One embodiment involves accessing, via a first computing device, electronic content being developed in a shared development environment, wherein the shared development environment comprises the first computing device and one or more other computing devices configured to provide access to the electronic content being developed in real time. The exemplary embodiment further involves receiving, at the first computing device, a modification to the electronic content that originated at one of the one or more other computing devices, providing, for display at the first computing device, the electronic content being developed with the modification, and executing, at the first computing device, the electronic content being developed with the modification.

The term "electronic content" refers to any type of media that can be displayed on mobile and other computing devices. Computing devices include devices such as desktop computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, personal digital assistants, etc. Electronic content can include text or multimedia hosted on websites, such as standard web pages or mobile web pages specifically formatted for display on computing devices. Electronic content can also include application software developed for computing devices that is designed to perform one or more specific tasks at the computing device.
Electronic content development is the process for developing mobile and other electronic content for one or more mobile and other computing devices. During the development process, some development applications provide a "design view." A design view gives a developer a "What You See Is What You Get" ("WYSIWYG") user interface for editing electronic content being developed, where the electronic content displayed during editing is the same as or very similar to the final output electronic content.
Differences in the resolution, orientation, display screen dimensions, and operating system for various mobile and other computing devices can require customizing the electronic content for display on the differing computing devices. Display schemes have been used to consolidate modifications required for displaying the electronic content on different platforms. For example, an application developed for use on a smart phone using an Apple® iOS operating system and on a tablet computer using a Microsoft® Windows® operating system may include a display scheme or other code for automatically applying certain display or rendering attributes based on whether the electronic content is being used on the smart phone or tablet computer.
Developing and testing electronic content that is intended for use on differing devices presents various challenges. For example, during development, it has not been possible to adequately and efficiently observe or anticipate how the electronic content will appear and function differently on differing devices. To observe how the electronic content will appear and function on differing devices has required cumbersome and time-consuming developer actions. For example, a developer may compile an application on a development computing device, deploy it to each of several different computing devices, and observe the appearance and functionality of the application on each of those different devices. Doing so has generally required that the application be individually compiled and/or individually deployed for each of the multiple, different devices.
Having to individually compile and/or individually deploy an application for multiple devices presents at least two disadvantages. First, a developer is unable to observe the effects of a particular change to an application being developed at or near the time the change is made (i.e., in real time). As a consequence, to develop an application, a developer may need to spend significant amounts of time in an inefficient and error-prone development cycle that involves making changes, testing those changes, making more changes, testing those additional changes, etc. Second, having to individually compile and/or individually deploy an application to multiple devices increases the time and costs associated with developing electronic content.
One solution for these problems is to include one or more display areas for emulating a display at a development computing device of one or more particular computing devices. For instance, a design view may include one display area emulating the display of an application on a smart phone and another display area emulating the display of the application on the tablet computer.
While emulating the display of different platforms can approximate in real time how design changes will be rendered at each device, an emulated platform may not display electronic content with full fidelity, i.e., such that the content will not necessarily appear and/or function the same as it would when using electronic content on the actual computing device. For example, when a development computing device emulates the display of an application as it is expected to appear on a smart phone, the emulation may be inaccurate because of differences in pixel density between the display screen of the smart phone and the display screen of the development computing device. The scaling and size of different aspects of the application may be inaccurate. In addition, if electronic content being developed incorporates features requiring interaction with the display itself, such as touch screen functions, such features may be unavailable for testing on a development computing device emulating the display of another computing device supporting such features.

Systems and methods for developing and testing electronic content using multiple devices


A method and device to prevent the creation of disparities in an interrogation-response system programmed in a first mode, the Mode 4 (M4) and interrogated in a second mode, a National Mode (NM), initially having a same message structure but a different enciphering key, the format of the message being constituted by a header followed by an information block separated by a time interval T. The method comprises at least one step in which the time interval T between the end of the header and the beginning of the information block is modified into a time interval Ti different from T.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and device for the prevention of disparities or error messages and false responses in IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) type systems.
The invention can be applied especially in IFF identification systems used in the field of military aviation working for example in Mode 4 which is an encrypted interrogation/response mode whose waveform is described in the NATO standardization agreement, STANAG 4193.
Hereinafter in the description, the expression "National Mode" (or "National Secure Mode") designates an encrypted interrogation/response mode used in national systems of IFF type question-and-answer identification. The waveform of the National Mode has a structure identical to that of Mode 4, but makes use of different enciphering algorithms for encryption.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It may be recalled that, in IFF systems, if the interrogation is done in National Mode, only responders capable of understanding the National Mode will respond. Similarly, if the interrogation is done in Mode 4, then only responders capable of understanding the Mode 4 will respond.
An interrogator chooses to make an interrogation in Mode 4 or in National Mode. A responder does not know in which mode it will be interrogated. Several situations may then arise:                if the responder is equipped only for Mode 4, it will be able to respond only to Mode 4 interrogations, assuming that it has the right keys for decryption,        when the responder is equipped only for a National Mode, it can respond only to interrogations in the National Mode, again if it has the right keys.
The configuration of current systems may give rise to problems of message recognition and false alarms in operation. For example, when an aircraft equipped with a Mode 4 responder is interrogated by an interrogator using a <<National Mode>>, it often happens that a sound alarm is triggered to warn the pilot of a "disparity". This disparity is the fact that the interrogation received has the right format but cannot be decoded by the Mode 4 algorithms. The triggering of the sound alarms is described for example in the STANAG 4193.
In certain cases, a "false" response is sent out because the interrogation is decrypted by the Mode 4 algorithms, but its contents are different from those encrypted in National Mode.
The object of the invention relies on a novel approach which gives especially the following results: a responder in National Mode (NM or NSM) does not respond to Mode 4 (M4) interrogations and is not disturbed by a sound alarm. Similarly, a Mode 4 responder does not respond to National Mode interrogations and is not disturbed by a sound alarm when it is interrogated in National Mode.

Method and device for the prevention of disparities or error messages and false responses in IFF type systems


An apparatus and method to improve communications in a wireless communication network. Steps include sending specific information to user equipment or adjacent base stations so that the user equipment and adjacent base stations can determine minimum power requirements and interference levels in sidelink communications. The apparatus includes a localization module with a self-tracking component; a signal-detection component; and a location-estimation component. The apparatus may include a proximity system usable to locate one or more target transmitters and includes a localization module; a proximity-description module; and a proximity-display module. The proximity system may include a proximity advertisement module, which includes an access management component; an ownership management component; and a content management component.

This Background section of this specification is intended to provide a background or context to the invention that is recited in the claims. The description herein may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily ones that have been previously conceived or pursued, and thus should not be considered prior art unless it is expressly so stated.
The following abbreviations that may be found in the specification and/or the drawing figures are defined as follows:
3GPP: third generation partnership project;
ACK/NACK: acknowledgement/negative acknowledgements;
AP: access point;
API: application programming interfaces;
ACCS: autonomous component carrier selection;
BAC: blind admission control;
CDF: cumulative distribution function;
CUE: cellular user equipment;
CQI: channel quality indicator;
CRC: cyclic redundancy check;
CSI: channel state information;
DAC: distributed admission control;
D2D: device to device;
D2DBSIE: device to base stations information element;
D2DIE: device to device information element;
D2DIE2: device to device information element 2;
dB: decibels;
dBm: decibel-milliwatts;
eNB or eNodeB: E-UTRAN Node B (evolved Node B/base station); used interchangeably with "access point";
EPC: enhanced power control;
E-UTRAN: evolved UTRAN (LTE);
FDM: frequency division multiplexing;
HII: high interference indication;
IP: Internet Protocol;
LTE: long term evolution;
LTE-A: LTE advanced;
MAC: media access control;
M2M: machine-to-machine;
OAC: optimal admission control;
OLPC: open loop power control;
PD: power control function;
PDCCH: physical downlink control channel;
PHY: physical layer;
PMI: pre-coding matrix index;
PRB: physical resource block;
ProSe: proximity-based services;
PSCCH: physical sidelink control channel;
PSSCH: physical sidelink shared channel;
PSD: power spectral density (dBm/Hz);
RSRP: reference signal receive power;
RE: resource elements;
RI: rank indicator;
RS: reference signals;
SCI: sidelink control information;
SINR: signal to interference plus noise ratio;
TPC: transmit power control;
UE: user equipment, where UEs is the plural;
UL: uplink (UE to eNB);
UPP: universal plug and play;
UTRAN: universal terrestrial radio access network; and
WLAN: wireless local area network.
The following definitions of terms used herein are applicable:
3GPP: The 3rd Generation Partnership Project provides specifications that define 3GPP technologies;
"access point": In cellular networks like LTE-A, it is a conceptual point within the radio access network performing radio transmission and reception: An access point is associated with one specific cell, i.e. there exists one access point for each cell. It is an end point of a radio link. In other wireless systems like Wi-Fi, it is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards; "Access point" in this application refers to a conceptual point within the radio access network, unless otherwise specified;"base station" or "eNodeB" or "eNB": A base station is a network element in radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the user equipment. Each eNodeB has a baseband processing unit. Each baseband processing unit is connectable to multiple radio units (either remote radio heads or radio cards), which enable transmit and receive functions involving radio frequency signals. Thus, each radio unit is connected to one or more antennas serving a particular direction, and thus forming a sector or a cell (in the logical naming sense), as shown in FIG. 2B;"cell": A radio network area that can be uniquely identified by a mobile terminal from a (cell) identification that is broadcasted over a geographical area from one access point."D2DBSIE": parameters or signalings that carry stastical information of the tolerable performance loss of the primary UEs such as for example, the total amount of interference from the device to device links that is tolerable by the user equipment in an uplink; propagation constants related to a channel model; coverage area for device to device links; and an average sum of channel gain of existing device to device links to the base stations."D2DIE": parameters or signalings that carry statistical information of existing active device to device links, such as for example, density or number of active device to device links; propagation constants related to a channel model; and a coverage area for device to device links."D2DIE2": parameters or signalings sent between adjacent access points or base stations and may include the density or the number of active device to device links in the serving area of the base station and may include a high interference indicator for sidelink communications in the wireless communications network;"D2DIE3": parameters or signalings sent from one user equipment of a device to device pair to adjacent base stations to indicate that in the near future, potential transmission between the sidelink (device to device) communications will be scheduled in certain parts of the radio resources, These include bandwidth, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) symbols, or resource blocks, by the device to device pair."user equipment" or "UE," or "mobile terminal" or "terminal" is a device that allows a person to access to network services. The interface between the UE and the network is the radio interface;"PSCCH": Physical Sidelink Control Channel, a transmission resource pool and physical channel defined in a sidelink carrying the control information. A physical channel is defined by code, frequency, relative phase (I/Q), or time-slot, and so on; and"PSSCH": Physical Sidelink Shared Channel, a transmission resource pool and physical channel defined for a sidelink carrying data.
More and more devices are becoming connected. Market research by others suggests that in 2020 the total number of connected devices will grow from 9 billion today to 24 billion, with half incorporating mobile technologies. These connected devices can be devices such as smart meters, but increasingly all kinds of consumer electronic devices (e.g. photo cameras, navigation devices, e-books, hi-fi equipment, and televisions) are connected. Many of these connections are among devices in close proximity and there is evolving demand for enabling proximity services from different perspectives. This is described in CISCO, "Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update," 2014. For example social apps, hyper-local marketing and classifieds may be based on proximity.
Proximity will also be a new vector for mobile advertising and there will be growing need to enable new types of advertising for proximity services. For example a customer in a mall will prefer to receive information or ads related to the shops inside this mall, rather than those worldwide.
Many consumer electronic devices will need to communicate with other consumer electronic devices in their neighborhood. For example a photo camera can communicate with a printer, or a media server can communicate with hi-fi equipment.
Providing proximity-based services enables consumers to interact with their proximate environment in a spontaneous and direct way using their smartphone, and thus bring about a huge array of benefits for the consumer, for enterprises and in turn, for the operator.
As a value-added-service, proximity-based services offer the potential for huge gains for operators, including additional revenue gained from the consumers from access to services, from new marketing tools for enterprise customers, and from opportunities for revenue sharing with third-party's via developer Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).
A major economic opportunity of proximity-based services is for mobile operators to hold the rights to the spectrum that enables this functionality. The party holding the rights to the spectrum could act as a gatekeeper, controlling access to the services.
The start-of-the-art research and inventions related to proximity-based services and technologies may be summarized by a discussion of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The 3rd Generation Partnership Project unites multiple telecommunications standard development organizations and provides the means to define systems for cellular telecommunications and network technologies.
IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands. The IEEE802.11 is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The IEEE 802.11 specifications are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). In IEEE 802.11, the primary UEs are the devices that communicate directly to the access point while the device to device pair could be two devices that communicate directly to each other. Within 3GPP, Proximity-Based Services (PBS) provide discovery of devices and communications between devices in proximity. Thus, Proximity-Based Services support communication between devices that are physically located close to each other.
Device-to-device (D2D) communications is enabled by cellular networks, e.g. 3GPP infrastructure that provides a generic communication capability that can generate a new revenue source for mobile network operators. As proximity based applications are growing fast, the demand of Device to Device communications will increase dramatically. Developing scalable Device to Device communications for systems like 3GPP is of paramount importance.
The main idea of Device to Device communications is to enable two devices in proximity to communicate directly with each other, re-utilizing the resources of primary cellular networks or using a set of orthogonal resources. Its impact on the performance of existing cellular UEs should be minimal. For example in Long Term Evolution-A, device to device links may share the uplink resources of the cellular network or use orthogonal resources.
When downlink resources are reused, device to device links may cause strong interference towards existing cellular user equipment, whereas in the case of sharing uplink resources, the interference caused by device to device links will affect only the base stations, where the impact has been determined to be less harmful.
As more device to device pairs exist in the network, the interference levels may increase to a point where the performance of both cellular and Device to Device networks could be seriously degraded. Thus, one of the main limitations on the scalability of Device to Device communications is interference control. To solve this potential problem, a careful interference coordination and power control technique is used to have scalable Device to Device communications to assure quality of service to both Device to Device UEs and existing cellular UEs.
When device to device links are added to the system, two main levels of interferences are generated: 1) A first level of interference caused by the cellular network, namely from existing cellular user equipment towards other base stations (inter-cell interference) and from Cellular User Equipment towards device to device links; and, 2) a second level of interference caused by Device to Device network, namely from device to device links towards the base stations and from device to device links towards other device to device links.
The first level of interference includes inter-cell interference. In the uplink of the last generation cellular networks the resources within each cell are allocated orthogonally resulting in zero intra-cell interference. However, the resources are shared by several cells causing inter-cell interference between the Cellular User Equipment and base stations of different cells. This problem is well known and there has been important research done in the last years.
There are numerous studies and proposals that form the background of addressing cellular interference. One proposal includes an adaptive soft frequency reuse scheme that decreases inter-cell interference improving the average throughput per UE. Another recommends an interference aware joint scheduling scheme based on proportional fairness. Others have studied the problem of resource allocation considering the impact of inter-cell interference while maintaining a frequency reuse of one. Studies have been published on the evaluation of the Long Term Evolution Open Loop Fractional Power Control and the closed loop power control considering the impact of inter-cell interference while giving an insight to the proper configuration of the design parameters.
For example, in the conventional power control for sidelink communications, the transmission power control formula for PSSCH or PSCCH is
      P          D                                      2                                      D        =      min                      {                                                            P                                  CMAX                  ,                  c                                                                                10                                                                                log                      10                                                                                (                                              M                                                  D                                                                                2                                                                                D                                                                    )                                                                      +                                  P                                      O                                                                                _                                                                                D                                                                                2                                                                                D                                                  +                                                                            α                                              D                                                                                2                                                                                D                                                              ·                    P                                                                                L                                                                    }                    d                                                  B                                                  m            where PCMAX,c denotes the maximum UE output power on cell c and MD2D denotes the D2D transmission bandwidth in number of PRBs for the corresponding channel, e.g. PSSCH or PSCCH. PO_D2D and αD2D are the two power control parameters (1215) that are adjustably configured by higher layers for the corresponding channel and transmission mode. Thus, the power control parameters (1215) are configured by higher layers for the corresponding channel and transmission mode. The term PL is the downlink path loss estimate calculated in the UE for serving cell c in dB. This formula protects the serving cell from the interference of the sidelink communications. In special situations where this protection is not needed, the UE can be instructed by the eNB to use the maximum UE output power through D2D grant (i.e., TPC=1).
In Long Term Evolution Inter-Cell Interference Coordination, a proactive indicator, known as the "High Interference Indicator," can be sent by an Evolved Node B (eNodeB or eNB) to its neighboring Evolved Node B to inform them that it will, in the near future, schedule uplink transmissions by one or more cell-edge user equipment in certain parts of the bandwidth, and therefore that high interference might occur in those frequency regions. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, X2 is the name of the interface that connects one Evolved Node B to another Evolved Node B. S1 is the interface for the communications between Evolved Node B and a Mobility Management Entity (MME).
Neighboring cells may then take this information into consideration in scheduling their own UEs to limit the interference impact. This can be achieved either by deciding not to schedule their own cell-edge user equipment in that part of the bandwidth and only considering the allocation of those resources for cell-center UEs requiring less transmission power, or by not scheduling any UE at all in the relevant Resource Blocks (RBs).
The High Interference Indicator (HII) is comprised of a bitmap with one bit per Resource Block, and, like the Overload Indicator (OI), is not sent more often than every 20 milliseconds. The High Interference Indicator bitmap is addressed to specific neighbor Evolved Node Bs. On the other hand, the Overload Indicator, being a reactive indicator, can be exchanged over an X2 application protocol interface to indicate physical layer measurements of the average uplink interference plus thermal noise for each Resource Block. The Overload Indicator can take three values, expressing low, medium, and high levels of interference plus noise. In order to avoid excessive signaling load, it cannot be updated more often than every 20 milliseconds.

Methods and apparatus for enabling proximity services in mobile networks


A multilayer inductor has a rectangular parallelepiped element body and its length in the lengthwise direction (L), length in the direction of height (H), and length in the direction of width (W) are L≦0.6 mm, H≦0.3 mm, and W≦0.3 mm, respectively. Terminal electrodes are provided so as to cover the vertices of the element body and come round to the side face from the end faces on both sides. The radius of curvature R of the vertex of the terminal electrode is set to a value being 10% or more and 20% or less of H or W.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a surface mounted electronic component.
2. Related Background Art
Recently, there has been a high demand for reduction in size of an electronic component to make an electronic device more compact. Particularly, reduction in size is being developed for a surface mounted electronic component, which is mounted on the surface of a mounting substrate. As the surface mounted electronic component, a multilayer ceramic capacitor having a rectangular parallelepiped ceramic element body and terminal electrodes provided on both ends in the lengthwise direction of the ceramic element body is known. The dimensions of the ceramic element body are 0.6 mm×0.3 mm×0.3 mm. The multilayer ceramic capacitor is an electronic component of so-called 0603 type and its outside dimensions are small and the mass is very light.


A receiving apparatus includes an information receiving portion for receiving images, speech, text, data and the like, an additional information receiving portion for receiving additional information comprising a next key word indicating the contents of information scheduled for the next transmission, a received information synthesizing portion for synthesizing the information received by the information receiving portion and the additional information received by the additional information receiving portion and a display portion for displaying the information synthesized by the received information synthesizing portion. A user can look at the information displayed on the display portion along with the contents of the information scheduled for the next transmission.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method, apparatus for receiving information and medium which can be used, for example, for receiving information transmitted from an information transmitting apparatus or the like over a digital broadcasting system, a public switched telephone networks and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
Information conventionally, information such as animation, still images, speech, characters and/or programs has been exchanged utilizing a public switched telephone network as in the case of the Internet or a personal computer communication. However, both of the Internet and the personal computer communication employ a method wherein a receiver of information accesses an information service provider (in short, ISP), and selects and acquires (downloads) required information from the storage apparatus at the ISP and wherein the receiver can not acquire any information without taking any action on the ISP. That is, information can not be acquired through simple operations like selecting a channel as in the case of a common television broadcast. Such an information communication system involving operations at the end of a receiver can not be used as information communication means for advertising and public announcement.
In order to solve such a problem with multi-media information communication, information communication systems have recently been proposed wherein an ISP accesses a multiplicity of receivers for whom the information is intended over a public switched telephone network to send the information to the receivers and to accumulate it at the receivers"" sides whether or not the receivers (homes) need the information and wherein each receiver selects displaying operations on the data storage apparatus (data receiving apparatus) to display necessary information on a screen through operations similar to, for example, those for selecting a television broadcast channel.
As a result of the progress of digital techniques, research and development are under way in the broadcasting industry toward digital broadcasting systems in which various kinds of information including broadcast signals are digitized. Known systems of such a type include integrated services digital broadcasting (ISDB) systems. In an ISDB system, multi-media information is digitized and is transmitted in an integrated and multiplexed form. When various kinds of information are integrated and multiplexed, additional information to be used as control information at the receivers"" sides can be simultaneously transmitted in addition to such information.
Therefore, the use of the system as described above will make it possible to realize services to transmit various kinds of information such as news, sports news, weather forecasts, leisure information and program-related information.
However, the above-described configuration results in a problem in that a user can not efficiently find desired information by looking up the information on a receiving apparatus when the communication capacity of the public switched telephone network increases and when an enormous amount of information is transmitted utilizing means such as digital broadcasting that inherently employs a wide band. Meanwhile, an ISP adds a key word to information to be transmitted or transmits transmission schedules in advance to satisfy a need to allow users to look at the information continually. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JPA) No. 8-263410 has proposed a method in which a receiver specifies a key word for required information and selects the information by collating the key word which has been added to received information with the specified key word. However, using the received key word alone leaves a problem in that a receiver will be reluctant to look at information other than the specified information and will therefore have less opportunity to discover new information and in that a provider can not expect an increase in the number of users.
Meanwhile, increase in the power consumption of receiving terminals has recently become a problem and users have an increasing need for suppressing the power consumption of their receiving apparatuses during transmission of information unnecessary for them. Conventional receiving apparatuses have had a problem in that such an increase in power consumption can not be suppressed.
The present invention addresses the above-described problem with the conventional art, and it is an object of the invention to provide a method, apparatus for receiving information and medium in which the contents of information scheduled to be transmitted with a time delay can be obtained from an amount of information less than that required for the same purpose in the conventional art.
Taking the above-described problems with the conventional art into consideration, it is another object of the invention to provide a method, apparatus for receiving information and medium which allow power consumption to be suppressed compared to the conventional art.
The first aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information comprising the steps of:
receiving transmitted first contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data;
receiving notice information transmitted prior to second contents information and associated with said second contents information, said second contents information being scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay from the transmission of said first contents information and having contents related to the contents of said first contents information; and
displaying said received contents information and said notice information substantially simultaneously in a synthesized manner or side by side.
The second aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information comprising:
first receiving means for receiving transmitted first contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data;
second receiving means for receiving notice information transmitted prior to second contents information and associated with said second contents information, said second contents information being scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay from the transmission of said first contents information and having contents related to the contents of said first contents information; and
received information processing and displaying means for displaying said received contents information and said notice information substantially simultaneously in a synthesized manner or side by side.
The third aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information comprising the steps of:
receiving transmitted first contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data in a state where, said first contents information includes notice information associated with second contents information which is scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay from the transmission of said first contents information and which has contents related to the contents of said first contents information;
separating said notice information from said received information;
reconstructing said separated notice information and said first contents information; and
displaying said reconstructed information.
The fourth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information comprising:
information receiving means for receiving transmitted first contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data in a state where, said first contents information includes notice information associated with second contents information which is scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay from the transmission of said first contents information and which has contents related to the contents of said first contents information;
information separating means for separating said notice information from said received information;
information reconstructing means for reconstructing said separated notice information and said first contents information; and
display means for displaying said reconstructed information.
The fifth aspect of the present invention if a method for receiving information, comprising the steps of:
transmitting relationship information indicating relationship between said first contents information and said notice information; and
receiving said transmitted relationship information.
The sixth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein:
said receiving means receives relationship information transmitted thereto indicating relationship between said first contents information and said notice information.
The seventh aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, wherein:
said notice information is a notice key word;
said received notice key word is stored; and
said notice key word is displayed upon an instruction that said stored notice key word is to be read.
The eighth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein:
said notice information is a notice key word;
said apparatus comprises additional information storing means for storing said received notice key word; and
said received information processing and displaying means displays said notice key word upon an instruction that said stored notice key word is to be read.
The ninth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, said information including notice key words for information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay and the scheduled dates and times for said scheduled information transmitted as the expiration dates of said notice key words, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving said notice key words;
storing said received notice key words;
acquiring the current point in time;
comparing the current point in time with the expiration date of each of said stored notice key words;
deleting each notice key word whose expiration date has been determined expired as a result of the comparison from said stored notice key words; and
displaying notices for the reception of said information transmitted at a time delay based on said stored notice key words.
The tenth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
additional information receiving means for receiving notice key words for information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay from transmitted information including said notice key words and the scheduled dates and times for said scheduled information transmitted as the expiration dates of said notice key words;
additional information storing means for storing said received notice key words;
current time acquiring means for acquiring the current point in time;
expiration date comparing means for comparing the current point in time acquired by said current time acquiring means with the expiration date of each of said stored notice key words;
additional information deleting means for deleting each notice key word whose expiration date has been determined expired by said expiration date comparing means from said stored notice key words; and
related information display means for displaying notices for the reception of said information transmitted at a time delay based on said notice key words stored in said additional information storing means.
The eleventh aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, wherein contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data is transmitted along with a key word representing the contents of said contents information as a content key word and along with a key word for related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving said contents information;
receiving said content key word and said notice key word;
displaying said notice key word and accepting designation of said displayed notice key word by a user for reservation of received information;
storing said notice key word designated for reservation;
comparing said stored notice key word and a newly received content key word; and
selecting and storing contents information received based on the result of the comparison.
The twelfth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data is transmitted along with a key word representing the contents of said contents information as a content key word and along with a key word for related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word, said apparatus comprising:
information receiving means for receiving said contents information;
additional key word receiving means for receiving said content key word and said notice key word;
notice key word display means for displaying said notice key word;
reservation designating means for allowing a user to designate received information to be reserved based on said displayed notice key word;
reservation key word storing means for storing said notice key word designated for reservation by said reservation designating means;
key word comparing means for comparing said notice key word stored in said reservation key word storing means and a content key word newly received by said additional key word receiving means; and
information storing means for selecting and storing contents information received by said information receiving means based on the result of the comparison.
The thirteenth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information according to said seventh invention, comprising the step of:
forming indices for received information on a hierarchical basis by using both of key words representing classification items for classifying said contents information and key words representing the details of said items among said notice key words.
The fourteenth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
reservation information creating means for forming indices for received information on a hierarchical basis by using both of key words representing classification items for classifying said contents information and key words representing the details of said items among said notice key words. The fifteenth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the steps of:
displaying said indices for said stored information;
accepting a selection from among said indices; and
displaying the stored contents information using said selected indices.
The sixteenth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
index display means for displaying said indices for said stored information on said displaying means;
index selecting means for making a selection from among said indices; and
reserved information display means for displaying information stored in said reserved information storing means on said display means using said selected indices.
The seventeenth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, wherein contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data is transmitted along with a key word representing the contents of related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word and along with the arrival time of said related information and time required for receiving the same as a reception period, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving said contents information;
receiving said notice keyword and said reception period;
displaying said notice key word;
accepting designation of said displayed notice key word by a user for reservation of received information; and
receiving and storing contents information based on said reception period received along with said notice key word designated for reservation.
The eighteenth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data is transmitted along with a key word representing the contents of related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word and along with the arrival time of said related information and time required for receiving the same as a reception period, said apparatus comprising:
information receiving means for receiving said contents information;
additional information receiving means for receiving said notice key word and said reception period;
reception period receiving means for receiving said reception period;
notice key word display means for displaying said notice key word; and
reservation designating means for allowing a user to designate received information based on said displayed notice key word, wherein
contents information is selected and stored based on said reception period received by said reception period receiving means along with said notice key word designated for reservation by said reservation designating means.
The nineteenth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data is transmitted along with a key word representing the contents of related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word and along with the arrival time of said related information and time required for receiving the same as a reception period, said apparatus comprising:
information receiving means for receiving said contents information;
additional information receiving means for receiving said notice key word and said reception period;
reception period receiving means for receiving said reception period;
power supply means for controlling the supply of power to at least one means including at least said information receiving means;
current time acquiring means for outputting the current time;
notice key word display means for displaying said notice key word; and
reservation designating means for allowing a user to designate received information based on said displayed notice key word, wherein
said power supply means is controlled to select and store contents information received by said receiving means based on notice key word designated for reservation by said reservation designating means along with the reception period received by said reception period receiving means and the current time output by said current time acquiring means.
The twentieth invention of the present invention is a method for receiving information according to said seventeenth invention, wherein said reception period includes the arrival time of information and the time at which reception is terminated.
The twenty-first invention of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information according to said eighteenth or said nineteenth invention, wherein said reception period includes the arrival time of information and the time at which reception is terminated.
The twenty-second invention of the present invention is a method for receiving information, wherein contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data is transmitted along with a key word for related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving said contents information;
receiving said notice key word; and
displaying said contents information and said notice key word.
The twenty-third aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data is transmitted along with a key word for related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word, said apparatus comprising:
information receiving means for receiving said contents information;
additional information receiving means for receiving said notice key word; and
display means for displaying said contents information and said notice key word.
The twenty-fourth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the step of:
after receiving transmission of information in which said contents information and said notice key word are associated with each other in advance and those pieces of information are transmitted as separate pieces of information at different times, adding said notice key word to said contents information based on said association.
The twenty-fifth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein after receiving transmission of information in which said contents information and said notice key word are associated with each other in advance and those pieces of information are transmitted as separate pieces of information at different times, said notice key word is added to said contents information based on said association.
The twenty-sixth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the step of:
after receiving transmission of information in which said contents information, said notice key word and said content key word are associated with each other in advance and those pieces of information are transmitted as separate pieces of information at different times, adding said notice key word and said content key word to said contents information based on said association.
The twenty-seventh aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein after receiving transmission of information in which said contents information, said notice key word and said content key word are associated with each other in advance and those pieces of information are transmitted as separate pieces of information at different times, said notice key word and said content key word are added to said contents information based on said association.
The twenty-eighth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the step of:
after receiving transmission of information in which said notice key word and the expiration date of said notice key word are associated with each other in advance and those pieces of information are transmitted as separate pieces of information at different times, adding said expiration date to said notice key based on said association.
The twenty-ninth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein after receiving transmission of information in which said notice key word and the expiration date of said notice key word are associated with each other in advance and those pieces of information are transmitted as separate pieces of information at different times, said expiration date is added to said notice key word based on said association.
The thirtieth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the step of:
after receiving transmission of information in which said contents information, said notice key word and said expiration date are associated with each other in advance and those pieces of information are transmitted as separate pieces of information at different times, adding said contents information, said notice key word and said expiration date based on said association.
The thirty-first aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein after receiving transmission of information in which said contents information, said notice key word and said expiration date are associated with each other in advance and those pieces of information are transmitted as separate pieces of information at different times, said contents information, said notice key word and said expiration date are added based on said association.
The thirty-second aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, for the transmission of contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data wherein at least one particular contents information periodically transmitted for a predetermined time is added with a key word for related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word and added with the time required for receiving said related information as a reception period, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving said contents information;
receiving said notice key word and said reception period;
displaying said notice key word;
accepting designation of said displayed notice key word by a user for reservation of received information; and
receiving and said contents information based on said reception period received along with said notice key word designated for reservation.
The thirty-third aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein contents information including at least any of images, speech, text and data is transmitted such that at least one piece of said contents information periodically transmitted for a predetermined time is added with a key word for related information scheduled to be transmitted at a time delay as a notice key word and added with the time required for receiving said related information as a reception period, said apparatus comprising:
information receiving means for receiving said contents information;
additional information receiving means for receiving said notice key word;
reception period receiving means for receiving said reception period;
power supply means for controlling the supply of power to one or more means including at least said information receiving means;
synchronous power supply control means for controlling said power supply means in synchronism with time at which said particular contents information is transmitted;
current time acquiring means for outputting the current time;
notice key word display means for displaying said notice key word; and
reservation designating means for allowing a user to designate received information based on said displayed notice key word, wherein
said power supply means is controlled to select and store said contents information received by said receiving means based on said reception period received by said reception period receiving means along with said notice key word designated for reservation by said reservation designating means and the current time output by said current time acquiring means.
The thirty-fourth aspect of the present invention is method for receiving information, wherein said reception period includes the arrival time of information and the time at which reception is terminated.
The thirty-fifth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, wherein said reception period includes the arrival time of information and the time at which reception is terminated.
The thirty-sixth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the step of:
forming indices for received information on a hierarchical basis by using both of key words representing classification items for classifying said contents information and key words representing the details of said items among said notice key words.
The thirty-seventh aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
reservation information creating means for forming indices for received information on a hierarchical basis by using both of key words representing classification items for classifying said contents information and key words representing the details of said items among said notice key words.
The thirty-eighth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information comprising the steps of:
storing key words representing classification items for classifying said contents information from among notice key words which have already been designated for reservation;
calculating the frequencies of said stored classification items; and
selecting the order of display for said notice key words based on the calculated frequencies of the classification items and displaying the same.
The thirty-ninth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
reserved classification item storing means for storing key words representing classification items for classifying said contents information from among notice key words which have already been designated for reservation;
frequency calculating means for calculating the frequencies of said stored classification items; and
notice key word display order selecting means for selecting the order of display for said notice key words based on the calculated frequencies of the classification items; and
display means for displaying said notice key words in said order of display.
The fortieth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the steps of:
storing key words representing classification items for classifying said contents information from among notice key words which have already been designated for reservation;
calculating the frequencies of said stored classification items; and
selecting and displaying at least one candidate of contents information to be deleted based on at least either of said calculated frequencies of the classification items and the date and time when the contents information has been stored.
The forty-first aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
reserved classification item storing means for storing key words representing classification items for classifying said contents information from among notice key words which have already been designated for reservation;
frequency calculating means for calculating the frequencies of said stored classification items; and
contents information storage date and time storing means for storing the date and time when said contents information has been stored;
delete candidate selecting means for selecting at least one candidate of contents information to be deleted based on at least either of said calculated frequencies of the classification items and the date and time when the contents information has been stored; and
display means for displaying the contents information selected by said delete candidate selecting means.
The forty-second aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the steps of:
determining that the storage of said contents information designated for reservation has been completed; and
displaying a message indicating that the storage of reserved information has been completed.
The forty-third aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
reserved information storage completion determining means for determining that the storage of said contents information designated for reservation has been completed; and
message display means for displaying a message indicating that the storage of reserved information has been completed.
The forty-fourth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the steps of:
determining that the storage of said contents information designated for reservation has been completed; and
replying information indicating that the storage of reserved information has been completed to the transmitter of said contents information.
The forty-fifth aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
reserved information storage completion determining means for determining that the storage of said contents information designated for reservation has been completed; and
information replying means for replying information indicating that the storage of reserved information has been completed to the transmitter of said contents information.
The forty-sixth aspect of the present invention is a method for receiving information, comprising the steps of:
determining that the storage of said contents information designated for reservation has been completed;
storing the content key word for said stored contents information; and
periodically replying said stored content key word to the transmitter of said contents information.
The forty-seventh aspect of the present invention is an apparatus for receiving information, comprising:
reserved information storage completion determining means for determining that the storage of said contents information designated for reservation has been completed;
stored contents information storing means for storing the content key word for said stored contents information; and
information replying means for periodically replying said stored content key word stored in said stored contents information storing means to the transmitter of said contents information.
The forty-eighth aspect of the present invention is a medium for recording a program to cause a computer to execute all or part of each means or portions invention.

Method for receiving information, apparatus for receiving information and medium

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


By making the lattice constant of barrier layers of a superlattice avalanche photodiode lower than the lattice constant of well layers to apply a tensile stress to the barrier layers, a high gain-bandwidth product can be obtained with a high ionization rate ratio kept.

The present invention relates to a photodiode to be used for optical communication. More specifically, the invention relates to a superlattice avalanche photodiode (SLAPD) to be used for a multi Gb/s transmission system, furthermore an avalanche photodiode having a particularly modified superlattice structure.
As s photodiode to be used for a Gb/s band optical communication system, an avalanche photodiode (hereinafter abbreviated to SLAPD) comprising a multiplication layer having a superlattice structure is now under development from a view point of wide bandwidth and low noise characteristics. A superlattice used for SLAPDs comprises a crystal layer wherein lattice are matched on a crystalline substrate. The typical structure thereof is that the well layer thickness (Lw) is 20 to 50 nm, the barrier layer thickness (Lb) is 20 to 50 nm, and the total film thickness (Lt) of the superlattice layer is about 1 .mu.m. Kagawa and others report that characteristics of a SLAPD of the above structure are that the gain-bandwidth product (GB product) is 50 GHz, the ionization rate ratio k is 10 (when the multiplication factor M is 10). (T. Kagawa, et al; Third Optoelectronics Conference (OEC 1990), Technical Digest, 13A2-7, pp. 194 and 195, July 1990, Makuhari Messe)
Avalanche photodiodes and quantum well structures are mentioned, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 60-160191, 61-224469, 63-232377, and 3-16276.
To apply the superlattice avalanche photodiode SLAPD to future high speed optical communication systems, it is desirable to increase the gain-bandwidth product (GB product more than 100 GHz when the multiplication factor M is 10) much more with the high ionization rate ratio k (for example, k is 5 to 10 when the multiplication factor M is 10) kept. When the ionization rate ratio k is low, noise increases and the response speed slows down. In a high speed optical signal receiver, the noise power of the receiver increases because the band of the preamplifier becomes wider and it is necessary to increase the signal multiplication factor so as to obtain a predetermined S/N ratio. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the Gb product to more than 100 GHz. To increase the GB product, it is effective to decrease the total film thickness (Lt) of the superlattice layer. When Lt decreases, however, the electric field necessary to obtain a certain multiplication increases and the ionization rate ratio k decreases resultantly.
Therefore, it is impossible to improve the aforementioned characteristics by the method of decreasing Lt with the conventional superlattice structure. Furthermore in the SLAPD, positive holes with a heavy effective mass are stored on the heterojunction interface, so that the response characteristics are degraded. Therefore, it is necessary to realize a superlattice structure which produces no storage effect.


The vacuum cleaner has a hollow first fixing member formed together with a body, and a second fixing member assembled with the first fixing member. The first and the second fixing members are formed with a first and a second ribs respectively. The first and the second ribs form a circular-shaped supporting rib part when the first and the second fixing members are assembled with each other. A rotational shaft of a wheel is inserted into the supporting rib part to be assembled therewith. Thus a port for fixing the wheel need not be formed on the body, and the air drawn into the body is not discharged through such a port. Further, since the rotational shaft does not protrude into the body, it is easier to install components in the body and to disassemble the wheel from the body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vacuum cleaner having an apparatus for affixing vacuum cleaner wheels, and more particularly, to a vacuum cleaner having an apparatus for affixing vacuum cleaner wheels which prevents insertion of a rotational shaft of the wheel installed at a body into the body.
2. Prior Art
A general vacuum cleaner for drawing air to clean has a construction as shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, the vacuum cleaner 100 comprises a body 112 having a dirt collecting chamber and a driving room to accommodate mechanical devices, a pair of wheels for moving the body 112, a handle 115 having a switch 114 for controlling drawing power, a flexible suction pipe 117 connected with the handle 115 and the body 112, an extention pipe 116 extended from the handle 115, and a brush installed at the free end of the extention pipe 116.
The vacuum cleaner 100 having such a constitution draws air containing dirt and impurities by the driving force of a motor in the body 112 through and the with the help of brush 113. The dirt in the drawn air is filtered by a filter installed in the dirt collecting chamber, and then the clean air is discharged from the vacuum cleaner 100.
The wheel 120 is installed on the body 112 as shown in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the wheel 120 has a rotational shaft 124 in the central part thereof, and at the end of the rotational shaft 124 is formed a hooking rib 122 along a periphery thereof. A port 112a for assembling the wheel 120 is formed at the side 112 of the body 112, and a circular rib 121 for supporting the rotational shaft 124 of the wheel 120 is protruded outward around the port 112a.
When the rotational shaft 124 of the wheel 120 is inserted into the port 112a through the supporting rib 121, the wheel 120 become affixed to the body 112. The rotational shaft 124 is supported by the supporting rib 121, and the detachment of the rotational shaft 124 from the port 112a is prevented by the hooking rib 122.
However, the conventional vacuum cleaner 100 having such a constitution has the problem that, since the port 112a for fixing the wheel 120 pierces at the side of the body 112 and the rotational shaft 124 is inserted into the port 112a, a fine gap is formed between the port 112a and the rotational shaft 124. Since the air drawn by the strong power of a fan motor is discharged out through the gap during the operation of the vacuum cleaner 100, the air which is not filtered is discharged out. Therefore, the cleaning efficiency of the vacuum cleaner 100 is reduced.
Moreover, since the hooking rib 122 protrudes inside the body 112, it becomes more difficult to install other components inside the body such as a cord reel assembly. Also, if the wheel 120 needs to be exchanged with a new one or to be repaired, the detachment of the wheel 120 from the port 112a is not easy.

Vacuum cleaner having an apparatus for fixing wheels


A method for operating a tray conveying apparatus, wherein a tray edge of a tray to be destacked is guided in contact with and along a support until the tray has been deposited on a conveying unit positioned therebelow. An apparatus for destacking and further conveying trays that may comprise a destacker for destacking trays, wherein the destacker may also comprise a frame for accommodating at least one tray stack and a plurality of destacking screws configured to be operated in a respective direction of rotation. Each destacking screw may comprise a helically configured spiral or groove with a support. A conveying unit may be positioned below the destacker and used for receiving and transporting the destacked trays from the destacker.

For packaging a wide range of consumer products, in particular foodstuffs, stackable packages are used. Examples of this are the plastic trays, which are normally used in the field of meat products and which, after having been filled, can be sealed with a film. Often, the packages are stored and shipped in stacks in order to save space. However, for the purpose of filling with products, the packages must then be fed, individually or in groups, to a filling station.
For example, it is known from practice to drop, by means of a destacking device that accommodates a stack of plastic trays, the respective lowermost tray of the stack at certain time intervals onto a conveyor belt running below the destacking device. The trays separated from the stack in this way are then conveyed by means of the conveyor belt to a filling station, where they are filled with the desired products, in particular foodstuffs. Subsequently, the filled trays are advanced to a sealing station, where they are sealed with a plastic film.

Method and apparatus for gently depositing trays


A railroad signal system interlocking is automatically tested. A control point interface corresponding to a predetermined function of the interlocking has an isolated section and a control section. The isolated section is connected with the interlocking and has a normal, inactivated state during operation of the interlocking, and an activated state for testing the interlocking by detecting an electrical characteristic representing the status of the predetermined function executed by the interlocking. The control section drives the isolated section to its activated state and receiving an output from the isolated section in response to the detected electrical characteristic, and delivers a status report.

Railroad signal system interlockings or control points are periodically tested to ensure that they are fully functional. An interlocking is a collection of electrical and electronic assemblies including but not limited to relays, logic controllers, signal lamps, switch motors, timers, coding and decoding units, modems, and other miscellaneous components and connections. The purpose of the interlocking is to control and monitor a railroad control point such as an end or siding, crossover, or double crossover.
An end of siding is a single switch that branches a single track into two tracks. A crossover is a pair of switches that allows a train operating on a first track to cross to a second parallel track, but only when the train is operating in a specific direction. A train operating in the opposite direction on the second track may similarly cross to the first track when the switches are properly aligned. A double crossover consists of two single crossovers in sequence or, where space does not permit, overlapping one another. The double crossover allows trains operating in either direction on either track to cross to the other parallel track.
Many of the interlockings in the United States consist of one of these three types. However, in areas where additional tracks are involved or multiple routes intersect, more complex interlockings are implemented as required by the track configurations and the routing requirements.
An interlocking is controlled by a dispatcher and by the signaling equipment installed in bungalows or field cases alongside the tracks near the site. Monitoring signals sent to the dispatcher indicate any tracks occupied by trains, any signals cleared to a permissive state, and switch positions. The dispatcher can issue commands to clear a signal (enable or allow a permissive state to be displayed), restore a signal (disable or force a restrictive state to be displayed), or move a switch. However, the interlocking will respond to the command only if the conditions that exist at the interlocking are safe and thus allow the command to be safely implemented.
A significant purpose for the interlocking plant is safety. Some unsafe conditions that are prevented by the design and implementation of the interlocking plant are throwing a switch while a train is passing over the switch (causes a derailment), switching a train onto another track occupied by another train (causes a head on or rear end collision), or throwing a switch in front of a moving train that had previously been cleared to proceed and is now unable to stop in time when the signal or switch position becomes visible to the engineer. In addition, other unsafe conditions are monitored and can cause signal aspects to change to less permissive or even restrictive indications when they are detected. Examples of these are hand switch positions for sidings and slide fences. A hand switch that is manually thrown, usually to permit a switching engine to operate on the track, presents an obstruction or derailment possibility, and changes any approach signal to a restrictive state. Similarly, a slide fence detects possible track obstructions such as falling rock or landslides when the slide fence is breached, and changes the approach signals to a restrictive state.
An interlocking is protected by signals at the entry points. These signals are called home signals. In addition to preventing unsafe commands by the dispatcher, the interlocking also controls the home signal aspects displayed on the signals. The aspects displayed represent rules for proceeding that are well known and understood by the engineer operating the train. The types of information conveyed by these rules include allowable speed, position of the switch being approached, expected condition of the following signal, expectation of trains ahead on the same track either stopped or proceeding in the same direction, or expectation of other possible track obstructions. In these latter two conditions, the train may be allowed to proceed but is restricted to a speed that permits the engineer to stop within his visibility distance ahead on the track.
Signals may also display aspects that indicate the condition of the next signal down the track. Communications are sent between interlockings on pole lines or via coded signals transmitted in the rails. This allows one interlocking to communicate its state to adjacent interlockings and permits higher speed operation through several interlockings in sequence when the track has been cleared and the route safely lined through each interlocking. Signals at a given interlocking thus display aspects that may depend upon dispatcher commands received, conditions within the interlocking, and conditions at a following interlocking.
The interlocking is important to the basic safety of the railroad signaling system. Interlockings employ vital circuits designed and implemented to provide failsafe operation in a highly reliable manner. The circuitry typically uses gravity relays in vital circuits and is connected with heavy gauge wire protected by high quality, low leakage insulation. Lightning arrestors, crimped ring terminals, and stud-mounted connections are all employed to ensure high reliability. However, to ensure that the system is fully functional, periodic testing is mandated by the Federal Railway Administration (FRA) to ensure that the safety features remain effective. An operational test is performed every four years on every interlocking. Since there are many thousands of these interlocking plants situated along the railroads, considerable time, labor, and cost are dedicated to meeting these testing requirements.
Currently, testing is performed by a maintenance crew. In order to test an interlocking, the crew obtains track time from the dispatcher. This means that the dispatcher has given up control of the interlocking for the duration of the tests. Typically, the dispatcher gives up control of the interlocking under test as well as the adjacent interlockings, since control signals are generated by the adjacent interlockings to completely test the operation of the interlocking under test. Thus, train operation is suspended in this area for the duration of the tests. The consequence of this interruption in service is unwanted train delays and possible loss of revenue.
In order to test an interlocking, the maintenance crew operates the interlocking in all combinations and attempts to override the safety mechanisms by locally commanding unsafe conditions. These tests are broken down into a series of tests called Route Locking, Time Locking, and Switch and Signal Indication.
Briefly, Route Locking tests to ensure that a switch cannot be moved or an opposing route lined (enabled) once a home signal has been cleared to allow a train to pass. Restoring the home signal to STOP starts a timer that locks the interlocking and prevents any routes through the interlocking from being cleared until time has expired.
Time Locking tests to ensure that a switch cannot be moved or an opposing route lined (enabled) once a home signal has been cleared to allow a train to pass and a train has entered the interlocking. Detection of a train passing through the interlocking by successively shunting the interlocking track circuit and the following track circuit prevents the timer from starting. However, continued presence of the (long) train in the interlocking prevents the signals from being cleared or the switch from being moved until the train has passed completely through the interlocking. The signal may then be cleared again for a following train. The permissive aspect displayed, however, will be a function of the communication signals arriving from the following interlocking. If the train still occupies the block(s) between the interlockings, then the signal may be restrictive.
Finally, Switch and Signal Indication tests that all the indications reported to the dispatcher and the interlocking plant from the switch position monitors are operating properly, and that the signals display the correct aspect indications for all operating and communication input conditions.
These tests are complex and exhaustive. A number of maintenance workers are required. The realities of railroad operation may not allow sufficiently long blocks of track time to fully test an interlocking without releasing track time and allowing a train to pass through an operational interlocking. Communication among the maintenance workers on the test team is via telephone, portable radios, and shouting as required. This presents an opportunity for misunderstood commands and requests, erroneous reporting of results, and the need to repeat commands and steps until the test has been correctly performed.

Method and apparatus for automatically testing a railroad interlocking


A method is disclosed for transmitting and receiving packetized data having multiple protocol headers in a packet data communication system. An operating state of a network is determined, and a period for transmitting a full packet is decided according to a result of the determination. Full packets having uncompressed headers are transmitted during periodic transmission times according to the decided full-packet transmission period, and compressed packets are transmitted in other transmission times. If the operating state of the network is decided to be a congested state according to an average packet retransmission ratio produced in a period for measuring the operating state of the network, the full-packet transmission period is set to “1”. A value of the full-packet transmission period in an unloaded state is twice a value of the full-packet transmission period in a normal state. Thus, the number of packets to be discarded due to packet loss can be reduced, and the efficiency of transmission can be improved by header compression technologies.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a packet data communication system, and more particularly to a method for transmitting and receiving packetized data having a multi-protocol header.
2. Description of the Related Art
As a protocol for transmitting data through the Internet, transmission control protocol (TCP) is described in Request For Comments (RFC) 793 issued by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). TCP is used for transmitting data in packet format between nodes of the Internet. In the network layer hierarchy, TCP functions as the protocol of the transport layer. Below the transport layer is the network layer, which uses internet protocol (IP).TCP and IP are collectively referred to as TCP/IP.
In typical data transmission technologies based on TCP/IP, packetized data contains at least one header used for controlling a network protocol function. Because the header consumes part of the available bandwidth for a communication channel, research on various technologies for compressing the header to optimally use the bandwidth is ongoing.
The need for TCP/IP header compression is increased in a wireless communication system designed to transmit voice and/or data using a radio frequency (RF), which is typically noisier and has greater bandwidth limitations than wired communication systems.
Van Jacobson has proposed a method for compressing a TCP/IP header. The proposed method removes redundant static information from a TCP/IP packet and contains, in the packet, difference values required to determine changing information. One of two nodes (hereinafter, referred to as a transmitting node) periodically transmits packets containing uncompressed headers (hereinafter, referred to as full packets) to another node (hereinafter, referred to as a receiving node). The transmitting node removes the static information from the full packets, and leaves only the difference values of the changing information in headers of the packets so that the transmitting node can transmit, to the receiving node, packets having compressed headers (hereinafter, referred to as compressed packets). Upon receiving the compressed packets, the receiving node refers to information in the headers and decompresses the headers of the compressed packets.
However, if one of a series of packets is damaged or lost because an operating state of the communication channel is bad and the network is in a congested state, the receiving node will be unable to decompress the headers of the compressed packets transmitted by the transmitting node. Further, the receiving node will not send an acknowledgement associated with the damaged or lost compressed packet, and the receiving node will request the transmitting node to retransmit a corresponding compressed packet after receiving a full packet corresponding to the damaged or lost compressed packet. As a result, the receiving node is required to store all of the compressed packets received after a packet loss until a full packet corresponding to the lost packet is received.
Thus, simple technologies for compressing and transmitting a header of a TCP/IP packet can address some problems associated with repeatedly transmitting static information, but can cause the above-described serious problems in radio frequency (RF) environments. In particular, errors may frequently occur in RF environments. If a packet transmission error occurs, a data reception operation must be stopped until a damaged or lost packet is retransmitted. As a result, simple compression schemes can cause the efficiency of transmission to be severely degraded in noisy environments.

Method and apparatus for transmitting packet data having compressed header


A process for producing a multilayer printed wiring board, comprising providing an uncured or partly-cured resin layer from a curable composition comprising an insulation polymer and a curable agent, the resin layer superimposed on an internal layer substrate having a first conductive layer as an outermost layer; bringing the surface of the resin layer into contact with a compound having a structure capable of coordination with a metal; curable the resin layer to thereby form an electrical insulation layer; oxidizing the surface of the obtained electrical insulation layer until the surface average roughness (Ra) of the electrical insulation layer falls within the range of 0.05 to less than 0.2 μm and the surface ten-point average roughness (Rzjis) thereof within the range of 0.3 to less than 4 μm; and forming a second conductive layer on the electrical insulation layer by plating operation. There is further provided a multilayer printed wiring board produced by the process. This multilayer printed wiring board excels in pattern adhesion to substrates, even those of large size.

Miniaturization and functional diversification of electronic equipment are increasingly requiring high density printed wiring boards to be used for the electronic equipment.
Multilayering is a common technique for increasing the density of printed wiring boards. A multilayer printed wiring board is most commonly prepared by laminating an electrical insulation layer on the surface of an internal layer substrate of which the outermost layer is a conductive layer (a first conductive layer) and forming a new conductive layer (a second conductive layer) on the electrical insulation layer. Optionally, several electrical insulation layers and conductive layers are additionally laminated.
In this type of multilayer printed wiring board, adhesion (pattern adhesion) of the electrical insulation layer with the conductive pattern of the second conductive layer formed thereon is important to ensure a long life. A method of roughening the electrical insulation layer disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2877110, for example, is widely employed for obtaining the pattern adhesion. Coating the roughened electrical insulation layer with an adhesive for electroless plating containing polymer components such as a rubber and resin to improve the pattern adhesion has been studied (Japanese patent Application Laid-open 2001-192844, etc.).
However, the roughening or coating with an adhesive after forming the electrical insulation layer cannot necessarily ensure sufficient pattern adhesion when there is a change in the temperature and humidity. There have been cases in which the life of multilayer printed wiring board is reduced.

Process for producing multilayer printed wiring board


The invention generally relates to a digital convergent recorder. The digital convergent recorder may generate and record into a storage device (e.g. HDD) a first digital data in a first compress format (e.g. MPEG2) out of an external input analog AV signal or a digital broadcasting signal, may generate and transmit via internet to an external computer a second digital data in a second compress format (e.g. M-JPEG) out of the external input analog AV signal or an analog AV signal obtained by decoding the first data from the storage device, and may control the MPEG2 encoding/recording mode responding to a user command received through a specific command/control protocol from the external computer.

Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) are widely installed and used in public places such as schools and banks for the purposes of security and the management of facilities. The DVRs are developed to overcome the technical limitations of a conventional Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) system. That is, in the DVRs, videos captured by cameras are digitized, processed using a digital compression technology and stored in high-capacity Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), so that the problems of the CCTV system, in which recorded videos deteriorate and recording tapes must be periodically replaced, are removed.
Meanwhile, the DVRs are independent systems that do not need compatibility with external systems, but need special functions such as multi-channel division screen construction or time index search, so that the DVRs has generally adopted an independent format of data compression technology. Conventional data compression technologies not only fail to support some functions that needed in the DVRs but also require large additional overhead, so that the DVRs use the independent format.
Meanwhile, Personal Video Recorders (PVR) have been used for the purposes of recording, reproducing and instant recording broadcast signals, and the PVRs are developed to overcome the technical limitations of conventional Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs). That is, the PVRs solve a problem of the deterioration of the image quality of analog VCR tapes by using HDD devices. The instant recording function, in which the HDD devices are used not as storage devices but as a type of a time delay buffer so that live broadcasts may be instantly paused, is PVRs' advanced feature compared to the conventional VCRs.
When classified by the types of broadcast signals, analog-type PVRs convert analog broadcast signals into digital data, compress the digital data into an independent format and store the compressed digital data on a HDD device, whereas digital-type PVRs, being combined with digital STBs, perform both Set Top Box (STB) functions of decoding digital broadcast signals and outputting the decoded signals to an external TV, and PVR functions of storing digital broadcast signals as they are and performing the above-described recording, reproducing and instant recording functions.
As described above, the DVRs and the PVRs perform different functions in independent fields because their applications are totally different. That is, schools and banks do not need the PVRs, whereas homes are not equipped with the DVRs. However, according to the recent trend of digital convergence, if they are combined together, the creation of added value may be expected. Further, demands for home security systems start to increase, so that the demands for such combined devices may be expected. Furthermore, if the combined devices are combined with Internet technology and more various operational scenarios are provided, their commercial values are expected to be much larger.


A memory tag mechanism creates a logical memory tag of a first length that corresponds to an I/O address of a second length. The memory tag is “logical” because it does not represent physical memory. When an I/O adapter device driver that expects an address of the first length is invoked, the memory tag is passed. When the I/O adapter device driver makes a call to the partition manager to convert the address of the first length (i.e., memory tag) to an I/O address of the second length, the partition manager detects that the passed address is a memory tag instead of a real address, and returns the corresponding I/O address. In this manner existing device drivers that expect addresses of the first length may be used for redirected DMA, which allows performing DMA operations directly from a shared I/O adapter in a hosting partition to memory in a hosted partition.

1. Technical Field
This invention generally relates to data processing, and more specifically relates to the sharing of resources between logical partitions in a logically partitioned computer system.
2. Background Art
Since the dawn of the computer age, computer systems have evolved into extremely sophisticated devices that may be found in many different settings. Computer systems typically include a combination of hardware (e.g., semiconductors, circuit boards, etc.) and software (e.g., computer programs). As advances in semiconductor processing and computer architecture push the performance of the computer hardware higher, more sophisticated computer software has evolved to take advantage of the higher performance of the hardware, resulting in computer systems today that are much more powerful than just a few years ago.
The combination of hardware and software on a particular computer system defines a computing environment. Different hardware platforms and different operating systems thus provide different computing environments. In recent years, engineers have recognized that it is possible to provide different computing environments on the same physical computer system by logically partitioning the computer system resources to different computing environments. The iSeries computer system developed by IBM is an example of a computer system that supports logical partitioning. If logical partitioning on an iSeries computer system is desired, partition manager code (referred to as a "hypervisor" in iSeries terminology) is installed that allows defining different computing environments on the same platform. Once the partition manager is installed, logical partitions may be created that define different computing environments. The partition manager manages the logical partitions to assure that they can share needed resources in the computer system while maintaining the separate computing environments defined by the logical partitions.
A computer system that includes multiple logical partitions typically shares resources between the logical partitions. For example, a computer system with a single CPU could have two logical partitions defined, with 50% of the CPU allocated to each logical partition, with 33% of the memory allocated to the first logical partition and 67% of the memory allocated to the second logical partition, and with two different I/O slots allocated to the two logical partitions, one per partition. Once logical partitions are defined and shared resources are allocated to the logical partitions, each logical partition acts as a separate computer system. Thus, in the example above that has a single computer system with two logical partitions, the two logical partitions will appear for all practical purposes to be two separate and distinct computer systems.
When logical partitions share a resource, such as an I/O adapter, one of the logical partitions is typically designated as the "owner" of the resource, and other logical partitions may share the resource by communicating with the logical partition that owns the resource. For the discussion herein, the term "hosting partition" refers to a logical partition that owns a resource, and the term "hosted partition" refers to a logical partition that does not own the resource but that desires to use (or share) the resource by communicating with the hosting partition. For example, when an application in a hosted partition needs to receive data from a shared network I/O adapter in the hosting partition (for example, a disk storage adapter), the application typically requests a read operation to the partition manager. A buffer is created in the hosting partition, and the request is forwarded to the I/O adapter device driver, which communicates the request to the I/O adapter. The I/O adapter then performs a direct memory access (DMA) transfer of the requested data to the buffer in the hosting partition. The partition manager then copies the data from the buffer in the hosting partition to a buffer in the hosted partition memory. The application in the hosted partition may then read the data from the buffer in its own memory.
The sharing of an I/O adapter between logical partitions as described above requires writing the data to the hosting partition memory, then copying that data to the hosted partition memory. Without a way for the I/O adapter to transfer data directly to the hosted partition memory, the sharing of virtual I/O adapters will suffer from penalties that slow system performance.

Logical memory tags for redirected DMA operations

International Business Machines Corporation