A liquid crystal display (LCD) comprises a first substrate comprising a pixel electrode comprising one or more first domain-forming features and further comprising a first vertical alignment film disposed on the pixel electrode; a second substrate facing the first substrate and comprising a common electrode which comprises one or more second domain-forming features and further comprises a second vertical alignment film disposed on the common electrode; and a liquid crystal compound interposed between the first and second substrates, wherein the liquid crystal compound comprises liquid crystal molecules, ultraviolet (UV) hardening monomers and UV hardening initiators, and the liquid crystal molecules are pre-tilted to form an angle greater than 88 degrees but less than 90 degrees with respect to the first substrate when no driving power is applied to the pixel and common electrodes. Fast response time is provided in some embodiments.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) and a method of fabricating the same. Some embodiments provide an LCD with an improved response time.
2. Description of the Related Art
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are widely used flat panel displays. Generally, an LCD includes a pair of substrates having electric-field-generating electrodes, such as pixel and common electrodes. A liquid crystal layer is disposed between the substrates. Voltages are applied to the electric-field-generating electrodes, and the resulting electric field determines the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer, which in turn affects the transmission of polarized incident light to generate a desired image.
In a vertical alignment (VA) mode LCD, the longitudinal axes of the liquid crystal molecules are perpendicular to the substrates when no electric field is formed in the liquid crystal layer. VA mode LCDs are popular due to their high contrast ratio and wide standard viewing angle. The standard viewing angle of a VA mode LCD can be widened by using domain-forming features, such as apertures or protrusions, on electric-field-generating electrodes. Patterns ("micropatterns) of the domain-forming features partition each pixel region into multiple domains. The liquid crystal molecules are tilted at the same angle in each domain, and possibly at different angles in different domains, in accordance with the micropattern geometry.
In some VA mode LCDs, the domain-forming patterns ("micropatterns") of apertures or protrusions are formed on both substrates. In other, "patternless" VA mode LCDs, a domain-forming pattern is formed one of the substrates but not on both. One drawback of the VA mode LCD having the domain-forming patterns on both substrates is a slow response time due to the random motion of the liquid crystal molecules located farther away from the domain-forming features. To solve this problem, studies are being conducted on narrowing the electric-field-generating electrodes of the VA mode LCD having the domain-forming patterns on both the upper and lower substrates and widening the domain-forming features. This however would result in a reduced aperture ratio. The patternless VA mode LCDs also have a slow response time due to the random motion and further have a momentary residual image due to the formation of reverse domains.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide an LCD with improved response time and without a reduction in the aperture ratio or formation a momentary residual image.

Liquid crystal display and method of fabricating the same


A particularly stable perfuming composition in the form of a transparent fluid water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion is obtained by addition of a substance to the oily phase, capable of bringing closer the densities of the respective dispersed and continuous phases.

Several criteria must be met in a well-formulated emulsion. Two of the most readily apparent requirements are that the emulsion possesses adequate physical and chemical stability.
First of all, chemical stability of the various components of the emulsion should receive a particular attention in perfumery, since the main materials used in perfuming compositions, namely perfuming ingredients, are well-known to be particularly difficult to stabilise in formulations such as emulsions (Cosmetics and Toileteries® Magazine, Vol. 109, pages 71–75, 1994). The stabilisation of formulations comprising high fragrance levels such as those concerned by the present invention constitutes therefore a specific and challenging problem, notably different from that of the stabilisation of a cosmetic emulsion, which comprises other kinds of components, the nature of which is generally dependent on the type of the final cosmetic product (typical active ingredients include natural or synthetic oils, hydrocarbons, halogenated carbons, esters of mineral acids, silicones). Furthermore, such cosmetic compositions contain very low amounts of perfuming ingredients.
On the other hand, an essential requirement sought in the formulation of an emulsion of any kind is the physical stability, without which the emulsion will soon revert back to separate bulk phases. One typical phenomenon associated with physical instability is constituted by the upward and downward movement of dispersed droplets relative to the continuous phase, termed creaming or sedimentation respectively. The factors that influence the rate of sedimentation or creaming are the diameter of the suspended droplets, the viscosity of the suspending medium and the difference in densities between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium.
The prior art discloses a first means to avoid this destabilisation phenomenon, consisting in reducing the particle size of the dispersed system, which contributes greatly toward overcoming or minimising creaming.
Therefore, perfuming compositions in the form of microemulsions are known from the prior art. Microemulsions are liquid dispersions of water and oil that are made homogeneous, transparent and stable by the addition of relatively large amounts of a surfactant and a co-surfactant. While emulsions are unstable, microemulsions are stable and, therefore, they are formed spontaneously when oil, water, surfactants and co-surfactants are mixed together. Conversely, emulsions require input of considerable mechanical energy for their preparation. Furthermore, microemulsion droplets have a narrow droplet size distribution with a mean diameter range of approximately 5–50 nm. Consequently this type of formulation scatters little light and is therefore transparent or at least translucent, while emulsions have very broad droplet size distributions and, as the emulsion droplets are comparable in size or larger than the wavelength of visible light, they scatter it more or less strongly depending on the difference in refractive index between oil and water. Thus most emulsions are opaque. It appears therefore that emulsions and microemulsions constitute two distinct dispersed systems, of different nature for the reasons here-above mentioned.
Now, for the purpose of the present invention, it is not desirable to incorporate an important amount of surfactant relative to the amount of perfuming ingredients, as this limits considerably the amount of fragrance that can be incorporated in the mixture. Therefore, a microemulsion does not constitute a suitable dispersed system for the present invention, which has to be in the form of an emulsion.
Another known transparent dispersed system of this type is the nanoemulsion characterised by an average size of the oily phase droplets below ca. 30–75 nm. The droplets are small enough to make the emulsion translucent or partially transparent. Although these nanoemulsions present the advantage of needing lesser amount of surfactants than the microemulsions, they present nevertheless the disadvantage that their process of preparation is often difficult and delicate, and thus costly.
The other manner disclosed in the prior art to stabilise a conventional emulsion is the addition of a polymer to the dispersed phase. However, this solution presents the drawback of thickening said phase, thus increasing the viscosity of the emulsion such that it is no longer easily sprayable.
WO 00/33804, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference and which describes a perfuming composition in the form of a transparent emulsion, already matches most of the criteria required for such an emulsion (transparency, fluidity). However, the emulsion described in that publication has now been improved in terms of physical stability, thanks to a novel solution to the physical stability problem described herein.
In fact, the invention now provides a transparent, fluid, water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion characterised by the fact that the densities of the respective continuous and dispersed phases have almost matching values. This solution to the well-known problem of physical instability, and more particularly of creaming and sedimentation, specifically adapted to a dispersed system of the emulsion type, has been achieved thanks to the presence of a specific additive in the oily phase of the emulsion, namely a volatile fluorinated oil having a density higher than 1.
This class of compounds has already been used in some kinds of emulsions. In particular, EP 1064929 discloses the use of such a volatile fluorinated oil in a cosmetic composition for attenuating skin deficiencies and for giving a matt skin appearance. The cosmetic composition there-disclosed is not only totally distinct, from a formulation point of view, from a perfuming composition, but also the fluorinated oil is used in this prior art for a technical effect consisting in modifying the skin appearance, thus an aim distinct from that achieved by the present invention, i.e. the stabilisation of an emulsion.
EP 1064989 also discloses a cosmetic emulsion comprising a volatile fluorinated oil. Once again, the latter is described as being useful for its topical properties in such cosmetic applications, providing compositions of easy application, as well as fresh and soft products. Moreover, this document specifies that the fluorinated oil is very difficult to stabilise and may provoke an instability phenomenon such as foaming, demixing and changes in viscosity, and that it has thus to be used in combination with a specific surfactant, able to stabilise the emulsion. According to the teaching of this document, a volatile fluorinated oil is thus very difficult to stabilise.
The present invention now seeks to resolve these deficiencies.


A current interrupt mechanism for electrochemical cells is disclosed. A thermally activated current interrupt mechanism is integrated into an end cap assembly for an electrochemical cell. The thermally responsive mechanism preferably includes a free floating bimetallic disk or shape memory alloy member which deforms when exposed to elevated temperature causing a break in an electrical pathway within the end cap assembly. This prevents current from flowing through the cell and effectively shuts down an operating cell. The end cap assembly may include a pressure responsive mechanism which ruptures when there is extreme gas pressure buildup. Gas is allowed to escape from the cell interior to the external environment through a series of vent apertures within the end cap assembly.

Electrochemical cells, especially high energy density cells such as those in which lithium is an active material, are subject to leakage or rupture which, in turn, can cause damage to the device which is powered by the cell or to the surrounding environment. In the case of rechargeable cells, the rise in internal temperature of the cell can result from overcharging. Undesirable temperature increases are often accompanied by a corresponding increase in internal gas pressure. This is likely to occur in the event of an external short circuit condition. It is desirable that safety devices accompany the cell without unduly increasing the cost, size or mass of the cell.
Such cells, particularly rechargeable cells utilizing lithium as an active material, are subject to leakage or rupture caused by a rise in internal temperature of the cell which often is accompanied by a corresponding increase in pressure. This is likely to be caused by abusive conditions, such as overcharging or by a short circuit condition. It is also important that these cells be hermetically sealed to prevent the egress of electrolyte solvent and the ingress of moisture from the exterior environment.
As set forth above, as such a cell is charged, self-heating occurs. Charging at too rapid a rate or overcharging can lead to an increase in the temperature. When the temperature exceeds a certain point, which varies depending upon the chemistry and structure of the cell, an undesirable and uncontrollable thermal runaway condition begins. In addition, because of the overheating, internal pressure builds up, and electrolyte may suddenly be expelled from the cell. It is preferable to initiate controlled venting before that takes place.
Conventional cell designs employ an end cap fitting which is inserted into an open ended cylindrical casing after the cell anode and cathode active material and appropriate separator material and electrolyte have been inserted into the cylindrical case. The end cap is in electrical contact with one of the anode or cathode material and the exposed portion of the end cap forms one of the cell terminals. A portion of the cell casing forms the other terminal.

Current interrupter for electrochemical cells


A novel neomorphic form of ibuprofen and processes for preparing the ibuprofen are provided. The neomorphic form is characterized by having a distinctively less bitter taste and causes less burning sensation upon swallowing. The neomorphic form of ibuprofen is an amorphous ibuprofen and is prepared by imparting kinetic energy to supercooled ibuprofen.

Ibuprofen is one of the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs available today. Conventional ibuprofen is known to have a distinctly bitter, acidic, foul taste and to cause a burning sensation in the mouth and throat upon oral administration. Therefore, various attempts have been made to mask the taste of ibuprofen, the most common being to coat the ibuprofen in a tablet form for oral administration without chewing, usually accompanied with liquids to aid the swallowing, thus hiding the unpleasant taste of the free acid.
Unfortunately, a substantial portion of the population cannot swallow a tablet form of a drug and this is particularly true in the young and aged. These individuals commonly take such drugs in a liquid form, however the foul taste of ibuprofen in liquid form will most likely preclude compliance among these individuals.
Various attempts have been made to mask the taste of ibuprofen. The most common attempts incorporate the use of taste-masking agents with the ibuprofen, accompanied in many cases by costly production procedures. Examples of these prior efforts include admixing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate with the ibuprofen in a wet granulation process as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,161; spray drying a dispersion of ibuprofen, ethyl cellulose, and a plasticizer as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,188; dissolving ibuprofen with acrylic acid resin in an organic solvent and water to provide a granulated ibuprofen as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,966; and spray drying ibuprofen in a suspension of colloidal silica, alcohol, and cellulose acetate as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,186. Various attempts have also been made to alter the chemical structure of ibuprofen to a form that has a less objectionable taste as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,049,699 and 4,361,580, however the utility of these forms remains to be determined.
There still exists a need in the art to develop a taste-masked form of ibuprofen which can be prepared easily and does not require the additional blending of specific amounts of certain taste-masking agents.


A high-frequency, low-profile transformer having at least one pair of magnetic poles includes a primary winding having a z-folded, continuous primary conductive film with a generally serpentine configuration disposed on a primary dielectric membrane and further includes a z-folded, continuous secondary winding constructed from a plurality of secondary conductive film portions disposed on a secondary dielectric membrane. Each of the secondary conductive film portions is configured to form a single continuous path enclosing each of the magnetic poles in such manner that each path encloses one pole of each pair of the magnetic poles of each adjacent layer of the secondary winding. Each path thus continues along a respective fold of the winding stack. The secondary winding layers are interleaved with the primary winding layers and electrically connected together. In one preferred embodiment, the transformer has two pairs of magnetic poles, and each path formed by each secondary conductive film has a shape characterized as two generally ovoid portions connected together at a relatively wide midportion. Low-resistance conductive bridges are used to electrically connect the secondary conductive film portions together along alternate folds of the winding stack.

Commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application of A. J. Yerman and W. A. Roshen, Ser. No. 07/548,461, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,715 and incorporated by reference herein, describes a low-profile, multi-pole, conductive-film transformer. The transformer of Ser. No. 07/548,461 includes a continuous, serpentine primary winding that is configured and z-folded to form a multi-pole, multi-layer winding having separate secondary winding layers interleaved therewith. Conductive connecting strips are used to electrically connect the separate secondary winding layers together. Although the conductive-film transformer of Ser. No. 07/548,461 is a low-profile device, it is desirable to improve such a conductive-film transformer even further by providing a continuous, z-foldable, multi-pole secondary winding configuration that allows for easier and more reliable high-current and lower-resistance connections between secondary winding layers.

Z-foldable secondary winding for a low-profile, multi-pole transformer


Method for producing a stator winding (18) of an electric machine (10), in particular an AC generator, wherein the stator winding (18) has at least n phase windings (120, 121, 122, 123, 124), and one phase winding (120, 121, 122, 123, 124) has a plurality of successive wound coils (82) with coil sides (88) and coil side connectors (91), wherein the coils (82) are divided into first coils (82.1) and second coils (82.2), with a forming tool (100), in which slots (105, 106) are provided which are suitable for accommodating the coils (82), wherein a first coil (82.1) is arranged in a slot (105), and a second coil (82.2) is arranged in the same slot (105).

DE 103 29 572 A1 discloses a method for producing a core which can be excited electromagnetically and for whose production a specific stator winding is used. In comparison to the stator winding disclosed and produced there, the invention provides for the axial extent of the coil side connectors to be reduced, and therefore for the axial extent of the stator winding to be shortened. In this case, the term "axial" relates to a rotation axis of a rotor of the electrical machine.

Method for producing a stator winding of an electric machine, in particular for producing an AC generator


A truckle assembly has a housing, a rotating unit movably mounted on the housing, a limiting unit and a wheel assembly. The housing includes a body and a sleeve. A slope portion is formed inside the body and neighboring the sleeve. The rotating unit includes a central shaft, and a gear ring mounted on the central shaft for corresponding to a first side of the slope portion. The limiting unit includes a pedal, an interferential portion linking an end of the pedal, and an arresting portion linking an end of the interferential portion. The pedal has a first portion extending into the housing, and a second portion extending out of the housing. The interferential portion corresponds to a second side of the slope portion. The wheel assembly includes at least a wheel assembled on sides of the housing, and a shaft pole extending through the wheels and the pedal.

a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a truckle assembly, and in particular to a truckle assembly capable of limiting movement and rotation simultaneously.
b) Description of the Prior Art
A conventional truckle assembly typically comprises a housing and a wheel pivoted to the housing. An arresting member is provided between the housing and the wheel for pressing against a metal plate on the wheel. An axis pole is mounted on an end of the housing. In use, the truckle wheel is mounted on a bottom of an object which wants to move. The object is brought to move when the truckle assembly moves. The axis pole rotates to make the wheel be able to move in multiple directions. As the object arrives at a desired position, the arresting member presses the wheel to stop the truckle assembly.
In prior art, the wheel is pressed to stop movement of the truckle assembly. However, rotation direction of the wheel is not limited. Correspondingly, when the truckle assembly is arrested, the axis pole can still change rotation direction thereof. The movement and rotation direction of the truckle assembly can not be effectively limited at a time, and therefore can not meet practical demand.


An improved structure of a Christmas lamp bulblet and bulblet stand, it mainly comprising a bulblet stand and a bulblet, copper plates and wires go through the bulblet stand. Two semi-circular pieces are disposed inside the bulblet stand, a concave curved trough is disposed on the middle of the semi-circular piece, a convex dot on one side of the semi-circular piece and an insertion trough on the other side. The two semi-circular pieces are in opposite positions. The bulblet has a flat part on the lower end, a positioning pole, a convex dot and stuck-out filaments are disposed of each side of the flat part. Insert the flat part of the bulblet into the bulblet stand, so that the positioning poles are locked with the concave curved troughs, the convex dots with the concave dots, while the copper plates of the wires are positioned inside the insertion troughs, thus the copper plates are in contact with the filaments of the bulblet. Accordingly, the bulblet is conveniently and firmly assembled inside the bulblet stand without the conventional bulblet socket.

Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional Christmas lamp 10 mainly comprising a bulblet stand 11, a bulblet socket 12 and a bulblet 13. The bulblet stand 11 is connected to wires 14 and copper plates 15, the bulblet 13 is inserted into the bulblet socket 12, filaments 131 extended from the bottom of the bulblet 13 go through holes 121 of the bulblet socket 12 and expose outside. When the bulblet socket 12 together with the bulblet 13 are inserted into the bulblet stand 11, the filaments 131 of the bulblet 13 are in contact with the copper plates 15 of the wires 14 to conduct electric current as referring to FIG. 2. The above-mentioned conventional structure of a Christmas lamp has shortcomings as follow:
1. the bulblet socket 12 has to be made separately, the bulblet 13 has to be inserted into the bulblet socket 12 which also has to be inserted into the bulblet stand 11, the assembly is obviously too complicated and inconvenient. PA1 2. There are chances that the bulblet socket 12 is not inserted into the bulblet stand 11 properly and causes the filaments 131 of the bulblet 13 departed from the copper plates 15 of the wires 14 and thus causes failure of conduction of electric current. PA1 3. need to replace a new bulblet 13 if the bulblet is broken, since the bulblet socket 12 is firmly inserted into the bulblet stand 11, makes it inconvenient to separate the bulblet socket 12 from the bulblet stand 11 and change a new bulblet 13.
The present invention mainly comprising a bulblet stand and a bulber, the bulblet is inserted into the bulblet stand. Two opposite semi-circular pieces are disposed inside the bulblet stand, the bulblet is formed in one piece with a lighting body, a neck part and a flat part, filaments are exposed from the sides of the flat part. A concave curved trough is disposed on the middle of each semi-circular piece, a convex dot is disposed on one side of each semi-circular piece, and an insertion trough is disposed on the other side of each semi-circular piece for insertion of the copper plates of the wires. A convex positioning pole is disposed on the middle of the flat part on both sides, a concave dot is located on both sides of one end of the flat part. Accordingly, the flat part of the bulblet is inserted between the two semi-circular pieces of the bulblet stand with the convex positioning poles locked to the concave curved troughs, while the concave dots correspond to the convex dots. Thus the present invention allows a firm and convenient assembly structure for the bulblet and the bulblet stand without the bulblet socket.

Structure of a Christmas lamp bulblet and bulblet stand


A control fin actuator (28) for a guided missile (20) includes a pressure actuator (40) having a slidable piston (44) inside a housing (42). Rolling diaphragm seals (50, 56) of the top piston face (46) and the bottom piston face (48) to the inside wall of the housing (42) divide the interior of the housing (42) into at least two chambers (54, 58). The rolling diaphragm seals (50, 56) eliminate sliding friction as the piston (44) moves within the housing. The two chambers (54, 58) are controllably pressurized to slide the piston (44) within the housing (42), thereby moving a push rod (78) attached to the piston (44) and extending out of the housing (42). The push rod (78) is connected to a missile control fin output shaft (24) by a taut band connector (80) that avoids backlash. A magnet (86) may be positioned adjacent to the push rod (78) to induce eddy currents in the push rod (78), thereby providing a damping force that increases with increasing rate of movement. Pressure in the control chamber (54) is achieved by operating the inlet valve (70) and the exhaust valve (72) in response to feedback information from a rotary position sensor (29), a linear position sensor (88), and/or pressure sensors (90, 92).

This invention relates to the control of guided missiles, and, more particularly, to an approach for controlling the guidance fins of such missiles.
Most guided missiles are controlled and stabilized with movable control surfaces or fins that project from the sides of the missile, typically near its rearward end. The fins, or possibly only a portion of the fins in larger missiles, are normally of symmetrical cross section and are pivotably mounted in the airstream. When each fin is oriented parallel to the airstream, there is no control force exerted on the missile. By pivoting the fins to be oriented at an angle with respect to the airstream, there is a resulting control force exerted on the missile and its direction or roll orientation is changed.
Some missiles may fly as fast as several times the speed of sound, and therefore control movements of the fins must be accomplished quickly and smoothly in response to a control signal. Control operations and consequent movements of the fins may be updated continuously by the missile electronics or commanded as often as several thousand times per second by a digital computer. The actuator mechanism which converts the electrical command signals to physical movement of the control fins must respond at high rates to maintain the maneuverability and stability of the high speed missile, minimizing dynamic behavior which might otherwise cause the fin not to follow the command exactly.
Two types of fin actuator systems are generally in use today. They are electromechanical systems and fluidic systems. In the former, command signals are translated to physical movement by a sophisticated electric motor, typically with a precision gear train. In the latter, which include both hydraulic and pneumatic systems, the command signal controls pressurizing valves and release valves that regulate the pressure in a cylinder with a movable piston, causing the piston to slide back and forth within the cylinder. A push rod extends out of the cylinder and is connected to a control fin output shaft upon which the fin is mounted.
Each type of actuation system, while operable in some conditions, has its drawbacks. The electromechanical system is considered to offer the higher response capability, but it may be costly, electronically and mechanically complex, difficult to build, difficult to calibrate and test, and lacking in reliability in some applications. Due to the nature of motor control, electromechanical actuation systems have certain inherent performance limitations under high fin torsional loads that may be more successfully accommodated by fluidic systems. The hydraulic and pneumatic systems can meet response requirements up to 100 cycles per second only if very precise internal tolerances are maintained, and if sophisticated valve, seal, and mechanical arrangements are devised. Even then, these systems tend to be more sensitive to nonlinear effects such as friction and backlash. The entrapped fluid in the hydraulic systems is often subject to leakage over long periods of storage, which makes periodic maintenance necessary.
The control actuator must be operable over a wide range of environmental conditions, including temperature, vibration, acceleration, and high structural and fin loadings. For example, some military specifications require that the missile be storable for extended periods and thereafter operable over temperatures ranging from as low as -65.degree. F. to as high as +190.degree. F. The actuator for the control surfaces must be made of materials that achieve satisfactory strength and other properties over the entire environmental range, and additionally must retain its performance in all specified environments.
Because of the inability of conventional pneumatic systems to meet the most demanding performance requirements over widely varying conditions, electromechanical actuators are most widely used today in high-performance missile control systems. However, as indicated, they tend to be costly, complex, prone to breakdown and performance anomalies, and difficult to test. There is therefore a need for an improved actuator system that has acceptable performance responses as well as low cost and good reliability over a range of operating conditions. The present invention fulfills this need, and further provides related advantages.


An electrolytic test machine includes an electrolytic cell in which an electrolytic liquid is stored so that a test material is immersed in the electrolytic liquid. An electrode is immersed in the electrolytic liquid. A DC power source supplies a current between the test material and the electrode. A treating pipe line extends from the electrolytic cell to collect a harmful gas which is generated from the electrolytic liquid during supplying of a current and which is released out of the electrolytic liquid, along with the electrolytic liquid. A harmful gas purifying device is disposed in the treating pipe line. The harmful gas purifying device includes a catalyst for purifying the harmful gas, and a determining device for determining the replacement time of the catalyst.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrolytic test machine, and particularly, to an electrolytic test machine including, as basic components, an electrolytic call in which an electrolytic liquid is stored so that a test material is immersed in the electrolytic liquid, an electrode immersed in the electrolytic liquid, and a DC power source from which a current is supplied between the test material and the electrode.
2. Description of the Related Art
The above electrolytic test machine is used, for example, for a cathode peeling-off test for a coating film (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 195612/1995). This test is carried out using an aqueous solution of NaCl as the electrolytic liquid, in such a manner that the polarity of the test material is set at a negative polarity (as a cathode), while the polarity of the electrode is set at a positive polarity (i.e., as an anode). Therefore, a chlorine gas, which is a harmful gas, is generated on the side of the electrode with electrolysis of the aqueous solution of NaCl.
In this case, a chlorine gas treating means is used to purify the chlorine gas by using activated carbon as a catalyst.
The purifying capability of the activated carbon is decreased over time and hence, it is necessary to replace the activated carbon with new activated carbon before the purifying capability of the activated carbon in service is completely lost.
A simple method is to conduct time-management of the replacement time of the activated carbon. However, such time-management causes the following disadvantage:
During the test, a current flowing between the test material and the electrode is varied depending upon the structure of the test material or the like. Therefore, for example, if the maximum current of the DC power source is set at 50 A and continuously supplied, the duration of the purifying capability per kg of the activated carbon is about 50 hours. If the duration of one run of the test is about 2 hours, the possible frequency of the test is 25 runs. Therefore, replacement of the activated carbon must be carried out after every 25 runs of the test. This brings about a reduction in testing efficiency because the frequency of replacement of the activated carbon is too high.
The actual current during the test is about 10 A and hence, the current amount used over the total frequency of the test per kg of the activated carbon is 10 A.times.2 hr.times.25 runs=500 A.multidot.hr, and the effective current amount per kg of the activated carbon is 50 A.times.50 hr=2,500 A.multidot.hr. If time management is used, only about 20% of the purifying capability of the activated carbon is consumed, and about 80% is wasted.
On the other hand, another chlorine gas treating means collects and treats chlorine gas which has floated out of the aqueous solution of NaCl and flows within the electrolytic cell.
However, if such a chlorine gas treating means is used, it is impossible to inhibit the production of NaClO in the aqueous solution of NaCl and the dissolution of the chlorine gas into the aqueous solution of NaCl.
As a result, a problem arises because a coating film of the test material is whitened by a bleaching effect of NaClO, and the appearance of the coating film is considerably different from a corroded state in a natural environment. Another problem that arises is that the concentration of chlorine in the aqueous solution of NaCl is increased. Hence, an irritant odor is generated during replacement of the test material or during replacement of the aqueous solution of NaCl which degrades the working environment.


The present disclosure provides a nitrogen-containing compound, an organic electroluminescent device and an electronic apparatus, belonging to the technical field of organic materials. The nitrogen-containing compound of the present disclosure has a carbazole structure and a fluorenyl group, two cooperating with each other and has a high first triplet energy level. Therefore, the nitrogen-containing compound of the present disclosure is suitable for use as a host material of a light-emitting in an organic electroluminescent device. The nitrogen-containing compound can improve the performance of the organic electroluminescent device.

An organic electroluminescent device, for example, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), usually includes a cathode and an anode which are disposed oppositely, and a functional layer disposed between the cathode and the anode. The functional layer consists of multi-layer organic or inorganic films, and generally includes an organic light-emitting layer, a hole transport layer located between the organic light-emitting layer and the anode, and an electron transport layer located between the organic light-emitting layer and the cathode. When voltage is applied at both cathode and anode, an electric field is generated at both electrodes. Under the action of the electric field, electrons on the side of cathode will move towards an electroluminescent layer, and holes on the side of anode will also move towards an emitting layer, then electrons and holes bind with each other on the electroluminescent layer to form excitons. The excitons are in an excited state to release energy to the outside, such that the electroluminescent layer emits light to the outside.
In the prior art, CN104039778A and the like have disclosed a material for preparing an emitting layer in an organic electroluminescent device. However, it is still necessary to continuously research and develop a novel material, thus further improving the performance of the organic electroluminescent device.
The above information disclosed in the background part is only used to enhance the understanding to the background of the present application, and thus may include the information not constituting the prior art known to a person skilled in the art.

Nitrogen-containing compound, organic electroluminescent device and electronic apparatus

SHAANXI LIGHTE OPTOELECTRONICS MATERIAL CO., LTD.


A gaming machine that is capable of achieving respectively different game patterns at a time of a bonus game is provided. A main CPU displays a selection screen in a case where a feature game trigger is established, and causes a player to select either one of a free game and a roulette game. In a case where the free game is selected, a total of values that correspond to BONUS symbols that correspond to the feature game trigger is determined as the number of free games. The main CPU conducts lottery processing for determination of symbols and lottery processing for determination of BONUS symbol values. The values that correspond to the BONUS symbols are added on one by one basis, and a progress of obtaining the number of free games is displayed as effect on a video display unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a gaming machine that is capable of repeatedly executing a unit game.
2. Background of the Related Art
Conventionally, it has been known that there is provided a gaming machine played in such a manner that a player presses a spin button subsequent to entry of a gaming medium such as a coin, whereby symbols that are displayed for the player when a plurality of reels are stopped are determined by lottery processing; scrolling of symbol arrays of a respective one of the reels are started; the scrolling is stopped so that the determined symbols are displayed for the player, and then, the symbols are rearranged; it is determined whether or not a combination of the displayed symbols is associated with a prize; and in a case where the combination of the displayed symbols is associated with the prize, a bonus according to a kind of the winning combination of the symbols is awarded to the player.
In such a gaming machine, an allowable number of payouts at the time of a bonus game is determined and set as triggered by a prize of BB according to activation of a bonus (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-20954). According to this gaming machine, a player can play a bonus game until the set allowable number of payouts has been reached.
However, in such a gaming machine, after a player has won the prize of BB according to actuation of a bonus, the game is merely played until the medals of which the allowable number of payouts is determined has been paid out. Therefore, the player merely consumes the predetermined allowable number of payouts and thus a variety of game patterns could not imparted to the player in a bonus game.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a gaming machine adapted to respectively determine values according to symbols, based on a prize by lottery processing, so that a total of the values that corresponds to these symbols is equal to the number of free games that can be played at the time of a bonus game, thereby making it possible to achieve respectively different game patterns at the time of the bonus game.
In addition, it is a further object of the present invention to provide a gaming machine adapted to partially change display colors of symbols according to values of the symbols determined by lottery processing, thereby making it possible to produce a situation that a player can approximately visually and intuitively predict the number of free games that can be played at the time of a bonus game, to provide diversified variations to the bonus game and to enable the player to feel a sense of expectation for the bonus game.

Gaming machine capable of repeatedly executing a unit game


A method of controlling starting current of an adaptive spindle motor in consideration of maximum allowable consumption power and a disk drive using the method. The method includes measuring a supply voltage supplied to the disk drive, calculating a maximum current that can be supplied to the spindle motor in a range of maximum allowable power in correspondence to the supply voltage measured in the measuring of the supply voltage, and applying the calculated maximum current to the spindle motor to start the spindle motor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of controlling a spindle motor used in a disk drive and apparatus thereof, and more particularly, to a method of controlling starting current of an adaptive spindle motor in consideration of maximum allowable consumption power, and a disk drive using the method.
2. Description of the Related Art
A typical example of a method of controlling an adaptive spindle motor is disclosed in Korean Patent Publication No. 1998-0014310, which proposes a solution to a problem due to a voltage drop resulting from a current to be excessively consumed at an initial drive or start up of the spindle motor in a disk drive.
A disk drive utilizing a spindle motor could include a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, a DVD drive, and the like. When power is supplied to the disk drive, the disk drive enters in an initial mode to drive a spindle motor to rotate a disk. The disk drive has a high power consumption at start up such that a paused disk can be started and rotated to reach a desired speed. As such, the disk drive is adapted to supply a maximum current to the spindle motor in a range of the maximum usable power.
However, the maximum usable power is restricted on the basis of maximum usable voltage, and the maximum usable current applied to the spindle motor is also restricted by the maximum usable voltage.
For example, suppose that a disk drive is adapted to utilize a single power supply of 5 V, an allowable supply voltage Vpwr of 4.75 V to 5.25 V, and a usable maximum power Pmax of 5 W, the maximum usable current is determined on the basis of the maximum allowable supply voltage of 5.25 V, the maximum usable current Imax is calculated as the following Equation 1:
                    Imax        =                              Pmax            /            Vpwr                    =                                    5                                                                                W                /                5.25                                                                                V                        =                          0.95                                                                                A                                                          (        1        )
A starting current of the spindle motor is determined as a result of subtracting a printed circuit board (PCB) current used in a circuit other than the spindle motor from the maximum usable current.
Even if the supply voltage Vpwr is decreased in the allowable range, the starting current of the spindle motor is restricted by the maximum usable voltage (i.e., 5.25 V). Consequently, even though more current may be used (or needed) to start the spindle motor, a fixed amount of the current is applied to the spindle motor. As a result, there is a problem in that a time required to increase the rotation speed of the spindle motor to a desired level is extended.

Method for controlling start of adaptive spindle motor and disk drive using the method


A light-operated electronic equipment and a mobile electronic device for controlling an electronic equipment with light are provided. The light-operated electronic equipment with a light sensing receiving unit and a control unit is controlled by the mobile electronic device with a light source, a light control code module and a light display process module. Besides, further provides a process method of performing system registration by a light control way. By the process method, an information process device receives the input of the light signal through a transmission equipment, such that the light sensing receiving unit of the transmission equipment converts the brightness change of the light signal into the electric control code for the control unit of the transmission equipment to receive the electric control code and transmit the electric control code to the information process device through a transmission interface.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates a light operated technique, particularly to a process method for system login in light-operated manner, a light-operated electronic equipment and a mobile electronic device for controlling an electronic equipment with light that use light signal to control status and operation manner of electronic product.
2. Descriptions of the Related Art
As the advanced mobile communication technologies developed, mobile phone and wearable device are almost to have one, and because the development of electronic technology, mobile electronic device, mobile phones and wearable device are no longer just a device to provide communication between people, such as the current prevalence of smart phones and wearable device (ex. smart watch), its function is quite powerful, already have as laptops and cameras and other electronic products provided by function, therefore, by the majority of consumers.
In response to the popularity of smart phone, the market for software developers are also constantly developing various functional service phone application software. However, the existing smart device application software App is also multi-functional services are limited to the operation of the mobile terminal, such as query the traffic information, instant messaging or financial processing application software, etc., but has not yet appeared by mobile electronic device (ex. smart phone or wearable device) to control or interaction with their external electronic devices actuation.
Based on the above issues, how to use the mobile electronic device to control the portable electronic device for its external action or its external electronic devices to interactive control, thereby expanding mobile electronic device add-on application for the Belongs to the technical field of the professionals urgent need to solve the problem.

Light-operated electronic equipment and mobile electronic device for controlling electronic equipment with light


The invention concerns a bag machine for attachment of strip sections or labels to a passing bag base, including an application drum with a gripper which can be actuated to open and close, and with a knife interacting with the gripper. In this bag machine, the knife is arranged on a second drum running parallel to the application drum. The second drum also features a gripper which interacts with a knife arranged on the application drum.

A known bag machine is disclosed in German patent DE 66 09 637 U. In this prior art bag machine, the lack of a bag workpiece results in the associated strip section or label being automatically directed into a removal conveying section. The removal device in this case is controlled by a sensor element which senses on a cyclical basis the feed of a bag workpiece.
Formed on the application drum is a gripper which grips and clamps the forward portion of a label to be attached to the bag base. In this operation, a knife pushes the forward portion of the label into the gripper which then closes and clamps the forward portion of the label. The label is then conveyed by the application drum to be attached to the bag workpiece. If no bag workpiece is fed into position at this time, so that no label need have been conveyed by the application drum, the gripper is opened, and instead the supplied label is taken from underneath by a removal diverter which is slewed into position and which removes the label.
This method of removal has not proven successful in practice as the label to be removed is not positively engaged by the gripper in this area. As a result blockages can occur by loose labels in the area of the removal diverter, resulting in operational malfunctions.

Bag machine having bursting rollers for separating a web


This invention relates to a process for preparing synergistic derivatives of formula (I), in which Y is hydrogen or dimethylamino, from pristinamycin I.sub.A or from virginiamycin, via a Mannich base, followed by elimination of the amine introduced. ##STR1##

The products of general formula (I) have been described as intermediates for the preparation of soluble derivatives of pristinamycin I.sup.A or of virginiamycin in European Patent Nos. 133,097 and 248,703.
According to the teaching of European Patient No. 133,097, the synergistic derivatives of general formula (I) may be obtained from natural pristinamycin I.sub.A (Y=dimethylamino) or from virginiamycin (Y=hydrogen) of general formula (II) mentioned below, via an enamine which is treated with an alkali metal borohydride in the presence of a strong organic acid.

Pristinaymcinia or virginiamycin derivatives and their preparation


An electrostatic three-dimensional printer in which molten material drops such as plastic and wax are given an electrostatic charge, and accelerated through a guiding magnetic field. Just as an electron is accelerated and guided in a cathode ray tube. Any molten material may be used. Parts are created by the build up of multiple layers of these droplets. When parts have overhangs a second removable material is used. In the case of plastic a lower melting point wax could be used to support the overhanging plastic then later removed from the part by melting.

The invention relates an electrostatic three-dimensional printer. Prior art shows how to create 3-D parts by the subtractive process where a block of material is carved in such a way as to remove all unwanted material leaving only the material of the shape or part desired. The problem with this technique is that it is very difficult to created proper undercuts and curved surfaces in three dimensions and requires expensive multi-axis CAD-CAM machines to move the cutting tool. Another method has been the use of rapid prototyping techniques that use lasers to harden the surface of a plastic part as a platform is lowered into the liquid. This technique is slow and limited to the plastics that can be hardened with laser light in addition to requiring complicated mechanical motion of the laser and the platform. This invention is unique in that it does not move the part or the drop nozzle. The material for the part creation is heated to its melting point then atomized into fine droplets that are accelerated across and electrostatic gradient. The droplets are then guided by an encircling magnetic field in much the same way as electrons are guided in a TV tube.


Provided herein are methods and systems for a digital subscriber line protocol that does not require amplitude modulation, as well as methods and systems for such a protocol that can be used in combination with amplitude-modulation techniques to provide superior broadband DSL capabilities.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of telecommunications, and more particularly to a protocol for high-speed broadband data communication.
2. Description of the Related Art
Digital Subscriber Line, or DSL, protocols are well-known protocols for delivering relatively high-bandwidth transmissions over telephone lines. There are a variety of DSL protocols, which as a group are often designated xDSL protocols. The xDSL protocols include, for example, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL), High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL), Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), Multirate Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (MSDSL), G.Lite (ADSL limited to 1.5 Mbits/sec with a built in POTS splitter) and Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL). Embodiments of DSL systems are disclosed in a standard of the American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI), namely, ANSI National Standard T1.413, Network and Customer Installation Interfaces—Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Metallic Interface, published by American National Standards Institute, Inc. All versions of ANSI Standard T1.413 are hereby incorporated by reference. Further information about DSL systems, including ADSL and VDSL, can be found in a variety of books on the subject, including ADSL/VDSL Principles: A Practical and Precise Study of Asynmetric Digital Subscriber Lines and Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Lines, by Dennis J. Rauschmayer, MacMillan Technical Publishing USA, copyright 1999, which is also hereby incorporated by reference.
Two competing technologies for xDSL transmissions are Carrierless Amplitude/Phase (CAP) and Discrete Multitone (DMT). Both of these variants are based on a coding technique known as Quadrature Amplitude and Phase (QAM).
The current format of DSL is based upon DMT which is a form of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). That is, there are multiple frequency cells which are combined to create a single, complex output. The modulation technique that is at the heart of this design is QAM uses a phase change and an associated amplitude to create the bit structure for DMT.
QAM combines variations in signal amplitude with an assigned phase. In the example that follows, phase and amplitude vary simultaneously over four values allowing each cycle to represent one of 16 discrete logical states. This allows 4 bits of data for a single wave cycle or 4 bits/Hz. Referring to FIG. 1, a 16 point constellation 100 is shown, which is often referred to as 16-QAM. The 16-QAM constellation 100 includes an in-phase axis 102 and a quadrature axis 104. The value of the in-phase axis 102 is often referred to as an "I" component and the value of the quadrature axis 104 as a "Q" component by those in the art.
The constellation 100 identifies a signal that is 4 bits/symbol. A chip set in a current design QAM system, be it CAP or DMT, generally uses 256-QAM to increase the number of bits/symbol to 8. FIG. 2 depicts a constellation of the second quadrant 200 of a 256-QAM system.
The combination of amplitude and phase values reflected by a given point in the QAM constellation can be used to render data bits. A QAM system translates the QAM amplitudes and phases into data bits by a mechanism such as a truth table. Referring to FIG. 3, a truth table 300 is shown for an embodiment of a 16-QAM system.
In QAM systems the lowest amplitudes produce lower signal to noise ratios (SNRs) as the line length increases. That is, as line attenuation increases, signal to noise ratio decreases. One problem with QAM systems is that varying signal amplitude (Amplitude Modulation, or AM) is susceptible to external interference.
Referring to FIG. 4, a schematic 400 shows a basic QAM modulator design. A data stream 402 is fed to an encoder 404 and split into two separate streams 405, 406. The streams 405, 406 are fed into two low pass filters 408, 410. Then the streams are modulated onto a sine component 412 and a cosine component 414 of a carrier frequency 418. This separation is the basis for forming the bitstream and realizes 4 bits/Hz. 16-QAM requires a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 21.5 dB without error correction to maintain a bit error rate (BER) of 10−7. The two streams (which represent the in-phase and quadrature branches of the QAM signal) are added together to produce the composite QAM signal 420. The system can include various other components, such as shaping filters 422, 424.
There are a number of factors that affect the purity of a transmitted QAM signal. There is Gaussian white noise that is associated with all analog signals. When the noise is equal to or greater than the signal, the signal (for all practical purposes) becomes undetectable. This "noise floor" is what all transmitted signals need to exceed in order to be resolved at the receiving end. The question becomes, how much greater than the noise does a signal need be in order to be virtually error free? As stated above, a 16-QAM signal must be 21.5 dB above the noise floor to be correct at the receiving end in order to be virtually error free. (For all practical purposes, a BER of 10−7 represents error free performance.)
Another factor is external interference. There are many forms of external interference including cross-talk (where the signal from one of a pair of adjacent wires interferes with the signal from the other); bridge taps in the line, causing a notch at a narrow band of frequencies; and external interference such as impulse noise from phones going on and off hook. Also, there may be radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby radio stations or other RF sources.
All of the above factors and others can cause errors in the bit stream, which must either be corrected at the receiving end or, at least recognized, signaling a need for retransmission of the errant message. As described later, many of these problems can be improved via the use of error correction algorithms.
Amplitude Modulation systems inherently depend on accurate recognition of varying amplitudes. As a result, AM systems are very susceptible to all of the interfering factors described above. This particular weakness of all QAM systems will be addressed in the invention disclosed below.
As mentioned above, most CAP or DMT systems use 256-QAM to increase the number of bits per transmitted symbol. The bit structure for 256-QAM is much denser and the bits are closer together than 16-QAM, allowing an interfering signal to more easily corrupt this structure. 256-QAM is also more susceptible to interference from wave to wave. This distortion, known as "Intersymbol Interference" (ISI), occurs when a band-limited channel spreads a channel response to an input symbol beyond its duration period. Tails of previous channel responses interfere with a current one, changing the amplitude of a received signal at re-sampling time. If the amount of ISI is high enough, the receiver threshold logic will read an incorrect value. Once again, the weakness of QAM, AM susceptibility, is problematic for overcoming ISI. The second quadrant block of the 256-QAM constellation 200 shows the close proximity of the symbols in 256 QAM systems.
A 256-QAM system can produce 8 bits/symbol, which corresponds to 8 Mbits/sec when the carrier frequency is 1 MHz. 256-QAM requires a 33.5 dB SNR to maintain a BER of 10−7 when the data rate is 8 Mbits/sec, or 16 times the SNR of 16-QAM. Since an unmodified QAM system could not maintain a SNR of 33.5 dB for very long cable runs, or in the presence of interference, various techniques are used to attempt to keep the SNR as high as possible. Certain types of techniques are discussed below in conjunction with a discussion of two forms of QAM, namely, CAP and DMT Modulation.
Referring to FIG. 5, the encoding scheme of CAP is equivalent to QAM. In this example the orthogonal signal modulation is done digitally by a state encoder 502, in-phase filter 504 and quadrature filter 508. A Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) 510 converts the signal to analog before transmission. This approach allows the QAM technique to be implemented digitally and only the output remains an analog function. Of course, this is CAP in a simplified form. In real applications, CAP is rate-adaptive to conform to varying noise and interference conditions.
The "Web Proforum" group, an arm of the ADSL Forum, ran tests on CAP Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL) in the presence of various interfering sources. They found that a 272 kb/sec upstream signal in the presence of a T1 signal is degraded by 15%. That is, if the signal were on a 26 AWG twisted pair phone line and was reaching 26 kfeet, in the presence of T1 interference it would only reach 22 kfeet. Worst case for CAP RADSL was a 784 kb/sec SDSL signal. In this case, the signal reach is degraded by 54% or, reduced from 26 kfeet to 12 kfeet. This degradation translates to a rate reduction in the upstream rate that may be unacceptable for the user. In fact, since CAP RADSL adapts its rate in 300 kbits/sec steps, the rate drop may make this line unusable.
DMT also uses a type of QAM modulation but the implementation is very different from CAP. CAP operates with a single frequency, while DMT operates with multiple frequencies. A given CAP symbol only lasts for a short time, but over a very wide bandwidth. Each DMT symbol lasts for 250 microseconds but is very narrow in bandwidth (4 kHz).
DMT is subject to an ANSI standard, T1.413. This standard describes the constituent parts required to design a DMT system. It also includes a test portion where various line lengths and taps are defined. This allows manufacturers to design chip sets based upon a standard so that some compatibility between vendors is possible.
Referring to FIG. 6, a block diagram is provided for a simple DMT Modulator 600. It is more complicated than a CAP RADSL design, but because it uses QAM as its basic modulation scheme, it is similar to CAP. There are, however, some advantages of using DMT over CAP.
Each CAP symbol transmitted takes all of the channel bandwidth; therefore, a high-level noise impulse, (noise in the time domain) and high-level frequency domain noise (noise present for a long time at a narrow frequency range) will both cause errors in CAP systems. With DMT, frequency domain noise is somewhat avoided, and, since the data rates per channel are lower and symbols longer, the effects of time domain noise are reduced.
In FIG. 6, a Reed-Solomon (RS) forward error correction (FEC) coder 602, 604 or RS Coder, is provided for each branch of the split data stream 608, 610, which is split by a MUX 612. In RS coding, the data stream is broken up into blocks and redundant data is added to the blocks. During processing, a series of finite field adds and multiplies results in each data register (in the processor) containing one check symbol after the entire input data stream has been entered. This encoding scheme must then be decoded at the receiving end.
Decoding the RS coded data stream is a multi-step process. A known field polynomial is used as the basis of creating the RS coding. If there are no errors in the data stream, a comparison to this known polynomial will result in an output of zero. If there are errors, the resulting polynomial is passed to the Euclid algorithm, where the factors of the remainder are determined. This result is then evaluated for each of the incoming symbols (over many iterations) and errors that are found are corrected. This technique provides 3 to 5 dB of improvement in SNR. If there are more errors than can be corrected, then the received codeword is output and a flag is set indicating that error correction has failed. This flag initiates a request to re-transmit the codeword.
The DMT Modulator 600 may optionally include an interleaver 614 for interleaving data of one of the data streams 610. In addition to RS Coding to restore bit errors, there is a bit mapping technique known as Trellis Coding to prevent interference from causing sequential errors in the data stream. The addition of Trellis Coding also provides controlled redundancy by doubling the number of signal points and, interference will not cause sequential errors, because the bits are re-coded in an order that will prevent sequential errors. In the case of 256-QAM, coding gain due to Trellis Coding is a factor of 5.5 or a 7 dB increase in SNR.
The combination of RS Coding and Trellis Coding provides a maximum of 12 dB increase in SNR. This improvement becomes very significant when loop length becomes greater than 12,000 feet or when the external interference is distorting the bitstream. The downside of using both of these error correction schemes simultaneously is an increase in overhead of 15% to 20%. Therefore, when both techniques are operating, the actual throughput (worst case) of a 6.144 Mbit/sec system is 4.915 Mbits/sec. This is the required overhead to correct an errant symbol. The alternative, of course, is to re-transmit every time there is a symbol error, which would result in a 50% (worst case) reduction in throughput. In reality, the typical DMT system transmits more than 8 bits/symbol to maintain, under most conditions, a 6.144 Mbit/sec rate. If an interfering signal degrades one or more cells beyond use, the system can adjust by eliminating cells and decreasing the bit rate at 32 kbit/sec per reduction.
In a DMT design, the frequency band is split into 256 channels of 4.3125 kHz size. As can be seen in FIG. 5, the channels utilized by the Upstream data are from 26 kHz to 134 kHz, and from 138 kHz to 1.104 MHz for the Downstream portion.
Since each sub-carrier can transmit symbols (at the frequency of its sub-carrier cell), the sum of the symbols is a rate of 6.144 Mbits/sec when 256-QAM is used. In FIG. 6, the DMT Symbol Buffer 618 and the mapper 620 are the devices that code each QAM symbol and transmit it to one of the cells in the DMT Modulator 600. Each of these signals is passed to the IFFT 622, which performs an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) algorithm. This transforms the QAM signals into 256 symbols and passes them to the parallel in serial out module (PISO) 624. The PISO 624 module converts the bitstream from parallel to serial and then passes the signal to the DAC 628 to perform a digital to analog conversion before passing the signal through the low pass filter 630. This output is then transmitted to the receiving Modem via a line driver 630, using, most often, an Automatic Gain Circuit (AGC) to adjust the signal level based on the specific line length.
The "Web Proforum" ran a series of tests on DMT to determine what level of degradation would occur, in the presence of various types of crosstalk. The upstream signal under test was operating at 272 kbit/sec on a 26 kft local loop. The interfering signals consisted of HDSL, T1 AMI, ISDN and an SDSL signal at 784 kbits/sec. The T1 AMI signal had only a small effect on the test signal while the HDSL and SDSL signals reduced the signal reach to 12 kft or a 54% reduction. What is interesting about this result is that the DMT signal was affected by the SDSL signal as much as the CAP signal was. This indicates that neither design is a real solution to maintaining system throughput in the presence of these interfering signals.
Referring to FIG. 7, in a typical DMT system, there are 256 frequency cells 702 each of which is 4.3125 kHz wide. The highest frequency 704 being 1.104 MHz and the lowest frequency 708 being 26 kHz.
FIG. 8 shows a schematic for an embodiment of a DMT transmitter 800. The binary data stream 802 is fed into an encoder 804, which may generate CRC codes, and may serve as an interleaver, scrambler, forward error correction encoder, and/or integer-to-bit converter. A mapper 808 may assign a pre-determined number of bits to each of 256 Inverse Fast Fourier Transforms (IFFT) 810 which perform the QAM function and then pass the output to an Analog line driver 812 to send the signal to the transmission line. The number of bits assigned to a given IFFT may be determined by the noise level that is measured or predicted for that frequency. Thus, high-noise areas (such as high frequency regions, or frequencies that correspond to known interference sources, such as T1 lines) can be assigned fewer bits than low-noise areas.
It is the QAM function that creates the DMT bit stream and modulates the different frequency cells being transmitted across the Local Loop (telephone line) between the customer and the Central Office (CO).

Methods and systems for high speed broadband digital link


Described is a dual-paneled bedding system that includes a fitted sheet, a bed sheet, and one or more pillowcases. The bed sheet is rectangular and includes a first panel attached to a second panel by means of a line of stitching. The first panel is composed of a first material, and the second panel is composed of a second material, wherein the first material is warmer or more insulating than the second material. The fitted sheet is similar in construction to the bed sheet but includes an elastic band around the perimeter thereof. A first pillowcase is be composed of the first material, while a second pillowcase is composed of the second material. The present invention allows two users to share a single sheet set wherein a first user can be covered by the warmer first panel and a second user can be covered by the lighter second panel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dual-paneled bedding system. More specifically, the present invention describes a bedding system comprising a fitted sheet and a bed sheet, wherein each sheet comprises two panels composed of different materials, and wherein the materials differ in warmth or heat retention, such that one panel is warmer than the other.
People commonly share a bed with their significant other or spouse. However, each person may desire a blanket that provides a different amount of warmth in order to sleep comfortably. For example, one person may be cold and may desire a heavy blanket, whereas the other person may be warm and may desire a lighter blanket. Thus, when the first and second persons share a bed and have a single blanket or comforter, one or both of the individuals may become uncomfortable due to the warmth or heat retention of the blanket. As a result, one person may attempt to wrap themselves in a greater proportion of the blanket in order to achieve a comfortable sleeping temperature, and the other person may be forced to uncover himself or herself in order to be comfortable. Alternatively, the person who prefers to be warm may want to use an additional blanket for warmth, but adding another blanket to the bed may make the other person uncomfortable.
Additionally, individuals who sleep alone may become uncomfortable during the night as the temperature fluctuates. A room may become colder during the night as the outdoor temperature decreases. Alternatively, a person may become warm throughout the night from being covered in blankets for an extended period of time. Thus, individuals may also remove blankets and reapply blankets throughout the night in an attempt to achieve a comfortable sleeping temperature.
The present invention provides a dual-paneled bedding system comprising a fitted sheet and a bed sheet. Each sheet comprises a first panel and a second panel, wherein the panels are secured together by a line of stitching. Each panel is roughly half of the sheet, and each panel is composed of a different material so that the panels provide differing levels of warmth, insulation, or heat retention. In this way, a first user can be covered with a first panel of the sheet that is relatively thick and insulating, and the second user can be covered with the second panel of the sheet that is relatively thin. Thus, two users can share a bed and rest comfortably despite desiring different levels of warmth. In some embodiments of the invention, at least one of the panels includes fasteners thereon that are adapted to engage with an upper sheet so as to allow a user to increase the warmth or thickness of only one panel of the sheet.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Devices have been disclosed in the prior art that relate to blankets or bedding systems. These include devices that have been patented and published in patent application publications. These devices generally relate to blankets having two sections with different levels of warmth or heat retention. The following is a list of devices deemed most relevant to the present disclosure, which are herein described for the purposes of highlighting and differentiating the unique aspects of the present invention, and further highlighting the drawbacks existing in the prior art.
One such device, U.S. Pat. No. 6,862,760 to Bradley et al. discloses a dual warmth comforter having a first section secured to a second section by a fastening device, such as Velcro, a zipper, buttons, snaps, or laces. Each section includes a pair of fabric sheets with insulating material disposed therebetween. The first section has a thermal resistance greater than the second section. Thus, Bradley fails to disclose a bedding system comprising a bed sheet and a fitted sheet, wherein each sheet has a first panel permanently affixed to a second panel by a line of stitching.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,200,883 to Haggerty discloses a bedding system comprising a fitted sheet with two sections, each composed of a different fabric, and a bed sheet having two sections, each composed of a different fabric. The two sections are secured together by partial stitches on the head and toe ends of the sections, and a partial split or opening is disposed therebetween. Thus, Haggerty fails to disclose a bedding system having a removable sheet comprising two sections that are permanently secured together by a continuous line of stitching. Further, Haggerty does not disclose a bedding system that allows users to secure additional layers of fabric or insulating material thereto.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,643,872 to Buswell discloses a comforter having two halves with different warmth retentiveness. Each half is filled with two distinct fillers, which differ in heat retention but are similar in loft and thus provide a similar outward appearance to the user. The two halves are separated by stitching that prevents the filler from moving from one half to the other. Thus, while Buswell discloses a comforter having two halves with differing warmth retention, Buswell discloses the use of a filler material disposed within each section. Thus, Buswell fails to disclose a bedding system that allows a user to removably secure additional layers or sheets of fabric to one half of a sheet or comforter.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,331,088 to Marquette discloses a bed covering comprising a blanket with removably attachable top panels. The top panels can be partly folded toward the foot of the bed or moved to the right of left of the user by unfastening an edge of the blanket. Further, a pair of half panels for the foot portion of each main panel can be attached and detached as desired by means of fasteners. Thus, while Marquette discloses a bed covering having removable panels, Marquette fails to disclose a bed sheet and fitted sheet comprising a first panel composed of a first material and a second panel composed of a second material that is more insulating than the first material.
Finally, U.S. Patent Application Publication Number 2012/0233778 to Shull et al. discloses a multiple panel blanket. The blanket includes a base panel and at least one upper panel disposed thereon. The upper panels are attached to the base panel along at least a portion of the sides of the base panel. Thus, Shull et al. fails to disclose a bedding system having a sheet wherein one half is secured to a second half by means of a line of stitching, and wherein each half has a different level of warmth or heat retention.
These prior art devices have several known drawbacks. Some devices in the prior art disclose bedding systems having two sections with different amounts or types of filler material. Such bedding systems only provide a comforter and do not disclose sheets and fitted sheets to be disposed on a bed. Further, many devices in the prior art do not allow users to add additional layers of fabric thereon in order to adjust the warmth of one half of the blanket. Thus, such systems are not as versatile as the bedding system of the present invention.
In light of the devices disclosed in the prior art, it is submitted that the present invention substantially diverges in design elements from the prior art and consequently it is clear that there is a need in the art for an improvement to existing bedding systems having different levels of warmth. In this regard the instant invention substantially fulfills these needs.


Provided are a vertically aligned liquid crystal display (VA-LCD) with good viewing angle characteristics, which has liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy (Δ∈<0). In the VA-LCD, a polynorbornene based polymer film is used as a protection film and/or as a negative C-plate retardation film for an upper polarization plate and/or a lower polarization plate. Therefore, high contrast characteristics for a front view and an oblique angle view are realized and color change for an oblique angle view can be minimized.

A negative C-plate compensation film used in common liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,412. A main function of the negative C-plate compensation film is to compensate for the black state of vertically aligned LCDs (VA-LCDs) under no voltage application. However, VA-LCDs including only a negative C-plate compensation film have a disadvantage of light leakage at an oblique angle due to imperfect viewing angle compensation.
Combination of a negative C-plate compensation film and an A-plate compensation film is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,141,075. According to the technology disclosed in this patent, good viewing angle compensation of the black state of a VA-LCD under no voltage application is achieved. However, for perfect compensation, enhancements in contrast characteristics and color change for front view and oblique angle view are required.

Vertically aligned liquid crystal display using polynorbornene based polymer film


In various embodiments, a coolant delivery apparatus is presented. Namely, a coolant delivery apparatus comprises a plurality of internal channels configured to provide coolant to the work face of a grinding wheel.

Cylindrical grinding is a machining process in which an abrasive grinding wheel is used to remove material from a workpiece. In a typical cylindrical grinding operation, a grinding wheel is mounted on a quill. A spindle or rotating shaft supplies rotational motion to the quill and grinding wheel. The grinding wheel rotates at a high rate of speed and is brought into contact with the workpiece at the grind zone. The abrasive grains of the grinding wheel shear very small chips from the surface of the workpiece, generating large amounts of heat. A coolant fluid is supplied to the grind zone both to dissipate heat and to remove the chips to prevent clogging.
One type of cylindrical grinding is inside diameter (ID) grinding. In a typical ID grinding operation, the grinding wheel is placed in a hole in the workpiece such that there is a small gap between the grinding wheel and the part. Because of the small size of the gap, it can be difficult to supply coolant to the grind zone. Material may become packed into the grinding wheel surface, clogging the operation.
Prior art inventions address the problem of supplying coolant to the grind zone in an ID operation by targeting a stream of coolant in the gap between the grinding wheel and the work surface. In some applications, coolant is targeted (e.g. with a jet or a sprayer) about 90° from the grind zone, perpendicular to the rotational direction of the wheel. In other applications, coolant is fed through the spindle. In each case, the coolant often fails to effectively reach the grind zone.

Apparatuses methods for coolant delivery


The invention relates to a device (10) and a method for processing objects (100, 110) with a plurality of tools (20), as well as with a tool drive arrangement (30). The tools (20) in each case comprise at least one lever (21) as well as an acting element (22) which may cooperate with the object (100, 110). The levers (21) are pivotably attached on tool drive arrangement (30) on bearing points (23) and may be driven along a closed revolving path by way of the movement of the tool drive arrangement (30). The acting elements (22) are distanced to the bearing point (23). The pivot position of the levers (231) relative to the tool drive arrangement (30) may be set in dependence on their position along the revolving path with a guide mechanism. According to the invention, the guide mechanism (40) is adjustable, wherein different distances (d, d′) of adjacent acting elements may be realized in a predefined reference region by way of the adjustment.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention lies in the field of processing or the transport of objects, in particular of printed products. It relates to a device and to a method according to the preambles of the claims, with which device or with which method the objects are processed with acting elements moved along a closed revolving path, and the distance of the acting elements is to be changed, for example, for adaptation to different formats or transfer locations.
2. Description of Related Art
With the processing of continuously conveyed objects, the distance of the tools used for processing must often be adapted to the distance of the objects in the conveyor flow to be supplied and/or to be released. Various solutions are known for this:
Processing devices and transport devices for printed products are known from EP-A 0 606 55, EP-A 0 606 549 and EP-A 0 606 555, with which tools, e.g. grippers or stitching modules, are moved along an essentially circular path, and with which the distance of the tools changes during their movement along the path. The distance change is achieved by way of the tools being arranged at the outer end of levers, and the orientation of the levers being changed relative to the radial direction by way of cooperation with suitable control elements/guide elements during the revolving.
A similar device which serves as a transfer wheel for singularising continuously conveyed objects, is known from EP-A 1 736 427. Here, the objects are received by grippers at a receiver location and are moved along a circular-arc-like revolving path up to a release location, where they are deposited onto a conveyor belt. The distance of the grippers along the path increases from the receiver location to the release location. For this, the grippers are arranged at the outer end of the levers, whose inner ends are articulated on a circular drive disk and whose orientation with respect to the drive disk is fixed in dependence on the position of the lever along the peripheral path, by guide elements which cooperate with the levers and run along a circular path which is eccentric with respect to the drive disk.
A device for processing, in particular for welding or cutting objects conveyed one after the other in a continuous manner, is known from WO 2007/147269, with which at least two tools are moved with variable speeds along a closed revolving path, in order to realise different processing distances. For this, two drives for example are provided. One of the drives moves the tools at a processing speed which is adapted to the conveying speed, and the other drive moves these at a return speed, which is adapted to the distances to be created. Alternatively, WO 2007/147269 suggests the selective coupling or decoupling of the tools on a continuously operating drive, and thus, of realising different processing distances.
For many applications, it is necessary to change the distance between two tools, e.g. in order to adapt the processing to the current product length or in order to change the distance of two products held by the tools.
Although with the transfer wheel according to EP-A 1 736 427, the distance of two grippers along the revolving path changes, the distance of two consecutive grippers at any reference point along the revolving path is constant. The distance, thus, depends only on the position of the gripper along the revolving path. A format change is only possible by way of different adaptations.
The different drives with the device according to WO 2007/147269, although permitting an adaptation of the processing distance, are however mechanically complicated and expensive in maintenance.
It is therefore the object of the invention, to specify a simple solution for changing the distance of the tools with regard to a processing device.

Device and method for processing objects


An accessory mounting device is used with a traffic light assembly. The accessory mounting device fits over the top of a mounting pole for a traffic light assembly; due to an enlarged, gripping, lower portion with a mounting cylinder on the top thereof forming the accessory mounting device. The accessory mounting device of this invention supports a desired accessory on a traffic light assembly in a secure fashion, with minimal adverse effect on the traffic light assembly.

A traffic light is an important feature in traffic control today. Not only does the traffic light provide an efficient means of controlling traffic flow, it adds greatly the safety of drivers on the road. Such features are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,444, incorporated herein by reference, which has the same inventive entity as the current application. Within that United States patent is the disclosure of an invention, which facilitates repair and utility of a traffic light assembly.
Like other traffic light structures, the structure disclosed in the referenced patent does not facilitate the attachment of an additional device to the traffic light assembly. The complications of this patented structure and other traffic light supports, are even further complicated, when an additional device is used or desired on the traffic light assembly.
With the advance of technology, it is now possible to use surveillance cameras, antennas, listening devices, infrared detection systems, confirmation beacon lights, remote control devices and other traffic devices around traffic lights. Surveillance cameras can observe people, vehicles or other desired items. Antennas can facilitate transmissions.
Listening devices can locate unusual noises and direct of appropriate responses thereto. For example, a listening device can locate and distinguish a gunshot. Such information is very useful to the authorities.
To efficiently use these devices, however, it is very desirable that any of those desired devices be attached to the traffic light assembly in an efficient manner. Such an attachment must be also with minimal interference with the function of the traffic light and the signals it is required to produce.
An effective procedure for mounting such equipment can be on the existing traffic light supports. However, it is very difficult to accomplish this feature without compromising the effectiveness of the traffic light. It is also difficult to properly position the desired devices on or around the traffic light.
Clearly police and fire authorities, as well as ambulances can function more efficiently if the respective vehicles can pass through an intersection on a green light. To that end, such vehicles may have therein a remote control device, which permits adjusting of a traffic signal from that vehicle. In this fashion, it becomes possible to at least reduce chances of additional accidents. It thus becomes extremely advantageous for such a remote control device to be attached to a traffic signal and efficient fashion.
If the efficiency and effectiveness of attachment to an assembly for a traffic light can be maximized, great advantages can be realized.

Accessory mounting device for a traffic light assembly


In a system and process for ultrasonically treating a liquid and delivering the liquid as a spray of liquid droplets, liquid is directed to flow along a flow path over a first ultrasonic waveguide, with the first ultrasonic waveguide having at least one agitating member extending outward therefrom and into the flow path. The first ultrasonic waveguide and agitating member(s) are excited to agitate the liquid as the liquid flows along the flow path. The liquid is further directed to flow along the flow path over a second waveguide, with the second waveguide having a terminal end adjacent an exit of the flow path. The second ultrasonic waveguide is ultrasonically excited at least at its terminal end to ultrasonically energize the liquid just prior to the liquid exiting the flow path such that the liquid exits the flow path as a spray of liquid droplets.

Ultrasonic liquid delivery devices are used in various fields to energize liquid for the purpose of atomizing the liquid to provide a fine mist or spray of the liquid. For example, such devices are used as nebulizers and other drug delivery devices, molding equipment, humidifiers, fuel injection systems for engines, paint spray systems, ink delivery systems, mixing systems, homogenization systems, and the like. Such delivery devices typically comprise a housing that has a flow path through which the liquid flows in a pressurized state to at least one and sometimes a plurality of exhaust ports or orifices of the housing. The pressurized liquid is forced to exit the housing at the exhaust port(s). In some constructions, the device may include a valve member to control the flow of liquid from the device.
In some conventional ultrasonic liquid delivery devices, an ultrasonic excitation member is typically incorporated in the device, and more particularly forms the portion of the housing that defines the exhaust port(s). The excitation member is vibrated ultrasonically as liquid exits the exhaust port(s) to energize impart ultrasonic energy to the exiting liquid. The ultrasonic energy tends to atomize the liquid so that a spray of liquid droplets is delivered from the exhaust port(s). As an example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,100 (Malinowski) discloses a fuel injection system in which a nozzle (e.g., part of the housing) of the fuel injector is itself constructed to vibrate ultrasonically so that ultrasonic energy is imparted to the fuel as the fuel flows out through an exit orifice of the injector. In such a configuration, there is a risk that vibrating the nozzle itself will result in cavitation erosion (e.g., due to cavitation of the fuel within the exit orifice) of the nozzle at the exit orifice.
In other ultrasonic liquid delivery devices the ultrasonic excitation member may be disposed in the flow path through which liquid flows within the housing upstream of the exhaust port(s). Examples of such a device are disclosed in related U.S. Pat. No. 5,803,106 (Cohen et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,153 (Cohen et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,053,424 (Gipson et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,380,264 (Jameson et al.), the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. These references generally disclose a device for increasing the flow rate of a pressurized liquid through an orifice by applying ultrasonic energy to the pressurized liquid. In particular, pressurized liquid is delivered into the chamber of a housing having a die tip that includes an exit orifice (or exit orifices) through which the pressurized liquid exits the chamber.
An ultrasonic horn extends longitudinally in part within the chamber and in part outward of the chamber and has a diameter that decreases toward a tip disposed adjacent the exit orifice to amplify the ultrasonic vibration of the horn at its tip. A transducer is attached to the outer end of the horn to vibrate the horn ultrasonically. One potential disadvantage of such a device is that exposure of the various components to a high-pressure environment imparts substantial stress on the components. In particular, because part of the ultrasonic horn is immersed in the chamber and another part is not, there is a substantial pressure differential imparted to the different segments of the horn, resulting in additional stress on the horn. Moreover, such apparatus cannot readily accommodate an operating valve member, which is common in some ultrasonic liquid delivery devices to control the delivery of liquid from the device.
In still other liquid delivery devices, and in particular those that include an operating valve member to control liquid flow from the device, it is known to ultrasonically excite the valve member itself as liquid exits the device. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,543,700 (Jameson et al.), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a fuel injector in which a valve needle of the injector is formed at least in part of a magnetostrictive material responsive to magnetic fields changing at ultrasonic frequencies. When the valve needle is positioned to permit fuel to be exhausted from the valve body (i.e., the housing), a magnetic field changing at ultrasonic frequencies is applied to the magnetostrictive portion of the valve needle. Accordingly, the valve needle is ultrasonically excited to impart ultrasonic energy to the fuel as it exits the injector via the exit orifices.
As mentioned above, ultrasonic liquid delivery devices are used in various fields to energize various liquids. Some of these liquids are multiphase or multi-component liquids (e.g., aqueous solutions) that can undesirably separate. In one example, fuel oils can separate prior to being delivered to a combustion chamber, which can significantly decrease the efficiency of the chamber. Thus, it would be advantageous to mix the fuel oil just prior to it being delivered to the combustion chamber. Other applications besides the delivery of fuel oils suffer from this same shortcoming. Moreover, some applications require the ultrasonic liquid delivery devices span a predetermine distance to position the exit orifice in the proper location. As a result, it would be desirable to have an ultrasonic waveguide that can accommodate relatively long spans.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Ultrasonic liquid treatment and delivery system and process