Conformationally constrained diacylglycerol analogues, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such analogues, and methods of using such analogues as agonists and antagonists of protein kinase C.

Cells respond to certain external stimuli through the production of specific compounds referred to as "second messengers." One family of second messengers is the group of compounds known as diacyl glycerols (DAGs). DAGs are released from cell membrane phospholipids in response to the binding of agonists, such as hormones and growth factors, to cell-surface receptors, which triggers the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl choline or phosphatidyl ethanolamine. DAG binds to the regulatory domain of the inactive cytoplasmic enzyme protein kinase C (PK-C), simultaneously increasing its affinity for calcium while causing it to translocate to the cell membrane, where, in the presence of membrane phospholipids, such as phosphatidyl serine, it becomes fully activated. PK-C then catalyzes phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues of enzyme substrates involved in many cellular processes, including growth, cell differentiation, inflammation, nerve function, tumor promotion, and oncogenic expression, by transfer of the .gamma.-phosphate group of ATP.
Given that PK-C represents a central element that transduces signals generated by a broad range of cell signaling pathways that produce DAGs either directly or indirectly and many dominant oncogenes have proven to function, at least in part, through DAG-generating pathways, PK-C has been identified as a potential target enzyme for therapeutic applications, such as anticancer therapy (Gescher et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Design 4: 93-105 (1989)).
Compounds have been developed that bind either to the catalytic site or the DAG binding site of PK-C (see Wang et al., J. Med. Chem. 37(9): 1326-1338 (1994)). UCN-01, staurosporine and Ro-31-8830 are examples of compounds that bind to the catalytic site of PK-C and inhibit PK-C activity. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate bind to the DAG binding site as activators of PK-C activity. In contrast, bryostatin-1, 12-deoxyphorbol-13-acetate and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetate act as partial antagonists of PK-C activity upon binding to the DAG binding site. All of these agents have proven to have therapeutic potential. For example, promising results have been obtained in clinical trials for treatment of melanoma with bryostatin-1. 12-deoxyphorbol-13-acetate has been shown to inhibit mouse skin tumor promotion by 97%. Staurosporine has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of tumor graft proliferation in a mouse model. Ro-31-8830 has been shown to be active orally in a rat model of inflammation and in cultured human T-cells.
Tumor promoters, such as phorbol esters, e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and aplysiatoxins, have been shown to activate PK-C by acting as stable, highly potent DAG equivalents. Unlike DAGS, whose presence in the cell membrane is transient, phorbol esters are not metabolized and are, therefore, able to activate PK-C chronically, bypassing the DAG pathway. Chronic constitutive activation of PK-C is associated with resistance of cancerous cells to antitumor drugs.
Compounds that modulate the PK-C pathway by way of the DAG binding site enable selective binding to PK-C, given that the catalytic sites of the thousand or so kinases are structurally homologous and cross-react. The existence of a number of isoforms of PKC and regiospecific expression of PKC mRNAs enable the further selective activation or inhibition of different isoforms of PKC by different agonists or antagonists, respectively.
Unfortunately, ligands currently available for use in targeting the DAG binding site on PK-C, namely the phorbol esters, bryostatins and ingenols, are extremely complex structures with multiple chiral centers, making synthesis and structural modification not only impractical but extremely problematic. Similarly, the indole alkaloids have proven difficult to assess structurally, in terms of homology to the other classes of compounds, so that rational drug design has proven to be elusive. In contrast, DAGs are synthetically accessible but so low in potency as to be unsuitable for use as drugs. However, in view of their structural accessibility, much focus has been placed on DAG analogues in the hopes of obtaining compounds that are not only easily synthesized but sufficiently active to be pharmacologically useful.
In particular, various compounds comprising a conformationally constrained lactone ring system have been synthesized. For example, bis-butyrolactones (Lee et al., Tetrahedron Letters 33(12): 1539-1542 (1992); Lee et al., Tetrahedron Letters 34(27): 4313-4316 (1993); Lee et al., Tetrahedron Letters 34(27): 4317-4320 (1993); Lee et al., SYNLETT 3:206-208 (1994)), .gamma.- and .delta.-lactones (Teng et al., JACS 114(3): 1059-1070 (1992); Lee et al., Biorg. & Med. Chem. 1(2): 119-123 (1993)), including .alpha.-alkyl-.gamma.-lactones (Lee et al., Biorg. & Med. Chem Letters 3(6): 1101-1106 (1993)), .alpha.-alkylidene-.gamma.-lactones (Lee et al., Biorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 3(6): 1107-1110 (1993)), D-galactono-1,4-lactones (Sharma et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 3(10): 1993-1998 (1993)), 2-deoxy-L-ribonolactones (Marquez et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 4(2): 355-360 (1994); Lee et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 4(11): 1369-1374 (1994)), and .epsilon.-lactones (Lee et al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 4(4): 543-548 (1994)) were synthesized to function as DAG analogues but binding of these compounds to PK-C was too low to be pharmacologically useful.
There remains a need, therefore, for DAG analogues with pharmacologically useful activity levels which can be synthesized easily and are not rapidly degraded in vivo. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide such analogues. It is also an object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising such analogues and methods of using such analogues as PK-C agonists, including partial agonists, and antagonists, including partial antagonists.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention, as well as additional inventive features, will be apparent from the description of the invention provided herein.

The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and Human Services


Disclosed are side-by-side or eccentric sheath-core bicomponent fibers comprising a poly(trimethylene terephthalate) component and a poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) component and preparation and use thereof.

Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (also referred to as "3GT" or "PTT") has recently received much attention as a polymer for use in textiles, flooring, packaging and other end uses. Textile and flooring fibers have excellent physical and chemical properties.
It is known that bicomponent fibers wherein the two components have differing degrees of orientation, as indicated by differing intrinsic viscosities, possess desirable crimp contraction properties which lead to increased value in use for said fibers.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,687 discloses a spinning process for the production of side-by-side or eccentric sheath-core bicomponent fibers, the two components comprising poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate), respectively. Due to the poly(ethylene terephthalate), fibers and fabrics made from them have a harsher hand than poly(trimethylene terephthalate) monocomponent fibers and fabrics. In addition, due to the poly(ethylene terephthalate) these fibers and their fabrics require high-pressure dyeing.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,454,196 and 4,410,473, which are incorporated herein by reference, describe a polyester multifilament yarn consisting essentially of filament groups (I) and (II). Filament group (I) is composed of polyester selected from the group poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), and/or a blend and/or copolymer comprising at least two members selected from these polyesters. Filament group (II) is composed of a substrate composed of (a) a polyester selected from the group poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), and/or a blend and/or copolymer comprising at least two members selected from these polyesters, and (b) 0.4 weight % to 8 weight % of at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of styrene type polymers, methacrylate type polymers and acrylate type polymers. The filaments can be extruded from different spinnerets, but are preferably extruded from the same spinneret. It is preferred that the filaments be blended and then interlaced so as to intermingle them, and then subjected to drawing or draw-texturing. The Examples show preparation of filaments of type (II) from poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polymethylmethacrylate (Example 1) and polystyrene (Example 3), and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) and polyethylacrylate (Example 4). Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) was not used in the examples. These disclosures of multifilament yarns do not include a disclosure of multicomponent fibers.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,454,460 and 3,671,379 disclose bicomponent polyester textile fibers.
JP 11-189925, describes the manufacture of sheath-core fibers comprising poly(trimethylene terephthalate) as the sheath component and a polymer blend comprising 0.1 weight % to 10 weight %, based on the total weight of the fiber, polystyrene-based polymer as the core component. According to this application, processes to suppress molecular orientation using added low softening point polymers such as polystyrene did not work. (Reference is made to JP 56-091013 and other patent applications.) It states that the low melting point polymer present on the surface layer sometimes causes melt fusion when subjected to a treatment such as false-twisting (also known as "texturing"). Other problems mentioned included cloudiness, dye irregularities, blend irregularities and yarn breakage. According to this application, the core contains polystyrene and the sheath does not. Example 1 describes preparation of a fiber with a sheath of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and a core of a blend of polystyrene and poly(trimethylene terephthalate), with a total of 4.5% of polystyrene by weight of the fiber.
JP 2002-56918A discloses sheath-core or side-by-side bicomponent fibers wherein one side (A) comprises at least 85 mole % poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and the other side comprises (B) at least 85 mole % poly(trimethylene terephthalate) copolymerized with 0.05–0.20 mole % of a trifunctional comonomer; or the other side comprises (C) at least 85 mole % poly(trimethylene terephthalate) not copolymerized with a trifunctional comonomer wherein the inherent viscosity of (C) is 0.15 to 0.30 less than that of (A). It is disclosed that the bicomponent fibers obtained were pressure dyed at 130° C.
Japanese unexamined patent application 2002-30527 discloses side by side type polyester-based conjugated fiber obtained by conjugating polyesters having different viscosities in a conjugating ratio of 65:35–35:65, comprising component A including poly(trimethylene terephthalate) as a main constituent and component B including poly(butylene terephthalate) as a main constituent, the intrinsic viscosities of the component A and B satisfy the formula 1.5≦Ia/Ib≦2.5 (Ia is the intrinsic viscosity of component A and Ib is the intrinsic viscosity of component B), and the fiber has the following characteristics: elongation rate of crimp ≦20%, elongation rate of stretching ≧10%, stretch modulus of elongation ≧90%, and Uster irregularity ≦2.0%.
Co-owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,641,916 and co-owned, co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 2004/0084796, which are incorporated by reference, disclose a side-by-side or eccentric sheath-core bicomponent fiber wherein each component comprises a different poly(trimethylene terephthalate) composition and wherein at least one of the compositions comprises styrene polymer dispersed throughout the poly(trimethylene terephthalate).
It is desirable to produce bicomponent fibers of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) having soft hand and high dye uptake. It is also desirable to dye such bicomponent fibers at atmospheric pressure.

3GT/4GT biocomponent fiber and preparation thereof


A water distribution system with wide-range variable traffic includes a water distribution tank and at least two types of spray heads uniformly distributed on the bottom of the water distribution tank. Each spray head is provided with a spray pipe connected to the bottom of the water distribution tank. A water inlet is arranged on the upper part of each spray pipe, and a water outlet is arranged on the lower part of the spray pipe. The heights, by which water inlets of at least two types of spray heads are exposed out of the bottom of the water distribution tank, are different.

The working principle of a cooling tower is that, flowing air is blown to the sprayed water from a suitable angle, and when the air passes through the water droplets, part of the water evaporates. Since heat is used for evaporating the water and the temperature of the water is reduced, the remaining water is cooled down.
A traditional cooling tower generally has a water distribution system, and a traditional water distribution system requires a standard water volume to maintain a stable operation. With the standard water volume, the water reaches a certain level, and each spray nozzle has a certain water level, and in such a case, the spray nozzles have no large differences in flow rates, and the system can operate stably. If the practical flow rate deviates from the above standard flow rate, for instance, the water volume becomes small (several reasons may cause the water volume to become small, such as, most commonly, imbalance of hydraulic power when several towers operate together, air resisting of pipelines, and empty bottom basin after a suction process), the water flowing from the water distribution tube to the water distribution basin is not sufficient to maintain a stable water level, and there is a large water level difference in the water distribution system from a close outlet to a far outlet. The water outputted from the spray nozzle may change obviously in volume due to the change of the water level, and non-uniform water distribution may occur.
Therefore, an important technical issue to be addressed by the person skilled in the art is to address the issue in the conventional technology that the water distribution system distributes water non-uniformly when the real-time water volume is a non-standard water volume.

Water distribution system with wide-range variable traffic

SHANGHAI ACE COOLING REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A system and method are provided that use explicitly and implicitly derived models of user information needs and content and presentation preferences together with relevancy feedback to expand a user's original query to the most related terms in a corpus and/or to allow the user to provide interactive feedback to enhance the relevance of selected news stories and display profile of the selected news stories. By personalizing both the selection of stories and the form in which they are delivered, users are provided with tailored broadcast news.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to systems and methods for optimizing retrieval and review of Broadcast News via a computer network.
2. Background Art
Broadcast news sources and newspapers provide society with the vast majority of real-time information. Unfortunately, cost efficiencies and real-time pressures demand that producers, editors, and writers select and organize content for stereotypical audiences.
Therefore, what is needed is content understanding, user modeling, and tailored presentation that generates personalcasts through tracking and/or inferring user content interests and display preferences.


An optical device includes: an optical integrated circuit chip that comprises an optical integrated circuit and an optical interface connected thereto; an electronic circuit chip that comprises an electronic circuit connected to the optical integrated circuit; a through wiring board that comprises a through wiring connected to the electronic circuit chip; a first bump that connects the optical integrated circuit and the electronic circuit between the optical integrated circuit chip and the electronic circuit chip; a second bump that connects the electronic circuit and the through wiring between the electronic circuit chip and the through wiring board; and a third bump connected to an end portion on an opposite side to the second bump of the through wiring. The optical integrated circuit chip and the through wiring board are disposed on a side of a first main surface of the electronic circuit chip. A first distance between the first main surface and a second main surface of the optical integrated circuit chip, the second main surface being on an opposite side to the electronic circuit chip, is equal to or smaller than a second distance between the first main surface and a vertex of the third bump, the vertex being on an opposite side to the electronic circuit chip.

A silicon process, where an electronic circuit can be constructed and an inexpensive and large-scale integration technique is in progress, may be applied to an optical device. Application of the silicon process to the optical device can materialize a large-scale optical system which includes a driver and an inexpensive optical device by mass production. An optical device may be used for an optical communication network, an optical interconnection, and so on.
In a silicon optical integrated circuit chip being one of optical devices, elements such as an optical modulator, a light receiver, and a passive element are formed at a high density on a silicon substrate. A driving circuit chip is connected to the silicon optical integrated circuit chip and the driving circuit chip is connected to a circuit board. Conventionally, a bonding wire is used in part of such connection, and thus it is difficult to materialize a high-speed operation and high integration of multiple channels.
It is also discussed to mount a silicon optical integrated circuit on a mount board such as a circuit board processed into a predetermined shape while the silicon optical integrated circuit being connected to the mount board with a flip chip bump. However, in the prior art, it is required to process the mount board at a high accuracy, materialization of which is difficult and which leads to cost increase. In other words, loose connection occurs when a processing accuracy is not high, and thus modularization is difficult.    Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent No. 3371954    Patent Literature 2: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2011-107206    Patent Literature 3: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2007-249194    Non-Patent Literature 1: Pan et al., Opt. Express, Vol. 20(16), 18145-18155    Non-Patent Literature 2: Zheng et al., J. Lightwave Technology, 2012, Vol. 30(4), 641-650


A paper container includes a body front panel (5), a body left side panel (6), a body right side panel (8), and a body back panel (7), which are contiguous through body vertical folding lines (1), (2), (3), and (4). A vertical direction sealing panel (25) is configured to form a quadrangular tubular body (26). The body vertical folding line (1) and the body vertical folding line (2) are approximately symmetrical bent lines bent toward a center of the body front panel (5), and the body vertical folding line (3) through which the body back panel and the body left side panel are contiguous with each other and the body vertical folding line (4) through which the body back panel and the body right side panel are contiguous with each other are approximately symmetrical bent lines bent toward a center of the body back panel.

Hitherto, a flat top-type paper container and a gable top-type paper container have been widely used. The flat top-type paper container includes four body panels. On a body formed into a quadrangular tubular shape through sealing with a vertical direction sealing panel, the flat top-type paper container has a top portion formed of a pair of top panels and a pair of side panels folded on an inner side of the top panels. Below the body, the flat top-type paper container has a bottom portion formed of a pair of bottom panels and a pair of inner panels folded on an inner side of the bottom panels. The gable top-type paper container has a top portion formed of a pair of gable top forming panels and a pair of gable wall forming panels folded on an inner side of the gable top forming panels. Below the body, the gable top-type paper container has a bottom portion formed of a pair of bottom panels and a pair of inner panels folded on an inner side of the bottom panels.
In the above-mentioned types of paper container, each of the body panels of the body formed in the quadrangular tubular shape generally has a flat surface. Thus, the body does not have any portion that is to be caught by fingers when the body of the paper container is grabbed. Therefore, it is unstable and difficult to keep holding the paper container. Especially when a volume of the paper container is large or water droplets are present on a surface of the paper container due to dew condensation, there is a fear in that the paper container slips and falls out of the hand.
As a paper container capable of coping with the circumstances described above, there has been proposed a paper container having a ridge, which is formed on each of body panels of a body so as to be parallel to a bottom portion. A region continuous with the ridge at a corner portion at which the body panels adjacent to each other intersect with each other, specifically, in a ridgeline portion and the vicinity thereof is formed as a recess (see, for example, JP 2007-55637 A).
The paper container described in JP 2007-55637 A is easy to grab and can be held without slippage owing to the ridge formed on each of the body panels of the body.


A housing of a gear device houses a plurality of gears and a lubricant. On at least one side surface of at least one gear selected from the plurality of gears, an extended projection is provided. On a side surface of the housing facing the side surface of the selected gear, an extended projection is provided. The extended projection of the selected gear and the extended projection of the housing extend in a direction crossing the circumferential direction of the selected gear. When viewed along an axial direction of the selected gear, according to rotation of the selected gear, the extended projection of the selected gear and the extended projection of the housing partially face each other in the axial direction of the selected gear and form facing portions. A lubricant holding portion capable of holding the lubricant is formed between the facing portion of the extended projection of the selected gear and the facing portion of the extended projection of the housing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a gear device and an electric power steering apparatus.
2. Description of Related Arts
A gear device for transmitting an output of a driving source such as an electric motor is known (for example, refer to the following document 1).
Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Utility Model Publication No. 05-45293
In this gear device, an output of an electric motor is transmitted to a load via a planet gear mechanism. To an output shaft of the electric motor, a sun gear is coupled. Between the sun gear and a ring gear, a planet gear is disposed. On the side surface of the planet gear, a concave groove for storing a lubricant is formed. Due to a centrifugal force associated with rotation of the planet gear (rotation and/or revolution), the lubricant in the concave groove is scattered. Thereby, the lubricant is spattered on the teeth of the gear.
However, to sufficiently spatter the lubricant on the surroundings by a centrifugal force, the rotational speed of the planet gear having the concave groove formed thereon must be high. Therefore, the driving conditions which enable sufficient lubrication are narrowed. For example, in a reduction gear mechanism which transmits an output of an electric motor to a steering mechanism, the rotational speed of a driven gear continued into the steering mechanism is comparatively slow (for example, several rpm). Therefore, it is difficult to sufficiently spatter the lubricant on the surroundings and sufficient lubrication is difficult. Particularly, when grease is used for lubrication, it is more difficult to scatter the grease by a centrifugal force.
The same problem occurs also in other general gear device as well as the gear device installed in an electric power steering apparatus.
The present invention is made against this background, and an object thereof is to provide a gear device and an electric power steering apparatus which realize sufficient lubrication under wider driving conditions.

Gear device and electric power steering apparatus


The invention is to provide a restraining device of an optical disk drive in which a traverse is disposed. A transmission unit rotates a roller to, load/unload a disc, and drives a slider to move the roller. The transmission unit includes the restraining device moving with the roller. When the optical disk drive carries a disc, the slider moves to release the traverse and push down the roller to move the restraining device away from the vibration range of the traverse. When the optical disk drive does not carry a disc, the slider moves to restrain the traverse and release the roller to move the restraining device close to the front end of the traverse. The vibration range of the traverse is restrained to protect the gear teeth from damage.

Because data marks on the optical discs are miniscule, an optical disk driver must be equipped with precision optical apparatus and fast transmission mechanism coupled with a rapid-response control system to read and write data on the disc accurately. To prevent external impact from adversely affecting the read/write performance of the disk drive, the disk drive must have a protective device in place to cushion the shock.
FIG. 1 shows the side of a conventional slot-in optical disk drive 100. The slot-in optical disk drive 100 has a traverse 101 equipped with precision components and supported by the damper 102 to dispose on the bottom surface of its housing 103 and to reduce the vibration occurred under impact. The traverse 101 is sidewardly and protrudingly disposed with an immovable shaft 104 at its rear end. The immovable shaft 104 can be fitted into a limiting slot 106 situated at the rear end of a slider 105 to further restrain the vibration of traverse 101. The slider 105 is triggered by the inserted disc (not shown in the figure) that causes the slider 105 to move towards the front of the optical disk drive 100 in a direction indicated by the arrow, thereby enabling the gear racks 107 thereon to move forward along with the slider 105 to engage the transmission gear assembly 108 of the optical disk drive 100. The transmission gear assembly 108 then continues to drive the slider 105 forward to oppose a spring 109 with one end secured to the housing 103 and the other end hooked to the slider 105 such that the front inclined guide surface 110 of the slider 105 would push the protruding axle pin 112 of the roller 111. After the roller 111 drives the disc into the optical disk drive 100, it would lower its height to disengage from the surface of disc. At the same time, the limiting slot 106 that has moved forward along with the slider 105 would disengage the immovable shaft 104 to enable the traverse 101 to turn the optical disc under the shock support of the damper 102.
When the optical disk drive 100 turns the transmission gear assembly 108 in reverse direction to unload the disc, the transmission gear assembly 108 drives the gear racks 107, causing the slider 105 to move backwards and its inclined guide surface 110 to disengage the axle pin 112, and the roller 111 to rise in contact with the disc. The roller 111 then rolls to unload the disc from the optical disk drive 100. The limiting slot 106 that backs up along with the slider 105 would again hold the immovable shaft 104. When the transmission gear assembly 108 stops turning after the disc unloading is completed, it is pulled back under the recoil force of the spring 109, upon which, the gear racks 107 of the slider 105 disengage the transmission gear assembly 108 and position at the rear end of the optical disk drive 100 to restrain the vibration range of the unloaded traverse 101, thereby preventing it from colliding and damaging the adjacent mechanism that awaits to guide the loading of optical discs.
As shown, the slider 105 of a conventional optical disk drive 100 would be pushed into position at the rear end of the optical disk drive 100 by the recoil force of the spring 109 alone after it disengages the transmission gear assembly 108. When the optical disk drive 100 is under impact, in particular in the case of portable or vehicle-mounted disk drive, the slider 105 armed with greater inertia force from the traverse 101 would ram into the adjacent gear racks 107 when it slides forward against the elastic force of the spring 109, causing damage to the gear racks 107 or the gears of the transmission gear assembly 108, especially if the gears are made of plastic with weaker structural strength for the sake of reducing weight and costs. Once the gears are damaged, the optical disk drive will not be able to function normally and product becomes less reliable. Hence the restraint of traverse vibration in conventional optical disk drives poses a problem that needs to be addressed.

Restraining device of optical disk drive


A disposable, self-administered electrolyte test is affixed to the label of a commercially available electrolyte supplement, is available in the pharmacy section of a retail store, or is distributed by a physician or a clinic.

Electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions, regulate the human body's nervous system, metabolic processes, renal function, vision, cardiac operation, pH balance, and olfactory senses. The body requires a precise balance of electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids to function properly, and through absorption by the intestines or excretion by the kidneys, the body adjusts electrolyte levels accordingly. Neither the intestines nor the kidneys can function, however, if either the electrolytes are not present to be absorbed or are overabundant and cannot be excreted.
Electrolytes may be depleted by excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, or the use of diuretics, and depletion can lead to seizure, coma, or even death. Children are particularly susceptible to the loss of electrolytes during flu or other illness. An otherwise healthy person can experience greater than normal electrolyte levels during dehydration, which can also occur during a workout or as a result of vomiting and diarrhea. More severe dehydration can lead to a weak pulse, rapid breathing, and disorientation. Furthermore, the body's ability to sweat is diminished if fluids are unavailable. Because sweating is the body's primary cooling mechanism, a dehydrated person can easily overheat, which can cause a range of conditions from cramps to heatstroke.
While commercially available sports drinks and pediatric electrolyte supplements are available to replenish both fluids and electrolytes, an individual simply may not recognize his vulnerability or the rapidity with which electrolytes can be depleted as a result of sickness or during strenuous activity.

Disposable, self-administered electrolyte test

The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.


In one embodiment, a method includes receiving a signal having communication data from two or more mobile devices, each identifiable by an associated pseudonoise sequence. A first mobile device is identifiable by a first pseudonoise sequence. Two or more samples of the received signal are stored in an input register. A segment of the first pseudonoise sequence is stored as a bit vector in a second register. The SIMD instruction is processed, by an SIMD processor, to produce correlation values associated with the segment of the first pseudonoise sequence and the samples of the received signal. Processing the SIMD instruction includes distributing the segment of the first pseudonoise sequence, as a bit vector, across two or more lanes of the SIMD processor. The processing contributes to despreading the received signal, and an output of the processing includes at least a portion of the communication data from the first mobile device.

Various embodiments of this disclosure relate to correlating pseudonoise sequences and, more particularly, to correlating such sequences using a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) processor.
Pseudonoise sequences are used in many communication systems, notably in wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), also known as 3G wireless systems, where the sequences are used to "spread" multiple users' transmitted data across a shared channel in such a way that a multiplicity of users can efficiently share the same bandwidth. A "despreading" operation, which separates received signals from different user devices across the shared channel, requires correlation of signals being received with copies of the pseudonoise sequences used by individual user devices to transmit their data.
A pseudonoise sequence is a sequence of complex, purely real, or purely imaginary values, where the real parts and imaginary parts take on only the values +/−1. In other words, the elements of such a sequence are: +/−1 if the sequence is purely real, +/−j if the sequence is purely imaginary, and (+/−1)+/−j if the sequence is complex. An element of a pseudonoise sequence can be represented in a processor using a single bit if the sequence contains only purely real or imaginary values, or by a pair of bits if the sequence elements are complex; for example, with a '0' bit corresponding to +1 and a '1' bit corresponding to −1 for a purely real sequence. Thus, a pseudonoise sequence can be represented in a processor as a vector of bits.
The operation for correlation of received signals is often formulated as follows:
      s              (      n      )        =            ∑              m        =        0                    L        -        1                                f                          (                      Ln            +            m                    )                                            ∑                      i            =            0                                M            -            1                                                        y                                      (                                                q                  o                                +                i                            )                                                      c                                      (                                                q                  o                                +                i                            )                                          In the above, each y is a sample of a received signal, c is the pseudonoise sequence to be correlated to a portion of the single, frepresents a sequence to correct for carrier frequency offset, and s(n) is an initial estimate of the data bit sent by a user device at time n. The inner sum over i is the correlation of the received signal with the pseudonoise sequence.
In WCDMA, a user device transmits data in the form of a series of symbols. A symbol that a device sends may be combined with a device-specific pseudonoise sequence, sometimes referred to a spreading sequence. The despreading operation may correlate a sample of a received signal with a device-specific pseudonoise sequence to extract the part of the signal that was received from the device in question.
A user symbol may be the equivalent of a data bit. The number of elements, K, in a pseudonoise sequence is referred to as the spreading factor. Values of K generally range from 8 or less to 256. To generate an estimate of a device's transmitted symbol value, K samples of the received signal are correlated with K elements of the device's pseudonoise sequence. In some cases, "oversampling" of a received signal is used, in which case the number of samples is a multiple of K. The correlation takes into account that a carrier frequency is offset between the transmitter (i.e., the device) and receiver (e.g., the base station). Compensation for this effect involves incorporating a correction sequence (T in the above equation) in the correlation. Typically, the frequency offset varies slowly over time, but the equation assumes the correction term is approximately constant over blocks of N samples of the received signals. Thus, there are K received samples to process in the despreading per transmitted user symbol. Usually, N is less than K, and there are L blocks of size M, where K=L*M. The term in the correlation equation associated with the frequency offset correction can therefore be applied once per block of size N (of which there are L per symbol). In the above equation, q0 represents the first received sample for symbol 'n' in block 'm'.
Performance requirements for the despreading function in typical WCDMA base stations have led to the use of special-purpose hardware accelerators to implement the operations shown in the equation above, with data moved by a processor to and from this hardware by direct memory access (DMA) or a related mechanism.

Correlating pseudonoise sequences in an SIMD processor

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A method, non-transitory computer readable medium, and apparatus that establishes a connection with a host computing device. One or more processes running on the host computing device are identified. One or more hooking operations performed in the one or more identified processes are identified. One or more suspected key logging actions are identified from the one or more identified hooking operations based on one or more of a first set of rules and output.

Users of digital services and utilities can be attacked in multiple ways. One well known type of attack is key logging which involves tracking or logging of keys struck on a keyboard. Computer hardware and software which accomplishes this task of key logging are called keyloggers.
Typically, keyloggers conduct key logging in a covert manner so users of the keyboard at a host computer are unaware their key stroke actions are being monitored. The keyloggers usually store the captured keystrokes in a file on the host computer which is accessed and transmitted in real time or at a later time to a hacker. Some of the more recent versions of keyloggers have become more sophisticated and only send a portion of the captured keystrokes relating to information identified as being particularly important, such as credit card or password information.
When initially installed most keyloggers will make an entry to the registry of the operating system in the host computer and are configured to always start when the operating system boots the host computer. When a user of the host computer presses a key on the keyboard, the keyboard driver receives the scan code corresponding to the key being pressed. There is a unique scan code corresponding to all the keys on the keyboard. This scan code is sent to the keyboard device driver which translates it to a virtual-key code, which is a device independent value defined by the system that identifies the purpose of the key. The keyboard driver then creates a message that includes the scan code, the virtual key and other keystroke information and then places the message in the system message queue. The message is then removed from the system message queue and is sent to the corresponding thread of the application. The thread's message loop removes the message and passes it to the appropriate window procedure of the application for processing.
The keylogger intercept the keystrokes either at the keyboard driver level by replacing the keyboard driver with a malicious keylogger driver, by adding filters between the keyboard driver and the system message queue, or by hooking the various windows API calls. Hooking happens when a keystroke message arrives in the message queue and the callback function associated with the keyloggers is called to record the keystroke. This message is then stored to a file which is transferred to the hacker's computer via e-mail, ftp or irc channel.
Various prior proposals have been made to detect and prevent keylogging activities by keyloggers. For example, one proposal involves using signature based schemes in anti-virus software to try to identify and block keyloggers. Unfortunately these schemes are ineffective against zero day and unknown keyloggers.
Other proposals to combat keyloggers involve the use of virtual keyboards. Unfortunately, even with virtual keyboards aggressive keyloggers are able to grab screenshots from the host computer on every mouse click to obtain key logging activities. Additionally, these keyloggers may use various form grabbers to grab the details entered in the form on the host computer and send these details to the hacker's computer. Form grabbing is done by exploiting the vulnerabilities in the web browser of the host computer.
Further proposals to prevent keylogging activities include encrypting keystrokes before they enters the system in the host computer system and only decrypting these keystrokes at the application level. This ensures a keylogger only captures encrypted key logging activity which cannot be decrypted without the key. Unfortunately, this technique is still ineffective against keyloggers which use form grabbers.

Methods for identifying key logging activities with a portable device and devices thereof


A method and system for managing an emulation session of a computer product. The method and system involves receiving a request from a user device to establish the emulation session; establishing an electronic communication link between the user device and an emulation server for providing the emulation session to the user device; operating at least one server processor, the at least one server processor being in electronic communication with the user device and the emulation server and being separate from the user device processor, to determine emulation session data based on the received request and by monitoring the emulation session; to determine a plurality of emulation session parameters based on the received request; to determine a session action to be applied to the emulation session based on the plurality of emulation session parameters and the emulation session data; and to control the emulation session based on the session action.

An emulation system operates to imitate a computer product in an emulation session. The emulation system can facilitate the emulation by translating and processing instructions into a format compatible with the emulated computer product. A system on which the emulator operates can be referred to as a host computer or an emulation server.
Common emulation systems include Microsoft™ Remote Desktop Services. The Remote Desktop Services operate based on the remote desktop protocol (RDP) to provide a graphical interface to a user device over a network connection. However, there are few tools that monitor and control RDP sessions.
Accordingly, there is a need for management and control of emulation sessions provided by emulation systems.

Systems and methods for managing emulation sessions


A lighting apparatus with LED includes a metal-made main body 90; a plurality of LED chip units 1 each including an LED chip and a pair of lead terminals 42, 43 electrically connected to electrodes of the LED chip; and a dielectric layer 80 disposed between the main body 90 and each LED chip unit 1 for making electrical insulation therebetween as well as bond the same. The circuit board 20 is formed with a plurality of windows 23 through which the individual LED chip units 1 extend respectively with the lead terminals held in electrical contact with the circuit pattern of the circuit board at the circumference of the window, each of the LED chip units being thermally coupled at its bottom face with the main body 90 through the dielectric layer 80, and the heat generated in the LED chip is conducted to the main body through the dielectric layer without passing through the circuit board.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lighting apparatus with LEDs (light emitting diodes).
2. Description of the Related Art
The research of light emitting device has been widely carried out and developed so far by utilizing an LED chip and a phosphor (fluorescent pigment, fluorescent dye, or the like) acting as wavelength conversion material which is excited by a light from the LED chip to emit a light of a color different from a luminescent color of the LED chip. The light emitting device enables to emit a light of a color different from the luminescent color of the LED chip by combining the LED chip with the phosphor, leading to commercialization of a white light emitting device (generally referred to as white LED) and the like. The white light emitting device emits a white light (light emission spectrum of white light) by a combination of the phosphor with the LED chip emitting a blue color light, an ultraviolet light, or the like.
As the output of the LED chip is increased recently, the white LED has been actively studied and developed for utilized as a lighting apparatus. Japanese Patent Publication No. 2003-59332 proposes an LED unit (an LED module) comprising a circuit board mounting a plurality of white LEDs.
Japanese Patent Publications No. 2003-168829 and 2001-203396 propose structures configured to efficiently exhaust a heat, accompanied with the high light output, which is generated from each of the light emitting parts of LED chips. In the conventional LED units, however, the respective LED chips are electrically connected with conductive patterns on a circuit board directly, so that the heat generated from the LED chips spreads over the circuit board through electrical connection parts. Thus, a metal-made heat radiative board is necessarily attached to the bottom surface of the circuit board for enhancing thermally conductive performance over a whole range of the circuit board, thereby increasing a cost of the circuit board. Furthermore, when comprising such LED unit, the lighting apparatus requires a dielectric sheet to be interposed between a metal-made main body and a metal plate of the circuit board so as to protect the LED unit from a lightning surge as well as enhancing thermally conductive performance by thermally coupling the metal plate of the circuit board to the metal-made main body including one part of the lighting apparatus. In this case, however, the thermally conductive performance cannot be sufficiently made due to two dielectric layers, dielectric layer of the circuit board and the dielectric sheet, interposed on thermally conductive path from the LED chip to the metal-made main body through the circuit board.


Mobile agent connectivity includes dynamically determining addressing information for a mobile device at a mechanism configured to provide the mobile device with access to a network.

This invention relates to mobile agent connectivity.
Mobile agents are devices including laptop and portable computers, personal digital assistants, telephones, and other wireless or personal devices capable of connecting to a network from varied locations. To connect to an Internet Protocol (IP) based network, a mobile agent needs to establish an IP address presence that allows packets to be sent to the mobile agent from arbitrary points in the IP network. However, a purpose of IP addressing is to route packets to a fixed location, and making the destination mobile is at odds with this purpose.
Typically, to establish an IP presence, a mobile agent is in a static subnet that broadcasts, routes, or switches packets to a medium configured to communicate with the mobile agent. The mobile agent may establish an IP presence in a number of ways. The agent may have a statically assigned IP address that an upstream host, e.g., the medium, can directly deliver packets to. If the agent maintains such a static IP address, only subnets recognizing the static IP address may safely be the last step in a communication to the agent.
In another approach, the agent may have a dynamically assigned IP address allowing routing to the appropriate delivery medium that was assigned using a protocol such as dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP). In this case, a foreign agent that assigned the address is the last step in routing data to the agent.
In a third approach, the agent may be located in a non-IP network, such as telephone company networks, where an IP packet enters the non-IP network through a specific portal and is routed to the mobile agent based upon a global map.
Referring to FIG. 1, under the mobile IP standard propagated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a mobile agent 10 can wirelessly and continuously be connected to a network infrastructure 12 using the same IP address regardless of the mobile agent's physical location. The mobile agent 10 is identified by a home address providing information about the mobile agent's home network 14. When the mobile agent 10 connects to the network infrastructure 12 away from its home link 16, the mobile agent 10 is identified by the home address and by at least one care-of address providing information about the mobile agent's current location.
Packets or datagrams sent across the network infrastructure 12 to the mobile agent's home address are transparently routed to the mobile agent's care-of address. The packets or datagrams destined for the mobile agent's home address are received at the home link 16 by a home gateway/router 18 that tunnels the packets or datagrams to the mobile agent's care-of address via an IP tunnel 20. The care-of address may be an address for a foreign gateway/router 22 that forwards the packets or datagrams to the mobile agent 10 over a foreign link 24 that does not use IP routing. As the mobile agent 10 changes physical location and switches to a different foreign gateway/router to maintain connectivity to the network infrastructure 12, the mobile agent 10 updates the home gateway/router 18 with its new care-of address. In this way, the mobile agent 10 can relocate, connect to various foreign gateways/routers, and maintain a constant IP address presence without interruptions or disturbances in network connectivity.


A cyclone separator provided with a tube with an axial inflow opening and an axial outflow opening, a stationary swirl body arranged in the tube, designed for imparting a spiraling movement to an axially directed gas liquid flow entering the tube in use, while in the case wall of the tube, a slot has been provided for discharging from the inside space of the tube liquid in the gas/liquid flow thrown outwards, while the slot runs in a spiral-shaped path over the case wall of the tube and/or wherein in the case wall of the tube, downstream of the at least one slot, at least one bypass opening is provided, while means are provided for creating, at the location of the at least one bypass opening, a reduced pressure in the tube relative to the pressure prevailing out-side the tube. The invention also provides a liquid collecting box with such cyclone separator and a pressure vessel provided with such liquid collecting boxes.

The invention relates to a cyclone separator provided with a tube with an axial inflow opening and an axial outflow opening, a stationary swirl body arranged in the tube, designed for imparting a spiraling movement to an axially directed gas/liquid flow entering the tube, in use, while in the case wall of the tube a slot is provided for discharging from the inner space of the tube liquid in the gas/liquid flow that has been slung radially outwards under the influence of the centrifugal force prevailing in the spiraling flow.
Such a cyclone separator is known from, for instance, NL-C-1016114. In that publication, but also in other publications, the cyclone separator is provided with several slots running in axial direction. Further, the known cyclone is provided with a secondary gas inflow opening provided in the tube case wall, located upstream of the swirl body, which opening is connected via a secondary gas pipe to a chamber in a core of the swirl body, which chamber is provided with a number of secondary gas outflow openings which are preferably located between swirl blades provided on the core of the swirl body. The secondary gas inflow opening and secondary gas outflow openings result in a secondary gas flow which egresses from the tube via the slots and, via the secondary gas inflow opening, the secondary gas duct, the chamber and the secondary gas outflow openings, ends up in the tube again. The purpose of the secondary gas flow is to promote the entrainment of liquid through the slots.
In practice, it appears that not the same amount of secondary gas flows through each slot. As a consequence, the liquid separation varies per slot Moreover, the amount of through-flowing secondary gas per slot varies in time, so that an unstable separation behavior occurs, which is undesired. The quality of the known cyclone separators is determined by the separating efficiency of the least optimally functioning slot of the cyclone separator.
The invention contemplates a cyclone separator without the drawbacks mentioned hereinabove and to that end provides, according to the invention, a cyclone separator of the type described in the opening paragraph, which is characterized in that only one slot is provided, while the slot runs in a spiral-shaped path over the case wall of the tube.
So-called CFD-studies (computer fluid dynamics) as well as experiments in practice have shown that with one spiral-shaped slot a much higher separating efficiency is obtained. Moreover, variation in separating efficiency in time does not occur any longer. As only one spiraling slot is involved, the inner surface of the tube forms an outstanding coalescence surface on which the liquid droplets present in the gas flow precipitate and accumulate to form a liquid film. This liquid film is entrained by the spiraling gas flow to the spiral-shaped slot to exit there. As there is only one slot, in the slot a considerably higher gas outflow velocity prevails than with several slots, so that the liquid is pulled loose from the slot better by the gas flowing through the slot. Thus, a very high separating efficiency is effected.
An optimal separating efficiency is obtained when, according to a further embodiment of the invention, the spiral of the slot rotates clockwise around the central axis of the tube, while, in use, the spiraling gas flow in the tube rotates counter-clockwise around the central axis of the tube, or vice versa.
As a result of the opposite direction of pitch of the slot and of the spiraling flow, the separating efficiency is even more increased. From various CFD-studies it appears that an optimal separation is obtained when, according to a further embodiment of the invention, the spiral-shaped slot extends over substantially 180 degrees around the tube surface, while the pitch angle is preferably in the range of 30-60 degrees, more in particular is approximately 45 degrees.
When no means are present for discharging gas having egressed via the slot, the gas having egressed via the slots will eventually reenter the tube via the slot. The fact is that the tubes of the cyclone separators are connected by their ends to the walls of so-called liquid collecting boxes which, apart from a discharge for liquid, are otherwise closed. Therefore, in such a liquid collecting box, a certain excess pressure will start to prevail, as a result of which the gas having egressed via the slot will tend to reenter the tube via that same slot. This may present a certain danger to the entry of liquid via the slot, which is highly undesired because the very purpose of the cyclone separator is to separate liquid from the gas/liquid flow flowing through the tube. This phenomenon, for that matter, also presents itself in the known cyclones with several axial slots.

Cyclone separator, liquid collecting box and pressure vessel


Methods, systems, and computer program products to provide temporal storage in a fabric-based virtualization environment are presented. Such capacity is provided through the association of a temporal storage appliance, which is configured as a member of a linked VLUN with a non-temporal disk volume. The linked VLUN is provided by a virtualizing fabric switch to a network node such as a network node.

The ready ability for a business to store, process and to transmit data is a facet of operations that a business relies upon to conduct its day-to-day activities. For businesses that increasingly depend upon data for their operations, an inability to store, process, or transmit data can hurt a business' reputation and bottom line. Businesses are therefore taking measures to improve their ability to store, process, transmit, and restore data, and to more efficiently share the resources that enable these operations.
The ever-increasing reliance on data and the computing systems that produce, process, distribute, and maintain data in its myriad forms continues to put great demands on techniques for data protection. Simple systems providing periodic backups of data have given way to more complex and sophisticated data protection schemes that take into consideration a variety of factors, including a wide variety of computing devices and platforms, numerous different types of data that must be protected, speed with which data protection operations must be executed, and flexibility demanded by today's users.
In many cases, disaster recovery involves restoring data to a point in time when the desired data was in a known and valid state. Backup schemes to ensure recoverability of data at times in the past are varied. Such schemes have traditionally included periodic full backups followed by a series of differential backups performed at intervals between the full backups. In such a manner, a data set can be restored at least to a point in time of a differential backup. Such an approach can be resource intensive as permanent records of the full and differential backups must be kept in order to ensure that one can restore a data set to a state at a particular point in time, especially to point in the distant past. Further, the process of restoring a data volume from a full and a series of differential backups can be time and resource consuming, leading to delays in making the data available to the users.
One approach to providing a less resource-intensive capacity to restore a data set to a particular prior point in time is temporal storage, also known as time-indexed storage and time-addressable storage. Temporal storage can be implemented by associating a temporal volume with a particular data set. A temporal volume maintains non-present data in addition to the data in its present state. A temporal volume maintains the history of data stored on it, thus providing a way for an application to retrieve a copy of the data at any time in the past.
Temporal volumes provide an infrastructure for maintaining and accessing temporal data. Temporal volumes can be used by applications at all levels, including file systems and database management systems. In addition, temporal volumes can also be used as building blocks for data archival, versioning, replication, and backup through integration with file system and backup products. Temporal volumes preserve temporal content so that the content can be used at a later point in time for snapshots, incremental backups, replication, restoring corrupted volumes or deleted files, etc.
In a normal volume, when data changes, the corresponding data blocks are changed in situ. In a temporal volume, when a block of data is changed, the existing block can be preserved along with some record of the time of change, and then the new data is written. Old versions of a data block are maintained even when the data block is deleted. This achieves the effect of maintaining copies of one or more states of the data in the past. This process can also be thought of as continuous versioning of the data on the disk volume, and retaining snapshots of the volume whenever it changes. Another temporal storage implementation provides the same effect of maintaining data at points in time by writing new data blocks to a separate location, associating the time with the new data blocks, and manipulating associated metadata in the temporal volume to refer to the new data blocks.
There are many possible embodiments for temporal volumes. In one embodiment, the contents of a temporal volume can be preserved using an indexing system or structure. An indexing structure can be formed using a space-optimized persistent store by allocating the storage over a cache object. A cache object is a logical storage object that gives an illusion of infinite space, while using only limited actual storage space. The cache object accomplishes this by provisioning storage on an as-needed basis. In an alternate embodiment, a temporal volume can be log-structured. In a log-structured temporal volume, data modifications are preserved in an append-only log as the data is written to data volumes. A time-index is maintained on the data log, thus permitting access to data at all points of time recorded.
In another embodiment, the temporal volume can be divided into one or more regions. A region may be anywhere from one physical block of the disk to regions of kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, etc. Each region can have a time stamp associated with it. Applications accessing the temporal volume can specify the time stamps associated with the regions. Alternatively, a time stamp may be specified by an application or the temporal volume manager when data is written to the temporal volume.
Time history of data in a temporal volume can be supplied and maintained in several ways, including, but not limited to: continuous checkpointing, I/O controlled checkpointing, application controlled checkpointing, and periodic checkpointing.
In continuous checkpointing, every write operation to data on the temporal volume is checkpointed and includes a time stamp generated by the temporal volume. In this manner, each change to data is maintained for subsequent access.
In I/O controlled checkpointing, an application using the temporal volume can provide checkpoints or time stamps when writing to the temporal volume. Such a time stamp can be provided to the temporal volume manager with every I/O request or alternatively only with I/O requests that modify the temporal data.
In application-controlled checkpointing, an application can issue an I/O request that specifies a time stamp for a region or the entire volume when required or desired. In application-controlled checkpointing, an I/O request can be issued that specifies a new checkpoint or timestamp within the temporal volume, rather than providing a time stamp with every write. An application can tell the temporal volume when to create a checkpoint version.
Periodic checkpointing involves performing automatic checkpointing periodically (e.g., every 10 seconds or every 10 minutes). In periodic checkpointing, a temporal volume manager provides an interface that enables periodic, temporal checkpointing at the logical device (volume) level. The temporal volume manager will periodically checkpoint or timestamp all changes to data on the volume during the set period. Should a block be modified multiple times during a particular period, only the last modification will be temporally captured via a timestamp. This saves storage space by not storing each change to data.
Temporal storage provides an ability for a user or application to access data as it was at a chosen point in time. Time becomes a dimension in storage. Such a capacity can be useful, e.g., in data mining for finding patterns and behaviors in customer data; data warehouses in which the time dimension can be stored and utilized in querying data stored in the warehouse; data archival and auditing wherein the time-indexed archives can be later used for analysis; and, data restoration to a particular time.
Temporal volumes can be provided by a temporal storage appliance. Such temporal storage appliances are typically made part of a disk volume set by host-based disk virtualization. A temporal storage appliance may include, in addition to a temporally structured volume, non-temporally structured disk volumes as an aid in mirroring and data recovery.
In addition to providing an ability to recover data, businesses are also faced with the task of managing, supporting, and providing large amounts of disk space to many distributed computers. Rather than physically distribute disks attached to the computing resources, which can create logistical difficulties in maintaining and supporting the disk volumes, businesses physically disassociate disk volumes from the compute resources. Such a disassociation may take place in a storage area network (SAN) on which the disk volumes reside and through which disk volume capacity is provided to compute resources. An application server can serve as a volume manager for one or more of these SAN resident disks to create disk aggregates called logical unit numbers (LUN).
An alternative to having a volume manager resident on an application server is to offload that task to a fabric resident switch within a storage area network. Such a virtualizing fabric switch can handle the aggregation of physical or virtual storage into logical units and can also handle tasks related to mirroring of data and linking (described below) LUNs together.
A virtualizing fabric switch will pass a write stream sent from a network node to all disks that are part of a virtual LUN (VLUN). However, a virtualizing fabric switch cannot provide temporal storage capability since creation and maintenance of temporal indexes in the I/O path is undesirable. Virtualizing fabric switches do not have a cache or the capacity to perform temporal indexing outside the I/O path.
It is therefore desired to provide the benefits of temporal storage in a storage environment that provides fabric-based virtualization.

Method and apparatus for providing a temporal storage appliance with block virtualization in storage networks


Rearview assemblies for a vehicle are provided. The rearview assembly includes a housing coupled to a mounting structure that is configured to be mounted in a vehicle. The housing includes a rearward viewing means, and also includes a lamp subassembly. The lamp subassembly includes a single white LED device mounted to a substrate, and also includes an optical assembly with secondary optics for reflecting and refracting light emitted from the LED such that the emitted light forms two separate pools of light external to the rearview assembly. In an alternate embodiment, the lamp subassembly is included in a mounting structure for a vehicle rearview assembly. In still another embodiment, a vehicle optical accessory is provided, in which the vehicle optical accessory has one LED that provides two separate pools of light external to the vehicle optical accessory.

The present invention generally relates to vehicle lamp assemblies, and more particularly relates to map lamp assemblies for implementation in rearview mirror assemblies.
Semiconductor optical radiation emitters are semiconductor devices that emit optical radiation in response to electrical excitation. Examples of semiconductor optical radiation emitters include light emitting diodes (LEDs), light emitting polymers (LEPs), organic light emitting devices (OLEDs, polymer light emitting devices (PLEDs), and others devices.
In some applications, multi-color combinations of pluralities of visibly colored LEDs are being used as the source of projected white light for illumination in binary-complementary and ternary RGB illuminators. Such illuminators are useful as vehicle or aircraft maplights, for example, or as vehicle or aircraft reading or courtesy lights, cargo lights, license plate illuminators, backup lights, and exterior mirror puddle lights. Other pertinent uses include portable flashlights and other illuminator applications where rugged, compact, lightweight, high efficiency, long-life, low voltage sources of white illumination are needed. Phosphor-enhanced "white" LEDs may also be used in some of these instances as illuminators.
With the advent of light emitting diode (LED) illuminator assemblies capable of emitting white light, LEDs have now been implemented in vehicle lamp assemblies. An example of a rearview mirror assembly incorporating LED map lamps is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,803,579. One form of LED developed by the assignee for use in vehicle lamp assemblies is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,335,548 and 6,441,943. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,943, the LEDs disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,548 may be placed in mirror assemblies and connected to heat sinks within those mirror assemblies. In another example of the use of LEDs in a mirror assembly, a plurality of blue-green and amber LEDs is positioned in two separate groups for emitting light onto the lap area of the driver and front passenger, with each of the two groups of LEDs providing illumination to a separate area.
The use of LEDs in rearview assemblies can be highly effective and advantageous over assemblies incorporating incandescent bulbs for a number of reasons. Reduced power consumption, reduced heat dissipation, and lower cost are some of the reasons that LEDs can be an attractive alternative to incandescent bulbs in vehicle rearview assemblies. However, while the use of LEDs in rearview assemblies can provide benefits, it is often desirable to provide adequate illumination for multiple separate areas, such as the lap area of a driver and the lap area of a front passenger, while at the same time reducing the component count and associated cost required for construction of such rearview mirror assemblies.

Vehicle rearview assembly including a map light


A method and system for creating secondary copies of data whose contents satisfy searches within data stores is described. In some cases, the system searches for data within a data store, identifies a set of data that satisfies the search, copies the identified set of data, and transfers the copy to secondary or other storage. In some cases, the system utilizes search-based secondary copies of days during restoration processes in order to restore data similar to and/or associated with data requested to be restored.

Data storage systems facilitate the retention of electronic data produced by computing systems. Often, data is stored remotely from a computing system, in secondary or even tertiary storage devices. Example storage devices may include magnetic tapes, optical disks, flash memory, and so on. Data is retained for a wide variety of purposes, such as for compliance purposes or backup purposes.
Currently, there are many data storage systems capable of restoring data from remote storage devices. Typically, during restoration the systems will attempt to identify specific data elements within massive data stores. For example, during a legal discovery process, a data restore system may review large amounts of data before resolving a certain data recovery request, which may be expensive and overwhelm associated computing and human resources, among other problems.
There is a need for a system that overcomes the above problems, as well as providing additional benefits.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Creating secondary copies of data based on searches for content


An imaging apparatus includes a controller configured to perform focus control by adding a set value to a result of focus detection by automatic focusing based on a phase difference detection method. In a shooting mode, in a case where an AF frame to be used in the focus control is different from an AF frame to which the set value is set, the controller notifies a user of this fact.

Conventionally, in single-lens reflex cameras that achieve an in-focus state by phase difference automatic focusing (AF), during the course of use thereof over time, endurance of each of a lens and a camera main body has often led to a change in an in-focus position, thereby reducing focusing accuracy compared to the original condition immediately after the purchase of the camera. For the lens, although the lens is supposed to be driven to the correct in-focus position, its endurance may cause occurrence of a rattling movement, thereby shifting a lens stop position. For the camera main body, repeated mirror driving operations may result in a change in the mirror angle, thereby changing how light enters into an AF sensor to cause the AF sensor to recognize a position offset from the correct in-focus position as the in-focus position. An increasing number of recent imaging apparatuses have been equipped with a measure for returning the in-focus position to its original condition without requiring users to bring the cameras to service centers in this case.
Further, in-focus position detection based on phase difference AF may be unable to detect the correct in-focus position due to an influence of, for example, a light source at the time of shooting and a color or type of an object. A possible solution to occurrence of such a problem is to correct an in-focus position detected by phase difference AF according to an environment in which the camera is used. At this time, in a case where there is a plurality of focusing points for phase difference AF, for example, this may require a correction for each of the focusing points. However, each time a correction is required, a time should be taken to individually make a correction, and an increase in the number of points requiring corrections makes satisfaction with this requirement practically difficult. Therefore, it is desirable to a user to make a correction according to a focusing point that the user wants to use.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-292684 discusses a function capable of automatically correcting a focusing point of phase difference AF using a contrast detection method. A correction value can be stored for each focal length.
However, the above-described conventional technique discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-292684 is not configured in consideration of any measure against following problem. An imaging apparatus having a plurality of focusing points for phase difference AF may have such a problem that, when a user limits focusing points to be used in shooting after selecting a desired focusing point and calibrating phase difference AF, the limited focusing points do not include the focusing point used in the calibration.

Imaging apparatus, method for controlling imaging apparatus, and program


During chemical mechanical polishing of a substrate, a signal value that depends on a thickness of a layer in a measurement spot on a substrate undergoing polishing is determined by a first in-situ monitoring system. An image of at least the measurement spot of the substrate is generated by a second in-situ imaging system. Machine vision processing, e.g., a convolutional neural network, is used to determine a characterizing value for the measurement spot based on the image. Then a measurement value is calculated based on both the characterizing value and the signal value.

An integrated circuit is typically formed on a substrate by the sequential deposition of conductive, semiconductive, or insulative layers on a silicon wafer. One fabrication step involves depositing a filler layer over a non-planar surface and planarizing the filler layer. For some applications, the filler layer is planarized until the top surface of a patterned layer is exposed. For example, a conductive filler layer can be deposited on a patterned insulative layer to fill the trenches or holes in the insulative layer. After planarization, the portions of the conductive layer remaining between the raised pattern of the insulative layer form vias, plugs, and lines that provide conductive paths between thin film circuits on the substrate. For other applications, the filler layer is planarized until a predetermined thickness is left over an underlying layer. For example, a dielectric layer deposited can be planarized for photolithography.
Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is one accepted method of planarization. This planarization method typically requires that the substrate be mounted on a carrier head. The exposed surface of the substrate is typically placed against a rotating polishing pad with a durable roughened surface. The carrier head provides a controllable load on the substrate to push it against the polishing pad. A polishing liquid, such as a slurry with abrasive particles, is typically supplied to the surface of the polishing pad.
One problem in CMP is using an appropriate polishing rate to achieve a desirable profile, e.g., a substrate layer that has been planarized to a desired flatness or thickness, or a desired amount of material has been removed. Variations in the initial thickness of a substrate layer, the slurry distribution, the polishing pad condition, the relative speed between the polishing pad and a substrate, and the load on a substrate can cause variations in the material removal rate across a substrate, and from substrate to substrate. These variations cause variations in the time needed to reach the polishing endpoint and the amount removed. Therefore, it may not be possible to determine the polishing endpoint merely as a function of the polishing time, or to achieve a desired profile merely by applying a constant pressure.
In some systems, a substrate is monitored in-situ during polishing, e.g., by an optical monitoring system or eddy current monitoring system. Thickness measurements from the in-situ monitoring system can be used to adjust pressure applied to the substrate to adjust the polishing rate and reduce within-wafer non-uniformity (WIWNU).

Machine vision as input to a CMP process control algorithm


In order to maintain low-splatter in a peak-to-average reduction for a linear communication system, a method of windowed-clipping is used. When a sample of input signal is determined to be above a predetermined threshold, a signal peak is found and an attenuating window is centered at the peak. The attenuating window is applied to the input signal.

In a linear radio communication system, the peak-to-average ratio (i.e., the ratio of the signal envelope to the average power of the signal) of a communication signal is of critical importance to the cost, complexity, and size of the radio's linear power amplification system. Seemingly small reductions in peak-to-average ratio can have a significant impact on each of the above-mentioned system characteristics. This is especially true for systems that require high output power, such as a base station.
A problem in the design of linear power amplifiers is the effect of the transmitted signal's peak-to-average ratio on performance. As the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) increases, the attenuation needed for adequate splatter performance of the power amplifier increases proportionally. Therefore, it is highly desirable to control the PAR of the signal input to the amplifier. However, any attempt to reduce the nominal PAR through other than linear processing functions (i.e., non-linear signal processing) generates splatter. Splatter, which is signal energy that extends beyond the frequency band allocated to a signal, is highly undesirable because it interferes with communications on adjacent channels.
One method of reducing PAR is hard clipping, which reduces each signal value exceeding a clip threshold to a predetermined magnitude, often the threshold magnitude. Hard-clipping causes significant splatter due to the abrupt nature of its operation.
Another method of reducing PAR is a "soft" algorithm that applies the desired signal to a non-linear device that limits signal peaks. A significant proportion of the input samples must be altered, causing significant energy to be splattered into adjacent channels.
Therefore, a method of effective peak-to-average ratio control without the generation of significant splatter is desired.

Low splatter peak-to-average signal reduction


A film formation device to conduct a film formation process for a substrate includes a rotating table, a film formation area configured to include a process gas supply part, a plasma processing part, a lower bias electrode provided at a lower side of a position of a height of the substrate on the rotating table, an upper bias electrode arranged at the same position of the height or an upper side of a position of the height, a high-frequency power source part connected to at least one of the lower bias electrode and the upper bias electrode and configured to form a bias electric potential on the substrate in such a manner that the lower bias electrode and the upper bias electrode are capacitively coupled, and an exhaust mechanism.

1. Field of the Invention
An aspect of the present invention relates to a film formation device, a substrate processing device, and a film formation method.
2. Description of the Related Art
For example, an Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) method using a device as described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2010-239102 has been known for a method for film-forming a thin film, for example, a silicon oxide (SiO2) film or the like, on a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer (that will be referred to as a "wafer" below). In this device, 5 wafers are arranged on a rotating table in a direction along a periphery thereof and a plurality of gas nozzles are arranged at an upper side of this rotating table. Then, a plurality of kinds of reactive gasses that react with one another are sequentially supplied onto each revolving wafer to laminate reaction products.
In order to conduct plasma modification on each reaction product laminated on a wafer in such an ALD method, a device has been known that provides a member for conducting plasma modification at a position separated from a gas nozzle in a peripheral direction like Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2011-040574. However, in a case where a recess, such as a hole or a groove (trench), having an aspect ratio, for example, greater than tens to hundreds, is formed on a surface of a wafer, a degree of modification in a direction of a depth of this recess may be dispersed.
That is, as a recess with a greater aspect ratio is thus formed, it may be difficult for plasma (in more detail, an argon ion) to approach the recess. Furthermore, a plasma modification process and a film formation process are conducted in a vacuum chamber, and hence, a process pressure in such a vacuum chamber is a pressure that is higher than that of a vacuum atmosphere that could maintain an activity of plasma better. Therefore, when plasma contacts an inner wall surface of a recess, such plasma is readily deactivated, and hence, a degree of modification in a direction of a depth of the recess is readily dispersed thereby. Furthermore, even for a wafer with no recess formed thereon, it may be necessary to form a higher density plasma near the wafer in order to conduct a modification process during one revolution of a rotating table, that is, conduct a modification better in a narrower area between mutually adjacent gas nozzles.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 8-213378 describes a device for applying a bias voltage to a lower electrode but does not describe a technique for revolving a wafer by a rotating table.

Film formation device, substrate processing device, and film formation method


A continuous or semi-continuous process for producing a high purity germane includes (a) preparing a reaction mixture containing hydrogen and crude germane and (b) separating the hydrogen from the crude germane by a pressure swing adsorption process. The pressure swing adsorption process results in a hydrogen-rich product stream and a germane-rich product stream. The method further includes (c) purifying the germane-rich product stream by continuous distillation thereof to remove impurities therefrom and to produce a high purity germane containing less than 0.1 volume percent of impurities.

This invention involves a method for producing high purity germane by a continuous or semi-continuous process. The typical preferred commercial method for producing germane is an aqueous borohydride reduction of germanium dioxide, most often using sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride. Examples of this process may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,502 of Russotti; U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,102 of Withers et al.; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0299037 of Tezock.
Russotti, Withers et al. and Tezock are all directed to the yield and purification of germane from germanium dioxide. In particular, Withers et al. disclose a method for purifying a germane fluid, produced by a cryogenic-trapping technique. However, the co-product of the reduction, namely hydrogen gas, is not considered or discussed in detail in Russotti, Withers et al. or Tezock.
In general, in such reductions, impure germane leaves the primary process reactor entrained in a hydrogen gas stream at a volume concentration of approximately 2% to 20%. The presence of the co-product hydrogen gas presents enormous difficulties for high volume production of germane, particularly if the purification is completed in a batch-wise low temperature condensation of the germane out of the hydrogen stream. An article by W. Jolly published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society discusses the formation of hydrogen and removal of the germane from the hydrogen gas stream by cryogenic trapping (W. Jolly, J Am. Chem. Soc., V. 83, p. 335 (1961)).
While methods for removal of the hydrogen gas, such as membrane separation and absorption, are alternatives which may potentially allow for continuous purification of the germane, such methods have not to date been reduced to practice. Accordingly, a method for producing high purity germane on a semi-continuous basis without the need for low temperature process conditions, such as those required for cryogenic trapping processes, would be desirable.

Method for producing high purity germane by a continuous or semi-continuous process