A container packed with a mixture of powders classified respectively into two or at least three particle-size distribution groups which are different in average particle size, the powders comprising a hydrogen absorbing alloy singly or the combination of such an alloy and a substance not absorbing hydrogen. The mixture is at least 0.03 to not greater than 0.50 in the ratio d.sub.2 /d.sub.1 wherein d.sub.1 is the average particle size of the powder having the particle-size distribution of the largest average particle size, and d.sub.2 is the average particle size of the powder having the particle-size distribution of the second largest average particle size. The weight ratio of the powder to the total weight of the powders is greater when that powder has a particle-size distribution of larger average particle size. The weight ratio of the powder having the particle-size distribution of the second largest average particle size to the powder having the particle-size distribution of the largest average particle size is at least 0.2 to not greater than 0.8.

Conventionally, it is practice to pulverize an ingot of hydrogen absorbing alloy obtained by melting and filling the resulting powder into a container of specified capacity, for example, for use in batteries wherein the electrode is made of hydrogen absorbing alloy and in heat pumps wherein such alloy is utilized. Hydrogen absorbing alloys need to be treated for activation so as to exhibit their hydrogen absorbing and desorbing ability to the greatest possible extent. The alloy is pulverized, thereby given an increased surface area and rendered easy to activate.
In order to realize desired features of hydrogen equilibrium pressure conforming to the purpose of use of heat pumps or the like and further obtain a hydrogen absorbing agent having a capability of storing a large amount of hydrogen and an increased speed of reaction, it has been proposed to admix (A) 20 to 80 wt. % of Mg--Ni alloy with (B) 20 to 80 wt. % of an alloy selected from the group consisting of Ca--Ni alloys, Mm(misch metal)-Ni alloys and Mm--Co alloys (Examined Japanese Patent Publication 59-46881).
It has also been proposed to admix a small amount of a hydrogen absorbing alloy of the titanium-zirconium-manganese type having the drawback of marked hystresis and small heat of reaction with a misch metal-nickel-aluminum alloy having the drawback of being relatively small in the amount of hydrogen to be absorbed per unit weight and low in reaction velocity (Examined Japanese Patent Publication SHO 61-40021).
When a powder of hydrogen absorbing alloy is to be filled into a container of definite capacity, it is desired to fill a large amount of the alloy with voids diminished to the greatest possible extent. However, the particles of hydrogen absorbing alloy obtained by pulverizing an ingot differ variously in size and shape and are difficult to fill to a high density with voids inevitably formed among the particles.
In the case where the container of definite capacity is to be packed with particles of approximately the same size, it is difficult to make the void fraction less than 0.5 which is the limit value for the void fraction to be involved when the particles are assumed to be spherical, because the particles are actually not spherical. The term "void fraction" as used herein means the ratio of the voids (spaces) to the bulk volume of a material.
On the other hand, if powders which are different in average particle size are mixed together and filled, small particles will enter interstices between large particles to result in a decreased void fraction.
Accordingly, in packing a container with powders of hydrogen absorbing alloy which are different in particle size, shape, etc., an object of the present invention is to provide an increased hydrogen absorbing capacity per unit internal volume of the container by filling the powers into the container to a high density so that the resulting void fraction is smaller than 0.5.
The present invention gives an increased hydrogen absorbing capacity to the energy storage container of fuel cells and a higher capacity to cells wherein the electrode is made of hydrogen absorbing alloy and provides compacted heat pumps wherein hydrogen absorbing alloy is utilized.

Container packed with powder of hydrogen absorbing alloy


The present invention relates to recombinant DNA molecules encoding the Tsp45I gene (tsp45IR), and the cognate M.Tsp45I gene (tsp45IM), from Thermus species YS45 introduced into E. coli as well as expression of the recombinant Tsp45I restriction endonuclease in E coli.

The present invention relates to cloned DNA encoding the Tsp45I restriction endonuclease (Tsp45I) as well as the Tsp45I modification methylase (M. Tsp45I), and the production of recombinant Tsp45I.
Many species of bacteria contain small circular extrachromosomal genetic elements, known as plasmids. Plasmids have been found in a number of bacteria which live in extreme environments, including the thermophiles, which live at high (>55.degree. C.) temperatures (Munster et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:1325-1327 (1985); Kristjansson and Stetter, in `Thermophilic Bacteria`, Kristjansson, ed., p. 1-18 (1992)). However, most thermophile plasmids remain `cryptic` in that functional genes have not been isolated from them, hence leaving their functional significance speculative (Hishinuma et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 104:193-199 (1978); Eberhard et al., Plasmid6:1-6 (1981); Vasquez et al., FEBS Lett. 158:339-342 (1983)). Common genes found in other plasmids include those encoding plasmid replication and cellular maintenance, antibiotic resistance, bacteriocin production, sex determination, and other cellular functions (Kornberg and Baker, `DNA Replication`, 2.sup.nd ed. (1991)). Of particular interest to molecular biologists are plasmids that harbor restriction-modification (R-M) systems.
R-M systems occur naturally in most bacteria, including thermophiles (Hjorleifsdottir et al., Biotech. Tech. 10:13-18 (1996)). The common type II R-M system consists of two genes encoding a restriction endonuclease and its cognate modification methylase (Roberts and Halford, in `Nucleases`, .sub.2 nd ed., Linn et al., ed.'s, p. 35-88 (1993)). When purified from other bacterial components, restriction endonucleases can be used in the laboratory to cleave DNA molecules into precise fragments for molecular cloning and gene characterization. Thermophilic restriction endonucleases tend to retain their thermophilic character, acting with maximum efficiency at the elevated temperatures of their host strain (Hjorleifsottir et al., Biotech. Tech. 10:13-18 (1996)). Thermophilic enzymes are also more stable than lower-temperature counterparts, being more resistant to both thermal and chemically induced denaturation (Kristjansson, Trends. Biotech. 7:349-353 (1989); Coolbear et al., Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotech. 45:57-98 (1992); Cowan, Biochem. Soc. Symp. 58:149-169 (1992)). They are therefore invaluable in methodology, such as PCR, in which high temperatures cannot be avoided.
Restriction endonucleases recognize and bind particular sequences of nucleotides (the `recognition sequence`) along the DNA molecule. Once bound, they cleave the molecule within or to one side of the recognition sequence. Over two hundred and thirty two restriction endonucleases with unique specificity have been identified in bacterial species to date. Only about thirty of the over two thousand eight hundred known restriction endonucleases are known to be plasmid-borne (Roberts and Macelis, Nucl. Acids Res. 25:248-262, (1997)).
Restriction endonucleases are typically named according to the bacteria from which they are derived (Smith and Nathans, J. Mol. Biol. 81:419-423 (1973)). Thus, the Thermus species YS45 possesses one known endonuclease activity called Tsp45I (Raven et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 21:4397 (1993)). This enzyme recognizes two unique double-stranded DNA sequences: 5'-GTGAC-3' and 5'-GTCAG-3' (which can be conveniently written as 5'-GTSAC-3'). It cleaves the DNA before the first G in this site (along both strands) leaving four nucleotides as single stranded 5' overhangs at each end of the cleaved DNA. The enzyme has maximal activity at about 65.degree., a temperature at which YS45 grows well.
It is commonly accepted that restriction endonucleases evolved to play a protective role in the welfare of the bacterial cell (Wilson and Murray, Annu. Rev. Genet. 25:585-627 (1991)). They impart bacteria with resistance to infection by foreign viral or plasmid DNA, which might otherwise destroy or parasitize them. Invading foreign DNA is cleaved at recognition sites by the bacterial endonuclease, disabling many infecting genes and/or rendering the foreign DNA susceptible to further degradation by non-specific nucleases.
The other component of type II bacterial R-M systems is the modification methylase (Roberts and Halford, in `Nucleases`, .sub.2 nd ed., Linn et al., ed.'s, p. 35-88 (1993)). Modification methylases provide the means by which bacteria are able to protect and distinguish their own DNA from foreign DNA. They recognize and bind to the same recognition sequence as their corresponding restriction endonuclease. For example, the methylase recognizing 5'-GTSAC-3' is known as M. Tsp45I. Modification methylases do not cleave DNA, but rather chemically modify one particular nucleotide within the recognition sequence by the addition of a methyl group. Following methylation, this sequence is no longer cleaved by the corresponding endonuclease. The DNA of a bacterial cell is always fully modified by virtue of the activity of its modification methylase. It is therefore completely insensitive to the presence of the endogenous restriction endonuclease. It is only unmodified and therefore identifiably foreign DNA that is sensitive to restriction endonuclease recognition and cleavage.
It is often particularly difficult to cultivate thermophilic bacteria within the laboratory. They require high temperatures and often-unknown environmental conditions for acceptable growth (Kristjansson and Stetter, in `Thermophilic Bacteria`, Kristjansson, ed., p. 1-18 (1992)). However, with the advent of genetic engineering, it is now possible to clone genes from thermophiles into more easily cultivatable laboratory organisms, such as E. coli (Kristjansson, Trends Biotech. 7:349-353 (1989); Coolbear et al., Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotech. 45:57-98 (1992)). The expression of such genes can be finely controlled within E. coli.
A number of methods for isolating R-M systems from diverse bacteria have been devised. The earliest cloning efforts relied upon bacteriophage infection as a means of identifying or selecting restriction endonuclease clones (EcoRII: Kosykh et al., Molec. Gen. Genet. 178: 717-719, (1980); HhaII: Mann et al., Gene 3: 97-112, (1978); Pstl: Walder et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 78:1503-1507, (1981)). Cells that carry cloned R-M genes can, in principle, be selectively isolated as survivors from libraries that have been exposed to phage. This method is of limited value, as many cloned R-M genes do not manifest sufficient phage resistance to confer selective survival. The likelihood of cloning a Thermus R-M system by this method is further reduced, as only one Thermus phage (fYS40) has been described (Sakaki and Oshima, J. Virol. 15:1449-1453, (1975)).
R-M systems have also been cloned by selection for an active methylase (`methylase-selection` (Kiss et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 6403-6421, (1985)), or endonuclease (`endo-blue method`, (Fomenkov et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 22:2399-2403, (1994)). These methodologies rely upon the expression of said genes in E. coli by their introduced promoters. Thermus promoters can significantly diverge from those of E. coli (Maseda and Hoshino, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 128:127-134, (1995)), and may not function at all (Wayne and Xu, Gene (in press), (1997)). It is therefore difficult to predict whether such methodology can be used to clone a Thermus R-M system.
A few plasmid-borne R-M systems have been characterized in diverse bacterial species prior to transfer to E. coli (EcoRV, Bougueleret et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12:3659-3676 (1984); PaeR7: Gingeras and Brooks, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 80:402-406, (1983); Theriault and Roy, Gene 19:355-359 (1982); PvuII: Blumenthal et al., J. Bacteriol. 164:501-509 (1985)). However, no eubacterial, and only one archaeon (MthTI, Nolling and DEVOS, J. Bacteriol. 17:5719-5726 (1992)) thermophilic plasmid-borne R-M system has been previously expressed in E. coli. The cloning of thermostable proteins, such as restriction endonucleases, has been hampered by the lack of molecular methodologies within thermophiles. It is often simpler to clone said genes into E. coli prior to functional characterization (Kirino et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 220:275-281 (1994); Moriyama et al., J. Biochem. 117:408-413 (1995); Numata et al., Prot. Eng. 8:39-43 (1995)).
The purification of recombinant proteins from E. coli has also been better established than that from thermophiles.
Therefore, the production of recombinant proteins is often simpler and produces larger yields than those obtained through conventional purification from the original thermophile (Kristjansson, Trends Biotech. 7:349-353 (1989); Coolbear et al., Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotech. 45:57-98 (1992); Ishida and Oshima, J. Bacteriol. 176:2767-2770 (1994)). There is commercial incentive to produce thermostable endonucleases which are usually more stable to heat and denaturing conditions then mesophilic (grow between 20.degree. and 50.degree. C.) counterparts (Wiegel and Ljungdahl, CRC Crit. Rev. Biotech. 3:39-108); Kristjansson, Trends Biotech. 7:349-353 (1989); Coolbear et al., Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotech. 45:57-98 (1992)). These thermostable enzymes can also be used in a variety of assays, such as PCR, in which high temperatures cannot be 'avoided. The plasmids of thermophiles are therefore an appropriate source for finding thermophilic R-M systems.

Method for cloning and producing the Tsp45I restriction endonuclease in E. coli


A supported polyionic hydrogel is prepared by impregnating a support matel with a solution of anionic polysaccharide and a solution of cationic polysaccharide where the anionic polysaccharide and cationic polysaccharide react with each other to form a polyionic hydrogel impregnated in the support material. The hydrogel may be dried such as by lyophilization. Preferably, the anionic polysaccharide is xanthan, dicarboxystarch or dicarboxycellulose and the cationic polysaccharide is chitosan. Especially preferred is a polyionic hydrogel formed from xanthan and chitosan. A paper material or a textile material can be used as the support material. A dry supported polyionic hydrogel can be formed as a bandage without active material incorporated therein. The supported polyionic hydrogel may be formed containing a biologically active material by having the active material in either polysaccharide solution or in another solution impregnated into the support material. The biologically active materials can be enzymes, antibody-producing cells or water-soluble drugs such as the antimicrobial agent, chlorohexidine.

Supported hydrogels, as well as hydrogels which act as carriers, are well-known in the art. Thus, e.g., acrylamide-N,N.sup.1 -methylenebisacrylamide was polymerized in a porous ceramic tube to form a permselective membrane composite useful for separating organic solvents from their water mixtures, as described in Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 113, No. 26, Abstract No. 233075v. In WO 8807075 there is described an enzyme reactor system composed of an enzyme entrapment hydrogel layer coated on a support and an ultraporous thin film membrane diffusion barrier.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,654 there is described a hot or cold compress, comprising a layer of a substituted ureaurethane hydrogel material bonded to one side of a porous substrate, said hydrogel being formed from water, a polyol and a diisocyanate prepolymer. Similarly, in Japanese Patent 57119879, as abstracted in Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 98, No. 4, Abstract No. 1773j, there are described supported or self-supporting hydrogel polymer layers which were prepared using polymeric binders. For example, 2.0 kg ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer in 8.0 kg PhMe was stirred with 2.0 kg powdered SGP polymer, to give a dispersion which was diluted with PhMe to a viscosity of 5 p and coated on a polyamide non-woven fabric.

Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Israel Fiber Institute, State of Israel Ministry & Trade


The present invention provides photoconductive paints which have excellent dispersability and dispersion stability and which allow formation of coatings with high coating strength and excellent smoothness.. The invention relates to photoconductive paint composed primarily of an inorganic photoconductive material and a binding resin formed on a conductive substrate, wherein the binding resin contains compound fine particles (A) and a resin (B) as defined below, in a solid weight ratio of compound fine particles (A)/resin (B) in the range of 0.5/9.5-4.0/6.0.. The compound fine particles (A) have an organic polymer bound to surfaces of inorganic fine particles, and the resin (B) is a resin composition obtained by polymerizing an acrylic monomer mixture, the resin having an acid value of 2.0-12.0.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive body and a photoconductive paint, and specifically it relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive body with excellent imaging properties, electrical characteristics and stability against environmental changes, and which provides superior printing resistance, desensitization reactivity and desensitized coating formability when used for electrophotographic lithographic printing plates, as well as to a photoconductive paint of which the electrophotographic photosensitive body is composed.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electrophotographic photosensitive bodies composed of conductive substrates and photoconductive layers are employed in the common electrophotographic process known as the Carlson process, i.e. for formation of images by electrification, exposure and development, and they are also employed in a broad range of practical methods as plates for lithographic printing after image formation.
Binding resins used for formation of photoconductive layers of electrophotographic photosensitive bodies are required to have satisfactory film-forming properties, adhesion to photoconductive layers formed on conductive substrates, and dispersion of inorganic photoconductive powders in the binding resins, as well as suitable performance in terms of imaging properties and electrical characteristics for electrophotographic photosensitive bodies, and must also maintain stable performance regardless of changes in the environment during imaging.
When used for photoconductive paints, consistently stable dispersion of inorganic photoconductive powders is a requirement.
Silicone resins, alkyd resins, acrylic resins (acrylic ester copolymers, etc.) and mixtures of such resins have long been publicly known as resins used for electrophotographic photosensitive bodies and photoconductive paints.
However, the use of these conventional resins has been associated with a number of problems, including:
1) a lack of affinity with inorganic photoconductive powders, and poor dispersion when prepared as photoconductive paints;
2) Inferior reproducibility of photographed images;
3) Susceptibility to environmental changes during imaging (temperature and humidity fluctuations);
4) When used for lithographic printing plates, insufficient film strength and adhesion of photosensitive layers, resulting in inconveniences such as peeling of photosensitive layers during printing;
5) With lithographic printing plates, low reactivity with desensitizing fluids and generation of scum during printing.
As an improvement for photoconductive layer binding resins there has been disclosed a process which provides enhanced imaging properties, electrical characteristics and humidity resistance, using an acrylic resin with an acid value of 4-50, in a combination of a component with a molecular weight distribution of 10.sup.3 -10.sup.4 and a component with a molecular weight distribution of 10.sup.4 -2.times.10.sup.5 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 60-10254).
Research is diligently being pursued on lithographic printing plates employing electrophotographic photosensitive bodies, and there has been disclosed a binding resin for photoconductive layers which exhibits both the imaging properties and electrical characteristics of electrophotographic photosensitive bodies and the printing properties of printing plates, wherein, for example, a resin with a molecular weight of 1.8.times.10.sup.4 -10.sup.5 and a glass transition point of 10-80.degree. C., obtained by copolymerizing a (meth)acrylate monomer with another monomer in the presence of fumaric acid, is combined with a copolymer comprising a (meth)acrylate monomer and another monomer other than fumaric acid (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 50-31011).
Also disclosed is the use of quadripolymers or pentapolymers containing acrylic acid and hydroxy (meth)acrylate (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. 54-20735 and 57-202544), and the use of terpolymers containing (meth)acrylic acid esters substituted with alkyl groups of 6 or more carbon atoms and carboxylic acid-containing vinyl monomers has been described as having an effect of improving desensitizing properties of photoconductive layers (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 58-68046).
Nevertheless, actual evaluation of resins considered to have the aforementioned effects in terms of imaging properties, electrical characteristics and humidity resistance reveals that even they are not satisfactory in practice, in terms of their antistatic properties, electrical characteristics such as retention of light damping and darkness damping, and imaging properties such as degree of scum on non-image sections and image density, or in terms of their stability against environmental changes during imaging; an additional problem has been their weak coating strength on photoconductive layer surfaces, which leads to abrasion damage to surfaces and indentation smudges on imaged objects and printed products.
Even in the case of binding resins considered to have effects of improving desensitizing properties of lithographic printing plates, actual evaluation shows that when desensitizing treatment is carried out by hand etching, which gives a high desensitizing treatment effect, some slight degree of spotted scum is produced, but when desensitizing treatment is carried out using etching processors which have become popular in recent years and have a low desensitizing treatment effect, scum is produced over the entire surface.
Thus, when desensitizing treatment is carried out using an etching processor, it is common to employ a method whereby treatment is effected twice with the processor. However, although such repeated treatment methods have an effect on scum produced over the entire surface, there is a high tendency toward spotted contamination on the printed product, compared to hand etching treatment which has an effect against spotted scum.

Photoconductive paint and electrophotographic photosensitive body employing it


A blood-collecting device includes a suction device for suctioning and thereby swelling a portion of a patient's skin by decompression so that a movable paracentetic needle can be driven into the swollen skin to puncture the skin. Once the skin has been punctured, the paracentetic needle is withdrawn while suction is maintained on the swollen skin in order to draw a blood sample from the patient.

In recent years, which have seen an increase in the number of patients suffering from various adult diseases such as diabetes, believed to be due to changes in eating habits and a greater level of stress, a heavy burden is being imposed on the daily lives of the patients themselves who must make regular visits to the hospital, and therefore as blood sugar tests become an ever more usual part of their daily lives, the procedure of blood collection itself is receiving more attention as an important topic. The problem of the pain accompanying blood collection becomes a more significant issue in cases where the procedure must be repeated, and it is becoming a serious obstacle particularly for insulin-dependent patients, which include a large number of children. Furthermore, blood-transmitted diseases have become a social problem in recent years, and therefore, in the interest of preventing especially serious diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis, a device has been sought which may allow patients to take repeated blood collections by themselves without undue burden; yet, no blood-collecting device has been realized which can satisfy these conditions.
Conventional blood-collecting devices in common use are devices which cause a powerful impact of a small blade into the tip of the finger, cutting the skin and extracting blood, but despite the mere instant of contact between the blade and the skin, the resulting pain is more than imagined and thus its daily use has been quite difficult to sustain.
Incidentally, devices have been proposed which draw blood by first suctioning the skin and then forming a puncture in the suctioned section with a paracentesis needle; however, it is often the case that the amount of blood taken is less than the amount required for the measurement, and this has created uncertainties from the standpoint of stably obtaining reliable blood samples amounts.


A system and method for carrying out non-destructive testing and inspection of test objects to inspect for anomaly using eddy current instruments, the instrument has an on-board calibration module configured to provide probe-specific conductivity or thickness correction data over a plurality of testing points of a standard block having known conductivity and thicknesses using the same physical probe as is used for the inspection measurements. When the same probe induces eddy current into a test object, the instrument having a processor or computing unit, computes a conductivity or thickness value, corrected by the above said correction data pertaining to the specific probe.

The measurement data from NDT/NDI devices used for the routine monitoring of structural integrity must be of sufficient accuracy to allow a valid assessment to be made of the conditions of the structure under test. Examples of such structures are pipes and vessels widely used in the petrochemical and other industries. Examples of measurement data are pipe wall thickness and other geometric conditions, including, but not limited to, the presence of irregular surfaces (e.g. corrosion, oxide, etc.) and flaws (e.g. porosity, cracks, etc.).
Often, the decision to perform or not perform maintenance on a structure is made based on the assessment of the measurement data. Therefore, the measurement accuracy will have a direct impact on the decision. The consequence of inaccurate measurement data that underestimates an unfavorable condition of a structure can result in failures occurring before maintenance is performed. Conversely, inaccurate measurement data that overestimates an unfavorable condition of a structure can result in performing expensive and unnecessary maintenance.
One of the most common NDT/NDI devices used for assessing structural integrity is an eddy current (herein after as "EC") instrument for examining conductivity of conductive materials. In a typical eddy current inspection operation, an eddy current array probe, comprising a plurality of coils, is placed adjacent to the surface of a material under inspection. At the start of an inspection operation, an NDI instrument coupled to the eddy current probe energizes one or more coils. This, in turn, induces a current in the material under inspection. One or more coils within the probe array then sense this induced current and provide a measurement signal to the NDI instrument. By measuring the current induced in a material under inspection, the impedance or conductivity of said material can be calculated. Further, by tracking the impedance of a material under inspection as the probe is moved along the surface of said material flaws and defects within said material can be found and analyzed for anomaly reading of the impedance or conductivity.
The specific challenge herein dealt with is that the instrument needs to be calibrated for all different types of EC probes designed to work with instrument.
One conventional solution for EC probe calibration employs pre-defined static data tables to compensate for the time distortion; however, this solution has the drawback of not accounting for actual conditions of the probe in use since it only calibrates for one type of the probe. However, all probes of the same type can differ due to various reasons including probe wear and manufacturing variances in probe population. The conventional method also does not account for any drifts caused by change in environment, such as temperature.
The conventional method of determining conductivity and thickness is of standard in the field of conductivity measurements using eddy current. One can refer to ASTM E1004—09 Standard Test Method for Determining Electrical Conductivity Using the Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Method, Active Standard ASTM E1004 | Developed by Subcommittee: E07.07, Book of Standards Volume: 03.03.
Current empirical calibration data table using a pre-determined data table, use empirical methods of deriving data to generate the Table. The predetermined Table is generated by using conductivity measurement methods on a batch of typical eddy current probes of one model. It is then used for hundreds of the probes of the same model for many years. The existing calibration table is herein referred to as the "Empirical Table". Once can refer to one of these existing standard, or particularly, AC Conductivity Standards for the Calibration of Eddy-Current Conductivity Meters", by A E Drake and A C Lynch, 1987 J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 20 137. doi:10.1088/0022-3735/20/2/003.
Accordingly, a solution that overcomes the drawbacks described above and results in advantages highly valued by potentially affected industrial and public infrastructure concerns, needs to:
a. improve measurement accuracy by using probe-specific reference tables;
b. allow support and usage of third party, out-of-design-spec probes; and
c. allow customer additions of future new probes.

Apparatus and method for conducting and real-time application of EC probe calibration


A card reader includes a hollow base provided with a USB standard metal casing at one side, and an electric module mounted in the USB standard metal casing and the hollow base and defining with the USB standard metal casing an electronic card receiving space for accommodating an electric card such that the accommodated electronic card is insertable with the USB standard metal casing into a USB port of an electronic apparatus for two-way data transfer (reading or storing) between the electronic card and the electronic apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to card readers and more particularly, to a card reader that has a USB standard metal casing and an electronic module mounted in the USB standard metal casing and defining an electronic card receiving space for receiving an electronic card for enabling the accommodated electronic card to be inserted with the USB standard metal casing into a USB port of an electronic apparatus for two-way data transfer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Following the development of high technology, various digitalized electric and electronic products are created. These high-tech electronic products, such as digital camera, digital video camera, cellular telephone, MP3 player, MP4 player, digital recorder and etc. commonly provide multiple functions and use an electronic (memory) card for storing static/dynamic audio and/or video data. Many electronic (memory) cards are commercially available, including MMC (MultiMediaCard), SD (Secure Digital), SM (SmartMedia), CF (Compact Flash), MS (Memory Stick), and their related mini and micro electronic (memory) cards. For reading storage data from an electronic card or storing data in it, a card reader is necessary. Many types of card readers are known. These conventional card readers commonly have an insertion slot defined in a housing for the insertion of an electronic card, and a transmission cable with an electric connector for connection to an electronic apparatus for enabling the electronic apparatus to read data from the inserted electronic card or to write data in it. These conventional card readers commonly have a big size, not convenient to carry with oneself. Further, certain card readers must be used with a driver.
As shown in FIG. 10, a card reader A comprises a top cover shell A1 having a side opening A11, a bottom cover shell A2 having a side opening A21 matching the side opening A11 of the top cover shell A1, and a circuit board B mounted in between the top cover shell A1 and the bottom cover shell A2. The circuit board B comprises a USB terminal unit B1 and a memory card terminal unit B2. When in use, an electronic card is inserted into the side opening A11 of the top cover shell A1 and the side opening A21 of the bottom cover shell A2 and electrically connected to the memory card terminal unit B2, and then the card reader is inserted into a USB port of an electronic apparatus to have the USB terminal unit B1 be electrically connected to the electronic apparatus for two-way data transfer between the inserted electronic card and the electronic apparatus. This design of card reader still has drawbacks as follows:
(1) Because the circuit board B has its USB terminal unit B1 and memory card terminal unit B2 arranged at two far apart sides, the length of the card reader A cannot be minimized.
(2) Because the side openings A11 of the top cover shell A1 and the side opening A21 of the bottom cover shell A2 are disposed at one lateral side of the card reader A for the insertion of an electronic card, the inserted electronic card has a part protruding over one lateral side of the card reader A, hindering the plugging and deplugging operation of the card reader A.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a compact card reader that eliminates the aforesaid drawbacks.


An image sensor includes a pixel array. The image sensor may include a photoelectric conversion device generating electric charges according to photoelectric conversion in each of a plurality of pixels, a shutter of each of the plurality of pixels controlling movements of the generated electric charges according to a drive signal, a driving line connecting the shutters of all of the plurality of pixels of the pixel array, through which the drive signal is transmitted, and a plurality of driving buffers applying the drive signal to the driving line.

1. Field
Embodiments relate to an image sensor and a method of driving the image sensor.
2. Description of the Related Art
An image sensor is a device that receives light input from the outside, performs photoelectric conversion on the received light, and generates an image signal from generated electric charges. A typical image sensor includes an image sensor using a charge coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS).
An image sensor includes a pixel array consisting of a plurality of pixels. Each pixel is provided with a photoelectric conversion device such as a photodiode that performs photoelectric conversion. To detect electric charges generated by the photoelectric conversion device of each pixel, a shutter for controlling movements of the electric charges generated by the photoelectric conversion device is provided in each pixel. The shutter is opened and closed according to a drive signal that drives the shutter so that the movements of the electric charges may be controlled.
To obtain a high quality image, the electric charges are moved by sufficiently opening the shutter for a short time. In particular, for an image sensor of a camera for taking high-speed continuous shots or a 3 dimensional (3D) image, opening and closing of the shutter in each pixel are performed quickly. To this end, a drive signal for driving the shutter may be applied in the form of a high frequency (voltage) signal to the shutter. However, a delay occurs in switching the shutter according to the characteristic of an image sensor, and thus, the switching of the shutter may not be normally performed.

Image sensor and method of driving image sensor


In an RF environment serviced by 802.11, Bluetooth(™), or other network transmitters, or combinations, location-estimation methods and systems can advantageously use redundancy to refine an estimated location of an RF receiver. In one embodiment, a method for finding a receiver's location includes receiving signals from fixed transmitters, calculating preliminary location estimates, and combining the estimates using predetermined reference information on the RF environment. The reference information preferably includes minimum mean-squared error optimizing coefficients.

The invention relates generally to wireless communications and more specifically to techniques for determining the location of a mobile receiver in a wireless communications system.
Cellular telephones, portable computers, and other portable communications units benefit from the ability to independently determine their location. Most techniques for locating wireless receivers are directed at outdoor environments, such as for cellular telephones and vehicle-mounted receivers. However, some research has been directed toward creating separate indoor sensor networks for indoor positioning. A primary initiative for these efforts is the fact that low earth orbit (LEO) based Global Positioning System (GPS) has poor indoor coverage. Similar efforts have studied local wireless area network infrastructures that can be used for indoor location estimation by leveraging the information obtained via received wireless beacon signals.
In the case of cellular telephones, the ability to determine at least a rough location is a necessary one, so that handoffs can be made as the handheld unit moves from cell to cell. For similar reasons, portable computers connected to a network have an increasing need for the ability to estimate their locations in real time. For example, it would be helpful for a portable computer connected to a building's wireless network to be able to determine accurately its own location. Thus, it could determine which wireless access point is closest, thereby allowing for more robust connectivity to the wireless network. In other applications, portable computers, personal digital assistants, cordless telephones, cellular telephones, and other portable network devices would benefit from the ability to provide accurate location information to a user and to applications that can use the real-time information.

Selective fusion location estimation (SELFLOC) for wireless access technologies


A recording medium, and a method and apparatus for recording defect management information on the recording medium are disclosed. The method for recording defect management information of a recording medium includes recording a defect entry on the recording medium, wherein the defect entry includes a first field that can identify a defect entry type, a second field recording position information of a defect area within a user data area, and a third field recording position information of a replacement area within a spare area, and recording position information corresponding to the second field and/or the third field in accordance with the defect entry type decided by the first field, wherein, in case of a defect entry type having no corresponding position information, the corresponding field is set to zero (0).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a recording medium, and more particularly, to a recording medium, and a method and apparatus for recording defect management information on the recording medium. Although the present invention is suitable for a wide scope of applications, it is particularly suitable for efficiently managing defect management information and for facilitating a sorting process of defect entries configuring the defect management information.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
The optical disc is widely used as a recording medium capable of recording (and/or storing) a large amount of data. Particularly, a high-density optical recording medium capable of recording/storing high-quality video data and high-quality audio data, for example, a Blu-ray Disc (BD), has been being developed for a long period of time. The BD acting as the next-generation recording medium has been considered to be the next-generation optical recording solution capable of recording/storing much more data than a conventional DVD. In recent times, the international standard technical specification associated with the BD has been established along with those of other digital devices.
Many developers have conducted intensive research into the introduction of a preferable recording method, and more particularly, an optimum method of recording and managing defect management information using a next-generation recording medium, such as the BD. However, the technical standard for the BD has not yet been established, and, therefore, the developers have difficulty in developing the completed BD-based optical recording/reproducing apparatus.

Recording medium, and method and apparatus for recording defect management information on the recording medium


A gas spring adapted for automatically re-adjusting to a predetermined position, the gas spring incorporating a delay mechanism so that the automatic re-adjustment is delayed by a predetermined amount of time, and articles incorporating such a delay gas spring, such as a height adjustable chair. In one embodiment, the delay mechanism comprises a delay valve.

Many existing chairs have vertical height adjustment mechanisms that include vertically extendable gas springs. Typically, the gas spring includes an actuator that extends above the gas spring into an area under a chair seat, and the seat includes a lever that can be manipulated by a seated user to unlock the gas spring. Upon release, the gas spring biases the seat upwardly. Alternatively, the seated user can, after unlocking the release button, press downwardly on the chair (such as by applying their bodyweight) to overcome the bias of the gas spring to force the seat downwardly. Once the desired vertical positioning has been achieved, the user can cease actuation of the lever, thus locking the gas spring (and the seat) at the desired height.
Vertically adjustable chairs are limited as they generally remain at the last height to which the chair was purposefully adjusted. For example, if the chair was last adjusted by a user that was shorter than average, the chair would remain at a height that is lower than a height comfortable for the average user. Likewise, if the chair was last adjusted by a user that was taller than average, the chair would remain at a height that is higher than a height comfortable for the average user. Such an effect is most readily observed in a conference room having a plurality of vertically adjustable chairs where the chairs are noticeably positioned at a plurality of heights. Such a plurality of heights is generally undesirable for a number of reasons. For example, this non-uniformity of heights can be aesthetically unappealing to many viewers. Further, it can be inconvenient for a number of different users to be required to constantly adjust the height of a chair. A chair designed to be at a vertical height to be comfortable for an average user (e.g., an individual having a height in a range determined to be an average adult height) could eliminate the need for many height adjustments; however, such a chair would fail to offer the benefit of adjustability necessary for users of non-average height.
The simplest solution to the plurality of heights among vertically adjustable chairs is to have the chair return to a predetermined height when the user removes his or her weight from the chair. That solution, however, creates its own disadvantages. If a chair user gets up momentarily (for example, to greet someone entering the room, or to retrieve an item from the other side of the room), the chair would return to its predetermined height, notwithstanding the user's intent to return to the chair shortly. Consequently, the user would be required to readjust the chair each time the user returns to the chair, even if having only risen momentarily.
Such an immediate return to a predetermined height can present further undesirable effects as well. For example, if the chairs were to return to their predetermined height as soon as the user gets up, on occasion, if many chair users in a single room were to arise, all of the chairs in a room may readjust their heights at the same time. This simultaneous readjustment could be a substantial distraction. Still further, immediate readjustment of the chair height could be a safety problem. For instance, if a user merely readjusted his or her weight, such as only partially arising to reach for an object, the chair height could readjust inopportunely, causing the user to fall.
In light of the above, it is desired to have a vertically adjustable chair that re-adjusts to its predetermined height sometime after the user leaves the chair. The present invention achieves this goal.


A touch substrate includes a base substrate, a common electrode and a wire electrode. The base substrate has a plurality of common electrode areas. A common electrode is disposed in each of the common electrode areas. The common electrode has a plurality of first electrode lines extended in a first direction and arranged in a second direction crossing the first direction and a plurality of second electrode lines arranged in the first direction. The wire electrode is connected to an end of the common electrode to apply a voltage to the common electrode. The common electrode and the wire electrode are simultaneously formed through a same process using a printing substrate.

1. Technical Field
Example embodiments of the present invention relate to a touch substrate, a method of manufacturing the touch substrate and a display device having the touch substrate. More particularly, example embodiments of the present invention relate to a touch substrate having high reliability, a method of manufacturing the touch substrate and a display device having the touch substrate.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
A touch screen panel (TSP), wherein applying pressure or static electricity on a screen enables a user to input information, has been used. The TSP may be classified as a resistive touch type, a capacitance touch type, etc.
The resistive touch type TSP can be made by contacting two substrates that are coated with transparent electrode layers of indium tin oxide (ITO) as common electrodes such that the transparent electrodes face each other. Dot spacers may be disposed between the two substrates. When the transparent electrode layer coated on one substrate makes contact with a transparent electrode layer coated on the other substrate, the TSP detects an electrical signal to determine a contact position.
To manufacture the resistive touch type TSP, the common electrode is formed through a laser printing method and a wire electrode applying a voltage to the common electrode is made of silver (Ag) through a screen printing method. As a result, there are more processes and manufacturing is complicated.
Moreover, when the ITO common electrodes are repeatedly contacted with each other, the repeated stress on the common electrodes causes touch cracks to be generated so that the reliability of the TSP is decreased. Moreover, since ITO is expensive, the manufacturing cost of the TSP may be increased.

Touch substrate, method of manufacturing the same and display device having the same


A display includes a display circuit, a power module connected to the display circuit to supply power thereto, a display card chip, and a switch. The power module is connected to a power pin of the display card chip via the switch. A driving pin of the display card chip is connected to the display circuit and is able to control the display to display a white screen.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to displays, and particularly to a display which has an illumination function.
2. Description of Related Art
Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram of a conventional display 100 connected to a computer 200 is illustrated. The display 100 includes a display circuit 120 and a power module 140 configured to supply power to the display circuit 120. When the computer 200 transmits video signals to the display circuit 120, the display 100 will display corresponding video images thereon. However, when the computer 100 isn't operating, the display 100 has no usefulness and the screen is dark.
What is desired, therefore, is to provide a display which has an illumination function.

Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (ShenZhen) Co., Ltd.


The subject matter of the invention is a process for controlling a multiplicity of spray tools for the surface coating of vehicles or parts thereof. With stored program control, the settings for the multiplicity of spray tool which determine the paint flow through each tool are issued centrally to the control elements associated with the spray tools. The trajectory points for the tools, which are stored with coarse spacing or obtained by coarse interpolation from already stored trajectory points, are applied as reference values to the attitude controllers serving each spray tool; from the said position controllers, additional trajectory points are determined by fine interpolation between the transmitted trajectory points and processed in the position controller by means of actual position values.

The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for controlling a plurality of spray tools in a coating line by means of a coating control comprising a centralized control with stored program capability which releases setting magnitudes determining the paint throughput of each spray tool to actuators for the spray tools which, during coating, are moved by drives along paths whose beginning and end depends on signals from the control with stored program capability, with vehicles or parts thereof being moved through the coating line.
A method of the type described above is known from GB A-1 556 013. In a coating station, the known arrangement comprises a vertically movable spray tool for each side and a horizontally movable spray tool for the top side of automobile bodies. Each spray tool is connected to its own comparator control in which six linear movement paths of different lengths are stored for the associated spray tool by their beginning and end points. The control with stored program capability, which is connected to the comparator controls of the spray tools in a star-shaped manner, respectively selects one of these previously stored linear movement paths via a corresponding signal which is decoded in the comparator control. Then, the comparator control compares the signals generated by sensors with the beginning and end points of the movement path selected by the control with stored program capability and respectively releases or blocks the spray tools when the beginning and end points are reached.
Also known is a numerical control for the synchronous movement of machine drives, comprising a centralized computer which, via a parallel main computer bus, is connected to secondary computers respectively provided by a motor control and to a secondary computer control connected to each secondary computer via a second bus. The relatively slow centralized computer calculates interpolation points from stored command data. Sets of interpolation points are respectively transmitted to the secondary computers from the centralized computer. The secondary computers extrapolate the received interpolation data by iteration and generate motor drive signals. The secondary computer control synchronizes the operation and the temporal operating steps of the main computer and of the secondary computers (U.S. Pat. No. 4,262,336).
Finally, a method and an arrangement for determining an at least partially curved movement path of a tool are known by means of which the intermediate points disposed between path support points are determined by way of interpolation. The curved path segments disposed in-between two path support points are first approximated by parallel arcs which are then approximated by a progression by means of Linewinter polation (DE-A-29 45 660).
In automobile bodies, many parts, e. g., the outer sides of the roof, the doors, the hood and the tail, have uniform part geometries. These parts are coated with automatic coating machines, particularly by way of electrostatic spraying. The automatic coating machines have a plurality of spray tools past which the automobile bodies are moved. Frequently, drive and control devices having several axes are employed to arrange the spray tools at distances and angles that are suitable for coating. The spray tools are moved along predetermined paths which depend on the shape and speed of the parts to be coated.
For surface coating, pneumatic or electrostatic coating processes may be used. In the pneumatic spraying processes, the paint material is atomized in spray guns. In electrostatic spraying processes, an electrostatic field with a high direct voltage is generated between the spray tool and the object to be coated.
During the movement of the automobile body in the coating station, spray tools for the top surfaces and the side surfaces of the bodies are usually in operation simultaneously. The top surfaces and the side surfaces differ in their geometry. Additionally, the top and the side surfaces have different slopes with respect to the horizontal or vertical. Therefore, in order to properly coat the top and side surfaces, the spray tools must be moved at different speeds and be guided along different paths. Other parameters, e.g., paint consumption per time unit, may also vary from one spray tool to another.
For cost-efficiency reasons, automatic coating machines are used that have a plurality of spray tools, all or most of which are in operation at the same time. The spray tools must be positioned at distances and angle positions that are as optimal as possible with respect to the surface part that is to be coated in order to accomplish a uniform paint application. Therefore, it is necessary to position or move at least some of the spray tools independently of one another in terms of their positions and angles in space. For example, the spray tools are oriented perpendicularly onto the respective surface to be coated at uniform distances.
The controls for the spray tools or their drives comprise data for coating patterns which are allocated to surfaces of different shapes. These data relate to the settings of the spray tools and of the paths to be traversed by these tools during the relative movements between the spray tools and the surfaces to be coated. The programming of the controls takes place, for example, in situ or in a separate coating station with the aid of the Teach-In method. Off-line programming is also possible, at least for obtaining coarse path data which can then be corrected, for example, by way of the Teach-In method.
It is now the object of the invention to provide a method and an arrangement for controlling a plurality of spray tools for the surface coating of vehicles or parts thereof, wherein the expenditure for the control is low in spite of the simultaneous operation of several spray tools and precise positioning of the spray tools during the coating process.

Process and device for controlling a multiplicity of spray tools used in surface coating of vehicles or parts thereof

Cegelec AEG Anlagen--und Automatisierungstechnik GmbH


Systems and methods are disclosed herein to allow a service provider supporting applications running on a client device to remotely disable the applications, features of the applications, or sessions of the applications running on the client device. The service providers may initiate the disable action automatically upon the detection of certain events on or through the client device without requiring user input. The disable action is specific for the client device. In one embodiment, the service provider collects information associated with the application and with the remote client device that runs the application to conduct one or more transactions with the service provider. The service provider determines from the collected information a feature set of the application to disable on the client device. The service provider disabling remotely the feature set of the application on the client device without affecting any other client devices that run the application.

Client devices such as smart phones are used to conduct financial and other types of secure transactions. For example, users of client devices may make online purchases from online merchants and request that payments for the purchases be made from the users' payment account with a payment service provider such as PayPal, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. To facilitate the purchase or payment transactions, applications running on the client devices may be supported by the payment service provider and used by the users to conduct the transactions. However, there are times when it is desirable to disable the applications, or certain features of the applications, such as when the applications or when certain features are no longer supported by the payment service provider. At other times, it may be desirable to terminate live sessions of the applications running on the client devices. Conventionally, users of the applications are burdened with initiating such action. This need for user intervention creates inconvenience for the users and support problems for the service providers when the users fail to take the action. Accordingly, there is a need for a simple way of disabling applications running on client devices.

Device specific remote disabling of applications


There is provided a cleaning agent comprising a lactone represented by the following formula (1):

An organic electroluminescence device (hereinafter also referred to simply as "organic EL device") is considered promising with respect to its use as a solid-state light-emitting, inexpensive, large-area full-color display device and is now under intense development. The organic EL device generally has a structure that an anode (ITO), a hole transport layer, an organic layer (luminescent layer), an electron transport layer and a cathode are laminated in this order on a transparent substrate such as a glass plate and a sealing can is placed on the surface. The above organic layer (luminescent layer), hole-injection layer, hole transport layer and electron transport layer (hereinafter also referred to simply as "organic layer and the like") contain organic EL device materials. As the organic EL device materials, low-molecular-weight materials such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), star-burst, bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl)benzidine, a beryllium-quinoline complex (Beq2), 4-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline and a 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole molecule and high-molecular-weight materials such as poly(p-phenylenevinylene) and polyaniline are known.
In a production process of the organic EL device using the low-molecular-weight material as the organic EL material, the organic layer and the like are formed by vacuum-depositing the organic EL device material on a substrate having the anode layer, and the hole injection layer as required, formed thereon. When the organic layer and the like are formed by vacuum deposition, patterning is required for each pixel so as to display each color or control unwanted light emission. For this patterning, a metal mask having slits is used (refer to Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. 2003-332057 and 2003-297566).
When the organic layer is formed in accordance with the above deposition technique, the organic EL device material adheres to a surface of the metal mask. When the metal mask continues to be used with the organic EL device material adhering thereon, the metal mask itself is deformed or the accumulated organic EL device material clogs the slits, with the result that high-precision patterning is no longer possible. Accordingly, to use the metal mask over and over, it must be cleaned on a regular basis to remove the organic EL device material adhering on its surface. As cleaning agents and cleaning methods which may be used for the above purpose, a method of wiping out the organic EL material by a hand using an organic solvent such as acetone, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol or methylene chloride and a method of washing out the organic EL material by using a supercritical fluid at high pressure are known, for example (refer to Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2003-305421).
While the above method of cleaning the metal mask having the organic EL device material adhering thereon by use of a supercritical fluid has an advantage that recycling of the organic EL device material is possible, the method not only requires a pressure device but also has problems with respect to cleaning efficiency and operability.
Meanwhile, an automatic system can be built to clean an apparatus or article having the organic EL device material adhering thereon by use of a cleaning agent and is an industrially advantageous method as can be understood from a fact that it is used in many fields. However, cleaning using an organic solvent such as acetone, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol or methylene chloride is considered problematic with respect to environmental problems and safety on human bodies. Therefore, for cleaning an apparatus or article having the organic EL device material adhering thereon by use of a cleaning agent, it is necessary not to use an organic solvent which has an adverse effect on the environment and human bodies such as acetone, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol or methylene chloride but is necessary to find a cleaning agent having high detergency on the organic EL device material.
Meanwhile, a magnetic head device, a liquid crystal panel device or a semiconductor device such as an IC or LSI is formed by coating a resist on a conductive metal thin film or an insulation film such as an SiO2 film or SiN film which is formed on a substrate, exposing the coated resist via a mask having a desired pattern formed thereon and developing the resist to form a resist pattern in a desired region, carrying out a treatment such as etching by use of the resist pattern as a mask and then removing the resist.
As a cleaning/removing agent for removing the above resist, an alkaline cleaning/removing agent comprising a water-soluble organic amine as an essential component has heretofore been used. As such a cleaning/removing agent, a resist stripping agent comprising (a) an amine such as monoethanolamine or ethylenediamine, (b) a polar solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and (c) a surfactant is known (refer to Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 63-231343), and the cleaning/removing agent shows excellent resist removability. However, in recent production of a magnetic head device, liquid crystal panel device and semiconductor device, the cleaning/removing agent is used at a high temperature of, for example, 80 to 90° C. in some cases, and in such a case, there is a problem that an insoluble matter which is difficult to remove even in a subsequent rinsing step is deposited on the surface of a cleaned object. In view of the above problem, a resist cleaning/removing agent comprising dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylenediamine has been proposed as a cleaning agent free of such a problem (refer to Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 11-133628). This cleaning agent does not have a problem that an insoluble matter is deposited on the surface of a cleaned object even when it is used at high temperatures and shows excellent resist removability. However, since the cleaning agent contains ethylenediamine which is highly irritating to the skin and eyes and has high sensitization, a safer cleaning agent has been desired.
Meanwhile, resist removing agents which do not comprise a water-soluble organic amine as an essential component are also known. Illustrative examples of such cleaning agents include a resist cleaning/removing agent comprising at least 50% by mass of dimethyl sulfoxide and 5 to 50% by mass of alcohol (refer to Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 63-163457) and a resist stripping agent comprising dimethyl sulfoxide, amino alcohol and water (refer to Japanese Patent Publication No. 7-69619).
These cleaning/removing agent and stripping agent show excellent resist removability. However, the former resist cleaning/removing agent has a problem of low flash point which limits its cleaning conditions and handling. Meanwhile, the latter resist stripping agent has a problem that it may cause corrosion of conductive film which may result in breaking of wires when a substrate having the conductive film formed thereon is used as an object to be cleaned, since the resist stripping agent contains water.
Recently, the material of conductive films has been shifted to aluminum and copper which are liable to corrode. They are susceptible to corrosion by water, and this disadvantage leads to a severe problem, i.e. a decrease in product yield. Further, although pyrrolidone typified by N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ketone typified by acetone and methyl ethyl ketone and methylene chloride have been widely used as components of cleaning agents because they exert high detergency, use of these materials tends to be avoided from the viewpoints of environmental problems and safety on human bodies.

Abstract: wherein R1 is an alkylene group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The cleaning agent is useful for cleaning an organic electroluminescence material, photosensitive resin, liquid crystal or wax.


A multi-stranded superconducting coil includes compensation windings for use in detection of quenches in the coil. The compensation windings are formed as an integral part of the coil by co-winding a non-superconducting strand along with the superconducting strands in the cable manufacturing process. The non-superconducting strand is cut and electrically connected to the coil at selected locations.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention in general relates to superconducting energy storage inductors and more particularly to a cable arrangement which allows detection of quenches.
2. Description of Related Art
An electrical inductor is capable of storing energy in the magnetic field produced by current flowing through the inductor coil. If the inductor is a superconducting inductor, extremely large amounts of energy can be stored for relatively long periods of time due to the fact that once in the superconducting state, resistance of the inductor winding approaches zero ohms enabling the winding to carry large currents with little loss.
Superconducting magnetic energy storage systems find use in various fields such as industrial, transportation, and defense, as well as in the electrical utility industry.
The inductor winding is comprised of strands of superconducting material, such as niobium-titanium. When in use, the entire inductor is immersed in a cryogenic fluid, such as liquid helium, in order for the coil to maintain its superconductive state. Every superconducting material has a critical temperature above which the material is no longer superconducting.
A quench is said to occur when a region of superconductor loses its superconducting property and becomes a normal resistive conductor. The occurrence of a quench results in localized heating which may cause the quench zone to propagate and lead to severe or catastrophic damage of the coil. Accordingly, means are generally provided for the early detection of such quenches so that the energy stored in the inductor may be dissipated in external resistors, thus preserving the integrity of the inductor so that corrective action may be taken.
Historically, voltage taps, with voltage comparisons, have been the primary means for detecting and localizing incipient quench zones. As will be pointed out, current methods for quench detection require either expensive state of the art amplifiers or expensive and time consuming fabrication techniques.
The present invention allows the quench detection to be accomplished with a significant economic savings.

Arrangement for detecting quenches in superconducting coils


Systems and methods for burden sharing in satellite based communication systems are disclosed. One or more users in a satellite based communication system may experience signal degradation or signal fading that can occur for an extended period of time, such as when the fade is due to rain fade. The system can improve a communication link with a particular user by varying the data rate. The data rate can be varied by reducing a coding rate to compensate for low signal quality. In a time multiplexed communication system where multiple users time multiplex the available communication bandwidth, the system can concurrently adjust a time allocated to a user based in part on the coding rate. The time allocated to a user can be increased for decreased coding rates in order to maintain a substantially stable symbol rate to the user for each time multiplex cycle of users.

Generally, users of the Internet wanting high speed, broadband service can use DSL in many parts of the world. In areas where digital cable capability exists, cable modems provide another option. But there are large areas of the world—even the developed world—where neither option will exist for the foreseeable future. These are areas of relatively sparse population density. In those areas, lengths of cable run from telephone central offices tend to be long, thus slowing DSL speed, and, in turn, discouraging DSL deployment. Likewise the sparse population density discourages the installation of digital cable because of high cost per subscriber. It is estimated that approximately 30% of the roughly 100 million households in the US live in such areas.
Satellite service would seem to be the natural way to serve this population and, indeed, there have been several such businesses begun. Typical ventures to date have used existing Ku band satellites. These satellites have large continental sized beams rather than multiple small beams. If one wants to provide high speed service the number of subscribers that can be served per unit MHz. using large beams becomes uneconomically small. The way to fix that problem is well known. By going to a multibeam satellite, where multiple small beams cover the continent sized area rather that one big beam, one gets an effective multiplication of bandwidth. A given band of frequencies can be reused multiple times on the different beams so that the bandwidth is effectively multiplied by the number of beams divided by the reuse factor. Further, such multibeam operation effectively carries no power penalty. Comparing two different satellites with the same power, the first with one large continental sized beam and the other with multiple smaller beams covering the same area as the large beam, both satellites produce the same EIRP.
But providing multiple small beams calls for a large increase in the satellite aperture size—all other things being equal. If one considers tens of beams (say 40-60 beams) the size becomes higher than most consider practical today in Ku band. Hence one is driven to the use of Ka band—the next frequency band up from Ku reserved for FSS operation.
However, Ka band introduces its own problem—namely much higher rain degradation. To be sure rain degradation is important in Ku band as well but in most situations adequate availability is provided by using several dB of margin. In Ka band, however, 10 and more dB of rain degradation is not that rare an occurrence, and simply providing margin to overcome rain degradation seems impractical. Providing power margins of tens of dB for a rain degradation situation that may occur for less than 10% of the time is impractical and uneconomic. It is desirable to be able to consistently provide a communication link over nearly all environmental conditions without resorting to brute force application of a power margin sufficient to overcome environmental degradation.

Burden sharing in satellite communications


A printing apparatus includes a first circulation pump which is provided in a channel between a print head and a first storage tank and which supplies ink from a second storage tank to the print head. The printing apparatus further includes a second circulation pump which is provided in a channel between the first storage tank and the second storage tank which supplies ink from the first storage tank to the second storage tank. The printing apparatus further includes a control unit which controls the driving of the first circulation pump and second circulation pump, and a detecting unit which detects the amount of ink stored in the second storage tank. The control unit controls the driving of the second circulation pump on the basis of a detection result by the detecting unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a printing apparatus which prints an image on a sheet by ejecting ink.
2. Description of the Related Art
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-196208 discloses an ink-jet printer in which ink is first supplied from an ink cartridge to a downstream tank and which has an ink circulation path for circulating ink between an ink head, an upstream tank, and a downstream tank.
However, according to Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-196208, one pump is used to circulate ink. Thus, under some conditions for ejecting ink from the ink head, the amounts of ink reserved in the upstream tank and downstream tank are not stable. This causes a problem that simultaneous implementation of a continuous printing operation and ink circulation is difficult.


Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed to determine the number of people in an area. An example method includes collecting media identification information corresponding to media presented at a location, responding to a received request to register a mobile device with a base station by storing device identification information for the mobile device at the base station, timestamping the device identification information, determining a number of mobile devices located in an area based on the stored device identification information, and identifying a number of persons exposed to the media based on the media identification information and the device identification information.

Wireless technology enables an individual to communicate with others and/or a network using a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone (e.g., a cell phone or smartphone), personal digital assistant, a tablet computer (e.g., an iPad®), a laptop computer, etc.). A mobile device establishes communication with a network by registering with a base station or access point.
For cellular communication, a base station may be an access point (e.g., a standard mobile base station, a microcell, a picocell, a femtocell, etc.) that is accessible using cellular communication technology (e.g., global system for mobile communication (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), etc.). For other wireless communication, such as Wi-Fi, the base station may be a wireless router, hotspot access point, etc.

Methods and apparatus to determine a number of people in an area


The invention concerns a testing procedure for detecting nonuniformities in the wall thickness of inaccessible metallic pipes in which electrical alternating currents of different frequencies are passed through the pipe and the magnetic fields generated by them are measured outside the pipe. The invention further concerns a device, particularly for carrying out the testing procedure, comprising a power source for passing an alternating current through the pipe, at least one magnetic field probe for measuring outside the pipe the magnetic field generated by the alternating current, and equipment for the evaluation which deduces the presence of a nonuniformity in wall thickness from the magnetic field signal of the magnetic field probe.

The present invention concerns a procedure for detecting nonuniformities in the wall thickness of inaccessible metal pipes as well as a device particularly for carrying out the procedure.
Nowadays pipes, and in particularly pipelines that are buried or not directly accessible for other reasons are tested with so-called pigs or rabbits. Conventional pigs are known from: Non-destructive Testing Handbook, Second Edition, Volume 10, Non-destructive Testing Overview, American Society for Non-destructive Testing, 1996, p. 252. Here an essential testing objective is that of measuring the current wall thickness as a function of peripheral angle and length coordinate. To this end the pig is equipped with different probes, for instance for ultrasonic tests, leakage flux tests and the mechanical probing or measuring of the inside diameter.
Among the disadvantages or limits in the use of such pigs one finds pipe bends with overly small bending radius, nonaxial end joints with an overly high difference angle between the axes, an overly small pipe inside diameter, excessive changes in diameter, the off-line evaluation and a considerable technical effort.
DE 4004170 A1 concerns a procedure and device for the monitoring of appearance and propagation of fractures or crevices in materials, parts, components, buildings or celestial bodies, particularly in areas with seismic risks or during rock movements in tunnel construction. However, this procedure only provides for a determination of electric field variations. An active measuring arrangement in which a current is passed through pipes is missing in this document.
DE 4105842 A1 concerns a procedure for locating couplings in burried ferromagnetic pipelines. Here the detection of seals or couplings is the prime consideration. The procedure provides for an artificial magnetization of the pipe element via a field winding in the pipe. The passage of a current is not disclosed.
DE 3623588 A1 concerns a procedure for locating electric lines that are not in the open. This procedure provides for connection of the feed cables to an electric audiofrequency generator while a searching probe serves as an electrical audiofrequency receiver. Here again no anomalies in pipes are detected by passing currents.
Finally a procedure is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,048,558 where a current is passed through a metal pipe with different frequencies, and the impedance is monitored.
The invention is based on the objective of indicating a procedure and a device for detecting nonuniformities in the wall thickness of inaccessible metallic pipes wherein it is possible to recognize without making contact, and from a certain distance, whether the wall thickness of a pipe to be surveyed is nonuniform peripherally. Such nonuniformities can arise as a consequence of corrosion, for instance from the inside. Pipes deeply buried and obscured by other layers should in particular also be made accessible to testing.
This objective is attained according to the invention by a testing procedure according to claim 1 and by a device particularly for carrying out the testing procedure according to claim 13. The invention provides a nondestructive testing procedure as well as a corresponding device for recognizing without contact nonuniformities in the wall thickness of inaccessible metallic pipes. Such nonuniformities being primarily produced by corrosion, this procedure is particularly useful for an early detection of wall thickness reductions due to corrosion in pipelines. The procedure is based on the passage of electric currents of different frequencies through the pipe. The depth of penetration of the current into the wall being a function of frequency, a shift in the center of gravity of the currents and thus in the magnetic field strength measured at the measuring distance from the pipe will result when damage is present. The device is transportable.
It is preferred that the alternating currents comprise two different frequency components. It is preferred that the magnetic fields are measured at the same place. It is further preferred that the two frequency components are generated by currents having the same amplitudes, and that the ratio of the magnetic field components is evaluated. It is further preferred to first calculate the ratios of magnetic field to current at the individual frequencies, then calculate their ratio and subsequently evaluate it. Then it is preferred that the currents having different frequencies are simultaneously passed through the pipe. It is further preferred that the return current is passed through a line which runs preferably parallel at a certain distance from the pipe being surveyed. Preferably, furthermore, a magnetic field probe is provided which measures the peripheral component of the magnetic field. Alternatively, a magnetic field probe is provided which measures the magnetic field component tangential to ground level. Alternatively, a magnetic field probe is finally provided which measures the magnetic field component normal to ground level.
Finally, preferably at least two probes are provided with which measurements are made simultaneously in order to be able to locate the pipe. The current having the lowest frequency can in the limiting case essentially be a direct current.
In the device particularly for carrying out the procedure, preferably current measuring equipment is provided which measures the current flowing through the pipe. It is furthermore preferred that the equipment for evaluation accepts as well the signal for the current supplied by the current measuring equipment, and evaluates the ratio of magnetic field signal to current signal.
Further advantages, features and applications of the present invention will result from the following description of preferred embodiments in connection with the drawing.

Procedure and device for detecting nonuniformities in the wall thickness of inaccessible metal pipes


A method of accurately emulating the visible electromagnetic spectrum emissions of member species of Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Lampyridae by convergence of a programmable software program, a data memory, a data processor, a clock frequency timer, and visible light emitting device or devices.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to accurately replicating, imitating, emulating, reproducing, and mimicking the visible electromagnetic spectrum light emissions of the bioluminescent abdominal 'lantern' of member species of the Lampyridae Family.
2. Prior Art
There are over 2000 species of Lampyridae in the world, each with their own unique flash pattern, bioluminescent lantern size and color. The desire for a methodology to accurately emulate this visible light output has increased due to the importance and value of Lampyridae research in recent years.
To accurately emulate the wide variety of Lampyridae emission permutations requires a methodology to accurately control a light emitting device or devices that are proximate in size and wavelength to the species and gender of Lampyridae being emulated. Further, variations in Lampyridae flash patterns are measured in milliseconds, and therefore an emulation device must have the ability to recreate those flash patterns with equal accuracy to be of scientific value.
The imitation of the visible electromagnetic spectrum light output of member species of the Lampyridae family of insects has been accomplished in the past by a variety of rudimentary means that lack scientific accuracy.
The most widely recognized means of imitating the visual lighting effect of Lampyridae is in the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction at the Disneyland theme park in Anaheim, Calif. It is the inventor's understanding that the visible light output of those artificial Lampyridae results from attaching an incandescent lamp approximately ⅛ inch in length onto one side of a circular disc of approximately 2 inches in diameter. The incandescent light and disc are suspended from thin wires thus permitting movement as a centrifugal blower on the floor below directs a continuous flow of air toward the hanging light with attached disc. As the airflow intersects the disc, movement of the disc and attached light ensues, including swinging and twisting motions, which when viewed from a distance appears as movement with an apparent on and off flashing of the light.
Rudimentary in design, the Disneyland artificial Lampyridae is not capable of producing accurate flash patterns of member species of Lampyridae and does not emit scientifically accurate wavelengths of visible light that match specific wavelength emissions of Lampyridae species. The use of suspended incandescent lamps, with attached discs and centrifugal blowers is acceptable for an environment where observers are controlled within defined viewing angles and distances, such as in the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction. However, this method of Lampyridae imitation is not satisfactory for less controlled environments. Additional disadvantages of this method of Lampyridae emulation include noise created by the centrifugal blowers, electric power required to operate the centrifugal blower(s) and the incandescent light(s), and the necessity to routinely replace the incandescent lights as their filaments fail. This methodology is not considered viable for scientific research or for generic creation of a Lampyridae environment.
A similar approach to Disney's imitation of Lampyridae visible light emission flashing is utilized by a Santa Barbara, Calif. company, Creativations, with a product called 'fireflies' that has a 'patent pending' mark on their literature. Their product utilizes a suspended horizontal wire from which vertical wires hang, each with a small electric fan in the middle of the wire and a light emitting diode (LED) at the end of the wire. The LED is covered with a black opaque substance eliminating light output from the device with the exception of a small area void of the opaque substance; thus creating a window that allows light emission. When electrical power is applied to the device, the LED and fan operate continuously. The hanging fan creates oscillations in the suspension wire, and the LED at the end of the wire begins to move in a random manner. As the LED moves, the observer perceives the LED to be flashing as the transparent window moves in and out of the observer's field of vision.
The Creativations artificial Lampyridae are not capable of accurately reproducing or replicating the controlled flash patterns of any member species of Lampyridae. The use of suspended LEDs with attached fans is acceptable for an environment where observers maintain some distance, as the fans and lights are in motion and the fan motors produce a high frequency sound. However, for scientific research this methodology is not viable.
Other devices used to mimic Lampyridae do not correspond scientifically to the visible light emissions of Lampyridae species. These devices utilize fixed and/or random timing devices that while creating a series of flashes, do not accurate emulate living Lampyridae species. Furthermore, they do not have the ability to be programmed to accurately emulate any one of the over 2000 species of Lampyridae in the world.
Although various methods, both mechanical and electrical, have been utilized in an attempt to mimic the visible light emissions of Lampyridae, none of these methods have scientifically recreated an accurate emulation of Lampyridae visible light emissions. Moreover, they specifically fail in their ability to accurately recreate, mimic, imitate, and emulate the flash rate timing, duration, delay, decay, and fade patterns unique to each Lampyridae species. Therefore, all Lampyridae visible light emission imitative methods heretofore have lacked both visual and scientific accuracy.

Method for emulating visible electromagnetic spectrum emissions of member species of


A recording and reproducing apparatus includes a spatial-light-intensity modulating unit, a spatial-light-phase modulating unit, an optical system that transmits light and leads the light to a hologram recording medium, a converting unit that converts an input data sequence; an amplitude and phase controlling unit that controls, during recording, the spatial-light-intensity modulating unit and the spatial-light-phase modulating unit to generate a signal light and a reference light, and controls, during reproduction, light intensity of each of pixels in a reference light area and a signal light area and controls a phase of each of the pixels, an image-signal acquiring unit that receives the reproduced image and the DC light and obtains two kinds of image signals, a difference calculating unit that calculates a difference between the two kinds of image signals, and a decoding unit that decodes data formed by a combination of the two kinds of values.

The present application relates to a recording and reproducing apparatus that records data in and reproduces the data from a hologram recording medium in which the data is recorded by an interference fringe between reference light and signal light and a method of recording and reproducing the data. The present application also relates to a reproducing apparatus that reproduces data from the hologram recording medium and a method of reproducing the data.
In a hologram recording and reproducing system and, in particular, a hologram recording and reproducing system in the field of optical storages, for example, a transmission liquid crystal panel and an SLM (spatial light modulator) such as a DMD (Digital Micromirror Device: registered trademark) are used for light intensity modulation. Intensity modulation for obtaining pattern arrays of bit 1 (e.g., light intensity is high) and bit 0 (e.g., light intensity is low) is applied to signal light.
In the SLM, for example, as shown in FIG. 2, signal light is generated by giving light intensity modulation to the center thereof according to recorded data and reference light is generated by transmitting light in a ring shape around the signal light. The signal light modulated according to the recorded data is irradiated on a hologram recording medium together with the reference light. Consequently, an interference fringe between the signal light and the reference light is recorded on the hologram recording medium as data.
When the data is reproduced, only the reference light is generated and irradiated on the hologram recording medium by the SLM to obtain diffractive light corresponding to the interference fringe. An image corresponding to the diffractive light is focused on an image sensor such as a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) sensor or a CMOS (Complementary Oxide Semiconductor) sensor to obtain respective values of recording bits and perform data reproduction.
The hologram recording and reproducing system for irradiating the signal light and the reference light on an identical optical axis is known as a coaxial system.
Examples of a related art include "Nikkei Electronics, Jan. 17, 2005, p. 106 to 114".

Recording and reproducing apparatus, recording and reproducing method, reproducing apparatus, and reproducing method


Provided herein are diaminopyrimidyl Compounds having the following structures:

The connection between abnormal protein phosphorylation and the cause or consequence of diseases has been known for over 20 years. Accordingly, protein kinases have become a very important group of drug targets. [See Cohen, Nature, 1:309-315 (2002), Gaestel et al. Curr. Med. Chem. 14: 2214-223 (2007); Grimminger et al. Nat. Rev. Drug Disc. 9(12):956-970 (2010)]. Various protein kinase inhibitors have been used clinically in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases, such as cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. [See Cohen, Eur. J. Biochem., 268:5001-5010 (2001); Protein Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Disease: The Promise and the Problems, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 167 (2005)].
The elucidation of the intricacy of protein kinase pathways and the complexity of the relationship and interaction among and between the various protein kinases and kinase pathways highlights the importance of developing pharmaceutical agents capable of acting as protein kinase modulators, regulators or inhibitors that have beneficial activity on multiple kinases or multiple kinase pathways. Accordingly, there remains a need for new kinase modulators.
The protein kinase C (PKC) family is a group of serine/threonine kinases that is encompasses twelve related isoenzymes. The PKCs are expressed in a wide range of tissues and cell types. The PKC isozymes can be classified into three groups. Group I (classical PKCs) includes the Ca2+ and DAG (diacylglycerol) dependent isozymes: PKC-α, PKC-βI, PKC-βII and PKC-γ. Group II (novel PKCs) includes the Ca2+ independent isozymes: PKC-δ (or PKC-delta), PKC-ε, PKC-η (or PKC-eta) and PKC-θ (or PKC-theta). Group III (atypical PKCs) includes the Ca2+ and DAG independent isozymes: PKC-τ, PKC-ζ and PKC-μ (protein kinase D). The PKC-theta isoform of protein kinase C is selectively expressed in T lymphocytes and plays an important role in the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-triggered activation of mature T cells, and the subsequent release of cytokines such as IL-2 and T cell proliferation (Isakov and Altman, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2002, 20, 761-94). It has been well established that T cells play an important role in regulating the immune response (Powrie and Coffman, Immunology Today, 1993, 14, 270) and the activation of T cells is often the initiating event in a variety of immunological disorders. Upon activation via the TCR, T cells produce cytokines, including IL-2, leading to cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector function. Clinical studies with inhibitors of IL-2 have shown that interference with T cell activation and proliferation effectively suppresses immune response in vivo (Waldmann, Immunology Today, 1993, 14, 264). Accordingly, agents that inhibit T lymphocyte activation and subsequent cytokine production are therapeutically useful for selectively suppressing the immune response in a patient in need of such immunosuppression and therefore are useful in treating immunological disorders such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. PKC-theta activation has also been implicated in leukemia and thus inhibitors of PKC-theta may be useful for the treatment of leukemia (Villalba and Altman, Current Cancer Targets, 2002, 2, 125).
PKC-delta is closely related to PKC-theta, however, they exhibit different tissue expression patterns and serve unique cell functions. While PKC-theta is highly expressed in T-lymphocytes, NK cells and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle, PKC-delta is highly expressed in myeloid cells and B-lymphocytes (ExPasy database; PRKCT and PRKCD). PKC-delta is important for the regulation of B-cell tolerance so that mice lacking PKC-delta exhibit increased numbers of self-reactive B-cells, elevated IL-6, express auto-antibodies to nuclear antigens, and exhibit a lupus-like pathology (Mecklenbrauker et al., Nature, 2002, 416, 860-865; Miyamoto et al., Nature, 2002, 416, 865-869). Furthermore, genetic examination of siblings with juvenile onset lupus identified a mutation in the PKC-delta (PRCKD) gene (Belot et al., Arthritis&Rheumatism, 2013, 65, 2161-2165). For this reason, inhibition of PKC-delta may be detrimental in the treatment of autoimmune disease and there is rationale for avoiding chronic inhibition of this enzyme. Selective inhibition of PKC-delta for therapy has previously been clinically evaluated (delcasertib; Kai Pharmaceuticals) in the context of acute treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
There remains a need to develop effective therapeutic agents for the majority of the diseases and disorders associated with activation of PKC-theta (Chaudhary and Kasaian, Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2006 7(5):432-437; Zhang, E. Y, Kong, K., and Altman, A., Adv Pharmacol 2013, Vol 66, 267-312; Chand, S., et. Al. Curr Pharmaceut Design 212, Vol 18(30):4725-4746). Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide safe and effective compounds that are useful as selective inhibitors of PKC-theta and thus in the treatment of disorders and diseases associated with activation of PKC-theta. In particular there remains a need for effective therapeutic agents that are selective inhibitors of PKC-theta, without affecting other members of the PKC family, such as PKC-delta and/or PKC-eta.
Citation or identification of any reference in Section 2 of this application is not to be construed as an admission that the reference is prior art to the present application.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Substituted diaminopyrimidyl compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of treatment therewith

Abstract: wherein X, L, R1, and R2 are as defined herein, compositions comprising an effective amount of a Diaminopyrimidyl Compound, and methods for treating or preventing PKC-theta-mediated disorders, or a condition treatable or preventable by inhibition of a kinase, for example, PKC-theta.