZ, GZS, gzn1), and an overload of a subscriber line module (SLMO) is recognized dependent on the comparison results. Designational or summary, fast-acting countermeasures can be initiated on the basis of the early recognition of at least two overloads.

Program-controlled communication systems have a central controller and subscriber line modules connected thereto with which are realized communication terminals for a connection of communication terminal equipment. For example, a subscriber line module makes available 24 communication terminals to which at least 24 communication terminal equipment are connectable. A signaling channel (known as D-channel in the technical field) having, for example, a standardized transmission capacity of 16 kBit/s is conducted via each of these communication terminals. Signaling messages are sent both to the communication terminal equipment as well as to the communication system via the signaling channel. A substantially higher flow of signaling messages from the communication system to the communication terminal equipment units occurs due to the switching-oriented settings of the user surface of the communication terminal equipment units (particularly given stimulus communication terminal equipment) by the communication system. Particularly given specific uses of the communication terminal equipment, this can lead to an elevated flow of signaling messages from the communication terminal equipment and, thus, to an overload of the subscriber line modules.
Further, the subscriber line modules each respectively have a microprocessor system with which the processing requests communicated from the processes implemented in the subscriber line modules are processed. The processes are thereby organized as autonomous tasks that have various priority levels with respect to the message processing. The resource processing capacity of the microprocessor system is provided within a subscriber line module for message processing in the inter-process communication and for resource administration of the further resources on the subscriber line module. An overload of the microprocessor system is caused both by substantial message flow in the direction of the communication terminal equipment units as well as by the messages to be communicated to the central controller.
A known method for identifying the overload of a subscriber line module is to utilize the plurality of memory elements that are still free in a memory element pool administered by the operating system. The memory elements are temporarily allocated to the respective processes or, respectively, tasks for the intermediate storage of information, i.e. the respective process can store its data or, respectively, information on the memory elements allocated to it.
An exclusive monitoring of the memory element pool for a judgement of an overload is disadvantageous since the overload condition is recognized too late and, thus, fast-acting counter measures cannot be initiated. The subscriber line module is switched into a disturbed condition after the transgression of an overload threshold and this can only be canceled by a restart, i.e. a reset of the subscriber line module.

Method for recognizing overload situations in subscriber line modules of a communication system


An integrated circuit package includes a first capacitor supported by a surface of a substrate, and a second capacitor supported by the surface of the substrate. The first capacitor is within a die shadow region, and the second capacitor lies outside of the die shadow region.

Electronic circuits, and particularly computer and instrumentation circuits, have in recent years become increasingly powerful and fast. For example, a frequency at which a processor runs (Fmax) has increased in recent years from 8 megahertz (Mhz) up to about 3.6 gigahertz (GHz) for current Pentium 4 processors. Often, processors with a higher Fmax have a higher price tag.
As Fmax continues to increase, noise in the power and ground lines increasingly becomes an issue. This noise can arise due to inductive and capacitive parasitics in a power delivery path, for example. To reduce such noise, capacitors known as bypass capacitors are often used to provide a stable signal or stable supply of power to the circuitry. Often capacitors are used to suppress unwanted radiation, to dampen voltage overshoot when an electronic device (e.g., a processor) is powered down, and to dampen voltage droop when the device powers up.
Bypass capacitors are generally placed as close as practical to a die load in order to increase the capacitors' effectiveness by reducing the parasitic inductance. Often, the bypass capacitors are surface-mounted to a land side of a package substrate opposite a die side of the package substrate.

Integrated circuit packages, systems, and methods


A portable underwater mount for magnetic and electric field sensors. The mount has a gimbal-like structure comprising a ball member having a mounting flange for coupling to the magnetometer. The ball member is cast from polyurethane with Teflon powder suspended therein, providing a substantially frictionless surface. The ball member is disposed over a support platform having a spherical contour so that the weighted sensor positions itself to true vertical. A collar having a lock terminating in the support platform rests over the ball member so that once the sensor is oriented to magnetic north, the lock is engaged to secure the sensor in true vertical and magnetic north positions.

This invention relates generally to magnetic and electric field sensors and more specifically to an improved apparatus for supporting such sensors in order to provide quick and simple installation and alignment thereof.
As is known in the art, magnetic sensors or magnetometers are often used to measure the magnitude of the magnetic field associated with seagoing vessels. This operation is generally referred to as magnetic ranging or silencing. More specifically, ships and submarines periodically utilize such sensors to determine the magnetic signature or profile associated with the vessel since mines are activated by certain magnetic fields. The measured magnetic field information is interpreted and appropriate action taken in order to produce magnetic "silence." More specifically, often vessels have coils (i.e. degaussing coils) coupled to the outside of the hull. The magnetization of the vessel can be changed by subjecting these coils to an electrical current. With the magnetometer measurements and knowledge of the earth's magnetic field at the location of measurement, the appropriate current to be passed through the coils can be determined.
As is also known, one type of magnetometer is the triaxial flux-gate magnetometer comprised of three sensor elements disposed in a housing, orthogonally with respect to one another. Each sensor element comprises a relatively low permeability core, an excitation coil wound on the core, and a sense winding used to detect imbalances in the core brought about by the influence of external or ambient magnetic fields. With the use of suitable electronics, a periodic magnetic field is established within the core that has uniform amplitude within the core's volume.
A measure of the strength of the external magnetic field is provided by the sense winding which produces an electrical signal proportional to the core's magnetic field amplitude imbalance in the direction parallel to the sense coil's winding axis. Additional suitable electronics converts the sense winding signal into digitized data that can be readily communicated to a remote facility, such as a shore based ranging facility.
Other types of sensors often used to determine the complete signature of a ship or other vessel are alternating magnetic field (AM) sensors and underwater electric potential (UEP) sensors. Whereas the magnetometer senses the DC magnetic field associated with the vessel, the AM sensor measures the AC magnetic field and the UEP sensor measures both the AC and the DC electric fields associated with such vessel. The AM measurements are desirable since, in conjunction with the magnetometer measurements, they provide a thorough measurement of the vessel's magnetic signature. The electrical measurements achieved with the UEP sensors are desirable since mines may be activated by certain electric fields. Like the magnetometer, AM and UEP measurements require three sensor elements orthogonally disposed relative to one another.
For proper operation, it is necessary that the above-described magnetometer, AM, and UEP sensors be oriented to magnetic north and true vertical. Generally, magnetometers, AM sensors, and UEP sensors are located at permanent installation sites, such as in waters near a Naval base. At such sites, tubes are embedded vertically in the sea floor and the sensors are disposed in such tubes. More specifically, the tubes are filled with sea water and the sensor is suspended, for example by a rigid standoff pipe attached to a cap covering the tube. With this arrangement, the orientation of the sensor to true vertical and magnetic north is facilitated. The sensor is oriented to magnetic north either by an installer rotating the tube cap accordingly or alternatively such orientation may be achieved electronically. More particularly, the orientation to magnetic north is achieved by passing slowly through the null on the east/west axis and counter-rotating the cap to the null position.
This installation arrangement may be suitable in some instances, but in others, greater control and/or accuracy of the positioning may be desired. One solution to this problem has been the use of an "internal" gimbal arrangement disposed inside the magnetometer housing in which the three sensor elements are gimballed. However, due to the electrical wiring coupling the magnetometer to the shore based ranging facility and that interconnecting the internal sensor elements, the pivoting movement of such an internal gimbal may be restricted and/or the manufacture of such structure may be complex in an effort to prevent such restriction. Moreover, this apparatus may require a prohibitive length of time for proper alignment. That is, once the tube cap is rotated in accordance with magnetic north, the gimballed sensors must re-align themselves to true vertical and the gimbal may be susceptible to overshooting its desired position. Furthermore, regarding permanent ranging facilities, use of such permanently installed sensors (i.e. installed in tubes embedded in the sea floor) may not be feasible since it may take several days to travel from the permanent installation site to a battle zone and the transit could cause undesirable changes in the magnetic signature of the vessel.

Portable assembly for supporting magnetic and electrical sensors


Disclosed herein is a branch connecting structure for a hoistway cable. The structure includes a hoistway cable having a plurality of communication wires in a sheath. A branch cable connects each communication wire to a hall button or an indicator. A terminal block covers a first surface of the hoistway cable, and includes wire terminal members integrally having an input terminal and an output terminal. A branch block covers a first surface of the branch cable, and includes branch terminal members integrally having an input terminal and an output terminal. A first support block covers a second surface of the hoistway cable, and is compressed against the terminal block to be coupled thereto. A second support block covers a second surface of the branch cable, and is compressed against the branch block to be coupled thereto. A cover covers outer circumferences of the terminal block and the branch block.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a branch connecting structure for a hoistway cable and, more particularly, to a branch connecting structure for a hoistway cable, which is mounted to a wall of a hoistway to make communication between a machine room for controlling an elevator, and a hall button, provided on a side of an entrance to the elevator in a building and used by a user on each floor to call the elevator, and an indicator indicating the floor at which the elevator is located.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an elevator, which is used to transport people and freight in a vertical direction, has a hall button on each floor of a building in which the elevator is installed. The hall button is provided on a wall around an entrance to the elevator, and is used by a user to call the elevator. Further, an indicator is provided to indicate in real-time the floor at which the elevator is located currently. The hall button and the indicator are electrically connected to a controller of a machine room which is provided on the upper portion of a hoistway that is the passage through which the elevator moves up and down, so as to control the elevator, so that communication is performed between the hall button and the indicator and the machine room.
Here, a communication cable connecting the hall button and the indicator with the controller of the machine room is commonly referred to as a hoistway cable. The hoistway cable is vertically mounted to a wall of the hoistway, and branches at each floor to be connected to the hall button and the indicator. FIG. 1 schematically shows a conventional branch connecting structure for a hoistway cable.
The conventional hoistway cable comprises a round cable, and includes a plurality of communication wires in a sheath of the cable. Conventionally, in order to branch the hoistway cable to be connected to the hall button and the indicator, as shown in FIG. 1, the hoistway cable is made in the shape of a loop at a branch position and then is fastened by a cable tie. After a sheath is removed from a portion of the loop, one end of a branch cable is connected to each communication wire, and the other end of the branch cable is connected to the hall button and the indicator. Further, in order to prevent undesirable movement, the hoistway cable is fastened to a wall of the hoistway by providing fastening means, such as a fastening clip or a fastening bracket, at predetermined intervals.
However, such a method has the drawback of several operations, including the operation of forming the hoistway cable in the shape of the loop, the operation of fastening the loop by the cable tie, the sheath removing operation, etc., being required, so that the work is difficult and complicated. Further, over time, the cable tie may become unfastened by the hoistway cable's own load so that the loop may be undesirably undone, and thus the hoistway cable may become disconnected from the hall button or the indicator.
In order to solve the problems, the inventors of the present invention have proposed Korean U.M. Registration No. 20-448693. This includes a hoistway cable, a branch cable, a terminal block, and a support block. The hoistway cable has a plurality of communication wires which are arranged in parallel in a sheath having the shape of a flat band. The branch cable connects each communication wire of the hoistway cable with a hall button or an indicator. The terminal block is equipped with a terminal member which cuts through the sheath of the hoistway cable and penetrates into the sheath to be connected to each communication wire. The support block is compressed against and coupled to the terminal block, thus supporting the hoistway cable on the terminal block with each communication wire and the terminal member being connected to each other at a precise position.
According to the U.M. Registration No. 448693, after the conventional hoistway cable comprising a round cable is formed in the shape of the flat band, the terminal block having the terminal member which is connected to each of the communication wires arranged to be parallel to each other is coupled to the hoistway cable. Thereafter, the hoistway cable and the terminal block are secured while being connected to each other by the support block. Each rod terminal of the branch cable is inserted into a terminal hole which is formed in the terminal block.
This is advantageous in that it is unnecessary to manually remove the sheath for the sake of branching and connecting the hoistway cable, and it is easy to distinguish the communication wires in the hoistway cable from each other.
However, this is problematic in that each rod terminal of the branch cable must be individually connected to the terminal hole formed in the terminal block, and it must be verified whether each rod terminal of the branch cable corresponds to each communication wire of the hoistway cable before the rod terminal is connected to the communication wire.

Branch connecting structure for hoistway cable


Small crystal LTL framework type zeolites, characterized as polycrystalline aggregates, each of the aggregates comprising a plurality of spherical or cube-like crystallites and wherein each crystallite has an average crystallite size of from 10 to 50 nm, are disclosed. Such zeolites can be prepared by hydrothermal conversion of FAU framework type zeolites at low H2O/SiO2 mole ratios.

Molecular sieves are a commercially important class of crystalline materials having distinct crystal structures with ordered pore structures and characteristic X-ray diffraction patterns. Natural and synthetic crystalline molecular sieves are useful as catalysts and adsorbents.
Molecular sieves are classified by the Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association (IZA) according to the rules of the IUPAC Commission on Zeolite Nomenclature. According to this classification, framework type zeolites and other crystalline microporous molecular sieves, for which a structure has been established, are assigned a three letter code and are described in the "Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types," Sixth Revised Edition, Elsevier, 2007.
One known molecular sieve for which a structure has been established is the material designated as LTL. LTL framework type materials have a framework comprising cancrinite-type cages linked by double six rings in columns and cross-linked by single oxygen bridges to form 12-membered ring pore channels. Examples of LTL framework type molecular sieves include Linde Type L (zeolite L) and LZ-212. LTL framework type materials are of significant commercial interest because of their activity as catalysts in hydrocarbon conversion reactions, particularly aromatization reactions (see, e.g., P. W. Tamm et al., Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1988, 38, 335-353).
Zeolite L is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,216,789 and is described as having the following composition in terms of moles of oxides:0.9-1.3M2/nO:Al2O3:5.2-6.9SiO2:yH2Owhere M is an exchangeable cation of valence n and y is from 0 to 9.
Methods for preparing zeolite L in the absence of an organic structure directing agent from a synthesis mixture containing sources of alkali metal ions, an oxide of silicon, an oxide of aluminum, and water are known. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,216,789; 3,867,512; 4,544,539; 4,657,749; 4,701,315; 4,894,214; 4,956,166; 5,017,353; 5,051,387; 5,064,630; 5,242,675; 5,318,766; 5,330,736; 5,491,119; and 5,670,130; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0245349; and Great Britain Patent No. 1,202,511.
K. Honda et al. (J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2013, 13, 3020-3026) disclose the preparation of a LTL framework type zeolite in the absence of an organic structure directing agent by the hydrothermal conversion of a FAU framework type zeolite having a Si/Al mole ratio of 25 at 125° C.
Conventional synthesis of LTL framework type zeolites yield cylindrical crystals with one-dimensional channels oriented along the c-axis length of the cylinder. Researchers have used various surfactants or so-called "molecular modifiers" to prepare LTL framework type zeolites with tunable morphology (see, e.g., A. I. Lupulescu, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 6608-6617).
It is known that crystal morphology, size and aggregation/agglomerization can affect catalyst behavior, especially regarding catalyst activity and stability. To improve mass transportation rates, zeolite crystals with small size can be desirable, e.g., for reducing diffusion limitations.
There is, therefore, a need for novel crystalline LTL framework type zeolite compositions and methods of making such compositions, especially zeolites of small crystal size and non-cylindrical morphology.


An infinitely variable speed ratio planetary ball transmission comprising planetary members in rolling contact with moveable inner and outer races and a constant speed accessory drive system utilizing the transmission. The transmission is infinitely variable between ratios of approximately 0.3 and 1.0. A transmission input shaft is connected to a prime mover such as a vehicle engine crankshaft by a drive belt. The transmission comprises at least one output shaft that is coaxial with the input shaft. An output pulley is attached to the output shaft. A belt is engaged between the output pulley and various engine accessories. A second end of the transmission output shaft may be directly coupled to an engine accessory mounted on the transmission. An included control system senses a crankshaft speed. A processor analyses the crankshaft speed and accordingly adjusts the transmission ratio using a stepper motor connected to a worm drive to maintain a constant output speed regardless of crankshaft speed.

Vehicle engines generally comprise certain accessories that are used in the operation of the engine and vehicle. Such accessories can include a power steering pump, an air conditioning compressor, an alternator, an oil pump, a fuel pump and so on. These accessories are generally driven by a serpentine belt. The serpentine belt engages a pulley on each accessory as well as on an engine crankshaft. The engine crankshaft provides the torque to drive the accessories.
As the belt is driven by the crankshaft it is necessarily subject to engine speed variations during acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle. In other words the operating speed of the accessories is directly proportional to the speed of the engine. The variations in engine speed result in inefficient operation of the accessories because each accessory must be designed to operate satisfactorily over the entire engine speed range. This necessarily means that the efficiency is less than optimum for most of the speed range. Therefore it is desirable to decouple the accessories from the crankshaft so they can be driven at a constant, optimum speed.
Representative of the art is U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,857 to Kumm (1990) which discloses a variable speed accessory drive having a flat belt driving a variable diameter pulley wherein a fixed diameter pulley attached to the variable diameter pulley is used to drive another belt coupled to the accessories.
Also representative of the art is U.S. Pat. No. 4,305,488 to McIntosh (1981) which discloses a vehicle accessory drive assembly that incorporates a speed-increasing planetary gear set with an engine driven carrier input.
Kumm represents a particularly complex response to the problem, requiring many component parts in the CVT pulley which must operate in concert to perform properly. Further, Kumm will not operate with a multiple-ribbed belt which is the predominant driver in accessory drives.
A simple planetary ball continuously variable transmission is desirable to reduce possible failure modes for an accessory drive system as well as to increase durability.
Representative of the art is U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,268 B1 to Milner (2002) which discloses a continuously variable transmission of the type having planetary members in rolling contact with radially inner and outer races each comprising two axially spaced parts with control means for selectively varying the axial separation of the two parts of one race.
What is needed is a constant speed accessory drive that drives belt driven accessories at a substantially constant speed while using an infinitely variable speed ratio planetary ball transmission having a self locking drive. The present invention meets this need.

Transmission and constant speed accessory drive


An atomic resonance transition device includes a gas cell having an internal space that seals an alkali metal, a light emitter that emits excitation light containing a resonance light pair that causes the alkali metal to resonate toward the alkali metal, and a magnetic field generator that applies a magnetic field to the alkali metal. The excitation light diverges in a width direction in the internal space as the light travels from a side where the excitation light is incident toward a side where the excitation light exits, and the magnetic field from the magnetic field generator has a portion where the intensity of the magnetic field increases in the internal space with distance from the side where the excitation light is incident toward the side where the excitation light exits.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an atomic resonance transition device, an atomic oscillator, an electronic apparatus, and a moving object.
2. Related Art
An atomic oscillator that oscillates based on energy transition in an alkali metal atom, such as rubidium and cesium is known to have a precise oscillation characteristic for a long period.
In general, the principle on which an atomic oscillator operates is classified roughly into a method using a double resonance phenomenon induced by light or a microwave and a method using coherent population trapping (CPT) induced by two light fluxes having wavelengths that are different from each other.
In an atomic oscillator based on each of the methods, it is typical that an alkali metal is sealed in a gas cell (an atom cell) and the gas cell is heated by a heater to a predetermined temperature to maintain the alkali metal in a constant gaseous state.
In an atomic oscillator of this type, a coil is disposed around the gas cell and caused to produce a steady magnetic field that causes a plurality of degenerated energy levels of the alkali metal atoms in the gas cell to split (Zeeman splitting), as disclosed in JP-A-2010-287937. For example, in the atomic oscillator described in JP-A-2010-287937, the magnetic field in the gas cell is homogenized for improved frequency stability.
As the size of an atomic oscillator has been required to be reduced in recent years, it has also been desired to reduce the size of the gas cell and the distance between the gas cell and a light source. A shorter distance between the gas cell and the light source, however, prevents a collimator lens from being disposed between the gas cell and the light source or the light in the gas cell from being collimated when a collimator lens is provided. As a result, a phenomenon called a light shift in which an increase in light level density increases the frequency even when the magnetic field in the gas cell is homogenized. This distorts the shape of an EIT signal produced by an atomic resonance phenomenon which results in a degradation in the frequency stability.

Atomic resonance transition device, atomic oscillator, electronic apparatus, and moving object


In an illustrative embodiment, methods and systems for cybersecurity assessment of an organization's technology infrastructure include identifying features of the technology infrastructure and automatically generating a threat profile relevant to both the technology infrastructure and the organization's business (and/or business objectives), where the threat profile includes potential threat actors and threat scenarios applicable to the technology infrastructure. The methods and systems may include evaluating cybersecurity controls of the organization's technology infrastructure in light of the threat profile to identify and rate vulnerabilities within the technology infrastructure.

Various standards relating to risk management exist to provide principles and generic guidelines on risk management. Existing cybersecurity standards include ETSI Cybersecurity Technical Committee, ISO 27001 and 27002, Standard of Good Practice, NERC, NIST, ISO 15408, RFC 2196, ISA/IEC-62443, IEC 62443 Conformity Assessment Program, IASME, and the like.
The ETSI Cybersecurity Technical Committee is responsible for the standardization of Cybersecurity internationally and for providing a center of relevant expertise for other ETSI committees. However, the different methods of governing secure transactions in the various Member States of the European Union can make it difficult to assess the respective risks and to ensure adequate security.
The ISO 27001 and 27002 is part of the growing ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards. The ISO 27001 formally specifies a management system that is intended to bring information security under explicit management control. ISO 27002 provides beset practice recommendations on information security management. However, without ISO 27001, ISO 27002 control objectives are ineffective.
The Standard of Good Practice is a comprehensive list of best practices for information security. However, the list is only updated every two years at the most.
NERC is the North American Electric Reliability Corporation which addresses patching in NERC CIP 007-6 Requirement 2. However, NERC requires Bulk Power System Operator/Owners to identify the source or sources utilized to provide security related patches for cyber assets.
NIST is the National Institute of Standards and Technology which provides a high-level taxonomy of cybersecurity outcomes and a methodology to assess and manage those outcomes. However, NIST may be limited in that NIST is intended to help private sector organizations that provide critical infrastructure with guidance on how to protect it.
ISO 15408 is a standard that develops Common Criteria, which allows different software applications to be integrated and tested in a secure way. However, ISO 15408 does not directly provide a list of product security requirements or features for specific products.
RFC (Request for Comments) 2196 is a memorandum for developing security policies and procedures for information systems connected to the internet. The RFC 2196 provides a general and broad overview of information security including network security, incident response, and security policies. However, RFC 2196 may be limited to information systems connected to the internet.
ISA/IEC-62443 is a series of standards, technical reports, and related information that define procedures for implementing electronically secure Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS). This guidance applies to end-users (i.e. asset owner), system integrators, security practitioners, and control systems manufacturers responsible for manufacturing, designing, implementing, or managing industrial automation and control systems. However, the ISA/IEC-62443 may be limited to Industrial Automation and Control Systems.
The IEC 62443 Conformity Assessment Program certifies Commercial Off-the-shelf IACS products and systems addressing securing the IACS supply chain. However, the IEC 62443 can be limited to certifying products from predetermined industries (e.g., automotive, oil and gas, etc.).
The IASME is a UK-based standard for information assurance at small-to-medium enterprises. The IASME provides criteria and certification for small-to-medium business cybersecurity readiness. However, the IASME may be limited as it may not apply to large businesses.
Existing survey tools lack a holistic understanding of the cyber exposures of a business, especially across different business units and various business aspects within larger organizations. Additionally, the existing survey tools fail to link risks to specific threats and identify areas of weakness while providing actionable improvement recommendations. As a result, existing survey tools fail to enhance risk financing and insurance coverage linked to priority cyber risk exposure, as well as preventing clients from understanding the insurability of their technology assets with respect to cybersecurity risks.
The "background" description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description which may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the present invention.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Systems and methods for cybersecurity risk assessment

Aon Global Operations SE Singapore Branch


An embodiment of the present invention includes a standby clock generator and a selector. The standby clock generator generates a standby clock synchronous to a core clock. The core clock is generated by a core clock generator during a normal operation mode. The core clock generator stops the core clock during a frequency transition. The selector generates a processor clock from the standby clock during the frequency transition from the normal operation mode according to a selector control signal.

1. Field
Embodiments of the invention relate to the field of microprocessors, and more specifically, to frequency management.
2. Background
Advances in microprocessor technology have provided users with high level of performance flexibility. For example, mobile processors offer users two performance modes: Maximum Performance mode and Battery Optimized mode. Maximum Performance mode takes advantage of the additional power provided by an alternating current (AC) power source to provide a new level of mobile personal computer (PC) performance, while Battery Optimized mode provides optimal performance while running on battery. In Maximum Performance mode, the processor delivers highest performance at the expense of high power consumption. In Battery Optimized mode, the processor provides lower performance but consumes much less power.
Recently, demands for high performance have accelerated development of very fast processors at more than 1 GHz operating frequency. Thermal throttling or monitoring and other performance operations feature power management by changing the frequency at which the processor operates. In existing circuits, frequency switching between performance states requires the processor to stop execution during frequency transition. This transitioning from one mode to another may lead to many undesirable effects such as excessive bus master and software latency, end-user visible artifacts (e.g., audio drop-out, video frame loss), and component stress.

Maintaining processor execution during frequency transitioning


A method of encryption and decryption for shared libraries in an open operating system is provided. By encrypting a partial portion of an executable and linkable format (ELF) file, where the ELF file is dependent on the shared libraries, an operating system lacking a secret key is not able to use the encrypted ELF file and thus not able to load the shared libraries into the memory for execution, thereby ensuring the protection of the shared libraries.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of encryption for shared libraries in an open operating system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for encrypting a partial portion of an executable and linkable format file in an open operating system so as to ensure protection of the shared libraries.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 1 refers to a flowchart illustrating that an open operating system loads and executes shared libraries in the prior art. In the area of computing, a library, especially a shared library, provides an effective way to conserve disk and memory space required for running an application program. A shared library is, in general, a library file which includes a lot of application programming interfaces (API) that can be invoked by external programs and be linked during program execution.
Before a program is executed, the operating system first determines whether the program to be executed is dependent on other shared libraries. As indicated in step 11, if the operating system determines that the program is not dependent on any other shared libraries, the program is executed directly without linking to or loading the shared libraries.
On the other hand, if the operating system determines that the program to be executed is dependent on other shared libraries, the program is first linked with the shared libraries. The operating system then passes the control to the loader by which the shared libraries that the program is dependent on are loaded into the memory, as indicated in step 13. After the dependent libraries are loaded into the memory, the operating system then executes the shared libraries, as indicated in step 15, to complete the process of library loading.
While in practice, it is common that the shared libraries in an open operating system are written by a third party, and users may have to pay to get access to the shared libraries. However, the shared libraries may be subject to stealing by adversaries who may use the libraries without paying, causing some loss to the library payers and providers.

Method of encryption and decryption for shared library in open operating system


To enable fabrication of a precise stamped product having an extremely low surface roughness. Ripples 24 having depths ranging from 10 to 100 nm are formed with periodicities ranging from 100 to 1000 nm on a stamping tool surface that comes into contact with a workpiece material. The ripples 24 have a stripe shape extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of sliding between the stamping tool (die 21) and the workpiece material (the direction of the arrow a). The ripples 24 serve as micro pools. For example, a product that is required to have a surface roughness of the order of several tens of nm or lower can be satisfactorily stamped.

In order to prevent occurrence of a burr on the product or otherwise improve the quality of metal stamping or to improve the durability of the stamping tool, such as a punch and a die, it is essential to reduce the friction at the friction interface during metal stamping. The workpiece material (metal material) has irregularities on the surface to a greater or lesser extent. The lubricant (lubricating oil) applied to the material before metal stamping is accumulated in the recesses forming the irregularities. If there is no clearance between the stamping tool and the material into which the lubricant can escape when the stamping tool and the material come into contact with each other, the lubricant is mechanically sealed in the recesses and introduced to the friction interface. The introduction mechanism is expected to work in all plastic working.
It has been confirmed that, if the surface of the material or stamping tool is previously roughened by acid corrosion, shot peening, sand blast or the like to make the use of the effect of the lubricant, the frictional force decreases, and galling or seizing can be prevented. The part in which the lubricant is sealed is referred to as a micro pool in the field of plastic working. In working, high hydrostatic pressure builds up in the lubricant in the micro pool and makes a contribution to the pressure at the worked surface. In this state, wear of the stamping tool surface is reduced. Therefore, it is important to condition the stamping tool surface to have a roughness with which high hydrostatic pressure occurs in the lubricant in the micro pool.
For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses an art that achieves high stampability by conditioning the surface of an alloy material by heat treatment to form micro pools. Patent Literature 2 discloses an art that improves the working precision and elongates the life of the stamping tool by spraying hard particles onto the stamping tool surface to harden the stamping tool surface and form micro pools.    Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H07-18403    Patent Literature 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-55426

Treatment method for stamping tool surface

JAPAN AVIATION ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY, LIMITED


Provided is a vertical-type mill whereby abrasion of a hopper and accumulation of coarse particles in the hopper can both be prevented. A vertical-type mill provided with a milling mechanism for milling a material to be milled and obtaining solid particles by meshing of a milling roller or milling ball and a milling table, a classification mechanism having a classifier for classifying milled solid particles and a hopper (11) for collecting coarse particles that are classified by the classifier and dropped downward and leading the coarse particles toward the milling mechanism, a raw material feeding pipe (1) for charging the material to be milled into the milling table, and housings (43a, b), wherein the raw material feeding pipe is provided in the hopper so that the relationship 0.15≦L′/L≦0.5 is satisfied, where, using the boundary line between a cylindrical part of the hopper and an inverted conical part of the hopper as a reference position, L is the distance from the reference position to the top end of the hopper, and L′ is the distance from the reference position to the bottom end (1a) of the raw material feeding pipe.

Generally, a vertical-type mill has a drive portion which drives a milling table to rotate, a milling portion which mills a raw material (for example, coal) and obtains solid particles by meshing of the milling table with a milling roller or a milling ball, a classification portion which is placed above the milling portion and which has a classifier for classifying the milled solid particles and a recovery cone (hopper) for collecting coarse particles classified and dropped downward and guiding the coarse particles to the milling portion, a distribution portion which distributes fine particles sent from the classification portion to a supply destination (for example, a boiler), and a coal feeding pipe (raw material feeding pipe) through which the raw material can be inputted from above the milling table (see Patent Literature 1).
The raw material supplied from the coal feeding pipe falls down to the central portion of the milling table. Since the milling table is rotating, the raw material falling down onto the milling table moves on the milling table toward the outer peripheral portion thereof while drawing a spiral locus due to centrifugal force caused by the rotation. Then, the raw material is bitten and milled between the milling table and the milling roller or the milling ball. Milled solid particles are blown upward while dried by hot air introduced from a throat provided around the milling table. The solid particles blown upward are classified by the classifier. Coarse particles larger than a predetermined particle size fall down into the recovery cone and are inputted onto the milling table again. On the other hand, fine particles not larger than the predetermined particle size are passed through the classifier and then conveyed to a predetermined supply destination by the distribution portion.
Here, the structure of a hopper will be described in detail. A background-art hopper is a funnel-like structure in which the diameter of a top end opening portion is larger than the diameter of a bottom end opening portion as shown in Patent Literature 1. In other words, the hopper is formed out of a hollow inverted conical part and a cylindrical part extending downward from the bottom end opening portion of the inverted conical part. The hopper must have a function of allowing coarse particles classified by the classifier to fall down toward the milling table through the bottom end opening portion as described above. To this end, it is necessary to set the inclination angle of the inverted conical part at an angle which is sharp enough to prevent the coarse particles from being deposited in the hopper. That is, if the inclination angle of the inverted conical part is gentle, the coarse particles returned to the hopper by the classifier will be deposited in the hopper. It is therefore necessary to form the inverted conical part into a shape with an angle sharp enough to allow the coarse particles to fall down into the hopper.
Whether the coarse particles are deposited or not depends on the repose angle (which is an angle of a slope with which powder piled up can be kept stable without collapsing spontaneously) of the coarse particles. For example, it has been known that the repose angle of pulverized coal is about 30 degrees to 40 degrees. Therefore, the inclination angle (which is an angle from a horizontal plane) of the inverted conical part of the hopper is set at about 50 degrees in the vertical-type mill for milling coal, as shown in Patent Literature 1. Incidentally, also in the invention, the inclination angle θ of the hopper is the same as in the background art to be about 50 degrees (see FIG. 2).


A number of short strips of photographic material are connected to one long roll. Individual short strips are cut along their ends, roughly perpendicular to their longitudinal edge so that the edges of the individual strips are roughly perpendicular to the longitudinal edge of the strip. In order to connect the individual strips to form a roll, a double T-joint with essentially the same bending strength as the roll material to be connected is inserted as a connecting piece between ends of the short strips. Shanks of the double-T-joint that are parallel to each other are secured in the area of the longitudinal edges of strips. The connecting bar of the double-T-joint that attaches the two shanks of the double-T-joint is placed against and parallel to the edges of the strips.

The present invention relates to a process for connecting a number of shorts strips of a roll of photographic material.
In today's highly automated photo laboratory, prints are produced from the appropriate kind of materials from which reproductions can be made, e.g., from film negatives, usually by using so-called printers. In order to achieve the highest possible level of efficiency with these printers, first a long roll composed of individual film negative strips is produced with the acid of binding materials and this long roll is then processed by the printer. This technique of connecting individual film negative strips is generally known by the term "splicing".
Especially for the recording of films that have already been developed at an earlier time and have been returned to the customer, the negatives are available only in the form of short strips because they were cut into short strips once the film was developed so that they could be inserted into the return envelope for each individual customer. Normally, the films are cut into four, sometimes into six fields of negatives. Looking at uncut strips from their ends, these yet uncut films have a relatively wide area at the beginning and end of the film in which no picture field exist (film leader or trail) so that a splice can be performed at these points easily and comfortably. In case of the short cut film strips associated with reorders, splicing is not easy because the areas between the first picture field and the last picture field, that is at the back end of the front and the front end of the last film strip of the uncut film strips, are very narrow and are often only 1-2 mm or even smaller. On the other hand, the splice must be clearly identified by a corresponding splice detector because once the paper prints have been produced the long roll must be reduced into the original individual short film strips in order to be able to reinsert the individual film strips into the return envelopes for the customer.
Using a known procedure, the individual film strips are connected in such a way that the film strips are connected along the edges with the aid of a piece of adhesive tape, with a continuous roller positioned parallel to it, for example with a paper strip, to form a long roll of film strips on a roller. For example, on the paper strips, individual fields can be positioned in the picture fields of the film strips to indicate how many paper prints are supposed to be produced from the given negative. This roll of film strips on a roller is then processed by the printer.
Further, a procedure for splicing films is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,268 for application in movie theaters. The edges of the film ends to be spliced are cut perpendicular to the longitudinal edges. Then a thin layer of the film material is scratched off, for example with a razor blade, at the narrow edge film sections being spliced. Glue is applied on these scratched surfaces. The edges of the film sections are then placed against each other. Then a connecting piece that covers the scratched off area having been coated with glue is applied or pressed on so that the connecting piece (splice) quasi connects both ends of the film sections to each other.
In principle, both procedures are suitable for connecting such short film strips of the kind found in reorders, but they have disadvantages. The disadvantage of the first splicing procedure described above with its additional roller is that a relatively large additional roller is required, resulting in greater complexity. Another disadvantages is that the resulting roll of film strips on a roller is much wider and harder to handle than a narrow roll of film in comparison with it. Particularly the distances to be covered, the guides, and the work stations must be designed for a correspondingly wide roll of film strips on a roller, placing corresponding space demands on the individual stations in the printer and in any subsequent equipment connected to the printer. Furthermore, one has to take in consideration that the roller and the film strips are continuously connected to each other in parallel fashion and the longitudinal film strips are aligned in sequence so that the width of the roll of film strips on a roller essentially remains the same and does not fluctuate in wide areas. Otherwise the transport distances, guides, and work stations would also have to be designed to accommodate such fluctuations in width. This is especially important in view of the fact that a precise positioning of the film material is necessary in the exposure station so that accurate reproduction of the given picture field of the negative onto the copier print can be assured.
In the case of the other procedure described, the disadvantage is that the surfaces have to be scratched off in a complicated fashion so that glue can be applied. Then the glue has to be applied in another step. Only then can the scratched areas that have been coated with glue be connected to each other by means of the connecting piece (splice) that has to be attached to both surfaces. But a precondition for such splicing is that there is a sufficiently wide area available at the film ends being spliced between the front edge and the first picture field or between the back edge and the last picture field. This surface must be cut in a defined way (perpendicular to the edge of the film) whereby a sufficiently large area has to be left over for the scratching step, the application of glue, and for applying the splice. When films are reordered (their front and back edges have already been cut in a defined fashion), usually only a 1-2 mm area up to the edge is left over at the ends of the individual film strips; often this area is even narrower, which makes the application of splices using the afore-described procedure more difficult. Even if one assumes that the application of a splice is thoroughly reliable, such splicing of films or film strips continues to have considerable disadvantages.
Depending upon the type of glue used, it is either very difficult or not at all possible to remove the splice after processing, which is important in the case of reorders because the film has to be recut into individual strips following reproduction of the prints in order to be able to reinsert these strips into the envelopes belonging to the given customer.
Another disadvantage results from the fact that in the course of the increasingly downscaled size of modern printers due to growing lack of space in photo laboratories, the interior of a modern printer has to be used in better ways. For this purpose, the spliced rolls being processed are fed and redirected along numerous spools in the interior of the printer. Often the rolls are fed across spools having small diameters, such as spools with a diameter of 15 mm or less, and conveyed around 180.degree. turns (e.g., guiding the roll upwards and downwards). If the splice is secured to both ends of the film across the entire width of the film in the fashion described above, then significant difficulties can appear during the transport of the roll, especially in the case of spools having a small diameter and in the case of sharp changes in direction (redirection). For example, the film can bend if the splice is subject to too much pressure, or the narrow splice can break or rip where the glue has been applied. Interruption-free and unencumbered feeding of the roll cannot always be guaranteed using this kind of splicing, especially not if the roll is guided through spools having small diameters and is subject to sharp changes in direction (redirection) as is the case in modern printers, even if one disregards the complicated nature of achieving such splicing to begin with.
Another disadvantage of film strips spliced together in this fashion also results from the fact that the film strips connected together to form a roll on the basis of known methods can bend. This is disadvantageous in view of the fact that in modern printers and other film processing equipment so-called "levelling loops" are often formed that serve to bridge the fluctuations in the speeds of the individual work stations. Should a bend in the roll appear during the formation of such levelling loops, then individual film strips could get caught on each other as a result of such bends and could make it necessary to interrupt printer operations.

Process for connecting a number of short strips of photographic material to a long roll


A front teleconverter lens system having superb optical performance with less production of aberration in spite of its compactness. The front teleconverter lens system includes, in order from an object, a first lens group having positive refractive power, and a second lens group having negative refractive power, and forming an afocal optical system. A diffractive optical surface is arranged in at least one of the first lens group and the second lens group. The conditional expression 1.2<φF/φR<10 is satisfied, where φF denotes the effective diameter of the most object side lens surface of the first lens group, and φR denotes the effective diameter of the most image side lens surface of the second lens group.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a front teleconverter lens system for varying the focal length of a whole lens system to the longer side by attaching to the object side of an imaging lens.
2. Description of Related Art
A front teleconverter that is attached to the object side of an imaging lens for varying the focal length of the whole lens system to the longer side has been known to be used for a still camera, a video camera, and the like. Generally, this kind of front teleconverter is composed of, in order from the object, a first lens group having positive refractive power, and a second lens group having negative refractive power, where the focal points of respective lens groups are arranged to substantially coincide with each other forming an afocal lens system that collimated light incident to the object side exits as collimated light. An example of the conventional front teleconverter lens system that is composed of, in order from the object, a single positive lens having positive refractive power and a single negative lens having negative refractive power is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 63-210810. The construction of the lens is relatively simple.
Although the conventional front teleconverter lens system disclosed in the above-described document can be compact and lightweight with fewer lens and simple construction, aberration becomes slightly large, so that optical performance is not sufficient.


The backrest of a vehicle seat having a headrest, which may be displaced from an in-use position to a safety position by the effect of a force generation device, and which is fixed, by means of retaining elements extending into the backrest. The retaining elements may be displaced relative to the backrest, under the effect of the force generating device, by means of at least one connector guide, from a connector into a connector side block. The connector slide block is preferably lockable in the connector on the displacement from the in-use position to the safety position. One embodiment includes a rectangular connector slide block which performs a turning movement on the displacement, as a result of which the radial extent of the above relative to the connector is increased thus locking the connector slide block in the connector with a positive or non-positive fit.

The invention relates to a backrest for a vehicle seat, having a head restraint which can be adjusted from an in-use position into a safety position under the action of a force-generating device which is effective in an accident situation, said head restraint being connected to the backrest via retaining elements protruding into the backrest.
Even in the case of a relatively minor rear-end impact, vehicle occupants are exposed to the risk of suffering an overextension of the cervical vertebra under the effect of accident-induced acceleration forces. Although head restraints which are connected rigidly to the backrest of the vehicle seat are able to reduce the risk of injury, they are situated, for reasons concerned with comfort, too far away from the head in the in-use position in order to prevent injuries in the neck region effectively. The same is also true if the head restraint has been set to the correct height, corresponding to the vehicle occupant's height, by displacement of its guide rods in the guide sleeves of the backrest.
In order to improve the protection of the occupant, safety devices have therefore been developed which have a head restraint which can be pivoted automatically from the in-use position into a safety position in the event of a rear-end impact, as a result of which its distance from the occupant's head is reduced. Systems of this type are referred to as a "passive head restraint" if the adjustments into the safety position are brought about by the acceleration forces of the occupant acting on the seat. By contrast, if the generator of the adjusting force is fed from a separate power source, the safety system is provided with an "active" head restraint.
The laid-open specification DE 197 38 201 A1 discloses a backrest of the generic type for a vehicle seat. The passive head restraint has guide rods which protrude into the backrest and are guided in a longitudinally displaceable and fixable manner in two spaced-apart sleeves for the purpose of adjusting the height. The lower sleeve is connected directly to the frame structure of the backrest via a rotary joint while the upper sleeve is articulated on the frame structure via a toggle-lever mechanism which is angled in the in-use position. In the event of an accident, the toggle lever is stretched, as a result of which the guide rods rotate about the axis of the lower rotary joint and pivot the head restraint in the direction of the vehicle occupant's head. A leaf spring which is arranged in the lumbar region of the backrest and is curved in the in-use position is used to generate force, the leaf spring being straightened in an accident under the action of the acceleration of the occupant, as a result of which the distance between its ends is increased. This lengthening is transmitted via a mechanism to the toggle lever and changes its position in the previously described manner.
This variant basically has the disadvantage that, depending on the sitting position of the occupant, the leaf spring is insufficiently lengthened. Furthermore, the height of the head restraint, which is frequently set in quite a low position for reasons concerned with comfort, cannot be changed when adopting the safety position.
A backrest having an active head restraint is disclosed in the laid-open specification DE 199 38 904 A1. The backrest is constructed in two parts, the lower part being connected to the seat part of the vehicle seat in a conventional manner, the upper part, in contrast, being pivotable together with the head restraint relative to the lower part about an axis running transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle from an in-use position into a safety position. The torque required for this is generated by a compression spring which acts on a lever, is tensioned in the in-use position of the seat and locked by means of a latching device. The acceleration forces which are produced in a rear-end impact are detected by a vehicle crash sensor. A control device releases the latching device by triggering a pyrotechnic activator as soon as acceleration values which exceed a predetermined threshold value are measured.
This device satisfies the requirements placed on it in respect of the safety of the vehicle occupants, but is associated with being relatively complex in terms of design.


Provided is a pigment dispersion excellent in the dispersibility of C.I. Pigment yellow 185. The pigment dispersion includes C.I. Pigment yellow 185 and a compound represented by the following formula (1), which are dispersed in a dispersing medium:

With the explosive proliferation of color images, there has been growing demand for higher image quality in recent years. In full-color digital copiers or printers, color image data is color-separated through respective color filters of blue, green, and red, and a latent image corresponding to the original image is then developed using respective color developers of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. In this regard, the coloring power of a colorant in each color developer largely influences image quality. For the dispersion of pigments in various media, however, it is generally difficult to render pigment particles sufficiently fine or to disperse the pigments uniformly.
Typical examples of the yellow colorant include pigments having an isoindoline skeleton, such as C.I. Pigment yellow 185, which has high transparency and coloring power and excellent weather resistance.
This C.I. Pigment yellow 185 tends to self-aggregate due to its pigment character and is known to be dispersed neither sufficiently nor stably as a colorant in a binder resin. Unfortunately, this pigment, albeit excellent in weather resistance, cannot sufficiently exert its original performance in transparency or color saturation. In order to solve such a problem, for example, PTL 1 discloses a pigment dispersant such as a pigment dispersion containing an isoindoline pigment with an introduced sulfonic acid group.
Also, PTL 2 discloses a color filter having a contrast ratio or Y value improved by using Solvent yellow 162 as a phthalocyanine pigment.
The reproducibility of color spaces including Japan Color for printing industry and Adobe RGB for desktop publishing (DTP) has become increasingly important in recent years. For this reproducibility of color spaces, only improvement in the dispersibility of pigments is not sufficient, and it is necessary to use dyes having a wide color gamut. The dyes, however, are known to have weaker light resistance than that of pigments. No dye has been found to be able to resist, at the same level as in pigments, deterioration with age.

Pigment dispersion and yellow resist composition for color filter and ink composition containing the pigment dispersion


A process for creating and controlling the flow of a stream of liquid droplets of a predetermined maximum size in a stream of gas in which the liquid is first passed through a means to produce a fine spray, mist, or fog in the stream of gas and in which the subsequent stream of droplets and gas is treated in a device designed to remove larger droplets and allow the stream of gas containing the small droplets of a predetermined maximum size to pass to the inlet of a gas compressor.

The term xe2x80x9cwet compressionxe2x80x9d is used to describe compression of a gas wherein liquid in contact with the gas being compressed is evaporated by the heat of compression.
Evaporation of the liquid results in a lower temperature rise for the gas during compression than would occur without evaporation. This effect is also known as xe2x80x9cadiabatic coolingxe2x80x9d, that is, reduction of temperature without removal of heat.
The lower temperature of the gas at the end of compression results in lower energy required for the compression. This provides an economic benefit in the form of lower power cost.
The term xe2x80x9cisothermal compressionxe2x80x9d, or compression at constant temperature, is a more general term for the idealized embodiment of this process and is used in the title of reference U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,553, above.
Wet compression can be applied to the compression of most gases in most kinds of compression equipment. However the greatest potential economic benefit and greatest savings in energy cost will be in the application of wet compression in gas turbines.
It is well established that the efficiency of a gas turbine can be improved by the use of wet compression as described in the Kleinschmidt reference, above.
Among the conclusions by Shao-Lee Soo in a publication in Other References, above, is the statement xe2x80x9cEfficient wet compression requires water particles of size below 20 microns diameter. There is little or no danger of erosion of blades with particles of this order of magnitude.xe2x80x9d Droplets of this small size in a gas are often referred to as a mist or fog.
A mist or fog can be created by forcing liquid through a nozzle specifically designed for this purpose. Bete Fog Nozzle Inc. and Spraying Systems Co. are companies that manufacture such nozzles.
A problem for this requirement is that all nozzles produce a spray of droplets of varying sizes. If a nozzle is designed and operated so as to produce droplets of 20 microns in diameter some droplets will be 20 microns or less but there will be larger droplets as well. The larger droplets can cause erosion in the compressor and will not evaporate completely thus limiting the benefits of wet compression.
In the invention of U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,990 the nozzles specified as preferred are 1-7N-316SS12 from Spraying Systems Co. These nozzles do in fact produce a spray with droplets of varying size. According to data received from the manufacturer of these nozzles, Spraying Systems Co., the drop size under the conditions specified will vary from 7 microns to 501 microns. About 98% of the volume of droplets will be larger than 20 microns, and about half of the volume of droplets will be larger than 165 microns.
Thus in this preferred embodiment of U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,990 it is to be expected that wet compression will not be efficient, that is, larger water droplets will pass through without being evaporated and there will be the danger of erosion by the larger droplets.
Another problem in the application of wet compression is control of amount of water injected into the inlet air stream of the compressor. When starting wet compression water should be added in small increments of the total amount desired to avoid thermal stresses as pointed out in U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,990, a reference to this application.
If a fogging nozzle is operated at a liquid flow less than the design flow there will be a larger proportion of larger droplets and as the flow decreases there will be more larger droplets finally resulting in a discharge from the nozzle that is a solid stream of liquid with no droplets.
In the invention of U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,990 there is disclosed a spray rack group assembly in which there is a plurality of nozzles discharging into the inlet gas of the compressor. The patent discloses in claim 1 that liquid is added xe2x80x9cin a plurality of nebulized water mass flow increments . . . xe2x80x9d. The means of obtaining these increments is not shown or described but evidently water would be admitted independently to each spray rack pipe 303 in FIG. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,990 by means of valves or by having a separate pump for each spray rack pipe. This would require a complicated system of valves and controls. In FIG. 4 there are shown five spray rack pipes meaning that there would be five increments available. Increments would have to be added in steps, not smoothly and continuously.
In the invention of reference U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,553 wet compression is conducted by introducing liquid, referred to as coolant, directly in to the gas flow through passages in the rotating elements of the compressor. The preferred embodiment of this invention uses a centrifugal compressor whereas most gas turbines use axial flow compressors. The invention can be applied to axial flow compressors but at greater complexity and expense. The specification does not disclose how the invention might be applied to an axial flow machine. Application of this invention to an existing machine would require a significant rebuilding of the machine.
It is therefore the object of this invention to provide means of creating droplets of liquid, carried in a moving stream of gas, in which the size of the droplets is controlled so as to be smaller than a given, predetermined size so that said stream of gas containing the liquid droplets can be utilized as the inlet flow of a gas compressor in which the droplets will not cause erosion and will evaporate completely in the gas compressor.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a means of controlling the flow of liquid droplets of a predetermined size smoothly and continuously from zero flow to the maximum flow desired for the application.
It is a further object of this invention to provide means of creating droplets of liquid, carried in a moving stream of gas, in which the size of the droplets is controlled so as to be smaller than a given, predetermined size so that said stream of gas containing the liquid droplets can be utilized as the inlet flow of any device in which said stream of gas an liquid can be usefully employed.
In the application of this invention this desired result is accomplished by first dispersing a liquid in a stream of gas by using known means such as fogging nozzles and then removing from the stream of gas droplets that are larger than desired for the particular application.

Method and apparatus for controlling liquid droplet size and quantity in a stream of gas


A sensor assembly (10) for measuring oxygen in vehicle exhaust gasses, which must be connected by a plurality of wires (20) to a microprocessor, is modified to facilitate its installation and removal. In the modified assembly, each of a plurality of high temperature metal strips (34), which were previously crimped to cable wires, are instead bent to form contact pin parts (70) that are inserted into passages (74) of an insulative connector insert (72) to form a connector with pin contacts. Portions (120) of the metal strips are bent to have V-shaped cross-sections, to stiffen them against column collapse as the connector insert is moved forwardly to receive the pin parts, with front portions (110) of the insert passages being tapered to facilitate passage of the pin parts.

Oxygen sensor assemblies that detect the concentration of oxygen in engine exhaust gasses, are widely used to control the air/fuel ratios in vehicles. Each sensor assembly includes a metal housing with a threaded shank that screws into a threaded opening in the exhaust pipe and a perforated tube that projects into the exhaust pipe to receive exhaust gasses so they can pass by an oxygen sensor device. A plurality of electrically conductive strips of a high temperature material such as Inconel extend from the sensor device. Rear ends of the strip conductors are crimped to wires that extend through a spacer that controls their positions, with the wires extending to a microprocessor in the vehicle. The long lengths of wires extending from the exhaust sensor assembly makes it more difficult to install the sensor assembly. It is usually desirable to turn the parts by a power driven socket wrench of several inches length that extends around the entire sensor assembly and that engages a wide nut near the front end of the assembly. The long wires prevent the use of some of such socket wrenches. The long wires also make it more difficult to use socket wrenches because the long wires may whip around as the sensor assembly is turned to thread it into place. Also, if the sensor assembly must be replaced, then the set of wires also must be replaced, which adds to the cost. A high temperature vehicle exhaust sensor assembly which facilitated installation and replacement, would be of value.


A system (100) for Partial Unstructured Information Processing, constituting storing, indexing, querying and retrieval of partially specified unstructured data, the system (100) comprising: Quantum Clustering Algorithm (101) that partitions data records in different clusters such that the data in each cluster can be indexed efficiently, a Compressed Ternary Tree (111, 112, 113) that replaces all conceivable indices for each cluster thereby solving the Unthinkable Query Problem (110) for each cluster, and a Virtual Query Processor (120) that converts traditional data base queries to raw Compressed Ternary Tree queries and appropriate filters (121, 122, 123).

Information- or data stored in a data base (the term data base will be used, throughout this document, in a very general sense to mean any system supporting information storage, search and retrieval) is typically organized in records where each record has one or more fields. Fields can have different types such as text strings, integers, etc., and are typically also associated with field names. The collection of field names and types of records defines the type of the entire record (sometimes only the types of the fields are considered to constitute the type of a record, such as structures and unions in the C programming language, but the intended usage of a type becomes clearer when including field names in record types as well).
In general, records are completely specified. That is, if there are records representing persons, consisting of name, age, and sex, these three fields are typically specified in each record stored in the data base—records where age is unspecified etc. are not present. Typically, it is not possible to store wild cards or partially specified information, e.g. intervals, in fields directly. This requires an extension of the record type where each partially specified field is either associated with an extra Boolean field indicating whether the field is specified or not, e.g. age_is_specified, or represented by two fields constituting an interval, e.g. age_min and age_max.
To support fast retrieval of records, data bases are typically augmented with one or more indices. An index is a separate data structure where the values from one field in all records are used as keys and each key is associated with all records where the value stored in that field of the records is the same as the value of the key. There may be one index per field or fields that are not indexed and there may also be indices where the keys are created by combining values from several fields into tuples.
Different kinds of indices require different kinds of data structures and the types of queries to be supported also impacts the index requirements. For example, if the goal is merely to search for a single age, in the example above, and each record has a specified age value (i.e. not an interval), an array with direct indexing may be used whereas if the goal is to select all records where the age value falls within a certain range it may be better to use another data structure (in this example there is no need though as the size of the universe, i.e. the number of possible values, of age is very small).
There may also be fields, or entire records for that matter, that consist of binary data which may or may not have a structure and where the structure, assuming there is one, may or may not be known or may or may not be considered. Such data is sometimes referred to as Binary Large Objects (BLOB's). BLOBs are typically fully specified, i.e. each bit is either 0 or 1, are typically not indexed.
In traditional data bases, the types of all different kinds of records to be stored in the data base are known when data is inserted into the data base. In addition to record types, some knowledge of which kind of queries to support is also typically available. The data base can therefore be configured in advance by means of a data scheme and it becomes trivial to properly store incoming records as well as to maintain all indices on-the-fly providing an at-all-time query ready data base from start.
This is an excellent approach if both the structure of incoming data as well as which queries to be supported are known beforehand.
However, if the need for a new unthinkable query arrives after populating a traditional data base with trillions of records it may be challenging to build an index from scratch due to the amount of data. Even in-the-event that it is possible to build a new index, it will take time and thus be a long delay, before the index is completed, and the new query can be supported. Building a new index from a large data set is also associated with a high computational cost for going through all the data, which is required to build a new index, and the computational cost for building an index is in the same magnitude as the cost for brute force processing of the query by scanning through all records. This is referred to this as the Unthinkable Query Problem and corresponding processing of unthinkable queries as Unthinkable Query Processing (UQP).
Efficient solutions to the Unthinkable Query Problem are not possible to implement with traditional data bases, due to the high cost of index construction from scratch and or brute force scanning, thus severely impacting the value of data stored in huge traditional data bases. Data Mining/Data Science may either require brute force approaches such as going through all data or new index construction to support special queries for data cleansing etc. which will limit the ability to experiment with the data as the cost for each "What if we look at the data this way?"-experiment will be way too high. Furthermore, since the cost for each such experiment increases with the amount of data available and the possibility to learn more is also higher the more data that is available, the impact of not being able to implement efficient UQP in traditional databases is that the more data that is available the less it is possible to learn for a reasonable computation cost.
At the same time as the amount of available information to analyze increases exponentially there is an increasing demand for dealing with unstructured data. When dealing with unstructured data it may not be known what the data represent when it is gathered- and entered-into the data base. As-a-consequence, learning what the data represents constitute the first steps in working with the data and this can typically be initiated first after a large amount of data is collected. Not knowing what the data represent from start makes it impossible to define record types/data schemes to store the data and thus all incoming data records must therefore be stored as BLOBs.
Furthermore, with large amounts of unstructured data there may be incomplete records (e.g. as result of noise, lack of measurements etc.) and in unstructured data this is represented by wildcard bits meaning that it is not known if the bit is 0 or 1. Each record must therefore be represented by a ternary bit string where each bit either has the value 0, 1 or wildcard (usually denoted by an asterisk *) and consequently each record must therefore be stored as a Ternary Large Object (TLOB). Different TLOB's may represent different pieces of information with different sizes (e.g. DNA molecule vs. registration plate). Furthermore, by allowing wildcards, the information content (i.e. number of non-wildcard bits) of a TLOB can be very small with respect to the effective size (i.e. number of bits) of the TLOB. Therefore, TLOB's are considered to be semi-infinite ternary bit strings for all practical purposes. Semi-infinite ternary bit string means a ternary bit string where the first bit has index zero and the following bits are numbered 1, 2, 3, and so on up to an arbitrarily large index for the last bit. In practice the ternary bit strings processed are limited in size by the application and/or by the memory of the computer running the data base where the processing takes place. The key properties (and challenges) when processing data consisting of semi-infinite ternary bit strings are:                Records may be partially specified (fully specified only if there are no wildcard bits).        Records are constituted by unstructured data and are thus type- and data schema-less.        Records are not possible to index using traditional data bases indexing techniques.        Records may be very large, i.e. hundreds of thousands of ternary bits.
This entire problem space is referred to as the Partially Specified Type-less Semi-infinite Information Problem (PSTLSIIP). Clearly, any solution to PSTLSIIP also solves the Partially Specified Type-less Information Problem (PSTLIP), the Type-less Semi-infinite Information Problem (TLSIIP), and the Type-less Information Problem (TLIP). PSTLSIIP, PSTLIP, TLSIIP and TLIP are referred to collectively as Partial Unstructured Information Processing. As-a-result from the lack of ability to index partial unstructured information any query becomes an unthinkable query and thus Partial Unstructured Information Processing requires a solution to the Unthinkable Query Problem and thus UQP. Furthermore, the more partial and unstructured the data is the more there is to learn from unstructured data and it follows that when using traditional data bases, the more it is necessary need to learn about the data, the less it is possible to learn for a reasonable computation cost.

Computer system and method for indexing and retrieval of partially specified type-less semi-infinite information


Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising preparing a first substrate including an integrated circuit chip, first connection terminals electrically connected to terminals of the integrated circuit chip, and a first connection portion spaced from the first connection terminals, preparing a second substrate including second connection terminals to be electrically connected to the first connection terminals and a second connection portion spaced from the second connection terminals, providing a metal material portion for bonding on the first connection portion or the second connection portion, and stacking the first substrate and the second substrate by connecting the first connection portion and the second connection portion together via the metal material portion by thermo compression bonding.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, and in particular, to a technique to stack substrates each having an integrated circuit chip.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, stacked semiconductor devices have been proposed in each of which a plurality of integrated circuit chips (LSI chips) are stacked on one another.
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a method of producing such a stacked semiconductor device. This method connects substrates 10 together on each of which an LSI chip is mounted (such substrates will hereinafter be referred to as chip mounted substrates), via a substrate 20 on which no chips are mounted (such a substrate will hereinafter be referred to as a chip-less substrate). Usually, more chip mounted substrates 10 and chip-less substrates 20 are stacked. For simplification of description, the figure shows only a part in which the two chip mounted substrates 10 and the one chip-less substrate 20 are stacked on one another.
An LSI chip 12 is mounted on a substrate main body 11 of the chip mounted substrate 10. External terminals (not shown) of the LSI chip 12 are connected to respective interconnects (not shown) provided on the substrate main body 11 via anisotropic conductive materials 14. The interconnects are connected to respective lands 16 provided on the substrate main body 11. The lands 16 are connected to respective through plugs (via plugs) 17 penetrating the substrate main body 11.
A plurality of the chip mounted substrates 10 are mounted on the chip-less substrate 20. Openings (device holes 22) are each formed in the chip-less substrate 20 in association with an area of the chip mounted substrate 10 in which the LSI chip 12 is mounted. Furthermore, a substrate main body 21 of the chip-less substrate 20 is formed with lands 23 and through plugs (via plugs 24) penetrating the substrate main body 21.
When the chip mounted substrates 10 and the chip-less substrate 20 are stacked on one another, the chip mounted substrates 10 and the chip-less substrate 20 are bonded together using a resin-based adhesive 29 applied to front and back surfaces of the chip-less substrate 20.
In this manner, in the above described conventional semiconductor device, the chip mounted substrates 10 and the chip-less substrate 20 are bonded together using the resin-based adhesive 29. However, the resin-based adhesive 29 does not have a high adhesive strength. Accordingly, a bonded area must be enlarged in order to obtain a sufficient adhesive strength. Disadvantageously, this unavoidably increases the area of each chip mounted substrate 10, preventing an increase in the number of chip mounted substrates 10 that can be mounted on the one chip-less substrate 20.
Furthermore, if the resin-based adhesive 29 is applied after the formation of the device hole 22, the device hole 22 may be filled with the adhesive 29 and other problems may occur. Thus, the adhesive 29 is applied to both surfaces of the substrate main body 21 of the chip-less substrate 20 before the formation of the device holes 22. However, since the adhesive 29 is applied to both surfaces of the substrate main body 21, production efficiency may disadvantageously be degraded. Furthermore, when the device holes 22 are formed, the adhesive 29 may form flashes or the like. This may degrade reliability.
As described above, in the prior art, the chip mounted substrates and the chip-less substrate are bonded together using the resin-based adhesive, which does not have a strong adhesive force. Thus disadvantageously, it is difficult to reduce the size of each chip mounted substrate, and the number of chip mounted substrates that can be mounted on the chip-less substrate cannot be increased. Furthermore, in the prior art, since the adhesive is applied to both surfaces of the chip-less substrate before the formation of the device holes, the production efficiency and reliability may disadvantageously be degraded.

Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing semiconductor device