A method for forming an isolating trench in a substrate is disclosed herein. The forgoing method includes the following steps. First, form a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer on the substrate subsequently, and then develop a photoresist pattern on the second dielectric layer. Then, etch the substrate, the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer to form a trench in the substrate. Next, form a first silicon dioxide layer in the trench followed by removing the photoresist pattern. The next step is to form a third dielectric layer on the second dielectric layer and the first silicon dioxide layer. Subsequently, fill the trench with silicon dioxide to from an oxide trench; then remove the second dielectric layer, a first portion of the third dielectric layer and a portion of the oxide trench with a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and a first solution. The third dielectric layer mentioned above includes the first portion of the third dielectric layer and a second portion of the third dielectric layer. Finally, etch the first dielectric layer and the oxide trench to expose the substrate. The second portion of the third dielectric layer is used to prevent an oxide loss in the oxide trench; then the isolating trench being formed thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to prevent oxide recess formation in a shallow trench isolation process, and particularly relates to a quarter micron or beyond process preventing oxide recess formation in a shallow trench isolation process.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In fabricating a transistor, as the scale of the transistor scaling down, the isolation technology progresses from local oxidation (LOCOS) to shallow trench isolation (STI). Especially when the line width shrinks from 0.35 .mu.m to 0.25 .mu.m or below, the shallow trench isolation is widely used in isolation technology. In fabricating a transistor, the traditional shallow trench isolation technology is described below. First, referring to FIG. 1, provide a substrate 100, then subsequently form a pad oxide layer 101 and a silicon nitride layer 102 on the substrate 100. Secondary, refer to FIG. 2, develop a photoresist pattern 103 on the silicon nitride layer 102 followed by etching the wafer. Thus the trench 104 is formed in the substrate 100, and the active area of the transistor is also defined. Then form a thermal oxide liner 105 in the trench 104, and the thermal oxide liner 105 is composed of silicon dioxide.
Next, remove the photoresist pattern 103 followed by depositing a silicon dioxide layer on the topography of the wafer by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) and then planarize the CVD silicon dioxide layer by CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polish) method. Then, referring to FIG. 3, the trench isolation 106 is formed in the trench. Subsequently, remove the silicon nitride layer 102, and remove the pad oxide layer 101 by a first diluted HF (Hydrofluoric Acid). The first diluted HF is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and ammonium fluoride at a ratio 1:10. The first diluted HF uses 15 seconds to remove the pad oxide layer 101. Meanwhile, referring to FIG. 4, the corner of the trench isolation 106 is attacked and the profile of the trench isolation 106 shrinks at the corner 107. Besides, the substrate 100 is exposed thereby. Refer to FIG. 5, the next step is to form a sacrifice oxide layer 108 on the substrate 100, and then use the ion implantation to form the channel in the active area of the transistor.
The next step is to remove the sacrifice oxide layer 108 by etching the wafer using a second diluted HF, referring to FIG. 6, thus the sacrifice oxide layer 108 is removed and the corner 105 of the trench isolation 106 is further attacked. The second diluted HF is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and ammonium fluoride at a ratio 1:100. The second diluted HF uses 300 seconds to remove the sacrifice oxide layer 108. Thus the trench isolation 106 is fabricated in the substrate 100. To fabricate a transistor, the following step is to grow a gate oxide layer 110 on the substrate 100 and the trench isolation 106. Subsequently, deposit a gate poly layer 112 on the gate oxide layer 110. It is obvious that because the corner 105 (FIG. 5) of the trench isolation 106 shrank, referring to FIG. 7, the recess 120 is produced at the corner of the trench isolation 106.
In addition, if the shallow trench mentioned above is used in isolating the transistor, some traditional processes are applied to fabricate a transistor. After a series of process fabricating the transistor, the top view of the structure of the transistor mentioned above is shown in FIG. 8. The trench isolation 106 between the dashed rectangle and the solid rectangle adjoin to the drain and the source electrode, which also slightly overlapped with the gate poly. A cross sectional view of the transistor is cut by the broken line aa', and the right portion of the cross sectional view of the transistor near the terminal a' of broken line aa' is shown in FIG. 9.
As shown in FIG. 9, when the recess becomes serious, the kink effect becomes more serious. The kink effect, i.e. the local decrease in the threshold voltage at the channel edge, is always inherent to an abrupt isolation/active transition of STI process, which tighten the process window for manufacturing STI. So, in order to minimize the kink effect, it is important to reduce the recess 120.

Method for preventing oxide recess formation in a shallow trench isolation


A bearing adjuster includes a grip. A rotatable wheel is mounted with the grip. The rotatable wheel has a through hole centrally defined therein. The rotatable wheel has multiple arc grooves spirally and concentrically defined in a bottom thereof. An adjusting member has spindle extending from a top thereof. The spindle is connected to grip via the through hole in the rotatable wheel. The adjusting member has multiple grooves radially defined therein for corresponding to the multiple arc grooves. Each groove has a movable member movably received therein. Each movable member has a stub extended form a top thereof to be received in a corresponding one arc groove in the rotatable wheel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an adjuster, and more particularly to a bearing adjuster.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional bearing adjuster includes a grip having an inner end fixed with a combining rod with a combining hole. One or more positioning press blocks to be fitted with the grip are respectively formed with different diameters and bored with a central insert hole and respectively formed with a first fitting member, a first holding edge, a second fitting member and a second holding edge. A combining member is combined with the combining hole of a grip. By having the fitting member and the holding edge of the positioning press block respectively contacting closely with the inner wall and the upper edge of the conventional bearing, hammering force can be applied evenly to position smoothly and quickly the bearing in the insert hole of an axle.
However, the conventional bearing adjuster is inconvenient due to the positioning press block of the conventional bearing adjuster is necessary to be replaced with a positioning press block having different diameter. In particular, it is very inconvenient that a user should carry a numerous of positioning press blocks for suiting different requirements.
Furthermore, when assembling to a huge mechanism, it is usually required an amount of the conventional bearing adjuster and a numerous of positioning press blocks.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the disadvantages of the conventional bearing adjuster.


A primary-side molded article includes a primary-side base part, a primary-side decorative raised part, an upright face, an intersecting face, a dead-end part on the primary-side base part at least surrounded by the upright face and intersecting face and positioned outside the primary-side decorative part, a secondary-side resin flow path formed in the dead-end part and running through the primary-side base part from a design face side to a bottom face side, and a protective wall projecting from the bottom face side of the primary-side base and surrounding a perimeter of the secondary-side resin flow path. A secondary-side molded article has a design face-side molded part, a bottom face-side molded part, and an interspersed molded part flowing through the secondary-side resin flow path from the design face side to the bottom face side and interspersed at a distance from the bottom face-side molded part with the protective wall in between.

There is hitherto known a two-color molding process for fabricating a key top having a closed region such as in the number "0" or the letter "B" or "P" (for example, see Patent Document 1, page 3, top right section, line 2, to same page, bottom right section, line 9, and FIGS. 1 and 2).
Connect-through holes are formed respectively on the inside and outside of the closed region on a primary-side molded article being molded by the abovementioned two-color molding process, the connect-through holes running through the primary-side molded article from top to bottom. A slide core is placed on the bottom face side of the primary-side molded article, and the slide core is retracted, whereby resin of the secondary-side molded article is filled inside a lower-side space part formed between the bottom face of the primary-side molded article and the slide core. The filled resin passes through the connect-through hole, and flows into the inside and outside of the closed region formed on the design face side of the primary-side molded article.

Two-color molded article and process for production thereof


The purpose of the present invention is to provide a charged particle gun using merely an electrostatic lens, said charged particle gun being relatively small and having less aberration, and to provide a field emission-type charged particle gun having high luminance even with a high current. This charged particle gun has: a charged particle source; an acceleration electrode that accelerates charged particles emitted from the charged particle source; a control electrode, which is disposed further toward the charged particle source side than the acceleration electrode, and which has a larger aperture diameter than the aperture diameter of the acceleration electrode; and a control unit that controls, on the basis of a potential applied to the acceleration electrode, a potential to be applied to the control electrode.

In order to obtain a high resolution electron microscope, it requires that an electron beam with a high current be irradiated onto a sample in such a condition that the beam is focused as small as possible. For that purpose, an electron gun to generate the electron beam is indispensably arranged with a higher luminance.
A Cold (Cathode) Field Emission (CFE) type electron gun is often adopted for a high luminance and high resolution electron microscope, the electron source of which gun is smaller in a light source size and higher in luminance than the other electron sources such as thermo electron emission and Schottky emission. In addition, with such electron gun, the energy spread of drawn electrons is very small. Upon the electron beam being focused with an electron optical system employing an electron lens, a blurring referred to as a chromatic aberration occurs in proportion to the energy spread of the beam. That is to say, the electron source having a smaller energy spread of emitted electrons permits the electron beam to be more finely focused, because it has a smaller chromatic aberration.
Conventionally, when such Cold (Cathode) Field Emission type electron gun is adopted for the electron gun, what employs a Butler electron lens composed of a drawing electrode 21 and an acceleration electrode 22 as shown in FIG. 2 is generally adopted. Hereupon, the Butler electron lens is a kind of electrostatic lens having the structure in which two pieces of circular electrode plates are disposed in parallel to each other on each side with regard to the electron source, in which the outer side of the two disks respectively is planner while the inner side opposed to such outer side is gradually thinned from the outer circumference thereof towards the center direction. An aperture, through which the electron beam passes, is provided between such two disks on each side. The electron lenses whose shapes are somewhat transformed from such two disks are also referred to as Butler electron lenses or Butler type electron lenses. Adopting the structure of such Butler electron lens advantageously allows the structure of the electron gun to be streamlined and the size of such gun to be relatively streamlined.
For the purposes that the aberration of the electron gun is abated and the luminance thereof is improved, such magnetic field superposition type electron gun is contrived as converging the electron beam employing a magnetic field lens in addition to an electrostatic lens, which electron gun is arranged in PTL 1 below by way of one example such that the electron source is disposed within the magnetic field of the magnetic field lens so that the electron beam emitted from the electron source is converged by use of the magnetic field lens whose focal length is short, thereby, allowing the electrostatic lens action to draw electrons from the electron source to be abated, with the result that the high current electron beam is realized with the aberration increase suppressed even when the captured angle of the beam′might be enlarged.

Electron gun, charged particle gun, and charged particle beam apparatus using electron gun and charged particle gun


The present invention provides a method and system for translating presentation slides from one language to at least one additional language. In this method, text information from one slide can be extracted from a presentation slide. Addressing information contained on the slide is also extracted from the slide. This addressing information describes the location of the text on the slide. After the text information is extract from the original presentation slide, the text is inserted into an auxiliary file for the translation procedure. This auxiliary file has a format that can be readily translated using current translation techniques. However, the addressing information is transparent and write protected to the translation program and therefore will only pass through without being translated. Following the translation procedure, the addressing information is used to insert the translated text information into a presentation slide containing any objects that existed in the original slide.

Making presentations and conducting meetings are important aspects of many occupations. Executives make presentations to directors, managers conduct meetings with staff, salespersons make presentations to potential customers, doctors conduct meetings with nurses, lawyers make presentations to juries, and so on. A great many professionals conduct and attend meetings and presentations regularly. Much effort therefore goes into creating and delivering effective presentations and preparing for and conducting effective meetings.
With specialized software, conventional personal computers provide effective platforms for creating and conducting presentations and meetings. Currently available presentation program modules can turn a personal computer into a customized presentation system for creating and delivering slide presentations. Generally described, these presentation systems provide a specially designed, user-friendly, pallet of tools to assist in the creation of presentation slides to be subsequently displayed to an audience. These presentation systems also allow the slides to be sequentially presented to an audience, point-by-point and slide-by-slide, with color, animation, audio, and transition effects that enrich and enliven the presentation.
Presentations usually involve the use of visual aids such as slides. These slides contain information related to the subject of the presentation and can include text, charts, graphs and pictorial images. Many of these slides are created on computers using various computer programs. Slide presentation programs are computer programs that enable a user to create, edit, manage, and perform "presentations" on a computer. One example of a popular slide presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint.RTM., available from Microsoft Corporation, of Redmond, Washington. Another powerful presentation tool is Lotus Freelance. A slide presentation includes a set of electronic "slides," each slide corresponding to one screen or page of output. An electronic slide may also be converted to a 35 mm slide or overhead transparency and displayed in a standard slide projector or overhead projector. Each slide contains one or more objects, such as text, graphical images, or graphical animation. A slide may also include a sound object that is played when the slide is displayed during a "slide show" performance.
A slide presentation program performs a slide show by sequentially displaying a series of slides contained within the slide presentation. The slides are displayed on a display screen, which may be part of a computer monitor or a separate surface onto which an image is projected. During a performance of a slide show, a speaker controls the performance by invoking commands to advance the slide show. A command to the slide presentation program can be entered using a keyboard, a mouse, or other suitable input device. Alternatively, an author of a slide presentation can include slide "timings" with each slide. A slide timing corresponding to a slide indicates the number of seconds that the slide is displayed before the slide presentation program automatically advances to the next slide. During a performance of a slide show, the slide presentation program automatically advances to the next slide when the existing slide's timing ends.
A slide can include one or more display objects that are incrementally displayed during a slide show. For example, a slide may initially appear with one bullet item. Sequential advancement of the slide show causes additional bullet items to be displayed. Display objects, such as bullet items, that are incrementally displayed are referred to as "builds." Builds ??
Presentation program resources have been developed to aid a user in developing a slide presentation. Each slide presentation contains a number of slides that display information, such as text, to an audience. In addition, each slide presentation can contain links to data (linked data) stored in an external source, such as a spreadsheet. The external source is referred to as a link source.
A link contains both a representation of the linked data and a reference to the linked data. The representation contains a static snapshot of the linked data, and as such, the representation must be updated periodically to reflect changes made to the linked data. Accessing the linked data via the reference to retrieve the latest version of the linked data performs an update. The representation is a pictorial representation, like a bitmap that describes a screen graphic, of how the linked data appeared on the computer display as of the last time the representation was updated. For example, when the linked data is a range of spreadsheet cells, the representation of the linked data would be the actual graphical depiction of the range of spreadsheet cells as it appears on the computer display. An example of a reference to linked data is a file name with a path and an indication of the specific linked data within the file. For example, the reference "C:.backslash.spreadsheets.backslash.financial.xls|A1:F1" indicates that the linked data comprises the cells "A1:F1" in the spreadsheet with the file name "financial.xls" at path "C:.backslash.spreadsheets." When the representation is displayed, the representation is displayed to the audience as an integrated part of the presentation.
Computer programs often have associated data files that are processed by the computer program during a normal execution of the computer program. A data file can contain information that is processed and presented to a user either in a video presentation or an audio presentation, or a combination of video and audio. Slide presentation programs are examples of computer programs that process an associated data file.
Many times there is a need to modify or update a presentation slide. There may be new information related to the particular subject matter in the slide. In some instances, the audience may require the presentation of the information in a slightly different manner. For many companies, there may be need to present information contained on a presentation to an audience that speaks a different language from the original language contained in the slide. This language difference is becoming a more important issue in the business world.
Multi-national corporations conduct business throughout the world and in various languages. As a result, it is often necessary to communicate information generated in one language to persons in a second language. Therefore, a translation of the information has to occur at some point in the communication process. Because of the use of multiple languages in many business environments, many software application programs are developed with the intent that they will be used in a global economy, particularly in a network communication environment. In this environment, the network users can be located throughout the world. In order to increase business opportunities between companies and to enable the international users of the computer software resources to efficiently interact, the graphical interfaces/screen displays of the program may need to appear in the language of the foreign user. Various methods have been proposed for translating computer software resources. However, such methods can be expensive and time consuming, as it may be necessary to change the code of the software program. Moreover, such modifications may not be feasible, as the user may not have access to the program code. Thus, it is desirable to have a tool that enables the user to translate the graphical interfaces/screen displays of a software program without the need to modify or otherwise interact with the program code.
In response to the desire to translate slides, there have been some methods developed for translating the graphical user interface/screen displays without modification to the underlying application program. One method, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,974,372 issued to Barnes et al, enables the user of the program to select screen displays for translation, gather the original text from the screen display, enter the equivalent foreign language and store the associated basic and foreign texts in memory for subsequent recall and use. In operation, this method stores original and various translated versions of a specific text in a table. Upon subsequent operation of the application program the message, which forms the screen to be displayed, will be intercepted. Subsequently, a search of the translation table for the text in the intercepted message is conducted. The matched text is replaced with the second language previously entered in the translation table. The translated message is then forwarded for display on the terminal screen. The method can either translate all designated application screens upon start up of the application program or can be individually translated as they appear on the terminal screen. Moreover, selectable words from selectable screen displays as well as selectable sub-screen displays associated therewith can be translated. Accordingly, one or more screen displays in the software program can be translated into one or more foreign languages according to the desires of the program user. In another slide translation method, text from a presentation slide is highlighted/selected and translated using translation programs. However, with this method, it may be necessary to repeat the translation process several times for one slide of a slide presentation when the slide has various groups of text on the slide.
In addition to the aforementioned tedious task of bit-by-bit translation of text, another problem with translating text in presentation slides is that the images in the slide may get repositioned in the slide during the re-insertion of the translated text into the slide. This situation can be problematic if the text space conflicts or overlaps the image space on the slide. Without adequate information about the proper positioning of the images on the slide, this translated text or slide image can be out of position with reference to the original presentation slide.
It is desirable to have a method that can translate presentation slide information from one language to a second language in an efficient and accurate and cost-effective manner. It is also desirable to have a slide translation method that can translate text from a presentation slide without concern about the proper positioning of the translated text in a translated version of an original slide presentation.

Method for translating slide presentations into different languages

International Business Machines Corporation


A circulation pipe of a chemical decontamination apparatus including a malonic acid injection apparatus and an oxalic acid injection apparatus is connected to a purification system pipe, which is made of carbon steel, of a boiling water nuclear power plant. A malonic acid aqueous solution is injected from the malonic acid injection apparatus into the circulation pipe. An oxalic acid aqueous solution is injected from the oxalic acid injection apparatus into the circulation pipe. A reduction decontaminating solution including a malonic acid of 5200 ppm and an oxalic acid within a range of 50 to 400 ppm is supplied into the purification system pipe through the circulation pipe. Reduction decontamination for an inner surface of the purification system pipe is executed. After the reduction decontamination for the purification system pipe finishes, the malonic acid and oxalic acid included in the solution are decomposed and furthermore, the solution is purified.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method of chemical decontamination for carbon steel member of a nuclear power plant and more particularly to a method of chemical decontamination for carbon steel member of a nuclear power plant suitable for application to carbon steel member of a boiling water nuclear power plant.
2. Background Art
For example, the boiling water nuclear power plant (hereinafter referred to as BWR plant) includes a reactor having a core disposed in a reactor pressure vessel (referred to as RPV). Reactor water (cooling water) supplied to the core by a recirculation pump (or an internal pump) is heated by heat generated due to nuclear fission of a nuclear fuel material in a fuel assembly loaded in the core and is partially turned to steam. The steam is introduced from the RPV to a turbine to rotate the turbine. The steam discharged from the turbine is condensed by a condenser to water. The water is supplied to the RPV as feed water. Metallic impurities are mainly removed from the feed water by a demineralizer installed in a water feed pipe so as to suppress generation of a radioactive corrosion product in the RPV. The reactor water is cooling water existing in the RPV.
Further, a corrosion product which is a base of the radioactive corrosion product is generated on a surface of a structure member of a BWR plant such as an RPV and primary loop recirculation system piping (referred to as recirculation system pipe), the surface coming into contact with the reactor water, so that stainless steel and a nickel based alloy of less corrosion are used for the main primary-system structure members. Further, overlay welding of stainless steel exists on an inner surface of the RPV made of low alloy steel, thus the low alloy steel is prevented from direct contact with the reactor water. Furthermore, part of the reactor water is cleaned up by a demineralizer of a reactor water clean-up system, thus metallic impurities slightly existing in the reactor water is removed positively.
However, even if such a corrosion countermeasure as mentioned above is taken, very little metallic impurities unavoidably exist in the reactor water, so some metallic impurities, as a metallic oxide, are adhered to the surface of each fuel rod included in a fuel assembly. The impurities (for example, a metallic element) deposited on the surface of each fuel rod cause a nuclear reaction by irradiation of neutrons discharged by nuclear fission of the nuclear fuel in each fuel rod and become radioactive nuclides such as cobalt 60, cobalt 58, chromium 51, and manganese 54.
These radioactive nuclides are mostly kept to be adhered to the surface of each fuel rod in a form of an oxide. However, some radioactive nuclides are eluted as ions into the reactor water depending of the solubility of the taken-in oxide and are re-discharged into the reactor water as an insoluble called a crud. The radioactive material included in the reactor water is removed by the reactor water clean-up system communicated with the RPV. The radioactive material not removed by the reactor water clean-up system is accumulated on the surface of the structure member (for example, pipe) of the nuclear power plant which comes into contact with the reactor water while circulating in the re-circulation system together with the reactor water. As a result, a radiation is discharged from the surface of the structure member, causing radiation exposure to an operator during the periodic inspection operation.
The exposure dose of the operator is controlled so as not to exceed the regulated value for each operator. The regulated value has been reduced in recent years and there is the need to decrease the exposure dose for each operator as much as possible.
Therefore, when the exposure dose during the periodic inspection operation is expected to be high, the chemical decontamination for dissolving and removing the radioactive nuclide deposited on the pipe is executed. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2000-105295 proposes a chemical decontamination method of executing reduction decontamination using an aqueous solution (a reduction decontaminating solution) including an oxalic acid and hydrazine, decomposition of the oxalic acid and hydrazine, and oxidation decontamination using an aqueous solution (an oxidation decontaminating solution) including a potassium permanganate. The chemical decontamination method is executed for the pipe and the like of the nuclear power plant.
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2001-74887 describes a chemical decontamination method executed to a recirculation system pipe made of stainless steel which is connected to the RPV and a purification system pipe made of carbon steel member of the reactor water clean-up system which is connected to the recirculation system pipe. In the chemical decontamination method, a potassium permanganate aqueous solution is supplied into the recirculation pipe and the purification system pipe to execute the oxidation decontamination for the inner surfaces of those pipes. Thereafter, an aqueous solution including the oxalic acid and hydrazine is supplied to the recirculation system pipe and the purification system pipe to execute the reduction decontamination. After the reduction decontamination, the oxalic acid and hydrazine included in the aqueous solution are decomposed.
Further, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2004-286471 and Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2004-170278 describe a chemical decontamination method of storing the decontamination objects such as the equipment made of stainless steel and pipe which are removed from the nuclear power plant in a decontamination bath and executing the chemical decontamination. In the chemical decontamination method, a mixed aqueous solution including a formic acid of a concentration ratio of 0.9 and an oxalic acid of a concentration ratio of 0.1 is supplied into the decontamination bath to decontaminate the decontamination objects and the reduction decontamination of the decontamination objects is executed in the decontamination bath by using the mixed aqueous solution. After completion of the reduction decontamination, hydrogen peroxide (or ozone) is supplied into the mixed solution and the formic acid and oxalic acid included in the mixed aqueous solution are decomposed by the hydrogen peroxide (or ozone).
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2002-333498 describes a chemical decontamination method. In the chemical decontamination method, the chemical decontamination, concretely, reduction decontamination of carbon steel member using an aqueous solution (a reduction decontamination aqueous solution) including an organic acid (for example, the formic acid) and hydrogen peroxide is executed. Furthermore, in the chemical decontamination method described in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2003-90897, the reduction decontamination for the carbon steel member is executed using the oxalic acid aqueous solution, and after the reduction decontamination, an acid aqueous solution (for example, a formic acid aqueous solution) is brought into contact with the carbon steel member. Therefore, at the time of the reduction decontamination using the oxalic acid aqueous solution, the ferrous oxalate generated on the surface of the carbon steel member is removed by action of the acid aqueous solution.
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 62-250189 describes a chemical decontamination method of executing the reduction decontamination for equipment made of stainless steel of a primary cooling system device by using a solution including a malonic acid, the oxalic acid, and hydrazine.

Method of chemical decontamination for carbon steel member of nuclear power plant


The optoelectronic semiconductor component has an optoelectronic semiconductor chip disposed on a chip carrier with an approximately planar chip carrier surface. The semiconductor chip is fastened with predetermined alignment of its optical axis. A plastic base part supports the chip carrier. The semiconductor chip is electrically conductively connected to at least two electrode terminals routed through the base part, and a lens is disposed above the semiconductor chip on top of the base part. The lens is formed with an independently configured cap produced from plastic material. The cap is mechanically form-locked to a support of the base part. When the cap is placed onto the base part, a holder of the cap and the support engage with one another. The holder and the support are configured such that when the cap is placed onto the base part, the two parts are automatically positioned with respect to one another in such a way that the optical axes of the lens and of the semiconductor chip coincide.

Field of the Invention
The invention relates to optoelectronic semiconductor components. More particularly, the invention pertains to a method for producing an optoelectronic semiconductor component, specifically for applications having very narrow radiation and/or reception characteristics. The components comprise a chip carrier, which has an approximately planar chip carrier surface and on which an optoelectronic semiconductor chip is fastened with predetermined alignment of its optical axis, and a base part, which is assigned to the chip carrier, supports the latter and is produced from a plastic material, the semiconductor chip being electrically conductively connected to at least two electrode terminals routed through the base part, and the semiconductor chip being assigned a lens, which covers over the base part.
Prior art optoelectronic semiconductor components, in particular those which are subject to increased demands with regard to their optical properties, have largely been produced in metal-glass housings. There, the chip carriers are, usually, baseplates produced from metal mounted with a metal cap with a glass lens fitted in. Due to the mounting by means of a metal housing, it has been possible, on the one hand, to ensure a hermetically sealed closure of the housing and, on the other hand, to provide suitability of the optoelectronic semiconductor component for specific high-temperature applications starting from about 150.degree. C. The ageing of the semiconductor chip given such a type of mounting was slight since, on account of the metal housing type used, there was essentially no loading on the semiconductor chip on account of directly surrounding material. Finally, it has been possible to configure the optical properties of the semiconductor component favorably on account of the glass lens fitted into the metal cap.
The considerable costs necessarily incurred by the relatively complicated production are regarded as a significant disadvantage of the optoelectronic semiconductor components that have been produced to date. In this case, the metal cap with a glass lens fitted in, which requires a high production outlay, has a particular impact. Furthermore, the semiconductor components mounted in metal-glass housings have problems on account of the adjustment and manufacturing tolerances that must be estimated to be relatively large, with the result that such optoelectronic semiconductor components generally have relatively unfavorable squint angles. These are production-dictated deviations of the optical axis from the mechanical axis of the component. As a result, such semiconductor components can only be used to a limited extent in applications which involve narrow radiation and/or reception characteristics. In the prior art optoelectronic semiconductor components, a larger adjustment play during mounting consequently has an extremely unfavorable effect on the squint angle obtained, given closer tolerance specifications.
Furthermore, mass-produced plastic light-emitting diodes having lesser requirements with regard to the optical qualities are known in which the housing with a baseplate and a cap is cast in one process operation and thus produced in one part. That production process is significantly less expensive than metal-glass housings. However, as a result of the single work operation of the (pressureless) casting production, excessively high adjustment tolerances and thus high squint angles are produced. The optoelectronic semiconductor components produced in such a way have quite unsatisfactory optical properties for specific applications.
There have become known, as disclosed in Patent Abstracts of Japan, Vol. 16, No. 055 (E-1165), Feb. 12, 1992, & JP-A-03254162, a light-emitting diode with a base part made of metal and a plastic cap with a lens part. There, the object is to improve the positioning accuracy and to increase the emission rate.
Reference is also had to Patent Abstracts of Japan, Vol. 11, No. 367 (E-561), Nov. 28, 1987 & JP-A-62139367 and Patent Abstracts of Japan, Vol. 11, No. 312 (E-548), Oct. 12, 1987 & JP-A-62105486, which show further light-emitting diodes with separately configured lens caps.

Method for producing an optoelectronic semiconductor component


A blade bearing for mounting a blade of a wind turbine to a hub of the wind turbine comprises inner and outer rings arranged next to each other. One of the inner and outer rings is configured to mount to the blade, and the other is configured to mount to the hub. At least two rows of rolling elements are positioned between the inner and outer rings. Upper and lower rows of the rolling elements are located in respective upper and lower planes. A support structure is secured to the inner ring and extends in a substantially radial direction between the upper and lower planes. The support structure has non-uniform stiffness characteristics in a circumferential direction. A method of manufacturing a blade bearing is also provided.

Wind turbines typically include a rotor with large blades driven by the wind. The blades convert the kinetic energy of the wind into rotational mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is typically transferred via drivetrain to a generator, which then converts the energy into electrical power.
Most modern wind turbines control power output by pitching the blades relative to the wind. Thus, each blade is mounted to a hub by a blade bearing that allows relative movement between the blade and the hub. The blades are rotated about their longitudinal axis by a pitch system that includes one or more electrical drives (e.g., electrical motors) or hydraulic drives (e.g., hydraulic actuators).
Pitch control places significant demands on the blade bearings because they are subjected to a high level of activity. The small, cyclical movements that characterize pitch control can reduce fatigue life. As a result, various approaches have been taken to increase the load capacity of blade bearings.
One of the most conventional approaches is to include two or more rows of rolling elements (e.g., balls or rollers). Two-row ball bearings are often used as blade bearings, and three-row ball bearings and three-row roller bearings have drawn increased interest in recent years as the size (and loads) of wind turbines has grown.
The additional rows of rolling elements, however, may still not be sufficient to meet design loads. The blade bearings may still experience distortions that affect their capacity. Furthermore, the additional rows can lead to problems of load distribution. One option to address these challenges is to increase the size and weight of the blade bearings, but this can lead to a significant increase in costs. Not only for the blade bearings themselves, but also for the blade and hub which must increase in size to accommodate the blade bearings.
Another option is to stiffen the rings of the blade bearings with an additional support structure, such as a plate. Such plates are mounted on one or both sides of a bearing ring, particularly the inner ring. Although reinforcing the inner ring on both sides may keep radial distortions low, it can also limit deflections in the axial direction. This may lead to high contact angles for the rolling elements and poor load distribution when the outer ring deflects in the axial direction (effectively tilting relative to the inner bearing ring).

Blade bearing with support structure having non-uniform stiffness and method manufacture


In a battery such as a starter battery for a motor vehicle semiconductor switches such as MOSFET-switches (11) are connected in parallel between the middle battery cells (7, 9). The switches (11) are controlled by a processor (15) which can receive signals from the exterior, such as rf-signals received by a receiver (25), for allowing a high but not too high current for powering a starter motor from the battery. In other cases only small currents can be drawn from the battery for powering a clock, illumination, etc. The processor also monitors the charge state and can block also small currents when there is too little charge left whereby also a sufficient charge can be left for starting the motor. The switches (15) are located inside the battery in a conducting contact with a metal plate, which is mounted directly on a terminal of one of the middle battery cells and which can be mounted against a bent cooling flange. On the adjacent terminal of the other one of the central cells also a conducting plate may be mounted, which is isolated from the first plate. To this second plate, at areas located adjacent to an edge next to the first plate, the switches (11) are connected electrically through connection wires. For an interrupt in a lead to a power supply unit it can be provided with voltage from a reduced number of battery cells. Therefore, suitably placed diodes are provided in the interior supply lines to the power supply unit.

Motor vehicles having internal combustion engines are most often started by means of an electrically powered starter motor which obtains its powering current from a battery which conventionally comprises several electrolytic battery cells containing plates submerged into an electrolyte. The battery is connected to the starter motor by means of a switch in an ignition lock which is switched on at turning a key.
It is however relatively difficult to protect such a conventional system against theft since the switch in the ignition lock can be by-passed in a simple manner. There is thus a need for alternative ways of protecting motor vehicles against theft. A possibility therefor is arranging an anti-theft device directly in or at the battery as will be apparent from the discussion below.


A three-dimensional substrate has a first surface, a second surface, land areas and comprises three-dimensional protrusions extending outward from the second surface of the three-dimensional substrate. The three-dimensional protrusions are surrounded by the land areas. The three-dimensional substrate is a laminate comprising at least two layers in a face to face relationship. The second layer comprise a tissue layer facing outward from the second surface of the three-dimensional substrate. The tissue layer comprises at least 80% pulp fibers by weight of the tissue layer.

An absorbent article typically comprises a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet. The absorbent article can further include an acquisition layer and optionally a distribution layer. The acquisition layer is able to receive the liquid bodily exudates from the topsheet in order to temporary store them. Then, the optional distribution layer can receive the liquid bodily exudates from the acquisition layer and distribute and transfer them to the absorbent core. Such absorbent articles exhibit satisfactory fluid handling properties.
Three-dimensional structures have been developed; see for example U.S. Patent application U.S. Pat. Publ. No, 2014/0121625 A1.
There still remains a need to further improve the fluid-handling properties of these three dimensional structure when subjected to several gushes of bodily exudates.
There is a need to develop an absorbent article comprising a three-dimensional substrate which can provide improved fluid handling properties such as reduced rewet onto the wearer-facing surface of the absorbent article and better liquid acquisition, while at the same time providing sufficient physical and perceptional comfort of the absorbent article.
Moreover, at the end of the manufacturing process, the absorbent article comprising a three-dimensional substrate are typically folded and packaged as is known in the art. The absorbent articles may be packed under relatively high compression so as to reduce the size of the packages, while still providing an adequate amount of absorbent articles per package. However, the compression applied on the absorbent articles may have negative effects on the three-dimensional substrate. Indeed, the three-dimensional substrate may be deformed or collapsed which may affect the fluid handling properties of the three-dimensional substrate and the perceptional comfort of the absorbent article.
Thus, there is also a need to provide a three-dimensional substrate that presents an improved caliper recovery after compression.

Three-dimensional substrate comprising a tissue layer


A stop command detecting unit detects an operation transition from fast forwarding/rewinding modes to a stop mode, a take-up side reel braking unit and a supply side reel braking unit start a braking operation based on the stop command, and a driving motor of the take-up side reel is driven at a specified current value set by a motor current value setting unit for a specified time set by a current adding time setting unit to provide the take-up side reel with rotary torque in the winding direction. Hence, the supply side reel rotates together with the take-up side reel until the supply side reel is stopped, thereby preventing occurrence of a slack on the tape.

In recent years, as recording mediums, the market of disk-like recording mediums has expanded with an advantage of a high access speed. Under the present circumstances, it has been necessary to improve an access speed by achieving a high-speed winding speed of a tape in equipment such as a video tape recorder, which uses a tape-like magnetic recording medium (hereinafter, referred to as a tape) as a recording medium. Hence, motors for driving reels for winding tapes have increased in rotation speed and reduced in fast forwarding time and rewinding time to improve usability.
FIG. 5 shows a conventional tape-like recording medium running device and a configuration required to achieve an operation for making a transition from fast forwarding (FF)/rewinding (REW) modes to a stop mode of a tape. Such a tape-like recording medium running device is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 04-48460 and so on.
In FIG. 5, a tape 22 has a leading edge which is connected and wound by a supply reel 3 and a trailing edge which is connected to a take-up reel 2.
Reference numeral 2A denotes a take-up reel base engaged with the set take-up reel 2. Reference numeral 3A denotes a supply reel base engaged with the set supply reel 3.
Reference numeral 1 denotes a motor which transmits rotation to a take-up side reel of the take-up reel base 2A and the supply reel base 3A via a belt and a gear to rotationally drive the take-up side reel. To be specific, in the case of the fast forwarding (FF) mode in which the tape 22 wound around the supply reel 3 is wound up by the take-up reel 2 at high speed, the motor 1 rotationally drives the take-up reel base 2A of the take-up reel 2 serving as a take-up side reel. In the case of the rewinding (REW) mode in which the tape 22 wound around the take-up reel 2 is wound up by the supply reel 3 at high speed, the motor 1 rotationally drives the supply reel base 3A of the supply reel 3 serving as a take-up side reel.
Reference numeral 5 denotes a take-up reel braking unit which brakes the rotation of the take-up reel base 2A.
Reference numeral 6 denotes a supply reel braking unit which brakes the rotation of the supply reel base 3A.
Reference numeral 50 denotes a stop command detecting unit which detects that an operating unit 23 is operated to make a stop from the fast forwarding (FF) or the rewinding (REW) mode and produces first and second stop commands 50A and 50B.
Reference numeral 8 denotes a mode changing unit which makes a change to the stop mode by operating the take-up reel braking unit 5 and the supply reel braking unit 6 in accordance with the fast forwarding (FF)/rewinding (REW) modes to apply braking forces to the take-up reel base 2A and the supply reel base 3A when the first stop command 50a is detected.
Reference numeral 4 denotes a rotation detecting unit which has an MR element (magneto-resistance element) for detecting polarities (north pole and south pole) magnetized at predetermined intervals around the motor 1 and for outputting a frequency signal. The rotation detecting unit outputs a signal of a frequency proportionate to a rotation speed of the motor 1.
Reference numeral 51 denotes a speed control unit which operates the motor 1 via a driving unit 52 so that the output of the rotation detecting unit 4 comes close to a target number of rotations corresponding to an operation mode instructed by the operating unit 23, to be specific, a target number of rotations corresponding to the fast forwarding (FF)/rewinding (REW) modes until the second stop command 50B is detected. When the second stop command 50B is detected, the rotation of the motor 1 is stopped.
The following will discuss operations of the conventional tape-like recording medium running device configured thus.
First, in the fast forwarding (FF) mode, a rotation command to wind up the tape 2 at high speed (e.g., 8 m/s) is outputted by the speed control unit 51 and the motor 1 is operated via the driving unit 52. Namely, as shown in FIG. 6(a), current of a predetermined value C is applied to the motor 1 and the rotation is controlled according to the current value.
The take-up reel 2 where rotation is transmitted via the rotation of the motor 1 winds up the tape 22 from the supply reel 3.
When the operating unit 23 is operated to provide a command to stop a forwarding operation at timing T1, this command is detected by the stop command detecting unit 50. In the speed control unit 51, a command to stop the rotation of the motor 1 is outputted, current applied to the motor 1 is changed to 0 from the predetermined current value C, and the motor 1 is rotated only by inertial force thereafter.
When the command to stop the fast forwarding (FF) mode is provided at the timing T1, in the mode changing unit 8, a mechanism is changed from the fast forwarding mode to the stop mode. As shown in FIGS. 6(b) and 6(c), when it is assumed that the reel braking unit 5 has braking force of BT1 and the supply reel braking unit 6 has braking force of BS1, it is necessary to satisfy the following relationship:BT1<BS1so that the take-up reel 2 is prevented from stopping earlier than the supply reel 3 and the supply reel is pulled and rotated by the take-up reel 2.
This is because when the take-up reel 2 is stopped earlier than the supply reel 3, the tape 22 sent by the rotation of the supply reel 3 cannot be wound by the take-up reel 2 and a slack appears on the tape 22, resulting in a damage on the tape 22 in the subsequent running of the tape.

Tape-like recording medium running device

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A vessel filter including a plurality of struts forming a first collapsible cone expanding radially outward in a proximal direction and a second collapsible cone expanding radially outward in a distal direction. A slidable member is disposed over the plurality of struts to collapse the struts toward a longitudinal axis of the vessel filter.

A vessel filter is a device inserted into a blood vessel to capture particles in the blood flow. Typically the device is inserted into a major vein to prevent a blood clot from reaching the lungs. Patients, who have recently suffered from trauma, have experienced a heart attack (myocardial infarction), or who have undergone major surgical procedure (e.g., surgical repair of a fractured hip, etc.) may have thrombosis in a deep vein. When the thrombus clot loosens from the site of formation and travels to the lung, it may cause pulmonary embolism, a life-threatening condition. A vessel filter may be placed in the circulatory system to intercept the thrombi and prevent them from entering the lungs.
Examples of various blood vessel filters and delivery systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,086, titled "DEVICE WITH A LOCATING MEMBER FOR REMOVABLY IMPLANTING A BLOOD FILTER IN A VEIN OF THE HUMAN BODY" issued to Gory et al., dated Apr. 5, 1994; U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,398, titled "SELF-EXPANDING FILTER FOR PERCUTANEOUS INSERTION" issued to Pavcnik et al., dated Sep. 27, 1994; U.S. Pat. No. 5,531,788, titled "ANTI-PULMONARY EMBOLISM FILTER" issued to Dibie et al., dated Jul. 2, 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,764, titled "VENA CAVA THROMBUS FILTER" issued to Naderlinger, dated Feb. 24, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,969, titled "VENA CAVA FILTER" issued to Kim et al., dated Nov. 17, 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,741 titled "VENA-CAVA FILTER" issued to Fox, dated Sep. 21, 1999; U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,825, titled CLOT FILTER issued to Hobbs et al., dated May 9, 2000; U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,673, titled "VENA CAVA FILTER" issued to Kim et al., dated Oct. 3, 2000; U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,178, titled "VENA CAVA FILTER" issued to Meglin, dated Jun. 27, 2000; U.S. Pat. No. 6,251,122 B1, titled "INTRAVASCULAR FILTER RETRIEVAL DEVICE AND METHOD" issued to Tsukernik, dated Jun. 26, 2001; U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,026 B1, titled "REMOVEABLE EMBOLUS BLOOD CLOT FILTER DELIVERY UNIT" issued to Ravenscroft et al., dated Jul. 10, 2001; U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,045 B1, titled "VENA CAVA FILTER" issued to Kim et al., dated May 21, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,120 B1, titled "VENA CAVA FILTER" issued to Meglin, dated Aug. 20, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,290 B1, titled "TWO-PLANAR VENA CAVA FILTER WITH SELF-CENTERING CAPABILITIES" issued to Weldon et al., dated Oct. 22, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,582,447 B1, titled "CONVERTIBLE BLOOD CLOT FILTER" issued to Patel et al., dated Jun. 24, 2003; U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,558 B2, titled "CONVERTIBLE BLOOD CLOT FILTER" issued to Patel et al., dated Nov. 25, 2003; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Typically, the filter includes a plurality of radially expandable legs that support one or more filter baskets having a conical configuration. The device is configured for compression into a small size to facilitate delivery into a vascular passageway and is subsequently expanded into contact with the inner wall of the vessel. The device may later be retrieved from the deployed site by compressing the radially expanded legs and the associated baskets back into a small size for retrieval. The radially expandable legs may further include engagements for anchoring the filter in position within a blood vessel (e.g., vena cava). For example, the expandable legs may have hooks that can penetrate into the vessel wall and positively prevent migration of the filter in either direction along the length of the vessel. The body of the filter may include various biocompatible materials including compressible spring metals and shape memory materials to allow easy expansion and compression of the filter within the vessel. The hooks on the radially expandable legs may further include materials more elastic than the legs to permit the hooks to straighten in response to withdrawal forces to facilitate withdrawal from the endothelium layer without risk of significant injury to the vessel wall. The hooks may be formed on selected radially expandable legs, but not on others.
Many of the existing vena cava filters routinely encounter problems during retrieval. In addition, typical filters' deployment and retrieval are directionally dependent. For example, filters inserted using a femoral approach may require the retrieval to take place through a jugular approach. Accordingly, applicants recognize the desirability of a vena cava filter that can be easily retrieved independent of the orientation of the filter deployment within the vessel.


Described are computer-based methods and apparatuses, including computer program products, for inertially tracked objects with a kinematic coupling. A tracked pose of a first inertial measurement unit (IMU) is determined, wherein the first IMU is mounted to a first object. The tracked pose of the first IMU is reset while the first object is in a first reproducible reference pose with a second object.

Orthopedic joint replacement surgery may involve arthroplasty of a knee, hip, or other joint (e.g., shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, finger, etc.). During joint replacement surgery, a surgeon typically removes diseased bone from the joint and replaces the resected bone with prosthetic implant components. Challenges of joint replacement surgery include determining the appropriate position for implant components within the joint relative to the bone and other implant components and accurately cutting and reshaping bone to precisely correspond to the planned placement of the implant components. Inaccurate positioning of implants may compromise joint performance and reduce implant life.
A surgical system for joint replacement surgery can include a haptic device configured to be manipulated by a surgeon to guide a surgical cutting tool to perform a procedure on a patient. For example, a surgeon can manipulate the haptic device to sculpt a bone so that an implant component can be installed on the sculpted bone. Prior to surgery, a three dimensional model of the bone is created using software techniques. The software model is used to generate a surgical plan, that includes, for example, resecting bone (e.g., using the surgical cutting tool) and inserting implant components. During surgery, the surgeon manipulates the haptic device to move the surgical tool to cut bone, and the haptic device provides force feedback to prevent the surgeon from moving the surgical tool in a way that does not conform with the surgical plan. For example, if the surgeon's movement of the haptic device would cause the surgical tool to resect too much of the patient's bone, the haptic device can apply resistance against the surgeon's movement to prevent the resection. A navigation or tracking system can be used to determine a pose (i.e., position and/or orientation) of the bone, the haptic device, the surgical tool, and/or other objects of interest. As is well known, pose data from the tracking system can be used for registration and real-time object tracking.
For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/357,197 (U.S. Pub. No. 2006/0142657), which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, describes that objects in physical space (e.g., anatomy, surgical tools, etc.) may be registered to any suitable coordinate system, such as a coordinate system being used by a process running on a computer associated with a surgical system. For example, utilizing object pose data captured by a tracking system, the surgical system can associate the physical anatomy and the surgical tool with a representation of the anatomy (such as a computer-generated three-dimensional model or image of the anatomy). Based on the tracked object and registration data, the surgical system can determine, for example, (a) a spatial relationship between the image of the anatomy and the relevant physical anatomy and (b) a spatial relationship between the relevant physical anatomy and the surgical tool so that the computing system can superimpose (and continually update) a virtual representation of the tool on the image of the anatomy, where the relationship between the virtual representation of the tool and the image of the anatomy is substantially identical to the relationship between the actual surgical tool and the physical anatomy. Additionally, by tracking not only the tool but also the relevant anatomy, the surgical system can compensate for movement of the relevant anatomy during the surgical procedure (e.g., by adjusting a virtual object that defines a surgical cutting boundary in response to the detected movement of the anatomy).
The tracking system enables the surgical system to determine (or track) in real-time a pose of tracked objects, such as the bone. One common type of tracking system is an optical tracking system that includes an optical camera configured to locate in a predefined coordinate space specially recognizable markers (e.g., LEDs or reflective spheres) that are attached to the tracked object. However, optical tracking systems require a direct line of sight between the optical camera and the markers. This restricts the movement of the surgeon during surgery because the surgeon cannot interfere with the optical communication between the optical camera and the markers. As a result, the surgeon's movement is limited not only by the location of physical equipment in the operating room but also by lines of sight between the optical camera and markers. Further, other unavoidable surgical side-effects can interfere with the optical communication, such as bone debris that is generated during a bone resection and occludes the surface of one or more markers. Additionally, while optical tracking systems are often accurate, they can be cost-prohibitive.
Another type of tracking system is an inertial tracking system, which uses an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to track an object. An IMU is an electronic device that includes a combination of accelerometers and/or gyroscopes to measure characteristics of an object, such as the object's velocity, orientation, and/or gravitational forces. For example, an IMU can measure three degrees of freedom of the acceleration and three degrees of freedom of the angular rate of the IMU. Using these measurements, the inertial tracking system can estimate the current six degree of freedom pose of the IMU based on a previously determined IMU pose (e.g., an initial (or starting) reference pose) and changes in acceleration and angular rate of the IMU over time. While inertial tracking systems can be more cost-effective than other tracking systems, in general inertial tracking systems introduce greater error through drift. That is, since new poses are calculated from previously determined poses and measured changes in acceleration and angular rate (without reference to any external references), the errors of the tracking process are cumulative such that the error in each new estimated IMU pose grows with time. Specifically, the inertial tracking system integrates the linear accelerations and angular velocities provided by the IMU to calculate the new IMU pose (the acceleration data is often double integrated). The accumulated error leads to "drift," or an ever-increasing difference between where the inertial tracking system thinks the IMU is located and the actual IMU pose. If the drift is not compensated for, the pose of the tracked object (e.g., the bone) can be incorrectly predicted based on the difference between the predicted IMU pose and the actual IMU pose. This could cause the surgical system to be improperly configured unbeknownst to the surgeon, which could lead to the surgical plan being carried out improperly (e.g., performing improper resections).
In view of the foregoing, a need exists for methods and devices which can overcome the aforementioned problems so as to enable computer assisted surgery (CAS) to be carried out when drift occurs between an IMU's calculated pose and actual pose by resetting a reference pose of the IMU.


A system debugging device in which, even if bus ownership is transferred to other bus masters, the operations of the other bus masters can be monitored such that efficient debugging of a system can be achieved is provided. In a system where a plurality of bus masters mounted on an LSI share a bus, the system debugging device includes a recorder for recording a variety of information including master selection information for specifying a bus master to which a right to use the bus is granted and slave selection information for selecting a bus slave specified according to address signals outputted from the bus master; and a reader for reading, via the bus, the variety of information recorded in the recorder.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a system debugging device for debugging a system in which a plurality of bus masters mounted on a large-scale integrated circuit (LSI) share an internal bus.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a technique for debugging a system, in which a central processing unit 32 (CPU) is mounted on an LSI 30 (hereinafter referred to as CPU-containing system). The CPU-containing system in FIG. 5 includes bus masters 34, such as a CPU, a direct memory access (DMA) controller 36, and other bus masters; and bus slaves 38, such as an external memory interface (I/F), an internal memory, and other bus slaves. All of the bus masters 34 and bus slaves 38 are mutually connected via an internal bus 33, and this CPU-containing system is connected via the external memory I/F to an external memory 31.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of the inner structure of the CPU-containing system in FIG. 5. For ease of explanation, the CPU 32 and the DMA controller 36 are shown as bus masters, while Slave 1, Slave 2, and Slave 3 are shown as bus slaves.
Address signals, bus control signals, and data signals outputted from the CPU 32 and the DMA controller 36 are selectively outputted from a multiplexer MUX 1, according to master selection information outputted from a bus arbiter 12 arbitrating bus ownership, and are inputted into Slave 1, Slave 2, and Slave 3, respectively. Address signals outputted from the multiplexer MUX 1 are also inputted into an address decoder 14 selecting bus slaves. Data signals outputted from Slave 1, Slave 2, and Slave 3 are selectively outputted from a multiplexer MUX 2, according to slave selection information outputted from the address decoder 14, and are inputted into the CPU 32 and the DMA controller 36.
In the CPU-containing system shown in FIG. 6, in order for the CPU 32 and the DMA controller 36, which are bus masters, to use the internal bus, the CPU 32 and the DMA controller 36 send bus request signals (not shown) to the bus arbiter 12.
When the bus request signals are received, the bus arbiter 12 selects, according to the priority of bus ownership (that is, a right to use the internal bus) at that time, a bus master having the highest priority among those that have sent bus request signals. Then, the bus arbiter 12 sends grant signals (not shown) to the selected bus master, so as to indicate that the bus ownership is granted. At the same time, the bus arbiter 12 sends master selection information for specifying the selected bus master to the multiplexer MUX 1.
Address signals, bus control signals, and data signals outputted from the bus master that has received the grant signals are then selectively outputted from the multiplexer MUX 1 according to the master selection information outputted from the bus arbiter 12.
The address decoder 14 decodes the address signals outputted from the multiplexer MUX 1 to generate slave selection signals (not shown). The slave selection signals are signals for selecting a bus slave specified by the address signals and are sent to Slave 1, Slave 2, and Slave 3, respectively. At the same time, the address decoder 14 sends slave selection information for specifying the selected bus slave to the multiplexer MUX 2.
Slave 1, Slave 2, and Slave 3 receive the slave selection signals. When one of the slaves is selected, data signals are written into the selected slave according to the address signals and bus control signals (write signals) outputted from the multiplexer MUX 1. Data signals read from the selected slave according to the address signals and bus control signals (read signals) are selectively outputted from the multiplexer MUX 2 according to the slave selection information outputted from the address decoder 14.
Then, data signals outputted from the multiplexer MUX 2 are received by the bus master that received the above-described grant signals.
When the above-described CPU-containing system is compliant with the joint test action group (JTAG) standard, debugging of the system is normally performed, as shown in FIG. 5, by connecting the CPU 32 to an in-circuit emulator (ICE) via a debugging I/F, and further connecting the ICE to a personal computer (PC), thereby monitoring the operation of the CPU 32, while controlling it, using a debugger (software program for debugging) running on the PC.
Normally, information on a stop address, which is called a breakpoint, from the debugger running on the PC is placed in user software to be debugged. When the CPU reaches the address of the breakpoint, the ICE not only stops the operation of the CPU, but also reads, if necessary, the internal states of registers and memories that are connected to an internal register and internal bus of the CPU into the PC. An operator responsible for debugging proceeds with the debugging process based on this information while monitoring the hardware status.
However, in a known debugging process for a system in which a plurality of bus masters including a CPU are mounted on an LSI, a transfer of bus ownership from the CPU to other bus masters causes debugging to stop, because the CPU cannot monitor the operation of other bus masters in this case. Specifically, the CPU cannot obtain any information, for example, as to whether or not the bus ownership is transferred to other bus masters, and if transferred, as to the size and duration of data transfer, from which bus master to which slave.
Conventional techniques related to the present invention are disclosed, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 63-167940 (Patent Document 1) and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 5-14451 (Patent Document 2).
Patent Document 1 is concerned with a multiprogramming-oriented CPU responsible for processing of an operating system to achieve multiprogramming. Patent Document 1 discloses means for outputting information concerning a multiprogramming system to an external data bus of the CPU, during execution of a system call instruction, and showing to devices outside the CPU that the information has been outputted to the external data bus.
Patent Document 2 is concerned with a line monitoring method for a data communication system that includes a line control unit performing alternate communication with external data communication devices via a transmission line and a human-machine interface unit performing input and output operations for the entire system. Patent Document 2 discloses that, in the line monitoring method, send data and receive data on an output line and an input line, respectively, in the line control unit are collected at an input/output section of the line independently of a data transmission control circuit for online operation. Also, Patent Document 2 teaches that the collected send/receive data is stored in the data communication system, and the stored send/receive data is displayed according to instructions from the human-machine interface unit.

System debugging device and system debugging method


Structures and methods for high speed interconnection in photonic systems are described herein. In one embodiment, a photonic device is disclosed. The photonic device includes: a substrate; a plurality of metal layers on the substrate; a photonic material layer comprising graphene over the plurality of metal layers; and an optical routing layer comprising a waveguide on the photonic material layer.

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) integrate various electronic components, e.g. serializer/deserializer (SerDes) circuits, transceivers, clocking circuitry, and/or control circuitry. With the long range SerDes reaching its speed limit, on-chip or in-package optical input/output (I/O) circuits are taken as the most promising candidates to further boost the speed.
Conventionally, silicon photonics based on a silicon on insulator (SOI) platform or substrate are used to achieve high speed optical I/O, which induces a relatively thick crystal silicon layer and a thick oxide layer. In addition, the SOI platform is not commonly used for electronic chip fabrication, which makes it impossible to monolithically integrate high performance photonic and electronic circuits together. Even for the electronic chips based on SOI, the SOI wafer specifications are significantly different from those of the silicon photonics wafers.
Special fabrication processes, such as high temperature annealing and epitaxial growth, are typically needed to fabricate fundamental photonic elements, such as modulators and photodetectors, for the SOI-based silicon photonics. These high temperature processes may ruin the electrical properties of the electronic devices, which makes it incompatible with the electronic chip fabrication. The cost of a SOI-based silicon photonic chip is high. A nitride/oxide-based platform, on the other hand, can only be used as passive and low-speed applications.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd.


A pressure test cap includes a mounting collar with an outer rib to limit depth of insertion of the cap into a pipe. A closure disc which seals the mounting collar is connected to the collar through an inner rim by a weakened ring. An outer rim section registers with the inner rim so that impacts to the outer rim are transferred to the weakened ring to separate the disc from the collar. The closure disc includes a centrally positioned nipple for connection of a conduit of a pressurized test fluid source. The nipple is closed by a break-away nipple plug. The nipple plug has a centrally located indentation for piercing to bleed trapped air from the system and resealing by a screw.

Piping systems are used in structures to supply liquids and gasses and to-carry sewage and other wastes away. Common household piping or plumbing systems include water supply piping, drain piping, and possibly gas piping. Water supply pipes carry water from a water supply pipe to plumbing fixtures such as sinks, baths and showers, toilets, sprinkler systems, spigots, and the like. Drain piping carries human wastes, ground garbage from disposers, and waste water to sewers or septic tanks. Gas piping, if present, carries fuel gases such as natural gas or propane gas to appliances such as furnaces, ranges, gas fireplaces, and the like. A particularly necessary quality of all types of piping is integrity of the pipes and joints such that the liquids or gases carried do not leak.
In order to ensure that a piping system does not leak, pressure testing is often conducted and may be required by some local codes. Plumbing is preferably installed, tested, and joints repaired, as needed, prior to closing access to the piping and joints by the installation of wallboards. Testing often involves pressurizing the piping system with compressed air, or alternatively filling it with water, and detecting any leaks. Testing is usually done before any fixtures, appliances, or the like have been connected to the piping system.
Plastics, such as PVC or polyvinyl chloride and others, are used in many types of plumbing, including waste plumbing. It is common practice, during testing, to install removable test plugs or caps on pipe stubs to which fixtures, such as toilets, will be subsequently connected. After testing is completed, the caps are removed. The test caps need to be sealed in place such that they do not leak during testing. When the test caps are no longer needed, they need to be removed in such a manner that the test cap is not lost in the waste plumbing, such that the remaining plumbing is not damaged by removal of the test cap, and such that no remaining parts of the test cap assembly interfere with the fixture to be installed. Additional features which would be desirable in such a test cap include the capability of conveniently connecting a source of pressurized fluid to the cap and resealable structure for conveniently testing that the piping system is pressurized.

Knock-out pressure test cap with breakaway nipple plug


The present invention provides novel human tumor proteins (collectively called TUPRO) and polynucleotides which identify and encode TUPRO. The invention also provides genetically engineered expression vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid sequences encoding TUPRO. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing TUPRO or antagonists to TUPRO, and in the use of these compositions for the treatment of diseases associated with the expression of TUPRO. Additionally, the invention provides for the use of antisense molecules to polynucleotides encoding TUPRO for the treatment of diseases associated with the expression of TUPRO. The invention also provides diagnostic assays which utilize the polynucleotide, or fragments or the complement thereof, to hybridize to the genomic sequence or transcripts of polynucleotides encoding TUPRO or anti-TUPRO antibodies which specifically bind to TUPRO.

In an effort to identify genes involved in the early stages of tumor progression, Bryne JA et al (1995, Cancer Res 55:2896-2903) screened human breast and basal cell carcinomas for genes commonly overexpressed in tumor cells relative to non-tumor tissue. One novel sequence, D52, was differentially expressed in carcinoma cells and showed little homology to other genes. Chen SL et al (1996, Oncogene 12:741-751) independently cloned D52 based on its increased expression in lung tumor derived cell lines relative to cell lines derived from normal tissues. Recently, Byrne et al (1996, Genomics 35:523-532) described a human homolog of D52, termed D53, which is often coexpressed with D52 and may form hetero- or homo-dimers. Both D52 and D53 contain PEST domains, regions that are rich in amino acid residues proline (P), glutamate (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) (Rechsteiner M (1990) Semin Cell Biol 1:433-440). In human D52, 18 of 37 amino terminal residues are PEST domain residues (Byrne et al, supra). PEST domains are associated with rapidly degraded enzymes, transcriptional factors, and components of receptor signaling pathways (Loetscher P et al (1991) J Biol Chem 266:11213-11220). Caenorhabditis elegans open reading frame (ORF) F13E6.1 has homology to D52 (Wilson R et al (1994) Nature 368:32-38).
Tumor Proteins and Disease
Cancer remains a major public health concern, and current preventative measures and treatments do not match the needs of most patients. For example, among women in the United States, as many as one in eight will contract breast cancer in their lifetime (Helzlsouer KJ (1994) Curr Opin Oncol 6:541-548). Furthermore, the incidence of breast cancer is rising by about 1% a year (Harris JR et al (1992) N Engl J Med 327:319-328). Among men over 50 years of age, the lifetime risk of prostate cancer is 9.5% and of death from prostate cancer is 2.9% (McLellan DL et al (1995) Can Med Assoc J 153:895-900).
Genes may be differentially expressed in tumor cells relative to non-tumor cells. For example, elevated expression levels of 12-lipooxygenase correlate with advanced stage and poor differentiation of human prostate cancer (Gao X et al (1995) Urology 46:227-237). Additionally, the high incidence of HER2 gene overexpression in breast tumors suggests that perturbations in HER2 are among the earliest and most common genetic lesions in human breast cancer (Liu E et al (1992) Oncogene 7:1027-1032). This correlation has led to the development of potential HER2 specific therapeutics (Kern JA et al (1993) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol).
The discovery of additional tumor associated genes may provide agents which are more efficacious in cancer diagnosis and treatment than HER2 and 12-lipooxygenase. Novel tumor associated genes may be specific to a different spectrum of tumor types than known genes. A new tumor protein would satisfy a significant need in the art by providing new agents for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer.


To protect data from corruption due to restoration of an encryption key to a wrong storage system, there is provided a computer system including a first storage system and a second storage system, wherein: the first storage system, upon receiving a request to write first data to a first area in the first storage system, encrypts the first data by using a first key and writes the first data in the first area, and, upon receiving a request to write second data to a third area, encrypts the second data by using a second key and transmits a request to write the encrypted second data in a second area in the second storage system; and the computer system holds the first key, an identifier of the first storage system associated with the first key, the second key, and an identifier of the second storage system associated with the second key.

A technology disclosed herein relates to a computer system including a storage apparatus for storing data to be used by a computer. In particular, a technology disclosed herein relates to a technology applicable to a storage apparatus having a function of encrypting data to be stored in a storage medium and decrypting data read from the storage medium, for performing backup and restoration of an encryption key to be used for the encryption and the decryption of data.
In recent years, along with a proliferation of a storage area network (SAN), in which a storage apparatus, a computer, and a management computer are coupled to one another via a dedicated line such as Fibre Channel, a computer system has been increased in size, and there has been developed a technology of efficiently managing ever-increasing enormous amount of data in the computer system described above.
For example, JP 2005-11277 A discloses a storage virtualization technology. According to this technology, a first storage apparatus is coupled to at least one second storage apparatus, and a storage area in the second storage apparatus is provided, as a storage area of the first storage apparatus, to a computer.
According to the technology disclosed in JP 2005-11277 A, the storage area of the second storage apparatus is managed by the first storage apparatus in a unified manner, to thereby reduce a management cost of the computer system.
Also, along with an increase of information leaks due to disk theft or the like in recent years, there is a growing interest in storing and managing data with ensured security. For example, JP 2007-28502 A discloses a storage apparatus which includes an encryption function for encrypting a storage area, and is capable of encrypting data to be read from or written to the storage area.
According to the technology disclosed in JP 2007-28502 A, even in a case where a disk is stolen or the like, data leakage can be prevented.
In the storage apparatus having an encryption function as described above, the management of the encryption key is important. For example, a loss of the encryption key due to a failure in the storage apparatus or an operational error of a user makes it impossible for the storage apparatus to decrypt data in an encrypted storage area. In order to deal with this situation, the encryption keys may be backed up outside or inside of the storage apparatus, and in a case where the encryption key is lost, the encryption keys thus backed up may be restored to the storage apparatus.
However, in restoring encryption keys, the following things need to be taken into consideration. Of the backed-up encryption keys, when an incorrect encryption key is restored to the storage apparatus to read or write data, the data is corrupted. For this reason, it is important to prevent an improper restoration of an encryption key, that is, to verify whether or not a right encryption key is actually restored to the storage apparatus.
JP 2007-148762 A discloses a conventional technology related to the above-mentioned verification. According to JP 2007-148762 A, data in an external storage medium such as a USB memory is allowed to be used when a connection destination of the storage medium is an authorized computer, while the data is not allowed to be used when the connection destination is an unauthorized computer.
According to the technology disclosed in JP 2007-148762 A for determining whether data is allowed to be used or not based on a use destination of the data, for example, in the case of restoring an encryption key in a storage apparatus having an encryption function, the restoration of the encryption key is permitted when the encryption key is of the own apparatus and the restoration is rejected when the encryption key is of any other storage apparatus than the own apparatus, to thereby determine whether or not to restore the encryption key.

Computer system, storage system and management computer for backing up and restore encryption key for storage system incorporating therein a stored data encryption function


An electronic remote control of the present invention controls timed functions of a device responsive to the control. The control has a processor with an input for entering command and time of command information for the function to be performed, a memory for storing the information entered at the input, a real time clock, a comparator for comparing time of the real time clock with the time of command information in the memory and an actuator for effecting a command signal for a particular command when the time of command information stored in the memory for that particular command matches the time on the real time clock.

It is well known in the electronics field for various electronic devices to be controlled by hand held remote control units, usually based on line of sight infra-red command signals. For instance, a television may be equipped with an infra-red receiver capable of picking up and responding to infra-red command signals transmitted by a hand held remote control unit. Similarly, VCR'S, CD players, tape decks, stereo units and other electrical-electronic equipment may all have their own individual remote control units. Typically, signals from one remote control unit will only control its associated device and will not control or affect other devices.
In order to eliminate a multipacity of hand held units, learning remote control units have been developed and are well known in the art. Such "learning remotes" are capable of memorizing and duplicating the infra-red commands of other remote control units which themselves may not be "learning remotes". In this fashion, one learning remote can memorize the commands of several remotes, thus allowing the use of a single, rather than several remotes.
According to even the most updates prior art remotes, including learning remotes, these are only operable in real time in immediate response to the manual commands of the user who pushes a key on the remote. In other words, if it is desired to change the status of the system in any way, e.g. change the channel on a T.V., etc., the user must specifically push the appropriate key or keys on the remote at the time that he or she wishes the change to occur.
Presently available remotes are not capable of directing commands to different devices on their own at different time intervals. A remote having such capabilities is very desirable particularly for people such as handicapped persons who are not capable of entering manual commands to a remote control. Without timed operation of the remote control such persons must rely on the assistance of others in order to assure timed operation of the device to be controlled by the remote.