The present invention relates to plants genetically modified to increase the level of stored carbohydrates in the plant, particularly during periods of high sink activity and low source activity through production of a glycosyl-transferase which catalyzes the formation of soluble glucans. The invention also relates to the genetic constructs used to produce the engineered plants and the method of producing the engineered plants.

The soluble storage carbohydrate found in plants, including sucrose, glucans, starch and fructans, are an important source of feed for animals, particularly grazing ruminants. These carbohydrates are stored non-structurally which makes them readily available for digestion by animals and therefore an important source of digestible energy.
During periods of high sink activity and low source activity, such as during a drought, the level of stored carbohydrates falls as the non-structural storage carbohydrates are mobilised for use in seed filling. The result of this mobilisation, particularly in relation to pasture grasses, is a significant loss of feed value to grazing ruminants due to the reduction in the levels of the stored carbohydrates. This reduction is caused by the enzymatic degradation of the stored carbohydrates. This enzymatic degradation is assisted by the fact that the stored carbohydrates generally have a low degree of polymerization. For example, as noted by Radojevic et al 1994, during the period from late spring to early autumn in southern Australia, the declining feed quality of the grasses causes a corresponding reduction in the lactation by dairy herds and necessitates the use of supplementary feeds. This decline in digestibility is associated with a decline in the level of soluble carbohydrates.
Perennial rye grass lines which accumulate high concentrations of soluble carbohydrates from late spring to early autumn do not suffer as large a decline in digestibility (Radojevic et al 1994). The result of this increased digestibility is a corresponding increase in milk production by dairy herds.
In addition to this, there are many pasture plants, such as white clever which do not possess any significant levels of stored carbohydrate.
There has, therefore, been a desire to develop methods for preventing the degradation of the stored carbohydrates during plant senescence and to increase the level of stored carbohydrates in pasture plants with low levels.
Glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus salivarius
It is known that many strains of Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans, produce extracellular .alpha.-D-glucosyltransferase (Gtfs), an enzyme which catalyses the formation of glucan from sucrose. These Gtfs are also found in many other species of oral streptococci.
The Gtfs utilise the high free energy of the glycosidic bond of sucrose to synthesise glucans (Jacques N A, Giffard P M, 1991). Gtfs produce either soluble or insoluble products by transferring a glucose residue from sucrose to a growing glucan chain.
Gtfs which produce an insoluble product are generally considered to be primer-dependent (Walker G J, Jacques N A, 1987). These primer-dependent Gtfs require a dextran (.alpha.-(1.fwdarw.6)-linked glucan) as a receptor for polymerisation to proceed at an appreciable rate. In contrast, Gtfs that produce soluble products may be either primer-dependent or primer-independent. The genetic sequences for 10 gtf genes from a number of Streptococcus species have been ascertained (Gilmore K S, Russell R R B, Ferretti J J). All the Gtfs coded by these genes possess highly conserved putative signal sequences that lead to the secretion of these enzymes. The remainder of each protein is arbitrarily divided into two domains--the N-terminal two-thirds "catalytic domain" and the C-terminal one-third "glucan-binding domain".
S. salivarius ATCC 25975 has been shown to possess at least four different gtf genes (Giffard et al (1991); Giffard et al (1993)). Each of these genes codes for a highly hydrophilic monomeric glucosyltransferase that possesses unique enzymic properties. These Gtfs synthesize structurally different glucans from sucrose. For example, the genes coding for GtfJ and GtfL produce enzymes which synthesize insoluble glucans. GtfJ is a primer-dependent enzyme producing essentially a linear a(1.fwdarw.3)-glucan while GtfL is a primer-independent enzyme that synthesizes a glucan containing 50% .alpha.-(1.fwdarw.3)--and 50% .alpha.-(1.fwdarw.6)-linked glucosyl residues. In contrast, the gtfK and gtfM genes code for enzymes which produce a soluble glucan which possess .alpha.-(1.fwdarw.6)-linked glucosyl residues. GtfK is primer stimulated while GtfM is primer independent.

Genetic manipulation of plants to increase stored carbohydrates


A small-sized pulsed power supply unit capable of being manufactured at low cost. A switch (4) is connected in parallel to a capacitor (5) and a discharge load (6) in such a manner that it forms a closed circuit together with a DC voltage source (1) and a reactor (2) when the switch (4) is turned on, so as to store electromagnetic energy in the reactor (2), and a closed circuit together with the reactor (2), the capacitor (5) and the discharge load (6) when the switch (4) is turned off, so as to charge the electromagnetic energy stored in the reactor (2) to the capacitor (5) as electrostatic energy at a charge voltage higher than an output DC voltage of the DC voltage source (1). A voltage detector (7) detects the voltage of the DC voltage source (1), and a current detector (8) detects a current flowing through the reactor (2). A control circuit (9A) switches on and off the switch (4) based on the detected voltage and the detected current.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pulsed power supply unit for generating excitation energy of a pulsed laser such as a copper vapor laser, an excimer laser and a carbon dioxide laser.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 5 shows a conventional pulsed power supply unit, for example, disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. HEI-4-200281. In FIG. 5, the conventional pulsed power supply unit illustrated comprises a DC voltage source 1 for generating a DC voltage, a reactor 2 whose one end is connected to a positive output terminal of the DC voltage source 1, a switch 4 connected in parallel to the DC voltage source 1, a capacitor 5 whose one end is connected to the other end of the reactor 2, a discharge load 6 connected to the other end of the capacitor 5, and a control circuit 9 for turning the switch 4 on and off.
Operation of the conventional pulsed power supply unit will be described below.
When the switch 4 is switched off by the control circuit 9, a current flows from the positive output terminal of the DC voltage source 1 through the reactor 2 and the capacitor 5 to the discharge load 6, thereby charging the capacitor 5 up to reaching an output voltage value of the DC voltage source.
Once the switch 4 is switched on by the control circuit 9, a current flows steeply from the switch 4 to the discharge load 6. As a result, electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor 5 is inputted to the discharge load 6.
The discharge load 6 laser-oscillates inside thereof using the energy as an excitation source, thereby generating a laser output light in proportion to the energy inputted. When the switch 4 is switched off by the control circuit 9 after a completion of these operations, charging of the capacitor 5 begins again. These operations are repeated approximately some hundreds to some thousands times per second. The switch 4 is switched repeatedly with high voltages and a large amount of currents at high speed. Consequently, a semiconductor switch composed of a semiconductor device is used for the switch 4.
Since the conventional positive power supply is constituted as described above, a charging voltage value of the capacitor needs to be set highly precisely for stabilizing a laser output. In this regard, however, since the charging voltage value is determined by the accuracy in the output voltage of the DC voltage source, the DC voltage source should have a high voltage and a high degree of precision. Such a fact results in a large-sized power supply unit and a high cost.

Pulsed power supply unit for a pulsed laser


An abrading or polishing tool comprises a housing that contains a pneumatically drive motor mounted therein. A drive assembly is contained at least partially in the housing and is engaged with the motor to be driven by the motor during operation. A head is engaged with the drive assembly and includes a spindle portion, the head and spindle being rotated during operation of the motor. The head is further configured to engage a working pad for abrading or polishing a work surface. A double bearing assembly is contained within the housing and is engaged with a portion of the spindle adjacent the lower end of the spindle to substantially prevent radial play of the spindle during operation of the tool.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to power driven tools for abrading or polishing a work surface. More particularly, the invention relates to such power driven tools that are designed to be compact and yet substantially prevent unwanted movement of internal components of the tool during use.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Power driven tools are well known and are used to perform many different functions, such as sanding, polishing, stripping, compounding, and the like. One of the most popular types of these tools is the power driven sander/polisher, which is used for either sanding or polishing the surface of a vehicle. These sander/polisher devices are typically powered by a source of air under pressure, and are designed with heads that are configured to engage various working pads to perform a corresponding function. For example, an abrading structure may be engaged with the head of the tool, the abrading structure including a sheet of sandpaper or other abrasive material for sanding down the surface of the vehicle. The tool includes a motor and a drive assembly that are operative to rotate or orbit the abrading structure at a very high angular velocity, usually thousands of revolutions per minute (RPM). In order to perform the polishing function, a suitable working pad is engaged to the tool in place of the abrading structure.
A number of the prior art sander/polisher tools are of the so-called "orbital" type, in which a working pad is driven orbitally relative to a handle body used for holding the tool. A form of such a device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,084,364. That device includes a carrier assembly that is rotatably driven about a first axis by a motor. A working pad is eccentrically connected to the carrier for rotation about a second axis offset from the first axis, thereby causing the pad to orbit during operation of the motor. While such devices may be relatively effective in abrading or polishing a surface, they are not free from shortcomings, one of which is the relatively severe vibration that such a tool creates during use. The orbital movement of the working pad at high RPM causes a vibration that, over time, can become annoying to the operator, and can affect the operator's performance.
Orbital sander/polishers have been proposed that incorporate weights to counterbalance the offset relationship of the mass of the driven head and working pad relative to the main rotary carrier and motor. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,329, the rights to which have been assigned to the assignee of the present invention. While such a device provides an efficient sander/polisher and greatly reduces the amount of vibration experienced in conventional orbital sanders, it incorporates a relatively elaborate structure for doing so.
Still others have proposed rotary sander/polishers which include a carrier to which is concentrically mounted a working pad for rotation about the same axis as the carrier. These devices typically reduce the amount of vibration created during use, as they include no orbitally driven components. They are often large and cumbersome, however, due to the need for elaborate gear drives to reduce the rotational speed of an air motor to a speed suitable for sanding and polishing. One attempt to reduce the bulk of such a device is an air sander available in Europe that uses a planetary gear set for reduction. That device had a relatively short useful life, however, due to a rather high degree of radial play of its output shaft, which caused the internal components to "wobble" during use. This resulted in damage to the planetary gear set and other internal components, shortening the useful life of the tool.
Accordingly, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that there continues to be a need for an ablating and polishing tool that is compact, reliable, and easy to use. Furthermore, there exists a need for a compact ablating and polishing tool that eliminates vibration and substantially prevents radial play of the drive assembly to increase the useful life of the tool. The present invention addresses these needs and others.


A bulk acoustic resonator architecture is fabricated by epitaxially forming a piezoelectric film on a top surface of post formed from an underlying substrate. In some cases, the acoustic resonator is fabricated to filter multiple frequencies. In some such cases, the resonator device includes two different resonator structures on a single substrate, each resonator structure configured to filter a desired frequency. Including two different acoustic resonators in a single RF acoustic resonator device enables that single device to filter two different frequencies in a relatively small footprint.

Various electronic products, including mobile computers such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets include various circuits between an antenna and a digital baseband system, generally referred to as the radio frequency (RF) frontend. A typical RF frontend includes RF filters, low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), RF power amplifiers, and RF switches, each of which may be located on a separate integrated circuit chip. One type of RF filter is generally referred to as a bulk acoustic wave filter. Bulk acoustic wave filters include thin-film bulk acoustic resonators (or so-called TFBARs, or more simply, FBARs).
These and other features of the present embodiments will be understood better by reading the following detailed description, taken together with the figures herein described. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures may be represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. Furthermore, as will be appreciated, the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale or intended to limit the described embodiments to the specific configurations shown. For instance, while some figures generally indicate straight lines, right angles, and smooth surfaces, an actual implementation of the disclosed techniques may have less than perfect straight lines and right angles, and some features may have surface topography or otherwise be non-smooth, given real-world limitations of fabrication processes. In short, the figures are provided merely to show example structures.

RF filters and resonators of crystalline III-N films


The lighting system includes lighting devices and a controller of the lighting devices. The controller includes a display unit and a storage unit which stores area information including target areas in which the lighting devices are arranged, the identification information of the lighting devices, the lighting information regarding different lighting conditions of the lighting devices, and scene setting information regarding a state change pattern for changing a lighting state of one or more lighting devices allotted to each target area. The control unit controls the display unit to display a scene operation screen having pictorial signs each indicating one piece of scene setting information, and selects, if one of the pictorial signs is touched, a corresponding scene setting information represented by the pictorial sign, and controls the display unit to display a state change pattern of each lighting device allotted to the selected piece of scene setting information.

There is conventionally available a lighting setting device capable of performing lighting scene production by arbitrarily setting, depending on the intended use, the luminous intensities of lighting devices arranged within a room, the illuminances in the respective positions within a building, or the like. In order to create the lighting scenes, there has been used a dimming console provided with a plurality of faders for setting the output level of a specified dimming control signal with respect to each of the channels corresponding to the dimmers respectively connected to a plurality of lighting devices (see, e.g., JP 2000-311791A).
However, the dimming console disclosed in JP 2000-311791A involves the complexity in operation and a difficulty in knowing the correspondence relationship between the lighting devices and the faders. In view of this, there is available a lighting setting device which allows a user to operate the on/off states and the luminous intensities of lighting devices by using a display device capable of sensing the user's operation instruction, e.g., a liquid crystal touch panel, as a display unit for displaying the on/off state and the luminosity setting state of the lighting devices (see, e.g., JP 2006-277972A).
However, the lighting setting device disclosed in JP 2006-277972A is used in setting the luminous intensities of the lighting devices arranged on the ceiling of a building but is not intended for use in the lighting of a living room of a general house. Lighting devices in a general house are arranged not only on a ceiling but also in many different places such as a wall and a floor. Moreover, the lighting devices are diverse in the shape and the color of illumination light. In recent years, there is available a color temperature variable lighting device that uses different kinds of light emitting diodes (LEDs) or organic electroluminescent (EL) devices having different emission colors. Thus, the color temperature as well as the brightness (the dimming ratio) of illumination light may become a setting parameter.
However, the lighting control system disclosed in JP 2006-277972A mainly displays the schedule on the dimming ratio and fails to handle the color temperature. For that reason, it is not easy for a general user to perform, with respect to a plurality of lighting devices, the scene setting by which the lighting states such as the dimming ratio and the color temperature are changed over time.

Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd.


A printing apparatus, including: a printing unit configured to print a plurality of images on a continuous sheet; and a cutting unit configured to cut the continuous sheet per each of the images, wherein, when printing images, information indicating a value obtained by counting the number of the cut sheets cut by the cutting unit is recorded in an area other than the image on the continuous sheet.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a printing apparatus and method for carrying out printing by using a rolled continuous sheet.
Description of the Related Art
For a great deal of printing, for example, a laboratory print, a rolled continuous sheet is used. There is a printing apparatus configured such that a user sets a rolled continuous sheet, and the printing apparatus feeds the continuous sheet, carries out printing, cuts the continuous sheet by a cutter, and discharges the cut sheet to a sorter.
In an ink jet type printing head, a nozzle having a low frequency in use may be defective in an ink discharge due to an ink clogging or the like. In order to prevent the non-discharging nozzle from being generated, periodical head maintenance is necessary. Even in the case where a plurality of images are printed in the continuous sheet one by one, it is desirable to execute a periodical head maintenance which forms a maintenance pattern in a sheet by discharging inks from all the nozzles per predetermined number of image printing.
In a printing apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2011-240492, a non-discharging monitoring pattern and a preliminary discharging pattern for the head maintenance are printed between pages in which images are printed. Hereinafter, kinds of printing except the image designated by the user, for example, the preliminary discharging pattern, the non-discharging monitoring pattern and a cut mark pattern are collectively called as a maintenance pattern.
In an apparatus which prints a plurality of images on a continuous sheet and discharges the continuous sheet after cutting per each image, the following problem is generated in the case where the sheet is clogged due to some reason. In the present specification, sheet clogging in the apparatus and a sheet clogging state are called as a paper jam.
In the case that the paper jam is generated at any one position from a paper supply position to a paper discharge position in the apparatus, it is necessary to stop a whole sheet feeding. Then, cut sheet pieces (cut sheets) are intermittently left in a feed path of the sheet. Although it is necessary for a user to remove the left sheet pieces, there is a case that the sheet piece is left even after the user thought he/she had removed all the sheet pieces. This is because the sheet piece exists not only on the feed path, but the sheet piece is also frequently clogged in an unexpected portion. In the case where a recovering operation is carried out under such the state, not only an error is regenerated, but also a further severe paper jam may be generated.
In order to securely remove all the sheet pieces, it is effective for the user to recognize how many sheet pieces are left in the feed path.

Apparatus and method for printing on and cutting a continuous sheet


Disclosed herein is a memory device capable of changing data output modes. According to the present invention, an address that is input to a circuit, which is designed in 8-bit output mode, is internally modified, to operate in 16-bit output mode, and a test operation is performed in 8-bit output mode. As such, two kinds of output mode circuits can be tested in one test equipment. Accordingly, test efficiency can be enhanced and costs can be saved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a memory device capable of changing data output modes, and more specifically, to a memory device capable of changing data output modes, wherein a flash memory designed in a 16-bit output mode can be tested in an 8-bit output mode.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Generally, a memory device includes a cell array and a redundancy array. If a fail column occurs, it is replaced with a normal column included in the redundancy array.
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a conventional memory device having a redundancy cell array.
Referring to FIG. 1, the memory device includes a cell array 110, a redundancy array 120, a sense amplifier 130, an address buffer 140, a fail bit detector 150 and an I/O multiplexer 160.
The cell array 110 has a plurality of memory cells. A memory cell connected to a corresponding word line and a bit line is selected according to an input address signal. Cell array 110 is divided into 16 blocks. 16 data bits are output from the cells respectively selected from the 16 blocks according to the address signal. In the case of 32 bits, the cell array 110 could be divided into 32 blocks, where 32 data bits are output. Hereinafter, a case where 16 data bits are output will be described as an example.
The redundancy array 120 includes a plurality of repair cells. The array outputs repair data RDL, which will substitute data bits output from the fail cell included in cell array 110, according to the address signal.
For example, if an address signal is input, 16 data bits (i.e., DL0 to DL15) are output from the cell array 110, and the repair data RDL are output from the redundancy array 120.
The data bits DL0 to DL15, and RDL are input to the I/O multiplexer 160. The I/O multiplexer 160 transfers the data bits DL0 to DL15, and RDL to a pad PAD through I/O lines IO[15:0]. I/O multiplexer 160 also determines which data bits DL0 to DL15 in a received address is in error, according to fail bit signals RIO[3:0] of the fail bit detector 150, and outputs the repair data RDL substituting the data bits that are in error.
Fail bit detector 150 determines whether a fail cell is selected in a corresponding address if address signals A[n:0] are received from the address buffer 140, and then outputs the fail bit signals RIO[3:0], which indicate which data bits DL0 to DL15 are in error, to the I/O multiplexer 160.
More details regarding the operation of the fail bit detector 150 will be described below.
FIG. 2 is a simplified circuit diagram showing the fail bit detector shown in FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 2, the fail bit detector includes an address comparator 151 and a fail bit signal generator 152. The address comparator 151 and the fail bit signal generator 152 complement (i.e., match) the number of column bit lines included in the redundancy array 120 of FIG. 1.
Address comparator 151 includes a switch comprising a transistor and a fuse, which are connected serially. The switch may be connected in pairs in a parallel manner to form a pair of a larger switching unit. A plurality of the switching units is connected between a power supply voltage terminal and a ground voltage terminal in a serial manner.
Address comparator 151 will be described in more detail. First switch Ta1 and Fa1 and second switch Tb1 and Fb1 in which a transistor and a fuse are serially connected are connected between a first node N0 (an output node) and a second node N1, thus forming one switching unit. A third switch (not shown) and fourth switch (not shown) in which a transistor and a fuse are serially connected are connected between the second node N1 and a third node (not shown) in a parallel manner, thereby forming a subsequent switching unit. The switches are repeatedly connected in pairs in a parallel manner between the respective nodes. (2n−1)th switch Tan and Fan, and (2n)th switch Tbn and Fbn are connected in a parallel manner between a last (n−1)th node Nn−1 and a (n+1)th node Nn+1, thereby forming the last switching unit. It should be appreciated that the number of switching units provided match the number of bits of an address signal.
Meanwhile, in order for the address comparator 151 to enable signals RENb and REN, a switching element PT1 that operates according to the enable signal RENb can be disposed between the power supply voltage terminal and the first node N0. A switching element NT1 that operates according to the enable signal REN can be disposed between the ground voltage terminal and the (n+1)th node Nn+1.
A plurality of fuses Fa1 to Fan, Fb1 to Fbn included in the address comparator 151 are selectively cut (the cutting state of the fuse is not shown) according to address information on which a fail cell is selected. Accordingly, the address for selecting the fail cell is stored. It should be appreciated that only one of two fuses included in each of the switching units is cut, but two fuses are not cut or connected together at the same time.
Furthermore, the address signals A[n:0] and inverted address signals Ab[n:0] are input to the address comparator 151. The address signals A[n:0] are respectively divided into bits, and are input to gates of transistors Ta1 to Tan included in the first, third, fifth, . . . , (2n−3)th and (2n−1)th switch, respectively. The inverted address signals Ab[n:0]respectively divided into bits, and are input to gates of transistors Tb1 to Tbn included in second, fourth, the sixth, . . . , (2n−2)th and (2n)th switch, respectively.
The address comparator 151 outputs repair enable signals RIOEN and RIOENb if the received address signals A[n:0] coincide with stored addresses. For example, if a fail cell is selected when the address signals A[n:0] are input as '11 . . . 110', only the fuses Fa1, Fb2 to Fbn corresponding to a low bit (i.e., 0) in the address signals are cut in advance. This operation stores a fail address. After the fail address is stored, if the address signals A[n:0] are input as '11 . . . 110', where the fuses Fb1, Fa2 to Fan corresponding to a high bit (i.e., 1) in the address signals are connected, the transistors Tb1, Ta2 to Tan which are serially connected to these fuses Fb1, Fa2 to Fan are all turned on. If such a match occurs (i.e., the address signals match the fail address), the first node N0 (the output terminal) is electrically connected to the ground voltage terminal, and the first and second repair enable signals RIOEN and RIOENb are output as High (i.e., 1) and Low (i.e., 0), respectively, through the first node N0.
When first and second repair enable signals RIOEN and RIOENb are generated, the fail bit signal generator 152 outputs the fail bit signals RIO[3:0] indicating which bits are in error.
Fail bit signal generator 152 includes a switching transistor PT2, which is connected to the power supply voltage terminal and operates according to the second repair enable signal RIOENb, first switch Tc1 and Fc1 connected between a switching transistor P1 (not shown) and a first output terminal, second switch Td1 and Fd1 connected between a ground voltage terminal and the first output terminal, third switch Tc2 and Fc2 connected between the switching transistor P1 and a second output terminal, fourth switch Td2 and Fd2 connected between the ground voltage terminal and the second output terminal, fifth switch Tc3 and Fc3 connected between the switching transistor P1 and a third output terminal, sixth switch Td3 and Fd3 connected between the ground voltage terminal and the third output terminal, seventh switch Tc4 and Fc4 connected between the switching transistor P1 and a fourth output terminal, and eighth switch Td4 and Fd4 connected between the ground voltage terminal and the fourth output terminal.
Four output terminals are implemented corresponding to a case where the output data consists of 16 bits. If the output data were output as 32 bits, another output terminal could be provided, along with two additional switches.
The switches of fail bit signal generator 152 can have a structure in which the transistor and the fuse are serially connected. Further, transistors Tc1 to Tc4, Td1 to Td4 operate according to the first repair enable signal RIOEN.
The plurality of the fuses Fc1 to Fc4, Fd1 to Fd4 included in the fail bit signal generator 152 are selectively cut (the cutting state of the fuse is not shown) depending on which bits corresponding to the fail cell are in error. Accordingly, information on which bit is a 'fail' (i.e., in error) is stored.
The fail bit signal generator 152 outputs the fail bit signals RIO[3:0] that inform which bit is in error, when the repair enable signals RIOEN and RIOENb are received. For example, if the first bit is a 'fail,' the fuses Fd1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 are cut so that the fail bit signals RIO[3:0] are output as '0001'. This operation stores information regarding a fail bit (i.e., the location of a fail bit).
When information on the fail bit is stored, as the repair enable signals RIOEN and RIOENb are input, all the transistors Tc1 to Tc4, Td1 to Td4 are turned on. The power supply voltage or the ground voltage is transferred to the output terminal through fuses that are not cut, and the fail bit signal RIO[3:0] is output as '0001'.
The I/O multiplexer 160 of FIG. 1 outputs the repair data RDL originating from the redundancy array 120 to the pad PAD, replacing the data in error according to the fail bit signals RIO[3:0].
FIG. 3 is a simplified circuit diagram showing the I/O multiplexer shown in FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 3, 8 selectors 161 to 168 are included in the I/O multiplexer 160. 16 data bits DL0 to DL15 act as inputs to the selectors 161 to 168, respectively, in pairs. In the above example, if the circuit operates in 8-bit output mode, only 8 of the 16 data bits DL0 to DL15 are output from cell array 110. The selectors 161 to 168 operate according to an address signal (for example, referred to as "address bit An"), which is used to select the 8-bit output mode, located within the address signals A[n:0]. In the case of 8-bit output mode, the selectors 161 to 168 use only one of two possible data I/O lines (for example, 100 to 107), respectively.
As such, address bit An of the address signal A[n:0] is used in 8-bit output mode. Thus, fuses such as Fan and Fbn, which correspond to the address bit An, have to be properly cut in the address comparator 151 of FIG. 2.
In 16-bit output mode, since 16 data bits DL0 to DL15 are all used as inputs to the I/O multiplexer, the address bit An is not used to signify 8-bit output mode, and fuses such as Fan and Fbn corresponding to the address bit An are connected (i.e., not cut) so that the address bit An is disregarded. However, if the circuit is designed in 16-bit output mode, and fuses Fan and Fbn are all connected, the circuit cannot operate in 8-bit output mode. Accordingly, tests cannot be performed normally under an 8-bit output mode environment.
As a result, equipment capable of performing tests in a 16-bit output mode has to be additionally provided.

Memory device capable of changing data output mode


In a mask ROM device, a plurality of recesses extending parallel to each other are formed in a memory cell array region on the surface of a silicon substrate. In the direction intersecting the recesses, first and second transistor trains are formed in which select transistors and memory transistors are connected in series. The MOS transistors of the transistor trains have the sidewall of recess 5 formed as a channel region. A depletion implantation layer corresponding to data to be stored is formed on the sidewall of the recess. The first transistor train and the second transistor train are insulated and isolated from each other by an LOCOS isolation film.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a semiconductor device, and more specifically, to a highly integrated structure of an NAND type mask ROM (Read Only Memory).
The present invention further relates to a method of manufacturing an NAND type mask ROM having such a highly integrated structure.
FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit of the memory cell array of a conventional NAND type mask ROM utilizing an n channel type transistor, and FIG. 11 is a top plan view showing the structure of the memory cell array corresponding to FIG. 17. Referring to these figures, on the main surface of a silicon substrate, a first MOS transistor train (a train) and a second MOS transistor train (b train) both formed of a plurality of MOS transistors connected in series are formed parallel to each other extending in the direction of columns. These two transistor trains (a train, b train) are insulated and isolated from each other by an LOCOS (Local Oxidation of Silicon) isolation film 4. The gate electrodes (3S0, 3S1) and word lines (30-37) of MOS transistors are formed extending parallel to each other in the direction of rows on the main surface of the silicon substrate.
FIG. 12 illustrates a sectional structure taken along line X--X in FIG. 11. The plurality of MOS transistors formed on the main surface of a silicon substrate 6 are connected in series sharing impurity regions with each other. The MOS transistor train of a plurality of MOS transistors includes a transistor of enhancement type and a transistor of depletion type. In the case of the depletion type transistor, an arbitrary transistor is formed into depletion type depending upon data to be stored therein. More specifically, in the NAND type mask ROM, ROM data "1"/"0" is stored as the "presence/absence" of depletion implantation to the MOS transistor.
The operation of a conventional NAND type mask ROM will be described in conjunction with FIGS. 17, 11 and 12.
In FIG. 17, transistors having their channel regions depicted by oblique lines (for example 5S0a, 5S1b, 51a . . . ) are depletion type transistors, and the other transistors are of enhancement type. Gate electrodes 3S0 and 3S1 are select gates for selecting the a train or b train of MOS transistors.
In operation, when data is read out from a bit line 53a of WL3-a train, select gate 3S0 is turned off, 3S1 is turned on, word line WL3 (33) of the read bit is turned off, and the other word lines WL0-WL2, and WL4-WL7 are turned on. In this state, current does not flow through b train side, because transistor 5S0b is in the state of off. With the non-selected word lines (WL0-WL2, WL4-WL7) being all supplied with ON state current, current can flow through the bits (50a-52a, 54a-57a) corresponding to these non-selected wordlines regardless of the bits being enhancement type or depletion type. Whether or not current flows through the a train is determined depending upon whether or not current can flow the bit 53a corresponding to word line WL3 selected in this state. Suppose that the selected read bit 53a is a depletion type transistor. Therefore, if current flows through read bit 53a, current flows through the a train side, and then the current flows through bit line 2. The data of read bit 53a is determined to be "1" by sensing the current through bit line 2.
Conversely, when select gate 3S0 is turned on, 3S1 is turned off and word line WL3 is selected, the current path is cut off because read bit 53b is formed of an enhancement type transistor. Current therefore does not flow through the b train, and the data of read bit 53b is determined to be "0".
A description will be provided on the structure of an MOS transistor constituting each of the bits. FIG. 13 is a sectional view showing the structure of series-connected MOS transistors. MOS transistor trains constituting bits include a depletion type MOS transistor 10a and an enhancement type MOS transistor 10b. The transistors both have the same basic structure. In other words, the transistors both include a pair of N.sup.+ sources/drains 13, 13, a gate insulating layer 12 and a gate electrode 11. Depletion type MOS transistor 10a has a depletion implantation layer 14 at least in its channel region. Depletion implantation layer 14 permits current to flow through the source-drain region even when no voltage is applied to the gate electrode. More specifically, its threshold voltage is negative. Conversely, in the case of enhancement type MOS transistor 10b, drain current starts flowing through the source-drain regions 13, 13 with gate electrode 11 being supplied with a positive gate voltage.
A description will be provided on a method of manufacturing the series-connected MOS transistor train shown in FIG. 13. FIGS. 14-16 are sectional views showing the structure of the MOS transistor train shown in FIG. 13 for illustrating the manufacturing steps in their order.
As shown in FIG. 14, an LOCOS isolation film (not shown) is formed at a prescribed position on the main surface of silicon substrate 6 by means of LOCOS method. Then, impurity ions 26 are implanted into the surface of silicon substrate 6 for adjusting the threshold of the transistor.
As shown in FIG. 15, a mask layer 27 is formed at a prescribed position in a transistor formation region on the silicon substrate. Using mask layer 27, impurity ions 28 such as phosphorus or arsenic (in the case of n channel type) are implanted into the region of silicon substrate 6 in which a depletion type transistor is to be formed. Depletion implantation layer 14 is thus formed.
As shown in FIG. 16, after removal of mask layer 27, a gate insulating layer 12 is formed on the surface of silicon substrate 6, by, for example, heat-oxidation method. Further formed on the surface of gate insulating layer 12 is conductive layer formed of such as polycrystalline silicon, or a two-layered film of high-melting point metal silicide and polycrystalline silicon, which is patterned into a prescribed form. A plurality of gate electrodes are thus formed. Then, using the gate electrodes as masks, n type impurity ions 29 are implanted, thereby forming the source/drain 13 of the MOS transistor. A series-connected structure of enhancement type and depletion type MOS transistors is formed by the foregoing steps.
Subsequently, interlayer insulating layers, bit lines and source lines are formed.
In the field of semiconductor devices, a demand for increasing integration density is inevitable in order to expand storage capacities. The structures of devices constituting a memory should be shrunk for higher integration density. In the case of the memory cell array of a conventional NAND type mask ROM as described above, the size of the series-connected MOS transistor structure should be reduced for the purpose of reducing the size of the entire structure. The reducing the size of a MOS transistor is however encountered with the following problem.
(1) Referring to FIG. 13, in the case of an enhancement type transistor, as for the gate length of gate electrode 11, a length enough for maintaining the breakdown voltage of the source-drain region is necessary which can cut off current flowing through the source-drain region. More specifically, it is necessary to secure such a distance between the source and drain that punch through phenomenon can be restrained from taking place in the source-drain region.
(2) The spacing of gate electrodes 11, 11 of adjacent MOS transistors is limited by resolution given by an exposure device or performance by an etching device in the process of patterning.
According to the above-stated limitations, the gate length is about 0.8 .mu.m and the spacing of gate electrodes 11, 11 is about 0.8 .mu.m in the memory cell array of the conventional mask ROM shown in FIG. 13.
As described above, in a conventional mask ROM having a memory cell array in which MOS transistors are disposed in series on the main surface of a silicon substrate, the limitations given by MOS transistor characteristics as well as manufacture stand in the way of achieving further reduction of the size.

Mask ROM device having highly integrated memory cell structure


A thermoplastic bag structure and method for making and packaging thermoplastic bags such that their tops are easily identified and the bags are easily opened. The method for producing these bags begins with cutting a flattened thermoplastic tube into two portions. At least one of the two portions is then collapsed to form a sheet of material having a pair of thermoplastic layers, a straight folded bottom edge and a pair of top edges, at least one of which has a skewed-cut. Bag side structures are formed in the sheet of material at about bag-width distances apart. The bags are then folded a predetermined number of times, in a direction transverse to the bag side structures, so that the skewed-cut top edge(s) of each of the bags remains exposed.

For many years, thermoplastic bags have been widely used for a number of household and industrial purposes. Many have a simple rectangular structure comprising two layers of thermoplastic film, heat sealed sides, a folded bottom and an open top. This simple structure has been adapted to form a wide variety of sizes and configurations that vary with the intended uses of the bags.
In recent years, bag manufacturers have developed new ways of packaging bags. One method of packaging bags involves winding perforated, interconnected bags into a roll. The consumer then unrolls a bag, tears it off of the roll and opens it. Another method of packaging bags involves the packaging of separate, individually folded bags into a stack. The consumer then selects a bag, unfolds it and opens it. Advances in the thermoplastic bag art have produced very thin, yet strong, bags. Furthermore, advances in perforation technology have produced interconnected bags that can be cleanly separated from a roll of bags.
However, these advances do have disadvantages. The thin layers and clean edges make it difficult to distinguish the top of the bag from the bottom, or even the sides, of the bag. This often frustrates consumers who must struggle to find the top of the bag to open it. Once the top is found, the thin layers also make it difficult to open the bags.
Consequently, these deficiencies have created a need for bags with tops that are easily identified and easily opened.


The present invention relates to a recording medium cartridge memory and recording/reproducing apparatus. A recording medium cartridge consists of a recording medium and a cartridge memory in which a unique ID of the apparatus used for recording/reproducing the cartridge memory is recorded in an unrewritable condition. The apparatus for recording/reproducing the recording cartridge memory consists of a sending/receiving unit which reads out an ID recorded in the cartridge memory, an ID inspection unit inspecting whether or not the ID recorded in the cartridge memory and an ID stored in the apparatus accord by comparing both, and a control unit which records data in a recording medium or control operations of a recording/reproducing unit which reproduces data from the recording medium based on an inspection result in the ID inspection unit.

A recording medium cartridge consisting of a recording medium such as a magnetic tape is equipped with a cartridge memory to memorize manufacture information such as a manufacturer and manufacture number and usage history information such as a user and usage date. As a conventional recording medium cartridge consisting of a recording medium such as a magnetic tape, there exists such a recording medium cartridge disclosed in page 2, FIGS. 7 and 8 of Japan patent laid open publication 2001-332064. This kind of cartridge memory can give and receive a signal and electric power without contacting outside of the recording medium due to an electromagnetic induction, so it is housed inside a cartridge case of the recording medium cartridge.
In the conventional recording medium cartridge, there existed a problem that data written in a recording medium was leaked because of it being easily read out.
Moreover, the conventional recording medium cartridge can repeat data recording as many times as needed, so it was difficult to verify data authenticity recorded in the recording medium, that is, whether or not the data was tampered. Especially in the fields of a medical care and law, a method for determining the data authenticity was required from the necessity of assuring its authenticity.

Recording medium cartridge and recording/reproducing apparatus therefor


A vibrating structure gyroscope comprises a resonant structure arranged to vibrate under stimulation from a primary drive electrode. A drive system is arranged to vibrate the vibrating structure at a resonance frequency. An automatic gain control unit varies an amplitude of a primary drive signal (PD). A controller operates the gyroscope such that in a first mode of operation, the automatic gain control unit varies an amplitude of the drive signal (PD) between an operating range defined by upper and lower bounds and in a second mode operation, in which the automatic gain control unit sets the amplitude of the drive signal (PD) to a predetermined level outside of the operating range. In the second mode of operation an amplitude of a primary sense signal (PP) is measured after a predetermined time period to determine an oscillation cycle count during said predetermined time period.

Gyroscopes are sensors that measure angular rate (i.e. the rate of rotation). Gyroscopes are used in many applications, including inertial navigation, robotics, avionics, and automobiles. In inertial navigation applications, gyroscopes may be found in self-contained systems known as 'inertial measurement units' (IMUs). IMUs typically contain a plurality of accelerometers and/or gyroscopes, and provide an estimate of an object's travel parameters such as angular rate, acceleration, attitude, position, and velocity, based on the outputs of gyroscope(s) and/or accelerometer(s).
MEMS-based gyroscopes have become ubiquitous in recent years, and are often far more effective than their conventional macroscopic counterparts. MEMS-based gyroscopes are typically implemented using vibrating structures and are often referred to in the art as 'vibrating structure gyroscopes' or 'VSGs'. Vibrating structure gyroscopes generally contain a micro-machined mass that is arranged to oscillate. Typical examples of vibrating structure gyroscopes include vibrating ring gyroscopes, vibrating tuning fork gyroscopes, and also other vibrating structures including e.g. beams, cylinders, hemispherical shells, and disks.
In general operation, the micro-machined mass is driven to oscillate in a predefined mode of vibration, typically a cos nθ mode of vibration (e.g. n=2). The driven mode of vibration is usually called a primary mode. When the gyroscope rotates, a Coriolis force is exerted on the vibrating mass, and this force may cause the mass to oscillate in a secondary mode of vibration, which is different to the primary mode. Typically, the secondary mode of vibration occurs in addition to the primary mode, and the secondary mode results in the mass oscillating along a different direction to the predefined oscillation of the primary mode.
Since the amplitude of oscillation in the secondary mode is proportional to the rate of rotation, the angular rate (e.g. measured in degrees per second) can be determined by directly detecting the amplitude of the secondary oscillation using a suitable sensor (e.g. a transducer such as an inductive or capacitive transducer)—this is known as an 'open loop measurement'. Alternatively, the angular rate may be measured by applying a restorative force to counter the oscillation in the secondary mode and thereby keep the mass vibrating solely in the primary mode. The restorative force is usually based on the detected amplitude of the secondary oscillation. Since the restorative force is proportional to the applied angular rate, the amplitude of the signal required to nullify the secondary mode provides a measure of the angular rate. This latter arrangement is known in the art as a 'closed loop measurement'. An example of how to measure the angular rate is discussed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,419,194 and 8,347,718.
An issue with vibrating structure gyroscopes is that it is difficult to determine the 'quality-factor' (often referred to as the 'Q-factor' or simply 'Q') of the resonator (e.g. silicon ring) once built into the gyroscope. This difficulty arises due to the interaction with the support electronics, both drives and pick-offs, which are required to enable the resonator to be used as a gyroscope and also when the resonator as a gyroscope it is difficult to differentiate between the different signals required to measure rate or to measure Q.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the Q of the gyroscope is a measure of the quality of the resonance achieved by the resonator—a high Q means that there is relatively low damping and the resonator oscillates at the resonant frequency, at a relatively high amplitude for a relatively long time; whereas a low Q means that there is relatively high damping such that oscillations decay away more quickly. Generally, a high Q is desirable for gyroscopes.
Being able to determine the Q of the gyroscope may be beneficial for a number of reasons. One such reason is that a gyroscope can suffer from 'scale factor errors', which generally must be accounted for by error compensation processes. A 'scale factor error' in a gyroscope is a percentage-based error in which the angular rate detected by the gyroscope is an underestimate or overestimate of the true angular rate by some percentage. For example, a scale factor error of 0.1% on a 60°/s angular rate would lead to an absolute error of 0.06°/s. In order to compensate for such scale factor errors, typically an adjustment is made to the primary drive signal applied to the gyroscope to offset the scale factor error.
Some gyroscopes, for example inductive gyroscopes make use of a permanent magnet where the resonant structure is positioned within a permanent magnetic B-field, in a manner known in the art per se. Degradation in the strength of the B-field generally results in an increase in the primary drive level required to correct the resulting change in scale factor.
In general, the primary drive level for a particular vibration amplitude depends upon both the magnetic field strength and the Q of the resonator. However, while the field strength directly affects scale factor, Q does not, and thus for B-field scale factor correction to work, any variation in Q must be accounted for, either by characterisation or measurement. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the Q of the resonator typically varies significantly over temperature but may also change over the lifetime of the device.


A multiple joint pliers having a transversely retaining branch (2), a transversely retained branch (3), and a plate (4). The transversely retaining branch (2) which includes a first jaw (6), a first articulating intermediate zone (9) and a first handle (10). The first articulating zone defines a recess (12), and on either side thereof, a stepped portion (14). The transversely retained branch (3) includes a second jaw (21), a second articulating intermediate zone (23) and a second handle (22). The second articulating zone being received mobile in rotation, and selectively in translation, in the recess. The plate (4) maintaining the second articulating zone in the recess. The ends (27) of the plate are positioned on the respective stepped portions. The plate (4) is generally Ω-shaped when viewed laterally.

The present invention relates to interengaged multigrip pliers.
Multigrip pliers of this type (see for example DE-A-195 18 555, U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,020) make it possible to provide interengaged guiding, which is therefore precise and reliable, with two arms produced by cold forging and a plate attached to the interengaging arm.
However, in the aforementioned known solutions the planar shape of the plate leads to a substantial thickness of the interengaging arm and to a corresponding substantial thickness of the other arm.

Transversely retained multiple slip-joint pliers


A cordless telephone apparatus includes: a battery which is rechargeable with a direct current based on an electric energy supplied from an outside of the cordless telephone apparatus; a constant current circuit which limits the direct current charged into the battery to a constant current; a voltage-dividing resistor which divides a direct voltage inputted into the constant current circuit; an A/D converter which converts a value of the direct voltage divided by the voltage-dividing resistor into digital data; a charging-state acquiring portion which acquires a charging state of the battery based on the digital data from the A/D converter; and a charging-state informing portion which informs the charging state of the battery acquired by the charging-state acquiring portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cordless telephone apparatus that informs a user of a state of charging.
2. Discussion of Related Art
When a cordless telephone apparatus is charged, the cordless telephone apparatus is placed on (in) a charger. As the cordless telephone apparatus is closer to the charger, a howling (an acoustic feedback) may occur. Therefore, in relation to an invention which prevents the howling, there has been recently developed a technique to determine whether the cordless telephone apparatus is close to the charger, as disclosed in Patent Document 1 (JP-A-7-221825), for example.
Whether the cordless telephone apparatus is close to the charger is determined as follows. When a detection coil detects an alternating magnetic field generated by a magnetizing coil provided in the charger, an alternating voltage which generates at opposite ends of the detection coil is inputted into a rectification circuit by electromagnetic induction, and an output voltage diverged from the rectification circuit is inputted into a comparator. Then the comparator compares the output voltage with a reference voltage value, so that it is determined whether the cordless telephone apparatus is close to the charger.
However, in the above-mentioned technique, since the comparator is used for comparing direct voltage converted from alternating voltage with the reference voltage value, only two states can be determined, one of the states being that the cordless telephone apparatus is close to the charger and the other being that the cordless telephone apparatus is not close thereto. Therefore, in a case where the determination technique is applied to a determination of a state of charging, only two states of charging, such as a charging-operable state and a charging-inoperable state, can be determined. In other words, as long as the cordless telephone apparatus is placed on the charger, it is always determined that the cordless telephone apparatus is in the charging-operable state.
Even when the cordless telephone apparatus is placed on the charger, a required time for charging is increased, or a charging operation becomes inoperable, when, in a contact-type charging, a foreign matter exists between a charging terminal of the cordless telephone apparatus and a charging terminal of the charger, or the charging terminal of the cordless telephone apparatus is misaligned with, or in a lifted position relative to (from), the charging terminal of the charger, or when, in a non-contact charging, a foreign matter exists between the cordless telephone apparatus and the charger, or the coil of the cordless telephone apparatus is misaligned with, or in a lifted position relative to the coil of the charger. In the above-mentioned technique, however, it is impossible to properly inform a user of the state of charging. Further, even when the cordless telephone apparatus is correctly placed on the charger, the required time for charging is increased, or the charging operation becomes inoperable, when a coating is formed over at least one of the charging terminals in the contact-type charging. In the above-mentioned technique, however, it is impossible to properly inform the user of the state of charging.


A storage medium storing a program, in inter-application communication that is performed between a first application operating on a first node and a second application operating on a second node, for making the first node perform processes by transmitting a same packet simultaneously to all the communication paths, the processes including: a trouble monitoring session establishing process in which, whether or not a trouble monitoring session has already been established between a first communication control unit and a second communication control unit is checked; an inter-application communication session establishing process in which, a request for establishing the inter-application communication session is performed to the second application and the inter-application communication session is established; and a trouble monitoring communication process in which trouble monitoring communication is performed using only necessary information for trouble monitoring in the trouble monitoring session and at a shorter interval than an interval between retransmission processes.

Conventionally, various measures have been taken for enhancing availability of the communication between applications that operate on the respective nodes connected via a network and the like. The communication between applications is to be referred to simply as "inter-application communications".
In relation to the above technique, a transmission path switching system during a trouble in broadcast communication has been known. According to the system, trouble detection in a transmission path of a network system engaged in broadcast communication and the switching of transmission paths are performed for realizing high reliability in the network system performing the broadcast communication. In addition, there is a known distributed-type control apparatus that reduces communication load and performs the communication of various messages reliably from the control apparatus to an operator station.
[Patent document 1] Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 04-207338
[Patent document 2] Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 06-253373

Technique for realizing high reliability in inter-application communication


The present invention relates to a method for transceiving a signal in a wireless communication system. A method for transceiving a signal in a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: deducing a channel from a transmission antenna of a transceiver; generating a reference signal by combining the deduced channel and a transmission signal from the transmission antenna; converting the reference signal into an analog signal; receiving a data signal and a self-interference signal by means of a reception antenna of the transceiver; and canceling the self-interference signal from the received data signal by means of the converted reference signal, wherein deducing a channel and combining signals are performed in the digital domain and discarding the self-interference signal is performed in the analog domain.

Generally, a wireless communication system is developing to diversely cover a wide range to provide such a communication service as an audio communication service, a data communication service and the like. The wireless communication is a sort of a multiple access system capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, etc.). For example, the multiple access system may include one of CDMA (code division multiple access) system, FDMA (frequency division multiple access) system, TDMA (time division multiple access) system, OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) system, SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access) system and the like.
According to a related art, one transmission antenna and one reception antenna (single input single output (SISO)) are used. On the contrary, MIMO (multiple input multiple output) corresponds to a method of using a plurality of transmission antennas and a plurality of reception antennas. Transmission and reception efficiency of data can be enhanced by the method. In particular, if a transmitting end or a receiving end of a wireless communication system uses a plurality of antennas, capacity can be increased and performance can be improved. In the following description, MIMO can also be called multiple antennas.
In the multiple antenna technology, it may not depend on a single antenna path to receive a whole message. Data is completed by combining data fragments received from many antennas in one place in the multiple antenna technology instead. When the multiple antenna technology is used, a data transmission speed may be enhanced in a cell area having a specific size or a system coverage may be enlarged while a specific data transmission speed is secured. And, this technology is widely used in a mobile communication terminal, a relay station, and the like. According to the multiple antenna technology, a throughput limitation of a single antenna used by a conventional technology in a mobile communication can be overcome.
In a configuration of a general MIMO communication system, NT number of transmitting antenna is installed in a transmitting end and NR number of receiving antenna is installed in a receiving end. In case that both the transmitting end and the receiving end use plural number of antennas, a theoretical channel transmission capacity is increased compared to a case that the plural number of antennas are only used for either the transmitting end or the receiving end. The increase of the channel transmission capacity is proportional to the number of antenna. Thus, a transfer rate is enhanced and frequency efficiency is enhanced. If a maximum transfer rate is represented as Ro in case of using a single antenna, the transfer rate using multiple antennas can be theoretically increased as much as the maximum transfer rate Ro multiplied by a rate of increase Ri.
For instance, MIMO communication system using 4 transmitting antennas and 4 receiving antennas may be able to theoretically obtain the transfer rate of 4 times of a single antenna system. After the theoretical capacity increase of the multi-antenna system is proved in the mid-90s, various technologies for practically enhancing a data transmission rate have been actively studied up to date and several technologies among them are already reflected in such a various wireless communication standard as a next generation wireless LAN and the like.
A multi antenna system uses a plurality of transmitting antennas and a plurality of receiving antennas and may be able to overcome a fading impact occurring on a radio channel via a plurality of transmitting and receiving paths. Hence, data transmission speed and data transmission quality can be enhanced compared to a single antenna. Yet, in order to obtain high transmission speed in MIMO system, it is necessary to have a sufficient distance between antennas. Since a base station receives a signal using a wide coverage, it is able to install antennas including a sufficient distance between base stations. Yet, it is practically difficult for a miniaturized terminal to have a sufficient distance. Hence, multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) enabling communication between many terminals including a single antenna and a base station of multiple antennas is widely studying and the MU-MIMO is included in 3GPP standard such as LTE-advanced and the like.
In multi-cell environment, transmission speed and quality of a user positioned at a boundary of a cell is seriously deteriorated by inter-cell interference (ICI) caused by a neighboring cell. In order to overcome the ICI, it may be able to use a frequency reuse method corresponding to a method of reducing interference by allocating an orthogonal frequency resource between adjacent cells. Yet, the frequency reuse method may bring not only improvement of transmission speed and quality of a user positioned at a cell boundary but also degradation of transmission speed and quality of a whole network. In order to solve the aforementioned problem, as a method of reducing the ICI by efficiently utilizing a frequency resource, there exists a CoMP (coordinated multi-point) scheme corresponding to a scheme of reducing the ICI via coordination between multiple cells. The CoMP scheme forms a virtual MIMO system by exchanging channel information or data information of a user with each other between multiple cells.
In order to efficiently transceive data in MU-MIMO system, it is necessary to have channel information between antennas. In a time division cellular system, a base station allocates a pilot resource to a user equipment to obtain the channel information. The user equipment transmits a predetermined pilot sequence to the base station via the allocated pilot resource and the base station estimates channel information by receiving the pilot sequence from the user equipment. Although a demand of the pilot resource increases in proportion to the number of user equipment, an amount of the pilot resource is limitative. Hence, it is practically impossible to allocate the pilot resource orthogonal between multiple cells to all user equipments. Hence, it is difficult to perfectly estimate a channel of a user by using a pilot resource and a transmission and reception filter constructed by an estimated channel may cause unintended interference. Performance degradation caused by reusing a pilot resource is especially serious in a cooperative cellular environment.
Hence, in order to obtain high transmission speed and quality by suppressing interference in a multi cell cooperative communication system, it is mandatory to control interference caused by a pilot resource. In other word, a base station should allocate an optimized pilot resource to each user equipment, estimate a channel between user equipments using a given pilot resource and design a transmission and reception filter based on the estimated channel. In order to maximize transmission speed, it is important to design an optimized scheme between the aforementioned steps. Hence, it is required to have a method of designing an enhanced transmission and reception filter capable of cancelling inter-cell interference and/or inter-user equipment interference from an estimated channel.

Method for transceiving signal in wireless communication system, and apparatus therefor


This application provides a data transmission method, user equipment, and a base station. The method is applied to a scheduling-free scenario of the base station for the user equipment UE, and the method includes: determining, by the UE, a target resource group from a plurality of transmission resource groups; and sending, by the UE, data to the base station by using a transmission resource in the target resource group, so that the base station performs data processing on the data by using a transmission format corresponding to the target resource group.

In recent years, with continuous development of an Internet of Things (IoT) application, a conventional wireless communications system has been extended to a communication application between machines, namely, machine type communication (MTC). Different from a conventional communication service, a communication service of the MTC is mainly characterized by a small transmission packet, insensitivity to a transmission delay, and a large quantity of users.
A fifth generation mobile communications (5G) technology research currently being actively discussed has made an MTC service one of important 5G service research scenarios. It is mainly that a current third generation mobile communications (3G) technology and a fourth generation mobile communications (4G) technology are not highly efficient for supporting the MTC service, and cannot meet a requirement of future 5G In a massive connectivity scenario, a quantity of links proposed by a 5G standard organization needs to reach 10 raised to the power of 6 per square kilometer. A quantity of access users is 1000 to 10000 times larger than that of existing Long Term Evolution (LTE) system users. If a massive connectivity communications system still uses an original transmission manner based on base station scheduling, scheduling overheads of a user sharply increase. To reduce uplink scheduling overheads of user equipment in the massive connectivity scenario, it is considered that although there are large quantities of users in massive connectivity, frequency for sending a packet of the user is not high, the packet is usually sent once every few minutes, and a packet size is usually tens to hundreds of bytes. Therefore, it is relatively suitable to use a mechanism of scheduling-free transmission. Therefore, a scheduling-free transmission scheme based on user contention has been widely studied and discussed in the industry.
A system coverage capability in the massive connectivity scenario directly affects a quantity of users of a link. If coverage of the communications system is limited, this means that a quantity of potential users is limited. However, a current scheduling-free transmission scheme is poor in coverage of a network.
Because the system is scheduling-free in the massive connectivity, it means that a base station needs to blindly detect data of the user equipment at a receive end. To reduce complexity, the user equipment usually sends the data by using a fixed transmission format such as a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) or a resource block (RB), and the base station receives a data packet based only on the fixed MCS or RB of the user equipment (UE). Therefore, for users of different coverage, a conventional adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) cannot be used, causing limited performance of the system. Because system resources are relatively redundant and wasteful if all designs are based on a capability of user equipment of edge coverage. However, transmission performance of the user equipment of edge coverage is damaged if all designs are based on user equipment at a medium coverage level.
Therefore, in the current scheduling-free transmission scheme, the base station cannot adaptively configure an appropriate transmission format for the user equipment based on a coverage level of the user equipment to process the data sent by the user equipment.

Data transmission method, user equipment, and base station


In an organic EL element having a cap sealing structure, a cathode is coated with an insulative protecting layer of a fluorine system polymer or an oxide insulative material and an inert medium is filled within the cap sealing structure.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an organic electroluminescent (EL) element, more specifically to an organic EL element with an improved sealing structure.
2. Prior Art
An organic EL element is a current-driving type luminescent element and a large current must be flown between an anode and a cathode. As the result, the element becomes hot when light is emitted. When oxygen or moisture exists around the element during electroluminescence, oxidation is promoted to deteriorate the element. Main defect caused by deterioration due to oxygen and moisture is to generate a non-luminescent point so-called dark spot which is caused by change of properties of the organic material or peel off of the cathode. The dark spot grows up little by little accompanying with deterioration and becomes not to emit light. To prevent the above-mentioned deterioration, various proposals have been made.
In Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 41281/1997, as a method for removing water component, an EL element is holded in an inactive liquid of a fluorocarbon oil containing a dehydrating agent such as a synthetic zeolite, etc.
In Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 114486/1997, a fluorocarbon oil 12a as a heat emission layer is sealed with a sealing glass 9 on at least one of a cathode 2 and an anode 7 as shown in FIG. 5 so as to emit Jourl heat during its operation.
Further, as shown in FIG. 6, it has been known a method of preventing permeation of oxygen or water by providing a seal protective layer 8 of a carbonate compound.
According to the foregoing prior art, however, dark spots generate and grow in many cases due to dissolved oxygen or dissolved water contained in the fluorocarbon oil itself. Also, since a large amount of a dehydrating agent must be added to a sealing member, the element is tended to be damaged thereby, and water taken in the dehydrating agent proceeds oxidation of the element due to direct contact therewith. Thus, it is difficult to suppress formation and growth of dark spots. Also, when sealing is performed by a resin or a metal layer alone, it is difficult to completely prevent permeation of oxygen or water from outside so that an element having a long lifetime of several thousands to several ten thousands hours needed for a final product can hardly be obtained.

Organic electroluminescent display with protective layer on cathode and an inert medium


A method and data processing apparatus for remapping selected data access requests issued by a processor for accessing data items stored on a ROM. The method comprises the following steps: storing at least one replacement data item corresponding to at least one data item and different to said at least one data item in a portion of a RAM memory block, said RAM memory block being accessible by said processor, and said portion having been defined for storage of said at least one replacement data item; intercepting a data access request from said processor to said ROM; comparing at least a portion of an address of said intercepted data access request with a stored at least one identifier, said stored at least one identifier identifying an address of at least one data item stored on said ROM, and depending on said comparison either: remapping said data access request to said RAM memory block, such that a replacement data item stored on said memory block is accessed if said comparison indicates said at least a portion of an address to correspond to an address identified by said at least one identifier; or if said comparison indicates said at least a portion of an address not to be an address identified by said at least one stored identifier accessing a data item located at a position corresponding to said address on said ROM.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of data processing systems. More particularly, this invention relates to the remapping of selected data access requests.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Data processing systems often use read only memory, ROM for storing information. One example of such a ROM is a flash device, this can be viewed effectively as a read only memory as it is only writable to under certain extremely restrictive conditions. One drawback of many ROMs and of flash devices in particular is that they can be slow to access. Thus, when operating code that is stored on a flash, it is generally copied to the SRAM prior to being executed. Not only does this increase the speed of execution of the code, it also allows portions of it to be overwritten. Thus, literals in the code can be updated and if the code is to be debugged then breakpoints can be inserted into the code.
In some circumstances, however, in particular, in small processing systems such as mobile phones, the Flash may be used to execute the code stored on it. This means that effective debugging of the code, or any system overwrite of literals, instructions or other data is not feasible.
One way in which this problem has been addressed is to provide a means of intercepting data access requests from the core to the Flash with the ability in selected circumstances of capturing the intercepted data access requests and supplying from a special storage location, in which replacement data is stored. This provides effective overwriting of the stored data as far as the core is concerned, although in reality the stored data is not altered. This has conventionally been done by inserting an intercepting device, which can be configured as a cache and contain a block range ("line") of replacement data, into the bus that routes data requests from the core to the Flash device. This device intercepts data access requests from the core to the Flash and compares the address of the data item to be accessed with some addresses that it has stored. If there is a match then it supplies the data from its own store. This replacement data item is stored in a special storage location consisting of D-type flip flops. In this way data access requests to certain data items never reach the Flash, rather the replacement items stored in the D-type flip flops are returned to the core. As far as the core is concerned the data items have been overwritten. A figure schematically showing this prior art device is shown in FIG. 1. As can be seen the data interceptor lies in the bus between the Flash and core and is connected to a set of D type flip flops that are used to store the replacement data items.
A problem with these devices of the prior art is that sufficient dedicated D-type flip flops for storing as many replacement data items as may be needed are required. These are only used for this purpose and thus, this way of providing a replacement of a data access request is expensive.

Method and apparatus for using a RAM memory block to remap ROM access requests


A retrievable screen apparatus provides increased filtration in a retrievable screen disposed within a receptacle, the receptacle being positioned in a subterranean well. The receptacle has a lower filtration screen attached thereto for filtering larger particles, such as gravel and proppant, from fluid flow within the well. Thus, the retrievable screen may be retrieved and replaced, leaving the receptacle operatively positioned in the well.

The present invention relates generally to equipment for use in subterranean wells and, in a preferred embodiment thereof, more particularly provides a retrievable screen apparatus and methods of using the apparatus.
Sand control screens are utilized for various purposes in subterranean wells. The name derives from their early use in preventing the production of sand along with fluids from formations. A sand control screen is typically suspended from production tubing extending to the earth's surface and positioned in a wellbore opposite a productive formation. In this way, the sand control screen may exclude the produced sand while permitting the valuable fluids to enter the tubing for transport to the earth's surface.
Other operations in which sand control screens are utilized include fracturing and gravel packing. In fracturing and gravel packing operations, material known as "proppant" or "gravel" is usually suspended in a slurry and pumped down the tubing and into the annular space between the sand control screen and metal casing lining the wellbore. The material typically accumulates in the annular space and eventually fills it, completely covering the exterior surface of the screen. The sand control screen prevents this material from being pumped back to the earth's surface.
Since it is generally not possible to pump gravel or proppant through the screen, other flow passages are typically provided in a fracturing and/or gravel packing apparatus to permit fluid communication between the tubing and the annular space. These other flow passages must then be closed when it is desired to produce fluids from the formation, which usually requires mechanical or pressure-operated devices, or manipulation of the tubing.
In some situations, it is necessary to filter very fine particles from the produced formation fluids. High filtration screens are used in these situations. Unfortunately, such high filtration screens usually become clogged with debris relatively quickly. Therefore, it is advantageous for high filtration screens to be retrievable, so that they may be periodically retrieved and either replaced, or cleaned and reinstalled. In addition, it would be desirable for a high filtration screen to have a low filtration screen disposed between the high filtration screen and the annular space, so that the high filtration screen would not become clogged as quickly, and so that the low filtration screen will prevent production of large sand particles or other debris when the high filtration screen is retrieved for cleaning or replacement.
It is well known in the art for a screen to be retrievably attached to, and suspended from, production tubing. Such screens provide a means of retrieval and replacement of the screens adjacent a productive formation. They do not, however, permit fracturing or gravel packing operations therethrough since an open end of the tubing is exposed when the screen is not in place. They also have no provision for placement of a low filtration screen between a high filtration screen and the produced formation.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that it would be quite desirable to provide a retrievable screen which may be installed in tubing or attached to a packer, which may have a low filtration portion between a high filtration portion and a producing formation, and which may be utilized in association with other operations, such as fracturing and gravel packing operations. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide such a retrievable screen apparatus and methods of using the apparatus.

Method of using a retrievable screen apparatus


In a wireless communication network having remote receivers (subscriber units) communicating through base units in a service area, each of the base units servicing a cell area encompasses one or more identifiable zones which can be occupied by receivers. According to the invention, at least one measure of the spatial size of the cell is reported to a receiver communicating with a base station, for use in location specific applications. The measure can be a size category, an average diameter or another measure, such as a shape and orientation of the cell, a boundary apex, and a boundary line of the cell. The base station coordinates are conventionally available to the receiver. By providing a measure of size, the receiver can resolve its zone or location to a coarse or low level of resolution. The zone occupied by the receiver is at least within the cell and the size of the cell and location of the base station are now known. According to additional embodiments, the resolved zone known to be occupied by the receiver is refined to an area within the defined cell area. The size of the cell or service area of the location transmitter can be appended to the identification code of the base station. Reporting the cell size and location is sufficient to facilitate some location applications in the receiver, and can reduce or eliminate reliance on satellite and other positioning systems, particularly if the zone initially defined as the cell size is resolved further, for example using time-of-arrival, power level, angular bearing and similar techniques.

There are various applications in which it is useful for a movable communications unit or its user to know the location of the unit, such as its coordinates in latitude and longitude or other reference system. Locating a person in need, helping a user to find a desired location such as a business, tracking assets during shipment, and locating stolen vehicles, are examples. Depending on the situation, the location information might be used at the subscriber unit or at the base station or at another unit in the network.
The Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) has adopted wireless location services standard, IS-801, to enable carriers and manufacturers to deploy "Wireless Assisted GPS" technology for mobile telephones and other radio communication tools to pinpoint locations automatically. The E911 standard of the US Federal Communications Commission suggests that location should be determinable to an accuracy of 100 meters with a network solution or 50 meters with a handset solution, for at least 67% of the attempts, and to an accuracy of 300 meters (network) or 150 meters (handset) for 95% of attempts.
Different location determination technologies are available. Differences in the time at which a signal from a source arrives at two or more spaced antenna elements can determine a relative bearing of the source. At a single receiving antenna, the timing of synchronized signals from two or more spaced remote signal sources of known coordinates, can fix the coordinates of the antenna.
The global positioning system (GPS) is a location determination system that uses 24 satellites transmitting synchronized signals on two frequency bands according to a code modulation technique that enables a mobile receiver to discriminate the timing signals from multiple satellites at known positions. The GPS location technique may be accurate but require an investment in hardware and require processing capabilities at the receiver, thus increasing the receiver cost and size or reducing battery life.
Different uses are possible if a receiver such as a cell phone "knows" its spatial coordinates to a degree of accuracy that is comparable to the precision of the information to which the receiver's coordinates are to be compared. Traffic hazard or weather information may be stated with a tolerance of some miles. Address mapping information is precise to the distance between adjacent addresses. If a receiver is to use these types of information, its location must be known at least to a comparable level of precision.
In a cellular wireless telephone network or a similar arrangement, the coordinates of a base station are fixed. It is known for the base station to broadcast its coordinates as a part of the base station header information. This information is therefore made available to subscriber units that communicate with the base station, and typically are located in the service area adjacent to the base station (namely the base station's "cell").
The coordinate location of the base station may be known in this manner, but the base station coordinates are not useful to the subscriber units except in connection with techniques for switching from service by one base station to another. The subscriber unit might assume that it is somewhere in the vicinity of a base station with which the subscriber unit is communicating, but according to conventional systems cannot determine the size of the cell that is serviced by the base station. It would be advantageous if the known coordinate location of the base station could provide some assistance to mobile units that seek to resolve their location.

Method of enabling low tier location applications


A circuit comprises a power tank, a pair of transformers and multiple loads. The power tank converts a DC input voltage to an AC voltage. The pair of transformers comprise a pair of primary windings and a pair of secondary windings and transform the intermediate AC voltage to an output AC voltage. The pair of primary windings are coupled to the power tank for receiving the intermediate AC voltage, and the pair of secondary windings provide the output AC voltage. The loads are coupled to the pair of secondary windings for receiving the output AC voltage. The pair of secondary windings are serially coupled to each other through the series-coupled loads to achieve current balance among the loads.

LCD panels are used in various applications ranging from portable electronic devices to fixed location units, such as video cameras, automobile navigation systems, laptop PCs and industrial machines. The LCD panel itself cannot emit light but must be backlit by a light source. One of the commonly used backlight sources is a cold-cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL). Usually, a high alternating current (AC) signal is required to ignite and run the CCFL. To generate such a high AC signal from a direct current (DC) power source, e.g., a rechargeable battery, a DC/AC inverter including a power tank and transformers is designed.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in larger size LCD displays, as required in LCD TV sets and computer monitors, which may require multiple CCFLs to provide necessary illumination. However, conventional circuits for driving multiple CCFLs may suffer from the problem that CCFL currents may not be balanced due to the tolerances of the inverter transformers and the CCFLs. The imbalance of CCFL currents can cause a reduced lifetime of the CCFLs and non-uniformity of the LCD panel brightness.

Circuits and methods for balancing current among multiple loads


The subject matter relates to a computer peripheral power distribution device, comprising a PC, a keyboard and a scanner, wherein one of the USB ports of the PC is connected by a USB wire to the USB control and microprocessor of the scanner; the keyboard is connected by a transmission cable respectively to the PC and the motor control and step motor of the scanner, thus by such connection, the working power for said scanner may come from the power transmitted from the PC through the USB port and the keyboard, so that it will not only eliminate the installation of a DC converter within the scanner, but will also reduce its total weight, and achieve the purposes of reduced power consumption, convenient portability and reduced costs.

The subject matter relates to a computer peripheral power distribution device, particularly to one in which the working power for the scanner may come from the power transmitted from the PC through a USB port and the keyboard.
Conventionally, in a regular peripheral device (such as a keyboard, a scanner, etc.) that is connected with a PC, the working voltage of the keyboard comes from the power transmitted from the PC; while the working power and current (12 V-1.6 A) for the scanner are obtained from a DC converter that is installed inside the scanner.
However, such a DC converter is bulky, heavy, and consumes a large amount of current, therefore, its design of integral power distribution is less than satisfactory.
Therefore, the subject inventor has devoted research, with technical applications, and has presented a device that will achieve the purpose of integral power distribution without the need of the DC converter.

Computer peripheral power distribution device


A device may receive a request to configure an environment for a target enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. The device may identify a system image of an ERP package. The device may provide, to other devices that are to support the environment, the system image and installation information to cause the other devices to use the system image to host the ERP package. The device may establish paths that permit data transmission between the target ERP system and a source ERP system. The device may identify development-operations (Dev-Ops) and test tools to be configured within the environment. The device may provision, using the one or more paths, the environment with the set of Dev-Ops and test tools. The device may provide instructions to the other devices to cause the other devices to deploy the environment of the target ERP system and to permit user devices to access the environment.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the integrated management of end-to-end processes of an organization. An ERP system may include one or more systems, environments, and/or tools that may be utilized to create content that is used to manage the end-to-end processes of the organization. For example, the ERP system may include development environments for creating the content, quality environments for testing the content, and production environments for deploying the content.

Automatic configuration and deployment of environments of a system


A device for checking the internal temperature of food, which includes a piercing element for insertion into food and a temperature sensor integral with the piercing element. The piercing element is connected to a main handle, which is removably connected to a handle portion. The handle portion contains a display, electronically connected to the temperature sensor, whereby the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor and, in some embodiments, the level of doneness is displayed by the display. In this embodiment, the piercing element and main handle are dishwasher safe and can be inserted safely into a dishwasher when the handle portion, containing a substantial portion of the electronics, is removed.

Various food products are of a type that can be prepared or cooked in accordance with taste preferences of the person or persons expected to consume the food item. Meat items, in particular, are cooked to taste preferences of a specific person. Such meat items may include steaks, pork chops, hamburger patties, roasts, rolls, racks and the like. For some such meat items, including beef, veal and lamb, a cooking selection often is made from known taste preferences or health requirements, including rare, medium rare, medium, medium well, and well done.
Food thermometers have been used to indicate an amount that a food product is cooked, referred to herein as its "doneness". Most of these food thermometers incorporate a probe that is inserted into the food. The probe is in operative communication with a temperature-measuring device. In certain food thermometers, the user is required to insert the probe into the food item prior to, or in the early stages of cooking, particularly when the food is being cooked in an enclosed oven, grill or the like.
Many food thermometers provide a direct reading of the temperature of the cooking food at the location of the probe. With this approach, the user is required to be aware of the significance of the food temperature insofar as it correlates to the extent of doneness that is desired or required for a particular type of meat, or other food item. Most individuals are entirely unaware as to what temperature the interior of a chicken breast, for instance, needs to be cooked, instead relying on an interior or exterior color of the cooking food. A device is needed that can provide not only the temperature of cooking food, but also a level of doneness of the food.
Other food thermometers provide an indicator, such as a pop-up element, that is activated when a threshold temperature is reached in accordance with a predetermined extent of doneness. This approach can be especially useful for food products that are not cooked according to typical selected doneness levels, but instead achieve an accepted doneness level upon reaching a single selected temperature. In general, food thermometers of this type are not adjustable. In addition, typically no means are provided for informing the user whether the "done" signal had just occurred or had occurred previously. In the latter event, the desired degree of doneness could have been far surpassed by the time the user recognizes that the food is done, resulting in overcooking of a food item.
Typical food thermometers that contain electronic components have a further drawback in that they are not dishwasher safe. Electronic items can be damaged if water penetrates their internal circuitry. The contents of dishwashers can normally expect to be attacked with jets of scalding hot water. As a result, most previously devised food preparation tools containing electronic circuitry, such as food thermometers having electronic components, are, as a rule, not considered dishwasher safe.
Food thermometers that are limited to reporting a temperature require a knowledgeable user and diligent monitoring of temperature changes. In addition, food thermometers that are limited to providing only a done indication function typically are not adjustable and likewise require careful and diligent attention to avoid overcooking so that cooking can be stopped or reduced promptly after a doneness indicator has become activated. Food thermometers containing electronic circuitry are not dishwasher safe.
Thus, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the industry to address the aforementioned deficiencies and inadequacies.

System and method for determining temperature of food