This disclosure concerns devices such as DBRs, one example of which includes at least one first mirror layers having an oxidized region extending from an edge of the DBR to an oxide termination edge that is situated greater than a first distance from the edge of the DBR. The DBR also includes at least one second mirror layer having an oxidized region extending from the edge of the DBR to an oxide termination edge that is situated less than a second distance from the edge of the DBR, such that the first distance is greater than the second distance. Additionally, a first mirror layer includes an oxidizable material at a concentration that is higher than the concentration of the oxidizable material in any of the second mirror layers. Finally, a first mirror layer is doped with an impurity at a higher level than one of the second mirror layers.

1. The Field of the Invention
This invention relates to mirror structures, and more specifically, to mirror structures suitable for use in resonant cavity devices such as vertical cavity surface emitting lasers.
2. Related Technology
Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) represent a relatively new class of semiconductor lasers. While there are many variations of VCSELs, one common characteristic is that they emit light perpendicular to a wafer's surface. Advantageously, VCSELs can be formed from a wide range of material systems to produce specific characteristics. In particular, the various material systems can be tailored to produce different laser wavelengths, such as 1550 nm, 1310 nm, 850 nm, 670 nm, and so on.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional VCSEL device 10. As shown, an n-doped gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate 12 has an n-type electrical contact 14. An n-doped lower mirror stack 16 (a DBR) is positioned on the GaAs substrate 12, and an n-type lower spacer 18 is disposed over the lower mirror stack 16. An active region 20, usually having a number of quantum wells, is formed over the lower spacer 18. A p-type top spacer 22 is then disposed over the active region 20, and a p-type top mirror stack 24 (another DBR) is disposed over the top spacer 22. Over the top mirror stack 24 is a p-type conduction layer 9, a p-type GaAs cap layer 8, and a p-type electrical contact 26.
Still referring to FIG. 1, the lower spacer 18 and the top spacer 22 separate the lower mirror stack 16 from the top mirror stack 24 such that an optical cavity is formed. As the optical cavity is resonant at specific wavelengths, the mirror separation is controlled to resonate at a predetermined, wavelength (or at a multiple thereof). As shown in FIG. 1, at least part of the top mirror stack 24 may include an annular shaped region 40 that is doped to be non-conductive, typically with a deep H+ implant. The annular shaped region 40 as shown defines a conductive annular central opening 42 that provides an electrically conductive path above a desired region of the active region 20.
During operation, an external bias causes an electrical current 21 to flow from the p-type electrical contact 26 toward the n-type electrical contact 14. The annular shaped region 40, and more specifically, the conductive central opening 42 confine the current 21 such that it flows through the desired region of the active region 20. Some of the carriers in the current 21 are converted into photons in the active region 20. Those photons bounce back and forth (resonate) between the lower mirror stack 16 and the top mirror stack 24. While the lower mirror stack 16 and the top mirror stack 24 are good reflectors, some of the photons escape out as light 23. For top emitting devices, the top mirror 24 may be made slightly less reflective than the bottom mirror 16 to facilitate the escape of photons in an upward direction. After passing through the top mirror 24, the light 23 passes through the p-type conduction layer 9, through the p-type GaAs cap layer 8, through an aperture 30 in the p-type electrical contact 26, and out of the surface of the vertical cavity surface emitting laser 10.
It should be understood that FIG. 1 illustrates a typical VCSEL device, and that numerous variations are possible. For example, the dopings can be changed (say, by providing a p-type substrate 12), different material systems can be used, operational details can be tuned for maximum performance, and additional structures, such as tunnel junctions, can be added, if desired.
Most VCSELs of practical dimensions are inherently multi (transverse) mode. Single lowest-order mode VCSELs are favored for coupling into single-mode fibers, and are advantageous for free-space and/or wavelength sensitive systems, and may even be beneficial for use in extending the bandwidth-length product of standard 50 μm and 62.5 μm GRIN multi-mode fiber. However, it has long been known that, although the short optical cavity (approximately 1λ) of the VCSEL favors single longitudinal mode emission, the multi-wavelength (approximately 10's of λ) lateral dimensions facilitate multi-transverse mode operation.
Higher-order modes typically have a greater lateral concentration of energy away from the center of the lasing cavity. Thus, the one way to force the laser to oscillate in only a lowest-order circularly symmetric mode or a few lower order modes is to make the lateral dimension of the active area small enough to prevent higher-order modes from reaching threshold. However, this necessitates lateral dimensions of less than about 5 μm for typical VCSELs. Such small areas may result in excessive resistance and push the limits obtainable from conventional fabrication methodologies. For example, and referring to FIG. 1, it is often difficult to control the deep H+ implant when forming the annular shaped current confining region 40, particularly when the implantation depth is greater than about 1 μm, where lateral straggle may become a limiting factor. Thus, control of transverse modes remains difficult for VCSELs of practical dimensions.
Rather than using a deep H+ implant to define an annular current confinement region 40, some VCSELs use a high aluminum bearing layer in the top mirror to provide oxide current confinement. Typically, a mesa is formed by etching around the VCSEL device (as taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,493,577), after which the high aluminum bearing layer is laterally oxidized from the edge of the mesa to form an annular shaped current confinement region in the VCSEL device. Alternatively, trenches or depressions are formed to access and oxidize the high aluminum bearing layer as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,903,588. By controlling the time of oxidization, the size of the annular shaped current confinement region can be controlled. VCSELs fabricated using these methods are often called oxide-confined VCSELs.
While oxide-confined VCSELs are thought to be optically and electrically beneficial, they can be difficult to implement in practice. One reason for the difficulty is that the intentionally oxidized layer, or oxide aperture forming layer, usually has a high aluminum content and is sandwiched between layers having lower aluminum content, which may oxidize at considerably different rates. This can result in significant band discontinuities between the layers. These band discontinuities can detrimentally increase the electrical resistance of the structure and form a barrier to current flow. Attempts have been made to reduce these band discontinuities, but such attempts often result in relatively thick oxide layers due to partial oxidation of the adjacent layers, which can increase the unwanted optical effects of the oxide layer or layers.
Another limitation of many oxide-confined VCSELs is that during the lateral oxidation of the high aluminum oxide aperture fanning layer, the other mirror layers that have a lower aluminum concentration are also laterally oxidized to some degree but not to the same degree as the high-aluminum oxide aperture forming layer. It is believed that the lateral oxidation of the aluminum bearing layers creates crystalline defects or the like along the junction between the oxidized region and the non-oxidized region. These crystalline defects are believed to reduce the stability and/or reliability of the device.

Distributed bragg reflector for optoelectronic device


End members (204) for a gas spring assembly (200) include an end member body (226) that is formed from a polymeric material. The end member body (226) includes an end wall (234) and a bumper mount (258) that is integrally formed with at least the end wall (234) from the polymeric material of the end member body (226). The bumper mount (258) projects axially from the end wall (234) in a first direction. The end member (204) includes a central support post (256) that extends from the end wall (234) in a direction opposite the bumper mount (258). The end member (204) also includes an insert (272) that is at least partially embedded within at least one of the bumper mount (258) and the central support post wall (256). Gas spring assemblies and suspension systems are also included.

The subject matter of the present disclosure broadly relates to the art of gas spring devices and, more particularly, to end members configured to receivingly engage a jounce bumper as well as gas spring assemblies including such an end member and a jounce bumper. A suspension system can include one or more of such gas spring assemblies.
The subject matter of the present disclosure may find particular application and use in conjunction with components for wheeled vehicles, and will be shown and described herein with reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the subject matter of the present disclosure is also amenable to use in other applications and environments, and that the specific uses shown and described herein are merely exemplary. For example, the subject matter of the present disclosure could be used in connection with gas spring assemblies of non-wheeled vehicles, support structures, height adjusting systems and actuators associated with industrial machinery, components thereof and/or other such equipment. Accordingly, the subject matter of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to use in association with gas spring suspension systems of wheeled vehicles.
Wheeled motor vehicles of most types and kinds include a sprung mass, such as a body or chassis, for example, and an unsprung mass, such as two or more axles or other wheel-engaging members, for example, with a suspension system disposed therebetween. Typically, a suspension system will include a plurality of spring devices as well as a plurality of damping devices that together permit the sprung and unsprung masses of the vehicle to move in a somewhat controlled manner relative to one another. Movement of the sprung and unsprung masses toward one another is normally referred to in the art as jounce motion while movement of the sprung and unsprung masses away from one another is commonly referred to in the art as rebound motion.
Generally, the range of motion of a suspension system extends between a first or fully compressed condition and a second or fully extended condition. To eliminate contact between opposing portions of the sprung and unsprung masses, contact between opposing portions of components of the suspension system and/or contact between any combination thereof, jounce bumpers are commonly installed on one or more portions of the vehicle to prevent such opposing portions from directly impacting one another. Thus, during jounce motion of the suspension system, an opposing component will contact the jounce bumper rather than impacting the component on or near which the jounce bumper is mounted.
Jounce bumpers of a variety of types, kinds and configurations have been developed and are commonly used. Additionally, a variety of arrangements and constructions have been developed for end members as well as for connection arrangements for securing jounce bumpers and end members together. Notwithstanding the wide usage and overall success of such known designs, it is believed to be generally desirable to develop new constructions and/or designs that may advance the art of gas spring devices, such as, for example, by providing for reduced weight, improved performance and/or reduced cost of manufacture.

End members and gas spring assemblies including same

Firestone Industrial Products Company, LLC


Techniques for transmitting and receiving wireless communications over an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band are disclosed, including techniques for transmitting and receiving service information blocks over the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, techniques for gaining access to the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band by performing extended clear channel assessments (eCCAs), techniques for transmitting and receiving synchronization signals and reference signals over the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, techniques for communicating locations of reference signals, and techniques for communicating availability of certain resources to be combined across multiple different transmissions.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure, for example, relates to wireless communication systems, and more particularly to cell discovery in systems operating in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band.
2. Description of Related Art
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time-division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) systems, and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems.
By way of example, a wireless multiple-access communication system may include a number of base stations, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple wireless devices (e.g., mobile phones or tablet computers). A base station may communicate with wireless devices on downlink channels (e.g., for transmissions from the base station to the wireless devices) and uplink channels (e.g., for transmissions from the wireless devices to the base station).
Some modes of communication may enable communications with a UE over different radio frequency spectrum bands (e.g., a licensed radio frequency spectrum band or an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band) of a cellular network. With increasing data traffic in cellular networks that use licensed radio frequency spectrum bands, offloading at least some data traffic to an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may provide a cellular operator with opportunities for enhanced data transmission capacity. Prior to gaining access to, and communicating over, the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, a device, may perform a listen before talk (LBT) procedure to contend for access to the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band. An LBT procedure may include performing a clear channel assessment (CCA) to determine whether a channel of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band is available. If it is determined that the channel of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band is not available (e.g., because another device is already using the channel of the unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band), a CCA may be performed for the channel again at a later time. If the channel is available, the device may begin to transmit data using the channel. Data transmissions may include control channel information that may be used for identifying a cell and for determining timing and other parameters of the cell.

Cell discovery in a wireless network using an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band


A media sequence includes media items arranged in a sequence. A graph is generated to represent animations available for the media items in the media sequence. The graph includes nodes that represent the available animations. The animations to be used in generating the media sequence is selected via selection of a path through the graph, and the media sequence is generated using the selected animations.

A use may wish to apply animations to one or more media items included in a media sequence. Manually selecting animations to be applied to media items may be difficult and time consuming. Randomly choosing animations for the media items may result in undesirable combination of animations in the media sequence.


A ballast housing has a bottom wall, a sidewall extending in a first direction from the bottom wall, and a first compartment that is defined between the bottom wall and the sidewall, with a first access opening remote from the bottom wall. The housing further includes an interior wall extending from its bottom wall in the first direction and is located completely within the first compartment, and a second compartment that is defined by the interior wall and is isolated from the first compartment by the interior wall. The second compartment includes a second access opening adjacent the bottom wall. A first component can be disposed in the first compartment and a second component can be disposed in the second compartment with the second compartment isolating the second component from the first component in the first compartment.

A luminaire is a lighting unit typically employed on a ceiling or on a lamp pole, either indoors or outdoors. The luminaire includes a ballast assembly and an optical assembly mounted to a mounting structure such as a luminaire housing door or a canopy. Specifically, the optical assembly is mounted to the ballast housing of the luminaire providing canopy-type lighting. The ballast unit has electrical components, such as a ballast. The optical assembly includes a mounting casting and a pivotally attached lens frame that supports a lens. A lamp is held within the lens and is electrically and mechanically connected to the ballast unit. Furthermore, to change the optical assembly requires uninstalling the ballast assembly
Problems arise in installing and maintaining the luminaire. The prior art luminaires are commonly difficult to install requiring the use of more than one person to complete the installation. In addition, the prior art luminaires do not allow the installer or manufacturer to wire the ballast assembly prior to assembling it with the luminaire housing door, thus eliminating the option of installing the assembly from below the mounting structure. Also, performing maintenance on known luminaires is complicated because easy access into the ballast unit is not provided, and the entire assembly may have to be disassembled.
Other problems with the prior art luminares include not having the ability to easily adapt to pre-existing canopy fixtures and not providing protection for the optical assembly from the surrounding environmental elements such a moisture and dust. Also, the prior art ballast housings of the luminaires are bulky and do not efficiently organize the electrical components therein. Similarly the prior art ballast housings do not protect the heat-sensitive electrical components from the heat-emitting components, such as the lamp socket, held within the ballast housing. Furthermore, the prior art ballast housings do not provide a way to facilitate cooling of the ballast itself held within the housing. Finally, the ballast housings of the prior art luminaires have to be employed with an optical assembly that is specifically adapted to be used with that ballast housing.


An active matrix organic EL display device includes pixels each having an organic EL element (7a) and a pixel circuit (3) including a polysilicon TFT for controlling the organic EL element (7a) arranged adjacently in each of the regions partitioned into a matrix shape by data line (12) and gate line (11) that intersect each other. The organic EL element (7a) has a cathode (7) arranged in at least a region that excludes a space above the polysilicon TFT. The cathode (7) is arranged continuously over two or more adjacent pixels in the direction of gate line (11).

Liquid crystal display devices have generally been used for conventional low-profile and light-weight flat-panel displays. The liquid crystal display device has, however, a problem in that it has a smaller angle of field and poor response characteristics because it controls the transmitted light with the orientation direction of the liquid crystal. Active matrix organic EL display devices have recently attracted attention which have a large angle of field and high response characteristics. The organic EL element is a self-light-emitting element based on the principle in which the electric field applied can bring the holes injected from the anode and the electrons injected from the cathode into recombination, the energy of which can allow the fluorescent substance to emit light, thereby providing good visibility. The organic EL element also needs lower power consumption because no backlight source is used, so that it is expected to become the alternative display device, particularly in hand-held device equipment such as cellular phones.
The active matrix organic EL display device needs to increase the light-emitting efficiency of the organic EL element itself by improving the injection efficiency of the holes in the light-emitting layer in the laminated structure such as the hole injection layer/hole-transport layer/light-emitting layer/electron-transport layer, and by improving the generation efficiency of excitons generated in the recombination and the like. In order to improve the display quality in the active matrix organic EL display device, the characteristic of the TFT needs to be improved, such as the circuit response and the like.
In the above-mentioned TFT, amorphous silicon TFT that uses amorphous silicon layer has mainly been used. The requirements for better TFT characteristics, however, have recently led to the development of TFT using the polysilicon layer (hereinafter abbreviated as polysilicon TFT) with higher electric field mobility than the amorphous silicon layer. The manufacture of polysilicon TFT requires a process for the crystallization of the amorphous silicon layer. Such a process includes a high-temperature process for crystallization at a temperature of about 600° C. using an electric heating furnace, and a low-temperature process for crystallization at a low temperature of about 300° C. or less using laser or infrared light.
High-temperature process has the advantages that the LSI (Large Scale Integration) technology can be used to form a thermally-oxidized gate insulating layer and the TFT characteristic variation can be prevented because interface properties between the thermally-oxidized gate insulating layer and the polysilicon are stabilized. The high-temperature process, however, needs higher temperatures during the process of crystallization process, so that it cannot apply to display devices that use a substrate such as glass or plastic. The low-temperature process for crystallization using laser annealing or lamp annealing has thus usually been used for active matrix organic EL display device.
A description is given below of an active matrix organic EL display device with a polysilicon TFT made by the above-described low-temperature process (hereinafter referred to as a low temperature polysilicon TFT). FIG. 1A schematically shows a plan view of the structure of the conventional active matrix organic EL display device described in Japanese application patent laid-open publication No. 2001-318628. FIG. 1B shows a cross sectional view taken along the line B-B′ in FIG. 1A. FIG. 2A to FIG. 2E, FIG. 3A to FIG. 3D, and FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C show process cross sectional views of a series of manufacturing procedures for the active matrix substrate. FIG. 5 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of the active matrix organic EL display device.
Referring first to FIG. 2A to FIG. 4C, a description is given of the manufacturing process of the active matrix substrate described in the above-described reference. First, primary layer 101 is formed on glass substrate 100. Amorphous silicon is then deposited, and polysilicon layer 102 is formed using laser annealing or lamp annealing or the like (see FIG. 2A). Next, on polysilicon layer 102 is formed protective layer 103 of a silicon oxide layer, on which is formed resist mask 104. Using resist mask 104, n-type impurities such as phosphorous or arsenic are added to form n-type impurity region 105. The added impurities are then activated using laser annealing or the like (see FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C). Next, polysilicon layer 102 is locally removed to form island-shaped active layers 106 to 109. Then, after gate insulating layer 110 has been formed, gate electrodes 111 to 114, source wiring 115, and current-supply line 116 are formed (see FIG. 2D and FIG. 2E).
Next, using gate electrodes 111 to 114 as masks, n-type impurities such as phosphorous are doped in a self-alignment manner to form impurity regions 117 to 124. Then, using resist mask 125, n-type impurities such as phosphorous are locally added to form impurity regions 126 to 130 including a high concentration of phosphorous (see FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B). Next, using resist mask 131, p-type impurities such as boron are locally doped to form impurity regions 132 to 135 including a high concentration of boron (see FIG. 3C). Then, resist mask 131 is removed to provide a circuit element such as polysilicon TFTs (see FIG. 3D).
Next, first interlayer insulating layer 136 is formed on the circuit element including polysilicon TFTs, and the impurity element is activated with laser annealing or lamp annealing. Then, second interlayer insulating layer 137 is formed. Contact holes are then formed through first interlayer insulating layer 136, second interlayer insulating layer 137, and gate insulating layer 110, down to the impurity region. Then, metal is filled in each contact hole and patterned to form wirings 138 to 145. Then pixel electrode 146 is formed in contact with connection electrode 141 (see FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B).
The above-mentioned processes in FIG. 2A to FIG. 4B are the same as the low temperature polysilicon TFT manufacturing technology that is used in active matrix liquid crystal display devices and the like. The above-mentioned processes can be achieved by applying technologies such as polysilicon formation technology for forming polysilicon by forming and annealing the amorphous silicon layer, impurity implantation technology for forming n-type TFT and p-type TFT, conductive layer formation technology such as Al and insulating layer formation technology for layers of silicon oxide and silicon nitride, resist layer formation technology for defining these layer-formed regions and implanted regions, and etching technology for removing regions that need no formed layer.
After pixel electrode 146 is formed, third interlayer insulating layer 147 is formed as shown in FIG. 4C. The laminated structure included in the organic EL element except for the anode and cathode has a thickness as thin as about 80 nm to 200 nm, and the cathode has a thickness as thin as about 30 nm to 300 nm, so that steep shapes are covered before forming the organic EL element to prevent cracks from forming at the step edges, and edges are tapered to prevent cracks at the edge steps. After the third interlayer insulating layer 147 is formed in a tapered shape, organic EL layer 148 is formed with vapor deposition technology in the desired region in each pixel, and then, cathode 149 and protective electrode 150 are formed. Finally, passivation layer 151 is formed to protect organic EL layer 148, thereby providing the active matrix organic EL display device.
As shown in the equivalent circuit in FIG. 5, the active matrix organic EL display device formed in the above-described manner has a pixel enclosed by gate wiring 145 disposed in a row direction, and source wiring 115 and current-supply line 116 disposed in a column direction. The pixel contains switching TFT 202 connected to gate wiring 145 and source wiring 115, light-emitting element 204 including organic EL layer 148 sandwiched between pixel electrode (anode) 146 and cathode 149 (see FIG. 4C), and controlling TFT 203 including source and drain; one is connected via holding capacitance 207 to the drain of switching TFT 202, and the other is connected to the anode of light-emitting element 204. Cathode 149 of light-emitting element 204 is common to all pixels. In this way, the cathode electrode may be a single electrode structure across the entire display region, because wiring lines from the row and column drivers can select the address for each pixel, so that cathode 149 is only a power supply electrode.
As shown in FIG. 1A, on substrate 4001, the pixels represented in the above-described equivalent circuit are arranged in a matrix to form pixel portion 4002, and gate-side drive circuit 4004 and source-side drive circuit 4003 are disposed along the ends in a row direction and a column direction. The above components are then sealed with first sealing material 4101 and second sealing material 4104. Wiring 4005 as a lead is formed during the sealing, and one end of FPC (flexible print circuit) 4006 is connected to this wiring 4005. In the organic EL display device thus obtained, as seen from FIG. 1B which shows the cross section taken along the line B-B′ in FIG. 1A (a connection with the outside, a part of source-side drive circuit 4003, and a cross section of one pixel of pixel portion 4002), and as seen from FIG. 4C, the cathode electrode (which corresponds to cathode 149 and protective electrode 150 in FIG. 4C, and cathode 4305 in FIG. 1 B) is formed across the entire display region where pixels are arranged in a matrix, and thus also formed over pixel circuits including polysilicon TFTs, and over wiring lines connecting the row and column drivers to the pixel circuit.
There are two problems as follows with respect to the structure of the conventional active matrix organic EL display device in which the cathode electrode that constitutes a part of the organic EL elements is formed across the entire display region as a single electrode.
The first problem is that because the cathode electrode is formed across the entire display region and thus also formed over wiring lines connecting the row and column drivers to the pixel circuits, capacitance arises between this wiring line and the cathode electrode, which delays the signals traveling on the wiring line. Such delayed signals may limit the frame frequency, which makes it difficult to provide an active matrix organic EL display device that is adaptable to high-speed moving video pictures. Sending signals to the wiring line that has the above-described capacitance is also disadvantageous in terms of power consumption and may prevent lower power consumption from being achieved.
The second problem is that in the vapor deposition process for forming the cathode electrode, the electron beam vapor deposition source cannot be used as a vapor deposition source. This problem is described more specifically below.
The vapor deposition process is a technology that heats and evaporates materials that are to be coated in a vacuum and deposits them on a substrate. While there are many methods for heating the materials to be coated, the electron beam vapor deposition source is often used for general mass production. This is because, compared to other vapor deposition sources, the electron beam vapor deposition source has a more stable evaporation angle for the materials to be coated which can provide a higher quality vapor deposition layer, and it provides less sprats and more uniform layers, and allows for easier filling of the materials to be coated, and needs less maintenance, which can increase the capacity utilization of the film formation facility.
It has become apparent, however, that when the cathode electrode of the conventional active matrix organic EL display device is formed with the vapor deposition system including the electron beam vapor deposition source, the cathode electrode is formed across the entire display region and thus also formed over the polysilicon TFTs, so that the characteristic X-ray emerging from the electron beam vapor deposition source may degrade the polysilicon TFT characteristics, by changing the threshold voltage Vt, increasing the leak current, decreasing the on-state current and the like.
FIG. 6 shows experimental results of the characteristic change of polysilicon TFTs which are irradiated with X-ray. In FIG. 6, the x-axis shows the gate voltage, and the y-axis shows the drain current. As seen in FIG. 6, X-ray exposure can shift the polysilicon TFT characteristics to the more negative value (to the left in the drawing) for both the pch-TFT and nch-TFT. This gate voltage shift may prevent the normal TFT operation, and make it impossible to realize a high image quality display device without lines or non-uniformity on the screen.
The above-described gate voltage variation of the polysilicon TFTs may arise from the trap levels generated in the gate insulating layer of the polysilicon TFTs. Each of the TFTs arranged in matrix, in conventional polysilicon TFT, particularly the polysilicon TFT made with the low-temperature process, however, lacks sufficient characteristics and uniformity, which makes it impossible to demonstrate the effect of the characteristic X-ray. The inventors of the present invention have demonstrated the effect of the characteristic X-ray by improving the low temperature polysilicon TFT manufacturing technology to make it possible to manufacture the polysilicon TFT with good characteristics and good uniformity thereof. The novel fact that the inventors of the present invention have found is the detailed relationship between the characteristics X-ray from the electron beam vapor deposition and the gate voltage variation of the low temperature polysilicon TFT.
As described above, the conventional active matrix organic EL display device has a cathode electrode that is formed across the entire display region and thus also formed over the wiring lines connecting the row and column drivers to the pixel circuit and over the polysilicon TFTs. This may cause a signal delay problem due to capacitance arising between the wiring lines and cathode electrode, and the polysilicon TFT characteristic degradation problem due to the characteristic X-ray that are generated during the electron beam vapor deposition, thus making it impossible to realize a high-speed-response and high-quality display device.
The present invention was realized in light of the above-described problems, and aims mainly to provide an active matrix organic EL display device and a manufacturing method thereof which can prevent, without complexing the manufacturing process, the display quality decrease caused by the signal delay that occurs due to the capacitance between the wiring lines and cathode electrode and the polysilicon TFT characteristic degradation.

Active matrix organic EL display device and manufacturing method thereof


The rear wheel drive assembly of a motorized stroller includes a transmission unit, a bidirectional motor, a battery unit and a control unit. The transmission unit includes a gear housing to be mounted on a rear wheel support rod of a stroller frame, and a speed reducing gear set mounted operably in the gear housing. The gear set includes an input gear, an output gear driven rotatably by the input gear, and a knurled roller mounted coaxially on one side of the output gear and extending partially out of an open bottom end of the gear housing. The knurled roller contacts the tire portion of a rear wheel on the support rod such that rotation of the input gear results in corresponding rotation of the knurled roller in order to generate friction between the knurled roller and the rear wheel. The motor is mounted on the gear housing and drives rotatably the input gear. The battery unit includes a battery holder mounted on the stroller frame and adapted to receive a storage battery therein. The control unit is connected electrically to the motor and the electrical contacts on the battery holder, and is operable so as to control direction of rotation of the drive shaft of the motor to control, in turn, forward and backward movement of the stroller frame.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a stroller, more particularly to a motorized stroller with a rear wheel drive assembly.
2. Description of the Related Art
While conventional strollers enable parents or guardians to take infants along without the need for carrying them, the conventional strollers are still relatively inconvenient to use due to the requirement of pushing or pulling the stroller, especially when the conventional strollers are used on inclined paths or when one has to bring heavy or bulky items with him at the same time.

Motorized stroller with rear wheel drive assembly

No. 1-3, Lane 38, Jui-Fung St., Nan Dist.


A medical ultrasound (US) imaging system includes a US probe and a processor. The US probe includes an array of transducers arranged in a reflection geometry, the probe configured to emit US waves and to receive reflected ultrasound waves that are reflected from a body portion of a patient. The processor is configured to generate an image of the body portion of the patient by applying an inverse model to the emitted and reflected US waves.

Various methods of medical US imaging were considered in the patent literature and in scientific publications. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2020/0008779 describes a medical ultrasound system comprising an ultrasound transducer for emitting and receiving ultrasound, and a processor. The ultrasound transducer is electrically connected to the processor, and the processor is configured to determine an ultrasound based tomographic image subject to ultrasound waves received by the ultrasound transducer in response to ultrasound waves emitted by the ultrasound transducer and scattered and/or reflected by tissue to be investigated.
As another example, a paper by R. Pratt, titled "Medical ultrasound tomography: lessons from exploration geophysics," Proceedings of the International Workshop on Medical Ultrasound Tomography, Nov. 1-3, 2017, Speyer, Germany, describes potential improvements in medical ultrasound transmission tomography based on full-waveform inversion (FWI).

Reflection ultrasound tomographic imaging using full-waveform inversion


An electronic imaging system having an image sensor array that includes photodetectors arranged in rows and a rolling shutter for initiating charge integration by row and reading out pixel signals by row after a lapse of a predetermined integration time is equipped with a lighting unit having an LED array including rows of LED elements for producing flashes in different directions, respectively, and a circuitry for exciting and extinguishing the LED rows, one at a time. The LED rows are allocated to a plurality of sections into which the image sensor array is divided, one row to each section. The circuitry initiates excitation of each LED row allocated to a given section of the array at the beginning of charge integration of a first row of the given section and extinguishes the LED row at termination of charge integration of a last row of the given section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an imaging system and, more specifically, to an electronic imaging system equipped with a sequential exposure rolling shutter.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, it is a noticeable trend to employ complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor devices for electronically capturing images of subjects in electronic imaging systems in light of the advantages of low cost, small size and low electric power consumption. Such a CMOS image sensor device generally comprises an image sensor array of photodetectors, one for each pixel, arranged in two-dimensional and a rolling electronic shutter or circuitry, in place of a mechanical shutter, for readout of the pixel signals. The photodetector for each pixel in the image sensor array converts photons impinging on the pixel to an electric charge via the photoelectric effect. The charge is integrated over a period of time that is long enough to collect a detectable amount of charge but short enough to avoid saturating storage elements. This period of time is analogous to a film exposure time or shutter speed and is called an integration time. In the image sensor array of the CMOS image sensor device, the integration time is the time between a reset of a given row and a subsequent read of the row. Because only one row can be selected at a time, the reset/read routine is sequentially repeated row by row (sequential exposure control). This sequence is referred to as a "rolling electronic shutter," or simply as a "rolling shutter." As shown in FIG. 10, the rolling shutter accomplishes exposure by sequentially reading succeeding rows, one row at a time, from top to bottom of a frame with certain delays to provide electronic image signals. On the other hand, electronic flash devices are most popular as means for lighting subjects to be photographed Such an electronic flash device is such that, when a high voltage stored in the capacitor is applied to the gas-discharge tube, the gas inside becomes ionized and then a rush of current flows through the gas the tube and it simultaneously emits a bright light by sudden discharge. In general, as shown in FIG. 10, the rolling shutter allows a flash to be generated for an overlapping period of charge integration (exposure) of all the rows of the image sensor array of the CMOS image sensor device for uniform exposure of a flame.
Meanwhile, cellular phones with an image import feature, that have recently been in widespread use, are generally provided with a single white light emitting diode (white LED) built therein as a flash or lighting unit for illuminating subjects to be imported. In general, installation of the single white LED is advantageous to the purpose of space-saving. The cellular phone image import system is designed such that, in the event of importing a picture under, for example, weaker room illumination than daylight, while a first button is kept operated to excite the white LED for illuminate of an aimed subject, a second button is subsequently operated for import of an image of the subject after fixing composition of the image. When the import of the image is completed, the white LED is extinguished.
In the imaging system equipped with a CMOS image sensor device including a rolling shutter, exposure can be made with a plurality of flashes as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-359774. When making exposure using flashes, the exposure may be varied in condition so as to decrease incoming radiation intensity using a desired ND filter as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-350964. The lighting unit that comprises a single white LED element is known in various forms such as a lens-fitted film unit equipped with a lighting unit disclosed, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-133490. Another example of the lighting unit that is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-258363 is such that an LED is excited upon switch-on operation for opening and closing a mechanical shutter and remains excited while the mechanical shutter is kept opened.
One of the problems that the imaging system equipped with a rolling shutter encounters is that, although flashes can be enabled to affect charge integration (exposure) of all the rows of the image sensor array that overlap one another for a certain period of time when the shutter speed is low as shown in FIG. 11A, a flash is only allowed to affect charge integration (exposure) of some adjacent pixel rows of the image sensor array when the shutter speed is high as shown in FIG. 11B, because it is impossible for the image sensor array that all the rows have periods of charge integration overlapping one another. In consequence, the image sensor array of the CMOS image sensor device causes a difference in exposure between the rows which a flash affects and the rows free of influence of a flash This exposure difference makes speeding up of the rolling shutter of the image CMOS image sensor device.
When designing light and thin, more compact electronic imaging systems with built-in lighting unit, it is more advantageous to employ white LEDs as compared with an electronic flash tube. However, the lighting unit comprising a single white LED element has the problem that light the single white LED element emits is too low in radiation intensity to make correct exposure in a dark scene. It is one approach to a solution of the problem to use a plurality of white LEDs in the lighting unit that are simultaneously excited. However, this simultaneous excitation of white LEDs causes another problem that electric power consumption increases according to the number of excited white LEDs. In particular, in the case where the single white LED is installed in cellular phone having an optical communication feature in addition to the image import feature, even if the white LED can have radiation intensity, the cellular phone will be disabled to make calls or data communication due to a potential drop of batteries resulting from image import and is off from practical use.
Nothing in the above referenced publications is disclosed regarding lighting control of an LED array installed in an electronic imaging system equipped with the sequential exposure rolling shutter. It is impossible to apply the teachings of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-258363 that the lighting control of the LED is made in connection with switch-on operation for opening a mechanical shutter to the imaging system disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-359774 that is equipped with a CMOS image sensor device including a rolling shutter. This is because there is an essential distinction of physical structure and exposure mechanism between the mechanical shutter for blanket exposure and the rolling shutter for sequential exposure. Further, there is no suggestion in the referenced publications how to coordinate sequential exposure by the rolling shutter and lighting control of the LED together.


A folding bed frame structure comprises spaced apart folding side frame assemblies connected with transversely extending cross members by a combination of mating frictionally interfitting "swaged" and tongue-and-slot connections which do not require or utilize fasteners, thereby permitting the structure to be shipped and stored in disassembled condition. Side frame elements of the bed frame structure have an angled base portion with an arcuate portion extending therefrom to simulate the appearance of tubular elements.

The present invention relates generally to folding bed frames structures and, more particularly, to a novel folding bed frame structure and fabrication method having frictionally inter-fitting components assemblable without fasteners.
Folding bed frame structures of various configurations and constructions are well known and in widespread use, particularly in so-called sofa sleepers which basically comprise an upholstered sofa frame in which a folding bed frame structure is mounted for selective articulated movement between a folded condition fully contained within the sofa frame for seating use as a sofa and an unfolded condition extending outwardly from the sofa frame for sleeping use as a bed.
Conventionally folding bed frame structures used in sofa sleepers basically comprise a pair of laterally spaced side frame assemblies each formed of multiple pivoted or hinged frame components connected by various cross members for coordinated folding and unfolding movement between retracted and extended positions. Under traditional manufacturing techniques, the various cross members are rigidly affixed permanently to the two side frame assemblies by rivets or like fasteners typically installed by hydraulic or pneumatic riveting guns.
While this matter of construction and assembly of sofa sleeper bed frame structures has proven reliable in practice and the resultant folding bed frame structures had been demonstrated over time and usage to be of a stable and secure assembly, this matter of construction nevertheless presents several disadvantages. First, the use of rivets to assemble the various components makes the assembly operation relatively time consuming and labor intensive. The special riveting tools thusly required add to the capital outlay required of the manufacturer, and such tools pose an additional risk of potential injury to assembly workers. The fully assembled structure occupies a relatively large volume in relation to its total weight, which prevents efficient compact shipping, further adding to the total cost to the end user. Finally, the relative permanency of the riveted connections utilized makes it difficult and costly to replace defective or damaged components.
Conventional sofa sleeper bed frame structures characteristically utilize so-called "angle" members having an L-shaped cross-section for the side frame components, which provides advantages in the manufacturing process in that shorter rivets may be utilized to join to the "angle" components with lesser force required of the riveting tool while at the same time achieving a stronger rivet joint as compared to the alternative of utilizing tubular side frame components. However, many furniture manufacturers prefer the appearance of tubular components over "angle" components despite the structural advantages of the latter.

Folding bed frame structure and method of fabricating same


A beverage holder with an insulating sleeve holds a beverage container and a magnetic mount to magnetically secure the insulating sleeve with the beverage container therein to a ferromagnetic support structure. The magnetic mount comprises an exterior housing located outside the insulating sleeve and on a lateral wall of the insulating sleeve. A magnet is carried by the exterior housing and located outside of the insulating sleeve. An interior backing is located on an interior of the insulating sleeve and fastened to the exterior housing through the insulating sleeve. The exterior housing and the interior backing sandwich a portion of the lateral wall of the insulating sleeve.

Beverages are often consumed from beverage containers, such as bottles and cans, in environments with elevated temperatures. It is often desirable to keep such beverages cool when ambient temperatures are high. In addition, it can be desirable to insulate a holder's hand from the cold beverage container, and to improve a grip between the holder's hand and a wet surface of the beverage container with condensation. Insulated sleeves have been proposed that can surround the beverage container. It has also been proposed to use a magnet to hold the insulated sleeve with respect to a surface, such as a vehicle. Examples of such insulated sleeves are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,540,611; 5,320,249; 6,059,140; 6,286,798; 7,021,594; 7,897,088; 8,001,671; 9,578,954; D851,463; D547,618; D533,751. Such an insulated sleeve is also known as a Koozie®, a coozy, a coolie, a stubby holder, a drink caddy, a can cooler, a can cover and a can hugger. The insulated sleeve can also be utilized to distinguish beverage containers amongst a group of holders and beverage containers, and for marketing purposes.
Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended.


A system for supporting and dispensing thermoplastic, rack-mounted handle bags is disclosed, including an adapter hook, a support rack having a centrally disposed retainer, and laterally spaced, outward protruding suspension arms. The adapter hook includes a base member with a hook extending perpendicular therefrom, and is designed to slip over the retainer. Also disclosed are handle bags, which are suspended by the suspension arms and adapter hook, each bag including a protruding area in a front bag wall and a rear bag wall. A horizontal aperture in each bag wall at the protruding area provides an opening through which the adapter hook passes. To facilitate detachment of the protruding area from the adapter hook, a series of vertical perforations is incorporated into the protruding area extending from the horizontal aperture up to the edge of the protruding area. To further promote tearing, a distal end of the hook is configured to have a width narrower than the horizontal aperture thus concentrating tearing stress onto the perforations.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to stackable bags and a system for dispensing stackable bags. More precisely, the present invention relates to a system for dispensing stackable handle bags using a hook adapter and a breakaway protruding area integral with the front and rear bag walls, and to stackable, breakaway bags useful in said system.
(2) Described of the Related Art
As everyone has seen when he or she passes through a grocery or discount store check-out line, there is a box boy or grocery bagger who loads the groceries into a bag, which is usually made from paper or plastic. For convenience of the customer and efficiency of the business, this bagging operation is performed as quickly as possible with very little wasted motion.
Many different methods have been devised to simplify yet expedite the procedure of filling the bag with goods or groceries. Currently, the grocery bags found in many stores arrive at the store in neatly stacked bundles called bag packs. The bag pack is composed of individual bags uniformly stacked into a single pack and held together with small pin welds.
As found in most stores, to complement the bag pack, a metal wire rack having two laterally spaced apart outward extending support arms is used to suspended the bag pack. At the end of a check-out line, the grocery bagger stands over the rack-mounted bag pack, and dispenses and fills the bags, one at a time.
Each stackable bag in the bag pack is a bag, optionally having pleated sides or bottom, with an open top and upward extending handles. Often times, this sort of bag is described as a t-shirt bag because its appearance is reminiscent of its namesake. Toward the center of the bag opening, between the handles, there is usually a tab with a horizontal aperture cut therein. The tab, by way of the horizontal aperture, is suspended from a center retaining hook located on the rack. After the bag is loaded, the grocery bagger slides the bag handles off of the outward projecting arms which previously suspended them, and detaches the bag from the tab to release the bag from the rack. The individual pin welds are easily separated with only slight tugging. Such a bag pack dispensing system is disclosed in U.S. Reissue Pat. No. RE 33,264 to Baxley et al.
The Baxley system, however, has a drawback, namely, the remnant tabs, left on the rack after each bag is detached, accumulates and must be promptly removed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,473 to Snowdon et al. discloses a similar rack mounted plastic bag using a tab, and likewise has the same problem as Baxley, et al.
In a different approach, bag designers have done away with the central tab near the opening and alternatively rely on perforated tabs located in the handle portion. Such a bag is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,639 to DeMatters. Such a bag still has a residue problem in that the tabs detached from the handles remain on the suspension arms of the rack.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,674 to Kuklies et al. discloses a bag incorporating another approach to solving the residue tab problem of the prior art. Kuklies shows a rack-mounted bag having horizontal apertures located near the top edge of the rear bag wall, and upwardly extending handles. The bags are suspended by the handles from a rack and by a centrally located hook on the rack which latches on to only the rear bag wall via the horizontal aperture. In fact, the front bag wall of the Kuklies bag is not suspended at all.
As a result, in use, the front bag wall need not be detached from the centrally located hook of the rack. According to the disclosure, it has been seen that in this system the front bag wall, if attached, causes binding and separation problems at the point of attachment around the hook. Hence the Kuklies bag does not have the front bag wall suspended from the hook.
Accordingly, a need presently exists for a rack-mounted, stackable bag that can be individually detached from the stack and rack without leaving remnants on the rack. Detaching each bag from the pack should also be performed without complication and wasted motion.

Stackable bag with breakaway suspensions


An image processing apparatus includes a tomographic image acquisition unit configured to acquire a polarization-sensitive tomographic image of a subject by using a polarization adjustment member which adjusts a polarization state of a measuring beam, and a display control unit configured to cause a display unit to display the polarization-sensitive tomographic image and a display form indicating a state of the polarization adjustment member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus and an image processing method for processing an image of a subject.
2. Description of the Related Art
An optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique using interference of multi-wavelength light enables acquisition of a high-resolution tomographic image of a sample (in particular, a fundus of the eye).
In recent years, an ophthalmologic OCT apparatus can acquire, in addition to a normal OCT image of a shape of a fundus tissue, a polarization-sensitive OCT image using a polarization parameter (i.e., retardation and orientation), which is an optical characteristic of the fundus tissue.
The polarization-sensitive (PS-OCT) OCT can form the polarization-sensitive OCT image using the polarization parameter to be formed, and perform distinguishing and segmentation of the fundus tissue. PS-OCT uses the fact that some layers in the retina (or fundus) of an eye reflect polarized light differently from other layers. International Publication No. WO 2010/122118 A1 discusses a polarization-sensitive OCT which employs a light beam that has been modulated to a circularly-polarized beam as a measuring beam for examining the sample. Detection is then performed by splitting the interference beam into two linearly-polarized beams perpendicular to each other, so that the polarization-sensitive OCT image is generated with different layers in the fundus being imaged differently depending on their interaction with the polarized light. However, International Publication No. WO 2010/122118 A1 does not discuss performing diagnosis support, i.e., providing an easily-viewable fundus image and an ease of comparing the images.

Image processing apparatus and image processing method


A geospatial imaging system may include a geospatial data storage device configured to store a geospatial dataset including geospatial data points. A processor may cooperate with the geospatial data storage device to determine segments within the geospatial dataset, with each segment including neighboring geospatial data points within the geospatial dataset sharing a common geometric characteristic from among different geometric characteristics. The processor may further determine border geospatial data points of adjacent segments, compare the border geospatial data points of the adjacent segments to determine bare earth segments having respective heights below those of the border geospatial data points of adjacent segments, and classify geospatial data points within each bare earth segment as bare earth geospatial data points.

Topographical models of geographical areas may be used for many applications. For example, topographical models may be used in flight simulators. Furthermore, topographical models of man-made structures (e.g., cities) may be extremely helpful in applications such as cellular antenna placement, urban planning, disaster preparedness and analysis, and mapping, for example.
Various types and methods for making topographical models are presently being used. One common topographical model is the digital elevation map (DEM). A DEM is a sampled matrix representation of a geographical area which may be generated in an automated fashion by a computer. In a DEM, coordinate points are made to correspond with a height value. DEMs are typically used for modeling terrain where the transitions between different elevations (e.g., valleys, mountains, etc.) are generally smooth from one to a next. That is, DEMs typically model terrain as a plurality of curved surfaces and any discontinuities therebetween are thus "smoothed" over. Thus, in a typical DEM no distinct objects are present on the terrain.
One particularly advantageous 3D site modeling product is RealSite® from the present Assignee Harris Corp. RealSite® may be used to register overlapping images of a geographical area of interest, and extract high resolution DEMs using stereo and nadir view techniques. RealSite® provides a semi-automated process for making three-dimensional (3D) topographical models of geographical areas, including cities, that have accurate textures and structure boundaries. Moreover, RealSite® models are geospatially accurate. That is, the location of any given point within the model corresponds to an actual location in the geographical area with very high accuracy. The data used to generate RealSite® models may include aerial and satellite photography, electro-optical, infrared, and light detection and ranging (LIDAR).
Another similar system from Harris Corp. is LiteSite®. LiteSite® models provide automatic extraction of ground, foliage, and urban digital elevation models (DEMs) from LIDAR and IFSAR imagery. LiteSite® can be used to produce affordable, geospatially accurate, high-resolution 3-D models of buildings and terrain.
Despite the advantages such approaches may provide in certain applications, further advancements may be desirable for classifying and displaying different types of geospatial model data.

Geospatial imaging system providing segmentation and classification features and related methods


An elevator shaft door frame incorporates a control arrangement for an elevator installation including a control unit. The control unit is fixed in a chamber of a frame element of the door frame. The chamber communicates with an outside opening in the door frame, which opens at a floor, and is closed with a cover. The cover can be moved from the closed position by demounting to a service position in which access to the chamber is free. In addition, the door frame has an inside opening to the chamber which is accessible from the elevator shaft.

The present invention relates to a door frame of a shaft door with a control arrangement for an elevator shaft, as well as to a method for access to a control unit.
A control arrangement in the sense of the present invention substantially comprises a control unit and means for mounting and protecting the control unit. The control unit in turn substantially comprises subassemblies required for control and/or regulation of the elevator installation. Moreover, such a control unit can contain interfaces and input modules necessary for servicing the elevator installation and for diagnosis. The control unit accordingly has to be accessible for the purpose of servicing or maintenance of the elevator installation.
Previously the control unit of an elevator installation was usually accommodated, together with the drive of the elevator installation, in a separate space or region, since such a control unit was, depending on the respective form of construction, relatively large.
A separate space is superfluous with present-day elevator systems, since the drive is frequently arranged in the elevator shaft itself. In the case of elevator installations of that kind the control unit is advantageously disposed in a region of an elevator shaft closure. European patent document EP 0 680 921 discloses a corresponding arrangement of a control unit in the wall of an elevator shaft. This arrangement demands a large space, since a control box is attached to the shaft door frame. Since this control box is usually needed on only one floor, this necessitates special constructional and aesthetic solutions for this floor. This is made possible inter alia by the fact that present-day control units are smaller and power consumption as well as generated heat could be reduced and thus, for example, space-consuming ventilating installations are not required.
The prior art control unit is preferably accommodated in the door frame, in a chamber. Such a chamber is formed by, for example, a door frame element of the shaft door, usually by a vertical door post element. The door post element has walls which bound the chamber. One of these walls has an outside opening which opens outside the elevator shaft and thus at the floor. The wall of the door frame element having this outside opening lies substantially parallel to the door leaves of the shaft door. The same wall generally also has a passage in which a floor panel is arranged by way of which the users of the elevator system can call the elevator car.
It is disadvantageous that the door frame element with the incorporated control unit visually differs from the door frame elements of the remaining floors not requiring control units and that different built-in floor panels result. A solution for placement of the control unit that would make it possible at the same time to use the same floor panel on all floors would be desirable.
PCT patent application WO 03/072478 shows a corresponding incorporation of energy supply units in a door frame. The energy supply units are accessible for maintenance, from the floor, via a pivotable lid. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that the openings, which are to be provided, in the door frame are executed to be large so that all work, such as, for example, replacement of apparatus, can be undertaken via these openings. This again requires a cover of large size, which is costly and unattractive.
The control unit itself is not visible when the elevator installation is in normal operation. It is disposed in its operational position. Access to the control unit is required within the scope of service or maintenance operations. If within the scope of service operations at the elevator installation there has to be access to the control of the elevator installation, the control unit is brought into a service position. The control unit has to be visible in this state and the actions required for servicing of the elevator installation, such as, for example initialization of travel commands, interrogation of state data or actuation of switches, has to be able to be carried out. If more extensive maintenance operations, such as, for example, replacement of components of the control unit, are required an appropriate degree of access has to be ensured. The difference between service operations and maintenance operations resides in the fact that for the purpose of the service a limited access to the control unit is required and no greater space for that purpose is necessary. Thereagainst, within the scope of maintenance of the control unit in certain circumstances parts have to be replaced, for which purpose a correspondingly large access space is necessary.
The outside opening of the chamber can be closed by a cover. The cover can, for example, be pivotable in the manner of a door leaf. In an operational position the cover closes the outside opening and in a service position the cover frees the outside opening and thus access to the chamber of the control unit for the purpose of service and maintenance. In a known solution the control unit is, for example, connected with the cover of the outside opening and is pivoted in common therewith.
It is disadvantageous with this solution that such a cover is large and correspondingly visible, because the service and maintenance operations have to be carried out through the outside opening.
The following point is to be regarded as a further disadvantage. The control unit of the elevator installation is typically supplied with mains voltage or three-phase current. If the control unit is seated in a door frame with a pivotable cover or it is fastened at this cover the risk then exists of the mains cable being crushed and damaged. A danger is thereby created. In the most unfavorable case the door frame or the shaft door can be shorted to the mains voltage.
In addition, the use of special flexible cable and the associated connecting elements for the control unit increases costs.

Door frame of a shaft door with a control arrangement for an elevator shaft and method for access to a control unit


An optical line terminal receives a sequence of optical power test transmissions from an optical network unit, wherein the sequence of optical power test transmissions includes a first plurality of consecutive optical transmissions, a second plurality of consecutive optical transmissions, and a third plurality of consecutive optical transmissions. The optical line terminal decides whether the optical network unit is malfunctioning based on an extinction ratio and an average transmit power, wherein the extinction ratio is based on the first plurality of consecutive optical transmissions and the second plurality of consecutive optical transmissions, and the average transmit power is based on the third plurality of consecutive optical transmissions.

A passive optical network (PON) is a type of fiber-optic access network. A PON may include an optical line terminal (OLT) at a central office (CO) and a number of optical network units (ONUs), also known as optical network terminals (ONTs), located at or near subscribers' premises (e.g., home, office building, etc.)
During operation of a PON, a continuous data stream may be transmitted downstream from the OLT to various ones of the ONUs, or transmitted upstream as bursts of data from various ones of the ONUs to the OLT.

Optical network unit compliance detection


A recording-tape cartridge including a case accommodating a reel; a mounting portion formed at the case, at which guide-wall portions and locking members capable of positioning at vertical-movement-locking-position and vertical-movement-allowing-position are provided; a switching member for switching the locking members between the vertical-movement-locking-position and the vertical-movement-allowing-position, guide portions inserted between the guide wall portions to guide the switching member; an urging-member; and a disengagement-prevention-member, in which draft angles of the guide portions and the guide-wall portions ≧0.5°, respectively, and at the vertical movement-allowing-position, a clearance between a tip outside-surface of the guide portion and an inside-surface of the guide wall portion≧a clearance between a tip inside-surface of the guide wall portion and the outside-surface of the guide portion, and the maximum clearance is set between 0.05-0.3 mm, the locking members contacting the switching member only in the reel-radial direction by the urging-member, is provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a recording tape cartridge which accommodates, in a case, a single reel onto which recording tape such as a magnetic tape or the like is wound, principally for use as a recording/replaying medium for computers and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
A recording tape cartridge at which a magnetic tape or the like, which is used as a data recording/replaying medium for computers or the like, is wound onto a single reel and this reel is rotatably accommodated in a case made of synthetic resin has been well known hitherto. At a time of use of such a recording tape cartridge (when the cartridge is loaded in a drive device), the reel is rotatable in the case, and at a time of non-use (when the cartridge is not loaded in a drive device), the reel is locked so as to be non-rotatable in the case.
Specifically, such a recording tape cartridge is equipped with a brake mechanism such that the reel does not rotate in the case at times of non-use. Structures in which, for example, a brake member which is non-rotatable with respect to a case is engaged with a reel and suchlike have been considered.
For example, as shown in FIG. 21, a brake member 130 is formed in a circular plate form which is accommodated in a reel hub 112 of a reel 110. The reel hub 112 has the form of a circular tube with a base. The brake member 130 can move up and down in the reel hub 112. A pair of engaging protrusions 134, which are formed substantially in 'U' shapes in plan view, are provided standing from an upper face of the brake member 130. A pair of rotation-limiting ribs 126, which protrude down from an inner face of an upper case 122, are inserted into the engaging protrusions 134 and render the brake member 130 non-rotatable with respect to a case 120.
This brake member 130 is continuously urged toward a base wall 114 of the reel hub 112 by an urging member, such as a compression coil spring 116 or the like. Thus, an annular braking gear 132, which is formed at a lower face of the brake member 130, meshes with an annular engaging gear 118, which is formed at an upper face of the base wall 114 of the reel hub 112. As a result, undesired rotation of the reel 110 is prevented.
Further, a circular column-form operation protrusion 136 is provided protruding from a central portion of a lower face of this brake member 130. The operation protrusion 136 is inserted into a through-hole 114A, which is formed through a central portion of the base wall 114 of the reel hub 112, and opposes a gear aperture 128, which is formed at a substantially central portion of a lower case 124. Accordingly, when the reel 110 is to be rendered rotatable, the operation protrusion 136 (and thus the brake member 130) is pushed upward and the meshing of the braking gear 132 with the engaging gear 118 is released (see, for example, the specification of U.S. Pat. No. 6,452,747).
However, with this kind of structure, at times of non-use of the recording tape cartridge, it is possible for the reel 110 to be lifted in opposition to the urging force of the urging member such as the compression coil spring 116 or the like (i.e., the reel 110 is movable in an axial direction thereof). In consequence, if the base wall 114 of the reel hub 112 is moved upward due to impact being applied to the recording tape cartridge due to falling or the like, the brake member 130 may get caught up on a peripheral edge portion of the through-hole 114A (i.e., be tipped up) in an inclined state, as shown in FIG. 21.
If the recording tape cartridge is loaded into a drive device in such a state, there is a problem in that, as well as recording and replaying not being possible, damage to the recording tape cartridge and/or malfunctioning of the drive device may result. Furthermore, because the reel is rotatable at times of non-use, there is a problem in that adverse effects such as the recording tape becoming creased or broken may occur. Further yet, a gap between an upper flange and a lower flange of the reel is set to be substantially equal to the width of the recording tape. Therefore, there is a problem in that if the reel is shaken in the case by falling (dropping) or the like, outer peripheral edges of the upper flange and/or the lower flange may come into contact with inner faces of the case and be deformed, and adverse effects such as twisting or the like of the recording tape will result.
Accordingly, provision, at an inner face of a ceiling plate of a case, of a locking mechanism which prevents lifting of a reel such that the reel cannot be lifted (i.e., is not movable in the axial direction) at times of non-use of a recording tape cartridge has been considered. However, in many such locking mechanisms, an urging member such as a spring or the like is provided, and urging force from this urging member may, via a braking member, cause adverse effects to a rotation shaft of a drive device.
Specifically, because the brake member is continuously urged downward by urging force of the compression coil spring, the urging member of the locking mechanism generates a force component in the downward direction, and urging force on the brake member may be increased. Accordingly, when the urging force on the brake member is increased, because the rotation shaft of the drive device lifts the brake member against this urging force and causes the reel to rotate, an excess load corresponding to this increase is applied to the rotating shaft. Thus, there has been a problem in that it has been difficult to stably rotate the reel.


A thermally shielded multi-channel transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA) may be used in a multi-channel optical transceiver. The multi-channel TOSA generally includes an array of lasers optically coupled to an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) to combine multiple optical signals at different channel wavelengths. A plurality of laser array thermal shields are thermally coupled to a temperature control device, such as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC), and thermally shield the respective lasers in the laser array in separate thermally shielded compartments. Each of the lasers may also be individually thermally controlled to provide a desired wavelength, for example, using a heater and/or cooler located in each thermally shielded compartment. The optical transceiver may be used in a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical system, for example, in an optical line terminal (OLT) in a WDM passive optical network (PON).

Optical communications networks, at one time, were generally "point to point" type networks including a transmitter and a receiver connected by an optical fiber. Such networks are relatively easy to construct but deploy many fibers to connect multiple users. As the number of subscribers connected to the network increases and the fiber count increases rapidly, deploying and managing many fibers becomes complex and expensive.
A passive optical network (PON) addresses this problem by using a single "trunk" fiber from a transmitting end of the network, such as an optical line terminal (OLT), to a remote branching point, which may be up to 20 km or more. One challenge in developing such a PON is utilizing the capacity in the trunk fiber efficiently in order to transmit the maximum possible amount of information on the trunk fiber. Fiber optic communications networks may increase the amount of information carried on a single optical fiber by multiplexing different optical signals on different wavelengths using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). In a WDM-PON, for example, the single trunk fiber carries optical signals at multiple channel wavelengths to and from the optical branching point and the branching point provides a simple routing function by directing signals of different wavelengths to and from individual subscribers. In this case, each subscriber may be assigned one or more of the channel wavelengths on which to send and/or receive data.
To transmit and receive optical signals over multiple channel wavelengths, the OLT in a WDM-PON may include a multi-channel transmitter optical subassembly (TOSA) and a multi-channel receiver optical subassembly (ROSA). OLT transceiver modules often are designed to fit a relatively small form factor. One example of a TOSA includes an array of lasers optically coupled to an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) to combine multiple optical signals at multiple channel wavelengths. The desired accuracy or precision of the wavelengths in a WDM-PON often depends on the number and spacing of the channel wavelengths and may be controlled in the TOSA by controlling temperature.
One challenge with such OLT transceiver modules is providing temperature control of the laser array and AWG in a relatively small space and with relatively low power consumption to prevent external heat from adversely affecting the laser wavelengths. In a multi-channel TOSA including a laser array, for example, the temperature of each laser may be affected by adjacent lasers as well as the thermal air flow throughout the TOSA.

Thermally shielded multi-channel transmitter optical subassembly and optical transceiver module including same


The present invention if for a catalyst for epoxidation of an alkene, such as ethylene, to an alkene oxide, such as ethylene oxide, on which silver has been deposited on alumina as a support which has been modified with certain weak base compounds, such as oxides of a Group 1A, Group 2A, Group 3A or the first transition series of the Periodic Table of Elements, and with a high temperature heat treatment. Optional promoters selected from the group consisting of compounds of Group 1A, Group 2A, Group 7A and Group 8 may be contacted with the alpha-alumina support in solution with a silver compound, with the catalyst precursor before calcination or with the catalyst after calcination. The catalyst is brought into contact with alkene and oxygen under reaction conditions to selectively convert the alkene to an alkene oxide.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a catalyst for epoxidation of an alkene, such as ethylene, to an alkene oxide, such as ethylene oxide. Specifically, this invention relates to a catalyst on which silver has been deposited on alumina as a support which has been modified with certain weak base compounds, such as oxides of a Group 1A, Group 2A, Group 3A or the first transition series of the Periodic Table of Elements, and with a high temperature heat treatment or calcination.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The production of alkene oxides from alkenes is known and is practiced commercially. Of particular interest is the production of ethylene oxide from ethylene with a catalyst of a refractory material, such as alpha-alumina, on which silver has been deposited. Other materials may also be deposited on the support to promote the reaction.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,114 discloses production of ethylene oxide by oxidation of ethylene with a catalyst on which silver and at least one cationic component selected from sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium have been deposited on an alpha-alumina which does not show acidity and basicity within a particular pKa range tested by color change. The impregnated carrier is heat treated for 5-30 minutes with air at 130-300° C.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,140 epoxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide with catalyst having a high silver content on carriers having a high surface area and a high pore volume. The surface acidity of the carrier is less than about 2, preferably less than about 1.5 and often between 0.05 to 1.0 micromoles per gram of carrier. The impregnated carrier is heated to reduce the silver compound to metallic silver at a temperature of 100-900° C.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,848 discloses epoxidation of ethylene with a catalyst of a silver-impregnated support which has an essential absence of fluoride anion but may have a fluoride anion present in an amount sufficient to reduce ethylene oxide burning. The surface acidity of the carrier is less than about 2, preferably less than about 1.5 and often between 0.05 to 1.0 micromoles per gram of carrier. The impregnated carrier was calcined at 500° C. for 2.5 minutes in Examples 1-7 and at 500° C. for 3 minutes in Examples 8 and 9.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,829,044 discloses a process for the preparation of a silver-containing catalyst for the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide by impregnating a calcined alkali metal enriched alumina carrier with a silver compound and a potassium, rubidium or cesium compound as a promoter.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,739 discloses a process for the preparation of a silver-containing catalyst for the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide by mixing alumina with a tin compound and an alkali metal compound, calcining the modified alumina, impregnating the carrier with a silver compound and with an alkali metal compound and a rhenium compound as promoters. The alkali metal promoter may serve to neutralize "acid sites" on the alumina surface to influence formation of carbon dioxide from ethylene oxide.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,656,874 discloses a process for depositing metals, such as silver, on a carrier by impregnation with a solution which has pH lowered to above 11.2. Since the typical impregnation solution for an epoxidation catalyst is quite basic, a strong base is used to farther lower the pH. Examples of strong bases include alkylammonium-hydroxides, such as tetraethylammonium hydroxide, and metal hydroxides, such as lithium hydroxide and cesium hydroxide. While lowering the concentration of ionizable species on the surface of the carrier prior to deposition may improve performance, use of aggressive media, such as acid or bases, is not recommended since they extract material and generate acidic or basic sites in the pores.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,579,825 discloses a catalyst carrier of a refractory inorganic material on which the concentration of ionizable species has been lowered, particularly such that the carrier has a sodium solubilization rate no greater than 5 ppmw/5 minutes. Acids will remove cations on a carrier but are fairly ineffectual in removing anions, such as silicates.
It would be advantageous to modify the alpha-alumina support without depending on production control of the raw materials in making alpha-alumina and to modify not only the surface of the alpha-alumina but also the bulk properties at least in part.

Catalyst for epoxidation of an alkene to an alkene oxide, method of making and method of using thereof


A process for producing digital color composite images by using digital images produced with a digital camera or from color positive or negative film which have be digitized using a film scanner and subsequently assembling the resulting digital positive and negative images using computergraphics software. These digital composite images when printed, projected or otherwise outputted are useful in the creation and production of artwork for cinematography, graphic arts, signs, advertising, book and magazine illustration, computergraphics, photographic prints as well as photomechanical reproduction such as offset lithography or silkscreen printing.

Computers and digital cameras are rapidly changing the world of photography. Many of the photographic techniques which previously have been developed for color as well as black-and-white film can be duplicated by digital technology using optical scanners and/or digital cameras in conjunction with computergraphics software.
Most commercial color film, both reversal (positive) film and color print (negative) film is comprised of three emulsion layers, with each forming an image of one of the three primary colors, blue, green and red. Before processing, however, the film is not actually colored. Color is provided by the formation of appropriately colored dyes in each of the three emulsion layers during processing. The formation of the dyes is controlled by complex organic chemicals known as color couplers. Each of the three emulsion layers contains a different color coupler.
Color print film or more precisely, color negative film is negative in two senses. Not only are the light tones in the subject reproduced as dark in the negative, but all colors in the subject are reproduced as their complementaries in this negative. Each of the three primary colors are rendered as their three complementary colors: blue becomes yellow, green becomes magenta, and red becomes cyan. Just as the printing of a black and white negative gives the image its original values, so too does the printing of a color negative. Color printing paper works in a similar way to film and the "print" is simply a negative image of the negative, that is, a positive. In contrast to color print film, color reversal film (also often referred to as color slide film or color transparency film) is designed to make color positive images (color transparencies) when the film is processed by a processing method referred to as Ektachrome Process E-6 or simply shortened to "E-6".
In the typical color reversal film, the latent image, recorded in the three emulsion layers of the film, is developed in complete darkness by the first developer. This produces a negative image comprised of metallic silver which is similar to an ordinary black and white negative. The action of this developer, however, is much more sophisticated. Ultimately, it is responsible for the overall density of the image as well as governing the formation and reproduction of its colors. A brief two or three minute wash follows the first development. The wash removes excess developer and so prevents development from continuing. The next stage is a reversal bath in which the emulsion become laden with a potentially active reversal agent. This activity is triggered by the color developer which follows. Fogging centers form on all the silver halides which were left unexposed by the camera exposure, and were therefore left untouched by the first developer.
The residual silver halide, which is now developable, is converted to a dye image by the color developer. Color couplers contained within the three emulsion layers react with the color developer to produce the yellow component in one layer, the magenta component in another layer, and the cyan component in the third layer. Dye is formed only in those layers where no metallic silver formed during the first development. If one looks at the film at this stage there is no sign of color. All one sees is dense black because the image dyes are still covered by metallic silver. The function of the subsequent processing stages is to remove the silver formed during the first and second development, leaving behind only dyes which combine to form the color positive image.
By making small adjustments to the first development stage it is possible to obtain acceptable transparencies from films which have been exposed at other than the recommended film speed rating. A film knowingly underexposed by one f-stop (ie., exposed as if it were a faster film) can be rescued by increasing the time in the first development stage, e.g., from six to ten minutes (often referred to as "pushing one f-stop"); two f-stops underexposure requires developing an additional minute and a half ("pushing two f-stops"). The limit of correction in the case of overexposure is about one f-stop, achieved by reducing the first development to four minutes (referred to as "pulling one f-stop"). In effect, for film exposed at the manufacturers' recommended film speed rating, "pushing the film one or two stops" in developing tends to make the resulting color positive transparency film appear slightly overexposed. Likewise, by processing the same film by "pulling one stop" would give the resulting color positive transparency film a slightly underexposed appearance.
Normal processing of color print film (the type of film most frequently used by both amateurs and professionals to make color photographic prints) is generally referred to as "C-41 processing". When color print film is processed by the C-41 film processing method, the resulting product is referred to as "color negative film". This color negative film can then by used directly in typical color printing procedures to produce a color photographic print (positive image) which shows the colors as one would have observed them in the original subject matter. If one processes color reversal film by using a C-41 film processing method, then the resulting image is a also color negative image instead of the color positive image which results from the normally recommended E-6 processing.
Further background material relating to color photographic film, development and processing thereof is hereby incorporated by reference:
Reference 1) "Understanding Color Negative Film", The Photo, Vol. 2, pp. 546-547, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, New York (1986).
Reference 2) "Understanding Color Slide Film", The Photo, Vol. 3, pp. 574-575, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, New York (1986).
Reference 3) "Processing Color Slides", The Photo, Vol. 4, pp. 894-895, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, New York (1986).
Reference 4) "Colour Photography", Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 25, pp. 790-792 (1991).
Of all the techniques for creating special effects in the darkroom, few can transform an image more dramatically than those based upon a phenomenon discovered in 1862 by a Frenchman, Armand Sabattier. Sabattier noticed that if a wet collodion plate negative was exposed to light during development, the image was partially reversed and became a positive. Modern photographic film and photographic paper can be reversed similarly, by exposure to light during development. This phenomenon, now known as the "Sabattier effect", is often confused with a similar reversal effect known as "solarization", and indeed, the technique for using the Sabattier effect is sometimes known as "pseudo-solarization". The Sabattier effect and solarization, in effect, produce both a negative and positive image on the same film or paper.
A number of theories have been put forward to explain the Sabattier effect. The most accepted explanation is that the first image that appears on the paper or film forms a mask or stencil. The metallic silver in the shadow areas absorbs much of the light from the second exposure and when white light is turned on, these areas are actually less heavily exposed. The result is that the highlights darken more quickly than the shadows.
An overall fogging exposure by light in the middle of development produces the solarization effect which is characterized by darkening the previously undeveloped areas and reversing some of the color tones. Although solarization and the Sabattier effect look similar, solarization takes place for quite different reasons. Unlike the Sabattier effect, which can only take place during development, solarization is due to excessive exposure at any time. True solarization is very difficult to achieve so photographers generally employ the Sabattier effect since they can get much the same result. The process which involves exposing a print to light during development is relatively uncertain so photographers must do a lot of experimentation on any one photographic print and they find the process very difficult to repeat.
Because of the difficulty in reproducing the Sabattier effect or solarization, it is generally done in black and white since it is less complex than color. However, the Sabattier effect or solarization is even more startling in color. As expected, the results are even less predictable in color than in black and white and the failure rate is very high since there are three emulsion layers in color film, not just one as in black and white. It is possible to solarize color reversal film, unfortunately, the process does not work very well with reversal film material and the cost is generally considered too prohibitive for the amount of experimenting that is needed to find the best combination of development times and fogging exposures (see reference 6 below).
Further background material relating to the Sabattier effect (pseudosolarization) and color solarization is hereby incorporated by reference:
Reference 5) "Understanding Solarization and Sabattier Effects", The Photo, Vol. 3, pp. 754-755, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, New York (1986).
Reference 6) "Simple Sabattier Effects", The Photo, Vol. 5, pp. 1358-1361, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, New York (1986).
Reference 7) "Solarization and the Sabattier Effect", Photography in Focus, M. Jacobs and K. Kokrada, pp. 202-205, National Textbook Company, Lincolnwood, Ill. (1985).
My invention produces an effect which has characteristics similar to that produced by color solarization or the Sabattier Effect. However, with my invention color positive digital images can be produced with a high degree of reproducibility, made with a broad range of color possibilities and a great degree of color density control. Moreover, my invention permits an artist/photographer to create a measurable and calculatable degree of contrast in the resultant composite image. The broad range of color flexibility and greater degree of control greatly reduces the time and cost in producing a color positive image with a "solarization effect" suitable for commercial use in cinematography, signs or for the production of photographic prints or conventional photomechanical reproduction processes for advertising brochures and magazine or book illustrations.
Photographers frequently sandwich (layer or laminate) two photographic film images to produce a photographic montage, which is a combination of two or more different images taken at different times. They may sandwich two different color positive transparency images taken of different subjects exposed on color reversal film which is subsequently processed using the recommended E-6 film processing method. Also, they may sandwich two different color negatives taken of different subjects at different times to achieve a photographic montage effect. In some instances, photographers have sandwiched color positive transparencies with black and white negatives of the same image or black and white positive images with color negatives of the same or substantially the same image (See Reference 8, p 112).
Reference 8) The Book of Special Effects Photography, Michael Langford, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY (1981).
Photographers are unable, in practice, to sandwich (layer or laminate) color positive image transparency film in a registered manner with a color negative image transparency film taken of the same subject, or substantially the same subject, since color theory would predict that the combined image would appear substantially black or opaque in as much as the complementary colors in the respective positive and negative images would effectively filter out or absorb most, if not all, of the transmittable white light. Further background information relating to sandwich structures is hereby incorporated by reference:
Reference 9) "Sandwiching", Outstanding Special Effects Photography on a Limited Budget, Jim Zuckerman, Chapter 5, pp. 63-75, Writer's Digest Books, Cincinnati, Ohio (1993).
Therefore, it is unexpected and novel to produce composite images using color positive images in conjunction with color negative images by capturing the same, or substantially the same, subject matter as in the present invention for the purpose of producing color composite digital image computergraphics files which can be printed, projected or otherwise outputted for cinematographic purposes, for subsequent production of a photographic print therefrom, for photomechanical reproduction using offset printing or silkscreen printing.