A finger fitting-type makeup tool includes: a container where an eyelash cosmetic material is received and is open at an upper end thereof; an application unit coupled to the upper end allowing a user to fit their finger thereinto to apply the cosmetic material; and a middle unit for detachably coupling the application unit to the container. The application unit includes: a finger fitting part which provides a fitting space where a user can insert his/her finger from above; an outer tube which surrounds the circumference of the finger fitting part and is open at an upper side thereof; an elastic support part fixed to an inner surface of the finger fitting part; a stick extending downward from one point of the inner space of the outer tube; and a brush arranged on an end portion of the stick to be usable for dipping and applying of the cosmetic material.

Makeup cosmetics are cosmetics which are applied on a body such as a face or nails to lent a splash of color and make skin color beautiful after a basic product is used, and which conceal skin defects which cannot be covered by the basic product. For example, the makeup cosmetics may be classified as a base makeup which can unify the color of the skin of an entire face or cover skin defects such as melasma and freckle, thereby fixing a skin healthily and beautifully, and a point makeup which locally highlights or shades lips, eyes, cheeks, nails or the like to deliver a three-dimensional effect, thus expressing his or her individuality. The base makeup includes, for example, a makeup base, a foundation, a powder and the like, and the point makeup includes, for example, a lip stick, an eyeliner, a mascara and the like.
The mascara, which is one of the point makeups, is a cosmetic for highlighting eyelashes, and is used in a method in which a cosmetic material is coated on a brush and applied on eyelashes.
Such mascara is generally constituted by a container in which a cosmetic material is contained, and a lid to which a stick and a brush are integrally coupled. When consumers open the lid, the brush coated with cosmetic material is extracted, and a user can do makeup by applying the cosmetic material coated on the brush on the eyelashes while holding the lid.
However, as a user must do eyelash makeup while holding the lid with the hand, it is difficult to do precise eyebrow makeup with a general mascara. Further, if a user inadvertently misses the lid held with the hand when doing eyelash makeup, a problem that the brush becomes dirty may occur.
In order to address the aforementioned problems, the applicant has proposed Korean Patent Application Publication Nos. 10-2017-0005966, 10-2017-0005967 and 10-2017-0005968. The technologies disclosed in the above patent documents relate to a mascara which enables a user to do makeup while fitting his/her finger into a finger inserting member to which a brush rod with a brush installed therein is connected.
However, in a case of the above mascara, a user should open the lid and fit his/her finger into the finger inserting member in order to use it for makeup, and thus there is a problem that the user should hold the lid with the other hand or store it separately so as not to lose it. If the lid is lost, the finger inserting member cannot be firmly fixed to the container and foreign matters may be entered into the inside of the container, so that the brush rod and the brush can be contaminated.
Further, the conventional finger inserting member is exposed directly to outside, and there has been a problem that the outer surface of the finger inserting member becomes dirt by cosmetic material while the brush rod and the brush enter and exit the container in which the cosmetic material is stored. In this case, a problem that a cosmetic material is smeared on a facial part which a user does not want during makeup may occur.
Further, in the conventional finger inserting member, the finger fixing part is formed so as to extend to an upper side of the finger inserting space, so there is a problem that the entire length becomes longer and thus it is inconvenient to store it.
Further, the finger inserting space is exposed to the outside when using the mascara, and thus foreign matters, such as dust or the like enter inside the finger inserting space, and are problematically attached to a user's fingertip or a nail after the use of the mascara, causing unpleasantness.


In a method of reducing network congestion between a source computer and a destination computer, a receiving router receives a source quench message and determines whether originator of the source quench message is the destination computer or an intermediate router. If the receiving router determines the originator to be the destination computer, the receiving router forwards the source quench message to the source computer. If the receiving router determines the originator to be an intermediate router, the receiving computer determines if there is an alternative route from the receiving router to the destination computer. If the receiving router determines there is no alternative route from the receiving router to the destination computer, the receiving router forwards the source quench message to the source computer. If the receiving router determines there is an alternative route to the destination computer, the receiving router does not forward the source quench message to the source computer, and, going forward, routes packets to the destination computer by the alternative route.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to the field of computer networking, and more particularly to a method of reducing network congestion by using Internet Control Message Control (ICMP) Source Quench information to update routing protocols dynamically.
2. Description of the Related Art
Routing packets from a source computer to a destination computer forms the bedrock of the Internet. At the Internet Protocol (IP) layer, routing is the critical mechanism through which data is sent. At any point in the path, routers pick the next router or destination to which for the packet, based on an entry in the routers routing table. Routing is truly a distributed protocol
However, with the exploding growth of the Internet, the bandwidth available has not been able to keep up with rising number of users and it is quite possible to encounter congestion. When the resources of a router or destination computer are being stretched by buffer overflow, bandwidth limitations, and the like, to router or destination computer needs a mechanism to inform others about its condition.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to communicate control information for the Internet at the network layer. If a router or destination computer experiences congestion, it can send an ICMP Source Quench message to the source computer, asking the source computer to slow down. The source computer can use this information to reduce its data rate. However, when the congestion is at the router rather than the destination computer, the destination computer may be well able to handle the original data rate.

International Business Machines Corporation


A filter according to a present invention embodiment reduces the effects of microphonic behavior in a communications network. The filter passes a network signal, while filtering out unwanted voiceband leakage (e.g., emissions of plaintext voice signals) due to microphonic behavior of the network equipment. The filter employs inductive units each including at least two inductive elements connected in series and arranged to cancel current within the inductive elements induced by vibrations and/or sound pressure (or acoustic) waves in the surrounding environment, thereby reducing extraneous signals produced within the filter (e.g., signals produced from microphonic behavior that may be in the form of perceivable voice or audio, noise, etc.). The filter reduces the extraneous signals in active and passive modes, and prevents compromise of secure or sensitive information (e.g., in the form of perceivable voice or audio) due to microphonic behavior of filter elements.

1. Technical Field
The present invention embodiments pertain to reduction of extraneous signals within electrical elements. In particular, the present invention embodiments pertain to electrical filters with one or more inductive units each including at least two inductive elements connected in series and arranged to cancel current within the inductive elements induced by vibrations and/or sound pressure (or acoustic) waves, thereby reducing extraneous signals (e.g., signals produced from microphonic behavior, noise, etc.).
2. Discussion of Related Art
In secured facilities, modern networked digital telephone systems (e.g., Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) systems) eliminate many of the security concerns with older telephony systems. This is primarily due to the potential to encrypt the voice transmission "end-to-end" beginning at the handset of the telephone device. Although the intentional, packetized voice signal is protected by encryption, limitations of the VoIP equipment design may result in measurable unintended emissions of the original unencrypted (or plaintext) analog voice signal onto a computer network cable. Since almost any inductive component in a telecommunications or computer networking device may exhibit microphonic behavior (e.g., emissions of the conveyed signal) in response to acoustic vibrations, unintended voiceband emissions of plaintext may be present on a network interface when a call is not in progress, or even during the interval equipment is powered down.
Accordingly, telephony equipment intended for installation in secured facilities is tested for immunity to this potential security breach by exposing the equipment to test tones (at voice frequencies from a loudspeaker and at calibrated sound pressure levels), and measuring the electrical signal level present at the corresponding frequency on a network interface cable. In the event of a testing failure, the equipment may be redesigned to pass the test, thereby significantly increasing the costs and complexity of the equipment.
In the event electronic circuitry is utilized to correct the deficiencies, certain circuit elements may be susceptible to microphonic behavior (e.g., emissions of the plaintext or conveyed signal that may be in the form of perceivable voice or audio), thereby producing extraneous signals (e.g., signals produced from microphonic behavior, noise, etc.). A source of these extraneous signals (e.g., voice or audio signals produced from microphonic behavior, noise, etc.) in electronic circuits includes vibration present in the operating environment. For example, mechanical vibration and sound pressure (or acoustic) waves may initiate microphonic behavior and produce the extraneous signals in a circuit exposed to those items. Ferrous core inductors or coils are among circuit elements that are most sensitive to vibration and sound pressure waves. These stimuli may excite vibration of inductor windings with respect to the fixed core, and induce an unwanted alternating current (representing the extraneous signals (e.g., audio or electrical noise)) in the coil with the same frequency as the inducing vibration force. Although the inductor windings may be encapsulated in a rigid compound (e.g., epoxy resin) to prevent movement of the windings relative to the core, this construction is often not available "off the shelf", or is more costly to produce.

Inductive filter and method of reducing vibration sensitivity


One exemplary embodiment can include a method of altering a feed to a transalkylation zone by changing a destination of a stream rich in an aromatic C9 for increasing production of at least one of benzene, toluene, para-xylene, and an aromatic gasoline blend. The method can include providing the stream rich in an aromatic C9 from a first fractionation zone that receives an effluent from a second fractionation zone. The second fractionation zone may produce a stream rich in at least one of benzene and toluene. The stream rich in the aromatic C9 can be at least partially comprised in at least one of the feed to the transalkylation zone and the aromatic gasoline blend.

Many aromatic complexes are designed to maximize the yield of benzene and para-xylene. Benzene is a versatile petrochemical building block used in many different products based on its derivation including ethylbenzene, cumene, and cyclohexane. Para-xylene is also an important building block, which can be used for the production of polyester fibers, resins, and films formed via terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate intermediates.
An aromatic complex may be configured in many different ways depending on the desired products, available feedstocks, and investment capital available. As an example, other products may be produced, such as toluene and an aromatic gasoline blend.
However, market conditions can fluctuate and create a greater demand for one or more of these products. Consequently, there is a desire to provide greater flexibility to produce more of a given product, such as benzene, para-xylene, toluene, and/or an aromatic gasoline blend, depending on market conditions.

Method of altering a feed to a reaction zone


A high frequency pulse generator, a distributed parameter coupling line, a sequential pulse variable voltage ignition system using a standard HMI lamp or a specialized ultra high frequency HMI lamp to provide a high Color Rendering Index, to reduce or eliminate audit lamp and igniter resonance and provide for a wide range of color correction from 7000° Kelvin to 3000° Kelvin from a standard HMI lamp.

1. Field of the Invention
This present invention is directed to high frequency pulse generators, or ballasts as known to skilled persons, a distributed parameter coupling line, or head cable as known to skilled persons, a sequential pulse variable voltage ignition system using a standard HMI lamp or a specialized ultra high frequency HMI lamp. The invention provides a high CRI (Color Rendering index), reduces or eliminates audible lamp and igniter resonance and provides for a wide range of color correction from 7000° Kelvin to 3000° Kelvin from a standard HMI lamp.
2. Description of the Related Art
New advances in professional digital cinema require new tools and solutions for an increasingly difficult and complicated problem, lighting. These problems are well known by directors of photography, gaffers, electricians and knowledgeable professionals.

High frequency programmable pulse generator lighting apparatus, systems and methods


A mesoporous silicate is prepared by a method that includes combining a silicate precursor, a bifunctional catalyst, and a structure-directing surfactant in an aqueous medium having a pH of about 4 to about 10. A mesoporous silicate forms as an aqueous suspension and can then be isolated. The mesoporous silicate can be formed under mild conditions of temperature and pH, and it exhibits a surprisingly high degree of network condensation.

Since their discovery, ordered mesoporous silicates prepared using cooperative assembly techniques have been the subject of considerable research. See, for example, C. L. Kresge et al., Nature, volume 359, pages 710-712 (1992); D. F. Zhao et al., Science, volume 279, pages 548-552 (1998); and D. H. Zhao et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 120, pages 6024-6036 (1998). While the development of ordered mesoporous silicate particles and films has been underway for some time, their ultimate applications in devices, catalysis and separations has been challenged by issues of thermal and mechanical stability. Specifically, traditional routes to these materials lead to incomplete silicate network formation during the condensation process that produces the inorganic network. For example, in known as-formed (uncalcined) mesoporous silicas, the fraction of silicon atoms bound to four —OSi groups (Q4) is often only about half as great as the combined fractions of silicon atoms bound to two (Q2) and three (Q3) —OSi groups. In other words, the ratio Q4/(Q3+Q2) is often 0.5 or less. Incomplete condensation chemistry in turn leads to significant shrinkage of the film or particles during calcination as well as thermal, mechanical, and hydrothermal instability of the resulting mesoporous silicas under conditions required for many of their intended uses. Furthermore, many of the known methods of producing mesoporous silicas require extremely acidic conditions and/or high temperatures that are incompatible with many molecules and nanoparticles that are candidates for encapsulation in mesoporous silicates.
There is therefore a desire for a method of producing highly condensed mesoporous silicates under mild conditions.

Highly condensed mesoporous silicate compositions and methods


A sequenced initialization used for maximizing detection of errors and failures and triggering of respective attention signals. A number of computer devices each having a JTAG interface, an attention distribution sub-system, and a service processor are provided. Each computer device is inaccessible during a built in self test (BIST) and is coupled to an error register bit. Fences for computer devices are put up so that the inputs are in a known state and computer devices driving the inputs have no effect. BISTs for computer devices are performed as they are released from reset. Determination of when BISTs are complete and if each BIST has passed is performed.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to maximizing fault isolation during computer system initialization and in particular to a system and method for system initialization to maximize fault isolation using JTAG.
2. Description of the Related Art
Analyzing and debugging errors and failures are often difficult to accomplish in large, complex computer systems such as in International Business Machine""s (IBM""s) RS6000 workstation. Such complex systems are so widely distributed with numerous key chips, components, and sub-systems that a failure or error that has occurred in one chip, component, or sub-system of the computer system is not realized or recognized by other chips, components, or sub-systems in the computer system. Debugging becomes particularly difficult in these complex computers when the error or failure occurs during the power up or initialization phase of the computer system as not all isolation mechanisms are enabled yet.
The entire computer system is not promptly or immediately stopped or halted when such failure(s) or error(s) has occurred during the system initialization. Thus, the computer system may continue to initialize, set up, operate, and execute even though an error or failure has occurred in at least one of the chips, components, or sub-systems of the computer system. Also, such present computer systems do not provide an easy way for identifying, locating, and debugging the error(s) or failure(s) that has or have occurred during the system initialization and the source of the error(s) or failure(s) at the time of system initialization.
Additionally, Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) architectures and features on chips are well known in the art. JTAG architectures and features provide a secondary or ancillary backdoor into the chips. Through JTAG architecture, access is provided to registers on the chip. These registers are used to stop clocks, enable and disable output drivers, and raise and lower fencing logic. In addition, JTAG is used to read error registers in the event of an error.
All key chips in such complex computer systems (i.e. RS6000 workstation) include bi-directional checkstop and attention logic, which are well known in the art. A checkstop is a fatal error that must be handled as quickly as possible. An example of such a fatal error is a parity error that triggers a checkstop to immediately handle the error. Other IBM systems have used checkstop to freeze all processor states in multiprocessor systems for each of the processors in the overall computer system. An attention may be a secondary error or a less serious condition that may not even be an error. The attention may not necessarily have to be handled as quickly as possible. If a secondary error or less serious condition has occurred, an attention is triggered by the respective processor, chip, component, sub-system, etc.
However, an attention or checkstop architecture has not been used for and during the initialization and set up process of an entire and overall computer system, particularly a complex computer system. Also, an attention or checkstop tree architecture for an entire and overall computer system does not exist wherein the attention or checkstop tree is able to be traversed and used to efficiently isolate and identify an error or failure and its location during system initialization. Thus, the initialization process and procedure of a complex computer system may be complicated or so involved such that detection of an error(s) or failure(s) (i.e. triggering of an attention or checkstop) may be impossible or impractical.
It is therefore advantageous and desirable to break down and set forth a sequence of steps for the initialization process or procedure of a complex computer system in order to accommodate detection of errors and failures and triggering of a respective attention or checkstop for and during the system initialization, set up, or power on. It is further advantageous and desirable to provide a system and method for maximizing fault isolation using JTAG during initialization or set up or power on of an entire and overall computer system, particularly a complex computer system.
It is therefore one object of the present invention to break down and set forth a sequence of steps for the initialization process or procedure of a complex computer system in order to accommodate detection of errors and failures and triggering of a respective attention or checkstop for and during the system initialization, set up, or power on.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a system and method for maximizing fault isolation using JTAG during initialization or set up or power on of an entire and overall computer system, particularly a complex computer system.
The foregoing objects are achieved as is now described. A sequenced initialization used for maximizing detection of errors and failures and triggering of respective attention signals. A number of computer devices each having a JTAG interface, an attention distribution sub-system, and a service processor are provided. Each computer device inaccessible during a built in self test (BIST) is coupled to an error register bit. Computer devices are reset. Functional clocks of computer devices are disabled. output drivers of computer devices are disabled. Fences for computer devices are put up so that the inputs are in a known state and computer devices driving the inputs have no effect. BISTs for computer devices are performed as they are released from reset. Determination of when BISTs are complete and if each BIST has passed is performed. The following tasks are performed via JTAG: Attention signals for computer devices are raised when BISTs are completed; Functional clocks for computer devices are started; Computer devices for system operation are configured when BISTs are complete; and output drivers of computer devices are enabled by using JTAG accesses to computer devices. Fences of computer devices are dropped after output drivers have been enabled. Computer devices are released from reset modes. A fault detection signal is triggered if a fault was detected by any computer device. A fault is driven to the attention distribution sub-system, and an attention sent out to all other computer devices by the attention distribution sub-system during the sequenced initialization. Service processor determines whether to continue with sequenced initialization depending on fault determined.
The above as well as additional objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following detailed written description.

System and method for computer system initialization to maximize fault isolation using JTAG

International Business Machines Corporation


An internal combustion engine includes an arrangement of cylinders each having a reciprocating piston operatively linked to a crankshaft. The cycle for each cylinder includes an intake stroke, a compression stroke, a power stroke, an exhaust stroke, and two free strokes during which the exhaust valve or a separate clean air valve is left open. The power stroke of each cylinder fires simultaneously with the free stroke of another cylinder. The engine and method of operation provides a six stroke cycle for each power stroke to yield three revolutions of the crankshaft per cycle, thereby increasing fuel efficiency.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to internal combustion engine operation and, more particularly, to a six stroke internal combustion engine wherein each power stroke fires simultaneously with a free stroke of another cylinder to reduce fuel consumption.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
For many years now, most cars, trucks, motorcycles and other machinery have used a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine as the power source. The primary parts of the combustion engine include a cylinder containing a reciprocating piston that is linked to a crankshaft by means of a connecting rod. Linear reciprocating movement of the piston head within a cylinder is converted into a rotational movement of the crankshaft as a result of the pivotal linkage of the connecting rod between the piston head and a crank cam on the crankshaft. Each cycle of operation in a cylinder includes intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. The four strokes of a piston during this cycle include an intake stroke, a compression stroke, a power stroke and an exhaust stroke. These four strokes occur during two rotations of the crankshaft per working cycle of the combustion engine. Each cycle begins with the piston at top dead center, when, the piston head is furthest away from the axis of the crankshaft. During the intake stroke, the piston head travels downwardly within the cylinder, increasing the cylinder volume while reducing pressure within the cylinder. At this point, an intake valve is opened to allow injection of a fuel and air mixture into the cylinder. Next, the intake valve closes and the piston travels upwardly within the cylinder through the compression stroke, causing the fuel and air mixture to be compressed towards the top of the cylinder. The fuel and air mixture is then ignited near the end of the compression stroke, and the small explosion of burning gases forces the piston downwardly through a power stroke. In a four stroke gasoline combustion engine, often referred to as an Otto cycle engine, ignition is caused by a spark from a spark plug. During the exhaust stroke, the piston travels upwardly and an exhaust valve at the top of the cylinder is opened to allow the piston head to push the combustion gases out of the cylinder and through an exhaust port. Firing of the spark plugs at each cylinder, to ignite combustion, is operated in a timed sequence so that each cylinder in the four stroke cycle fires at the precise moment when the piston in each of the respective cylinders reaches the top of the compression stroke.
In recent years, the price of fuel has risen significantly. Presently, consumers are paying in excess of four dollars per gallon for regular grade gasoline at commercial gas stations in order to operate their automobiles. Soaring fuel prices have put a definite strain on the typical household budget, and are a major contributing factor in the current economy that may believe to be in a state of recession. Some economists fear that further increases of fuel costs could push the economy into a deeper recession or, possibly, a depression.
An immediate solution to high fuel costs is to improve the fuel efficiency of automobiles. Not surprisingly, hybrid vehicles and high fuel efficiency vehicles are now in high demand. However, the cost to purchase a hybrid or a new, more fuel efficient vehicle is not practical for most consumers. Accordingly, there remains a need for a cost effective means to make existing automobiles more fuel efficient.
The present invention provides an immediate solution by significantly increasing (i.e., by as much as 50%) fuel economy in both new and existing automobiles. Specifically, the present invention adds two free strokes to the conventional four stroke combustion engine for a total of six strokes and three crankshaft rotations for each power stroke.

Six stroke internal combustion engine and method of operation


Colloidal silica particles containing a fluorescent dye compound, composed of a silica particle containing a silica component and a fluorescent dye compound chemically bound or adsorbed thereto,

A diagnostic technique of using a biochip is attracting attention in advanced medical fields such as tailor-made medical practice and early diagnosis. The biochip generically designates devices carrying, as a capturing molecule, a biomolecule or a bioactive substance, such as antigen, antibody, DNA, RNA, sugar, polysaccharide, ligand, receptor, peptide, or chemical substance, arrayed and immobilized on a substrate.
A typical example of the biochip is a DNA chip. The DNA chip is aimed at detecting and quantifying a gene by allowing a DNA immobilized on a substrate to react with an analyte DNA or RNA and thus, detecting the fluorescence label introduced to the analyte DNA or RNA.
However, biochips including the DNA chip are lower for the reproducibility of the data obtained because of easier photobleaching (color-fading) of the dye used for fluorescence labeling. Therefore, there is a problem that the data obtained is still unsatisfactory in reliability for clinical applications.
Semiconductor nanoparticles such as CdSe have been known as fluorescent dyes resistant to the photobleaching. However, such semiconductor nanoparticles show fluorescence characteristics significantly different from those of the dye widely used for DNA chips currently such as Cy3 and Cy5, and thus it is difficult to apply such nanoparticles to the DNA chip analyzers currently used widely. In addition, when an analyte DNA is fluorescent-labelled or a DNA on a substrate is hybridized, it is difficult to remove semiconductor nanoparticles which have not labelled the analyte DNA fluorescently or semiconductor nanoparticle-labelled DNAs which have not been hybridized with the analyte DNA.
Thus, there are still these problems remaining in applying semiconductor nanoparticles to DNA chips.
Fluorescence silica particles containing an organic dye inside a silica particle are reported as a method of stabilizing the organic dye (see, for example, Non-patent Documents 1 to 3).
However, fluorescence silica particles so far reported, which had a particle diameter of at least approximately 30 nm. Therefore, there are problems that they did not allow efficient fluorescence labelling for use as a DNA chip dye, gave insufficient fluorescent intensity because of low integration of the fluorescent dye, and were vulnerable to photobleaching.
Non-patent Document 1: J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 703, 1408-1415
Non-patent Document 2: Nano Letters 2005, 5, 113
Non-patent Document 3: Nano Letters 2005, 5, 37

Fluorescent silica nano-particle, fluorescent nano-material, and biochip and assay using the same

Abstract: wherein the colloidal silica particles containing a fluorescent dye compound have an average diameter of 30 nm or less, and wherein said silica particles are used simultaneously as fluorescent-labelling nanobeads; a fluorescent nano-material comprising said colloidal silica particles; and a biochip and an assay method using the same.


A tool for use in installing O-ring seals in the removable head of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel. Disclosed are two embodiments of the tool. One embodiment is adapted to fit within the stud bolt holes of the flange of the removable head of the pressure vessel. The other embodiment is adapted to be magnetically attached to the underside of the flange of the removable head of the pressure vessel. The tool uses a movable support arm to properly position and support the O-rings in their respective grooves machined in the underside of the flange of the removable head.

This invention relates to nuclear reactor pressure vessels and more particularly to a tool used to install O-ring seals in the removable head of a reactor pressure vessel.
In a typical nuclear reactor system that uses pressurized water as a coolant, the reactor vessel includes a removable upper steel head. The steel head when removed, provides access to the interior of the reactor vessel for purposes of refueling the reactor core, as well as any other required maintenance purposes. The removable head is secured to the body of the reactor vessel by a plurality of stud bolts and nuts installed around the circumference of a flange around the base of the removable head and a cooperating reactor vessel body flange. Since the reactor vessel is filled with pressurized water as a coolant during operation, it is necessary to provide a watertight, leakproof seal between the cooperating surfaces of the removable head flange and the reactor vessel body flange.
The seal typically includes a pair of hollow, metallic O-rings as gaskets placed within a pair of concentric circular grooves machined in the bottom flange surface of the removable head. These O-rings are circular metal tubes which resist the internal pressure of the coolant in cooperation with the bolted joints between the removable head flange and the reactor vessel body flange. The outside diameter of the O-rings is made slightly larger than the depth of the grooves machined in the bottom flange surface of the removable head. In this arrangement, when the removable head flange is bolted to the reactor vessel body flange, the O-rings are slightly flattened within their respective grooves by the smooth, flat surface of the reactor vessel body flange. The O-rings are also self-energized by permitting the internal pressure in the vessel to act on the inside of the metal O-rings through a series of slots formed in the O-ring. The double O-ring and bolted flange design of the reactor vessel have proven to be very effective in preventing any leakage of the pressurized coolant from the vessel during its operation.
The O-rings have been generally secured within the circular grooves machined in the bottom flange of the removable head by special clips. U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,117 to Ronald M. Blaushild discloses one type of clip used to secure the O-rings in place. As discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,117, the O-rings are replaced each time the vessel is opened for refueling or other maintenance purposes. When the vessel is opened and the removable head raised, the underside surfaces of the removable head defines an irradiated environment that could be hazardous to the maintenance personnel. To protect these maintenance personnel, it is desirable that the O-ring seals be replaced quickly and easily with a minimum exposure time to the irradiated undersurface of the removable head. In the past, replacement of the O-rings has required a number of maintenance personnel to properly support and position the O-rings while the retaining clips are installed and thereby increasing the risk of exposure to the irradiated environment under the head as well as the risk of working under suspended heavy steel structure.

Reactor vessel head O-ring installation tool


The present invention provides a precoding matrix indicator feedback method, a receive end, and a transmit end. The method includes: selecting, by a receive end based on a reference signal, a precoding matrix W from a codebook, where a coefficient α is used to perform phase adjustment on φn in W, φn represents a phase difference between weighted values of a first antenna group and a second antenna group of a transmit end for a transmission signal from a same transmission layer,

A multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless communications system can obtain diversity and array gains by using a transmitted precoding technology and a receive combining technology. A system using precoding may be represented by:y=H{circumflex over (V)}s+n
where y is a received signal vector, H is a channel matrix, {circumflex over (V)} is a precoding matrix, s is a transmitted symbol vector, and n is measured noise.
Optimal precoding usually requires channel state information (CSI) to be fully known to a transmitter. In a common method, a user equipment (UE) quantifies transient CSI and reports quantified transient CSI to a base station, where the user equipment includes a mobile station (MS), a relay (Relay), a mobile telephone (Mobile Telephone), a handset (handset), a portable device (portable equipment), and the like, and the base station includes a NodeB (NodeB) base station (Base Station, BS), an access point (Access Point), a transmission point (Transmission Point, TP), an evolved NodeB (Evolved NodeB, eNB), a relay (Relay), and the like. CSI information reported by an existing Long Term Evolution (Long Term Evolution, LTE) system includes information about a rank indicator (Rank Indicator, RI), a precoding matrix indicator (Precoding Matrix Indicator, PMI), a channel quality indicator (Channel Quality Indicator, CQI), and the like, in which the RI and the PMI indicate the number of transport layers and a precoding matrix that are used, respectively. A set of used precoding matrices is usually referred to as a codebook, in which each precoding matrix is a codeword in the codebook.
A codebook used in the existing LTE system is mainly designed for a single user multiple input multiple output (SU-MIMO) technology. When an existing codebook design is applied to a technology such as multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) or coordinated multi-point (CoMP), limitations of a capacity of a feedback channel and a size of a codebook set lower feedback precision, resulting in performance loss and a system throughput decrease.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Precoding matrix indicator feedback method, receive end, and transmit end

Abstract: φ      n        ∈          {              ⅇ                              j2π                                                                          n                    Q                    }        ,and the first antenna group and the second antenna group belong to a same multi-antenna system; and sending, by the receive end, a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) to the transmit end. In this way, using the coefficient α to perform the phase adjustment on φn can increase a size of a codebook set applicable to different antenna configurations, and improve precision of the receive end to feed back a PMI.


An LSI design method according to the present invention is to estimate a timing uncertainty in an early stage of design for each item of which an influence on timing is uncertain among respective items requiring consideration relating to establishment of timing; and define a timing margin in each design stage by using the timing uncertainty estimation result depending on whether or not an influence of the each item on timing has been determined, followed by proceeding with the design in the respective design stages accordingly. As such, according to the present invention, a timing uncertainty is estimated in an early stage of LSI design, followed by proceeding with the design by using the timing uncertainty as required.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a design method for a semiconductor integrated circuit, specifically to a design method for LSI in which an uncertain amount of timing is adjusted while eliminating factors relative to determined timings during a design process thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, the design of a semiconductor integrated circuit is required for consideration of influences by an on-chip variation and a cross-talk, besides LSI for use in high speed operations, a convergence of timing has been increasingly difficult. This makes it important to establish an uncertain amount of timing ("timing uncertainty" hereinafter) as a timing margin. In the conventional common design method, however, a fixed timing margin has been established in the logic synthesis stage, followed by the design accordingly.
FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of such a conventional LSI design method. In FIG. 1, first a timing margin as common condition which does not depend on a product specification is established, as a margin responding to an operating frequency for example, and a logic synthesis is performed by using a library content which is stored characteristics of the cells, followed by repeating the above described steps until a layout design and a verification of the result are complete. When the result of the verification becomes OK, a sign-off is achieved and thus the product is transferred from the design process to a subsequent process.
In such a conventional LSI design process, a fixed timing margin has been established for all product specification in the logic synthesis stage and the design has been carried out accordingly. Since relationships among clock tree structure, layout process and sign-off condition have not been taken into consideration in establishing the timing margin, the last sign-off verification has been faced with a timing convergence problem, resulting in a numerous repetition of the layout design and the verification. Besides, since the conventional establishing method for timing margin has not taken a condition of a product specification into consideration, thus precluding a timing margin optimization in accordance with an applicable product specification or a reestablishment of margin even if each process is faced with a problem in timing convergence. Such has been the problem.
Such a conventional technique relating to a design method for a semiconductor integrated circuit is seen in the following document.
[Patent document 1] Japanese patent laid-open application publication 2001-196459 (P2001-196459A): "Design method and apparatus for a semiconductor integrated circuit"
This document has disclosed a design method for a semiconductor integrated circuit comprising a first step for temporarily defining a logic circuit having a required specification, a second step for calculating a timing margin in accordance with an operating frequency of the logic circuit and a third step for modifying a design parameter of the logic circuit temporarily defined in accordance with the calculated timing margin, and enabling a quick and appropriate design of a required semiconductor integrated circuit.
The technique disclosed in the document above, however, the timing margin is defined only in accordance with the operating frequency, therefore the method has been faced with a problem of precluding an adoption of this method if the customer requirement of operating frequency cannot be changed and an applicability of such timing margin common to all the design processes.


The present invention provides a body-adhesive tape having adhesive properties preventing the tape from peeling off due to sweat when it is applied in an overlapped manner, and which also has good moisture permeability. In the body-adhesive tape, a base cloth is formed from a stretchable warp thread and a standard weft thread. On one side of the base cloth a plurality of pressure-sensitive adhesive layers are formed separated by appropriate gaps. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layers are formed so that they meander left and right along the length of the tape. At the gaps, the base cloth is exposed so there is permeability. Since the gap meanders, it is longer than the tape, and thus there is more exposure of the weave and more permeability. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layers meander so that the tape can be attached anywhere on the body and can respond to tension due to body movement from any direction. Base cloth is processed for water repellency so that the tapes can be attached in an overlapping manner and no sweat or the like will be absorbed, and the upper tape will not tend to peel off.

The present invention relates to a body-adhesive tape. In particular, the present invention relates to a body-adhesive tape directly adhered to the skin in order to serve as a supporter for preventing injury to the muscles and the like in sports.
Conventionally, it has been well known that injuries can result during sports due to excessive force from muscles and the like. For this reason, various types of supporters are used. However, since supporters have fixed shapes, regions that were not covered by the supporters were not adequately protected. Tape-shaped supporters started to be used because of this. For example, in Japanese utility model examined publication number 5-45335, the present inventor disclosed an adhesive stretch supporter.
Two problems were discovered in the use of the adhesive stretch supporter described above. One was that when the supporters were adhered by crossing and overlapping them in an X shape or the like, sweat could soak in and cause the upper tape of the overlapping tapes to peel off. The other problem was that the mechanical method for opening holes did not achieve acceptable results in terms of providing permeability. Increasing the strength of the adhesive was considered as a way to prevent the upper tape from peeling off. However, increasing the strength of the adhesive can have an effect on the skin. These problems were considered and the present invention was developed with the object of providing a body-adhesive tape that can be adhered in an overlapping manner and that has superior permeability.


An apparatus for managing and controlling fluid flow through a plurality of fluid conduits includes a chassis, a plurality of conduit occluders mounted in the chassis, each occluder for association with at least one of the plurality of fluid conduits and each being selectively actuatable between an open position permitting fluid flow through a respective fluid conduit and a closed position obstructing conduit fluid flow. A single actuator is mounted in the chassis, the actuator for adjusting the plurality of occluders between the open and closed positions. A roller cage is also mounted in the chassis for mechanically interconnecting the actuator to the plurality of conduit occluders so that the single actuator is mechanically capable of maintaining one of the plurality occluders in the closed position while maintaining another of the plurality of occluders in the open position.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device for controlling the flow of fluids through PVC tubing. The device has particular application in blood salvage units used to remove blood from a patient before or during surgery and clean the blood for reinfusion into the patient.
2. Description of the Related Art
Surgical patients often require blood infusion during surgical procedures to replace lost blood volume. Due to an increased risk of contracting communicable diseases such as AIDS from blood donors, it has become more desirable in recent years to replace lost blood volume with a patient's own blood. This can be accomplished in two ways. Prior to surgery, blood can be removed from a patient and stored for later use. Alternatively, blood may be suctioned from surgical cavities during a surgical procedure, cleaned, and reinfused into a patient during the same procedure.
In both instances, the blood must be processed before reinfusion. This processing includes centrifuging the blood to separate red blood cells from waste product and plasma, and rinsing the red blood cells. This process requires an iterative rinsing and centrifuging operation in order to insure that the red blood cells are completely clean.
During this process, biological and medical fluids are typically passed through numerous tubing lines connected to a blood cell separator unit. Tubing lines have to be opened and closed at precise times in order to ensure that the blood is properly processed and that fluids do not enter the wrong lines. Such occurrences could have catastrophic effects.
Unfortunately, such procedures are usually carried out under the pressure of an emergency room and/or surgical situation, and therefore there is not only a need to enable an operator to quickly initiate the blood collection process, but also to provide a device that minimizes the risk of error.
Typical blood salvage equipment includes a series of occluders for controlling the flow of fluids through the blood salvage unit. A typical occluder includes a plunger that presses against a flexible piece of plastic tubing to block flow through the tubing. When the plunger is released, fluid flow through the tubing resumes. In the typical blood salvage unit, each plunger is associated with a separate actuator whose operation is controlled by software. In the event of a software or electrical malfunction, two valves could open at the same time, with undesirable consequences.
As with most surgical procedures, time is of the essence and the time it takes to prepare a medical device for use can be critical. Some manufacturers therefore sell preassembled packages of centrifuge bowls, plastic tubing, and plastic fluid bags to minimize both connection errors and set-up time. However, even with these preassembled packages, an operator must still independently position a number of different tubes, which takes time and increases the risk of error.

Biological fluid cassette and tubing set


A system and method for limiting a turning speed of a compactor is disclosed. The compactor includes a steering member configured to receive operator steering input. The system may comprise a speed sensor, and a controller in communication with the speed sensor. The speed sensor may be mounted on the compactor and configured to measure a travel speed of the compactor over a surface. In some embodiments, a temperature sensor, configured to measure a temperature of the surface, may be mounted on the compactor and in communication with the controller. The controller is configured to receive the travel speed and/or temperature, and to limit a turning speed of the compactor when a condition is satisfied.

Compacting machines or compactors are commonly used to compact work materials (such as asphalt, and the like) to a desired density while paving highways, parking lots, and other roadways. The process often requires a plurality of passes over the work material to reach the desired density.
The compactor may move in forward drive over a surface and may move in reverse drive over the same surface. If the recently paved surface is relatively hot or the travel speed of the compactor is relatively slow, aggressive turning of the compactor may cause tearing in the newly laid surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,886,864 issued Feb. 15, 2011 discloses a vehicle with a compound steering system that has the ability to reorient both a forward and aft steering axis with respect to a chassis. The compound steering system is controlled in a manner in which one of a forward steering actuator and an aft steering actuator will reach its mechanical limit before the other, when a steering command from an operator input results in an oversteer condition. A system that helps reduce tearing of newly laid surfaces is desirable.


A manually guided implement having an internal combustion engine is provided. A fuel/air mixture is supplied to the internal combustion engine via a diaphragm carburetor. The engine is cooled by a cooling fan that is driven by the internal combustion engine and that generates an air stream. The diaphragm carburetor has a fuel-filled control chamber with a control diaphragm which on that side facing away from the control chamber delimits a compensation chamber. To limit speed, a control pressure line is provided between the compensation chamber and the air stream generated by the cooling fan.

The present invention relates to a manually guided implement having an internal combustion engine.
Implements such as chainsaws, brush cutters or the like are provided with a diaphragm carburetor for forming an air/fuel mixture for the internal combustion engine that drives the implement. To set a desired mixture ratio of the air/fuel mixture, the diaphragm carburetor is provided with a mixture setting device that includes a main nozzle and an idling nozzle. The fuel throughput through the nozzles, and hence the mixture ratio, is a function of pressure in the venturi section of the intake channel and can, within prescribed limits, be adapted via adjustment screws. The nozzles are supplied from a fuel-filled control chamber that is supplied with fuel via a feed valve that is controlled by a control diaphragm. In order to keep the preset mixture ratio constant as a function of a variable reference pressure, there is provided on the dry side of the control diaphragm a compensation chamber that is supplied with the reference pressure. The reference pressure can, for example, be the ambient pressure, which is dependent upon the weather or site of use, or can be the intake pressure on the clean air side of an intake air filter, with such intake pressure being dependent upon how dirty the air filter is.
These implements, at a high output of the internal combustion engine and a low emission of pollutants, are operated with a lean setting of the mixture ratio. However, at high speeds a lean setting can lead to increased thermal stress.
Internal combustion engines, especially two-stroke engines, that are set lean additionally tend to reach high speeds at full throttle without the application of an external load. If during operation the external load, for example, suddenly drops, and if the operator reduces the fuel feed only with a time delay, the internal combustion engine can reach damaging excess speeds.
In practice two-stroke engines are therefore set richer in the full throttle range, as a result of which not only the thermal stress is reduced, but the maximum speed is also lowered. The drawback of a richer mixture setting is the loss of power that inherently results, and also the increased fuel consumption.
To limit the maximum speed of a two-stroke engine, mechanical regulators, which are controlled by centrifugal force, or electronic regulators are known, according to which when a prescribed speed is exceeded, this speed is reduced by suppressing the ignition. The drawback of such regulators is that they become effective only after the prescribed speed has been exceeded. After the regulation process has started, the speed is then again reduced to a value at which the regulator is no longer active. The speed again increases until the regulation process is again initiated. An internal combustion engine, the speed of which is limited in this fashion, tends to oscillate back and forth between an upper and a lower threshold speed. A precisely defined speed limitation can therefore be achieved only with difficulty. In addition, interruption of the ignition allows unburned fuel to be discharged. If a catalytic converter is provided in the exhaust system, the fuel is after burned and an increased quantity of heat is released, which thermally stresses the catalytic converter.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve an implement of the aforementioned general type having an internal combustion engine in such a way that with straightforward means the fuel consumption as well as the thermal and mechanical stressing of the internal combustion engine are reduced.


A method of modifying qualities of a metallic article at a particular surface of the article comprises the step of melting the surface by imparting a flux of high density energy to the surface to form a molten metal layer and the step of adding heat resisting element to the molten metal layer by performing overlay welding to the molten metal layer.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method of modifying qualities of a metallic article at its surface utilizing high density energy, and an apparatus therefor.
2. Background Art
There is an increasing need for strengthening metallic parts, such as aluminum castings, at their local parts, particularly at specified locations on their surfaces In the automotive parts industry, for example, a cylinder head made of aluminum or cast iron casting should bear greater thermal load as well as mechanical load as engine output increases, because its operating temperature reaches a considerably high temperature. Such an increase in load on the engine parts results in unexpected thermal cracking, as shown in FIG. 12, between an intake port 3 and an exhaust port 4 (referred herein as "intervalve part 6", which is thinner than other portions), and between the intervalve part 6 and a fuel injection nozzle port 5 (or the preheater chamber port). In addition, as shown in FIG. 13, a hatched portion 9 of a cylinder 7, which surrounds a combustion chamber 8 is also an object part since the hatched portions 9 bear a consideraly high load.
As for the methods of modifying qualities of the object parts, there is known a method called the "remelting method". This method is reported to attain a certain degree of satisfaction in improving the resistance to thermal cracking [See Kanazawa, Miyake and two others; "Development of aluminum alloy cylinder head for improving strength of its intervalve part by TTG remelting method", Toyota Gijutsu, Vol. 37, No. 2 (1987), pp. 112-119].
Many attempts have been made to supersede this method. The resultant techniques, which may be referred to categorically as the "remelting alloying method", are reviewed below in terms of their technical contexts and deficiencies:
1. The TIG welding method: While performing the remelting with a TIG welder, suitable heat resisting metal or alloy is supplied as the alloying additive in powdery form to the TIG arc through a powder feeder. Since the amount of the alloying additive that can be added to is 10% at the most by the volumetric ratio, however, not much improvement can be achieved. If the addition is increased forcibly, moreover, the gas that the matrix (Al casting) liberates on alloying gets entrapped in the weld molten pool, forming and leaving there the gas defects, typically porosity due to formation of blowholes.
2. The electron beam remelting method: The alloying elements are either placed on the object part beforehand or fed thereto in the form of filler wire, and are remelted with an electron beam. The operation must be conducted in vacuo, meaning that the supply of the additive elements is both difficult and costly not only in operational practice but also mechanically; if powdery, moreover, they must be prevented somehow from scattering on the one hand, and on the other hand, the surfaces of the work piece other than the object parts must be protected from getting contaminated with the scattered powder.
3. The laser method: Although lasers can be used in the ambient air, both the object part and the additive elements must either be sufficiently dark in color or be coated over with a black paint, lest the absorption of the laser ray should be insufficient. Besides, laser-based apparatuses are still too expensive today.
4. The plasma welding method: This method operates in much the same way as the TIG method, except that the depth of penetration is some 20-30% less here. The TIG's fault of overzealous addition resulting in formation of the gas defects is left unresolved.
As reviewed above, the currently available methods cannot are not practical because of their characteristic faults.

Methods of modifying surface qualities of metallic articles and apparatuses therefor


Disclosed is an electrical technique for clamping the bitline voltage above zero volts in a DRAM circuit. The technique may be used in embedded DRAM arrays implemented in logic-based technology employing low threshold voltages. The invention employs a low voltage generator to provide a bitline voltage slightly above zero volts. Applying this slightly elevated level to the input of a DRAM cell access transistor effectively increases the threshold voltage of that transistor and thus limits sub-threshold leakage current. The low voltage generator may be implemented as a cascode circuit with supplemental current sources.

The present invention relates to electrical techniques for controlling the threshold voltage of access transistors in DRAM cells. More particularly, the invention relates to low voltage generators for applying a low voltage to a memory array bitline.
Many types of integrated circuit designs now commonly contain memory arrays embedded within logic-based chips. Such designs improve performance by providing on-chip memory, thereby reducing the number of input-output (I/O) operations between the processor and a general purpose RAM. Embedded memory is becoming particularly important in custom integrated circuits such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and programmable logic devices (PLDs). It is also used for many specialized applications such as printer and graphics integrated circuits.
Embedded memory often takes the form of DRAM arrays. Each DRAM cell includes an access transistor and a storage capacitor. To prevent unacceptable levels of charge leakage through the access transistor, that transistor's threshold voltage is purposely set high. If the threshold voltage is set too low, the access transistor will leak too much current and possibly lose data. To address this issue, most dedicated DRAM chips employ a process technology such as a high Vt channel implant which raises the threshold voltage to a level that holds back significant leakage.
For performance reasons, most logic-based integrated circuits are designed with transistors that operate at lower threshold voltages than DRAM access transistors. If an embedded memory integrated circuit is fabricated with a process suitable for logic circuits (low threshold voltage), DRAM leakage may be unacceptable. If the integrated circuit is fabricated with a process suitable for DRAMs (high threshold voltage), performance may suffer. A fabrication process could be designed such that MOS transistors in the logic and memory sections of the integrated circuit are processed differently (to impart different threshold voltages). However, this introduces additional process steps which increases the manufacturing cost.
For these reasons, improved techniques for controlling the threshold voltage DRAM cells in embedded memory applications would be desirable.


A method of searching paths that are susceptible to electrostatic discharge (ESD) at the beginning of an integrated circuit (IC) design is disclosed that includes a circuit spreading out algorithm, a matrix closure algorithm, and a supernode algorithm. The found paths are required to satisfy conditions including that (a) they are connected from a gate of a transistor to a source or a drain thereof, and (b) the head node and the tail node of each path are pins of a top level of the IC. −1/0/1 matrix multiplication is employed by both the circuit spreading out algorithm and the matrix closure algorithm so as to obtain a result of node connections after a plurality of matrix self-multiplications.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to electrostatic discharge (ESD) prevention techniques and more particularly to a method of searching paths that are susceptible to ESD at the beginning of an integrated circuit (IC) design.
2. Description of Related Art
In manufacturing, assembling, packaging, and delivering of electronic devices and even at the time of using an electronic device by a user, there is pretty high probability of damaging the electronic device due to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Thus, a variety of ESD protection structures and circuits are provided and mounted in an electronic device. For example, when a deep submicron system-on-a-chip (SoC) is employed in a semiconductor manufacturing process, the SoC is susceptible to ESD. Thus, internal components of SoC may be severely damaged by momentary unwanted currents. For the protection of SoC, an ESD protection circuit is provided to eliminate ESD.
ESD protection is even more important for semiconductor manufacturing industry. Typically, eight principles for ESD protection are outlined below.
1. Preventing critical signal lines from disposing near lines to be protected;
2. arranging interfaces together at one side as possible as it can be;
3. avoiding protected loops connecting in parallel to loops that are not protected;
4. designing an area around a loop consisting of different signal lines and their feeders to be as small as possible, and even considering to change positions of signal lines or ground wires if necessary;
5. keeping homing, interrupting, and controlling signals far from input/output (I/O) ports and the edges of a printed circuit board (PCB);
6. connecting interface signal lines and ground lines to a component to be protected and to other parts of the loop;
7. making use of highly integrated components and a diode array that may not only greatly save space of a circuit board but also lower the self inductance of a parasite circuit that is caused by a complicated loop; and
8. adding ground points if it is possible.
Of the above eight principles, principles 1 through 5 are well known to a circuit designer. However, even if the five principles are fully carried out, they cannot completely prevent the components of SoC from being damaged by ESD.
The five principles at most can decrease the probability of an electric device being damaged by ESD. It is not perfect. Principles 6 and 7 are the most important ones in the current ESD protection technology. Parallel connection is made to components protected by a circuit in which many options are available for the protected components. Such is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,906,357, 6,894,881, 6,730,968, and 6,274,911.
Typically, in IC protection a diode is employed because diode can be easily integrated with other components of a chip. For example, there are components provided with the functions of electromagnetic interference (EMI) prevention and radio frequency interference (RFI) prevention being integrated with the diodes. This not only reduces the number of components employed in IC design (and thus saves cost) but also avoids self-inductance caused at the time of IC layout on a PCB. A diode for transient voltage suppression (TVS) diode is typically employed as a protection component against ESD generated in an IC. Compared with a conventional Zener diode (ZD), TVS diode is capable of withstanding higher voltage and has a lower voltage cut-off ratio. Thus, TVS diode provides a better effect on voltage loop protection.
Thus, it is desirable to provide a novel method of searching paths that are susceptible to ESD at the beginning of an IC design in order to overcome the inadequacies of the prior art.

Method of searching paths suffering from the electrostatic discharge in the process of an integrated circuit design


An offset component of multiplication by a transistor is to be reduced. An imaging device includes a pixel region, a first circuit, a second circuit, a third circuit, and a fourth circuit. The pixel region includes a plurality of pixels, and a pixel includes a first transistor. An offset potential and a weight potential are supplied to the pixel selected by the first circuit and the second circuit. The pixel obtains a first signal by photoelectric conversion with use of light. The first transistor multiplies the first signal by the weight potential. The first transistor generates a first offset term and a second offset term with use of a multiplication term of the first signal by the weight potential and the offset potential. The third circuit subtracts the first offset term, and the fourth circuit subtracts the second offset term. The fourth circuit determines the multiplication term, and the fourth circuit outputs a determination result through the neural network interface.

With the development of information technology such as IoT (Internet of things) or AI (Artificial Intelligence), the amount of handled data has been showing an increasing tendency. In order that electronic devices utilize information technology such as IoT or AI, dispersive control of a large amount of data has been needed.
An efficient method for managing image data is required because the amount of data increases with a higher definition and a higher-level gray scale of a display device. An increase in the data amount increases the amount of operations for processing image data, leading to an increase in power consumption and time for operation processing.
Improvement in image recognition with use of AI has been attracting attention for an image system of an in-vehicle electronic device, an image system that monitors a moving target, and the like. For example, a technology for adding an arithmetic function to an imaging device is disclosed in Patent Document 1.

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A double barrel chamber for a media mill where the media mill is used to grind and disperse pigments for paint, coating, ink products, and other pigment-vehicle fluids, as well as grinding and dispersing other particulate matter. Centered in each barrel is a rotatable shaft. On each shaft are a number of horizontally spaced discs. The shafts are parallel and arranged such that the edges of the discs overlap to cause major impacting and mixing in the central portion of the chamber when the shafts are rotated in a common direction. Also disclosed is a coiled cooling water jacket system for cooling a chamber. The system allows 100%, or near 100%, recovery of cleaning solvent, limits potential damage to a pumping system and allows slurry feeding flexibility. A special bearing seal section is disclosed which allows use of a diaphragm pump. The pump in conjunction with the spinning discs force the pigment slurry up from the bottom of the chamber and out through a specially designed discharge screen which is also disclosed. A bump feature on each disc is disclosed. The bump feature increases pumping and impact of media in the media mill.

For more than a century (1825 to 1950) "Ball Mills" were used to grind and disperse pigment for paint, coatings, ink, and other pigment-vehicle fluids. Ball mills use steel, stone, or ceramic balls. Some disadvantages to ball mills are that they require a long dispersion time, they are hard to clean, and they take up large amounts of space. Not only are ball mills generally much larger than subsequent generation of grinding mills, but ball mills are generally supported in a horizontal configuration because the vertical configuration requires more floor space below the structure than the horizontal configuration. A more "modern" concern is an environmental one; ball mills create heavy noise pollution problems. This is primarily due to the "balls" banging about the mill, and the required heavy rotating machinery.
In the later 1950's, the first "Media Mills" were developed. Media mills, also known as "sand mills" or "sand grinders", use very small diameter grinding media, on the order of 20-40 mesh Ottawa type sand. This takes advantage of the large surface area per unit weight which cannot be used effectively in ball mills. The basic media mill structure consists of a vertical cylinder with a rotating shaft through its center, two or more flat impellers on a shaft, and a pump at the bottom which forces a premixed pigment-vehicle fluid paste through the milling zone and out through a discharge screen to retain the sand. Fluid is discharged into drums or pumped on for additional processing.
A specific example is a Moorehouse-Cowles mill. The 12-50 model uses a twelve inch diameter cylinder with ten inch diameter discs on a rotatable shaft and a 50 HP motor. Moorehous-Cowles manufacturers media mills with barrel diameters approximately 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches; Chicago Boiler Corp. (CBC) has similar sizes available. As the size of the barrel increases in diameter, the amount of output of dispersed pigment increases. However, the larger the barrel, the more horse power is required to drive the mill to produce a specific quantity of dispersed pigment. For instance, a six inch mill from Chicago Boiler may be powered by 15 HP electric motor whereas a twelve inch mill will need a 40-50 HP motor.
It is believed that in a single cylinder mill, grinding is mostly accomplished through impact of the mixture on the cylinder walls and shearing forces produced by velocity differences between layers of fluid. Dispersion is mostly the result of stacked vertices within the cylinder and the shearing forces. Rotating the impellers causes sand-paste mixture near their surfaces to rotate faster than the layers farther away. The layers closest to the top-side of an impeller are pulled from the shaft region and pushed toward the cylinder wall by the centrifugal force produced when the shaft is rotated. These layers are then forced up the side of the cylinder wall. Simultaneously, layers closest to the bottom-side of an impeller are also pulled from the shaft region and pushed towards the cylinder walls. In contrast to the layers closest to the top-side of an impeller, the layers closest to the bottom-side of an impeller will be forced down the walls of the cylinder. Thus, in an area between the top-side of an impeller and the bottom-side of an adjacent impeller, the fluid layers collide and are forced back toward the shaft region. This results in counter-clockwise rolled layers, i.e. a counter-clockwise vortex near the top-side of an impeller and a clockwise vortex near the bottom-side of an impeller.
The difference in velocity of adjacent layers produces the required shearing action for further grinding and dispersion. Pigment aggregates between two sand particles in adjacent layers are subjected to a compressive force in one direction, which resolves into a shearing stress at a different angle. The maximum shear stress at the impeller surface is, roughly, a function of the pigment cross sectional area, given a constant media (sand) cross-section. Allowing that the shear stress in the overall mixture is approximately (1/2 psi), an approximation for the maximum shear stress at the impeller's surface reduces to: (1/2 psi) times the ratio of sand cross-sectional area to pigment cross sectional area.
The consistency of the sand-paste must be carefully adjusted. The fluid-paste must be viscous enough to be moved by impellers, but excessive viscosity reduces sand movement and milling action. Too low a consistency results in poor circulation, sand skidding, and wear on impellers. A machine can be jacketed for control of temperature during grinding. The machine may be cleaned by running solvent through it. However, sand costs are relatively cheap, so the sand may be discarded to avoid cleaning a hard to clean color out of media. Using sufficient premixers to ensure continuous flow of paste to the mill, the sand grinder can be used for automatic continuous operation.
While the standard single cylinder has been a significant improvement over standard ball mills and has been adequate for most purposes, it does have its drawbacks. Milling time can be long, especially for larger diameter particulates. Some matter, for instance carbon blacks, can only be milled using steel ball mills. Steel ball mills are not an acceptable milling process in today's environment due to the disadvantages previously mentioned. Additionally, standard gear pumps used in sand mills are subject to severe wear if media gets into the pumping gear and pump system.
It would be useful to develop an improved dispersing chamber with improved grinding efficiency over that of standard media mills. A chamber that would reduce the cycle time of hard to disperse/grind pigment, or grind particulates not heretofore possible to grind with a media mill, would be a significant improvement over existing dispersing chambers.

Double barrel media mill for grinding and dispersing particulate matter and pigment for paint, coatings, ink and other fluid pigment vehicles


A supercharged internal combustion engine includes an intake passage, a supercharger arranged in the intake passage, an exhaust passage, and a catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust passage. A supercharging pressure control system for the engine controls the opening of a supercharging pressure control valve for controlling supercharging pressure of intake air supplied to the engine by the supercharger. When the temperature of the catalytic converter falls outside a predetermined range, the opening of the control valve is controlled in a manner such that the temperature of the catalytic converter is brought into the predetermined range.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a supercharging pressure control system for supercharged internal combustion engines.
2. Prior Art
Conventionally, there has been proposed, e.g. by Japanese Provisional Utility Model Publication (Kokai) No. 61-17141, a supercharging pressure control system for a supercharged internal combustion engine which has a supercharger arranged in the intake system of the engine, the supercharger being connected to the crankshaft of the engine, a bypass passage bypassing the supercharger, and bypass passage control means for opening and closing the bypass passage depending on operating conditions of the engine. The supercharging control system comprises sensor means for detecting the temperature of the engine at one or more points, and bypass passage-closing means for driving the bypass passage control means such that the bypass passage is fully closed when the sensor means detects that the engine is low in temperature. According to this prior art, when the sensor means detects a low temperature cold condition of the engine at the start of the engine, the bypass passage is fully closed to effect supercharging to the maximum degree, whereby warming-up of the engine is accelerated.
However, in the prior art system, upon starting of the engine under a cold condition, the bypass passage is fully closed to effect supercharging to the maximum degree, which results in wasteful consumption of a large amount of fuel to increase the fuel consumption. Further, a catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust system exhibits a low purifying efficiency (reactivity) before the temperature of exhaust gases flowing thereinto reaches a predetermined value, involving a problem of emission of large amounts of unpurified exhaust gases, which is caused by supercharging carried out at the start of the engine under a cold condition, resulting in degraded exhaust emission characteristics.
On the other hand, when the engine continues to be in a high speed or high load operating condition for a long time, such as when the vehicle is running at a high speed or going up a slope, the temperature of the exhaust gases may rise to such a degree as causes deterioration of the catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust system.
To protect the catalytic converter from such a deterioration of the catalyst converter, an air-fuel ratio control system has been proposed, e.g. by Japanese Provisional Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 60-3421, in which the air-fuel ratio of an air-fuel mixture supplied to the engine is feedback-controlled to a stoichiometric ratio or the vicinity thereof, in response to the actual air-fuel ratio detected based on a signal from an O.sub.2 sensor, the system being adapted to stop the feedback control and hold the air-fuel ratio at a value richer than the stoichiometric value in response to a signal supplied from an exhaust gas temperature sensor mounted in the catalytic converter when the sensor signal shows that the temperature of exhaust gases is higher than a predetermined value, to thereby lower the temperature of exhaust gases to protect the catalytic converter from being deteriorated.
However, in this prior art system, while the air-fuel ratio is held at an enriched value after the temperature of exhaust gases becomes higher than the predetermined value, ingredients of exhaust gases, such as CO, HC, and NOx, cannot be properly purified, resulting in degraded exhaust emission characteristics, as well as in wasteful consumption of fuel or increased fuel consumption.

Supercharging pressure control system for supercharged internal combustion engines


A utility cart which includes a cart frame fitted with a pair of fixed rear wheels and a pair of steerable front wheels and further including an ice chest or ice chest receptacle with double hinged lids and lid covers and a storage compartment located adjacent to the ice chest. Removable chair supports are upward-standing from the storage compartment for stacking one or more folded lawn chairs or the like, supporting an auxiliary table top and to provide a location for hanging a trash bag. Two or more tables are hinged to the cart frame in drop-leaf fashion for selected horizontal extension and support by means of hinged members. One of the ice chest lid covers doubles as a table and may be optionally supported by a collapsible handle optionally used for towing the utility cart. A pair of vertically-aligned umbrella brackets receive an umbrella support to shade the utility cart and the utility cart components, including the cart walls, and ice chest lids, are constructed of expanded foam insulation sandwiched between plastic sheets.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to utility containers, caddies and carts and more particularly, to a utility cart which is characterized in a first preferred embodiment by a cart frame fitted with a pair of spaced, fixed rear wheels and a pair of steerable front wheels connected to a pivoting, collapsible handle for steering purposes. The cart frame further includes an ice chest or ice chest receptacle accessible by dual hinged ice chest covers and lids, one of which covers doubles as a table, optionally supported by the collapsible handle in collapsed, pivoted configuration. The cart frame also includes a storage compartment lying adjacent to the ice chest and accessible by a hinged storage compartment lid, removable chair supports upward-standing in spaced relationship in the cart frame above the storage compartment for supporting a trash bag and an auxiliary table top and receiving one or more folding lawn chairs. A pair of drop leaf tables are hinged to the cart frame on at least one side of the ice chest for optionally pivoting into a horizontal position and engaging hinged supports, to serve as tables and a pair of vertically-aligned umbrella brackets are fitted with thumb screws for receiving an umbrella support and deploying an umbrella above the table tops. The table top which is removably supported by the upward-standing chair supports in stored configuration may be removed and attached by means of pegs to the four upward-standing chair supports to form an additional table top or working surface on the utility cart.
One of the problems which is realized in outings such as picnics, festivals, outdoor family reunions, beach activities, "tailgate" parties at football games and other athletic contests and outdoor gatherings is the facility for conveniently, effectively and comfortably serving various numbers of people. Outside activities of this nature are typically held under a canopy, a tree or in the shade of a structure such as a building to block the direct sunlight, and beverages are normally cooled in ice chests and coolers of various description which are hand-carried to the location and spread around the area. Trash and litter are normally deposited on the ground, or at best, in one or more trash bags lying adjacent to the ice chest and the guests usually bring their own folding chairs or stools for seating purposes, with little or no protection from the sun and rain. The primary problem with most of the various ice chests, lawn chairs, umbrellas, trash containers, miscellaneous food items and other utility items, is the failure to effectively and comfortably seat, feed, shade and protect the guests.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various types of caddies, carts and other vehicles are known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 3,677,571, dated Jul. 18, 1972, to T. F. Maturo, Jr., et al, details a "Beach Cart" which includes a collapsible, tubular frame that attaches to a carrying bag for storing articles. A roller is connected to the frame to allow transport of the cart through sand and the roller is constructed of annular end plates with a cylindrical mesh screen attached to the end plates. The frame includes extending arms for conveniently supporting a beach chair. U.S. Pat. No. 4,550,931, dated Nov. 5, 1985, to T. Ziaylek, Jr., details a "Wheeled Container", especially for use by firefighting and rescue squads. The wheeled container includes a rectangular base receptacle provided with recessed wheels at one end and a handle that telescopes to a non-use position, in order to impart to the receptacle a generally rectangular outer configuration, adapting it to fit into the small storage compartments in firefighting or rescue vehicles. The container is modular, which allows the addition of one or more receptacles in a stacked arrangement on the base receptacle and a cover is removably seated on either the base receptacle or, if several receptacles are stacked, upon the uppermost receptacle. A "Portable Wheeled Cooler Apparatus" is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,681, dated Feb. 16, 1988, to Allan E. Bartholomew, et al. The apparatus includes a cooler chest assembly, a support wheel assembly upon which the cooler chest assembly is mounted and a combination handle and lock assembly connected to the coolant chest assembly to act as a lock in an enclosed condition, and a handle in transport condition. U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,075, dated Sep. 5, 1989, to Robert Romer, details a "Beach Caddy". The beach caddy is used for transporting and storing items for recreational use at the beach and is provided with runners for drawing across sandy surfaces and detachable wheels for rolling over paved surfaces. A refillable water tank within the caddy dispenses fluid for washing, drinking or any other desired use and an adjustable support is provided for retaining a beach umbrella and permitting the umbrella to be tilted in any desired direction. Detachable tables mounted on the sides of the caddy can be set up to support items transported by the caddy. A "Collapsible Cart Assembly" is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,346, dated Sep. 12, 1989, to Ed Carlisle. The cart assembly is hand-propelled for use in support of activities such as picnics or beach activities and includes a separable wheeled frame having an upright section which includes upper and lower portions. A foldable shelf member on the lower portions supports a cooler chest and is provided with stabilizing elements which include lateral shifting of the chest during movement of the cart. A pair of arms on the lower portion accommodate one or more seating members such as folding chairs, while receiver elements retain umbrella and drink receptacles. The upper portion of the upright sections supports a container having a fold-down serving shelf adjacent to an accessory panel, presenting a radio, thermometer and other accessories. U.S. Pat. No. 4,976,448, dated Dec. 11, 1990, to Wayne M. Wickersham, et al, details a "Mobile Cooler Chest and Cooler Chest Support". The mobile cooler chest is constructed with a pair of ground-engaging wheels supporting one end of the chest. A U-shaped towing handle is pivotally mounted on the opposite end of the chest for movement between a projecting towing position and a downwardly-projecting standing position, in which the handle supports the chest in cooperation with the wheels in a stationary level position. A second embodiment of the mobile cooler chest includes a lid on the cooler chest, with a first chest having a lid in a bottom wall. A second chest has a bottom wall, with a mating perimeter bead and a projection formed on the second chest bottom wall and first chest lid for nesting the second chest to the first chest. The third embodiment includes a cooler chest support having a support member with a first end and a second end. An axle is mounted on the first end, with a wheel rotatably mounted on the axle and a pull handle is connected to the second end for pulling the cooler chest support.
Additional patents known to applicant are as follows: U.S. Pat. No. 1,176,106, dated Mar. 21, 1916, to C. F. True; U.S. Pat. No. 2,603,500, dated Jul. 15, 1952, to A. J. Messier; U.S. Pat. No. 3,874,531, dated Apr. 1, 1975, to William D. Mayo; U.S. Pat. No. 3,889,967, dated Jun. 17, 1975, to Elmer E. Sauer; Design U.S. Pat. No. 183,950 dated Nov. 18, 1958, to H. George Skaller; U.S. Pat. No. 1,375,121, dated Apr. 19, 1921, to C. E. Swartzbaugh; U.S. Pat. No. 1,455,395, dated May 15, 1923, to M. E. Exum; U.S. Pat. No. 1,654,330, dated Dec. 27, 1927, to C. E. Jenkins; U.S. Pat. No. 1,760,854, dated May 27, 1930, to M. Wright; U.S. Pat. No. 2,193,411, dated Mar. 12, 1940, to R. O. Sheldon; U.S. Pat. No. 2,771,318, dated Nov. 20, 1956, to C. F. Jagsch; U.S. Pat. No. 3,591,194, dated Jul. 6, 1971, to Philip Vega; U.S. Pat. No. 3,873,114, dated Mar. 25, 1975, to Rilma L. Brown; U.S. Pat. No. 3,940,175, dated Feb. 24, 1976, to Jimmy R. Robison; U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,029, dated Apr. 26, 1994, to Ronald R. Kaiser II; my own U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,022, dated Jan. 10, 1995, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,988, dated Nov. 14, 1995; and Italian Patent No. 435,595, dated Dec. 11, 1947, to Siera.
There is a need for a lightweight, compact utility cart fitted with an ice chest or ice chest receptacle having dual covers and lid covers, a storage compartment for miscellaneous accessories, removable chair supports for supporting folding lawn chairs, an auxiliary table top and a trash bag or bags, as well as folding, hinged drop leaf tables adapted for extension to accommodate several people during meals, a collapsible handle and an umbrella for shading the occupants of the table tops and protecting them from rain. It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a utility cart having these features.
Another object of this invention is to provide a new and improved utility cart which is characterized by a compact, lightweight cart frame fitted with a pair of fixed rear wheels and steerable front wheels connected to a pivoted, collapsible handle and having a built-in ice chest or ice chest receptacle for receiving an ice chest specifically designed for the purpose, or a conventional ice chest, as well as a storage compartment, upward-standing, removable chair supports for supporting an auxiliary table top, one or more trash bags and accommodating folded lawn chairs or the like, as well as hinged, folding drop leaf-type tables for receiving guests during meals and umbrella brackets for removably and adjustably receiving one or more umbrellas and protecting the occupants of the tables.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a wheeled utility cart, the front wheels of which are steerable by a collapsing handle that optionally serves in collapsed configuration to support a hinged ice chest lid cover as a table top, the cart frame of which is constructed of an expanded foam insulation sandwiched between panel plates or sheets to provide superior strength with reduced weight and superior insulating qualities.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a versatile utility cart for use at parties, festivals, picnics, beach activities, athletic "tailgate" gatherings, and like occasions, which utility cart includes a wheeled cart frame, the front wheels of which are pivotally attached to the frame and are steerable by means of a collapsible pivotable handle, and the rear wheels fixed. The cart frame further includes at least one lifting handle, an insulated ice chest or ice chest receptacle fitted with insulated hinge lids and covers, one of which covers doubles as a table when pivoted against the collapsible towing handle, as well as two or more hinged drop leaf tables arranged for deployment upwardly in horizontal functional configuration and supported by pivotable supports, to serve breakfast, lunch or dinner guests and adjustable downwardly in non-functional folded configuration. One or more umbrellas for shading the guests and providing protection from the rain and a storage or utility compartment complete the utility cart.


The present invention relates to an antibody or functional fragment thereof which binds to a mammalian (e.g., human) CC-chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) or a portion of the receptor and blocks binding of a ligand to the receptor. The invention further relates to a method of inhibiting the interaction of a cell bearing mammalian CCR1 with a ligand thereof, and to use of the antibodies and fragments in research, therapeutic, prophylactic and diagnostic methods.

Over the last decade, chemokines have emerged as key mediators of inflammation as a result of their numerous proinflammatory activities which affect virtually every leukocyte type. More recently, chemokines have been recognized as a critical component of basal leukocyte trafficking essential for normal immune surveillance and response, as well as for several other functions in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, control of viral infection, and T cell differentiation (Baggiolini et al., Ann. Rev. Immunol. 15:675 (1997); Zou et al., Nature 393:595 (1998); Tachibana et al., Nature 393.591 (1998)). This diverse array of biological activities, including mediation of a range of pro-inflammatory effects on leukocytes, such as triggering of chemotaxis, degranulation, synthesis of lipid mediators, and integrin activation, together with their critical role in the initiation and maintenance inflammatory diseases, and the recent identification of certain chemokine receptors as co-receptors for HIV-1 entry, have made chemokines and chemokine receptors an attractive new set of therapeutic targets.
Members of the chemokine family are produced and secreted by many cell types in response to early inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β or TNFα. The chemokine superfamily comprises two main branches: the α-chemokines (or CXC chemokines) which are characterized by a single amino acid separating the first 2 cysteines, and the β-chemokines (CC chemokines), which contain two adjacent cysteines. The α-chemokine branch includes proteins such as IL-8, neutrophil activating peptide-2 (NAP-2), melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA/gro or GROα), and ENA-78, each of which have attracting and activating effects predominantly on neutrophils. The members of the β-chemokine branch affect other cell types such as monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and eosinophils (Oppenheim, J. J. et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol., 9:617–648 (1991); Baggiolini, M., et al., Adv. Imunol., 55:97–179 (1994); Miller and Krangel, Crit. Rev. Immunol., 12:17–46 (1992); Jose, P. J., et al., J. Exp. Med., 179:881–118 (1994); Ponath, P. D., et al., J. Clin. Invest., 97:604–612 (1996)), and include proteins such as monocyte chemotactic proteins 1–4 (MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, and MCP-4), RANTES, macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP-1α, MIP-1β), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC).
Chemokines bind to 7 transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors (Murphy, P. M., Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12:593–633 (1994)). A number of β chemokine receptors (CCR1–CCR10) have been identified to date, and the search for additional chemokine receptors is the subject of active research (Baggiolini, Nature 392:565–568 (1998)). Chemokine receptor CCR1 was identified by Nomura et al., (Int. Immunol. 5:1239–1249 (1993); Neote et al., (Cell 72:415–425 (1993)) and Gao et al., (J. Exp. Med. 177:1421–1427 (1993)). CCR1 was originally found to signal in response to MIP-1α and RANTES, but more recently has also been shown to signal in response to additional chemokine ligands.
The selective recruitment of leukocyte subsets to sites of inflammation and the ordered trafficking of leukocytes through the circulation, tissues, lymphatic system and secondary lymphoid organs is controlled in part by the differential expression of chemokine receptors on subsets of cells. Such expression patterns would seem to ensure that a functionally related group of leukocytes can coordinately respond to a specific set of chemokines induced by a given stimulus. However, most leukocytes express several chemokine receptors, many with complex and promiscuous ligand interactions. For T cells, PCR or Northern blotting indicates that the known receptors for CC chemokines are expressed on subsets of T cells. Delineating exactly which subsets express particular receptors is an area of intense study, because chemokine receptor expression may explain the localization or migration of various cell types, such as TH1 or TH2 T cells or tissue homing subsets. It may also determine which T cells are infected with different strains of HIV-1. This makes elucidating the normal immune function for a specific receptor on a given cell type and determining the relevance to initiation and progression of disease difficult, especially since specific antibodies are not available for many chemokine receptors.

Anti-CCR1 antibodies and methods of use thereof