A power electronic device is disclosed. The power electronic device may include a housing, a conductive element positioned within the housing and rated for at least a medium voltage, a cooling system in fluid communication with the conductive element, a plurality of temperature sensing tags and a data collection unit having a receiver that is configured to receive signals from the antennae of the temperature sensing tags. The cooling system may have a plurality of outlet conduit elements that are positioned within the housing. Each of the tags may be attached to one of the outlet conduits and may include a power supply, a temperature sensor, and an antenna.

The use of power electronic devices such as a set of inverters to control a motor drive or other electrically powered device is well known. Components of one prior art motor control system are shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 illustrates various embodiments of a power supply (such as an AC motor drive) having nine such power cells. The power cells in FIG. 1 are represented by a block having input terminals A, B, and C; and output terminals T1 and T2. In FIG. 1, a transformer or other multi-winding device 110 receives three-phase, medium-voltage power at its primary winding 112, and delivers power to a load 130 such as a three-phase AC motor via an array of single-phase inverters (also referred to as power cells) 151-153, 161-163, and 171-173. Each phase of the power supply output is fed by a group of series-connected power cells, called herein a "phase-group" 150, 160 and 170.
The transformer 110 includes primary windings 112 that excite a number of secondary windings 114-122. Although primary windings 112 are illustrated as having a star configuration, a mesh configuration is also possible. Further, although secondary windings 114-122 are illustrated as having a delta or an extended-delta configuration, other configurations of windings may be used as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,545 to Hammond, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In the example of FIG. 1 there is a separate secondary winding for each power cell. However, the number of power cells and/or secondary windings illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely illustrative, and other numbers are possible. Additional details about such a power supply are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,545.
Several functional components of inverters can be subject to high thermal stress during operation. When high temperatures occur, such as a result of temporary overload operation or other operation outside of base ratings, inner temperatures of the components can reach or exceed critical temperatures. Such systems may be cooled by circulating cool water and/or air through the components in order to absorb heat and reduce the component temperature. Nonetheless, it is desirable to sense the temperature of the component to identify when the component approaches a critical temperature.
The large number of temperature measuring locations in a power electronic circuit, and the high thermal stress conditions of operation, make it difficult to adequately sense the temperature of a power electronic device.
This document describes methods and systems that attempt to solve at least some of the problems described above, and/or other problems.

Temperature sensing system for power electronic device


The present invention is concerned with a refinement of the processing of particles that are to form a dry powder formulation which is to be administered to the lung using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) device. In particular, the present invention provides the processing of particles of active material and particles of carrier material in the presence of additive material to provide a powder composition which exhibits excellent powder properties and which is economical to produce.

Inhalation represents a very attractive, rapid and patient-friendly route for the delivery of systemically acting drugs, as well as for drugs that are designed to act locally on the lungs themselves. It is particularly desirable and advantageous to develop technologies for delivering drugs to the lungs in a predictable and reproducible manner.
The key features which make inhalation an exciting drug delivery route are: rapid speed of onset; improved patient acceptance and compliance for a non-invasive systemic route; reduction of side effects; product life cycle extension; improved consistency of delivery; access to new forms of therapy, including higher doses, greater efficiency and accuracy of targeting; and direct targeting of the site of action for locally administered drugs, such as those used to treat lung diseases such as asthma, COPD, CF or lung infections.
However, the powder technology behind successful dry powders and DPI products remains a significant technical hurdle to those wishing to succeed with this route of administration and to exploit the significant product opportunities. Any formulation must have suitable flow properties, not only to assist in the manufacture and metering of the powders, but also to provide reliable and predictable resuspension and fluidisation, and to avoid excessive retention of the powder within the dispensing device.

Dry powder inhaler formulations comprising surface-modified particles with anti-adherent additives


A high-efficiency light emitting diode is provided. The light emitting diode includes a substrate; a first compound semiconductor layer formed on the top surface of the substrate; a first electrode formed on a region of the first compound semiconductor layer; an active layer formed on a region of the first compound semiconductor layer excluding the region with the first electrode layer, in which 430-nm or less wavelength light is generated; a second compound semiconductor layer formed on the active layer; and a second electrode formed on the second compound semiconductor layer, with a filling ratio of 20–80% with respect to the area of the top surface of the substrate. The light emission of a 430-nm or less light emitting diode can be enhanced by adjusting the size of the p-type second electrode within the range of 20–80%.

This application claims priority from Korean Patent Application No. 2002-54327, filed on Sep. 9, 2002, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting diode, and more particularly, to a light emitting diode whose light emission is enhanced by appropriately varying the size of its p-type electrode.
2. Description of the Related Art
Light emitting diodes are widely known as a device used for data transmission in the optical communications field, for data recording and reproduction in compact disc players (CDPs) or digital versatile disk players (DVDPs), and for outdoor display.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a conventional light emitting diode (LED) having an InGaN—AlGaN heterojunction structure. Referring to FIG. 1, an n-GaN layer 3 is formed on a sapphire substrate 1 with a GaN buffer layer 2 interposed therebetween. An In0.06Ga0.94N active layer 5, where light is generated, and p-Al0.15Ga0.85N layer 6 are formed on the n-GaN layer 3. The sequential deposition of the n-GaN layer 3, the In0.06Ga0.94N active layer 5, the p-Al0.15Ga0.85N layer 6, and the p-GaN layer 7 is followed by patterning to a depth in the GaN layer 3, and a n-type electrode 8 is attached to the n-GaN layer 3. A p-type electrode 9 is arranged on the p-GaN layer 3 and is electrically connected to an external power source (not shown) via a bonding pad 10, which is arranged to contact to an edge of the p-GaN layer 7.
Most conventional LEDs generate light of a blue or red wavelength range and emit the light toward the front side through a transparent p-type electrode. Conventionally, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the p-type electrode 9 is formed on the entire surface of the p-GaN layer 7 in order to emit light through a larger area. As the size of the p-type electrode 9 increases, driving voltage becomes lower, enabling stable light emission at a low current density.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate examples of conventional light emitting diodes where a p-type electrode, a bonding pad, and a n-type electrode are arranged in different patterns. Reference numerals 8a and 8b denote n-type electrodes, reference numerals 9a and 9b denote p-type electrodes, and reference numerals 10a and 10b denote bonding pads. As shown in the photographs of FIGS. 2A and 2B, light is emitted through the entire surface of the p-type electrodes 9a and 9b occupying most of the surface of the light emitting diode.
However, in conventional 430-nm or less light emitting diodes, light emission tends to decrease with increasing area of the p-type electrode. Therefore, there is a need to appropriately adjust the size of the p-type electrode in light emitting diodes which emit light of these wavelengths, to increase light emission.


A distributed Bragg reflector has a sectioned waveguide with a high index of refraction. The waveguide is disposed within a medium having a relatively low index of refraction. Each of the sections of the waveguide are coupled with a thin waveguide having a high index of refraction. In one embodiment, the wire and waveguide sections are formed of the same high index material.

Distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) are frequently used simply as reflectors. Other applications include vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), filtering and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The performance of DBRs (e.g., bandwidth and reflectivity) improves with the index contrast of the materials used to form the DBR. In other words, one material has a high index of refraction, and the other material has a low index. However, losses also increase as a consequence of light diffraction in the low-index regions. Conventional solutions for reducing losses are usually either reduction of index contrast, or an excessive shortening of the low-index region, both leading to a decrease in device performance. In order to provide high reflectivity in small sizes, diffraction losses must be reduced to a minimum.

High-index contrast distributed Bragg reflector


A manhole device and corresponding system including a manhole is described. The manhole device comprises a main body having an upper portion, a lower portion and a securing means. The securing means is engageable with the manhole such that when secured to the manhole, the upper portion protrudes above a surface level and the lower portion is retained below the surface level in the manhole. The main body provides means for alignment for construction around the manhole while providing a barrier to prevent access to vehicles, people and debris during the construction process. A method of construction is also provided.

The present invention relates to a manhole device, a manhole system comprising a manhole device and a method of constructing a manhole.
Manholes are well known in the art as providing an opening from a surface level into underground vaults which comprise sewers, pipelines or other utilities or structures. Manholes are referred to throughout this specification as including the opening of the hole which provides access, and a shaft which leads down to the underground vault. Manholes are also alternatively known as inspection chambers, utility holes, cable chambers, maintenance holes, access chambers or sewer holes.
During construction works to build new roads or surfaces for example, manholes are often partially completed while the last stages of road construction are finalized. At this stage of construction, the manhole opening presents an open hole into which construction vehicles or operatives can accidentally fall into. Aside from this health and safety issue, debris is also able to fall through the hole or the partially complete manhole itself can be damaged from impact from vehicles.
In order to prevent this problem, devices have been proposed to cover the exposed manhole in use. However, such prior art devices are generally placed on top of the hole and can easily be knocked out of position thereby allowing the problem to reoccur.
A further problem exists during the construction of manholes in that these devices also need to be removed when final construction of the manhole is completed.


A method for implementing service interaction in the IP multimedia subsystem is disclosed in the present invention, wherein each service logic has a unique service identifier. The method comprises the following steps: (a) a Serving-Call Session Control Function (S-CSCF) sends a session initiation protocol (SIP) request message to the service capability interaction manager (SCIM) or to the application server (AS) to which a user requests for a service; (b) after the AS or SCIM has received the request and has executed this service, it inserts the service identifier of this service into the SIP request, and returns the SIP request with the service identifier to said S-CSCF. With the present invention, most of the service interaction requirements can be satisfied.

The IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) is introduced at the stage of 3GPP (3rd Generation Partner Project) R5, in which the call control is totally independent from the service logic compared with the soft-switch network, and the IMS core network only controls the call, while the service logic is implemented by the service layer, and the interface for the IMS core network S-CSCF (Serving-Call Session Control Function) interacting with the AS (Application Server) is referred to as ISC (IP multimedia service control), in which the SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is still applied.
In the service layer in the IMS network, there might be multiple independent ASs to deal with subscription service of one user, which brings the problem of interaction among several services, since there are correlation relationships among different service logics, for example, priorities should be kept among some service logics, some other service logics depend on each other, and still some others exclude with each other, in order to guarantee that the customers can get what they expect, the network should guarantee that the relationships among these service logics can be met, thus guarantee that the whole call is properly processed.
In the present protocol standards, it mainly relies on the iFCs (Initial filter criteria) to trigger several services, and one user might subscribe with several iFCs among which the priorities should be kept, and each iFC corresponds to one AS. The principle of iFC triggering is to make the text regular expression matching for the whole initial request, thus to trigger the service according to the any characteristic sub-string in the SIP message, which, combined with the fact that the AS name subscribed with the iFC can carry some characteristic parameters, can implement the following simple service interactions: 1) determine the triggering order of several ASs; 2) judge whether to trigger the next AS or not according to the specific content included in the SIP request; 3) when an AS implements several service logics, the AS name in the iFC is subscribed with a characteristic sub-string which is carried in the Route header in the request which triggers the AS, and the AS can determine which service logic to be implemented according to this characteristic sub-string; 4) for two adjacent ASs in the subscription, whether the latter AS is triggered or not is determined by the SIP message characteristic sub-string in the request forwarded by the former one.
However, implementing service nesting just according to the iFC has its limitations, 1) Any intermediate AS in the call chain can take the role of the B2BUA (Back to Back User Agent, an implementation mode of the SIP server), and regenerate a SIP request totally, thus the result processed by the former AS is totally removed from the characteristic in the SIP message, and the subsequent iFC matching in the subscription cannot be determined according to the services processed previously; 2) The AS in the upstream of the subscription cannot obtain processing information of the AS in the downstream, and when some characteristics of the service conflict, there will be error in the call processing.
The industry has already offered a method for implementing the interaction among several services by setting a SCIM (Service Capability Interaction Manager) between the S-CSCF and the AS, and there is special subject research in the 3GPP R8. The configuration of the SCIM is of the following three kinds: 1) centralized, in which all ASs interface with the S-CSCF through the same SCIM; 2) distributed, in which each AS might have built-in SCIM; 3) combined, in which some ASs can interact with the S-CSCF through the same SCIM, while some others have built-in SCIMs. In the centralized configuration, the SCIM can totally control the interaction among the ASs, and it is relatively easy to obtain the processing condition of all ASs participating in one call, however, due to the performance, deployment cost and the condition that the calling and called parties are in different domains, it is difficult for one SCIM to control all the ASs. In distributed or combined configuration, the interaction should be enforced among the SCIMs. However, on the whole, the definition for the SCIM capability is relatively vague, and it still needs time to be developed.

Method for implementing service interaction in the IP multimedia subsystem


A stacking tool bar including a wing flex structure is disclosed which includes a main tool bar section having right and left wing sections positioned at the outer ends thereof. Hydraulically operated lift arms are operatively connected to the wing sections for pivotally moving the wing sections from a field working position to a transport position. Double-acting flex cylinders are provided for dampening the upward and downward movement of the outer ends of the wing sections as the tool bar is pulled through the field. The double-acting flex cylinders also enable the wing sections to be disposed in a horizontally disposed condition when the wing sections have been pivotally moved upwardly to their folded and stacked position.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a stacking tool bar and more particularly to a stacking tool bar which includes means for enabling the wings of the tool bar to flex upwardly and downwardly as the tool bar is being pulled through a field and which also includes means for leveling the wing sections of the tool bar when the tool bar is in its folded and stacked condition.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many types of tool bars have been previously provided for supporting various agricultural implements behind a tractor in order to plant, cultivate, etc. As the tool bars have increased in length due to the fact that tractors are much larger than in previous years, it has been necessary to fold the tool bars from their field working positions to their transport positions so that they may be pulled on a road from one field to another. To overcome the problems of the prior art, stack-folding tool bars have been developed to support the various planters, etc., in an upright position when the tool bars are folded to their transport position. In many cases, when the tool bars are folded and stacked, the wing sections of the tool bars are not horizontally disposed. Yet another problem associated with the long tool bars heretofore available is that the wing sections of the tool bar were not able to properly flex to compensate for various ground irregularities.

Stacking tool bar including a wing flex structure


A method for damping torsional oscillations in a power production plant includes a drive train, a rotor fitted to a rotor-side end of the drive train, and a generator driven via the drive train and fitted to a generator-side end of the drive train. By using at least one angular position of the drive train at the generator-side end thereof, a torsional moment acting on the drive train is determined and used to control the generator.

The disclosure relates to a method for damping torsional vibrations, in particular in the drive train of energy generation installations, by means of closed-loop generator control and a device for implementing the method.
Drive trains comprising components such as gears, clutches and connecting elements (shafts), for example, are important parts of various electrical energy generation installations, such as, for example, wind energy installations, water power installations, etc.
The drive train performs the task of producing a mechanical connection between an input drive (for example a rotor of a wind energy installation) and an output drive (for example a corresponding generator), via which energy is transmitted by a rotary movement. Drive train components, such as gears, serve the purpose of converting the speed and the torque present at the input drive to values which correspond to the working range of the generator. If required, clutches are used for isolation between the input drive and the output drive and shafts produce the mechanical connection between the components involved. Other components, such as mechanical brakes or the like, can also be integrated in the drive train.
Since the components involved cannot be manufactured with any desired stiffness, but have a finite stiffness, they can be excited to produce natural vibrations. Such excitation can take place, for example, as a result of an input power which is not constant (in the case of wind energy installations, for example, as a result of gusts of wind or wind turbulences), as a result of external faults or as a result of self-motions of other installation components. Vibrations of a different origin can also result in vibrations in the drive train, in the case of a wind energy installation, for example, vibrations of the tower or vibrations as a result of meshing of a gear.
Vibrations have a disadvantageous effect on the life of the components involved, in particular the gear. Continuous pulsating loads increase the wear on the affected component parts and result in shorter replacement intervals, which has financial and technical implications for the installation and grid operator and reduces the installation's profits. In particular from the point of view of the predicted increase in the prevalence of wind energy installations in the offshore sector in the foreseeable future, this aspect will play an ever greater role since the replacement of damaged components will be even more difficult there. The aim is therefore to reduce these vibrations in order to extend the life of the components.
Although the present disclosure in the context of this application is described primarily with respect to wind energy installations, it is in no way restricted to wind energy installations or devices for energy generation, but can be used in principle in all devices in which torsional vibrations of shafts, spindles or the like, in particular also of shafts and spindles with interposed gears, can occur.
In order to avoid vibrations, it is known to configure the generator of an energy generation installation such that it can be adjusted by means of external actuating signals. In this case, the generator may be a double-fed asynchronous generator, for example, which is connected directly to the power supply system on the stator side and is supplied on the armature side via a DC voltage intermediate circuit, as a result of which voltages and currents of different frequencies and amplitudes can be impressed on the armature. Synchronous generators which are connected to the power supply system via converters with a DC intermediate circuit and are correspondingly adjustable are also used in the prior art. By virtue of the mentioned actuation possibilities, it is possible for the generator to be provided with a torque which is matched to the damage-causing vibrations, as a result of which it reduces these vibrations and correspondingly damps the torque present in the drive train.
Thus, DE 10 2007 019 907 B4 has disclosed a method which forms a control deviation on the basis of the generator speed via a vibrational delay element, from which a correction torque is determined for open-loop generator control.
A similar approach is pursued in US 2008/0067815, in accordance with which a signal is generated from changes in the generator speed, and this signal is used to realize damping via the generator actuating torque.
EP 1 507 331 A2 describes a method in which a generator actuating torque is generated from the generator speed specifically for synchronous generators.
Disadvantages with all of these solutions are considered to be the fact that the damage-causing vibrations of the torque are only determined with restricted accuracy and accordingly also the quality of the compensation operations is limited. In particular, the determination of the vibrations from the speed is subject to considerable inaccuracies.
By virtue of filtering the speed signal, this problem can be partially eliminated, but this increases the complexity in respect of damping and can result in further undesirable side effects, such as phase shifts of the signals.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,173,399 B2 has proposed, in this regard, measuring the torque via torque sensors and generating a corresponding actuating torque via load-commutated converters and current intermediate circuits. Instead of deriving an actuating torque from the speed, therefore, the torque itself is used directly, as a result of which the accuracy of the damping is improved. However, in this case the use of at least one further sensor is necessary in order to detect the torque to be damped. Therefore, the damping cannot be achieved on its own with the hardware already existing in an installation.
In the mentioned methods, there is the additional problem that vibrations are impressed on the torque present at the generator as a result of the compensation processes themselves, and these vibrations generally result in a correspondingly non-uniform electrical output power.
There is therefore a need for solutions which make it possible to continuously determine a torque, in particular in a drive train, on the basis of variables which are already determined, generally by means of existing hardware, and back-control (closed-loop) by means of adjusting a generator torque. In addition, there is a requirement for solutions for smoothing vibration-related fluctuations in the output power of such generators.

Method and device for damping torsional oscillations


A field effect transistor includes a substrate and a semiconductor layer provided on the substrate, wherein the semiconductor layer includes a lower barrier layer provided on the substrate, Ga-face grown, lattice relaxed, and having a composition In1−zAlzN (0≦z≦1), a channel layer having a composition of: AlxGa1−xN (0≦x≦1) or InyGa1−yN (0≦y≦1). Or GaN provided on and lattice-matched to the lower barrier layer, a source electrode and a drain electrode having ohmic contact to an upper part of the semiconductor layers, disposed spaced to each other, and a gate electrode arranged via a gate insulating film in a region lying between the source electrode and the drain electrode.

<Related Technique 1>
Related techniques of a semiconductor device including a group III nitride semiconductor as a principal raw material will be described in the below. FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating schematically a cross-section of a normally-off type field effect transistor exploiting the group III nitride semiconductor according to Related Technique 1. Such a field effect transistor is disclosed, for example, in Patent Literature 1. In Patent Literature 1, there is disclosed a normally-off type GaN based field effect transistor (FET) of a HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) structure that has a very small on-resistance when operating and that is capable of operating on a large current. It is noted that FIG. 11 is a drawing re-drafted in this application based on FIG. 1 and so on of Patent Literature 1. Referring to FIG. 11, the field effect transistor of the Related Technique 1 has a following arrangement:
A substrate 110 is a sapphire substrate which is a (0001) plane substrate, that is, a C-face substrate;    a buffer layer 111 is formed of GaN or AlGaN;    a channel layer 113 is formed of GaN; and    an electron supplying layer 114 is formed of AlGaN.
On the electron supplying layer 114 that is an upper most semiconductor layer, a source electrode 121 and a drain electrode 122 are disposed to be spaced to each other. Each of the source and drain electrodes 121 and 122 has ohmic contact to the electron supplying layer 114.
A semiconductor surface located between the source electrode 121 and the drain electrode 122 is covered by a SiN protective film 131. The protective film 131 has an opening formed in a part thereon and a groove-shaped recess 141 is formed in a semiconductor portion lying directly underneath the opening in the protective film 131.
There is arranged a gate insulating film 132, formed of Al2O3, for example, to cover sides and a bottom surface of the recess 141. A gate electrode 123 is arranged on the gate insulating film 132.
In the channel layer 113 on a heterojunction interface between the channel layer 113 and the electron supplying layer 114, there is generated a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) 151. However, in a location of a channel layer in which the gate insulating film 132 is arranged in place of the electron supplying layer 114 (recess 141) and the electron supplying layer 114 is not provided, no two-dimensional electron gas is generated. That is, spreading of the two-dimensional electron gas 151 in two-dimensional directions is interrupted at a location where the gate insulating film 132 is arranged. Thus, when the gate is opened, a drain current (drain-to-source current) flowing through the channel layer 113 is suppressed. When a pre-set bias voltage is applied to the gate electrode 123, an inverted population layer of electrons is formed at a location of the channel layer 113 directly underneath the gate insulating film 132. The two-dimensional electron gas, which was interrupted before applying the gate voltage, is connected via the inverted population layer, thus exhibiting an operation (FET operation) of a field effect transistor (a normally-off type FET).
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an energy-band underneath a gate in an equilibrium state of the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 11. When a positive voltage is applied to the gate electrode, there occurs a state in which the Fermi level of the semiconductor is higher than a conduction band, so that electrons are accumulated in an interface between an insulation film and the semiconductor. A gate voltage, in which such a state is produced, is termed a 'threshold voltage', which is one of crucial indices of a field effect transistor.
In particular, in the case where a normally off transistor is used as a switching device for power control, a threshold voltage greater than or equal to +3V is required in order to secure safety which takes account of noise immunity.    Patent Literature 1: International Laid-Open Gazette of 2003/071607 (WO2003/071607)    Patent Literature 2: International Laid-Open Gazette of 2009/081584 (WO2009/081584)    Non-Patent Literature 1: Journal of Physics, vol. 14, pp. 3399 to 3434, 2002

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Semiconductor device and field effect transistor with controllable threshold voltage


A testing system includes a signal emitter, a signal collection apparatus, and an analyzer. The signal emitter emits electromagnetic signals to cause electromagnetic interference in an electronic device. The signal collection apparatus collects the signals outputted by the target electronic device and includes a light emitter and an optical fiber. The analyzer is electronically connected to the signal collection apparatus. The light emitter emits light beams which reproduce the signals collected by the signal collection apparatus, and optical fiber transmits the light beams to the analyzer, the analyzer receives the light beams and reconstitutes the original electrical signals, and analyzes determines the electronic device performance while being subjected to the electromagnetic interference.

1. Technical Field
The disclosure generally relates to testing systems, and particularly to a system for testing anti-electromagnetic interference abilities.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electronic devices (e.g., televisions) are subjected to tests of immunity against ambient electromagnetic interference. During the tests, a signal emitter (e.g., an antenna) is placed adjacent to the electronic device to emit electromagnetic signals for interfering with the electronic device, and a signal collection apparatus collects video signals from the electronic device. Then, the signal collection apparatus transmits the video signals to an analyzer via a coaxial cable, and the analyzer determines the characteristics of the electronic device in rejecting electromagnetic interference, according to the video signals.
However, the signal collection apparatus cannot collect audio signals from the electronic device, which may cause a gap in the results or an imprecise testing result. Additionally, the electromagnetic signals may interfere with video signals because of the use of the coaxial cable.
Therefore, there is room for improvement within the art.

Testing system for anti-electromagnetic interference

ShenZhen Treasure City Technology Co., LTD.


A method and apparatus for Magnetic Resonance Imaging with specialized imaging coils possessing high Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR). Imaging and/or Radio Frequency receiving coils include a ballistic electrical conductor such as carbon nanotubes, the ballistic electrical conductor having a resistance that does not increase significantly with length. Due to their enhanced SNR properties, system designs with smaller static magnetic field strength can be constructed for the same quality of imaging, leading to substantial reductions in system size and cost, as well as to enhanced imaging with existing MRI systems.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology is common today in larger medical institutions worldwide, and has led to huge benefits in the practice of medicine. A significant factor impeding further increased use of this versatile imaging technology is the typically high cost of both purchase and maintenance of MRI systems.
The costs associated with the design and manufacture of such systems are due mainly to the need to generate large and very homogeneous static magnetic fields, as well as the need to generate gradient fields for imaging with such systems. Such large static fields are currently required to obtain high image quality and resolution.

Method and apparatus for high-gain magnetic resonance imaging


An apparatus which enables one person to move a patient lying in a bed up towards the head of the bed comprised of a horizontal beam placed behind the head board with a winch affixed thereto with cables running through pulleys positioned on the beam transversely to a drawsheet on the surface of the bed. The drawsheet is made with reinforced corners with locking/unlocking clips affixed thereto for attachment to the cables and has a bottom panel made of satin or other slippery fabric material to reduce friction when the patient lying thereon is drawn up towards the head board of the bed by one person turning the crank of the winch. The drawsheet is then unlocked from the cable and removed after the patient has been repositioned as desired.

It is statistically known that two people are required to perform this repositioning function by placing a drawsheet under the patient and positioning themselves, one on each side, so as to lift and slide the patient towards the head of the bed. When the patient is in a double bed rather than a hospital or single bed this requires additional brute strength and discomfort to both the caregiver and the patient.
It therefore becomes a principal object of the present invention to reduce the number of people to perform this procedure from two persons to one person.
Another object of this invention is to utilize a geared down winch, either electrical or manual, so geared to reduce the effort required to slide the patient positioned on the drawsheet towards the head of the bed.
Another object of this invention is to utilize a drawsheet constructed with a low friction fabric such as satin for a bottom panel to contact the bed sheet and slide easily thereon.
Another object of this invention is to minimize discomfort to the patient by the gentle movement of the drawsheet.


A method and apparatus for operating a peripheral system having one or more peripheral devices coupled to at least one bus is described. When a bus master initiates a transaction with a peripheral device that ends in an abort condition (such as a Master Abort condition in a PCI architecture), the bus master generates an interrupt (such as the System Management Interrupt) to a central processing unit (CPU). When the interrupt is received, the CPU then attempts to determine the cause of the abort condition. For example, if the peripheral device is operating in a low power consumption mode, the CPU attempts to power up the device so that a retry of the transaction will be successful. Since the peripheral devices can be kept in a low power consumption mode until accessed by a bus master, the power consumption for the computer system is greatly reduced.

The present invention pertains to a method and apparatus for managing peripheral devices coupled to a bus, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for handling abort conditions arising during accesses of peripheral devices in a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) environment.
An example of a system implemented in a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) architecture is shown in FIG. 1. A CPU 1 is coupled to a host bus 3 comprising signal lines for control, address, and data information. A first bridge circuit (also called a host bridge, host-to-PCI bridge, or North bridge circuit) 5 is coupled between the host bus and the PCI bus 7 comprising signal lines for control information and address/data information. The bridge circuit 5 contains cache controller circuitry and main memory controller circuitry to control accesses to cache memory 9 and main memory 11. Data from the main memory 11 can be transferred to/from the data lines of the host bus 3 and the address/data lines of the PCI bus 7 via the bridge circuit 5. A plurality of peripheral devices P1, P2, . . . are coupled to the PCI bus 7 which can be any of a variety of devices such as a SCSI host bus adapter, a LAN adapter, a graphics adapter, an audio peripheral device, etc. A second bridge circuit (also known as a South bridge) 15 is coupled between the PCI bus 7 and an expansion bus 17 such as an ISA or EISA bus. Coupled to the expansion bus are a plurality of peripheral devices such as a bus master 18, an I/O slave 19, and a memory slave 20. A bus master is a device that is capable of initiating a data transfer with another device.
The second bridge 15 typically contains one or more controllers for handling Direct Memory Access (DMA) between the main memory 11 and a peripheral coupled to the expansion bus 17. One such controller is the 82C37A-5 high performance programmable DMA controller manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. A description of the operation of the 8237A controller can be found, for example, at pages 5-4 to 5-21 of the databook "Peripheral Components" .COPYRGT.1995 published by Intel Corporation, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Two such 8237 controllers can be coupled together in a known manner to set up seven standard programming model DMA channels for seven devices coupled to the expansion bus 17 or PCI bus 7. As is also known in the art, the DMA controllers handle the I/O "handshaking" signals that exist on the expansion bus 17 and the PCI bus 7 when data is being transferred to/from the main memory 11 (for example) and the peripheral devices coupled to these busses 7, 17 without intervention by the CPU 1. The CPU 1 and the DMA controllers communicate via the control signal lines appearing on the host bus 3 and the PCI bus 7 through bridge 5.
In a typical DMA transfer between a peripheral device and the main memory 11, the CPU 1 first initiates registers in the DMA controller concerning the start address in main memory, the type of transfer (e.g., read or write operation), etc. These registers are assigned to a particular DMA channel, which in turn is assigned to the target peripheral device. Subsequent to the CPU access of the appropriate registers in the DMA controller, a DMA transfer takes place under the control of the DMA controller without further intervention by the CPU.
An enhancement to the DMA system described above is the Distributed Direct Memory Access (DDMA) system. A protocol for implementing DDMA for bus systems such as a PCI bus system has been promulgated by Compaq Computer Corporation and others entitled "Distributed DMA Support for PCI Systems" Revision 6.0, Sep. 1, 1995, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In contrast to the DMA system, in a DDMA system, the independent, standard programming model Bus Master channels are distributed among peripheral devices, where these registers normally reside in the DMA controller in the DMA system described above. In other words, the registers associated with individual DMA channels can physically reside outside of the DMA controller in the second bridge circuit 15 and on devices coupled, for example, to the PCI bus 7. The effect is that when the CPU 1 attempts to access a distributed DMA channel, a DDMA Master component (not shown in FIG. 1) translates the PCI I/O reads and writes to the DMA I/O channel into reads and writes to a DMA Slave (e.g., an audio peripheral device). For this DDMA protocol, the DDMA Master component is defined which monitors signals appearing on the PCI bus 7. In a typical DDMA transfer, the CPU 1 continues to access the DMA controller in the second bridge circuit 15. If an access is attempted to a DMA channel that is distributed in some PCI peripheral, the DDMA Master collects or distributes the data before letting the CPU complete its accesses to the DMA channel. The DDMA Master will assert the necessary control signal(s) such that the CPU "thinks" that it is accessing a standard 8237-based design even though those registers are not located with the DMA controller(s).
There are several situations in which a peripheral will not respond during an access by the CPU or another bus master component. These situations include where: 1) the peripheral device is electrically shut off, 2) the peripheral is coupled to an additional PCI bus coupled to the PCI bus 7 and the additional PCI bus is physically detached from the PCI bus 7 (e.g., when a notebook computer is pulled out of a docking station) or the bridge circuit coupling the two busses together is not operating properly, 3) the clock to such an additional PCI bus is shut off, or 4) the peripheral is in a low power mode and is unable to respond. In a DDMA system or otherwise, if the peripheral device will not respond (i.e., it will not claim the transaction by asserting the DEVSEL# signal), the host bridge 5 (or the bus master in question) will perceive a Master Abort on the bus. During such a process the host bridge 5 will deassert the IRDY# signal line and return the bus to an idle state so that it is available for use by another bus master device. In executing a Master Abort, the PCI bus master must set its Master Abort Detected (or Received Master Abort) bit in its configuration status register.
The software that ultimately is seeking the transfer of data to/from the peripheral device may determine that the peripheral device is being accessed even though a Master Abort has occurred which can lead to errors in operation. Also, peripheral devices that are powered down cannot be accessed at all by another device until such time as the peripheral device is powered up. Accordingly, there is a need for a method and apparatus that provides for a peripheral device to be easily powered up so as to participate in PCI I/O without a significant loss of performance. There is also a need for a bus system architecture that provides for lower overall system power consumption. Furthermore, there is a need for a method and apparatus for managing peripheral devices that allows for determining causes for Master Abort errors that occur in a computer system.

Method and apparatus for management of peripheral devices coupled to a bus


Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for detecting a crack in a small-bore piping system. The apparatus includes a sensor unit, a bobbin coil, a power supply unit, and a signal reception unit. The sensor unit is configured such that a plurality of magnetic sensors is arranged thereon and formed to be cylindrical. The bobbin coil is wound around the outside surface of the sensor unit. The power supply unit applies direct current (DC) power to the sensor unit and alternating current (AC) power to the bobbin coil. The signal reception unit quantifies a signal from the sensor unit. The sensor unit detects the distribution of a magnetic-field attributable to the crack in the small-bore piping system based on the AC power applied to the bobbin coil.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for detecting a crack.
2. Description of the Related Art
If the heat exchangers such as a condenser, conductor and steam generator of a nuclear power plant, the barrel of a gun, an oil pipeline, or the like is damaged because of the corrosion, fatigue or crack of its piping system, a very serious accident may occur. In order to prevent such accidents, apparatuses for detecting a crack in a small-bore piping system, such as an eddy current testing (ECT) apparatus, have been developed.
Conventional apparatuses for detecting a crack in a small-bore piping system chiefly use a pickup coil or a pancake coil.
A detection apparatus using a pickup coil functions to allow the pickup coil to be inserted into a small-bore piping system, apply an alternating current (AC) current to an input coil side, measure a current induced on an output coil side, and then detect a crack. This detection apparatus is disadvantageous in that it is difficult to detect a small crack because the size of its sensor is large, and it is also difficult to estimate the shape or size of a crack.
A detection apparatus using a pancake coil functions to allow a small pancake-type coil to be inserted into a piping system, move the coil in the axial direction of the piping system while rotating the coil, and then measure a change in induced current inside the piping system in two dimensions. While this detection apparatus is advantageous in that it can measure a small crack and measure the shape and size of a crack, it is disadvantageous in that a scanner is required, a long time is required to perform measurement and the size of a sensor is limited.

Apparatus and method for detecting crack in small-bore piping system

INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION CHOSUN UNIVERSITY


A universal hand tool joiner device (10) comprising a rotary power source (12). A utility attachment (14) is coupled to and driven by the rotary power source (12). The utility attachment (14) will perform longitudinal precision wood working tasks, such as making apertures in ends of wood pieces (16), in which a dowel can be inserted into two apertures in abutting ends of two wood pieces (116) to hold them together.

1. Field of the Invention
The instant invention relates generally to electric power tools and more specifically it relates to a universal hand tool joiner device. The universal hand tool joiner device is provided, in which various attachments can engage with a portable electric motor unit to cut slots and drill holes in abutting ends of wood pieces, so that flat dowels can be used to hold the wood pieces together.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Numerous electric power tools have been provided in prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,111,060 to Nerini; 4,949,463 to Chen; 4,972,589 to Povleski; 5,239,758 to Lindell; 5,313,709 to Pabon-Delgado and 5,392,519 to Inove et al. all are illustrative of such prior art. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose to which they address, they would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described.
A drill attachment for coverting rotary motion of a drill chuck into reciprocatory motion includes a tool support member movable longitudinally along a guide bracket and having one surface with a plurality of cam surfaces thereon. The movement thereof is in response to rotation of an elongated shaft having one end portion thereof received in the drill chuck and an enlarged portion on the other end of the shaft with a plurality of cam surfaces thereon and in engagement with the cam surfaces on the one surface of the tool support member. The cam surfaces on the tool support member and the cam surfaces on the enlarged portion of the shaft are resiliently retained in engagement, one with the other.
A sawing device attachable to regular electric drill, having a main body with a revolving shaft set thereinside to protrude therebeyond to drive an inner spiral gear set to rotate, so as to further let an eccentric strut on a longitudinal gear push and pull a front link rod to make reciprocating motion to further carry the front prolonged saw blade to saw. The main body comprising a drill sleeve for fixation with regular electric drill tool to let the revolving shaft be fixedly connected with the revolving body of an electric drill, so as to make use of the revolving power of the electric drill to drive the sawing device to saw.
Attachments for a power source such as a rotary drill. Such attachments can be fixedly secured to the power source. Turning power on to the source drives a shaft which drives a gear mechanism which drives a utility wood working head, such as a circular saw or power sander. The power source may be turned on indirectly by a false trigger mechanism slideably attached to a housing, so enclosing the drive shaft and assisting to support the apparatus.
A sawing device is attachable to an electric hand drill. The hand drill can be operated by either alternating current or direct current, using a battery. The battery operated drill eliminates the need for electrical cords, so it can be used anywhere. The saw bar may be made of material such as plastic that requires no lubricating oil, is lighter and less abrasive than conventional metal saw bars. There is also a non-metallic insert that will attach to a metal saw bar. This insert may go into the conventional metal saw bars with the same advantages as above. The hand drill rotation is transferred through a connecting shaft to the sprocket that drives the cutting chain, which travels on a chain bar with a single sprocket.
A hack saw attachment for converting a power driven saber saw or other reciprocable tool to a power driven hack saw includes a plate having a hack saw frame fixed perpendicular thereto. The sole plate of a saber saw is provided with openings for releasable connectors whereby the plate of the attachment is easily connected to the saber saw sole plate. The hack saw frame carries guides at its inner and outer ends, the inner end of the blade passes through the inner guide for attachment to the saber saw arbor. The outer guide carries a second arbor for the outer end of the blade and a spring acts on the outer arbor to ensure proper tension of the hack saw blade during cutting. The hack saw frame carries a handle to facilitate manual reciprocation of the hack saw as it is also reciprocated by the saber saw drive, to ensure even wear of the hack saw teeth along the length of the blade.
A reciprocating saw includes a body and a slider supported by the body such that the slider is slideably movable in a longitudinal direction of the body and is pivotally movable in a vertical direction. A first motion conversion mechanism is operable to convert the rotational movement of the rotary member into a reciprocal movement of the slider in the longitudinal direction. A second motion conversion mechanism is operable to convert the rotational movement of the rotary member into a reciprocal pivotal movement of the slider in the vertical direction. The second motion conversion mechanism includes an arm having one end vertically pivotally connected to the slider. An actuating member is rotatable with the rotary member and has an abutting surface on which the other end of the arm slideably abuts. The abutting position of the other end of the arm on the abutting surface is varied as the actuating member is rotated, so that the vertical position of one end of the arm is varied.


To provide a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) aqueous dispersion, which does not substantially contain ammonium perfluorooctanoate and is excellent in mechanical stability, wettability, permeability and coating property, and its product.

Heretofore, PTFE formed by an emulsion polymerization method is obtained as an aqueous PTFE emulsion containing PTFE fine particles, by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter referred to as TFE) in the presence of e.g. an aqueous medium, a polymerization initiator, ammonium perfluorooctanoate (hereinafter referred to as APFO) which is an emulsifier, a stabilizing agent such as paraffin wax (Non-Patent Document 1).
However, it has been pointed out that APFO has an accumulation potential in a body of a small animal, and with respect to an aqueous PTFE emulsion formed by an emulsion polymerization method by using APFO, there has been a concern expressed about an adverse effect to ecosystem. Further, there is the same concern about a PTFE product obtained by using the obtained aqueous PTFE emulsion.
As a PTFE emulsion polymerization by using an emulsifier other than APFO, an emulsion polymerization method to obtain an aqueous PTFE emulsion by using an anionic surfactant which does not contain a fluorine atom, is proposed (for example, Patent Document 1). However, by this method, only an aqueous PTFE emulsion having a relatively low concentration is obtained, and there is a problem such that the obtained PTFE has not enough physical property.
Further, an emulsion polymerization method to obtain an aqueous PTFE emulsion by using a fluorinated emulsifier other than APFO, is proposed (for example, Patent Document 2). However, by this method, the obtained aqueous PTFE emulsion has poor wettability and low permeability when it is attempted to impregnate it into a porous material. Therefore, it has a problem such that when it is applied on a metal plate for coating, it tends to be repelled. Further, this aqueous PTFE emulsion has a low mechanical stability, and there is a problem such that when the emulsion is transferred by a pump, coagulates tend to be formed. The above problems or their solutions are not described in Patent Document 2, and a PTFE product is not described either.
In Examples in Patent Document 3, CF3CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4 is disclosed as an emulsifier, but it has been found that this emulsifier has a higher bioaccumulation potential than APFO.
Patent Document 1: JP-B-45-39829
Patent Document 2: JP-B-39-24263
Patent Document 3: JP-A-2003-119204
Non-Patent Document 1: Handbook of Fluororesins P. 28, edited by Takaomi Satokawa, published by Nikkankogyo Shimbun.

Polytetrafluoroethylene aqueous dispersion and its product

Abstract: A PTFE aqueous dispersion comprising from 15 to 70 mass % of PTFE fine particles having an average particle size of from 0.1 to 0.5 μm, from 1×10−5 to 0.5 mass %, based on the mass of the PTFE, of a fluorinated emulsifier of the formula (1): XCF2CF2(O)mCF2CF2OCF2COOA, wherein X is a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom, A is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal or NH4 and m is an integer of 0 or 1, and from 1 to 20 mass %, based on the mass of the PTFE, of a nonionic surfactant.


The present invention provides a navigation apparatus capable of distinguishing characters displayed in a display screen. Names of objects to be displayed on a road map are respectively indicated with the characters of the font types corresponding to categories of the objects such as an administrative district, a facility, a natural feature and so on. Accordingly, a user of the navigation apparatus can readily distinguish and recognize the characters showing the various kinds of the objects.

A conventional navigation apparatus displays on a road map characters showing names of various kinds of facilities, natural features, roads, and so on, in addition to names of administrative districts such as prefectures, cities, towns, villages. The characters are stored in advance, as image data having different font sizes or outline font data. The characters are displayed by using the image data or outline font data.
Here, since the image data or outline font data shows characters of only one font type, the conventional navigation apparatus changes the colors or sizes of the characters in purposes of highlighting and differentiating the characters in accordance with categories of the objects shown thereby.
However, in a case where the colors of the characters are changed, since the roads are indicated with the different colors depending on the road categories (toll road, national highway, city road, or the like), if the color of the character assimilates to one of the road colors, it results in inferior character recognition.
As for the size of the character, it is difficult to change the sizes of the characters on an operating page, such as a menu page of the navigation apparatus, for setting or performing various kinds of functions of the navigation apparatus.


Disclosed are a method of manufacturing a black column spacer that includes preparing a substrate; forming a first organic layer on the substrate; forming a second organic layer on the first organic layer; performing exposure on the substrate on which the first organic layer and the second organic layer are formed using a half-tone mask; and developing the substrate and curing the resultant product, a black column spacer manufactured using the manufacturing method, and a color filter including the black column spacer.

A photosensitive resin composition is used in the manufacture of display devices such as a color filter, a liquid crystal display material, an organic light emitting diode, a display panel material, and the like. A color filter such as a color liquid crystal display and the like should include a black matrix on the border between colored layers such as red, green, blue, and the like to enhance display contrast or chromophore effects. This black matrix may be formed of a photosensitive resin composition.
There have been recent attempts to use the black matrix material as a column spacer supporting two TFT's and a C/F substrate having a liquid crystal layer therebetween. This column spacer is referred to as a black column spacer.
The black column spacer may properly function when a pattern step difference is accomplished by adjusting an exposure dose with a mask as well as basic characteristics such as compression displacement, an elasticity recovery rate, breaking strength, and the like are fulfilled. In addition, since the black column spacer exists upmost and may generate liquid crystal contamination, there is also a need to provide a black column spacer with reliability and solvent resistance (chemical resistance for a solvent).

Method of manufacturing black column spacer, black column spacer, and color filter


Disclosed is an oil-soluble lubricating oil additive composition, suitable for use as a dispersant viscosity index improver in lubricating oils; prepared by the process which comprises reacting a hydrocarbon polymer having a number average molecular weight (Mn) between about 7,000 and about 500,000 wherein the polymer backbone has been functionalized with an ethylenically unsaturated acylating agent and a hydroxyl-linked polycyclic fused ring component.

Hydrocarbon polymers, particularly ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers, are in widespread use as viscosity index (V.I.) improving additives for oil compositions, particularly lubricating oil compositions. A substantial body of prior art exists directed towards further reacting these ethylene-alpha olefin copolymer V.I. improvers to form a multi-functional V.I. improver. This multi-functional V.I. Improver additive is used to improve not only the V.I. properties of the oil but often to also impart dispersancy so as to suspend soot or sludge that may form during the operation or use of the lubricant in engines. Other multi-functional V.I. improvers have also been reported to impart antiwear and antioxidant properties, both of which are very useful for sustained engine operation.
The most common method to preparing dispersant V.I. improvers involves first grafting ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers with an ethylenically unsaturated component, typically maleic anhydride, followed by reaction of the grafted polymer with a polyamine. The polyamine used to impart the multifunctional characteristics can be highly variable in nature and includes the use of polyamines that are both aliphatic and aromatic in nature.
Many patents disclose the use of alkylene polyamines with grafted copolymers. U.S. Pat. No. 3,316,177, issued Apr. 25, 1967 to Dorer, teaches the use of alkylene polyamines with ethylene-propylene copolymers grafted with maleic anhydride. This composition is taught to be a useful additive for fuels, lubricants and petroleum fractions to inhibit the formation of harmful deposits.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,739, issued Jul. 10, 1979, to Stambaugh et al. discloses graft copolymers wherein the backbone polymer is a polymeric hydrocarbon such as substantially linear ethylene-propylene copolymer and the grafted units are the residues of a monomer system comprising maleic acid or anhydride and one or more other monomers copolymerizable therewith. The graft copolymer system is post-reacted with a polyamine compound comprising a primary or secondary amine. The graft copolymers are stated to impart combined, detergent, viscosity index improvement and other useful properties to lubricating oils and hydrocarbon motor fuels.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,735,736, issued Apr. 5, 1988, to Chung discloses oil-soluble ethylene-alpha olefin hydrocarbon polymers, useful as V.I. improvers, preferably ethylene-propylene copolymer, grafted with an unsaturated acid material, such as maleic anhydride, followed by reaction with a polyamine, preferably a tertiary-primary amine, and treatment and/or reaction with aliphatic monoamine. The resulting material is used in oil compositions, such as lubricating oil, as a viscosity index improver having sludge dispersancy properties. The monoamine treatment is stated to inhibit viscosity growth of the additive upon storage.
Polyamines containing aromatic functionality are also well described in the patent literature. U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,623, issued Sep. 5, 1989, to Nalesnik discloses an additive composition comprising a graft and an amine-derivatized copolymer prepared from ethylene and at least one C3 to C10 alpha-monoolefin which has been reacted with at least one olefinic carboxylic acid acylating agent to form one or more acylating reaction intermediates characterized by having a carboxylic acid acylating group within their structure and reacting the reaction intermediate with an amino-aromatic polyamine to form the graft and amine-derivatized copolymer. A lubricating oil composition containing the amine-derivatized copolymer is also disclosed.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,757, issued Jul. 4, 1995, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,118, issued Oct. 8, 1996, to Mishra et al. disclose an additive composition comprising a graft and derivatized copolymer prepared from an ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer which has been reacted with at least one olefinic carboxylic acid acylating agent to form one or more acylating reaction intermediates and reacting the reaction intermediate with an amino-aromatic compound. A lubricating oil composition containing the same is also provided.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,471, issued Aug. 24, 1999 to Kapuscinski et al., discloses the preparation of dispersant olefin copolymers that also have antioxidant properties. This example uses specific aromatic polyamines such as phenothiazines and N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine that are reacted in combination with ethylene-propylene copolymers that have been grafted with an ethylenically unsaturated group. The additive composition is said to impart V.I. improver, dispersancy, antiwear, and antioxidant properties when used in a lubricating oil.
The use of monoamines with copolymers grafted with ethylenically unsaturated groups is also described, though to a lesser extent than polyamine functionality. U.S. Pat. No. 7,790,661 B2, issued Sep. 7, 2010 to Covitch et al., teaches the use of several aromatic monoamines to prepare functionalized polymers with improved soot handling performance when used in a lubricating oil.

Viscosity improver grafted with unsaturated acylating agent and a polyaromatic hydrocarbon


An air conditioning system suitable for use in an electric vehicle. In the system, an air conditioning mechanism for air-conditioning the driver and passenger room of the vehicle is disposed in the vehicle. A sensor is attached to at least one window or disposed in the vicinity of the window. The sensor outputs a signal for making a decision as to whether or not the window is in a clear state. A glass heating device is used to heat each such window. When it is determined based on the output signal of the sensor that a window is unclear, either iced or foggy, a control device is activated to energize the glass heating device and to output a signal for controlling the power used by the air conditioning mechanism. Thus, water or moisture condensed on the surface of each window or ice formed on the surface thereof can be quickly removed. Further, the total amount of energy to be used by the air conditioning system can be reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an air conditioning system suitable for use in an electric vehicle, and more specifically to such an air conditioning system which is capable of energizing a glass heating means for heating a front or rear window glass in preference to the energization of a space air conditioning mechanism when the front window glass, the rear window glass, etc. are in an iced or foggy state.
2. Description of the Related Art
The concept of mounting an air conditioner in a vehicle and controlling temperature, humidity, airflow, etc. inside of the vehicle so as to ensure comfortable driving, has heretofore been effected. Also, an apparatus for removing water or moisture condensed on the front and rear windows with electric resistance heaters or the like incorporated in the glass and avoiding an iced state of each of the front and rear windows, has widely been used to permit safe driving of the vehicle.
When the vehicle is an electric vehicle, for example, the limited or finite energy available should be effectively used. However, when the air conditioner and the heater incorporated into each window glass or the like as described above are simultaneously activated, for example, the energy used is temporarily increased, thereby causing a problem that the running or driving range distance of the vehicle and the running speed thereof are greatly restricted.
An air conditioner suitable for an electric vehicle has been proposed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 2-220913, for example. In that proposal, the technical idea of using an inverter for controlling a motor used to drive a compressor for an air conditioner irrespective of the motor used for the running of the vehicle, has been disclosed. The number of rotations of the compressor driving motor can be changed according to cooling and heating loads under the control of the inverter. Therefore, the compressor can provide the required cooling and heating ability as needed. In the existing technical idea, however, a problem of excess energy usage occur when the air conditioner and heating means for the two pieces of front and rear window glass are simultaneously energized, and no solution has yet been proposed although the compressor itself can be effectively controlled.
Further, the technical idea how to locate a sensor or how to detect the state of dimness of a piece of front window glass or the like at the time of its detection, has been disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 2-304343 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-36180. However, the above-described problem which has been pointed out by the present applicant, is not yet definitely solved.

Air conditioning system with reduced energy consumption during defrosting for an electric vehicle


A method provides a knowledgebase having a set of existing print product classes into which print product descriptions are classified. The method receives the new print product class from a user and maps the representation of new print product class conditions to be semantically consistent with the representation of existing class conditions. The method evaluates the new print product class to produce user feedback. The user feedback is output to the user. The new print product class is added to the knowledgebase only if the new print product class is valid and free of errors and semantically consistent with the definitions of already existing print product classes.

Embodiments herein generally relate to incorporating new product types (classes) into an existing workflow system, and more particularly to a system and method that use semantics to validate user added product types so that the new product types will be consistent and not conflict with existing product types.
In existing workflow systems, product descriptions (e.g., JDF® Product Intent) are automatically classified into a product type or product class (e.g., Business Card) using a rules-based system. As workflow systems become more dynamically configurable, the addition of new product types and the rules to classify product descriptions into new product types provides for increased sophistication and complexity of the classifier.
For example, as described in U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0242002, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, the JDF® (Job Definition Format) is an industry standard designed to simplify information exchange between different applications and systems in and around the graphic arts industry. JDF® is a registered trademark of the International Cooperation for the Integration of Processes in Prepress, Press and Postpress Organization (CIP4) Zurich, Switzerland and specifies the information required to complete a customer intended print job. JDF® enables the integration of commercial and planning applications into the technical workflow. JDF® is a comprehensive XML-based (extensible markup language-based) file format industry standard for end-to-end job ticket specifications combined with a message description standard and message interchange protocol.
Generally, the information in JDF® is organized into nodes in a hierarchical tree of print-related processes and resources that each process produces and consumes. An XML-based JDF® job describes the status of processes and resources at a particular instance. An MIS (Management Information System) is responsible for estimating, tracking, controlling and monitoring the entire production workflow.
Thus, JDF® allows XML-based description of all the processes needed to complete a print product, from job submission through prepress, press and post press. Each process is defined in terms of the consumed input resources and produced output resources. Resources produced by one process might be required by other processes, and processes are interconnected in a chain of processes to form a complete workflow. Processes may share resources and be interconnected in sequential, parallel, overlapping and iteration fashions.
The embodiments herein can use an application, such as JDF®, within any apparatus, such as a copier, multifunction machine, printer, or other printing apparatus. Such a printing apparatus includes interconnected items such as a printing device (or printing engine), a processor, a storage device, etc. The storage device is adapted to maintain a knowledgebase having a set of defined product types or classes (such as print product types or classes) into which product descriptions (e.g., print product descriptions) are classified, wherein each defined print product type or class is comprised of existing type or class conditions. The conditions describe the print products, which are associated with templates that are used to create a workflow for producing a print product instance (the actual printed output).
In addition, an apparatus according to embodiments herein includes some form of user interface, such as a graphic user interface that is adapted to receive a new type or class (such as a new print product type or class) that is created by the user. For purposes herein, a "new type or class" is one that is not previously within the set of existing defined print product types that are in the knowledgebase. The new print product type similarly is defined with print product type conditions. Further, the embodiments herein include a mapper that is adapted to map the vocabulary of knowledge such that the representation of newly defined print product type conditions are semantically consistent with the representation of existing type conditions that may be expressed in a different vocabulary.
Embodiments herein use an evaluator to evaluate the new print product type to produce user feedback. More specifically, the evaluator is adapted to perform actions such as identifying ones of the existing print product types that overlap the new print product type, identifying the new print product type conditions that are inconsistent with associated existing conditions, identifying mutually exclusive conditions within the new print product type conditions, validating the new print product type conditions with respect to capabilities of print products, services and devices that will be used to physically produce the new print product type, identifying whether the new print product type is valid and free of errors, etc. The processor can incorporate the new print product type into the knowledgebase as one of the existing print product types if the new print product type is valid and free of errors, thereby preventing inappropriate new product types from being incorporated to the knowledgebase.
The graphic user interface or printing apparatus is used to output this user feedback. If the existing print product types overlap the new print product type, the graphic user interface is further adapted to request input from the user regarding which overlapping print product type has precedence. Also, when receiving the new print product type, the graphic user interface will restrict the new print product type conditions to a predefined vocabulary.
A method embodiment herein uses such an apparatus to first provide the knowledgebase having the set of existing print product types into which the print product descriptions are classified. The method receives the new print product type from the user and maps the representation of new print product type conditions to be semantically consistent with the representation of existing type conditions.
The method also evaluates the new print product type to produce user feedback. This evaluation process includes identifying those of the existing print product types that overlap the new print product type, identifying the new print product type conditions that are inconsistent with existing conditions within an associated existing print product type, identifying mutually exclusive conditions within the new print product type conditions, validating the new print product type conditions with respect to capabilities of print products, services and devices that will be used to physically produce the new print product type, identifying whether the new print product type is valid and free of errors, etc. The user feedback is output to the user. Once again, the new print product type can be incorporated into the knowledgebase as one of the existing print product types if the new print product type is valid and free of errors.
Also, if the existing print product types overlap the new print product type, the method requests input from the user regarding which overlapping print product type has precedence. When receiving the new print product type, the method restricts the new print product type conditions to those within the predefined vocabulary of the knowledgebase.
The existing conditions comprise definitions of the product descriptions which are associated with workflow templates to create a workflow for producing a product instance. Also, the print product descriptions are classified within the types based on semantic matches between the print product descriptions and the existing type conditions.
These and other features are described in, or are apparent from, the following detailed description.

Semantically validating print product definitions


A multiple antenna system for using a relay station with multiple antennas is provided. The system includes a base station for determining encoded data processing procedure based on first and second channel state information, determining a relaying procedure of the relay station, and sending the relaying procedure to the relay station based on the first and second channel state information; wherein the encoded data is terminating to a mobile station; the relay station for receiving data and the relay procedure which the base station sent, converting and sending the data according to the relaying procedure, and sending the first channel state information to the base station as a measured state of channel which receives the data; and the mobile station for receiving the data which the relay station sent, and sending the second channel state information to the relay station as a measured state of channel which receives the data.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a typical cellular communication system including a relay station.
In FIG. 1, using fixed relay stations boosts coverage in cellular networks. This is a low-cost and low-complexity solution to meet requirements of high data rate communications even in highly attenuated propagation environments such as cell-edges. This fact can be applied to all communication system using a fixed relay station.
For better performance, applying MIMO technology to base station and mobile station is under progress, and when the MIMO technology is applied to the fixed relay station, better performance can be achieved. Multi-user transmission is the most important part in the MIMO technology.
However, the current research on the fixed relay station has focused on the single user transmission and multiuser transmission using the MIMO technology is not studied enough.

Apparatus and method for transmission and reception in multiple input multiple output system with relay station

Board of Regents, The University of Texas System


The disclosure relates to a method for collecting gassy residues in fuel filling plants and fuel tanks and apparatus for carrying out the method. The method includes the following phases: removing the residual gases during a refueling phase, subjecting some to a condensation phase (3) up until the gas passes into a liquid stage, bringing the liquid thus produced up to the refueling station or to a collection tank (4).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method for collecting residual gases in fuel filling plants and in fuel tanks, and an apparatus therefor. The term tank,is intended to cover both mobile and fixed tanks. More particularly, the present invention relates both to filling operations for vehicles and other thermal engines, and to tanks used for containing fuel in refineries and storage plants, including vehicle fuel carriers and the like.
2. Description of Related Art
During filling operations of liquid fuel such as for example petrol, diesel and the like, a part of the fuel passes from a liquid to a gassy state.
Inhalation of these gases is known to be damaging both to humans and the environment.
For these reasons such gases should advantageously be eliminated or at least limited as much as possible. Legislative steps have been taken which recognize the danger caused by such fumes with regard to operators working in the vicinity thereof, as well as for users and the environment. Indeed, there are already norms in force both in Italy and abroad which attempt to limit or eliminate the above-mentioned emissions in fuel refilling plants.
With reference to the specific case of fuel distribution plants, an attempt at a solution to the problems outlined provides fuel distributors wherein the dispensing pistol is provided with a sort of sucker terminal which achieves a seal between the pistol and the mouth of the filling conduit on the vehicle. The fuel dispensing pipe is coupled coaxially to a second pipe connected to a suction pump, which latter aspirates the gas and discharges same into a conduit leading to the underground fuel tank. This type of process contains at least two drawbacks.
A first of these relates to environmental safeguarding and is connected to the fact that the use of the fuel storage tank for the collection of the gases means that those very gases are released into the environment on each refilling operation of said tank. Thus the gases reach the environment eventually anyway.
A second drawback relates to the expense of the work needed to adapt existing fuel filling plants to this method. For each distributor a gas aspiration pump must be connected up to one of the filling station underground tanks, and these are often situated at a considerable distance from the distributor, leading to extensive excavation, refilling and recovering work.
The problem of gaseous residues is of considerable importance in relation to the transport of fuels and refilling of the tankers in refineries. Indeed, after having emptied their load into fuel station tanks, the tankers are full of residual gases. This in effect means that the same tankers, once empty, represent a real danger of explosion.
From an environmental point of view, a further negative characteristic of the present method of utilization of vehicle fuel tankers is connected with the exchange of fuel between said tanker trucks and the fixed tanks found in refineries (or intermediate fuel storage plants). In this case the gaseous residues are collected in storage tanks and burned off. The resulting candle-like flame is a familiar sight in refineries, but burning off also contributes to enviromental pollution.
Accordingly, it has been considered desirable to develop a new and improved method of recovery gasses which would overcome the foregoing difficulties and others while providing better and more advantageous overall results.


The present invention relates to an oil or fat composition containing the following components (A) and (B):                (A) from 80 to 99.9 wt. % of a monoglyceride containing 20 to 75 wt. % of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 0.1 to 25 wt. % of icosapentaenoic acid (IPA), as the constituent fatty acids thereof, wherein the weight ratio of DHA/IPA being 2 or more; and        (B) from 0.1 to 20 wt. % of a diglyceride.

With the recent trend toward a healthy life style and a growing demand for a preventive remedy of diseases, a number of research have been made on the health-improving functions of fish oils or components thereof such as icosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, which will hereinafter be abbreviated as "IPA") and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, which will hereinafter be abbreviated as "DHA"). Specifically, anti-arteriosclerotic effects, cerebral function improving effects, visual function improving effects, antitumor effects and anti-inflammatory effects are known (Journal of Oleo Science, 48, 1017(1999) and the like).
These components have a strong rancid odor upon storage, so the practical application of an oil or fat composition containing such a component is therefore extremely limited for its flavor. In addition, it has been pointed out that IPA has inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation or abilities to prolong the bleeding time. (Atherosclerosis, 50, 3-10(1984), Lipids, 32, 1129-1136(1997)).
On the other hand, the present inventors have found that ω3 unsaturated monoglycerides-diglycerides including IPA and DHA have a body fat burning activity (JP2001-64672 A). They have also found that monoglycerides, especially IPA monoglycerides have high PPAR activating effects (JP2001-354558 A). But the PPAR activating effects of DHA monoglyceride remain to be elucidated.
The term "PPAR" as used herein means one of the nuclear receptors which is activated by a peroxisome proliferator (PPAR: Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor). Recent studies have revealed that PPAR takes part in a number of physiological or pathological phenomena. Since fibrate compounds which are curative pharmaceuticals for hyperlipidemia and thiazolidine derivatives known for the treatment of diabetes were found to be PPAR agonists, attempts have been made to develop other new drugs for alleviating hyperlipidemia or insulin-resistant diabetes (The Cell, 31(6), 218-234(1999), J. Lipid Res. 37, 907-925(1996), Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 10, 151-159(1999)).
In addition, various technologies relating to monoglycerides have been disclosed. Preparation processes of monoglycerides are disclosed, for example, in JP-A-Hei 3-103499, JP-A-Hei 8-214892, JP-A-Hei 10-57086, JP2000-212588 A and JP2001-329291 A. In JP-A-Hei 7-39302, monoglycerides containing a highly unsaturated fatty acid are disclosed. These monoglycerides are nevertheless not satisfactory in their flavor.
In JP-A-Hei 8-60181 and JP-A-Hei 10-265795, oil or fat compositions containing partial glycerides including monoglycerides are disclosed. These compositions are composed mainly of diglycerides so that dispersibility in water is superior to those composed mainly of triglycerides. Owing to a low monoglycerides content, however, these compositions involve problems of processability, such as impossibility of incorporating water therein.
As described above, it has been elucidated that oil or fat compositions containing IPA or DHA have a variety of health functions. Yet they have problems of processability, flavor, and the like and technologies capable of overcoming these problems remain to be established.
From such viewpoints, there is a growing demand for the development of an oil or fat composition having good processability and flavor as a food, and having excellent physiological effects.


This application describes a light emitting device or an assembly of light emitting devices. In the completed light emitting device, a distributed Bragg reflector minimizes the possibility of disturbing adjacent light emitting devices. Methods to fabricate such devices and assemblies of devices are also described.

As light emitting devices with wavelength-converting layers (W-CLs) are packed more closely together in arrays, greater care must be taken to avoid light from one light emitting device disturbing an adjacent light emitting device. Light emitting devices that have both an LED and an W-CL, wherein the W-CL absorbs light of one dominant wavelength from the LED and re-emits light with a different dominant wavelength are especially susceptible to disturbance. For example, light emission from one light emitting device may stimulate emission from an adjacent light emitting device's W-CL.
The need to minimize disturbances amongst an array of light emitting devices increases as the pitch of light emitting devices decreases. The light intensity from a light emitting device increases as the distance to the device decreases. Pitch is the center-to-center distance between adjacent devices. Pitch is related to the size of the light emitting devices, when viewed top down, and the unoccupied space between adjacent light emitting devices. Existing applications for small displays using an array of light emitting devices include watches and virtual reality headsets. New applications of small displays include direct projection of images into the human retina from contact lenses. Many of these applications require small light emitting devices arranged in a two dimensional array with small pitch. When light emitting devices with small size, such as those described in the Non-Provisional applications, are arranged with a small pitch, minimization of disturb is important to maintain image quality.
Reflector layers are useful in light emitting devices to direct light to its most useful direction and improve the luminous efficiency of the device. Reflector layers can also help minimize disturbs between devices. DBRs are particularly useful as reflectors in light emitting devices as their composition may be optimized to reflect light of a particular wavelength or wavelengths, have a high reflectivity of visible light, and are composed of dielectric materials that adhere well to other dielectric materials such as silicon oxide. In contrast, silver, which has excellent reflectivity to visible light, has poor adhesion to dielectric materials such as silicon oxide.


A method for ad hoc temporary record relationship management includes selecting an instance of a data object persisted in a database of a database driven application and creating a different instance of a different data object referencing the selected instance of the data object and relating the selected instance of the data object to an instance of yet a further data object also persisted in the database. The method also includes storing the created different instance of the different data object in a collection of instances of the different data object and querying the collection of instances of the different data object for a particular instance of the further data object. Of note, the querying can produce a result set of data objects related to the particular instance of the further data object. Finally, the method includes processing the result set in the database driven application.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to database relationships between records and more particularly to record relationship management in a database driven application.
2. Description of the Related Art
Databases are designed to offer an organized mechanism for storing, managing and retrieving information. Databases exist in the most rudimentary form of a flat file in which each line of the file is a record and each number or string separated by a pre-determined delimiter is a field of the record. More advanced databases organize data through the use of structured tables able to be managed by way of a database management system ("DBMS"). Modern databases are organized through a number of different technological paradigms, including relational models (relational database), object models (object database), document models (document database), and the like. In most cases, the structure and organization of data in the database (namely the different tables, and records and fields defined therein) conform to a pre-defined schema intended to model a problem and/or solution evidenced by the database.
With a database schema, relationships between records in a database are stored minimally by way of common keys and in more complex scenarios through linking records. The use of linking records simplifies the task of aggregating related data into a single view as is often the requirement in data driven applications. In the absence of linking records, complicated programmatic logic is required to conduct a number of database queries using various common keys in order to retrieve related data stored in the database. In the former circumstance, a priori knowledge of the relationship must exist so as to permit the proper initial specification of the database schema, and in the latter circumstance, a priori knowledge of the relationship must exist so as to permit the proper coding of the programmatic logic.
As it is well known, oftentimes, a priori knowledge of a data relationship is not known. Yet, where a priori knowledge of a data relationship is unknown at the time of database schema design or program coding, no automated mechanism exists to aggregated related data for access within a supported application. Consequently, one cannot a priori define and usage arbitrary relationships between data in a database.

Ad-hoc temporary record relationship management


Embodiments of the present disclosure are drawn to systems and methods for adjusting a three-dimensional (3D) model used in metal additive manufacturing to maintain dimensional accuracy and repeatability of a fabricated 3D part. These embodiments may be used to reduce or remove geometric distortions in the fabricated 3D part. One exemplary method may include: receiving, via one or more processors, a selection made by a user; receiving a 3D model of a desired part; retrieving at least one model constant based on the user's selection; receiving an input of at least one process variable setting from a set of process variable settings; generating transformation factors based on the at least one process variable parameter and the at least one model constant; transforming the 3D model of the desired part based on the transformation factors; and generating processing instructions for fabricating the transformed 3D model of the desired part.

In the additive manufacturing of 3D parts, dimensional change is commonly encountered during the fabrication process. Existing systems for fabricating or designing mechanical parts using additive manufacturing techniques require that the geometry of the part be known in advance. However, current systems do not account for the nuanced way in which parameters may drive differences in dimensional change across various stages of a given additive manufacturing fabrication process. In some cases, for example, where a set of parameters cannot be changed, tuned, or otherwise adjusted (i.e., the parameters are fixed), a part may be fabricated and the dimensional change (e.g., shrinkage or other geometric distortion) characterized. Since the parameters are fixed, the characterized dimensional change applies to the fixed parameters only and excessive experimentation may be required for the case where the parameters are desired to be changed, tuned, or otherwise adjusted and the dimensional change predicted.
During operation of classical additive processes, an operator (e.g., user) may adjust process parameters to change an outcome of the part; however, during operation any flaws are fed back to the system during processing. In other words, unacceptable parts are fabricated prior to processing acceptable parts. These classical additive processes, such as metal injection molding, injection molding, and casting, tend to produce items in fairly highly volumes using dedicated tooling; however, an additive approach that does not require bespoke tooling is desirable.
Thus, there remains a need for a system capable of generating an adjusted 3D model of a desired part, fabricated by additive manufacturing, that may account for any amount of dimensional change or deformation that may occur between the instance material is deposited during fabrication and final use of the fabricated part by a user. A need also exists to tune and/or adjust a set of process parameters so as to create transformation factors (e.g., scale factors), which may be used to transform 3D part geometry to compensate for geometric distortions in a fabricated part (e.g., shrinkage) and maintain part dimensional accuracy. These transformation factors may be applied to a window (e.g., tens to hundreds) of process parameters.

Systems and methods for adjusting a three-dimensional (3D) model during additive manufacturing