One embodiment of the present computer network device comprises a subassembly. The subassembly includes a support plate, a standoff extending from the support plate, a printed circuit board (PCB) secured to the standoff, an electromechanical connector secured to the PCB, an electromagnetic interference (EMI) cage secured to the PCB, and an EMI gasket engaging the EMI cage. The computer network device further comprises a guiding and retaining member that engages the support plate and assists in securing the subassembly within an enclosure. In a method of assembling the computer network device, the subassembly is first assembled before the subassembly is secured within an enclosure. Relative motion of the PCB and the standoffs is thus eliminated during the assembly process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to computer network devices and methods of assembling computer network devices.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a typical computer network device 10. The device 10 may be for example, a switch, a host system, a server, a peripheral, an input/output subsystem, a bridge, a hub or a router. The device 10 includes at least one port 12 configured to receive a connector (not shown) for enabling the device 10 to communicate with other network devices.
The port 12 comprises an electromechanical connector 14 and an electromagnetic interference (EMI) cage 16. The connector 14 is secured to a printed circuit board (PCB) 18, which itself includes at least one electronic device 20, such as a processor or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The PCB 18 is secured to standoffs 22 that extend from a floor 24 of an enclosure 26. The enclosure 26 surrounds and protects the components of the computer network device 10. A first end 27 of the EMI cage 16 extends through an opening 29 in a bezel 28 of the enclosure 26. An EMI gasket 30 engages the EMI cage 16 adjacent its first end 27. The EMI gasket 30 abuts an inside surface 32 of the bezel 28, and provides electrical grounding for the PCB 18 and related electronic components.
The computer network device 10 of FIG. 1 is assembled by first creating a subassembly consisting of the connector 14, the cage 16, the PCB 18, the electronic devices 20 and the EMI gasket 30. The subassembly is then positioned so that the EMI cage 16 is adjacent the opening 29. To effectively ground the PCB 18, the EMI gasket 30 must be urged against the bezel 28 so that it establishes firm electrical contact between the gasket 30 and the bezel 28. Thus, when the PCB 18 is in position a right-to-left directed force must be applied to the PCB 18 to force the gasket 30 against the bezel 28. During application of the force, fasteners such as screws 34 are driven through the PCB 18 and into the standoffs 23 to secure the PCB 18 in place.
The assembly process described above has disadvantages. First, when the PCB 18 moves right-to-left to establish firm electrical contact between the gasket 30 and the bezel 28, the PCB 18 may be damaged if the standoffs 22 scrape against the surface of the PCB 18 during this relative sliding motion. The PCB 18 includes sensitive electronic devices on its lower surface that can be damaged by scraping from the standoffs 22.
Second, the assembly process described above is performed by hand. Thus, the operator must apply the right-to-left force to the PCB 18 at the same time that he or she is trying to line up holes in the PCB 18 with the standoffs 22 and insert the screws 34. It is inconvenient for the operator to perform these two actions at the same time.

Computer network device and method of assembly


A system and method facilitating attributed debugging is provided that facilitates a developer of an object to determine what information a debugger displays. An expression evaluator is provided. The system can further include, optionally, a debuggee (e.g., process to be debugged). The debuggee includes attribute(s) which are employed by the debugger to facilitate debugging of the application—“attributed debugging.” This allows a developer of a type to declaratively indicate how information is to be displayed during debugging. Attributed debugging thus allows the manipulation of the view of data in the debugger by allowing the type author annotations with which they can control.

The development of computer software can involve the identification and correction of software anomalies (e.g., "bugs"). These bugs can effect the operation and/or intended function(s) the computer software. Identification and/or correction of bugs can require the expenditure of resources, for example, time and/or labor.
The practice of finding bugs is known as software "debugging". Conventional debugging has taken on many forms, from the simple, for example, manually reviewing software code in an effort to find errant code, to the complex and automated. For example, another computer application known as a "debugger" can operate on and execute software code in a "step-by-step" manner to assist a developer in identifying bug(s).
Conventional debugger(s) include graphical user interface (GUI) debugger(s) that can include an ability to display runtime object data to a developer. However, conventional debugger(s) have been limited in their ability to identify and/or present meaningful information to the developer.


A panel driving apparatus including an address power controller for blocking an address power source of at least two capacitors and coupling the panel capacitors during a period between a scan line signal and a next scan line signal, so that the panel capacitors share electric charges, and an address driver for generating display data in response to an address signal by performing a switching operation. Electric charges that are charged in a previous address electrode line and could be discarded to a ground terminal at a next address electrode line are shared between the panel capacitors, thus reducing power consumption and improving power efficiency during an addressing operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a driving circuit of a display panel, and more particularly, to an address energy recovery circuit.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
FIG. 1 shows a conventional structure of a 3-electrode surface discharging type alternating current (AC) plasma display panel (PDP). Referring to FIG. 1, a PDP 1 includes a front glass substrate 100 and a rear glass substrate 106. Address electrode lines A1, A2, . . . , Am, upper and lower dielectric layers 102 and 110, Y electrode lines Y1, . . . , Yn, X electrode lines X1, . . . , Xn, a phosphor layer 112, a barrier rib 114, and an MgO protective layer 104 are disposed between the front and rear glass substrates 100 and 106.
The address electrode lines A1, . . . , Am are formed in a predetermined pattern on the rear glass substrate 106 and covered with the lower dielectric layer 110. The barrier ribs 114 are formed on the lower dielectric layer 110 in parallel to the address electrode lines A1, . . . , Am, and they divide a discharging region of each display cell and prevent optical cross talk between cells. The phosphor layer 112 is formed on the lower dielectric layer 110 and the sides of the barrier ribs 114.
The X electrode lines X1, . . . , Xn and the Y electrode lines Y1, . . . , Yn are formed on a lower surface of the front glass substrate 100 orthogonally to the address electrode lines A1, . . . , Am. An X and Y electrode pair cross with an address electrode to form a display cell. The X electrode lines X1, . . . , Xn and the Y electrode lines Y1, . . . , Yn may include transparent electrode lines Xna and Yna, made of transparent conductive materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO), and metal electrode lines Xnb and Ynb, which improve electrode line conductivity. The upper dielectric layer 102 covers the X electrode lines X1, . . . , Xn and the Y electrode lines Y1, . . . , Yn. The protective layer 104 is formed on the upper dielectric layer 102 to protect the panel 1 from a strong electric field. A plasma forming gas is filled in the discharging space 108.
A typical driving method for the above AC PDP includes an initialization process, an addressing process, and a display sustain process sequentially performed in a unit sub-field. The initialization process provides uniform states of electric charges of the display cells that will be driven. The addressing process provides desired charges for selected and non-selected cells. In the display sustain process, discharging operations are performed in the selected cells. Here, discharging operations generate plasma, which emits ultraviolet rays that excite the phosphor layers 112, thereby generating visible light to display an image.
In this case, a plurality of unit sub-fields are included in a unit frame, and a desired gray level may be displayed by the display sustain time of the sub-fields.
FIG. 2 shows a general driving apparatus in the PDP 1 shown in FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 2, the driving apparatus of the PDP 1 includes an image processor 200, a logic controller 202, an address driver 206, an X driver 208, and a Y driver 204. The image processor 200 generates internal image signals, such as 8 bit red (R), green (G), and blue (B) color image data, a clock signal, and vertical and horizontal synchronization signals. The logic controller 202 generates driving control signals SA, SX, and SY. The address driver 206 processes the address control signal SA to generate address signals, and applies the address signals to the address electrode lines A1, . . . , Am. The X driver 208 processes the X driving control signal SX and applies it to the X electrode lines X1 . . . Xn. The Y driver 204 processes the Y driving control signal SY and applies it to the Y electrode lines Y1 . . . Yn.
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the address driver 206 of FIG. 2. Referring to FIG. 3, the address driver 206 generates address signals SA1, . . . , SAm by processing the address control signal SA input from the logic controller 202. The address control signal SA includes upper control signals A1U . . . AmU, for switching upper switches F1U . . . FmU, and lower control signals A1L . . . AmL, for switching lower switches F1L . . . FmL. The upper and lower switches F1U . . . FmU and F1L . . . FmL are connected to the address electrodes A1 . . . Am, which are first electrodes of panel capacitors Cp1 . . . Cpm, respectively. The upper switches F1U . . . FmU are also connected to an address power source Va. The lower switches F1L . . . FmL are also connected to ground.
FIG. 4 shows a typical address-display separation (ADS) driving method for the Y electrode lines in the PDP of FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 4, a unit frame is divided into 8 sub-fields SF1 . . . SF8 for time division gray scale display. The sub-fields SF1 . . . SF8 are further divided into reset periods (not shown), address periods A1 . . . A8, and sustain periods S1 . . . S8.
In the address periods A1 . . . A8, display data signals are applied to the address electrode lines A1 . . . Am of FIG. 1, and at the same time, scan pulses are sequentially applied to the corresponding Y electrode lines Y1 . . . Yn.
In the sustain periods S1 . . . S8, sustain discharging pulses are alternately applied to the Y electrode lines Y1 . . . Yn and the X electrode lines X1 . . . Xn to display a desired image.
The brightness of the PDP is proportional to the lengths of the sustain periods S1 . . . S8. The length of the sustain periods S1 . . . S8 in the unit frame is 255T (T is a unit time). Here, a time corresponding to 2n−1 is set for the sustain period Sn in nth sub-filed SFn. Accordingly, when the sub-fields to be displayed are selected appropriately among the 8 sub-fields, 256 gray levels may be displayed, including a zero gray level.
FIG. 5 is a timing diagram showing driving signals that may be applied to the AC PDP of FIG. 1 when utilizing the ADS method. Referring to FIG. 5, the sub-field SF includes a reset period PR, an address period PA, and a sustain period PS.
In the reset period PR, reset pulses are applied to all scan lines to initialize the wall charges for all display cells. In the address period PA, a bias voltage Ve is applied to the common electrodes X, and the scan electrodes Y1 . . . Yn and the address electrodes A1 . . . Am are turned on simultaneously to select cells for displaying an image. In the sustain period PS, sustain pulses VS are alternately applied to the common electrodes X and the scan electrodes Y1 . . . Yn, while a low level voltage VG is applied to the address electrodes A1 . . . Am.
In performing the addressing operations as shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, the charges charged in the display cells at high levels are discharged through ground terminals if a next signal is at the low level. Additionally, in order to convert a display cell that is at the low level, in the previous scan line, into the high level, a power source supplies all required charges.
In other words, when addressing display cells according to the conventional driving method, available charges previously stored in an address electrode panel capacitor are not used, which unnecessarily increases power consumption. If the address operations are performed at every sub-field, unnecessary power consumption may significantly increase.

Panel driving apparatus and a display panel with the same


A liquid crystal display device includes first and second substrates and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween; a gate line, a data line and a common line over the first substrate in the display area; a thin film transistor connected to the gate line and the data line; a color filter layer over the thin film transistor; a first passivation layer over the color filter layer; an auxiliary common line, inner common electrodes and pixel electrodes over the first passivation layer, wherein the auxiliary common line includes a vertical portion and a horizontal portion, the inner common electrodes extend from the horizontal portion, and the pixel electrodes alternate the inner common electrodes; a light blocking pattern in the non-display area, wherein the light blocking pattern includes the same materials as the color filter layer.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, and more particularly, to an in-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device having an improved aperture ratio and a method of fabricating the same.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Recently, liquid crystal display devices have been spotlighted as next generation advanced technology display devices because of their low consumption in power, high portability, and high added value.
Generally, a liquid crystal display (LCD) device uses optical anisotropy and polarization properties of liquid crystal molecules. The liquid crystal molecules have a definite alignment direction as a result of their thin and long shapes. The alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules can be controlled by applying an electric field across the liquid crystal molecules.
In other words, as the intensity or direction of the electric field is changed, the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules also changes. Since incident light is refracted based on the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules due to the optical anisotropy of the liquid crystal molecules, images can be displayed by controlling the light transmittance of the liquid crystal material.
The LCD device includes thin film transistors as a switching element, referred to as an active matrix LCD (AM-LCD) device. Therefore, the LCD device has excellent characteristics of high resolution and displaying moving images, the AM-LCD device has been widely used.
The AM-LCD device includes an array substrate, a color filter substrate and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. The array substrate may include a pixel electrode and thin film transistor, and the color filter substrate may include a color filter layer and a common electrode. The AM-LCD device is driven by an electric field between the pixel electrode and the common electrode to have excellent properties of transmittance and aperture ratio. However, since the AM-LCD device uses a vertical electric field that is perpendicular to the substrates, the AM-LCD device has poor viewing angles.
An LCD device having a wide viewing angle property has been suggested and developed to resolve the above-mentioned limitations.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a related art in-plane switching (IPS) mode LCD device. As shown in FIG. 1, the related art IPS mode LCD device includes an upper substrate 9 and a lower substrate 10 spaced apart from and facing each other. A liquid crystal layer 11 is interposed between the upper and lower substrates 9 and 10. A common electrode 17 and a pixel electrode 30 are formed on the lower substrate 10. The common electrode 17 and the pixel electrode 30 may be disposed on the same level. Liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer 11 are driven by a horizontal electric field L, which is induced between the common and pixel electrodes 17 and 30.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views showing turned on state and turned off state, respectively, of a related art IPS mode LCD device. FIG. 2A shows arrangement of liquid crystal molecules in on state, when the voltage is applied to the IPS mode LCD device, arrangement of liquid crystal molecules 11a above the common electrode 17 and the pixel electrode 30 is unchanged. However, liquid crystal molecules 11b between the common electrode 17 and the pixel electrode 30 are horizontally arranged due to the horizontal electric field L. Since the liquid crystal molecules 11b are arranged by the horizontal electric field L, the IPS mode LCD device has a wide viewing angle property. For example, the IPS mode LCD device has a viewing angle of about 80 degrees to about 89 degrees up and down and right and left without an image inversion or a color inversion.
FIG. 2B shows the state where the voltage is not applied to the IPS mode LCD device. Because an electric field is not induced between the common and pixel electrodes 17 and 30, the arrangement of liquid crystal molecules 11 of the liquid crystal layer is not changed.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a pixel region of a related art IPS mode LCD device. As shown in FIG. 3, the related art IPS mode LCD device 95 includes an array substrate 40, a color filter substrate 70, and a liquid crystal layer 90 interposed between the substrates 40 and 70.
The array substrate 40 includes gate lines (not shown) formed along a horizontal direction, common lines (not shown) parallel to the gate lines, and data lines 50 intersecting the gate and common lines (not shown). A gate insulating layer 48 is disposed between the data line 50 and the gate and common lines. The gate lines and the data lines 50 define pixel regions P.
A thin film transistor (not shown) is formed in each pixel region P and includes a gate electrode (not shown), a semiconductor layer (not shown), and source and drain electrodes (not shown). A passivation layer 60 covers the thin film transistor (not shown).
A plurality of pixel electrodes 64 and a plurality of common electrodes 62 are formed in the pixel region P on the passivation layer 60. The pixel electrodes 64 are electrically connected to the drain electrode (not shown) of the thin film transistor (not shown) through a drain contact hole (not shown), which exposes the drain electrode (not shown). The common electrodes 62 are connected to the common line (not shown) through a common contact hole (not shown). The pixel electrodes 64 and the common electrodes 62 each have a bar shape and alternate each other.
Here, the pixel electrodes 64 and the common electrodes 62 on the passivation layer 48 have a single layered structure of a transparent conductive material or an opaque metallic material.
The color filter substrate 70 corresponding to the array substrate 40 includes a black matrix 73 having an opening corresponding to the pixel region P and a color filter layer 76 in the opening of the black matrix 73. The color filter layer 76 includes red (R), green (G) and blue (B) color filter patterns 76a, 76b, and 76c that are sequentially repeated.
An overcoat layer 78 covers the color filter layer 76. A gap-forming spacer (not shown) having a first height and a press-preventing spacer (not shown) having a second height are formed at a border of the pixel region P. The second height is lower than the first height.
In the IPS mode LCD device 95, when the array substrate 40 and the color filter substrate 70 are attached, there may be misalignment. Therefore, to prevent light leakage, the black matrix should have a wider width due to an alignment margin between the array substrate 40 and the color filter substrate 70. Accordingly, the aperture ratio is lowered.

In-plane switching mode liquid crystal display device


A method of measuring a mailpiece includes deflecting a laser beam through an arc, determining an angle at which the laser beam is currently directed, and calculating a dimension of the mailpiece based at least in part on the determined angle.

This invention relates generally to the field of determining postal charges for mailpieces, and more particularly to measuring dimensions of mailpieces for dimension-based postal rating schemes.
In the operation of many postal authorities, the postal charges assessed for carriage of letters are based on the weight of the letters. However, alternative schemes have been proposed in which postal charges may also be based on one or more dimensions of the letters, such as, for example, thickness of the letters. To facilitate operation of such schemes, it has been proposed to automatically measure the thickness of letters using sensors that physically contact the letters. However, such mechanisms may prove to be inaccurate or unreliable, or may be prone to jamming as letters are transported past the sensors.
Optical techniques for measuring at least one dimension of a letter have also been proposed. It would be desirable for an optical technique for measuring letter dimensions that it measure two or three dimensions, and/or that it not require complex image processing.

Method and system for determining mail piece dimensions using swept laser beam


Disclosed is a method and apparatus for detecting prefix hijacking attacks. A source node is separated from a destination network at a first time via an original path. The destination network is associated with a prefix. At a second time, a packet is transmitted from the source node to the destination network to determine a current path between the source node and the destination network. A packet is also transmitted from the source node to a reference node to determine a reference node path. The reference node is located along the original path and is associated with a prefix different than the prefix associated with the destination network. The current path and the reference node path are then compared, and a prefix hijacking attack is detected when the reference node path is not a sub-path of the current path.

The present invention relates generally to networking, and more particularly to detecting computer-related attacks.
Each computer on the Internet can be identified by its Internet Protocol (IP) network address or addresses. FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a network address 100. Network address 100 includes two parts—a prefix 104 and a host number 108. The prefix 104 uniquely identifies a network which is recognizable and routable by Internet routers. The host number 108 uniquely identifies a communication end point on the network that is specified by the prefix 104. Because the IP network address identifies a communication end point, which is often referred to as a Network Interface (NI), a device may have multiple NIs and therefore multiple IP addresses.
Data communication on the Internet is conducted in units called IP packets. Each IP packet contains the IP address of its source, where the packet is generated, the IP address of its destination, where the packet is intended to be received, and other information such as Time-To-Live (TTL), which specifies how many times this IP packet can be forwarded. On each router there is a routing table which directs how a received packet should be forwarded based on the prefix of the packet's destination address.
Traditionally, authorities allocate prefixes, hence the block of IP addresses represented by the prefixes, to Internet Service Providers (ISPs). When an ISP obtains a prefix, the ISP (i.e., its routers) "announces" or advertises the prefix to other routers on the Internet, and in doing so, own responsibility for exchanging routes with the neighboring routers so that the ISP can gain connectivity to the rest of the Internet.
From a routing point of view, the Internet can be considered to be partitioned into a number of independently administrated entities called autonomous systems (ASes). An AS is a collection of networks (i.e., the routers joining those networks) under the same administrative authority and that share a common routing strategy. Today's Internet includes over 20,000 inter-connected ASes controlled by different administrative domains such as ISPs, corporations, universities, and research institutions.
Different ASes interact with each other in a complex manner through the use of a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is a protocol for exchanging routing information between nodes (e.g., routers). Each AS may own one or multiple prefixes, and hence the networks that the prefixes identify. BGP enables each individual administrative domain to specify its own internal routing policies. Inside each AS, local routing policy decides how to forward packets among its networks. Overall, IP data packets are routed in a hierarchical fashion. First, the packet is forwarded from a source node to a first hop router by local area network forwarding policy. Then the packet enters the ISP AS to be forwarded by the ISP's local routing policy to reach an exterior router of the ISP AS. The exterior router then uses BGP route information to identify which AS is the next AS along the direction towards the packet destination and forwards the packet to this next AS, which again forwards using its local routing policy. These forwardings are based on the prefix of the packet's destination address. Once the packet reaches its destination network, the network uses the host number of the packet's destination address to locate where the packet should be delivered using a local area network mechanism such as Ethernet forwarding.
The BGP routing protocol, however, has no mechanism for authenticating routing announcements. Thus, routers can arbitrarily announce or advertise routes for prefixes and/or fabricate AS paths associated with the prefixes. These false announcements reroute packets destined for a destination network. Such false announcements can be quickly spread to a large number of BGP routers across multiple ASes and affect their routing tables.
This rerouting of packets is known as a prefix hijacking attack and is performed by a hijacker or attacker. The detour of the hijacked traffic passes through sites under the attacker's control. A purpose of prefix hijacking attacks is to intercept data traffic destined for the destination network so the attacker can conduct a number of operations, such as retaining a copy of the communication, conducting man-in-the-middle attacks, or impersonating the destination network. Destination networks may also suffer from degraded network performance and endangered information security. Hijacked prefixes can also be used to spread viruses.
There have been several proposed solutions for detecting prefix hijacking attacks. Some of these proposed solutions use control plane data (i.e., data contained within BGP routing messages sent between routers) to discover routes that are inconsistent with routing principles (i.e., shortest path) and configurations. Control plane data, however, does not always follow general routing principles and, unfortunately, erroneous routing configurations (i.e., route anomalies) are not uncommon.
As a result, these proposed control plane data solutions tend to generate false alarms from route anomalies caused by network operators instead of hijackers. Additional analysis and filtering are needed to handle these false positives. Correcting false positives is generally a difficult task, as it often requires detailed configuration information that network operators may be unwilling to share with others. Also, monitoring control plane data is typically difficult because of the large size of the Internet. Thus, the proposed control plane data solutions are often slow to implement and, as a result, do not react quickly to a problem. Additionally, these proposed control plane data solutions are typically only available among ISPs.
Therefore, there remains a need to more accurately identify prefix hijacking attacks compared with route anomalies produced by network operators.

Method and apparatus for detecting computer-related attacks


An electromagnetic friction clutch assembly includes an input gear which is supported directly on an output shaft for rotation relative thereto. The input gear is formed from a self-lubricating molded thermoplastic material, or a self-lubricating metallic material. An armature is rotatably supported on a tubular extension formed on the input gear. The armature is connected to the input gear for rotation therewith and for relative axial movement. A rotor plate is secured to the output shaft for rotation therewith. The armature is axially movable between an engaged position, wherein it frictionally engages the rotor disc, so as to cause the output shaft to be rotatably driven by the input gear, and a disengaged position, wherein it does not frictionally engage the rotor disc. A non-rotatable electromagnet is supported on the output shaft for selectively attracting the armature toward the rotor disc so as to engage the electromagnetic friction clutch assembly. The electromagnet includes an annular shell including an inner pole piece, which is hollow and cylindrical in shape, and an outer pole piece, which has a generally L-shaped cross section. The inner pole piece is disposed about the central portion of the output shaft, and the outer pole piece is press fit or otherwise secured to the inner pole piece. The inner pole piece is preferably formed from a self-lubricating magnetically permeable material. The inner pole piece can be formed from powdered metal which is sintered to form a relatively porous body. The porous body of the inner pole piece can then be impregnated with a suitable lubricant, such as an oil or a self-lubricating plastic.

This invention relates in general to electromagnetically actuated friction clutch assemblies and in particular to an improved structure for a combined coil housing and shaft bearing for use in such an electromagnetic friction clutch assembly.
Electromagnetic friction clutch assemblies are well known devices which are commonly used to selectively connect a rotatably driven input member with an output member. The input member of a typical electromagnetic friction clutch assembly is usually embodied as an input gear, which meshes with and is constantly rotatably driven by a source of rotational power. The output member is usually embodied as a cylindrical shaft. The input gear is usually supported on the output shaft for rotation relative thereto. An armature, also rotatably supported on the output shaft, is connected to the input gear for rotation therewith and for relative axial movement. A rotor is secured to the output shaft for rotation therewith. The armature is axially movable between engaged and disengaged positions. In the engaged position, the armature frictionally engages the rotor so as to cause the output shaft to be rotatably driven by the input gear. In the disengaged position, the armature does not frictionally engage the rotor, and the output shaft is not rotatably driven by the input gear. A non-rotatable electromagnet is supported on the rotor for selectively attracting the armature toward the rotor so as to engage the electromagnetic friction clutch assembly such that the output shaft is rotatably driven by the input gear.
As noted above, the input gear and the output shaft of a conventional electromagnetic friction clutch assembly must be able to accommodate relative rotational movement. Also, the non-rotatable electromagnet must be supported on the rotatable rotor to accommodate relative rotational movement. Thus, it is known to provide conventional bearings in the electromagnetic friction clutch assembly for these purposes. Typically, the input gear of the electromagnetic friction clutch assembly is supported on the output shaft by a plurality of needle bearings, while the electromagnet is supported on the rotor by a sleeve bearing formed from a relatively low friction material. Additionally, a thrust bearing may be provided between the input gear and the rotor to accommodate axial forces which may be generated during operation.
While such mechanical bearings have been found to function satisfactorily, their presence requires that they occupy physical space within the electromagnetic friction clutch assembly. This results in a decrease in the amount of physical space which could be used by the other components of the electromagnetic friction clutch assembly to increase the torque capacity thereof. Also, the presence of these bearings can interfere with the magnetic field generated by the electromagnet when energized, thus also reducing the torque capacity of the electromagnetic friction clutch assembly. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide an improved structure for an electromagnetic friction clutch assembly which does not require the use of mechanical bearings.

Combined coil housing and shaft bearing for an electromagnetic friction clutch assembly


An apparatus has a display for an operation operated by an application program. The apparatus includes an operation screen displayer that displays an operation screen in the display. The application program is an object to be operated in the operation screen. The apparatus also includes a rule violation displayer that displays that a rule violation has occurred in the display, the rule violation occurring when a processing request from the application program exceeds a predetermined allowable range of an operation condition. A manager switches the display, by the rule violation displayer, from the operation screen to a screen showing a rule violation notice that the rule violation has occurred, in response to the processing request, if it is determined that the processing request is the rule violation based on information as to an operation authority permitted to the application program.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to image forming techniques and, more particularly, to an image forming apparatus, such as a copy machine, a printer, a scanner, a facsimile machine, a compound machine or a combination machine, a terminal apparatus such as a personal computer, an information processing method, an information processing program, and a recording medium such as an SD card or a, CD-ROM storing programs for performing the information processing program.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, a compound machine and a combination machine provided with functions as a copy machine, a printer, a scanner and a facsimile machine have been placed on the market. The compound machine and the combination machine have a hardware that serves as an image taking part, a printing part, a communication part, an operation and display part, etc., and are provided with four kinds of software associated with a copy machine, a printer, a scanner and a facsimile machine so that the compound machine and the combination machine function as a copy machine, a printer, a scanner or a facsimile machine by changing the software being used. When functioning as a copy machine or a printer, the compound machine and the combination machine form an image on a printing paper or the like. When functioning as a copy machine or a scanner, the compound machine and the combination machine read an image on an original document to be read. When functioning as a facsimile machine, the compound machine and the combination machine exchange image data with other remote equipments through a telephone line or the like. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2002-84383 discloses such a compound machine or a combination machine.
As a mode of carrying out an application in the compound machine or the combination machine, although "one process for one application" in which a single application is executed on a single process is a main stream, "one process for a plurality applications", in which a plurality of applications are executed on one process, has been appearing. However, in a case where image processing of one process for a plurality of applications is performed in a system premising one process for one application, an application management system directed to one process for one application cannot manage each of the applications of one process for a plurality of applications, and it is required to provide an application management system directed to one process for a plurality of applications. As appreciated from the above-mentioned example, the compound machine and the combination machine require an application management system according to a mode for carrying out applications.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Image processing apparatus, method, program, and computer readable recording medium for controlling operation switching and displaying at occurrence of error conditions


An ECU (10) is configured to: detect a preceding vehicle (3) ahead of the vehicle (1), and set a speed distribution zone (40) defining a distribution of an allowable upper limit (Vlim) of a relative speed of the vehicle (1) with respect to the preceding vehicle (3) in a region around the preceding vehicle (3); and, execute traveling control of preventing the relative speed of the vehicle (1) with respect to the preceding vehicle (3) from exceeding the allowable upper limit (Vlim) in the speed distribution zone (40), wherein the speed distribution zone (40) includes: an allowable upper limit-zero zone (44) where the allowable upper limit becomes zero; and an entry prohibition zone (42) where entry of the vehicle (1) thereinto is prohibited.

The Patent Document 1, for example, stated below describes a conventional vehicle traveling support system. The vehicle traveling support system described in the Patent Document 1 is operable to set a safe distance between an own vehicle and an object, and to execute vehicle deceleration control, steering control or the like when a predicted closest approach distance between the own vehicle and the object is less than the safe distance. Here, the safe distance is set as a minimum vehicle-object distance which is deemed to enable the vehicle to avoid contact/collision with the object even when most closely approaching the object by means of steering and/or braking of the vehicle performed by driver's manipulation and/or automatic control. That is, this vehicle traveling support system is operable, even when the own vehicle most closely approaches the object, to control steering/braking such that the safe distance is ensured with respect to the object, so that, even in the event of an unexpected action, e.g., sudden stop of a moving object, it is possible to avoid collision with the object.


A method for manufacturing an image sensor is provided. The method can include forming an oxide layer on a color filter layer, forming a first oxide layer microlens by etching the oxide layer, forming a second oxide layer microlens on the first oxide layer microlens, and forming a third oxide layer microlens on the second oxide layer microlens.

According to the related art, in order to form a microlens in the process of manufacturing an image sensor, a micro-photo process is typically performed by using a photoresist for the microlens and then performing a reflowing process.
However, a large amount of photoresist is lost during the reflowing process, thereby forming a gap between adjacent microlenses. As a result, the amount of light introduced into a photodiode is reduced, leading to an image defect for the image sensor.
In addition, according to the related art, in the case of a microlens formed using organic material, particles generated when a wafer sawing process is performed (e.g., a package process or a bump process in a semiconductor chip mounting process) may cause damage to the microlens. In addition, image defects may be caused if the particles adhere to the microlens.
Moreover, according to the related art, when the microlens is manufactured, a difference in focal length often occurs between a cross axis and a diagonal axis, leading to crosstalk in adjacent pixels.
Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for an improved method for manufacturing an image sensor.


In an example embodiment, one or more query terms are obtained. For each of the one or more query terms, a standardized entity taxonomy is searched to locate a standardized entity that most closely matches the query term. A confidence score is calculated for the query term-standardized entity pair for the standardized entity that most closely matches the query term. In response to a determination that the confidence score transgresses a threshold, the query term is associated with an entity identification corresponding to the standardized entity that most closely matches the query term. One or more query rewriting rules corresponding to an entity type of the standardized entity having the entity identification are obtained. The one or more query rewriting rules are executed to rewrite the first query such that the rewritten query, when performed on a data source, returns fewer search results than the first query would have.

The rise of the Internet has occasioned two disparate phenomena: the increase in the presence of social networks, with their corresponding member profiles visible to large numbers of people, and the increase in use of social networks for job searches, both by applicants and by employers. Employers, or at least recruiters attempting to connect applicants and employers, often perform searches on social networks to identify candidates who have qualifications that make them good candidates for whatever job opening they are attempting to fill. The employers or recruiters then can contact these candidates to see if they are interested in applying for the job opening.
Traditional querying of social networks for candidates involves the employer or recruiter entering one or more search terms to manually create the query. A key challenge in talent searches is to translate the criteria of a hiring position into a search query that leads to desired candidates. To fulfill this goal, the searcher has to understand which skills are typically required for the position, what the alternatives are, which companies are likely to have such candidates, from which schools the candidates are most likely to have graduated, and so forth. Moreover, the knowledge varies over time. As a result, it is not surprising that even for experienced recruiters, it often requires many searching trials in order to obtain a satisfactory query.
One specific problem that can occur is that traditional querying typically involves utilizing keyword searching, and when multiple keywords are provided generally it is desirable to locate search results that contain any of the keywords in order to increase the likelihood that a desired result is obtained. This can in some instances, however, cause results that have little relevance to the original query to be retrieved, especially in the employment field. For example, a search on job listings for the terms "machine learning" may result in job listings involving construction (e.g., "will need to be familiar with how to operate heavy machines") as well as job listings involving education (e.g., "teacher needed for intensive learning school") that have nothing to do with the artificial intelligence "machine learning" that the searcher intended.
It is desirable to retrieve all documents that are relevant to a query (high recall) to allow users to explore as many relevant jobs as possible and/or allow recruiters to explore as many potential candidates as possible, but it is also desirable to retrieve only documents that are relevant to the query (high precision). Embarrassingly bad search results may show up in top positions of search results when the number of relevant results is low. Furthermore, because facets used by users to filter search results may be ranked by count, retrieval of large numbers of irrelevant jobs may cause facets presented to the searcher to be irrelevant as well.


An antenna adapter, for an antenna with a recessed adapter seat with a feed bore is provided as a base with a feed aperture, the base dimensioned to seat within the adapter seat, the feed aperture aligned coaxial with the feed bore. The base may be provided with interlock cavities dimensioned to receive retaining elements of the adapter seat as the base is inserted into the adapter seat, retaining the base within the adapter seat. The base may include a coupler cavity, coupling the feed aperture to two or more output ports. The coupler cavity may have sidewall slots.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a microwave antenna. More particularly, the invention relates to an antenna adapter enabling simplified microwave antenna feed interface configuration and/or exchange.
2. Description of Related Art
A microwave antenna may be coupled to a wide range of signal generating and/or processing equipment, according to the end user's requirements, each with a different adapter and/or interface requirement.
A microwave antenna may be provided with an adapter assembly for coupling a transceiver or the like to the microwave antenna. The interconnection may be, for example, a direct interconnection or via a waveguide which then couples to the desired signal generating and/or processing equipment.
Microwave antennas may be provided with an interconnection with dual redundant transceivers, one of the transceivers provided as a hot standby to the other to improve the resulting RF system reliability. Alternatively, dual transceivers coupled to a single microwave antenna may be utilized simultaneously, each transceiver operating upon a signal with a different polarity, the signals separated and routed to each transceiver by an Orthomode Transducer (OMT).
Providing microwave antennas in multiple models, each configured for a specific interconnection type and/or provided with elaborate adapter assemblies, can be a significant manufacturing, supply chain, installation and/or ongoing maintenance burden.
Therefore it is an object of the invention to provide an antenna adapter that overcomes limitations in the prior art.


The present invention relates to a system of real time micro hot cell image control for radiopharmaceutical automatic synthesizing apparatus including at least one CCD camera, a plurality of radioactivity detector, a logic control device, a computer interface control device. The plurality of radioactivity detector are connected to the logic control device, and the logic control device sends a corresponding location code to the computer interface control device when the detected radioactivity value is greater than the threshold value for selecting a nearest CCD camera and sending the taken image of the location to the computer interface control device for monitoring whether the automatic production line of radiopharmaceuticals is kept in normal operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a monitoring system of real time image control, and in particular to a monitoring system of real time image control for radiopharmaceutical automatic synthesizing apparatus operating in a micro hot cell for determining whether the radioactivity value is greater than the threshold value and displaying the location of the component of the radiopharmaceutical automatic synthesizing apparatus with an alert when the radioactivity value being detected is greater than the threshold value.
2. Description of Related Art
The radiopharmaceutical automatic synthesizing apparatus associated with a nuclide generator for radiolabeling is an important technology nowadays. The prior art has revealed that it is insufficient for its design, disposition, and arrangement of hardware and needs to be improved. The monitoring system of automatic synthesizing apparatus operating in a micro hot cell disclosed in periodicals, such as Adamovics et al. 2013, Farfan et al. 2012, Chen et al. 2010, Wooten et al. 2005, Villadsen et al. 2002, and Hoover et al. 1999, Rahman et al. 2012, showed that faults occurred during the production of radiopharmaceutical in a micro hot cell are difficult to be identified and resolved with appropriate treatment immediately.
US Patent Publication No. 20120113245 discloses a device for observing the inside of a micro hot cell and a method for maintaining the device thereof; nevertheless, the cited document did not mention a method of using said device in combination with radiopharmaceutical automatic synthesizing apparatus for the purpose of radiopharmaceutical yield improvement.
A traditional device for monitoring automatic synthesizing apparatus displays only the radioactivity of important units of automatic synthesizing apparatus or the overall appearance images of automatic synthesizing apparatus thus cannot help find out the source of problems such as the synthesizing apparatus crashes or fluid pipelines shedding that needs an immediately troubleshooting with appropriate treatment to ensure smooth production.

Monitoring system of real time image control for radiopharmaceutical automatic synthesizing apparatus in a micro hot cell


A coil unit connection structure is provided which can integrate locations connected to a power cable into one side in an arrangement direction of a plurality of coil units. In a coil unit connection structure that electrically connects a plurality of coil units, each of the coil units includes a coil and a return wire. A plurality of the coils of the plurality of coil units is electrically connected to each other. A plurality of the return wires of the plurality of coil units is electrically connected to each other. A terminal unit is provided which includes a connecting wire that electrically connects the coil and the return wire of the coil unit at the terminal end.

A wireless power transfer apparatus that transfers electric power between a primary coil that transmits power and a secondary coil that receives power is known (refer to, for example, Patent Literature 1). When an alternating current is passed through the primary coil, a magnetic field is created around the primary coil, and an induced electromotive force occurs in the secondary coil due to the magnetic flux passing through the secondary coil. In this wireless power transfer apparatus, a plurality of coil units as the primary coils may be arranged in a moving direction of the secondary coil to electrically connect the plurality of coil units. This is for causing the secondary coil to face any of the plurality of coil units even when the secondary coil moves, which enables power to continue to be transferred to the secondary coil.
Other than in the wireless power transfer apparatus, in, for example, a motor, a transformer, and various electronic devices, a plurality of coil components (that is, coil units) may be electrically connected.


Disclosed is a heating power adjusting apparatus of a hot blast heater which controls pressure of air supplied to a burner by executing selectively switching between the cross-sectional areas of orifices in a flow space of air located between a pump and a burner head, and thereby variably adjusts heating power generated from the burner. The heating power adjusting apparatus adjusts includes a valve body including an air injection part, an air exhaust part, and an air flow space between the air injection part and the air exhaust part, an orifice body rotatably installed in the air flow space of the valve body and provided with a plurality of orifices having different flow cross-sectional areas to variably adjust the flow rate of air, and a rotary knob to adjust rotation of the orifice body with respect to the valve body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a heating power adjusting apparatus of a hot blast heater, and more particularly to a heating power adjusting apparatus of a hot blast heater which variably adjusts heating power of a burner via pressure fluctuation through selective switching between the cross-sectional areas of orifices in a flow space of air supplied to a burner head.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a hot blast heater is developed so as to be used to raise the indoor temperature of an open space, and executes a function of supplying heated air to a specific space to raise the inner temperature of the space.
Such a hot blast heater is used to indirectly raise the inner temperature of a specific space which is one of industrial facilities, such as a factory, or various places, such as a barn and a vinyl house, through heating of air. Conventional hot blast heaters may be divided into an electric heating type and a combustion heating type according to air heating methods.
First, an electric heating type hot blast heater heats sucked air using heat generated from heat wires or a heater according to power supply, and then supplies the heated air to a specific space so as to achieve heating effects. Such an electric heating type hot blast heater is mainly applied if a space desired to be heated is narrow.
Further, a combustion heating type hot blast heater heats sucked air using heat generated by combustion of fuel in a burner, and then supplies the heated air to a specific space so as to achieve heating effects. Such a combustion heating type hot blast heater is actively applied if a space desired to be heated is relatively broad or if power is not effectively supplied.
Particularly, since it is expected that the combustion heating type hot blast heater has relatively high heat efficiency, as compared with the electric heating type hot blast heater, the combustion heating type hot blast heater is widely used now. That is, the combustion heating type hot blast heater is mainly used in a factory, a vinyl house, a barn, etc., having a relatively wide area.
However, the conventional combustion heating type hot blast heater causes air pollution due to exhaust gas generated during combustion, and thus a safe exhaust path must be guaranteed and a purification function must be provided.
Further, such a hot blast heater must have a function of adjusting a temperature to raise an indoor temperature to a desired level. Therefore, temperature adjustment of the conventional combustion heating type hot blast heater is carried out by variably adjusting an amount of fuel supplied to a combustion chamber of the burner according to a pressure level of air generated by operation of a vane pump.
In this case, the pressure of air generated from the vane pump is obtained by controlling a rotating speed, such control of the rotating speed of the vane pump employs an electronic control method in which a waveform of input voltage of a motor is adjusted and thus requires high costs to manufacture the combustion heating type hot blast heater, and employs a complicated electronic speed control method and thus causes a heavy financial burden to normally maintain, repair and manage equipment.

Heating power adjusting apparatus of hot blast heater


Portable hand-held pupillometers for characterizing a subject's pupil which are operated by a user. The hand-held pupillometer comprise optical units for dynamically imaging the subject's pupil, and centering units interfaced and operated by the user for centering the subject's pupil on the optical unit in preparation for imaging the subject's pupil. The hand-held pupillometers taught herein allow a user of the system to accurately and efficiently obtain an image of the subject's pupil which may be particularly useful for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The centering unit may also be used to display messages or pupil size and dynamic response data to the user in an easily read and useable format.

Pupillometry has been discovered to be an effective and useful non-invasive means of characterizing a subject's pupillary response and the condition of the human and animal autonomic nervous system. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,506, Carter, it was disclosed therein that narcotics, opiates, depressants, stimulants, alcohol, and both legal and illegal drugs may produce deleterious and destructive effects on an individual's mental and physical performance. Pupillometry as described in the aforementioned patent is useful in detecting such drug or alcohol impairment. The teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,187,506, Carter, are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Another useful and effective pupillometer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,043, Carter. This patent describes a portable, hand-held, dynamic, automatic scanning pupillometer which is operated by a user to view a subject's pupil, and thereby obtain pupil images. The teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,043 are also incorporated herein by reference.
A main difference between the Carter '506 patent and the Carter '043 patent is that the pupillometer of the Carter '506 patent is a desktop device which may be totally operated by an alert subject whose pupil is to be imaged, while the Carter '043 patent teaches a pupillometer which is operated by a user and can be used to image the pupil of a subject in any posture and any state of alertness or consciousness. A distinct advantage of the pupillometer described in the Carter '506 patent is the incorporation of a self-centering apparatus therein so that the subject can easily and quickly center the image of the pupil on an optical block to form an image thereof. Unfortunately, the pupillometer of the Carter '043 patent does not incorporate aids to centering, and therefore a user of the device described therein must be particularly skilled in operating such a device. Thus a user of the device of the Carter '043 patent can obtain consistent and reliable measurements of pupil size only after practice and considerable painstaking concentration which is fatiguing for both user and subject.
Because of these aforementioned problems and deficiencies, the inventor of the subject matter herein claimed and disclosed has discovered that existing hand-held pupillometers and tabletop pupillometers fail to solve needs in the art for compact, portable devices which provide efficient and active images of a subject's pupil for various purposes under varied conditions of use. Additionally, with the advent of laptop and notebook computers over the last few ears, electronic devices such as pupillometers can become even more portable. However, before the conception of the present invention, the art has failed to create circuitry and apparatus to move pupillometers in this direction. Furthermore, the inventor of the claimed pupillometer has found that pupillometry may be particularly useful in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, and that a hand-held unit could be particularly useful in making such a diagnosis. However, the aforementioned pupillometers and hand-held pupillometers in general do not have the combination of compact size and centering aids to facilitate their use and therefore, do not fulfill a long-felt need in the art for a pupillometer to make accurate, reliable pupil images on subjects in any posture, position or state of alertness. Moreover, the inventor has found that a device used to display an image of the pupil on the optical unit may also display data characterizing pupil size and response to a light stimulus thus providing the user with immediate, easily read and understood dynamic pupil measurement data.

Portable hand-held pupillometer with dynamic electronic image centering aid and method for use thereof


The present disclosure relates to a hydrogen filling system that includes a receptacle that is provided in a fuel cell electric vehicle and to which a fueling nozzle that dispenses hydrogen is connected, a manifold connected with a hydrogen tank provided in the fuel cell electric vehicle, a hydrogen filling line that connects the receptacle and the manifold, a hydrogen supply line that connects a fuel cell stack provided in the fuel cell electric vehicle and the manifold, and a buffer line that is connected to the hydrogen supply line and that heats the receptacle using heat of compression by the hydrogen that is supplied into the hydrogen supply line during filling of the hydrogen tank with the hydrogen. The present disclosure may obtain advantageous effects of suppressing freezing of the receptacle and improving safety and reliability.

A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) produces electrical energy by an electro-chemical reaction of oxygen and hydrogen in a fuel cell stack and uses the electrical energy as a power source.
The fuel cell electric vehicle can continue to produce electricity irrespective of the capacity of a fuel cell by using fuel and air supplied from the outside and has advantages of high efficiency and low emission of pollutants. Accordingly, the fuel cell electric vehicle has consistently been studied and developed.
The fuel cell electric vehicle is equipped with hydrogen tanks (e.g., three hydrogen tanks), and hydrogen is stored in the hydrogen tanks along a hydrogen filling line of a hydrogen storage system. The hydrogen stored in the hydrogen tanks is throttled to a predetermined pressure through a regulator along a hydrogen supply line and thereafter supplied into a fuel cell stack to produce electrical energy.
Furthermore, the fuel cell electric vehicle is equipped with a receptacle that is a type of connector connected with a fueling nozzle for dispensing hydrogen gas.
However, in the related art, a freezing phenomenon may occur in a connecting portion between the fueling nozzle and the receptacle (around the receptacle) due to a very low filling temperature (e.g., −33° C. to −40° C.) during fast filling of the hydrogen tanks with the hydrogen. Due to the freezing phenomenon, the fueling nozzle may fail to be separated from the receptacle at the right time after the hydrogen tanks are completely filled with the hydrogen.
Accordingly, in recent years, various studies for suppressing freezing of a receptacle during filling of hydrogen tanks with hydrogen have been conducted, but there remains a need for development thereof.


A method of molding a plastic container body having at least one grip recess includes providing a mold assembly having an internal projection that is constructed and arranged to form the grip recess. A low friction surface is provided on at least a portion of the projection in order to reduce friction between the formable plastic material and the projection during the molding process. The low friction surface permits the formable plastic material to stretch with less resistance before it solidifies to the point where additional stretching is not possible. As a result, molding of features that provide resistance to material distribution during molding, such as deep grip recesses, is enabled.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of plastic container manufacturing and tooling, and more specifically to processes and mold assemblies for making a plastic container having a deeper grip recess than was conventionally possible.
2. Description of the Related Technology
Plastic containers are typically fabricated using either injection molding or one of two types of blow molding. The blow molding process is characterized by using internal pressure to force a hot, soft plastic preform or parison against a molding surface. Blow molding can be performed using either a reheat stretch blow molding process, which is typical for plastic containers that are fabricated from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or an extrusion blow molding process, which is typical for containers that are fabricated from such materials as high-density polyethylene and polyolefins.
In the extrusion blow molding process, a molten tube or parison is continuously extruded from an extrusion fixture. A mold assembly that moves at a speed that is substantially equal to the speed of the extruded parison periodically captures portions of the parison, and pressurization is applied to inflate the captured portion of the parison against the interior surfaces of the mold assembly. The mold assembly is typically mounted for motion on either a molding wheel, which moves in a circular path, or on a shuttle, which moves the mold assembly on a substantially straight path.
In either type of blow molding process, the hot formable plastic material begins to cool and harden as soon as it contacts the mold surface. However, to the extent that the shape defined by the internal surfaces of the mold deviates from a cylinder that is equidistant from the longitudinal axis of the parison or preform the formable plastic material will contact some portions of the internal mold surface before others. In cases where the container body is designed to have deep recesses such as grip recesses for receiving a consumers fingers, prominent projections are formed within the mold that the formable plastic material must contact and stretch around in order to reach the portions of mold surface that form the outermost portions of the container sidewall. The friction that is created between the expanding tube of hot, formable plastic material and such internal mold projections has created practical design limitations that have prevented container manufacturers from introducing designs that would otherwise be favorably received by the public.
A need exists for a method of manufacturing a plastic container that permits the formation of a container having features that are deeper and a result of greater stretching of the hot formable plastic material that has been conventionally possible. Moreover, a need exists for a mold assembly that permits container features that are deeper and more extreme than were previously conventionally possible to be molded.

Method of having a plastic container having deep grip recesses


An active control type mounting bushing device adapted to properly change the hardness of the mounting bushing according to a driving state, thereby obtaining a proper hardness of the mounting bushing for obtaining a comfortable ride during normal driving conditions, and reducing the inclination of the vehicle during the steering, and contributing to an excellent vehicle ride and steering at all times.

Generally, a front side member forming the front of the vehicle body is lengthily installed at both sides of the vehicle in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. The bottom side of the front side member is coupled to a sub-frame to support the engine and transmission.
The sub-frame is coupled via a mounting bushing to the front side member. However, there is a drawback in conventional mounting bushings which provide a constant hardness once the shape and material of the rubber used in the mounting bushing are determined, thereby making it difficult to find an appropriate tuning valve according to various driving conditions of the vehicle.
For example, if the mounting bushing is decreased in hardness to decrease slight vibrations of the vehicle, rolling and bouncing increase. Rolling refers to a vehicle inclining to both lateral sides and bouncing refers to a vehicle moving up and down repeatedly. On the other hand, if the mounting bushing is increased in hardness for eliminating the rolling and bouncing, the amount of impact transmitted from the road surface is increased.
If the mounting bushing is decreased in hardness, the vehicle inclines to one direction, causing deterioration of the steering of the vehicle. If the hardness of the mounting bushing is increased to enable a good steering, the absorption of the road vibration and the steering are respectively deteriorated.
There is a drawback in conventional mounting bushings in that the mounting bushing is limited to a fixed shape and physical characteristics thereof, thereby rendering it difficult to enable both a comfortable vehicle ride and good steering.

Active control type mounting bushing device for vehicle


Methods and systems for joint execution of complex tasks by a human and a robotic system are described herein. In one aspect, a collaborative robotic system includes a payload platform having a loading surface configured to carry a payload shared with a human collaborator. The collaborative robotic system navigates a crowded environment, while sharing a payload with the human collaborator. In another aspect, the collaborative robotic system measures forces in a plane parallel to the loading surface of the payload platform to infer navigational cues from the human collaborator. In some instances, the collaborative robotic system overrides the navigational cues of the human collaborator to avoid collisions between an object in the environment and any of the robotic system, the human collaborator, and the shared payload.

Robotic systems are widely deployed to perform highly repetitive tasks, typically in a well-controlled, factory environment. In some examples of factory automation, a robot performs a single task repeatedly for long periods of time (e.g., months or years). However, the robotic systems are not yet widely deployed to perform tasks that are part of the everyday lives of humans. To better integrate robotic systems into the everyday lives of humans as well as custom workflows, robotic systems must be able to adapt to new tasks and environmental conditions.
In some examples, robotic systems have been developed with increased intelligence to enable robotic systems to perform a wide range of tasks in unstructured environments. Intelligent robotic systems are able to better comprehend complex tasks and execute the task at hand with less instruction. In addition, improved user interfaces enhance communication between humans and a robotic system; enabling the collaborative robotic system to better understand the task at hand. Recent improvements to user interfaces include the use of natural user interfaces and the use of speech and gesture based technologies to improve usability of robots. However, these approaches focus on communicating task goals and constraints to the collaborative robotic system for execution solely by the robotic system. This limits the complexity of the task that can be accomplished by the robotic system due to limitations in the physical and intellectual capability of the robotic system and limitations in the ability to communicate task parameters and constraints to the robotic system.
In summary, improvements to robotic systems are desired to enable execution of complex tasks in highly unstructured environments.

Collaborative task execution with humans and robotic vehicles


Alkoxy substituted indole derivatives as inhibitors of lipoxygenase and useful as antiallergy and antiinflammatory agents.

This invention relates to novel indole derivatives. The compounds of the present invention inhibit the action of lipoxygenase enzyme, and are useful in the treatment or alleviation of inflammatory diseases, allergy and cardiovascular diseases in mammals. This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds.
Arachidonic acid is known to be the biological precursor of several groups of endogenous metabolites, prostaglandins including prostacyclins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. The first step of the arachidonic acid metabolism is the release of esterified arachidonic acid and related unsaturated fatty acids from membrane phospholipids, via the action of phospholipase. Free fatty acids are then metabolized either by cylooxgenase to produce the prostaglandins and thromboxanes or by lipoxygenase to generate hydroperoxy fatty acids which may be further converted to the leukotrienes. Leukotrienes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, gout, asthma, ischemia reperfusion injury, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Any drug that inhibits lipoxygenase is expected to provide significant new therapy for both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.
Recently, several review articles on lipoxygenese inhibitors have been reported. (see H. Masamune and L. S. Melvin, Sr., Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry 24 (1989) pp. 71-80 (Academic), B. J. Fitzsimmons and J. Rokach Leukotriens and Lipoxygenases (1989) pp. 427-502 (Elsevier).
Compounds having structural features similar to those of the present invention are disclosed in European Patent Publication Nos. 288962A, 313295A and 313296A and in Japanese Application Publication No. 104584.

Indole derivatives as antiallergy and antiinflammatory agents


Chocolates that comprise a diglyceride having a melting point of 25.degree. C. or less are found to exhibit a soft texture at temperatures below room temperature and stable qualities at temperatures above room temperature. Further, such chocolates display a good ability to melt in one's mouth. Also, the chocolates exhibit an enriched chocolate flavor as well as a crisp after taste.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to chocolates wherein the fat component comprises a diglyceride that has a melting point of 25.degree. C. or less.
2. Description of Related Art
Chocolates are typically comprised of cacao mass and/or cacao powder, cacao fat, and sweeteners. Cacao mass, cacao powder, and cacao fat are produced from cacao beans. The beans are roasted and pulverized in order to obtain cacao mass. The cacao mass is then pressed in order to separate cacao powder and cacao fat; the fat being 100% oil.
However, there have been produced various chocolates containing other fats as a substitute for the cacao fat. By using these other fats, the properties of the chocolate can be modified. Thus a proper product is selected from among these chocolates depending upon its intended use. From the viewpoint of usage, chocolates may be roughly classified into those which are hard at ordinary temperature, i.e. solid chocolates, and those which are soft at ordinary temperature, i.e. enrober chocolates.
There have been proposals to control the appearance and rheological properties of chocolates by blending a liquid oil, such as sesame oil or cotton seed oil (cf. "Chokoreto/Kokoa Seizo no Riron to Jissai", p. 250, Korin Shoin). Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 86167/1976 discloses producing a soft chocolate by blending plastic fats. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 15495/1981 teaches improving the physico-chemical properties by controlling the blending balance of fats similar to cacao. In general, rheological properties appropriate for each chocolate product are achieved by controlling the amount of cacao fat, fats similar thereto, liquid oils, milk fat and/or plastic fats contained in the chocolate.
However no chocolate product has been developed thus far that melts easily in ones mouth, exhibits excellent cacao flavor, maintains a soft texture (softness in the mouth) below room temperature, and exhibits stable qualities (blooming resistance, oil-off resistance, etc.) above room temperature.


The present invention relates to an auxiliary power unit starting apparatus for an electric bicycle, which can convert the rider's pedaling force into mechanical displacement at the time the bicycle is being pedaled, and then the mechanical displacement can start the auxiliary power unit of the electric bicycle. The device of the present invention has simple structure and small size, and it can be easily manufactured and assembled.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an auxiliary power unit starting apparatus for an electric bicycle, more particularly to a starting apparatus that can convert the rider's pedaling force into mechanical displacement at the time the rider is pedaling the bicycle, and the mechanical displacement can start the auxiliary power unit of the electric bicycle.
2. Description of the Prior Arts
Electric bicycle is very popular with all age groups due to it is environment friendly and has the advantage of and easy operation. So far, there are various methods and times of starting the auxiliary power unit of an electric bicycle.
For example, the electric bicycle in the early days was always provided at the left handlebar with a switch that is to be controlled by the user, however, the operation of it is not easy since the user has to control the switch by hand. Therefore, JP Patent Application 20001-055399 discloses a method of detecting the running resistance and the running speed by using precision-control unit, and then the running data collected and calculated by the precision-control unit is used to control the time of starting the motor. Besides, JP Patent Applications 2001-301293 and 09-268415 also disclose a method of controlling the time of starting the motor based on the running data that are measured by dynamometer, logic circuit and the like electronic element.
Another method is disclosed in JP Patent application 11-290777, in which, an idler shaft is disposed parallel to and between the crank axle and the output axle, and pedaling-force measuring device is mounted on the idler shaft for measuring the pedaling force applied to the crank axle, and then the motor starting time is controlled based on the pedaling force.
As mentioned above, for most of the conventional electric bicycles, their time of starting the auxiliary power unit is controlled by precision-control electronic componentor sensor that is used to detect the running resistance or the pedaling force, and then the time of starting the auxiliary power unit is controlled based on the running data. However, by using the electronic precision electronic elements and complicated measuring instruments, the cost and the failure rate will be accordingly high. Furthermore, by using electronic component to judge the pedaling force of the rider, would probably give rise to a false judgment. For example, the riders of all age groups may have different pedaling force, so if the reference value of the pedaling force is set at a over high level, it will be resulted in an uneasy operation, and if the reference value of the pedaling force is set at a too low level, it will result in a false starting time of starting the motor.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages.

Auxiliary power unit starting apparatus for an electric bicycle


The double-acting type orbiting vane compressor comprises an orbiting vane having upper and lower circular vanes formed at the upper and lower surfaces of a vane plate of the orbiting vane, respectively, the orbiting vane being attached to a crankshaft rotatable by a drive unit, an upper compression unit having the upper circular vane of the orbiting vane disposed in an upper cylinder, and a lower compression unit having the lower circular vane of the orbiting vane disposed in a lower cylinder. As the orbiting vane performs an orbiting movement in the upper and lower cylinders, refrigerant gases introduced into the upper and lower cylinders through inlet tubes respectively formed at the upper and lower cylinders are compressed, and are then discharged out of the upper and lower cylinders through outlet ports respectively formed at the upper and lower cylinders.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an orbiting vane compressor, and, more particularly, to a double-acting type orbiting vane compressor having increased compression capacity.
2. Description of the Related Art
Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a conventional orbiting vane compressor. As shown in FIG. 1, a drive unit D and a compression unit P are mounted in a shell 1 while the drive unit D and the compression unit P are hermetically sealed. The drive unit D and the compression unit P are connected to each other via a vertical crankshaft 8, the upper and lower ends of which are rotatably supported by a main frame 6 and a subsidiary frame 7, such that power from the drive unit D is transmitted to the compression unit P through the crankshaft 8.
The drive unit D comprises: a stator 2 fixedly disposed between the main frame 6 and the subsidiary frame 7; and a rotor 3 disposed in the stator 2 for rotating the crankshaft 8, which vertically extends through the rotor 3, when electric current is supplied to the rotor 3. The rotor 3 is provided at the top and bottom parts thereof with balance weights 3a, which are disposed symmetrically to each other for preventing the crankshaft 8 from being rotated in an unbalanced state due to a crank pin 81.
The compression unit P comprises an orbiting vane 5 having a boss 55 formed at the lower part thereof. The crank pin 81 is fixedly fitted in the boss 55 of the orbiting vane 5. As the orbiting vane 5 performs an orbiting movement in a cylinder 4, refrigerant gas introduced into the cylinder 4 through an inlet tube 11 is compressed. The cylinder 4 comprises an inner ring 41 integrally formed at the upper part thereof while being protruded downward. The orbiting vane 5 comprises a circular vane 51 formed at the upper part thereof while being protruded upward. The circular vane 51 performs an orbiting movement in an annular space 42 defined between the inner ring 41 and the inner wall of the cylinder 4. Through the orbiting movement of the circular vane 51, inner and outer compression chambers are formed at the inside and the outside of the circular vane 51, respectively. Refrigerant gases compressed in the inner and outer compression chambers are discharged out of the cylinder 4 through inner and outer outlet ports 44 and 44a formed at the upper part of the cylinder 4, respectively.
Between the main frame 6 and the orbiting vane 5 is disposed an Oldham's ring 9 for preventing rotation of the orbiting vane 5. Through the crankshaft 8 is longitudinally formed an oil supplying channel 82 for allowing oil to be supplied to the compression unit P therethrough when an oil pump 83 mounted at the lower end of the crankshaft 8 is operated.
Unexplained reference numeral 11 indicates an inlet tube, 12 a high-pressure chamber, and 13 an outlet tube.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the structure of the compression unit P shown in FIG. 1.
In the compression unit P of the orbiting vane compressor, as shown in FIG. 2, the orbiting vane 5, which is connected to the crankshaft 8, is disposed on the upper end of the main frame 6, which rotatably supports the upper part of the crankshaft 8. The cylinder 4, which is attached to the main frame 6, is disposed above the orbiting vane 5. The cylinder 4 is provided at a predetermined position of the circumferential part thereof with an inlet port 43. The inner and outer outlet ports 44 and 44a are formed at predetermined positions of the upper end of the cylinder 4.
The crank pin 81 of the crankshaft 8 is fixedly fitted in the boss 55, which is formed at the lower surface of a vane plate 50 of the orbiting vane 5. At a predetermined position of the circumferential part of the circular vane 51 of the orbiting vane 5 is formed a through-hole 52 for allowing refrigerant gas introduced through the inlet port 43 of the cylinder 4 to be guided into the circular vane 51 therethrough. At another predetermined position of the circumferential part of the circular vane 51 of the orbiting vane 5, which is adjacent to the position where the through-hole 52 is disposed, is formed an opening 53. A slider 54 is slidably disposed in the opening 53.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the operation of the conventional orbiting vane compressor shown in FIG. 1.
When the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P is driven by power transmitted to the compression unit P from the drive unit D through the crankshaft 8 (See FIG. 1), the circular vane 51 of the orbiting vane 5 disposed in the annular space 42 of the cylinder 4 performs an orbiting movement in the annular space 42 of the cylinder 4, as indicated by arrows, to compress refrigerant gas introduced into the annular space 42 through the inlet port 43.
At the initial orbiting position of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P (i.e., the 0-degree orbiting position), refrigerant gas is introduced into an inner suction chamber A1 through the inlet port 43 and the through-hole 52 of the circular vane 51, and compression is performed in an outer compression chamber B2 of the circular vane 51 while the outer compression chamber B2 does not communicate with the inlet port 43 and the outer outlet port 44a. Refrigerant gas is compressed in an inner compression chamber A2, and at the same time, the compressed refrigerant gas is discharged out of the inner compression chamber A2 through the inner outlet port 44.
At the 90-degree orbiting position of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P, the compression is still performed in the outer compression chamber B2 of the circular vane 51, and almost all the compressed refrigerant gas is discharged out of the inner compression chamber A2 through the inner outlet port 44. At this stage, an outer suction chamber B1 appears so that refrigerant gas is introduced into the outer suction chamber B1 through the inlet port 43.
At the 180-degree orbiting position of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P, the inner suction chamber A1 disappears. Specifically, the inner suction chamber A1 is changed into the inner compression chamber A2, and therefore, compression is performed in the inner compression chamber A2. At this stage, the outer compression chamber B2 communicates with the outer outlet port 44a. Consequently, compressed refrigerant gas is discharged out of the outer compression chamber B2 through the outer outlet port 44a.
At the 270-degree orbiting position of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P, almost all the compressed refrigerant gas is discharged out of the outer compression chamber B2 of the circular vane 51 through the outer outlet port 44a, and the compression is still performed in the inner compression chamber A2 of the circular vane 51. Also, compression is newly performed in the outer suction chamber B1. When the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P further performs the orbiting movement by 90 degrees, the outer suction chamber B1 disappears. Specifically, the outer suction chamber B1 is changed into the outer compression chamber B2, and therefore, the compression is continuously performed in the outer compression chamber B2. As a result, the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P is returned to the position where the orbiting movement of the orbiting vane 5 is initiated. In this way, a 360-degree-per-cycle orbiting movement of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P is accomplished. The orbiting movement of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P is repeatedly performed in succession.
The slider 54 is slidably disposed in the opening 53 for maintaining the seal between the inner and outer compression chambers A2 and B2 of the circular vane 51.
In the conventional orbiting vane compressor as described above, however, the volume of the inner and outer compression chambers must be increased in order to increase compression capacity of the compression unit. The volume of the inner and outer compression chambers may be increased by increasing the height of the orbiting vane or increasing the size of the annular space of the cylinder, which increases the size of the orbiting vane compressor.

Double-acting type orbiting vane compressor


Procedure for detecting the operation of the coin return mechanism in coin selectors, especially in selectors having a passage through which the coins pass, which can be opened for the recovery thereof, and having at least one coin passage detector, the operating conditions of which are sensitive to the passage of the coins and to the opening of the passage. The procedure consists of detecting the alterations in the operating conditions of the said detector caused by the opening of the channel. These alterations result in changes of amplitude and frequency which are measured, for example, by the microprocessor of the selector, and differentiated from the alterations due to the passage of a coin.

This invention relates to a procedure for detecting the operation of the coin return mechanism in coin selectors, especially in selectors having a passage through which the coins pass.
Coin selector devices of the type indicated normally contain an inclined passage down which the coins roll, as illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. Various types of sensors, generally optical, electromagnetic and capacitive, are placed in this channel for the purpose of detecting different features of the coin relating to its dimensions and alloys, which will then allow the validity of the coin to be known, leading to its acceptance or rejection. This channel has dimensions suitable for the maximum size of the permissible coins and under certain conditions, for example if two coins are inserted simultaneously, the passage can become blocked. It is therefore necessary to have a device which makes it possible to free the coins that are possibly stuck. Generally, the passage of the coin selectors is delimited by a fixed side and a mobile side, forming a gate, the opening or separation of the mobile side allowing access to the said passage. The movement of this gate or side is normally controlled by an operating lever. Actuation of this lever causes the opening of the gate and passage and, with it, the return of the blocked or stuck coins.
With the use of coin selector devices in automatic vending machines, it has been found useful for the machine, or where applicable the coin storage and return device, to receive a signal from the coin selector when the selector's coin return lever has been operated. This signal can be used, for example, to return the coins put into the machine and to zero the corresponding credit. The signal detecting the operation of the selector's coin return lever is currently generated by known methods such as microswitches, proximity detectors, reed contacts and opto-electronic barriers.
These systems, although valid, have the following disadvantages: they are costly, occupy a relatively large amount of space in the selector and need wiring and connectors.


An engine receiving boost from a supercharger and/or a turbocharger compressor is provided, along with methods for its operation. The engine may include inline cylinders arranged on an engine block and an integrated exhaust manifold (IEM), where exhaust flow from inner cylinders is kept separate from exhaust flow from outer cylinders within the IEM and where exhaust flow from the inner cylinders but not the outer cylinders flows through a turbine of the turbocharger. The supercharger and turbocharger compressor may be arranged in parallel upstream of an intake manifold of the engine, and throttles upstream of each of the supercharger and compressor may be controlled to direct intake air through one or both of the supercharger and the compressor based on engine operating conditions.

Vehicle internal combustion engines may incorporate turbochargers to boost engine torque output. For example, engines which have been downsized for improved fuel economy may require boost to compensate for the loss in engine power resulting from the downsizing, and may obtain such boost via a turbocharger (e.g., the turbocharger may provide boost by creating forced induction of intake air and thereby improving engine torque output). However, various disadvantages may be associated with using a turbocharger alone. In the case of downsized engines, incorporation of a turbocharger may limit the extent the engine can be downsized as it may not be possible to provide a desired pressure ratio or transient behavior over the full operating range of the engine with a turbocharger alone. Further, more generally, turbochargers may have a slow transient response, which may result in undesirable lag in engine torque output.
Furthermore, when exhaust flowing from multiple engine cylinders is directed to an inlet of the turbocharger turbine, undesirable cross-talk may between the cylinders depending on the firing order and cam timing of the cylinders, which may interfere with combustion. As one example of undesirable cylinder cross-talk in a turbocharged engine, a turbocharged four-cylinder engine may have a 1-3-4-2 firing order, where cylinders 1 and 4 are outer cylinders of the engine block and cylinders 2 and 3 are inner cylinders of the engine block. Communication between the outer cylinders and inner cylinders may occur upstream of the turbine of the turbocharger. For example, late in the exhaust blow-down event for cylinder 1, cylinder 3 may start to blow down which may increase the pressure and temperature of gas trapped in cylinder 1 and may increase residual content in that cylinder. As a result, combustion may be negatively affected, there may be an increased propensity for knock, and more boost may be required to achieve a desired engine power output. These issues may ultimately limit the power capability of the engine.
Various approaches may be used to address the above issues. To address turbocharger lag, some approaches incorporate a supercharger to provide boost along with the turbocharger, where one or both of the devices may be used at a given time. For example, US 2010/0263375 describes a boost system comprising a turbocharger and a supercharger operable as either a compressor or an expander. At lower engine speeds, the supercharger provides boost, and at higher engine speeds (e.g., relative to the lower engine speeds), the turbocharger provides boost while the supercharger operates as an expander to provide cooling. In this approach, exhaust from all engine cylinders is directed through the turbocharger turbine. As such, this approach may suffer from cylinder cross-talk, which may negatively affect engine combustion.
To address cylinder cross-talk, some approaches may incorporate a twin-scroll turbocharger. Twin-scroll turbochargers address cylinder cross-talk by providing two exhaust paths for cylinders whose exhaust pulses may interfere with each other, each path leading to a different turbine. For example, in a four-cylinder engine with a firing sequence of 1-3-4-2, exhaust valve overlap may occur between cylinders 1 and 2 during the expansion stroke of cylinder 1. However, because the twin-scroll turbocharger provides separate exhaust paths for cylinders 1 and 2, the exhaust pulse from cylinder does not interfere with combustion in cylinder 2. Further, because such valve overlap does not have a negative effect on combustion, cam duration may be increased, thereby decreasing engine pumping work and increasing fuel efficiency. Despite these advantages, the inventors have identified various issues with the twin-scroll turbocharger approach. Twin-scroll turbochargers may be relatively expensive and may have low durability due to their complex structure relative to a single turbocharger. Further, their functionality may be comprised at high temperatures.
The inventors herein have recognized that incorporating a supercharger in an engine system to address transient response issues or replacing a turbocharger with a twin-scroll turbocharger to address cylinder cross-talk issues may not produce satisfactory results, and may even introduce further issues such as those described above. In contrast with the above approaches, the inventors herein have identified an engine system and associated methods for providing boost via one or both of a turbocharger and supercharger, thereby avoiding a slow transient response, where exhaust from only a subset of engine cylinders flow through the turbocharger turbine so as to avoid cylinder cross-talk. In accordance with one example method, exhaust from only a first subset of cylinders may be directed to a turbine of a turbocharger via an IEM, exhaust from only a second subset of cylinders may be directed to bypass the turbine via the IEM, and intake air may be compressed via one or both of a supercharger and a compressor of the turbocharger. In this way, by only directing exhaust from a subset of engine cylinders through the turbine, communication will not occur between cylinders of the different subsets even when exhaust valve openings of the cylinders overlap (which may occur depending on the firing sequence of the cylinders). Accordingly, cam duration may be increased, thereby decreasing pumping work and increasing fuel efficiency. Because exhaust from the second subset of cylinders does not flow through the turbine, this exhaust may flow through a close-coupled catalyst, thereby reducing catalyst light-off times which may improve engine emissions. Also, because the use of an IEM may be compatible with this engine system, turbocharger housing material costs may be reduced.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.