A transcription system and method that includes a transcription terminal for recording spoken words as units of transcribed text, and a conversion unit for translating the units of transcribed text into a generally accurate transcript of the spoken words and converting said transcript into a signal to be transmitted to an authorized receiving unit over a communication link. The system and method optionally includes any of a presentation object to be transmitted to the authorized receiving unit, a wireless access point for transmitting serial data representing the transcript, and suppression of an automatic network identifier.

During legal proceedings and other formal presentations a textual record is developed to document verbal testimony. For example, testimony offered during a trial is recorded by a court reporter using a device commonly referred to as a stenotype machine that has an abridged keyboard. Stenography was introduced in 1913 with the invention of the stenotype machine. This device, which contains twenty-five keys, allows the court reporter to press a combination of keys simultaneously to represent phonetic sounds, a word or a phrase that is being spoken. In this way, testimony can be recorded in shorthand with the stenotype machine as it is being presented without the undue delay that would result if the court reporter had to type every spoken syllable.
Like music, Braille or sign language, this shorthand language, which is referred to as stenography, is an entirely different and unique language, designed for the efficient recording of the spoken word. With traditional stenotype machines, the recorded key strikes, through dictation and typing are memorialized on a paper output. The translated document resulting from the dictation and typing efforts is an official transcript of the testimony.
Modern stenograph machines, commonly referred to as computer aided transcription writers ("CAT writers") or transcription terminals, evolved from the traditional machines in the early 20th century. These CAT writers not only have the ability to print the recorded key strikes on a paper output, but also create an electronic copy of the recorded key strikes. Certain CAT writers also include a basic translation dictionary and a display screen where a preliminary translation of the recorded key strikes can be viewed as they are entered. The electronic copy of the recorded key strikes can be saved to digital storage media for delivery to a conversion unit, commonly referred to as a CAT machine or translation unit, which is typically a laptop computer running a translation software package that performs a complete translation of the shorthand text entered via the CAT writer following completion of the testimony. According to a more recent variation, the electronic copy of the recorded key strikes is transmitted in real-time to the translation unit as the key strikes are being recorded, allowing the key strikes to be translated into a transcript of the testimony as the key strikes are recorded. Regardless of the arrangement for delivering the recorded key strikes to the conversion unit, the conversion unit utilizes a piece of industry-specific software to translate the recorded key strikes into English, or another desired language.
With each use of a modern transcription system by a court reporter, a dynamic personal dictionary of the court reporter's specific stenographic style is generated, and is then updated with each subsequent use. New terminology, unique names and terms are continually added to the reporter's dictionary in order to grow the personal dictionary. The reporter's recorded key strikes translate against this personal dictionary to allow the most accurate translation possible.
The advent of the translational software packages and conversion units has also given way to other computer-aided advancements in the manner and speed of how testimony is received and utilized by third parties. During a legal proceeding, or other environment requiring the services of a stenographer, it is often desirable for the transcript to be made immediately available to the involved parties and any onlookers, collectively referred to as recipients. The process is currently performed by attaching a myriad of wires and cables to an ad-hoc network. It also requires the installation of proprietary software on the computing device of the intended recipient(s) to permit those connected to the network to view the translated record as it becomes available in real time. Following translation of the recorded key strikes by the conversion unit, the translated record, referred to as the transcript, can be communicated to the recipients' computing devices via a serial cable extending therebetween. However, conventional technology permits only a limited number of recipient computers, typically around 8, to be networked to the conversion unit at any given time.
Several attempts have been made to address these, and other, shortcomings of conventional transcription systems to make their use simple and secure, and to simultaneously deliver the transcript of recorded words to a large number of recipients. U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,704 to Bennett et al. is directed to a down-line transcription system for manipulating real-time testimony. As with most conventional transcription systems, the '704 patent discloses a system including a transcription terminal in the form of a stenographic machine, a computerized conversion unit for translating the shorthand recorded by the transcription terminal, and a plurality of portable computing devices used by parties to a legal proceeding. The conversion unit is described as a conventional laptop computer with an interface operatively connecting the conversion unit to the transcription terminal. Upon translating the shorthand transcribed units the conversion unit transmits a signal over a communication link to the laptops being used by the parties to the legal proceeding. According to one embodiment of the '704 patent, translated sentences are communicated from the conversion unit to the laptops via serial communication along the communication link. Secondary communication of the translated sentences can be facilitated by establishing a similar communication link from one of the laptops to a plurality of down-line laptops. The '704 patent also discloses a single communication link, or bus, using a TCP/IP protocol over an ethernet coaxial-cable link extending between an ethernet board in the CAT unit and each of the laptops. The '704 patent goes on to mention that other hardwired or wireless communication networks may also be implemented without providing any details surrounding the method of the wireless communication. And although it is disclosed that encryption of the signal becomes a requirement when the signal is to be disseminated amongst a wireless network of laptops, what the '704 patent describes as encryption is actually a method of transmission. The preferred encryption scheme described in Bennet et al. is the use of direct sequence spread spectrum transmission ("DSSS"). In contrast to encrypting a signal, DSSS is merely a protocol for dividing the signal into smaller quantities to be transmitted over the airwaves in a reliable manner. According to the DSSS protocol, a high data-rate code is combined with the signal at the sending station to divide the signal for transmission. This code is a redundant bit pattern for each signal bit that is to be transmitted, thereby providing a backup of the signal bits in the event that a signal data bit is damaged by interference during the transmission. Once divided, each quantity of the signal is allocated to a frequency channel across the available spectrum of frequencies. Although DSSS transmission divides the signal into smaller quantities, the signal is transmitted as a readily accessible, unencrypted signal. Without encryption, unauthorized parties can simply "tune in", or adapt their receiving units to receive transmitted signals allocated to a spectrum of frequencies, and intercept a signal transmitted according to DSSS transmission. Thus, even when using DSSS transmission, encryption of the signal is necessary to minimize unauthorized interception of the signal. And since DSSS transmission applies only to radio frequency transmission, there is no division of the signal by the DSSS transmission protocol when a hard-wired network is used as described by the '704 patent. The '704 patent also lists other exemplary communication links which might be implemented include token ring, parallel, infrared, and radio frequency. Upon receipt of the signal via the communication link, the laptops display the alphabetic and numeric text and provide a variety of tools for reviewing and evaluating what has been received.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,615 also to Bennett et al. is directed to a variation of the previously discussed down-line transcription system. According to the '615 patent, the transcription system includes a transcription terminal in the form of a stenographic machine and a conversion unit for translating shorthand text from the transcription terminal. A communication link is again established to communicate information from the conversion unit to laptops being used by parties to a legal proceeding. Over this communication link however the laptops are also connected to several libraries of information pertaining to the subject matter at issue. One such library is described as an outline library with which the laptops may interact. Attorneys may use the laptops to tailor an outline from the outline library to meet their specific needs. This tailored outline may be extracted and stored locally on the laptop, or, the tailored outline may be fully stored and maintained by the outline library alleviating the need for local maintenance. Col. 11, lines 49-53. Similar to the '704 patent, the communication link that facilitates the transfer of information between the conversion unit, the libraries and the laptops may be as described as in the '704 patent which is incorporated into the '615 patent by reference.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,740,245 to Bennett et al. is also directed to a similar down-line transcription system. In addition to the transcription terminal and the conversion unit, the '245 patent also discloses the receipt of text signals from the conversion unit by a laptop computer being used by an attorney. Upon receiving such signals, the laptop computer provides a variety of tools for reviewing and evaluating what has been received. Col. 8, lines 53-57. The signals from the conversion unit are transmitted via serial communication to the laptop or via a communication link in the form of a bus using TCP/IP protocol on an ethernet coaxial cable link using an ethernet board in each terminal. The ethernet coaxial cable described in the '245 patent and other patents discussed herein provides unstable transmission of data when compared to alternatives such as unshielded twisted pair wires. Other hardwired or wireless communication may also be implemented. Examples of the other communication links which may be implemented include token ring, parallel, infrared, and radio frequency. In the case of a wireless communication link, signals must be encrypted prior to their transmission. Col. 25, lines 10-21. The encryption is described in the '245 patent as a pseudo-random, secret spreading code common only to transceivers implementing DSSS transmission, however other encryption schemes may also be used. Again, as noted above, DSSS actually defines a transmission method, not an encryption method. A second communication link in the form of a telephone line attached to an internal modem of the attorney laptop also provides a communication link to additional remote interested parties. This second communication link is also described as optionally being a cellular radio frequency link. Col. 26, lines 47-58.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,815,392 is also directed to a down-line transcription system. The down-line transcription system includes a transcription terminal as well as a conversion unit. In addition to communicating translated text over a communication link to a laptop being used by an attorney, the '392 patent teaches that the attorney can download a variety of information from a remote storage location. The attorney has the option to download all or a part of the information from a remote location. Col. 16, line 59-Col. 17, line 2.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,815,639 discloses the conventional transcription terminal and conversion unit for providing real-time translation of shorthand text. A conversion unit transmits both the exact translation and where necessary the phonetic shorthand text down-line to an attorney terminal. The attorney terminal is equipped with suitable software that facilitates the display of the received text on a display of the attorney's terminal.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,950,194 discloses a similar down-line transcription system. According to the '194 patent, a transcription terminal is linked to a conversion unit for translating shorthand textual objects from the transcription unit. The translated text is transmitted over a communication link to an attorney's terminal in real time thereby permitting the attorney to view and edit testimonial evidence during a legal proceeding. The attorney's terminal is provided with various search modification aids and contextual analysis tools that allow the attorney's rapid access to needed information. Col. 5, lines 50-53.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,949,952 discloses a transcription system including a transcription terminal in the form a stenographic machine and a conversion unit operatively coupled to the stenographic machine. Audio and video data capture devices such as a video camera and tape recorder are also operatively coupled to the conversion unit. The recorded audio and video are synchronized by the conversion unit and are stored in a remote database. Remote attorney terminals can access the database and receive virtual real-time video and audio on demand. The transcription system performs storage and playback of video and audio transcripts along with the textual transcript and synchronization information so that the transcript can be selectively parsed and reviewed during and after a legal proceeding. Col. 14, lines 57-63.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,141 discloses a down-line transcription system having an encryption object to insure secure transmission of recorded testimony. An attorney terminal initiates communication with a conversion unit by constructing a log-in packet including digital information consisting of a source identifier, identifying itself as the source of the communication, a destination identifier, identifying the reporter terminal at the destination, and a pointer indicating the attorney terminal's current position which is defined as the last communication received from the reporter's terminal. Col. 29, lines 18-29. The attorney terminal transmits the log-in packet to the reporter terminal and waits for a response. Upon receiving a log-in packet, the reporter terminal enters the source identifier into a log-in list and transmits a responding packet containing a source identifier, destination identifier and the number of the most recently transmitted information. Col. 29, lines 40-46.
In addition to the use of a transcription system in a trial setting to provide real-time viewing of the transcript, there are many other settings that require real-time delivery of the transcript to be viewed, as well as retained and manipulated. These additional settings typically make it unpractical to physically wire the intended recipients to an ad-hoc, wired network and ensure the presence of proprietary software on the recipients' computing devices. Examples of such additional settings include the real-time provision of a working transcript to:
the hearing impaired in an educational environment;
delegates in a political environment where the exact meaning of what is said is required to be memorialized in visible text as it occurs;
those in an environment where instant visualization of the spoken word assists in the understanding of English as a secondary language;
members of the reporting press to aid in the accuracy of publicly disseminated information; and
members of the legal community to assist in the efficient gathering of testimony and, thus, reducing the cost of litigation.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a real-time transcription system that eliminates the requirement of proprietary on each authorized recipient's terminal to receive a transcript of spoken words in real time. The transcription system should establish secure communications between a conversion unit and an authorized recipient, and should be capable of transmitting the transcript to several authorized recipients simultaneously.


Embodiments relate to systems, devices, and computer-implemented methods for preventing determination of previous access of sensitive content by receiving, from a user, a request for content at a device in an information centric network, where a cached version of the content is locally stored at the device; initiating a time delay based on a determination that the user has not previously requested the content; and transmitting the cached version of the content to the user after the time delay.

Information Centric Networks (hereinafter, "ICN") have been proposed as an alternative approach to a computer network architecture. ICNs are designed around the principle that a user should be allowed to focus on the content to be retrieved, not on the physical location of the content.
An ICN can allow for the retrieval of content from content servers based on the name of the content. For example, a request for content can be passed up a chain of routers until the request is received by a content server that stores the content. The content server can send the content back to the user using the same path as the request. Additionally, the routers along the path between the requestor and the content server can cache the content for future requests. Accordingly, future requestors following parts of the same path will be able to retrieve the cached content and avoid transmission delays.
However, the universal caching mechanism in an ICN poses a privacy risk. In particular, the time difference between data response for cached data and uncached data can be used to infer whether a near-by user has previously requested the same content.
Accordingly, ICN technologies may benefit from techniques for protecting access privacy of cached content.

Systems, devices, and methods for protecting access privacy of cached content


A traveling vacuum pickup engages heat softened glass sheets in a transfer station and transfers them to one of two shaping stations positioned along opposing sides of a transfer station. After depositing the sheet within one of the shaping stations, the pickup return to the transfer station to receive the next heat softened sheet. The shaping stations may include pressing arrangements that shape successive sheets to different configurations. The vacuum pickup may include two sheet engaging surfaces positioned relative to each other such that as one engaging surface engages a glass sheet and transfers it to one of the shaping stations, the other engaging surface is being positioned within the transfer station to receive the next glass sheet.

This invention relates to bending of glass sheets and in a particular to a glass sheet shaping system which utilizes a vacuum pickup arrangement to move heat softened glass sheets to two independent shaping stations.
Shaped glass sheets are widely used as windshields, side windows or rear windows in vehicles such as automobiles and the like. To be suitable for such applications, flat glass sheets must be shaped to precisely define curvatures dictated by the shape and outline of the frames defining the window openings into which the glass windows are installed. It is also important that the windows meet stringent optical requirements and that they be free of optical defects that would tend to interfere with the clear viewing therethrough in their viewing area.
During fabrication, the glass sheets may be subjected to thermal treatment to control internal stresses. In particular, glass sheets used for windshields are normally annealed to reduce the internal stresses while glass sheets used for side windows or rear windows are tempered to induce compressive stresses in the major surfaces of the sheets and tensile stresses in the center regions. Tempering strengthens the glass and increases its resistance to damage resulting from impact.
In the heating and shaping of glass sheets for windshields, it is common practice to use contoured bending molds that support one or more flat glass sheets and convey it through a heating lehr. As the temperature of the glass increases and approaches its heat softening temperature, it begins to sag under the force of gravity and conforms to the contours of the shaping rails on the mold.
During the commercial production of tempered glass sheets for sidelights and backlights, a glass sheet is generally conveyed along a substantially horizontal path through a tunnel type furnace, heated to its heat softening temperature and transferred into a shaping station adjacent the furnace where the glass sheet is shaped. After shaping, the shaped glass sheet is transferred to a cooling station where it is controllably cooled. The heat softened glass sheet may be shaped, for example, by pressing the sheet between a pair of upper and lower shaping surfaces such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,272,274, 4,662,925 and 4,830,650.
It would be beneficial to have a glass sheet shaping arrangement that provides for high speed shaping of glass sheets while maintaining high optical quality and shape control and in addition allows for the shaping of successive glass sheets to different configurations.

Method and apparatus of bending glass sheets


In general, the invention relates to a method for securing a computer system. The method includes monitoring an operating system in the computer system and trapping, in response to the monitoring, a process system call where the process system call originated in a host executing in the computer system. Responsive to the trapping, an isolated user environment (IUE) is created in the computer system. Creating the IUE includes allocating memory and persistent storage for the IUE. In addition, the IUE includes a file system filter driver (FSFD) configured to redirect Input/Output (I/O) calls originating from the IUE to the persistent storage, and a network interface/NDIS hook component configured to control network traffic originating from the IUE and destined for the IUE. The method further includes, after creating the IUE, loading the process system call into the IUE and executing the process system call in the IUE.

As the online community grows with the development of high bandwidth, high speed, and high availability connectivity to the public internet, we are seeing an ever increasing proliferation of malicious content and identity/data theft and destruction, perpetrated right in our own home and office computers. Malignant and poisonous web content administered through 'data mining' tools, 'Add-Ware' content, activeX, java script, misleading download queries, Trojan content and virus infected data is responsible for extraordinary, quantifiable, monetary losses to the enterprise every year. There is no measure, however, for the loss off privacy, intimate data and criminal violations these intrusions prey upon our families. Passive, after 'the fact', behindhand screening for Trojan and virus content, such as that provided by modern virus scanning software, has proven itself an inadequate bastion of defense to the cyber theft and data corruption mechanisms rampant in the global cyberspace. The computer security industry has made attempts to address these failings by implementing solutions such as execution protection products that only allow the execution of 'White-listed' applications on any given computer; but such products require constant centralized administration and customization to fit within a divers enterprise community, and are unreasonable solutions for home users due to their management needs and lack of transparency. Though restricting execution can greatly improve the protection of local computer data, a more flexible solution is to virtualize execution in an isolated environment. This methodology has been proven by software implemented virtual machines such as those presented by VMWare©. However, such solutions are not practical, nor were they designed for, implementation as computer security software. Such solutions require the full installation of a secondary operating system within each virtual environment. Implementing such environments requires a higher level of computer understanding than the average user and presents management/administration and storage complications to implementations across an enterprise environment. Even solutions as common to modern computer environments as advanced statefull firewall protection, host security, and access control management is beyond the average computer owner, let alone the peers and loved ones sharing their computer space. Microsoft's Windows architecture does not provide inherent user or group isolation robust enough to protect low privileged users from the actions of malicious code should it find its way onto their computer, nor the proliferation of damage or theft throughout all the computer's user and administrator space. Current third party solutions have proven themselves inadequate to protect a computer from the transgressions of its operators or malicious attack. This begs the questions, is it possible to split a Windows computer into secure virtual environments with as much isolation as possible between each one, looking like individual computers without the cumbersome implementation of classic virtual machine environments? To isolate disk space, virtualize execution, make user data inaccessible and unreadable to other users; yet share some/most/all common tasks (monitoring, backup, ups, hardware configuration and libraries etc) and still allow the individual evolution of each virtual environment? Can this be done transparently, unobtrusively?

Electronic computer system secured from unauthorized access to and manipulation of data


A device for indicating at least a first vibration level VIB1 derived from a first acceleration signal γ1 includes:                first analysis element FT1 for resolving the first acceleration signal γ1 into a plurality of axial analysis signals γ1i each occupying an identified frequency band Bi;        a first memory RM1 having recorded therein a plurality of axial weighting coefficients KAi, each corresponding to one of the identified frequency bands Bi; and        a first control circuit CC for summing the pth powers of the axial analysis signals γ1i weighted by the axial weighting coefficients KAi, thereby producing the first vibration level VIB1.

The field of the invention is that of analyzing vibration, and more particularly vibration in an appliance that is provided with an engine driving a rotary propulsion member. A typical example of an application of the invention is a helicopter, a vehicle which presents a high level of vibration that is due essentially to the main rotor serving to support the helicopter and to enable it to move.
It is important to characterize the vibration present in such a vehicle since vibration is a sign of stresses that can lead to a fatigue phenomenon and that therefore have a direct influence on safety. Vibration can also degrade the performance of various items of equipment installed on the vehicle. In addition, vibration in a helicopter cabin is instrumental in determining passenger and pilot comfort. It goes without saying that pilot comfort is also an essential feature for safety.
Thus, a system is known for continuously recording vibration within a helicopter, which system is known as a health usage monitoring system (HUMS). The system records a warning in a removable monitoring cartridge if the level of vibration exceeds a predetermined threshold at a frequency Ω, 2Ω, or BΩ, where Ω represents the speed of rotation of the rotor and B the number of blades mounted on the rotor. The warning can be detected only in a ground station equipped to play back the information recorded in the cartridge. The pilot does not have access to this information while on a mission. In addition, no means is provided to give an overall assessment of the vibration level that is not restricted to an identified frequency, but rather reflects the overall behavior of the vehicle.

Device for indicating the vibration level of a vehicle


Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a computer system, including: a hypervisor configured to run on a CPU and to provide a first domain; and a virtual baseboard management controller (BMC) stack configured to run in the first domain or as part of the hypervisor. Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium that stores instructions executable by at least one processor, the instructions including loading a virtual baseboard management controller (BMC) stack in a first domain of, or as a part of, a hypervisor running on the processor.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Generally, the term "computer system" refers to either a stand-alone system or a plurality of interconnected systems, such as, for instance, a client-server network. Regardless of the implementation, the various components making up a computer system typically operate within a range of parameters defined by performance protocols or standards. For instance, the temperature within a computer chassis is often monitored in order to detect periods in time when the system may rise above a certain predetermined temperature reading. Other forms of information that may be monitored within a computer system include, without limitation, voltages associated with semiconductor components located on the baseboard of the system, velocity (e.g., rpm) of cooling fans located on the baseboard or within the system chassis, and the velocity of spindle motors within hard disk drives or optical drives.
Various types of sensors are being used to detect health, operating and performance-related parameters associated with a computer system and its constituent components. Referring to the examples provided above, these sensors include thermostats, voltage meters and tachometers. A computer system typically employs one or more management modules to assist in the collection and analysis of information sensed by the various sensors measuring operating and performance-related parameters within the system. These management modules may be either software or hardware components, but typically encompass both hardware and software components such as implemented by service processors. One such management module is referred to as a "Baseboard Management Controller" (BMC). The BMC is a microcontroller integrated into the baseboard (also known in the industry as the "motherboard") of a computer system and having a specified number of contact pins through which information sensed by various sensors is received for analysis by the BMC. In order to perform this analysis, the BMC is programmed with firmware for implementing procedures relating to system monitoring and recovery. With this firmware, the BMC is programmed to monitor various operating and performance-related parameters sensed within a computer system and to analyze this information to determine whether any of the sensed parameters are currently outside of an expected or recommended operating range, the occurrence of which is commonly referred to as an "event."
As technologies advance, computer systems become increasingly small and dense. The physical space in a computer system, such as a blade server, for a physical BMC may not be available. Further, in order to reduce the cost of a computer system, a physical BMC may be eliminated from the computer system. The needs for monitoring health, operating and performance-related parameters of the computer system, however, still exist.


The object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for detecting the deterioration of a three-way catalytic converter which can accurately detect the deterioration degree. The present apparatus is furnished with an upstream A/F sensor installed at the upstream side of the converter and a downstream A/F sensor installed at the downstream side of the converter. The output of the upstream sensor is converted into the converted output for calculating the trajectory length. The trajectory length of the converted output and that of the output of the downstream sensor are respectively calculated, and the deterioration degree of the converter is detected based on these two trajectory lengths to avoid the misjudgment. The detecting accuracy can be better improved by compensating for the aberration of the balance between the oxygen absorbing power and the oxygen releasing power of the converter.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an apparatus for detecting the deterioration of a three-way catalytic converter for an internal combustion engine, and especially relates to an apparatus for detecting the deterioration of the converter enabled to improve a detecting accuracy.
2. Description of the Related Art
In order to purify the exhaust gas exhausted from an internal combustion engine for an automobile, it is general practice to apply a three-way catalytic converter which oxidizes unburned combustibles (HC, CO) and simultaneously deoxidizes nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x). It is necessary to control and air-fuel ratio (A/F) of the mixture supplied to the engine at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio to maintain the oxidizing power and the deoxidizing power of the three-way catalytic converter. Therefore, a fuel injection control system for the engine uses an O.sub.2 sensor (an oxygen density sensor) See FIG. 1! which determines whether or not the air-fuel ratio of the mixture is larger than the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, and feeds back the output of the O.sub.2 sensor in order to control the quantity of injected fuel.
In this air-fuel ratio feedback control system, the O.sub.2 sensor is mounted close to a combustion chamber, that is, at the upstream side of the converter, but the output of the O.sub.2 sensor may fluctuate due to the heat radiated from the engine. In order to compensate for this fluctuation, a double O.sub.2 sensor control system which has one more O.sub.2 sensor mounted at the downstream side of the converter has been proposed. The output of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor changes more moderately than that of the upstream O.sub.2 sensor and the downstream O.sub.2 sensor can detect an air-fuel ratio of the whole mixture because the exhaust gas at the downstream side of the converter is sufficiently mixed and its oxygen density is almost at equilibrium condition. The double O.sub.2 sensor control system has not only a main air fuel ratio feedback control subsystem using the output of the upstream O.sub.2 sensor, but also an auxiliary air-fuel ratio feedback control subsystem using the output of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor. This aims at compensating for the output of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor and an improvement of the control accuracy of the air-fuel ratio control system by correcting the air-fuel ratio correction factor used in the main air fuel ratio feedback control subsystem in accordance with the output of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor.
Sufficient purification of the exhaust gas, however, cannot be accomplished even by the above-mentioned accurate air-fuel ratio control when the converter has been deteriorated by the heat radiated from the exhaust gas or lead contained in the exhaust gas. Therefore, various kind of apparatuses for detecting the deterioration of the converter have been proposed. One type of these apparatuses detects the deterioration by detecting a decline of the O.sub.2 storage ability of the converter (the ability to store the excessive oxygen in the converter when the exhaust gas is lean and release the stored oxygen for purifying the exhaust gas when the exhaust gas is rich) by using the downstream O.sub.2 sensor. That is, as the deterioration of the converter causes the fall of the O.sub.2 storage ability of the converter, this type apparatus detects the deterioration of the converter by detecting the fall of the O.sub.2 storage ability shown by a trajectory length (that is, the length of the response curve of the sensor) and/or an inverting frequency of the output of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor. For example, the apparatus disclosed in the Unexamined Patent Publication No. 5-98948 detects the deterioration of the converter by measuring lengths of the response curves the outputs of the upstream O.sub.2 sensor and the downstream O.sub.2 sensor, and calculating the ratio between these two lengths.
Recently, an engine control system which controls an air-fuel ratio so that a purification power of the converter can be always maintained at a high level has been developed. That is, the O.sub.2 storage ability means a power for purifying the exhaust gas by storing excessive oxygen when the exhaust gas is lean, and by releasing the stored oxygen when the exhaust gas is rich, but this power is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to keep an amount of oxygen stored in the converter at a fixed amount (for example, a half of the maximum amount) in order to provide for the air-fuel ratio fluctuating from the rich state to the lean state and vice versa. If the amount of the stored oxygen is kept at the fixed amount, it is possible to store oxygen in the converter or release it from the converter, and to maintain the oxidizing power and deoxidizing power of the converter at a high level.
In the above-mentioned engine control system, an air-fuel ratio sensor which can linearly detect the air-fuel ratio (A/F sensor) See FIG. 2! is used as the upstream sensor, and a proportional plus integral feedback control scheme (PI control scheme) is applied. That is, an injected fuel amount is calculated using a following equation. EQU Revised fuel amount=K.sub.p .times.(Present fuel error)+K.sub.s .times..upsilon.(Previous fuel error)
Where,
Fuel error=Fuel amount actually burned in a cylinder-Fuel amount required to keep a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio PA1 Fuel amount actually burned in a cylinder=Actual air flow/Actual air-fuel ratio PA1 K.sub.p =Proportional gain PA1 K.sub.s =Integral gain PA1 1. In the case of the minimum fluctuation of the output of the upstream sensor VAF PA1 2. In the case of the small fluctuation PA1 3. In the case of the medium LVAF PA1 4. In the case of the large LVAF PA1 5. In the case of the maximum LVAF
As shown in the above equation, the proportional term functions so as to control the actual air-fuel ratio at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio similarly when the actual air-fuel ratio is controlled in accordance with the output of the O.sub.2 sensor, and the integral term functions so as to cancel the offset. That is, the amount of the stored oxygen can be maintained at a fixed amount by this integral term. For example, if the lean exhaust gas is supplied due to a sudden speed up, the oxygen in the exhaust gas is stored in the converter to compensate for the lean state of the exhaust gas.
For the above-mentioned O.sub.2 storage amount control system, an O.sub.2 sensor mounted at the downstream side of the converter can be also applied in order to compensate for the fluctuation of the upstream A/F sensor. Therefore, the deterioration of the converter can be detected by detecting the fall of the O.sub.2 storage effect using the downstream O.sub.2 sensor.
By the way, the output of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor is influenced by the fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter even when the converter is not deteriorated. That is because the output of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor is influenced by the fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas exhausted from the converter which depends upon that of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter. Therefore, a misjudgement of the deterioration of the converter may be caused due to the fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter when the deterioration of the converter is detected in accordance with the output of the downstream sensor. The reason why the misjudgement is caused will be explained referring to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 3 shows various outputs of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor, which correspond to minimum, small, medium, large, and maximum fluctuations of the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter (that is, the output of the upstream A/F sensor VAF), not only when the converter is normal, but also when it is deteriorated.
In this case, the length of the response curve of the upstream A/F sensor LVAF becomes minimum. The fluctuation of the output of the downstream sensor VOS and the length of its response curve LVOS also become minimum, not only when the converter is normal, but also when it is deteriorated. Therefore, the ratio of these lengths, that is, the ratio of LVAF to LVOS, becomes about 1.0 whether or not the converter is normal. In this case, the condition of the converter cannot be detected by the ratio of the these lengths.
The length ratio becomes about 0.5 when the converter is normal, because the length of the response curve of the downstream sensor LVOS is kept minimum, though LVAF increases from minimum to short.
But the length ratio becomes 2.0 when the converter is deteriorated, because LVOS becomes medium as the O.sub.2 storage ability does not function. In this case, the condition of the converter can be detected by the ratio of the lengths.
The length ratio becomes about 0.2 when the converter is normal, because LVOS is kept short due to the O.sub.2 storage ability, though LVAF increases to medium.
However, the length ratio becomes 1.5 when the converter is deteriorated, because LVOS becomes long due to the Z shape-output characteristics of the O.sub.2 sensor.
In this case, the condition of the converter can be detected by the ratio of the lengths.
The length ratio becomes about 0.4 when the converter is normal, because LVOS is kept medium due to the O.sub.2 storage effect.
However, the length ratio becomes 1.0 when the converter is deteriorated, because LVOS becomes long due to the Z shape-output characteristics of the O.sub.2 sensor.
In this case, the condition of the converter can be detected by the ratio of the lengths.
The length ratio becomes about 0.6 when the converter is normal, because LVOS becomes large due to the Z shape-output characteristics of the O.sub.2 sensor whether or not the converter is normal. In this case, the condition of the converter cannot be detected by the ratio of the lengths.
Therefore, the detection of the deterioration of the converter must be inhibited when LVAF, that is, the length of the response curve of the output of the upstream A/F sensor is minimum or maximum if the deterioration is detected based on the lengths or the length ratio. Therefore, when the deterioration is detected by monitoring the outputs of the both sensors and calculating their lengths for a predetermined fixed monitoring period, it is possible to prevent the misjudgement by detecting the deterioration only when LVAF is between a predetermined fixed upper limit and a predetermined fixed lower limit.
Though this method is effective when VAF has a constant amplitude as shown FIG. 3, this method may cause misjudgement under a specific worst-case condition. Namely, when the air-fuel ratio feedback control system using the output of the A/F sensor is applied, the amplitude of the output of the A/F sensor may vary in accordance with various running conditions, because the air-fuel ratio is controlled so that the correction factor is increased proportional to the difference between the output of the sensor and the target voltage (corresponding to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio). Therefore, the air-fuel ratio is kept constant while the automobile is running at constant speed, but it fluctuates when the speed is transiently changed.
For example, FIG. 4 shows a case where the air-fuel ratio is suddenly fluctuated for a monitoring period. The monitoring period is divided into two parts, that is, one is a period where the amplitude of VAF becomes maximum, and another is a period where that is kept at minimum as shown FIG. 4(A). In this case, VOS shows the same shape whether or not the converter is normal (See FIG. 4(B)), because VOS is kept minimum when VAF is minimum and VOS becomes large when VAF is maximum. The detection of the deterioration, however, is carried out because the length of the response curve of the A/F sensor LVAF for the monitoring period becomes longer than the predetermined lower limit. A misjudgement that the converter is normal after it has been actually deteriorated may be caused because LVOS for the monitoring period is kept short.
FIG. 5 shows a case where the running condition changes from the condition with large fluctuations of the air-fuel ratio to a normal condition for a monitoring period. The monitoring period is also divided into two parts, that is, one is a period where the amplitude of VAF becomes maximum, and another is a period where that is kept at minimum as shown FIG. 5(A). In this case, VOS also shows the same shape whether or not the converter is normal (See FIG. 5(B)). The detection of the deterioration, however, is carried out because the length of the response curve of the A/F sensor LVAF is averaged for the monitoring period and becomes shorter than the predetermined upper limit. The misjudgement that the converter is deteriorated even when it is actually kept normal, may be caused because the LVOS for monitoring period becomes long.
Furthermore, the accuracy for detecting the deterioration may become worse if the balance between the power for storing oxygen and the power for releasing oxygen is lost, because the amplitude of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor is influenced by this balance even when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter is kept constant.
FIG. 6 is a graph to explain the above-mentioned problem, where (A) shows the output of the upstream A/F sensor and (B) shows the output of the downstream O.sub.2 sensor. In this graph, the output of the O.sub.2 sensor is kept at the rich state before time t.sub.3, and turns from the rich state to the lean state at time t.sub.3.
When the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter deviates largely to the lean state at time t.sub.1, the length of the response curve of the output of the O.sub.2 sensor becomes long because the output of the O.sub.2 sensor also deviates largely to the lean state from the rich state.
Conversely, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter deviates largely to the rich state at time t.sub.2, the length of the response curve of the O.sub.2 sensor is not largely influenced by this deviation because the output of the O.sub.2 sensor becomes saturated.
Similarly, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter deviates largely to the lean state at time t.sub.4, the length of the response curve of the O.sub.2 sensor is not largely influenced by this deviation because the output of the O.sub.2 sensor becomes saturated.
Conversely, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter deviates largely to the rich state at time t.sub.5, the length of the response curve of the O.sub.2 sensor becomes long because the output of the O.sub.2 sensor also deviates largely to the rich state from the lean state.
That is, the accuracy for detecting the deterioration of the converter may become worst because the deviation of the O.sub.2 sensor is affected by the fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas exhausted from the converter, even when the fluctuation of the exhaust gas supplied to the converter is kept constant.
Note, the same problem may be caused if the downstream sensor is an A/F sensor.

Apparatus for detecting the deterioration of a three-way catalytic converter for an internal combustion engine


Disclosed is a sliding panel structure of a multifunctional paper shredder, the paper shredder includes a housing having an interior space, an installing section at the top, an accommodating space at the bottom, and a feeding slot under the installing section. A pair of rolling blade wheels are disposed under the feeding slot which has a pressing wall surface extended vertically downward and aligned with the middle of the rolling blade wheels. An accommodating section is defined at the top of the housing, and a positioning section having at least one sliding groove is disposed at an inner side of the accommodating section. A sliding panel, having a plurality of slots is slidably installed in the accommodating section, having a positioning pin disposed in the positioning section correspondingly, and at least one slide pin embedded into the sliding groove for guiding the movement of the sliding panel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sliding panel structure of a multifunctional paper shredder, and more particularly to a sliding panel design having a plurality of slots for receiving and scrapping paper of different materials, credit cards, and compact discs by selectively putting the paper, credit cards and compact discs into the specially designed slots.
2. Description of the Related Art
A paper shredder may be used to shred abandoned documents and papers to prevent disclosing confidential information or trade secrets, and the paper shredder is used extensively in industry and commerce. A conventional paper shredder as shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b and disclosed in the R.O.C. Utility Model Publication 551221 entitled "Two-way paper shredder" comprises: a housing 10 having a first and a second paper inlets 11, 13 at the top and the lateral side of the housing 10 respectively, a first and a second passages 12, 14 disposed inside the first and second paper inlets 11, 13 respectively, and the bottoms of the first and second passages 12, 14 are interconnected to define a paper guide passage 15; a cutting knife 20 installed in the housing 10 with a predetermined inclined angle, and the cutting knife 20 has a paper shredding inlet 26, and the paper shredding inlet 26 is aligned and connected to the foregoing paper guide passage 15; a dynamic power mechanism 30 disposed in the housing 10 for driving the cutting knife 20; therefore, the thickness of the paper shredder can be reduced by the inclined angle of the cutting knife 20, while the first paper inlet 11 or the second paper inlet 13 can feed a piece of paper, and the paper passes through the first passage 12 and the correspondent second passage 14 to the paper guide passage 15 connected to the paper shredding inlet 26 and the paper is cut into stripes by the cutting knife 20.
Although the aforementioned prior art has a two-way inlet separately disposed on the top and lateral side of the housing which is quite convenient for users in certain ideal situations, the media for containing confidential materials in the current industry and commerce and the society with diversified information activities nowadays are no longer limited to paper, but including lots of plastic materials such as credit cards, compact disks, and the like. The persons skilled in the art can understand that the plastic material has very different thickness, hardness, tenacity and flexibility from those of paper. As to the disclosed prior art or the present paper shredders, no special design is provided for destroying abandoned data stored in different media, and the conventional paper shredders are designed for shredding paper only. Since paper is thin and very flexible, therefore the paper feeding inlet is generally designed relatively wide and large. If an abandoned credit card or compact disc is put directly into the general paper feeding inlet, the credit card or compact disc will be fed with a deviated angle and cannot be aligned with the middle of the two roller blades, and thus causing the roller blades to pulsate severely or even jamming the roller blades, so that they cannot be shredded or scraped successfully.


A carbon nanotube film structure includes at least two overlapped carbon nanotube films, with adjoining films being aligned in different directions. Each carbon nanotube film includes a plurality of successive carbon nanotube bundles aligned in the same direction. The carbon nanotube structure further includes a plurality of micropores formed by/between the adjoining carbon nanotube bundles. A method for fabricating the carbon nanotube film structure includes the steps of: (a) providing an array of carbon nanotubes; (b) pulling out, using a tool, one carbon nanotube film from the array of carbon nanotubes; (c) providing a frame and adhering the carbon nanotube film to the frame; (d) repeating steps (b) and (c), depositing each successive film on a preceding film, thereby achieving at least a two-layer carbon nanotube film; and (e) peeling the carbon nanotube film off the frame to achieve the carbon nanotube structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a carbon nanotube film structure and a method for fabricating the same.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) produced by means of arc discharge between graphite rods were first discovered and reported in an article by Sumio Iijima, entitled "Helical Microtubules of Graphitic Carbon" (Nature, Vol. 354, Nov. 7, 1991, pp. 56-58). CNTs are electrically conductive along their length, chemically stable, and each can have a very small diameter (much less than 100 nanometers) and large aspect ratios (length/diameter). Due to these and other properties, it has been suggested that CNTs can play an important role in many fields, such as microscopic electronics, field emission devices, thermal interface materials, etc.
However, the main obstacle to an actual application of carbon nanotube use is their difficulty to process, due to the powder form of the carbon nanotube products. Therefore, carbon nanotubes are formed into films to facilitate handling and processing thereof.
At present, different methods are widely used for fabricating carbon nanotube films including: a growing method, a spraying method, and a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method.
Through the growing method, a carbon nanotube film is grown on a chemically functionalized substrate directly by adopting multiple catalyst layers. However, the method typically requires high temperature during growing process and cannot be applied to such a substrate made of plastic.
Through the spraying method, carbon nanotubes, dispersed in a solvent, are sprayed on a substrate. In this method, however, carbon nanotubes cannot be well-dispersed, due to an aggregation thereof, and thus, a uniform film cannot be formed.
Through the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, carbon nanotubes are soluble through an introduction of amide groups therein, and then through a step of "molecular self-assembly", the film accumulates on a substrate. However, the method has such a problem that carbon nanotubes are disordered in the film.
What is needed, therefore, is to provide a carbon nanotube film structure and a method for fabricating the same, in which the above problems are eliminated or at least alleviated.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Carbon nanotube film structure and method for fabricating the same


Synthetically-derived and previously inaccessible modifications of 20′-hydroxy-vinca derivative compounds such as vinblastine, vincristine or vindesine are disclosed that are a stunning 100-fold more active than the natural product (IC50's 50-75 pM vs 7 nM, HCT116), and are now accessible as a result of advances in the total synthesis of the natural product. Illustrative new ultra-potent vinblastines bind tubulin with much higher affinity and likely further disrupt the tubulin head-to-tail α/β dimer-dimer interaction by virtue of the strategic placement of an added conformationally well-defined, rigid and extended C20′-urea along the adjacent protein-protein interface. Added molecular complexity was used to markedly enhance target binding and functional biological activity, and represents a general approach to improving the properties of other natural products targeting a protein-protein interaction. A pharmaceutical composition containing an ultra-potent 20′-hydroxy-vinca derivative compound and a method of treating cancerous cells with such a compound are also disclosed.

Vinca alkaloids, originally isolated from the periwinkle plant [Vinca rosea Linn., now Cantharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don] are a family of indole-indoline dimeric compounds that contain a four-ring system containing an indole linked to a five-ring system containing an indoline. Two of those natural alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, are important clinical agents in the treatment of leukemias, lymphomas and testicular cancer. The semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid, vindesine (deacetyl vinblastine carboxamide) is used to treat lung cancer and acute leukemia and less often for melanoma, and breast cancer. [Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, Hardman et al. Eds., 9th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1257-1260, 1996].
These three vinca alkaloids each include a 20′-hydroxyl group through which they can each be chemically altered to introduce a new substituent group. The compounds contemplated herein can be viewed as derivatives of these 20′-hydroxyl vinca alkaloids and are referred to collectively herein as 20′-hydroxy-vinca derivative compounds for convenience. Structural formulas for these three compounds are illustrated below.
 R1R2R3Vinblastine Vincristine Vindesine
Vinblastine and vincristine are superb clinical drugs successfully used alone and in combination therapies for treatment of cancer with IC50 values for several 20′-substituted vinblastines shown below. [For a comprehensive review of the chemistry, medicinal chemistry, biology, and clinical
 1, Vinblastine, X = OH 2, Catharanthine3, VindolineIC50, nMcompoundHCT116HCT116/VM461, X = OH6.86004, X = H606005, X = N369055006, X = NH2600>100007, X = NHCONH27.54400 0.750 0.54.0applications, see: (a) Kuehne et al., In The Alkaloids; Brossi, A., Suffness, M., Eds.; Academic: San Diego, 1990, 37, 77-131; (b) Borman et al., In The Alkaloids; Brossi, A., Suffness, M., Eds.; Academic: San Diego, 1990, 37, 133-144; (c) Pearce, In The Alkaloids; Brossi, A., Suffness, M., Eds.; Academic: San Diego, 1990, 37, 145-204; (d) Neuss et al., In The Alkaloids; Brossi, A., Suffness, M., Eds.; Academic: San Diego, 1990, 37, 229-240. Vinblastine is used in frontline therapies for treatment of Hodgkin's disease, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, whereas vincristine is used in the curative treatment regimens for childhood lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. Originally isolated from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don (periwinkle), [(a) Nobel et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1958, 76, 882; (b) Noble Lloydia 1964, 27, 280; (c) Review: Nobel Biochem. Cell Biol. 1990, 68, 1344; and Svoboda et al., J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., Sci. Ed. 1959, 48, 659] vinblastine and vincristine were among the first small molecules shown to bind tubulin and to inhibit microtubule formation and mitosis, defining an oncology drug target central to one of the most successful mechanisms of action still pursued today. [Reviews: (a) Timasheff et al., Cellular Pharmacol. 1993, 1, S27; (b) Jordan et al., Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004, 4, 253.] Vindesine also acts similarly in inhibiting microtubule assembly and inhibiting cell proliferation in culture [Jordan et al., Cancer Res 1985, 45, 2741]. As a result, they continue to be extensively studied due to interest in their complex dimeric alkaloid structures, their role in the discovery of tubulin as an effective oncology drug target, and their clinical importance. [Reviews: (a) Potier, Nat. Prod. 1980, 43, 72; (b) Kutney, Nat. Prod. Rep. 1990, 7, 85; (c) Fahy, Curr. Pharm. Design 2001, 7, 1181; and (d) Sears et al., Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 653.]

In the development of a total synthesis of vinblastine and vincristine, the inventor and co-workers introduced an Fe(III)/NaBH4-mediated free radical oxidation of the anhydrovinblastine trisubstituted alkene for penultimate installation of the C20′ tertiary alcohol found in the natural products. [(a) Ishikawa et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 420; (b) Ishikawa et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 4904; and (c) Gotoh et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13240.] This now powerful hydrogen atom transfer- (HAT-) initiated free radical reaction was subsequently developed to provide a general method for functionalization of alkenes through use of a wider range of free radical traps [a) Leggans et al., Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 1428; and (b) Barker et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13588] beyond O2 (air) and was explored specifically for the purpose of providing the late-stage, divergent [(a) Boger et al., J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 4050; and (b) Mullican et al., J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 4033] preparation of vinblastine analogues that bear alternative C20′ functionality at a site previously inaccessible for systematic exploration (Scheme 1). [(a) Leggans et al., Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 1428; and (b) Barker et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13588.]

In addition to the alternative free radical traps that were introduced, the broad alkene substrate scope was defined, the exclusive Markovnikov addition regioselectivity was established, the outstanding functional group tolerance was revealed, a range of Fe(III) salts and initiating hydride sources were examined and utilized, its unique free radical reaction mechanism refined, and remarkably mild reaction conditions (0-25° C., 5-30 minutes, H2O/co-solvent) were introduced that are relatively insensitive to the reaction parameters.
Although the vinblastine C20′ site and its hydroxyl substituent were known to be important, the prior exploration of C20′ substituent effects had been limited to a handful of alcohol acylation reactions, the removal of the C20′ hydroxyl group, and a specialized set of superacid-mediated functionalizations. [Borman et al., In The Alkaloids; Brossi, A., Suffness, M., Eds.; Academic: San Diego, 1990, 37, 133-144] Additional studies permitted systematic changes at C20′ where it was initially demonstrated that while incorporation of a C20′ azide (5) or its reduced amine (6) provided compounds 100-fold less potent than vinblastine, the conversion of the amine (6) to a C20′ urea (7) provided a compound with cell growth inhibition activity equal to vinblastine (Table, above). [(a) Leggans et al., Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 1428; and (b) Barker et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13588.]
As a result, key structural features of such ureas that contribute to their activity, including the importance of the H-bond donor site on the a C20′ nitrogen substituent were identified in subsequent studies. [Leggans et al., J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 628.] A trend in activity was additionally defined where substitution of the urea terminal nitrogen improves the differential in activity of the derivatives against matched sensitive and resistant tumor cell lines (NR2>NHR>NH2), discovered a series of potent disubstituted C20′ ureas (e.g., 8 and 9) that displayed further improved activity against resistant tumor cell lines, and established that sterically demanding C20′ ureas were surprisingly well tolerated. [Leggans et al., J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 628; and Barker et al., ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 985.]
The target of vinblastine is the tubulin α/β dimer-dimer interface where its binding destabilizes microtubulin assembly derived from the repetitive head-to-tail tubulin binding. [Reviews: (a) Timasheff et al., Cellular Pharmacol. 1993, 1, S27; (b) Jordan et al., Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004, 4, 253; and Gigant et al., Nature 2005, 435, 519.] This disruption of a protein-protein interaction by vinblastine is often overlooked in discussions or reviews of such targets as candidate, but challenging, biological targets to address with small molecules perhaps because the target identification preceded the contemporary interest. [(a) Arkin et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 2004, 3, 301; (b) Wells et al., Nature 2007, 450, 1001; (c) Yin, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 4130; d) Meireles et al., Med. Chem. 2011, 11, 248; e) Boger et al., Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4138.]
In the disclosure that follows, the discovery of compounds modified at C20′ that are now a stunning 100-fold more potent than vinblastine and that may initially look unusual in their structure are reported. This increase in potency is shown to correlate directly with enhanced target tubulin binding affinity. Significantly, the remarkable potency of the new compounds (IC50's as low as 50-75 pM) suggest that it is not likely, or even possible, that their cellular functional activity is derived from stoichiometric occupancy of the relatively large number of intracellular tubulin binding sites, but rather implicates effective sub-stoichiometric or catalytic occupancy of candidate binding sites sufficient to disrupt tubulin dynamics and assembly during mitosis.
It is suggested that the newly added linear and rigid C20′ urea substituents on vinblastine extend into and create a narrow channel adjacent to the vinblastine binding site, bind across this adjacent region of the protein-protein interaction defined by the tubulin dimer-dimer interface, further disrupt the tubulin c/P head-to-tail dimer-dimer interaction, and extend across the full protein-protein interface contacting solvent on the distal side of the binding site. This further disruption of the target protein-protein interaction by an added structural element to an already complex natural product (added molecular complexity) represents a unique and rational approach to substantially improve the functional properties of such molecules and likely represents a general approach to improving the properties of other natural products that target protein-protein interactions.

Ultra-potent vinca alkaloids: added molecular complexity further disrupts the tublin dimer-dimer interface


A radio frequency (RF) birdcage coil includes a first distributed capacitance end ring, a second distributed capacitance end ring, and a plurality of rungs connected between the first and second end rings, wherein at least one of the first and second distributed capacitance end rings includes a substrate having a first side and a second side, a first plurality of conductors formed on the first side, a second plurality of conductors formed on the second side, and an insulating material deposited on the first side such that the insulating material substantially covers the first plurality of conductors.

The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, and more particularly to a distributed capacitance radio frequency (RF) coil for MRI systems.
MRI is a medical imaging modality that generates images of the inside of a human body without using x-rays or other ionizing radiation. MRI uses a magnet to create a strong, uniform, static magnetic field (i.e., the "main magnetic field") and gradient coils to produce smaller amplitude, spatially varying magnetic fields when a current is applied to the gradient coils. When a human body, or part of a human body, is placed in the main magnetic field, the nuclear spins that are associated with hydrogen nuclei in tissue water become polarized. The magnetic moments that are associated with these spins become preferentially aligned along the direction of the main magnetic field, resulting in a small net tissue magnetization along that axis (the "z axis," by convention) and the gradient coils encode the MR signal.
RF coils are used to create pulses of RF energy at or near the resonance frequency of the hydrogen nuclei, also referred to herein as the Larmor frequency. These RF coils are used to transmit RF excitation signals and receive MR signals used to form the images. Various types of RF coils may be used in an MRI system such as a whole-body RF coils and RF surface (or local) coils. Two common RF coil configurations are the birdcage coil and the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) coil. The birdcage coil typically includes a pair of end rings and a plurality of rungs coupled between the pair of end rings. In order to reduce a volume of the birdcage coil, a portion of the end rings and/or rungs, of at least one known birdcage coil, are fabricated from a thin copper foil.
Under various operational conditions, the known birdcage coil may be subjected to relatively high power, for example, 7 Tesla (T). When operating at the relatively high power, air between gaps of the rungs and/or end rings may ionize. More specifically, when the voltage on the known RF coil is increased to a sufficient level the air is converted from an insulator to a conductor, also referred to herein as the breakdown voltage. Thus, when the RF coil reaches the breakdown voltage, ionization of the air in the gaps may result in arcing to occur between various portions of the birdcage coil which may result in an eventual failure of the RF coil.

Distributed capacitance radio frequncy (RF) coil and magnetic resonance imaging system including the same


A time difference slow mode control circuit of a video tape recorder for controlling a capstan motor by picking up the reproduction control signal from a magnetic tape, in the time difference slow mode, generates delayed phase-delayed pseudo reproduction control signal by a half period of a head switching pulse, the frequency of the pseudo reproduction control signal being the same as that of the reproduction control signal, thus controlling the capstan motor so that the video tape recorder may have a normal time difference slow mode even when a pick-up error arises and thereby improving screen quality.

The present invention relates to a slow mode control circuit in a video tape recorder, and more particularly to a time difference slow mode control circuit for automatically compensating for reproduction control pulse pick-up error by generating a pseudo reproduction control signal.
In an operation of a tape recorder, a time difference slow mode means that a capstan motor repeats a still mode and a operating mode in turn by which displayed screens on a monitor look like a slow motion. At this time, the capstain motor should be accurately controlled when it repeats the still mode and the operating mode. Accordingly a reproduction control signal is used for an accurate control, because a microcomputer can decide a break time of the capstan motor by picking up the reproduction control signal which is recorded in a control track provided in a lower part of the tape. By reason of tape damage or something else, however, the reproduction control pulse may not be picked up, although the capstan motor is operating.
Operations of the microcomputer and a servo part now will be described with reference to FIG. 2. The servo part generates a head switching pulse with a period illustrated in FIG. 2A. Sensing a slow mode key input from a remote controller or a front panel, the microcomputer generates a step/slow signal as a first pulse mode in order to accelerate the capstan motor after a given time T1 is passed, the time T1 being measured from lowering of the head switching pulse, which is shown in FIG. 2B.
From an opening time of a screen reproduction by the capstan motor operation to a completion time of one frame of screen reproduction for a period of the head switching pulse, the step/slow signal maintains low state. At the completion of one screen reproduction, the servo part produces the reproduction control signal as shown in FIG. 2C. If the reproduction control signal is normally picked up, the microcomputer recognizes this control signal, and produces the step/slow signal of a second pulse mode when a given time T3 has passed after generation of the reproduction control signal. This makes the forwardly operating capstan motor stop, so that the time difference slow mode is achieved. The period T2 from the first pulse generating time to the second pulse generating time is the time required in order to move the tape. The break is applied to the capstan motor lest the period of the tape movement should be over the frame. Therefore, in order to drive the capstan motor in reverse direction for a given time, the microcomputer generates a capstan motor driving direction control signal as shown in FIG. 2E. As a result, the head can read the track exactly. As shown in FIG. 2D, the capstan motor driving signal supplied to the servo part from the microcomputer, keeps a first level L1 until the step/slow signal of the second pulse mode is generated from the driving of the tape, and drops to a second level L2 when the second pulse is generated. Here, the difference between the first level and the second level is needed in order to reduce the tape movement speed. That is, the tape movement speed is lowered at the second level L2, to turn over the tape movement direction.
In the case that the reproduction control pulse is not picked up by the microcomputer even when the capstan motor is operating, the microcomputer cannot provide the motor control signal to the the servo part, so that the servo part cannot exactly apply the break to the capstan motor, thus producing screen hunting or noise. In a conventional slow mode control circuit, however, a method for compensating for such a reproduction control pulse pick-up error is not provided.

Time difference slow mode control circuit


Impinging fluid jet streams are used in a continuous crystallization process to achieve high intensity micromixing of fluids so as to form a homogeneous composition prior to the start of nucleation. This process permits direct crystallization of high surface area particles of high purity and stability.

Crystallization from solution of pharmaceutically active compounds or their intermediates is the typical method of purification used in industry. The integrity of the crystal structure, or crystal habit, that is produced and the particle size of the end product are important considerations in the crystallization process.
High bioavailability and short dissolution time are desirable or often necessary attributes of the pharmaceutical end product. However, the direct crystallization of small sized, high surface area particles is usually accomplished in a high supersaturation environment which often results in material of low purity, high friability, and decreased stability due to poor crystal structure formation. Because the bonding forces in organic crystal lattices generate a much higher frequency of amorphism than those found in highly ionic inorganic solids, "oiling out" of supersaturated material is not uncommon, and such oils often solidify without structure.
Slow crystallization is a common technique used to increase product purity and produce a more stable crystal structure, but it is a process that decreases crystallizer productivity and produces large, low surface area particles that require subsequent high intensity milling. Currently, pharmaceutical compounds almost always require a post-crystallization milling step to increase particle surface area and thereby improve their bioavailability. However, high energy milling has drawbacks. Milling may result in yield loss, noise and dusting, as well as unwanted personnel exposure to highly potent pharmaceutical compounds. Also, stresses generated on crystal surfaces during milling can adversely affect labile compounds. Overall, the three most desirable end-product goals of high surface area, high chemical purity, and high stability cannot be optimized simultaneously using current crystallization technology without high energy milling.
One standard crystallization procedure involves contacting a supersaturated solution of the compound to be crystallized with an appropriate "anti-solvent" in a stirred vessel. Within the stirred vessel, the anti-solvent initiates primary nucleation which leads to crystal formation, sometimes with the help of seeding, and crystal digestion during an aging step. Mixing within the vessel can be achieved with a variety of agitators (e.g., Rushton or Pitched blade turbines, Intermig, etc.), and the process is done in a batchwise fashion.
When using current reverse addition technology for direct small particle crystallization, a concentration gradient can not be avoided during initial crystal formation because the introduction of feed solution to anti-solvent in the stirred vessel does not afford a thorough mixing of the two fluids prior to crystal formation. The existence of concentration gradients, and therefore a heterogeneous fluid environment at the point of initial crystal formation, impedes optimum crystal structure formation and increases impurity entrainment. If a slow crystallization technique is employed, more thorough mixing of the fluids can be attained prior to crystal formation which will improve crystal structure and purity, but the crystals produced will be large and milling will be necessary to meet bioavailability requirements.
Another standard crystallization procedure employs temperature variation of a solution of the material to be crystallized in order to bring the solution to its supersaturation point, but this is a slow process that produces large crystals. Also, despite the elimination of a solvent gradient with this procedure, the resulting crystal characteristics of size, purity and stability are difficult to control and are inconsistent from batch to batch.
The novel process of this invention utilizes impinging jets to achieve high intensity micromixing in the crystallization process. High intensity micromixing is a well known technique where mixing-dependent reactions are involved. Feeding strategies as they relate to precipitation were addressed by Mersmann, A. and Kind, M., Chemical Engineering Aspects of Precipitation from Solution, Chem. Eng. Technol., V. 11, p. 264 (1988). Notable among other papers recently addressing the effect of micromixing in reaction processes are Garside, J. and Tavare, N. S., Mixing, Reaction and Precipitation: Limits of Micromixing in an MSMPR Crystallizer, Chem. Eng. Sci., V. 40, p. 1485 (1985); Pohorecki, R. and Baldyga, J., The Use of a New Model of Micromixing for Determination of Crystal Size in Precipitation, Chem. Eng. Sci., V. 38, p. 79 (1983). However, the use of high intensity micromixing is not the norm in current crystallization technology where no chemical reaction is involved.
Impinging jets are used for micromixing routinely in reaction injection moulding (RIM) technology in the plastics industry but not for the purpose of causing crystallization. The use of an impinging jet device in a crystallization process to achieve intense micromixing is novel. Whether feed material is relatively pure or impure, the use of impinging jets results in crystal characteristics superior to those that result from standard crystallization methods.
Now with the present invention there is provided a method for crystallization of pharmaceutical compounds or their intermediates which directly produces high surface area end product crystals with greatly improved stability and purity and thereby eliminates the need for subsequent high intensity milling to meet bioavailability requirements. By removing the need for milling, the novel jet process avoids associated problems of noise and dusting, cuts yield loss, and saves the time and extra expense incurred during milling. It also removes an extra opportunity for personnel contact with a highly potent pharmaceutical agent, or for adverse effects on labile compounds. The small particle size attained with the jet process is consistent within a single run and as shown in Table 1, results are reproducible between runs. Reproducibility is an attribute of this process that is not common to "reverse addition" methods typically used to produce small crystals.
The pure, high surface area particles that result from the jet process also display superior crystal structure when compared to particles formed via standard slow crystallization plus milling methods using the same quality and kind of feed compound. Improvements in crystal structure result in decreases in decomposition rate and therefore longer shelf-life for the crystallized product or a pharmaceutical composition containing the crystallized material. As shown in Table 2, the material produced by the jet process exhibits more consistent accelerated stability results than that produced by the conventional batch process.
The purity of crystallized material produced from the jet process is superior to that from standard reverse addition direct small particle crystallization, as demonstrated with simvastatin using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in Table 3. Standard slow batch crystallization affords product purity comparable to that afforded by the jet process, but the jet process is superior because, as noted above, in addition to high purity, it also provides higher quality crystal habit and increased particle surface area thereby eliminating the need for milling.
Jet process crystallization is suited for continuous processing. Standard crystallization methods are generally run in a batchwise fashion. Continuous processing affords two advantages. First, the same amount of feed compound can be crystallized in significantly less volume via continuous processing than would be possible using a batch by batch method. Second, continuous processing enhances reproducibility of results because all the material crystallizes under uniform conditions. Such uniformity is not possible using batch methods in which concentration, solubility and other parameters change with time.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ JET CRYSTALLIZED SIMVASTATIN Surface Area Batch (m.sup.2 /g) at 45-55.degree. C. ______________________________________ 1 3.37* 2 2.57* 3 2.88* 4 3.56* 5 3.35 6 2.55 Mean: 3.05 Standard Deviation: 0.40 ______________________________________ *Run at 50-51.degree. C.
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ 60.degree. C. ACCELERATED STABILITY TEST Surface Weeks (at 60.degree. C.) Temp. Batch Area 0 1 2 4 6 8 .degree.C. ______________________________________ JET CRYSTALLIZED SIMVASTATIN 1 2.4 98.7 99.4 96.8 95.1 97.2 68 2 4.0 98.9 92.5 93.3 98.1 95.1 55 3 5.5 99.3 96.5 88.5 93.4 85.7 55 4 4.6 98.8 95.1 96.4 86.0 80.1 55 SLOW BATCH CRYSTALLIZED SIMVASTATIN (MILLED) 1 3.0 98.9 95.5 95.7 95.0 95.0 * 2 3.3 99.1 94.9 94.3 83.6 95.0 * 3 2.6 99.0 98.2 95.9 93.0 93.5 * 4 2.7 99.2 98.4 95.3 95.4 82.8 * 5 99.7 98.3 98.0 81.3 36.6 * 6 99.2 94.0 89.0 77.8 34.0 * ______________________________________ *Heat-cool process used.
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Simvastatin HPLC 969 Crystallization Temp. Purity Impurity** Method* (.degree.C.) (Weight %) (Weight %) ______________________________________ Continuous 50 99.0 <0.1 Impinging Jets Continous 25 98.6-99.0 0.2-0.4 Impinging Jets Batch Reverse 25 98.7 0.7 Addition Slow Batch Process 99.0 <0.1 Product Specification >98.5 <0.5 ______________________________________ *50:50 Volumetric ratio of MeOH:H.sub.2 O used with impinging jet method; final volumetric ratio of 50:50 MeOH:H.sub.2 O used with reverse addition and slow batch methods. **Open ring form of simvastatin.

Crystallization method to improve crystal structure and size


The database is provided with an audit trail for the structure types of the object instances. As a component of an object instance of the database is corrected/changed, the corrected/changed component is substituted for the original component and the original component is linked to the corrected/changed component.

The present invention relates to an automated records management system kept in a database form. A database is a collection of logically organized data items. Generally, a database is organized into tables (or pages) which may contain one or more records (or rows). The records are comprised of one or more fields which contain the data.
Such an automatic system has utility, for example, in a hospital based patient record keeping system. Patient record keeping systems are used for maintaining a wide variety of separate, often interrelated, types of medical records concerning patients.
Hand written patient record keeping systems have evolved through many years of careful refinement and enhancement into systems which maintain a detailed manual record of medical information concerning each patient. To meet the needs of different hospital entities (such as doctors, nurses, pharmacy, accounting, laboratory, etc.) a manual record keeping system would require that one piece of information be entered into multiple records.
In a typical manual patient record keeping system a patient chart, usually in the form of a notebook, is maintained at the nursing station for each patient. The notebook is divided into a plurality of individual tabbed sections, such as Physicians Orders, Kardex, Nursing Care Plan, Nursing Assessment, and Laboratory.
Each of the above sections is further subdivided into a number of forms. The forms are those which are appropriate to the individual patient and/or such patient's physician. For example, within the Laboratory section there may appear forms for chemistry, hematology, blood gas, and microbiology.
In addition, a "flowsheet" chart is usually kept at the patient's bedside. On the "flowsheet" chart there are individual areas for medication records, vital signs, intake/output, laboratory results, and other categories which are dependent upon the patient's affliction, such as intravenous (IV) drips.
The flowsheets are often a type of spreadsheet arranged by a progression of time versus a particular parameter. Each of the time/parameter intersections form a cell.
One way of replacing the manual charting system is with electronic databases such as described in the patents and applications referenced in the preceding Related Inventions section. Here a visual display is provided in much the same configuration as present manual charts. Each display provides a time/variable spread sheet consisting of a plurality of data cells.
In this type of electronic database, a cell in a flowsheet may have a form or report associated with it which expands on the information in the cell. This form may be comprised of various attributes and processing rules obtained from one or more object instances of one or more object classes.
An object instance is the instantiation of an object class. An object class is similar to a type (as used in programming languages) in that it defines a structure. The information for these flowsheet cells and the underlying forms, comes from a database containing various patient records. Examples of forms and records are found in copending patent applications "A Method of Forming a Spreadsheet Display" and "Spreadsheet Cell having Multiple Data Fields". During the patient's stay, the information in the database relating to that patient will grow and be physically distributed about the data storage device. Accessing and displaying this information becomes more difficult as the amount of information grows.
Additionally, in a critical care environment, it is a necessity to obtain and display the information in as little time as possible to the health care provider.
An important objective in obtaining a fast turn around time from request to display is the organization and storage of the information in the database, as well as the method used to retrieve the data.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a data storage audit trail in a database which overcomes the above deficiencies and provides the desired advantages.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a data storage audit trail in a database which automatically provides integrated audit trails for object instances and structure types of an object instance.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an electronic data storage interface which physically organizes the stored data in a manner similar to the logical organization of the data, such as the manner in which it will be displayed.
These and other objects and advantages are achieved in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention described below.


The present invention relates to a wall-mounted vertically oriented shoe organizer, the shoe organizer formed from: a backboard, the backboard having a planar shape and the backboard being mounted to the wall and extending in a plane parallel to the wall; a frame, the frame covering the perimeter of the backboard and extended outward therefrom in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the backboard; a plurality of cylinders secured to the backboard, each cylinder extending in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the blackboard and each cylinder defining a recess therein suitable of insertion of a shoe heel; and one or more ledges secured to the backboard, each ledge extending perpendicular from the plane of the backboard and oriented such that each ledge is parallel to the ground when the backboard is mounted to the wall, wherein the shoe organizer stores one or more pairs of shoes, with each shoe in each pair of shoes being supported on the shoe organizer via one of: inserting the shoe heel of the each shoe into one of the cylinders and resting the shoe heel of the each shoe along one of the ledges.

The following includes information that may be useful in understanding the present disclosure. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art nor material to the presently described or claimed inventions, nor that any publication or document that is specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
Shoe organizers are a common display item in both commercial and home environments. Shoe organizers perform both a functional and aesthetic purpose by providing a space to both organize shoes according to a desired feature (size, color, style, etc.) while also displaying the shoes in a visually appealing manner for selection. As individual shoe collections have become both larger and more common, a demand has been created for more functional and visually appealing show organizers than those commonly found in commercial use.
However, existing models of shoe organizers generally require a great deal of space to store and display shoes. Often, to reduce space, shoe organizers are provided as collapsible or foldable bins or drawers, however, these solutions then result in the shoes been poorly visible or not visible at all, which aggravates the problem of finding the desired pair of shoes. Other solutions rely on custom-built racks or shelves, which are generally very expensive and require a permanent modification to the storage space, and such medication are not always possible (e.g. rental housing).
Thus, while there are some shoe organizers known in the art, it would be desirable to have a shoe organizer which partially or completely mitigates some of the disadvantages discussed above.
Accordingly, there remains a need for improvements in the art.


Various systems and methods are described for an engine system with an exhaust gas recirculation system and catalyzing and non-catalyzing intake oxygen sensors. In one example, the catalyzing oxygen sensor is utilized to measure and control exhaust gas recirculation while fuel vapor purge is measured and controlled based on the catalyzing and non-catalyzing sensors.

Engine systems may utilize recirculation of exhaust gas from an engine exhaust system to an engine intake system (intake passage), a process referred to as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), to reduce regulated emissions. An EGR system may include various sensors to measure and/or control the EGR. As one example, the EGR system may include an intake gas constituent sensor, such as an oxygen sensor, which may be employed to measure oxygen to determine the proportion of combusted gases in an intake passage of the engine. Further, the sensor is sensitive to total pressure. As such, the sensor may be sensitive to diluents such as ambient humidity, exhaust humidity, and carbon dioxide. Due to equilibration of the sensed gas by a catalyzing sensing element of the sensor, the oxygen sensor is sensitive to both the partial pressure of oxygen and the presence of fuel (or other reductants and oxidants). As such, the sensor may be sensitive to oxidants and reductants such as oil mist and fuel vapor. Thus, the sensor measurements may be confounded by the various sensitivities, and the accuracy of the sensor, and thus, measurement and/or control of EGR, may be reduced.
The inventor herein has recognized the above issue and have devised an approach to at least partially address it. Thus, a method for an engine system is disclosed. The method includes, based on outputs from a catalyzing sensor and a non-catalyzing sensor, indicating an intake oxygen concentration and a fuel vapor concentration. The method further includes adjusting EGR responsive to the oxygen concentration, and adjusting fuel injection responsive to the fuel vapor concentration.
In such an example, the non-catalyzing sensor is used to determine an amount of EGR and the difference between the catalyzing sensor output and the non-catalyzing sensor output is used to determine an amount of fuel vapor. By using a non-catalyzing sensor, equilibration at a sensing surface of the sensor is reduced such that fuel vapor acts as a diluent instead of directly reducing the measured oxidant level. As such, EGR may be measured and controlled with increased accuracy. Further, a difference in output between the catalyzing sensor and the non-catalyzing sensor may be indicative of the fuel vapor concentration. In this way, an operating parameter such as fuel injection may be adjusted responsive to the fuel vapor concentration in the intake passage.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

Methods and systems for an oxygen sensor


A system for chemical and biological decontamination has a source of oxygen. A reactor is coupled to the source oxygen. An optical source is coupled to the reactor. The system produces singlet delta oxygen that neutralizes chemical and biological contaminants.

The need for effective chemical and biological decontamination systems was recognized by the military for many years before the anthrax attacks on the US congress. This need was based on knowledge of the capabilities of former cold war adversaries, third world antagonists and terrorist groups. One solution has been to use physical filters. These may work for individual units but cannot clean large volumes of air quickly and efficiently. Another solution has been to use catalysts such as TiO2 and activate the catalyst with ultraviolet lamps. As the contaminated air passes over near the catalyst, hydroxyl radicals are created. The hydroxyl radicals cause the destruction of chemical and microbiological contaminants in the air. Unfortunately these systems require a certain level of humidity and therefor are not effective in dry environments such as airplanes.
Thus there exists a need for a chemical and biological decontamination system that can purify large quantities of air and does not require a certain level of humidity in the air.

System for chemical and biological decontamination