A method and a system for regulating the mixed air in a heating/air-conditioning unit (1) of a motor vehicle in which fresh air and/or recirculated air are fed to a heating/air-conditioning unit (1) which controls the feeding of fresh air and/or recirculated air in the passenger compartment of the vehicle. In a method for optimizing the consumption of energy for such heating/air-conditioning systems, the feed of fresh air and/or recirculated air is so adjusted that the temperature of the dew point of the air within the vehicle is less than the temperature on the inside of a window of the vehicle.

The present invention relates to a method and system for regulating the mixed air of a heating/air-conditioning unit of a motor vehicle, wherein fresh air and/or recirculated air is fed to a heating/air-conditioning unit which controls the feeding of fresh air and/or recirculated air into the inside of the vehicle.
In the motor-vehicle heating/air-conditioning systems which are customary today, fresh air or recirculated air, or else a mixture of recirculated air and fresh air in a constant mixture is conducted by a fan through the air conditioning system for a conditioning of the air.
With increasing demands as to comfort, the desire has arisen in the case of motor-vehicle heating and air-conditioning systems for automatic control of the temperature within the car in such a manner that the passengers feel as comfortable as possible withing the car. Ordinarily, for this, the temperature within the car is measured by means of a temperature sensor, and the desired temperature is set by means of a regulating unit.
From German patent document DE 36 24 1700 A1 a method of operating a heating/air-conditioning system for motor vehicles is known in which the climate in the vicinity of the windshield is so controlled as a function of signals of a first temperature sensor and a first humidity sensor as well as at least one further temperature sensor arranged outside the motor vehicle, providing that the temperature on the inside of the windshield is prevented from dropping below the dew point.
In particular, when heating, modern internal combustion engines do not always make sufficient exhaust heat available for heating the interior of the vehicle. In order to compensate for this insufficient heating, electrical or fuel-operated additional heaters are introduced into the heating system. In this connection, generally low-energy outside air is brought to a desired temperature level, which results in an additional consumption of energy. In electrical vehicles, the high energy consumption of a heating system has a negative influence on the driving performance and range of the vehicle.

Method and system for regulating the mixed-air of a heating/air-conditioning system of a motor vehicle


A client device requests permission from a network access device to access a network associated with the network access device. The client device sends credentials of a user associated with the client device for authenticating with the network access device. The client device receives from the network access device permission to access the network along with a session certificate and an associated key. The session certificate and the key are associated with the credentials of the user. The client device establishes a network session using the network based on receiving the permission. During the network session, the client device establishes a secure communications channel with a website. The client device authenticates the user to the website by sending the session certificate to the website over the secure communications channel. The client device then receives permission from the website to access contents of the website.

A user visiting websites sometimes has to authenticate him or her to a website before being granted access to the contents of the website. For example, a bank website may require the user to enter a pre-registered login username and password combination to be granted access. Typically, the user authenticates separately to different websites.


A holding member is rotatably axially supported to the apparatus main body, holds the sheet feeding unit to a rotational edge, and moves the sheet feeding unit to one of a sheet feeding position and a standby position and a gear train. By transferring the rotation of the opening/closing operation of the feed tray to the holding member through the gear train so that the sheet feeding unit is moved along with the opening/closing operation of the feed tray.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sheet feeding apparatus and an image forming apparatus and, more particularly, to a construction of a sheet feeding apparatus for feeding sheets stacked on a feed tray closably provided for an image forming apparatus main body.
2. Description of the Related Art
Hitherto, an image forming apparatus such as printer, or copying apparatus has a sheet feeding apparatus for feeding a sheet to an image forming unit. As such a sheet feeding apparatus, for example, there is a manual feeding apparatus in which sheets are stacked on a manual feed tray closably provided for the image forming apparatus main body and fed by a manual feeding roller. Since sheets of different sizes and types can be set onto the manual feed tray and fed therefrom, such a manual type sheet feeding apparatus is also called a multi-feeding apparatus.
In the manual type sheet feeding apparatus, if the manual feeding roller is fixedly arranged, there is a case where a part of the sheet feeding apparatus is projected from the side surface of the image forming apparatus main body (hereinbelow, referred to as an apparatus main body) and the image forming apparatus increases in size. Therefore, there is an apparatus constructed in such a manner that the manual feeding roller is moved to a sheet feeding position adapted to feed the sheet in association with the opening of the manual feed tray and allowed to refuge into the apparatus main body in association with the closure of the manual feed tray, thereby preventing the sheet feeding apparatus from being projected from the side surface of the apparatus main body. For example, the sheet feeding apparatus of such a construction has been disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H11-171360.
FIG. 8 illustrates a structure of the conventional sheet feeding apparatus with such a construction. A manual feeding roller 1 is attached to a feeding roller axis 2 to which a driving force is transferred from a driving source (not shown) and which rotates the manual feeding roller 1. The feeding roller axis 2 is rotatably attached to a feeding arm 3 supported to a feeding arm axis 5 so that it can swing freely.
One end of each of hinge members 8 is rotatably attached to a main body frame 13. The other ends of the hinge members 8 are attached to a rotational front edge side of a manual feed tray 7. A pin 8a is projected on a rotational front edge side of each of the hinge members 8. The pins 8a have slidably been inserted into guiding long holes 12 formed on a rotational front edge side of a feeding cover 10 rotatably provided for the main body frame 13.
The feeding arm 3 and the feeding cover 10 are coupled through a link arm 16. Thus, the feeding arm 3 swings in an interlocking relational manner with the opening and closure of the manual feed tray 7 and the feeding cover 10.
With such a construction, when the feeding cover 10 is opened, the manual feed tray 7 is integratedly rotated in the direction in which the manual feed tray 7 is released from the main body frame 13. Thus, the manual feeding roller 1 swings to the sheet feeding position (state illustrated in FIG. 8). When the feeding cover 10 is closed, the manual feed tray 7 is integratedly rotated toward the main body frame 13 side. Thus, the manual feeding roller 1 swings to the refuge position where it is enclosed between the main body frame 13 and the manual feed tray 7. With such a construction, the sheet feeding apparatus can be set into the apparatus main body without enlarging the apparatus main body size.
According to the conventional manual type sheet feeding apparatus, the sheet feeding position of the manual feeding roller 1 is unconditionally determined by positional precision and parts precision of at least the feeding arm 3, link arm 16, and feeding cover 10.
Particularly, since the link arm 16 has an elongated plate shape or a thin flat plate shape, its rigidity is low. There are also an influence by the positional precision and gravity of parts, and a bending deformation due to a feeding load. Therefore, if such a link arm 16 is used, it is difficult to strictly guarantee the sheet feeding position of the manual feeding roller 1.
When the sheet feeding position cannot be strictly guaranteed as mentioned above, a feeding pressure of the manual feeding roller 1 is not assured for the sheets supported to the manual feed tray 7 and there is a possibility that the sheet cannot be certainly fed. There is also a possibility that the manual feeding roller 1 is inclined and come into offset contact with the stacked sheets, an oblique motion of the sheets occurs, and defective printing precision occurs.
Further, in the case of coupling the feeding arm 3 and the feeding cover 10 by using the link arm 16, the link arm 16 has such a layout that it is projected to the sheet stacking portion side of the manual feed tray 7. There is, consequently, a risk that when the user stacks the sheets onto the manual feed tray, the link arm 16 becomes an obstacle to the operation and makes the user's operation annoying.
If the manual feed tray 7 as a pressing member for pressing the sheets to the manual feeding roller 1 has been provided, a hole, or a notch through which the link arm 16 penetrates needs to be formed in the manual feed tray 7. Further, when the hole, or notch is formed in the pressing member as mentioned above, it is necessary to form a through hole including a moving locus of the link arm 16 which moves in an interlocking relational manner with the opening/closing operation of the manual feed tray 7.
However, if such a through hole is formed, the part rigidity of the manual feed tray 7 as a pressing member is weakened. Thus, the necessary feeding pressure cannot be assured and there is a possibility that the sheet cannot be certainly fed.

Sheet feeding apparatus and image forming apparatus


Eyewear including an optical functional member, control electronics, and a sealed electrical connective element connecting the electronics to the optical functional member. The connective element can directly connect the electronics to the optical functional member, or can connect through an intermediate contact, e.g., a plug-and-receptacle. The connective element can be muted from the electronics, around a rimlock of the eyewear to the optical functional member. The connective element can be a conductive compressible member, such as conductive rubber. In some embodiments, the connective element can be a multiconductor cable.

The present subject matter relates to various types of eyewear including electronic functional members, including, for example, electronic focusing eyeglasses, electro-active eyeglasses, electronic eyewear providing 3D capabilities, etc.
Unfortunately, it has been found that in some environments, particularly those having high humidity or causing the wearer to sweat, commercially available electronic eyewear and frames may suffer from shorting of electronic connections and thus impede or cause the electronic application used with the eyewear to fail.
Thus there is a need for a solution to allow for electronic eyewear and frames to be even more robust in all environments including those whereby there is an abundance of moisture present, one whereby there are fewer electrical contact points exposed to the environment, and/or one that involved fewer moving and/or open and shut electrical connections.


An implantable medical device may be programmed by a programmer to apply a variety of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) therapies, such as antitachycardia pacing (ATP) and cardioversion shocks. In general, the invention is directed to automatic activation of VF- and VT-related functions upon a single command. When a clinician interacts with the programmer to set VF therapies to active status, for example, VT therapies are automatically set to active status as well. Activation of several VF- and VT-related functions with a single command may save considerable time and may be beneficial to the patient. The invention further provides the freedom to customize the functions to the particular needs of a single patient or a group of patients.

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a life-threatening condition in which the cardiac cells in one or both ventricles of the heart of a patient contract in a random and uncoordinated fashion. During an episode of VF, the heart is unable to pump blood. VF rarely terminates spontaneously. Patients at risk of VF may receive an implantable medical device (IMD), such as a pacemaker-defibrillator, that can detect VF and apply defibrillation therapy to terminate the episode. VF will cause death in a short period of time unless terminated.
Many patients that are at risk of developing VF are also at risk of experiencing tachycardia. Tachycardia is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid activation of one or more chambers of the heart. Tachycardia is often qualified by the locus of origin: a tachycardia that originates in the ventricles of the heart is called a ventricular tachycardia (VT) and a tachycardia that originates in the atria of the heart is called an atrial tachycardia (AT) or a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Some VTs, if untreated, may accelerate into VF, in which the pumping ability of the heart is seriously impaired.
In some patients, VT or AT may respond well to antitachycardia pacing (ATP), in which small electric stimulations from an implantable pulse generator (IPG) in an IMD disrupt the propagation of electrical signals that cause the tachycardia. The IMD may be programmed to administer several forms of ATP therapies, and may apply one ATP therapy after another until the tachycardia terminates. Tachycardia therapies may also include the application of a higher voltage cardioversion shock to terminate the tachycardia.
A conventional IMD that includes the capability to treat VF also includes the capability to treat VT with ATP and/or with a shock. When the IMD is implanted, however, all VF- and VT-related functions are "off" to avoid inadvertent therapy delivery during device manipulation that may accompany implantation. At the end of the IMD implant procedure, a clinician such as an electrophysiologist, activates the detection functionality and the therapies that are believed will be beneficial or appropriate to the patient. The clinician may use a programmer that communicates wirelessly with the IMD to program the IMD and activate the therapies. With a conventional IMD and a conventional programmer, each therapy is turned "on" individually, i.e., a clinician sets each therapy to active status on a therapy-by-therapy basis.

Activation of fibrillation and tachycardia functions


A renewable energy flashlight comprises a housing and a barrel located within the housing. The barrel has a wire coil wrapped around it, between the barrel and the housing. A magnet disposed within the barrel oscillates within the barrel when the barrel is shaken, generating an alternating current in the coil. Two springs at either end of the barrel cause the magnet to recoil when the magnet strikes the springs. An electronics assembly located within the housing includes a capacitor for storing charge, a rectifier connected to the capacitor, and means for conducting current flowing in the coil to the rectifier, to provide rectified current to the capacitor and charge the capacitor. A light emitting diode (LED) is connected to the capacitor by means of a switch, so the LED lights up when the switch is switched on.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a renewable energy flashlight.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Flashlights are extremely useful as portable lighting devices. However, several features of conventional flashlights limit their usefulness. Flashlights are commonly needed in emergencies, such as when the owner's car breaks down or the owner's electricity goes out. But there is no guarantee that when the emergency occurs, the flashlight will work. Currently, most flashlights use batteries, which rely on chemical reactions and therefore have limited useful life, as well as limited storage life. So, even if the flashlight was put in a drawer with fresh batteries, it may not work three years later when it is needed. Batteries can also cause corrosion due to leakage, rendering the flashlight unusable, even with fresh batteries. Further, most flashlights use incandescent lamps, which are prone to filament damage from shock, such as from being dropped. Incandescent lamps also burn out.
A second concern with conventional flashlights is how wasteful they are, both in the environmental sense and in a financial sense. Batteries are rapidly becoming a hazard to our environment due to their current methods of disposal. Also, they are expensive, and have to be replaced frequently.
A need remains in the art for a renewable energy flashlight that always works, even after being dropped or left in the car for years, without requiring batteries or incandescent lamps.

Applied Innovative Technologies, Incorporated


A system and method for reducing the unused capacity of a wireless communication channel utilize the data fields of an special burst (SB) in order to signal physical layer control signaling for coordination between a Node B and a user equipment (UE). The control signaling may include improved reception of SBs, enclose transmit power control commands or any physical layer control signaling for coordination between the UE and the Node B for synchronization timing advance or reconfiguration of the physical channel. This system and method may be applied independently to the uplink and the downlink.

The present invention is related to time division duplex (TDD) communication systems. More particularly, the present invention is directed to utilizing unused channel capacity during the transmission of a special burst (SB).
TDD communication systems utilize both common channels and dedicated channels. Once a dedicated channel has been established in a TDD system, when the transmitter does not have any user data to send, the transmitter enters a mode known as discontinuous transmission mode (DTX). DTX may exist in either the uplink or the downlink, and DTX may exist on the uplink independently from the downlink or on the downlink independently of the uplink.
When DTX is entered, the transmitter periodically sends a transmission known as a special burst (SB). Referring to FIG. 1, the SB comprises a midamble, two (2) transport format combination indicator (TFCI) fields, one transmit power control (TPC) field and two (2) data fields. The two (2) data fields are unused in an SB. Accordingly, arbitrary bits are used to fill in these data fields. These arbitrary bits are wasted channel capacity which would otherwise be transmitted and available for communicating information. Since these SBs are transmitted periodically to indicate DTX, a great deal of channel capacity is wasted. A normal burst (NB) is similar to an SB, except that the data fields contain useful data so the channel capacity is not wasted.
There are several reasons for transmitting SBs. The first reason is for fast channel establishment. Upon initial establishment of a physical channel, there is typically no data available. The transmitter must transmit some information to which the receiver can determine the availability of the physical channel. This permits the receiver to quickly recognize the availability of the channel so that data transmissions that require reliable Quality of Service (QoS) can be initiated.
The second reason for transmitting SBs occurs after a channel has been established and the channel enters DTX. The transmission of SBs avoids erroneous detection of "out-of-synchronization". The out-of-sync condition results in termination of the physical channels which would otherwise occur if the receiver does not receive any transmission from the transmitter within a certain duration and with a specified quality. In essence, the out-of-sync condition releases the physical channel and permits the receiver to re-allocate unused physical channel resources. The periodic transmission of SBs avoids this condition when the physical channels are of acceptable quality by guaranteeing periodic transmission of a signal.
The receiver needs to be able to distinguish between a condition whereby no signal is received due to physical problems with the radio channel such as interference or obstructions, and when no signal is received because the transmitter simply does not currently have information ready for transmission. The use of SBs permits the receiver to distinguish between the transmitter entering DTX mode and the transmitter ceasing to communicate.
Since SBs do not send data that is utilized by the receiver, they are designed to be sent periodically in order to establish or continue the communication link. They are also designed to utilize minimum energy resources. However, the periodic transmission of SBs represents wasted channel capacity which may be utilized for exchange of information.
It would be desirable to have a system which does not waste this channel capacity.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

System and method for using unused arbitrary bits in the data field of a special burst


A computing systems data reporting system is comprised of a processing component and a reporting component. The processing component includes a configuration file and a system analysis and aggregation executable program module. The system analysis and aggregation executable module utilizes the input and output directory information from the configuration file to collect performance, usage and security data from sources such as those described above. The reporting component comprises an XML output memory component for storing aggregated data received from the executable module of the processing component. As XML data is passed to the reporting component, the XML data is transformed for publication via an Internet-based web page such that the data is viewable by interested users on a near real-time basis.

With the advent of modern local, remote, and distributed computing systems, a need has developed for monitoring such computing systems to ensure system efficiency, reliability, performance and security. Administrators for Internet Service Providers must track user visits to a plurality of web sites to report usage data to subscribers. Administrators must scan systems distributed across vast networks for viruses and other unwanted data. Administrators of large computing networks must track application usage, security logs and error logs. Changes to computer registries must be tracked for maintenance and security of individual and network computers. Unfortunately there exists no efficient and centralized method or system to allow an interested person, such as a system administrator, to review in near real-time performance, security and usage data of systems such as those described above.
Often, a systems engineer or administrator must spend a number of days of each month aggregating data for a given system. For example, a systems engineer may spend several calendar days per month collecting and summarizing system and application event logs, performance counters, security logs and Internet Information Services (IIS) logs for a distributed Internet services system in order to report performance, security and usage data. Because of the tedious and time consuming nature of the data collection and summarization, the data is always several days or even months out of date by the time summary reports are prepared and reviewed.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method and system for collecting, aggregating, and reporting computing systems data in a near real-time basis. It is with respect to these and other considerations that the present invention has been made.

System and method for performing remote tracking and reporting of computing system performance, usage, and security data


A method for using an invert emulsion fluid in a well bore, comprising placing an invert emulsion fluid in a well bore, wherein the invert emulsion fluid comprises an oleaginous fluid, a non-oleaginous fluid and an emulsifier comprising one or more amines generally represented by the formula:

Well cementing is a process used in penetrating subterranean formations that produce oil and gas. In well cementing, a well bore is drilled while a drilling fluid is circulated through the well bore. The circulation of the drilling fluid is then terminated, and a string of pipe, e.g., casing, is run in the well bore. The drilling fluid in the well bore is conditioned by circulating it downwardly through the interior of the pipe and upwardly through the annulus, which is located between the exterior of the pipe and the walls of the well bore. Next, primary cementing is typically performed whereby a slurry of cement in water is placed in the annulus and permitted to set into a hard mass to thereby attach the string of pipe to the walls of the well bore and seal the annulus. By sealing the annulus, migration of reservoir fluids from one zone to another through the annulus is prevented.
Various types of drilling fluids, also known as drilling muds, have been employed in the well cementing process. Oil-based drilling fluids have several advantages compared to water-based drilling fluids such as superior hole stability, especially in shale formations, and excellent lubrication properties. These lubrication properties permit the drilling of well bores having a significant vertical deviation, as is typical of off shore or deep water drilling operations. When a water-based drilling fluid is used to drill a highly deviated well bore, the torque and drag on the casing can undesirably cause the casing that lies against the low side of the well bore to stick. In contrast, oil-based fluids form a thin, slick filter cake that helps prevent the casing from sticking.
Oil-based drilling fluids typically contain some water, making them water-in-oil type emulsions, also known as invert emulsions. The water may arise in the drilling fluid itself or from the well bore, or it may be intentionally added to affect the properties of the drilling fluid. The invert emulsion commonly contains both water-soluble and oil-soluble emulsifiers (i.e., emulsifying agents or surfactants) to stabilize the invert emulsion. Examples of traditional emulsifiers employed in the invert emulsion include polyvalent metal soaps, phosphate esters, fatty acids, and fatty acid soaps. Typically, these emulsifiers impart oil wetting properties to the drilling fluids.
The use of traditional emulsifiers in drilling fluids can complicate the clean up process in open hole completion operations. In particular, oil-based solvents containing surfactants are used to penetrate the filter cake and reverse the wetability of the filter cake particles, thereby converting the oil-wet solids of the filter cake to water-wet solids. Water-wet solids in the filter cake are required so that a subsequent acid wash can be used to destroy or remove the particles. Acid usually cannot be placed in direct contact with a traditional invert emulsion. Otherwise, the direct acid contact would lead to the addition of the acid to the invert emulsion's internal aqueous phase, resulting in a significant increase in the viscosity of the invert emulsion. Cleaning the well bore in this staged manner can be time consuming. Unfortunately, the longer the time required to clean the well bore, the more likely the well bore is to become unstable and collapse. If this occurs, the well bore will have to be re-drilled or opened up before production can occur. Thus, there is a tradeoff between increased production due to a fully cleaned-up well bore and the potential of collapse of the well bore due to instability.
To avoid risking the collapse of the well bore, drilling fluids containing, for example, ethoxylated soya amine emulsifiers, have been developed that provide for a faster clean up of the well bore. Such drilling fluids can be reversibly converted from a water-in-oil type emulsion (i.e., invert emulsion) to an oil-in-water type emulsion that can be easily broken down with an acid soak solution. The invert emulsion is converted to an oil-in-water emulsion by mixing it with an aqueous acid solution that protonates the emulsion. If the subterranean formation produces crude oil, the aqueous acid solution commonly contains a strongly anionic sulfonate surfactant to prevent the formation of aqueous acid solution-crude oil emulsions in the well bore and crude oil sludging therein. However, it has been discovered that due to the presence of the anionic sulfonate surfactant, the emulsifier becomes water insoluble such that the emulsion remains as a water-in-oil emulsion. Further, the aqueous acid solution adds to the internal water phase, resulting in a significant increase in the viscosity of the invert emulsion. The high viscosity emulsion can undesirably seal off the subterranean formation, irreversibly damaging the formation and making oil production impossible.
As such, there continues to be a need for oil-based fluids with improved acid additive compatibility that can be quickly and easily converted from invert emulsions to oil-in-water emulsions without being concerned their viscosity might increase. Using such oil-based fluids would ensure that the subterranean formation penetrated by the well bore does not become plugged. The present invention utilizes an oil-based fluid that may be inverted in a timely manner without risking damage to the formation and that is compatible with typical sulfonate acidizing additives.

Abstract: wherein R is a radical selected from the group consisting of abietyl, hydroabietyl, dihydroabietyl, tetrahydroabietyl, and dehydroabietyl, each R′ may be the same or different and is an alkyl having from about 1 to about 3 carbons, each A may be the same or different and is NH or O, and the sum of x and y ranges from about 1 to about 20, and contacting the invert emulsion fluid with an acid solution to reversibly convert the invert emulsion to an oil-in-water emulsion.


Method of making porous, fibrillose bodies from fibrils bonded together into a self-supporting structure. A mixture of fibrils and a viscous, non-newtonian, liquid vehicle including an organic hydrosorbent and water is (1) injected into a mold, (2) frozen in the mold to form a frozen precursor of the article, (3) ejected from the mold while still frozen, (4) freeze-dried, and (5) finally heated to remove the hydrosorbent and bond the particles together. The process is particularly effective for making fibrillose preforms for infiltrating with metal in the manufacture of metal matrix composites.

It is well known to make particulate bodies for a variety of applications from ceramic or metal equiaxed and/or fibrilose particles by: (1) molding a mixture of the particles and an all organic temporary binder (e.g., wax) to provide a green mass; (2) heating the green mass to remove the temporary binder; and finally, (3) heating the temporary-binder-free mass sufficiently (i.e., time and temperature) to sinter or otherwise bond the particles together into a self-supporting article. Such a technique has been used to make preforms for making "metal matrix composites" (i.e., MMCs) which comprise filler particles dispersed throughout a matrix metal such as Al, Mg, etc. Where the filler particles serve to improve one or more of the mechanical properties (e.g., strength, toughness, lubricity, friction, wear resistance, etc.) of the MMC over the properties of the matrix metal alone. Popular fibrils for making MMCs have an average aspect ratio (i.e., length divided by diameter) of at least 10 to 20, but may be as low as 3 and as high as about 200. The lengths of the fibrils vary from about 10 microns (though smaller are possible) to about 500 microns, and their diameters are generally less than about 10 microns. The filler fibrils will typically constitute about 5% by volume to about 45% by volume of the MMC with the balance being the matrix metal. More specifically, it is known to make MMCs by a process wherein a self-supporting, net shape, porous preform is made from the filler particles, and the preform subsequently infiltrated with the matrix metal by well known wicking or pressure filling (e.g., squeeze casting) techniques. The preform itself is made by molding a mixture of the filler particles and an all organic binder to a desired size and shape, removing the organic binder, and then bonding the particles together. One particular such molding process for making MMC preforms comprises: (1) mixing the filler particles uniformly throughout a fugitive organic binder/vehicle (e.g., wax, polystyrene, polyethylene, etc.) which comprises about 55% to about 95% by volume of the mixture; (2) injecting the binder-particle mixture under pressure into a mold; (3) burning-out/volatizing the fugitive binder; and finally, (4) bonding the particles together into a self-supporting structure. One such process is disclosed in Corbett et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,712. Final bonding of the particles may be achieved: (1) by sintering; (2) by initially providing the particles with a coating of colloidal silica or alumina which, upon heating, acts like a high temperature inter-particle glue; or (3) in some cases, by oxidizing the particles to hold them together. In this latter regard, SiC particles can be bonded together by heating the particles to above 600.degree. C. in air to form SiO.sub.2 in situ on the surfaces thereof which serves to bond the particles each to others.
One problem with the aforesaid techniques is that superambient injection temperatures were needed to melt and volitize the large volume of binder. Another problem is that the articles so made tend to distort (e.g., slump) when heated to remove the binder which typically softens before volatizing. This often happens because the binders are thermolastic and melt before volatizing and/or pyrolyzing. Finally, the time, cost, and environmental considerations associated with burning off large volumes of the organic binder reduce the commercial attractiveness of the process.
Water-based vehicles for the particles have been proposed. In one variant thereof, the vehicle comprises a methycellulose-H.sub.2 O gel, wherein a mixture of the particles, methyl cellulose and water are injected into the mold cavity and the mixture heated to about 80.degree. C. in the mold cavity to cause gelling of the methyl cellulose. The gel-bound particles are then removed from the mold and heated to remove the water and the methyl cellulose. In the gelled state, the methyl cellulose is quite weak and often cannot withstand ejection from the molding die or subsequent drying outside of the die. Maxwell et al, U.S. Pat. No. 2,893,102, discloses a freeze-cast process wherein porous bodies are made from equiaxed particles by: (1) forming a thick, moist, nonflowing slip of the particles; (2) injecting the slip with vibration- and vacuum-assisted hand pressure into a mold cavity; (3) freezing the molding in the cavity; (4) removing the frozen molding from the cavity; (5) freeze-drying the molding; and (6) sintering the particles together. The slip contains only a small amount of slip agent (e.g., 3.5 mils of H.sub.2 O per 20 gs of particles), and may contain a small amount (e.g., 2% of the weight of the particles) of a binder (e.g., starch or gelatins) to provide some green strength after the water is removed. In another variant of the freeze-cast process according to Occhionero et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,181, porous bodies are made from primarily equiaxed particles by (1) forming a low viscosity, pourable, aqueous slip of the particles; (2) injecting the slip under low (i.e., <200 psi) pressure into a mold cavity, (3) freezing the molding in the cavity, (4) removing the molding from the cavity, (5) freeze-drying the molding, and (6) sintering the particles together. The pourable slip (i.e., viscosity <10 poise at 100 sec.sup.-1 shear rate) contains at least 35% by volume ceramic or metal particles, and an aqueous vehicle containing a dispersant and a cryoprotectant (which may also be a dispersant, a green strength enhancer and/or viscosity modifier such as methylcellulose or ethylcellulose).
The aforesaid freeze casting processes are incapable of forming fibrillose bodies having a substantially uniform distribution of fibrils throughout. In this regard, when using Maxwell's essentially "dry" (i.e., low water content) process, the intertwining of the fibers prevents their being injected into, or distributed uniformly throughout, the mold cavity under the hand pressures described therein. On the other hand, when using Occhionero's low viscosity process, a uniform moldable mix cannot be produced as the slip agent (i.e., H.sub.2 O) is so fluid that, even with extensive mixing, it will not break up the fiber bundle raw materials into discrete fibers and distribute them evenly throughout the mix so as to produce a substantially homogeneous moldable mixture. Hence, complex preforms consisting primarily of fibrous materials have not been made commercially to date by water-based molding methods because techniques to uniformly suspend fibrils in a water-based vehicle suitable for molding the preform have not previously been developed. Instead, most commercial fibrous preforms made using a water-based vehicle are made by vacuum forming, wherein fibrils are suspended in water and are drawn onto a porous mandrel by vacuum to build a large mat of fibrous material. The mat is subsequently dried and machined by conventional methods to produce complex-shaped preforms. This method is undesirable for high volume production because more fibril is deposited to make the mat than the final preform requires, machining is a costly way to shape the preform, and fibril density is undesirably not uniform throughout the preforms.


A networking conferencing and collaboration tool utilizing an enhanced T.128 application sharing protocol. This enhanced protocol is based on a per-host model command, control, and communication structure. This per-host model reduces network traffic, allows greater scalability through dynamic system resource allocation, allows a single host to establish and maintain a share session with no other members present, and supports true color graphics. The per-host model allows private communication between the host and a remote with periodic broadcasts of updates by the host to the entire share group. This per-host model also allows the host to allow, revoke, pause, and invite control of the shared applications. Subsequent passing of control is provided, also with the hosts acceptance. The model contains no fixed limit on the number of participants, and dynamically allocates resources when needed to share or control a shared application. These resources are then freed when no longer needed. Calculation of minimum capabilities is conducted by the host as the membership of the share changes. The host then transmits these requirements to the share group.

Real time communication is vital to the success of any business. As businesses continue to grow and develop outside the typical four walls of an office or factory, with multiple divisions located around the country and around the world, with an increasing number of employees telecommuting, and even with employees located in different distant parts of the same building, tools facilitating real time communication are becoming essential, not just for businesses to succeed, but also for businesses to simply survive. While the widespread use of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and e-mail has increased the productivity of many companies and individuals, such structures and tools do not provide, by themselves, the ability for real time group collaboration so essential for the success of work groups and design teams which, in turn, drives the success of businesses.
In recognition of the changing way businesses need to function to survive and prosper in this distributed environment of the world-wide workplace, the assignee of the instant invention developed and released a network conferencing and collaboration tool called NetMeeting™ 2.0. This tool provides H.323 standards-based voice and video conferencing, T.120 multipoint data conferencing including application sharing, clipboard sharing, file transfer, whiteboard, and chat features. Application sharing is a feature of NetMeeting™ that allows a person in a conference running an application locally with local data (like Notepad™) to send the graphics of the application to the other people in the conference. The remote people see what the local person does, the title bar, the client area, obscured areas, etc. The remotes can even control the shared application, the remote person in control's keyboard and mouse drive the keyboard and mouse of the person sharing the application. This results in appearance changes, like opening a new file would, and those will be transmitted back from the sharer to the others.
These features were immediately successful in aiding the real time communication and design activity of many businesses. As companies became more and more familiar with the advantages available through such a tool, their demand for increased usage of and capabilities from such a tool exceeded even the expectations of the assignee. However, at the same time that users were demanding increased usage, they were also demanding increased control, new features, and reduced network resource and time utilization from this tool.
One of the most desired feature enhancements of this tool was to increase the number of simultaneous users who could participate in an on-line conference. However, a 16-bit version of the application sharing code, NetMeeting™ 2.0, was built on the Win 9x platform which is interrupt based for mouse and keyboard inputs. As such, and because it was based off Win3.x technology, this platform required the up-front allocation of system memory for all users. This up-front allocation of system resources required that all resources which might ever be need by the users were allocated. This was quite wasteful since a good portion of the allocated resources needed for application sharing were allocated to many users who would never share or collaborate, and were only in the meeting to view. This could total three megabytes for each user, to represent their desktop and create the required object caches. Because of this memory allocation requirement and based on estimated typical system user resources, a maximum hard limit of 32 users was set in the system. While this was believed to be adequate for most meetings, the demand for more attendees based on the ease of communication flow soon pushed the limit beyond that which the system would allow.
Another problem which became apparent as the number of meeting participants grew relates to the network traffic generated between participants under the T.128 application sharing protocol. With increasing numbers of participants in a meeting, the number of message packets sent between these participants during operation and when a new person wanted to join the meeting increased to a point where the delay in communication and interruption of the meeting became excessive. In addition to the number of messages which were sent, the computational algorithms used were complex, adding proportionally to the amount of time needed for anything to happen. Depending on the particular connections between participants, e.g. the Internet, the delay in the meeting resulting from a new person joining could extend into the several minutes range. With this type of delay, people hang-up, lose their Internet connection, lose interest, etc.
The T.128 model utilized in this NetMeeting™ system was a global free-for-all model where all members were peers. Every person in the conference would maintain a global list, ordered from front to back of all of the shared applications of everybody in the conference, merged completely together. Each person had to be in lock-step with the others, so that the positions, order, and appearance of all shared applications were in sync. Any change in order, state, or position had to be transmitted to everyone in the meeting. This would frequently cause a Ping-Pong effect whereby the new global list would be sent, someone in the conference would decide it was out of date because their shared application had moved, and would transmit a new window list, and so forth. This problem was exacerbated by the collaboration model which also required that all members of the conference periodically broadcast his or her mouse position. This additional network traffic was necessitated by the toggle during collaboration whereby only one of the collaborators controlled all of the collaborators' mice and keyboards. Therefore, the host would periodically need to check where everyone's cursor is positioned.
As a result of this global, chaotic model, the total network traffic could become excessive due to the amount of this circular traffic, even from members not sharing anything. All of the packets of information were broadcast, with one copy for each member of the conference. The delays resulting from this excessive network traffic caused cursor movements, especially when in control of a remote member's application, to be extremely jerky. This made it almost impossible to control a remote's application with any degree of confidence that the remote user's mouse was really where the controlling member thought it was. Further, under this model no one could do anything until all members were up to date, which further slowed the conference response time. In addition to the network traffic described above, to interpret data from a host, e.g. the drawings of an application, all members in the conference had to know about and interpret the capabilities of all other members of the conference. This drove the network traffic volume even higher, and slowed the system response still further.
Another problem which became apparent from the global collaboration model of NetMeeting™ 2.0 as the number of members in a conference grew was the control of applications which were being shared. This control/collaboration model in the T.128 application sharing protocol of NetMeeting™ 2.0 was global. Each member of the conference could start/stop collaborating. Exactly one of the members collaborating was considered to be in control. Her mouse/keyboard drove the mice and keyboards of the other members collaborating. Those other members were controlled, and their mice and keyboards were locked. However, if they were not sharing anything, the mouse and keyboard input from the person in control would go to nowhere, since the remote users were only allowed to control shared applications, and not unshared ones. This appeared to lock their mice and keyboards for no reason, which was very frustrating especially in the multitasking world of Windows™.
Additionally, anyone collaborating could become the person in control by a simple action such as a mouse click or key press. If several people took control around the same time, the last person to do so won, until the next person took control. There was no organization or order to the passing of control, it was a chaotic model. The users of the system soon termed this chaotic operation as "mouse wars." With a decent number of people in a conference, the telephone was the only way to keep things from getting out of hand. There was a lot of "OK, I am going to take control now, do not do anything anybody" discussion back and forth. Further, collaboration was a two-way street. A person might only want to control another's applications without exposing his own applications to another's control. Unfortunately, that was not possible in this model. Collaboration was all or nothing. Additionally, there was no way for a person to gracefully decline a control operation or even know that it was about to happen. Control would be yanked away without warning.
This global, chaotic collaboration model also added to the excessive network traffic described above. Each control change required some retransmitting of input state information, especially toggle keys, and discarding old accumulated input. The person in control broadcasted his input messages to everyone. All of the members collaborating played back these input messages, skipping ones that obviously would manipulate non-shared windows, and then if they ended up going to a window not shared, swallowed them at the last minute. That allowed the cursor to move, but the actual movement of the mouse notification to not get sent to the windows under the mouse if they are not shared. Further, there was required a lot of complicated token/sequence number/guessing/time stamp calculations performed to figure out who has control if several people try to take control at once, or if it is taking too long to hear back.
A further problem identified relates to the initiation of an application share for a conference. The T.128 protocol utilized in NetMeeting™ 2.0 requires two people to be in a conference before anybody could share an application. This requirement also meant that if the second-to-last person left the conference, sharing would stop if it were ongoing. This requirement existed because starting up application sharing was a call-response process. The person wanting to share an application would broadcast an "is it ok" packet, and then wait for a response saying "sure, go ahead" before beginning the share. This turned out to be a much worse than is may have first appeared. Users wanted to be able to organize a meeting whereby they could be the only person in the meeting for a while to allow them to set up attributes, applications, and files prior to having others join the meeting. Without this capability, much time is wasted by the other meeting participants while the host completes these activities with them present.
An additional problem relates to the prior T.128 protocol for NetMeeting™ having a limit of 256 colors, 8 bits per pixel (bpp). If a user shared applications on a screen that was running at a greater color depth than 256, information would be lost. The graphics would be constrained and colors would be mapped to the closest equivalent in a 256 color palette. Simple applications did not experience much of a problem, since not many applications make full use of the available colors. The system colors and other common ones are always available. However, a high end bitmap or a web page with photos, for example, would not look good when shared. They would look posterized on the remote users' monitors.

Scalable multiparty conferencing and collaboration system and method of dynamically allocating system resources and providing true color support in same


An electron source includes a plurality of electron emission cathodes and at least one control electrode. A gate current regulator is provided for regulation of current flowing through the at least one control electrode.

The present embodiments relate to an electron source and a method for the operation of an electron source.
An electron source that may be used in an X-ray tube of an imaging medical engineering device is, for example, known from DE 10 2007 042 108 B4. The electron source includes electron emission cathodes and a plurality of control electrodes. An electrically insulating data transmission link (e.g., an optical data transmission link) is provided for data transmission between a high-voltage unit provided for supplying energy to the electron source, and a low-voltage unit.
Electron sources in multifocus X-ray tubes with control electrodes constructed, for example, as grids may work with field emitters such as carbon nanotube (CNT)-emitters based on CNTs or thermal emitters. The principle of an electron source with CNTs is known, for example, from DE 10 2009 003 673 A1.
The emission of electrons is determined by an electrical filed strength on a surface of the electron emission cathode and may be set by a voltage applied at a grid-like control electrode (e.g., a control grid). The relationship between the voltage and the generated electron current may be described by an exponential characteristic curve. Over the lifetime of an electron source, the exponential characteristic curve is subject to changes. The changes in the exponential characteristic curve have origins, for example, in damage to and/or aging of the electron emission cathodes and may be offset by a regulator that adjusts the control voltage (e.g., the voltage applied between the electron emission cathodes currently in operation and the control grid).
In an X-ray tube, the electrons emitted by the electron emission cathodes are accelerated to an energy necessary to generate the X-ray radiation by the high voltage applied to the anode of the X-ray tube. The electrons arriving at the anode define the tube or anode current. This depends on, among other factors, a geometric arrangement of individual components within the X-ray tube, on the control voltage, and on numerous other influencing values (e.g., temperatures of components of the electron source such as a temperature of the electron emission cathodes, an on-time of the X-ray tube, the cathode current and a vacuum level within the X-ray tube). In addition, the operation of the X-ray tube to date (e.g., a history of the X-ray tube) may influence a dose-determining tube stream. For example, the control grid used and an operating state of the control grid influences the tube stream.
The anode current determining the X-ray dose may be produced from the cathode current minus a current flowing out via the control electrode. The relationship of anode current to cathode current is defined as a transmission rate and may be determined, for example, with the aid of a learning procedure. The transmission rate determined may be assumed to be constant or at least only slowly changeable. Measurement of the cathode current is thus suitable for determining a generated dose of X-ray radiation. This measurement may, for example, take place via a measuring resistor. As a result of capacitive loads in the measurement arrangement implemented in the control electronics of the X-ray tube, limitations of this measurement principle do, however, exist in the case of rapid switching procedures.
In order to determine the dose of generated X-ray radiation based on the release of electrons by the electron emission cathodes, two interrelationships are thus, for example, to be considered: the characteristic curve of the electron source and the transmission rate of the X-ray tube.
An electron source may be regulated by a voltage regulation. The current/voltage characteristic curve of each electron emission cathode may be determined with the aid of a learning procedure. Current values assigned to the voltage values are stored in a table for each of the individual electron emission cathodes. The tables, which represent characteristic curves of the electron emission cathodes, remain unchanged. Thus, aging or drifting of electron emission cathodes is also ignored, as is the case with changes in the transmission rate.
Given sufficiently long pulses (e.g., from around 1 ms), the aging and drifting may be offset by an overlaid current regulation, in that the set value specified is readjusted for the voltage. However, in the course of the readjustment, charge transfers that adversely affect the cathode current take place. In the case of small anode currents, capacitive currents have an effect on the measurement in a relevant manner.
Capacitive charge transfer effects, for example, restrict the applicability of the overlaid current regulation in the case of short pulses. As a result of these charge transfer effects, an estimation of the anode current may only be possible after approximately 40 μs on the cathode side. A prerequisite for a readjustment is thus a significantly longer pulse duration. A direct measurement and regulation of the dose-determining anode current, which may come into consideration instead of a cathode side measurement and regulation, is, however, not possible with pulse durations of the aforementioned order of magnitude according to the prior art. Measurement of the anode currents may thus take place in the generator at low potential at a generator low end. Strong low pass filtering is used in order to avoid disturbing variables. Time constants thus supplied may lie in the order of 70 μs, which corresponds to an order of magnitude of a desired, short pulse duration.


A method and apparatus for securing a computer using an optimal configuration for security software based on user behavior is described. In one embodiment, the method for providing an optimal configuration to secure a computer based on user behavior includes examining computer user activity to produce behavior indicia with respect to computer security from malicious threats and determining an optimal configuration for security software based on the behavior indicia.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to computer security systems and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for securing a computer using an optimal configuration for security software based on user behavior.
2. Description of the Related Art
Widespread utilization of Internet technology by various users (e.g., employees, partners, contractors etc. within an enterprise, individuals at home) results in an increase of computer system attacks by various malicious threats (e.g., malicious software programs, such as worms, viruses, Trojan horses and/or the like). Such malicious threats may be transmitted (e.g., downloaded) to the computer system in numerous ways (e.g., as an executable program, an email attachment, malicious HTML code on a web page, and/or the like). For example, a particular malicious threat may be executed on a user computer in order to damage expensive computer hardware, destroy valuable data, consume limited computing resources and/or compromise sensitive information.
Currently, various types of security software programs (e.g., anti-virus, anti-spyware, anti-phishing software programs) utilize one or more detection techniques (e.g., signature validation, behavior blocking, heuristic detection and/or the like), which are often employed to detect the malicious threat and prevent problems caused by the execution of such malicious threats. In general, vulnerability to the malicious software programs correlates with dangerousness of one or more computer user activities. For example, a user computer that is primarily utilized for browsing authorized websites (e.g. news, banks, company intranet, genuine gaming websites etc.) may be less vulnerable than another user computer, through which suspected and/or generally unknown websites are accessed by the respective users. Hence, the user computer and the other user computer require different security settings in order to effectively detect and remediate the malicious threats.
However, the security software programs provide similar security settings for each user computer and disregard different levels of vulnerability to the malicious threats. For example, certain security software programs are configured to use static security settings that suit a majority of users but not a current user. Unfortunately, a high level of security settings (i.e., an aggressive mode) slows down the computer and consumes additional computing resources. As a result, deploying the same security settings for the user computer as that on the other user computer would unnecessarily degrade the performance of the user computer. Although several traditional security software programs have an option for the user to configure the security settings to a satisfactory level (e.g. High, Medium, Low), the default settings are never reconfigured. Further, often the usage pattern is insufficiently known at the time of installation of the security software program, and in such cases, the security software program may be incorrectly configured.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a method and apparatus for securing a computer using an optimal configuration for security software based on user behavior.

Method and apparatus for securing a computer using an optimal configuration for security software based on user behavior


A device for detecting direction, height and intensity of a light which facilitates detection and provides high accuracy. The device includes a glass substrate, on which a resistant layer for detecting the X coordinate position, a photoconductive layer utilizing the photoconducting effect of a photoelectric converting layer, and a resistant layer of metallic electrode resistor body for detecting the Y coordinate position, laminated in order. The resistant layers are provided respective two lead electrodes X, X' and Y, Y'. By applying 5V and 0V, for example, to X and X', a voltage Vx corresponding to the position where the light is irradiated can be directly obtained through Y or Y'. Namely, the X coordinate position of the point where the light passes can be easily and accurately detected. By applying +5V and 0V for Y and Y', Y coordinate of the light irradiated point can be obtained, and by applying the same potential to X and X', light intensity can be obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for detecting a position and an intensity of light. The invention can detect irradiating direction, height, intensity, insolation of sun beam, for example, utilizing the photoconducting effect of amorphous silicon type semiconductor and so forth. The present invention is particularly, but not limitatively, applicable for an air conditioner system for an automotive vehicle to detect intensity of insolation with high precision for providing data for the calculation of insolation dependent thermal load.
2. Description of the Related Art
Such technology has been proposed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 59-328116 for "Photo Potentiometer" and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 63-164281 for "Position Detecting Device". The former publication proposes a position detecting device (photo potentiometer) employing a photoconductive film that lowers its resistance value when light is irradiated thereon. The later publication discloses a position detecting device that comprises a conductive layer including a amorphous semiconductor layer with a p-i-n junction, a transparent conductive layer and a metal.
In the former position detecting device employing the photoconductive film, a leak current is caused at a portion not irradiated by a light beam due to thermal excitation of electrons at elevated temperatures, as shown in FIG. 35. The leak current can offset an output voltage from a component potential value corresponding to a light irradiating position (position of a light spot H) to make an accurate measurement of the position difficult.
On the other hand, in the case of the later position detecting device employing the amorphous semiconductor layer, the following problems can be encountered. A light current detected by irradiation of the light beam normally has a small magnitude, e.g. 100 nA. This requires a high sensitivity amplifier for subsequent arithmetic processes. As a result, the device becomes large and expensive.
The present invention solves the problems set forth above. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a device for detecting a position and an intensity of a light which has a large magnitude of output voltage corresponding to irradiation of a light beam (high sensitivity), can provide stable detecting accuracy for a minimized leak current even at an elevated temperature, and can provide a signal indicative of an irradiating direction, the height of a light as well as intensity of the light.

Device for detecting position and intensity of light and position detecting element to be employed therein


This application provides an RRC connection resume method and apparatus. In the method, when a terminal moves to a target base station, the target base station may reselect, based on a capability and a requirement of the target base station, a first encryption algorithm and a first integrity protection algorithm that are used when the target base station communicates with the terminal, and send the first encryption algorithm and the first integrity protection algorithm to the terminal. On one hand, a security algorithm used for communication between the terminal and the target base station is flexibly selected. On the other hand, because the base station connected to the terminal changes, communication security can be improved by using a new encryption algorithm and integrity protection algorithm.

In long term evolution (LTE), suspension and resume procedures may be applied to narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT) terminals, to be specific, internet of things devices with relatively low mobility or low power consumption, for example, a smart water meter.
When a base station instructs, in a suspension manner, a terminal to release a current connection, the terminal and the base station delete some contexts on an access stratum, and reserve some contexts on the access stratum, for example, an access stratum key, a security capability of the terminal, and a currently selected security algorithm. Then, the terminal enters an inactive state from a connected state. When the terminal expects to resume the connection to the base station, the terminal can quickly restore from the inactive state to the connected state.
In a 5th generation (5G) system and a future communications system, the service procedures may be extended, and the suspension and resume procedures are applied to enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) terminals such as a smartphone.
Because mobility of the terminal is relatively high, the terminal is handed over between different base stations at a relatively high frequency. In this case, how to improve security and flexibility of restoring the terminal from the inactive state to the connected state is a problem to be resolved.


An assembly structure, consisting of a handle and a blade, having mainly a locking structure directly formed at the front of a tongue firmly integrated on the blade to provide relative insertion and movement between the said handle and the said blade with instantly precise, simple and convenient positioning as a groove inside the handle base and the tongue are in identical T-shape.

The present invention relates to an assembly structure for a hand trowel. More specifically, it relates to a structure that provides precise and simple assembly and disassembly of a handle and a blade. The assembly structure further provides a firm and stable combination and positioning when corresponding parts are being moved against each other.
The early hand trowel adopted a configuration that allowed people to grasp a handle with their hands, with the handle being directly planted and fixed onto a blade. However, for applications in different places, shapes and areas of the blades may vary. In short, people should have a number of hand trowels with different shapes and areas. This not only increases costs, since each individual trowel must be purchased separately, but also causes inconvenience for storage and carriage. Please refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,675, which discloses a hand trowel that can be assembled and is composed of a handle and a blade. The handle has a groove formed inside its base with flanges on both sides. The blade is integrated with a tongue having flanges on both sides. There is a keeper having an arm with bosses at the end. When the groove formed inside the handle base slides along the tongue on the blade and gets locked, the bosses at the end of the arm associated with the keeper installed at one side of the tongue lock into the openings on the handle base. Then the handle base and the tongue are combined to provide a positioning function. The disclosed assembly structure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,675 indeed achieves multiple objectives that include one single handle being combinable with many blades of different shapes and areas, reduced storage space when not in use and easy carrying.
In fact, further understanding of U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,675 reveals that the relative movement between the handle base and the blade tongue can not provide adjustable positioning upon combination without a keeper to help fixation. But when the handle and the blade are taken apart, disadvantages are presented with the inconvenience for assembly caused by the loss of the keeper, an individual part.
In view of the need of a structure that can provide precise and simple assembly and disassembly of the handle and the blade in a hand trowel and a firm and stable combination and positioning when corresponding parts are being moved against each other, the inventor creates the present invention.
The objective of the present invention is to provide an assembly structure for a hand trowel. The tongue installed on the blade has a T-shape and forms a direct locking structure at its front end. The handle has a T-shaped groove inside its base to match the T-shape tongue and corresponding openings on the wall of both sides at the open end. Through such a structure, when the T-shaped groove inside the handle base slides along the T-shape tongue associated with the blade and gets locked, a firm and stable combination and positioning can be provided.

No.12, 41st Road, Industrial Zone, Shitun District


A semiconductor apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a transmission control unit configured to generate, in response to a received pulse signal having a first pulse width, transmission control signals with a second pulse width larger than the first pulse width and synchronization control signals with a third pulse width larger than the second pulse width. The apparatus also includes a reception control unit configured to generate reception control signals in response to the synchronization control signals.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments as disclosed herein relate to a semiconductor apparatus, and more particularly, to a 3D (three-dimensional) semiconductor apparatus using through-vias.
2. Related Art
In order to improve the degree of integration of a semiconductor apparatus, a 3D (three-dimensional) semiconductor apparatus, in which a plurality of chips are stacked and packaged to increase the degree of integration, has been developed. In the 3D semiconductor apparatus, since two or more chips are vertically stacked, a maximum degree of integration may be achieved in the same area.
Various methods may be applied to realize the 3D semiconductor apparatus. In one of the methods, a plurality of chips having the same structure are stacked and are then connected with one another using wires such as metal lines to operate as one semiconductor apparatus.
Recently, a TSV (through-silicon via) type semiconductor apparatus has been disclosed, in which through-silicon vias are formed to pass through a plurality of stacked chips so that all of the stacked chips are electrically connected with one another. In the TSV type semiconductor apparatus, because the through-silicon vias vertically pass through the respective chips to electrically connect them with one another, the area of a package may be efficiently reduced when compared to a semiconductor apparatus in which respective chips are connected with one another through peripheral wiring using wires.
Since each TSV is formed by filling a conductive material in a via hole which is defined through a dielectric substance, the TSV itself has capacitance. Due to this fact, even when a square wave signal is input, the signal output through the TSV exhibits a waveform that is approximately a triangular wave. While the TSV does not exhibit any noticeable problems when a signal with a wide pulse width is transmitted through the TSV, an unexpected fail may occur when a signal with a narrow pulse width is transmitted.
FIG. 1 is a view showing a configuration for transmitting a signal through a through-silicon via according to the prior art and the waveform of the signal transmitted through the configuration. A transmission unit 11 outputs input signals pulse_in1 and pulse_in2 with a first pulse width and a second pulse width, respectively, to a through-silicon via 12. According to the illustrated embodiment, the first pulse width corresponds to two cycles 2tCK of a clock signal and the second pulse width corresponds to one cycle 1tCK of the clock signal. Since the through-silicon via 12 has capacitance, it does not transmit the input signals pulse_in1 and pulse_in2 as they are and transmits them in triangular waveforms. A reception unit 13 receives and latches signals pulse_TSV1 and pulse_TSV2 which have passed through the through-silicon via 12, and generates output signals pulse_out1 and pulse_out2.
As shown in FIG. 1, even though the input signals pulse_in1 and pulse_in2 are square waves, the signals pulse_TSV1 and pulse_TSV2 output through the through-silicon via 12 are triangular waveforms. Although the input signal pulse_in1 with the first pulse width is changed into a triangular waveform while passing through the through-silicon via 12, since it has a sufficiently wide pulse width, a peak of the pulse_TSV1 waveform still reaches the voltage level VDD and maintains an average level of voltage level VDD and voltage level VSS that corresponds to a logic threshold of reception unit 13. Consequently, reception unit 13 is still able to properly receive and latch input signal pulse_in1. However, in the case of the input signal pulse_in2 with the second pulse width, since it has a narrow pulse width, it may not exceed a logic threshold of the reception unit 13 and therefore not be properly received and latched by reception unit 13. Moreover, even when it exceeds the logic threshold of the reception unit 13, because pulse_in2 has a narrow pulse width, a latched pulse width is also small, resulting in the input signal pulse_in2 is not being properly received by the reception unit 13.

Semiconductor apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals among a plurality of chips


Concerning a plurality of wafers which compose one lot, amounts of misalignment between alignment marks of these wafers and alignment patterns transferred on photoresists are measured in advance, and then, a mutual relation between a thickness of an interlayer dielectric film and a value of Wafer Scaling is calculated. When exposure is actually executed, first, an interlayer dielectric film is formed on the alignment marks in a lot and planarized. After that, the thickness of the interlayer dielectric film after planarization is measured. The value of the Wafer Scaling is estimated from an average value of the thicknesses of the interlayer dielectric films in the lot and the above-mentioned mutual relation. Then, photoresists are coated on the interlayer dielectric films in the lot, and the photoresists are exposed while the correction is executed so as to compensate the value of the Wafer Scaling.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a semiconductor device using an aligner.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, photolithography technology is indispensable when manufacturing a semiconductor device. Exposure is executed on a photoresist under this photolithography technology. When this exposure is executed, plural wafers in an aligner are considered as one lot. Then, an alignment correction value is calculated every lot in the aligner, and the exposure is executed while correcting alignment based on this alignment correction value.
FIG. 12 is a flow chart showing a method for calculating an alignment correction value based on a prior art. In this prior art, first, one wafer is arbitrarily selected as a pilot from one lot, and the exposure of this wafer is executed (Step S1). Next, an amount of misalignment of this pilot is calculated, and a decision is made if this amount is within tolerance or not (Step S2). If the amount of misalignment is found within the tolerance by this decision, other wafers in this lot are exposed without correcting alignment (Step S3). If the amount of misalignment is found over the tolerance, both an alignment correction based on this amount of misalignment and regeneration of the wafer used as the pilot are executed (Step S4). Then, the exposure of this pilot is executed again (Step S1).
As another method, a trend of misalignment in the lot already exposed is found out before another lot is exposed, and then, the exposure is executed by correcting the alignment based on this trend.
As a further method, the exposure is executed by fixing the alignment correction value of the aligner.
A prior art is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication number Hei 07-167614.
However, it is difficult to execute the accurate correction when using the method for correcting based on the trend of misalignment and the method for fixing the alignment correction value. Especially, errors of the correction have become beyond the limit of what is acceptable due to recent miniaturization. On the other hand, it is possible to thoroughly correct the alignment when using the method for calculating the alignment correction value by extracting the pilot. However, problems of long time for a series of processes and high costs arise.

Method and apparatus for manufacturing semiconductor device


Embodiments are provided to manage external hardware appliances from a distributed operating system interface in a computer network using a driver model to communicate with device drivers associated with the external hardware appliances. In one embodiment, a request to manage an external hardware appliance in the computer network may be received in a distributed web-based operating system interface. A driver model may be selected which is configured to interface with a device driver for managing configuration settings for the external hardware appliance. The driver model may be utilized to manage the external hardware appliance configuration settings from the interface. The settings may include managing domain name changes, firewall settings, proxy settings, and the like. In another embodiment, the driver model may be utilized to manage external hardware appliance settings during a network configuration operation initiated from the distributed operating system interface.

Many computer networks include a shared infrastructure of multiple computers for providing resources to end users via a single web-based interface. These computer networks typically include a distributed operating system application for controlling a server farm as a single logical unit. The server farm typically includes stateless front end servers, application servers, and a database backend for storing user-created content as well as settings and connections between the front end servers and the application servers. Distributed operating system computer networks also typically include additional network hardware devices or appliances such as domain name system servers, firewalls, load balancers, wide area network accelerators, and proxy servers which are utilized by the server farm to increase security, provide high availability, or help manage network downtime.
The aforementioned additional network hardware appliances, however, are decentralized with respect to the distributed operating system (i.e., they are external devices with no visibility as to their status or configuration from within the distributed operating system). Furthermore, each network hardware appliance (even those manufactured by the same vendor) may have unique settings which must be manually configured by network engineers. Moreover, failures occurring within any external hardware appliance which may degrade or even crash the distributed operating system are invisible to a system administrator (the administrator may detect a failure has occurred but has no way of identifying the specific external hardware appliance or appliances causing the failure or determining the reason for the failure). As a result, time and resources are often wasted while network engineers are dispatched to identify and correct problems occurring in the external appliances. It is with respect to these considerations and others that the various embodiments of the present invention have been made.

Management of external hardware appliances in a distributed operating system


A levee apparatus is constructed of base panels connected end to end and supported by an underlying support such as the earth's surface. Side panels interlock with the base panels and with each other to form a generally triangular transverse cross section and a hollow interior that can be filled with a selected fill material. Interlocking projections on the side panels interlock with apertures of the base and with notches or recesses of other side panels.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to portable and/or quickly constructed levees. More particularly, the present invention relates to a levee apparatus that employs base panels and inclined panels that interlock to provide a generally triangular cross section with an interior that can be filled with a selected fill material (e.g. soil, sand, gravel, etc.), wherein alternating projections and sockets/apertures along edges of the panels interlock to form a connection of each panel to other of the panels.
2. General Background of the Invention
Levees are often constructed of earthen material. In some locations the side of an earthen levee is lined with concrete. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has for years constructed earthen levees with a portion of a side of the levee being covered with a layer of reinforced concrete. At the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers facility at Vicksburg, Miss., concrete levee mats have been fabricated for years.
Portable levee systems have been patented as noted in the following table of possibly related art.
The following U.S. Patents are incorporated herein by reference:
TABLEPat. No.TITLEISSUE DATE274,449Building BrickMar. 20, 1883277,732Method of Constructing Levees andMay 15, 1883Embankments390,175Hollow Building Block or BrickSep. 25, 1888945,859Building BlockJan. 11, 19101,002,161Sea Wall ConstructionAug. 29, 19111,552,077Block for Building ConstructionSep. 01, 19252,466,343JettyApr. 05, 19493,441,140Drain FilterApr. 29, 19693,645,100Leaching Chamber Unit for SoilFeb. 29, 1972Absorption System4,073,245Levee Forming Apparatus and MethodFeb. 14, 19784,175,888Block for Constructing BreakwaterNov. 27, 19794,189,252Undersea Platform Construction SystemFeb. 19, 19804,192,628Flow Distributor for Leaching FieldsMar. 11, 19804,341,050Construction ModuleJul. 27, 19824,345,856Composition and Process for StabilizingAug. 24, 1982Embankments4,431,337Wave Dissipation CaissonFeb. 14, 19844,465,399Artificial Reef Assembly ConstructionAug. 14, 1984and a Method4,661,014Prefabricated Civil EngineeringApr. 28, 1987Module, Method for the Constructionof a Structure Including Said Moduleand Resulting Structure4,869,620Method and Apparatus for ConstructingSep. 26, 1989Seawalls and Docks4,903,782Levee SqueezerFeb. 27, 19904,954,013Means and Method for StabilizingSep. 04, 1990Shorelines5,017,042Fluid Directing SystemsMay 21, 19915,118,222Method and Apparatus for ConstructingJun. 02, 1992Seawalls and Docks5,403,125Method and Apparatus for ProvidingApr. 04, 1995Underground Barrier5,599,136Structure for Topography StabilizationFeb. 04, 1997and Runoff Control5,971,661Water Containment Device and LeveeOct. 26, 1999for Impeding a Flow of Water6,012,872Flood Control SystemJan. 11, 20006,390,154Portable Levee System and PortableMay 21, 2002Levee System Bag6,443,652Aggregate Chamber Leach Lines forSep. 03, 2002Leaching Effluent and AssociatedMethod6,485,230Submersible Modular Dike and MethodNov. 26, 2002for Segregating Body of Water2002/0197112Structure and Method for DetectingDec. 26, 2002an Inflated State of a Flexible Mem-brane Dam6,558,075Permanent and Semi-Permanent GroyneMay 06, 2003Structures and Method for Shorelineand Land Mass Reclamation2003/0118407Transportable Dam and a Method ofJun. 26, 2003Erecting the Same2003/0156903Frame Members for a Portable DamAug. 21, 20036,637,474Portable Levee SystemOct. 28, 20032004/0047688Liquid Containment/Diversion DikeMar. 11, 20042004/0131430Retaining Wall Block and DrainageJul. 08, 2004System2004/0156680Beach Stabilizing BlocksAug. 12, 20042004/0234340Mobile Levee SystemNov. 25, 20042004/0261890Portable Levee SystemDec. 30, 20042005/0053429Modular Retaining WallMar. 10, 20052005/0158122Method for Constructing Check DamJul. 21, 2005or Fire Prevention Dam Using Gear-Type Block2005/0260038Hydraulic DamNov. 24, 20052006/0000179Building BlockJan. 05, 20062006/0275081Modular Dike for Shore ProtectionDec. 07, 20067,214,005Sectionalized Flood Control BarrierMay 08, 20072007/0116522Flood Levee and Barrier Module andMay 24, 2007System2007/0154264Portable Dike and Floatation DeviceJul. 05, 20072007/0196178Portable Levee SystemAug. 23, 2007JP56-77413DamJun. 25, 1981JP2112512Wave Dissipation Submerged DikeApr. 25, 1990JP6041934Submerged BreakwaterFeb. 15, 1994ES2097789BreakwaterApr. 16, 1997WO99/03659Concrete Block, Joint for the Same,Jan. 28, 1999and Structure of Concrete BlocksWO99/11868Dike ModuleMar. 11, 1999WO99/57376A Technique and a Device for BuildingNov. 11, 1999Protective Sea Walls or ArtificialReefs Made of Modular PartsEP1,193,348Modular Elements to be Cast andApr. 03, 2002Fixed in Seabeds or the Like for theRe-formation of Aquatic LifeWO02/068770Fluent Material Confinement SystemSep. 06, 2002EP1,418,376Method and Structure for ConnectingMay 12, 2004Difficult− TO− JoinPipes to be Used at HighTemperatureEP1,508,643Flood BarrierFeb. 23, 2005


A method of producing single-stranded DNA. In one form, the method involves providing a uracil-containing oligonucleotide template molecule having a sequence that is complementary to a part of a target single-stranded DNA molecule of length greater than the template molecule; providing one or more parts of the target molecule including a base sequence complementary to a part of the template molecule; annealing the part(s) of the target molecule to the template molecule and forming the complete target molecule by ligating together at least two adjacent parts of the target molecule while annealed to the template molecule, and/or extending at least one part of the target molecule to form a sequence complementary to a remainder of the template molecule by nucleotide polymerization, and then separating the template molecule from the target molecule. In another form, an intermediate molecule is annealed to the template and then enzymatically cut, and one part is then extended by DNA polymerization using monomers of increased molecular weight or ionic charge compared to the monomers used to form the intermediate molecule.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to methods of synthesis of single-stranded DNA or like polynucleotides of desired nucleotide sequence. More particularly, the invention relates to methods of synthesis of long stretches of single-stranded DNA of increased length and/or molecular weight.
2. Background Art
Short lengths of single-stranded DNA are used in a number of techniques employed in molecular biology, for example as primers employed in DNA amplification using the polymerase or ligase chain reaction (PCR or LCR), as primers used for DNA sequencing, or as labeled probes used for sequence identification in samples of DNA. Such short lengths of single-stranded DNA are normally produced by attaching a base nucleotide to a solid support and then linking one nucleotide at a time to the growing chain to create a nucleotide polymer of predetermined sequence. This is generally carried out within a commercial nucleic acid synthesizer. However, the greater the length of the DNA strand produced in this way, the lower is the purity of the resulting product (i.e. errors in the desired sequence are more likely as the sequence length increases). Acceptably pure sequences up to 100 bases in length may be synthesized with some difficulty, but sequences of more than 80 bases are not normally produced in this way. Indeed, sequences of only 20-35 base pairs are most commonly produced using such techniques. For short primers required for PCR or DNA sequencing, this limitation on sequence length is not usually a problem. However, other techniques may require sequences of 100 bases or more, e.g. those designed to introduce restriction sites into DNA molecules, those used in a multi-loci gene sequencing technique described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,510 issued to T. Vinayagamoorthy on Mar. 6, 2001, or those involving the synthesis of genes or for use in making microcircuits by means of nanotechnologies. Additionally, there are applications where DNA molecules of increased molecular weight or ionic charge for a given sequence length would be of benefit, e.g. in the multi-loci gene sequencing technique mentioned above.
There is therefore a need for a method of reliably synthesizing nucleic acid molecules of greater length and/or increased molecular weight or ionic charge than those produced by conventional techniques, while maintaining acceptable purity and the ability to determine a desired nucleotide sequence.


Polyampholyte are able to condense nucleic acid to form small complexes which can be utilized in the delivery of nucleic acid to mammalian cells. The polyampholytes can be formed prior to interaction with nucleic acid or they can be formed in the presence of nucleic acid. Stabilized polycation/nucleic acid complexes can be modified to reduce the positive charge of the polycation and add targeting ligands without destabilizing the complex. The resultant particles retain their small size and are more effective in delivery of nucleic acid to cells in vivo.

Low molecular weight cations with valency, i.e. charge, <+3 fail to condense DNA in aqueous solutions under normal conditions. However, cationic molecules with the charge <+3 can be polymerized in the presence of DNA and the resulting polymers can cause DNA to condense into compact structures. Such an approach is known in synthetic polymer chemistry as template polymerization. During this process, monomers (which are initially weakly associated with the template) are positioned along template's backbone, thereby promoting their polymerization. Weak electrostatic association of the nascent polymer and the template becomes stronger with chain growth of the polymer. Trubetskoy et al used two types of polymerization reactions to achieve DNA condensation: step polymerization and chain polymerization (Trubetskoy V S et al. 1998). Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (AEPD), a tetramine with 2.5 positive charges per molecule at pH 8 was polymerized in the presence of plasmid DNA using cleavable disulfide amino-reactive cross-linkers dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) and dimethyl-3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate. Both reactions yielded DNA/polymer complexes with significant retardation in agarose electrophoresis gels demonstrating significant binding and DNA condensation. Treatment of the polymerized complexes with 100 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) resulted in the pDNA returning to its normal supercoiled position following electrophoresis proving thus cleavage the backbone of the. The template dependent polymerization process was also tested using a 14 mer peptide encoding the nuclear localizing signal (NLS) of SV40 T antigen as a cationic "macromonomer". Other studies included pegylated comonomer (PEG-AEPD) into the reaction mixture and resulted in "worm"-like structures (as judged by transmission electron microscopy) that have previously been observed with DNA complexes formed from block co-polymers of polylysine and PEG (Wolfert M A et al. 1996). Blessing et al. (1998) used bisthiol derivative of spermine and reaction of thiol-disulfide exchange to promote chain growth. The presence of DNA accelerated the polymerization reaction as measured the rate of disappearance of free thiols in the reaction mixture.
Caging of Polycation-condensed DNA Particles:
The stability of DNA nanoassemblies based on DNA condensation is generally low in vivo because they easily engage in polyion exchange reactions with strong polyanions. The process of exchange consists of two stages: 1) rapid formation of a triple DNA-polycation-polyanion complex, 2) slow substitution of one same-charge polyion with another. At equilibrium conditions, the whole process eventually results in formation of a new binary complex and an excess of a third polyion. The presence of low molecular weight salt can greatly accelerate such exchange reactions, which often result in complete disassembly of condensed DNA particles. Hence, it is desirable to obtain more colloidally stable structures where DNA would stay in its condensed form in complex with corresponding polycation independently of environment conditions.
The complete DNA condensation upon neutralization of only 90% of the polymer's phosphates results in the presence of unpaired positive charges in the DNA particles. If the polycation contains such reactive groups, such as primary amines, these unpaired positive charges may be modified. This modification allows practically limitless possibilities of modulating colloidal properties of DNA particles via chemical modifications of the complex. We have demonstrated the utility of such reactions using traditional DNA-poly-L-lysine (DNA/PLL) system reacted with the cleavable cross-linking reagent dimethyl-3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP) which reacts with primary amino groups with formation of amidines. Similar results were achieved with other polycations including poly(allylamine) and histone H1. The use of another bifunctional reagent, glutaraldehyde, has been described for stabilization of DNA complexes with cationic peptide CWK18 (Adami R C et al. 1999).
Recharging:
The caging approach described above could lead to more colloidally stable DNA assemblies. However, this approach may not change the particle surface charge. Caging with bifunctional reagents, which preserve positive charge of amino group, keeps the particle positive. However, negative surface charge would be more desirable for many practical applications, i.e. in vivo delivery. The phenomenon of surface recharging is well known in colloid chemistry and is described in great detail for lyophobic/lyophilic systems (for example, silver halide hydrosols). Addition of polyion to a suspension of latex particles with oppositely-charged surface leads to the permanent absorption of this polyion on the surface and, upon reaching appropriate stoichiometry, changing the surface charge to opposite one. This whole process is salt dependent with flocculation to occur upon reaching the neutralization point.
We have demonstrated that similar layering of polyelectrolytes can be achieved on the surface of DNA/polycation particles (Trubetskoy V S et al. 1999). The principal DNA-polycation (DNA/pC) complex used in this study was DNA/PLL (1:3 charge ratio) formed in low salt 25 mM HEPES buffer and recharged with increasing amounts of various polyanions. The DNA particles were characterized after addition of a third polyion component to a DNA/polycation complex using a new DNA condensation assay (Trubetskoy V S et al. 1999b) and static light scattering. It has been found that certain polyanions such as poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(aspartic acid) decondensed DNA in DNA/PLL complexes. Surprisingly, polyanions of lower charge density such as succinylated PLL and poly(glutamic acid), even when added in 20-fold charge excess to condensing polycation (PLL) did not decondense DNA in DNA/PLL (1:3) complexes. Further studies have found that displacement effects are salt-dependent. In addition, poly-L-glutamic acid but not the relatively weaker polyanion succinylated poly-L-lysine (SPLL) displaces DNA at higher sodium chloride concentrations. Measurement of zeta potential (ζ-potential) of DNA/PLL particles during titration with SPLL revealed the change of particle surface charge at approximately the charge equivalency point. Thus, it can be concluded that addition of low charge density polyanion to the cationic DNA/PLL particles results in particle surface charge reversal while maintaining condensed DNA core intact.
The polyanion can be covalently attached to the polycation using a variety of chemical reactions without the use of crosslinkers. The polyanion can contain reactive groups that covalently attach to groups on the polycation. A preferable situation includes formation of a specific complex between a polyanion and a polycation, leaving the polyion and the polyampholyte to non-covalently interact electrostatically. The utility of such complexes includes enhanced colloid stability in serum and in high salt solutions and delivery of polyion (DNA) to hepatocytes in vivo upon intravenous administration.

Formation of polyampholytes in the presence of a polyion


Systems, methods, and programs, for evaluating audio messages store a model that may include language patterns, audio patterns, and/or metafeatures that indicate a likelihood that the audio message is a spam message or a non-spam message and compare the content of the input audio message with the model. Based on the comparison, the systems, methods, and programs identify the input audio message as a spam message or a non-spam message.

The term "spam" is a coined word for unwanted messages especially in digital communications such as e-mails. To detect spam, conventional Bayesian-type e-mail detection systems compare new e-mail messages with language models. The language models are developed by evaluating the text of e-mail messages that are known to be spam and extracting language patterns from the spam messages. The systems then estimate the probably that new e-mail messages are spam based on the frequency with which language patterns from the language models appear in the new e-mail message. Such a system is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,161,130.
Such unwanted "spam," however, may also occur in audio messages such as, for example, voicemail.

Systems, methods, and programs for evaluating audio messages