Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for establishing communications between endpoints. In one aspect, a method includes initiating, by a first endpoint and through a call server, a call with a second endpoint. After the call is established, the first endpoint transmits, independent of the call server, first information specifying a video communication capability of the first endpoint that the call server did not setup in the established call. The first endpoint receives second information specifying that the second endpoint has the video communication capability. The first endpoint establishes, independent of the call server, video communication between the first endpoint and the second endpoint based on the first information and second information.

This specification relates to network communications.
Internet Protocol (IP) communications devices, such as Voice over IP (VoIP) telephones and VoIP call servers enable users to communicate over an IP network. For example, a VoIP call server can receive, from one VoIP telephone, a request to initiate a call with a second VoIP telephone. The request can include, for example, call features that are supported by the VoIP telephone that requested the initiation of the call. The VoIP call server can proceed to set up the call through a negotiation process that use the data included in the request to negotiate the call features for the established call.

Video call set up in an established audio call


An overall in-focus position is calculated based on an in-focus position of each clip image, an image size of each clip image, and an image size of each output image. Focus control for an imaging apparatus is performed based on the calculated overall in-focus position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a technique capable of clipping a plurality of partial images from a captured image and outputting an image with a converted image size.
2. Description of the Related Art
An image processing system is capable of clipping a plurality of partial images from a captured image, converting an image size of each clip image, and producing an output image with a converted image size. As discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-139878, a special lens having plural in-focus positions can be used to capture an image including both a short-range view and a distant view which are in focused conditions.
As discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-252422 or in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-295826, a camera apparatus can obtain an image including both a short-range view and a distant view being in focused conditions with a half mirror or a prism and plural image sensors disposed at different positions, thereby simultaneously capturing images having different in-focus positions and obtaining an omnifocal image by combining the captured images.
However, according to the image processing system discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-139878, a captured image includes a plurality of in-focus positions. Therefore, an actual image includes defocused components at respective focusing positions. Completely removing such defocused components is difficult even when the image is subjected to image processing. The image quality of a processed image tends to deteriorate.
Furthermore, as discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-252422 or in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-295826, a camera apparatus including a plurality image sensors and expensive constituent parts, such as a half mirror and a prism, requires higher manufacturing costs compared to a conventional camera apparatus including a set of an optical system (lens) and an image sensor.

Imaging system, imaging apparatus, and method for controlling the imaging apparatus


Methods and apparatus for scheduling mobile stations (MSs) to download data to and/or to control the rate of downloading to an MS from a base station (BS) as a function of downlink channel condition information are described. Artificial channel variations, which can be measured at the MS, and feedback to a BS for scheduling purposes, are introduced through the use of two or more transmitter antennas at a BS. Each of the antennas transmits a signal at the same frequency having the same information content, e.g., modulated data. However the signals are made to differ with time in their phase and/or amplitude. Multiple signals having the same transmission frequency and information content are received and interpreted as a single composite signal by a receiving MS.

Several technologies are competing to provide wireless data and/or voice service. Competing technologies include the Third Generation (3G) wireless standard which uses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA); High Data Rate (HDR) by Qualcomm; and Flash-OFDM by Flarion Technologies the assignee of the present application. Such services confront similar problems concerning efficient allocation of communication resources between individual base stations (BSs) and the mobile stations (MSs) served by an individual BS. Consider the downlink of a wireless communication system. Here a single BS communicates with a set e.g., plurality, of MSs. The information transmitted to the users comes with certain delay and rate requirements. For example, voice has a constant but fairly small rate requirement and fairly stringent delay requirements. Data traffic e.g., Internet downloads, streaming video, file transfers, on the other hand, have requirements that vary from the type of traffic and can be very bursty in nature as compared to voice traffic. Thus, allocating a constant rate channel permanently to a user is usually wasteful in terms of resources. In view of the above discussion, there is a need for improved methods and apparatus for allocating bandwidth between users.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Methods and apparatus for transmitting information between a basestation and multiple mobile stations


An eye detection system comprises a source, such as an infrared laser diodes for emitting a divergent beam of infrared radiation. A spatial light modulator is controlled so as to act as a deflector for scanning the beam. A detector detects radiation which is retro-reflected by the eye back along the path of the scanning beam. The deflection angle of the SLM and, for a position sensitive detector, the location of the center of illumination on the detector can be used to determine the angle to the center of the pupil of the eye. By subsequently detecting the angle to the glints corresponding to other sources and, the gaze position of the eye on a screen can be determined.

Known eye gaze detection systems are disclosed in:
"Human-Computer Interaction Using Eye-gaze input", T.E. Hutchison et al, IEEE Trans. Sys., Man, Cybern., vol. 19, p.1527, 1989;
"Improved video-based eye-gaze detection method", Y. Ebisawa, Proc. IMTC '94 pp. 963-966, 1994;
K.P. White Jr., T.E. Hutchison, and J.M. Carley, Spatially dynamic calibration of an eye-tacking system, IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol.23 pp. 1162-68, 1993;
A. Gee and R. Cipollo, Non-intrusive gaze tracking for human-computer interaction, Proc. Mech. Mach. Vis. 1994.
Two reflections from the eye are detected, The first is caused by the light passing through the pupil of the eye and being reflected back from the retina. The second, known as "glint" is formed by light reflected from the surface of the cornea. By, for instance, detecting the reflection from the cornea for one source and detecting the glint for several sources of illumination, the position of the eye and its direction of gaze can be calculated.
In such systems, the region in front of a screen which is likely to be occupied by the face of an observer is illuminated, for instance by an infrared light emitting diode. A two dimensional image of the observer face is then captured by a video camera, for instance based on a charge coupled device. The image is then subjected to complex image processing in order to detect the reflection of the light source from the eye.
Arrangements of this type have several disadvantages. For instance, relatively complex image processing is required in order to identify the observer eye. This requires substantial processing capability which in turn requires relatively powerful data processors and/or relatively long processing times. Further, the resolution of detection of the various reflections is limited by the resolution of the video camera. The video camera is required to capture a 2D image of the region of space which may be occupied by the observer so that the reflections which are required to be detected occupy a relatively small portion of the captured image. For video cameras of the charge coupled device (CCD) type, the size of the reflections in the image can become comparable to the intrinsic resolution of the camera. Typically, the whole face of the observer is imaged onto the CCD so that the eyes of the observer are imaged onto a relatively small proportion of the light sensitive surface of the CCD. The CCD has a finite resolution which thus limits the accuracy with which the locations of reflections can be determined. Further, the quality of the light source is an important factor in the accuracy of determination.

Eye detection system for providing eye gaze tracking


A method and system for performing operations on large objects (LOBs) in a database system are provided. A server receives from a client a command that identifies a row of a table. The table includes a LOB column that contains LOBs. The server responds to the command by sending the client a first set of data from the row. The first set of data includes a locator for a LOB that belongs in the LOB column of the row. The locator includes a LOB identifier that uniquely identifies the LOB and snapshot information that identifies a particular version of the LOB. The server receives from the client a request to perform an operation on the LOB. The request passes the locator for the LOB to a routine provided by the server. The server performs the operation on the particular version of the LOB that is identified in the snapshot information contained in the locator passed to the server by the client.

Recently a trend has developed to expand database systems to handle nontraditional data types (e.g. images, text, and audio data). In particular, it has become important to provide database systems that handle user-defined "large objects" (LOBs). LOBs may be much larger than traditional data types. For example, a single LOB may include four gigabytes of data.
Because of their size, LOBs cannot be efficiently handled with the same techniques used to handle traditional data types. For example, conventional database systems consist of one or more clients ("database applications") and a server (a "database server"). When a client requires data, the client submits a query to the server that selects the data. The server retrieves the selected data from a database and returns copies of the selected data to the client that submitted the query. When the selected data items are LOBs, the amount of data that would be returned to the user could be enormous. Consequently, automatically sending an entire LOB would be inefficient and time consuming, particularly when the client is only interested in viewing or updating a relatively small subset of the entire LOB.
LOB data may also be thought of as a file or a stream of characters or bytes. Applications are used to storing and accessing large amounts of data in a file, and the same is expected from LOBs. As in file access, applications require random, sequential piecewise access to LOB data. Also, file operations seldom copy the whole file, and the same behavior is expected of LOB operations.
One approach to allow clients to manipulate sub-portions of a LOB is to cause the database server to maintain state information for each LOB operation. For example, a client can request a small portion of a LOB. The database server returns the specified portion of the LOB to the client, and generates state data to indicate which portion of the LOB was sent to the client. The client may then modify the portion of LOB and send the modified portion of the LOB to the database server. The database server inspects the state data associated with that client to determine which portion of the LOB was updated, and stores the updated LOB data into the appropriate portion of the stored LOB.
Unfortunately, maintaining client state information in the server may result in a significant amount of overhead and presents a scalability problem. For example, a single database server may be concurrently supporting thousands of clients, where each client has been supplied locators for hundreds of LOBs. Under these conditions, the state data that identifies which LOB locators have been supplied to each client could consume an unacceptable amount of server-side memory, while maintenance and access operations on the state data could consume an unacceptable amount of computational resources. The inefficiency of maintaining such state information on the server side is exacerbated by the fact that a large percentage of the locators supplied to the clients may be infrequently or never used by the clients.
Based on the foregoing, it is clearly desirable to provide a mechanism for random piece-wise access to LOBs without requiring the database server to maintain an excessive amount of state information. It is further desirable to provide a mechanism for accessing LOBs that enforces the security rules associated with the column, table and/or view to which a LOB belongs.


A semiconductor device has a substrate body, an AlxGayInzN (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70) film epitaxially grown directly on the substrate body or epitaxially grown via a buffer layer on the substrate body, and a metal film provided on the lower surface of the substrate body. During manufacture of the semiconductor device, the substrate body is heated uniformly and efficiently by thermal radiation of a heater.

(1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a semiconductor device including a substrate body made of sapphire, SiC or GaN, etc. and an AlxGayInzN film (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70) formed directly on the substrate body or formed via a buffer film on the substrate body, a manufacturing method of the same and an epitaxial growth substrate for the same.
(2) Related Art Statement
At the present time, a semiconductor device such as a light emitting diode (LED), a laser diode (LD) or a field effect transistor (FET) is well known. Particularly, in the case of producing such a light emitting diode, an AlxGayInzN film (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70) is epitaxially grown directly on the substrate body or epitaxially grown via a buffer film on a substrate body made of sapphire, SiC or GaN, etc. Since the AlxGayInzN film has a larger band gap, it can generate and emit a short wavelength light.
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view showing a light emitting diode structure to emit a blue light having the AlxGayInzN film. In the depicted light emitting diode, a GaN 2 film as a buffer layer is formed on a substrate body 1 made of a C-sapphire crystal (Al2O3) by a MOCVD method at low temperature, and an n-type AlxGayInzN film 3 is epitaxially grown on the GaN film 2 by a MOCVD method. Then, a p-type AlxGayInzN film 4 is epitaxially grown on the n-type AlxGayInzN film 3 by a MOCVD method, and a low resistive AlxGayInzN film 5 is epitaxially grown on the n-type AlxGayInzN film 4 by a MOCVD method. Electrodes 6 and 7 are provided on the n-type AlxGayInzN film 3 and the p-type AlxGayInzN film 5, respectively.
In this case, the n-type AlxGayInzN film 3 is grown with keeping the substrate body 1 and the buffer layer 2 at 1000xc2x0 C. and over for improving the crystallinity and the flatness thereof. Therefore, a heater structure and a heater material having high thermal efficiency are desired in order to heat a given substance uniformly. The buffer layer 2 should be also composed of the above GaN film 2 or an AlN film formed at a low temperature to improve the crystallinity and the flatness of the n-type AlxGayInzN film 3. Moreover, a nitride layer formed at a surface of the substrate body may be employed as the buffer layer.
However, the substrate body may not often be heated to a desired temperature depending on the film growth conditions such as gas pressures and gas flow rates of raw materials. As a result, the n-type AlxGayInzN film 3 cannot have good crystallinity and flatness. Moreover, the crystallinity and the flatness of the n-type AlxGayInzN film 3 may fluctuate due to non-uniform heating of the substrate body.
Particularly, in the case of forming an Al-rich AlxGayInzN (x+y+z=1; xxe2x89xa70.5, y, zxe2x89xa70) film, the above-mentioned matters become conspicuous. The first reason is because a carrier gas (H2, NH3) with raw material gases must be delivered at a fast flow rate of almost 1L/minute or more under a depressurized atmosphere of almost 100 Torr or less, to reduce the collision ratio of the elements of the raw material gases and thus repress, in the gas phase, the reaction between the elements of the Al raw material gas and the N raw material gas.
The second reason is because particularly in the case of forming the above Al-rich AlxGayInzN (x+y+z=1; xxe2x89xa70.5, y, zxe2x89xa70) film, the substrate body is heated to 1100xc2x0 C. or greater, to improve its crystallinity and flatness through lateral epitaxial growth.
When the AlxGayInzN film is formed at the above fast gas flow rate under the above depressurized atmosphere in a CVD apparatus, the degree of heat radiation from a surface of the substrate body increases in the case of heating the substrate body with a heater. Therefore, the heater must be heated to a higher temperature than the desired substrate temperature by 100xc2x0 C. or more. As a result, excess load is applied to the heater, and thus, the heater is degraded and the lifetime is shortened. Moreover, the surface of the substrate body may not be heated uniformly.
It is considered that the heating mechanism of the substrate body by the heater is originated from the thermal conduction due to the direct contact between the heater and the substrate body, the thermal conduction through the atmosphere gas composed of the above carrier gas, and the thermal conduction due to heat radiation. In this case, however, since the AlxGayInzN film is formed under a depressurized atmosphere, the thermal conduction through the atmosphere gas does not substantially contribute the heating mechanism. Moreover, since the substrate body is made of a transparent material such as sapphire and thus does not almost absorb infrared light, the thermal conduction due to heat radiation does not effectively contribute to the heating mechanism. As a result, it turns out that the heating mechanism is originated from the thermal conduction due to the direct contact between the heater and the substrate body. Therefore, if the substrate body is not set on a susceptor of the heater so as to contact the surface of the susceptor entirely, the substrate body is not heated to the desired temperature entirely. Moreover, since the carrier gas including the raw material gases is delivered at the above fast flow rate, the heat radiation is brought about remarkably. Furthermore, the substrate body may be warped during the substrate body heating. Consequently, the substrate body is not heated sufficiently by the heater.
The above phenomena are observed when the AlxGayInzN film is formed on a SiC substrate body or a GaN substrate body. Then, the above phenomena become conspicuous in a visible light-near infrared light range of 500 nm-2000 nm wavelength. As mentioned above, in the past, the surface of the substrate body is not heated uniformly under fast gas flow rate conditions, the depressurized atmosphere or the high film growth temperature-film forming, and thus, the AlxGayInzN film cannot have good crystallinity and flatness. Then, excess load is applied to the heater, and thus, the lifetime of the heater is shortened.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device having, on a substrate body, an AlxGayInzN film (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70) with good crystallinity and flatness through a small amount of defect.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a manufacturing method of the semiconductor device having the AlxGayInzN film (x+y+z=1; x,y,z,xe2x89xa70) with good crystallinity and flatness through uniform heating of the substrate body.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an epitaxial growth substrate suitable for the above semiconductor device.
This invention relates to a semiconductor device including a substrate body, at least one AlxGayInzN (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70) film epitaxially grown directly on the upper surface of the substrate body or epitaxially grown via a buffer layer on the upper surface of the substrate body, and a metal film provided on the lower surface of the substrate body.
In a preferred embodiment of the semiconductor device of the present invention, the substrate body is made of a material having a transmissivity of 50% or more within a wavelength range of 400 nm-800 nm. Moreover, the metal film formed on the lower surface of the substrate body is made of a high melting point metal of almost 1200xc2x0 C. or greater, such as W, Ta, Mo, Ti, Be or Mn.
Moreover, in another preferred embodiment of the semiconductor device of the present invention, an Al-rich AlxGayInzN (x+y+z=1; xxe2x89xa70.5, y, zxe2x89xa70) film is formed on the substrate body. Then, the buffer layer is composed of the AlxGayInzN film (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70).
This invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including the steps of:
setting a substrate body with a metal film on the lower surface thereof into a CVD apparatus,
introducing raw material gases with a given carrier gas onto the upper surface of the substrate body; and
heating the substrate body via the metal film, thereby to epitaxially grow at least one AlxGayInzN (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70) film directly on the upper surface of the substrate body or via a buffer layer on the upper surface of the substrate body.
In a preferred embodiment of the manufacturing method of the semiconductor device, the total gas flow rate is set to 1L/minute or over. Moreover, the interior pressure of the MOCVD apparatus is set to 100 Torr or less. Then, a metal film having a high melting point of almost 1200xc2x0 C. or more is formed on the lower surface of the substrate body. Particularly, the above condition is more suitable for manufacturing the AlxGayInzN film having an Al concentration of 50 atomic % or greater (xxe2x89xa70.5).
This invention also relates to an epitaxial growth substrate comprising a substrate body, at least one AlxGayInzN (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70) film epitaxially grown directly on the upper surface of the substrate body or epitaxially grown via a buffer layer on the upper surface of the substrate body, and a metal film provided on the lower surface of the substrate body.
In a preferred embodiment of the epitaxial growth substrate of the present invention, the substrate body has a transmissivity of 50% or more within a wavelength range of 400 nm-800 nm. Moreover, the metal film formed on the lower surface of the substrate body is made of a high melting point metal of approximately 1200xc2x0 C. or more such as W, Ta, Mo, Ti, Be or Mn. Then, the buffer layer is composed of the AlxGayInzN film (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70).
According to this invention, the substrate body is heated via the metal film formed on the lower surface thereof by the heater. Since the metal film absorbs infrared light, the substrate body is heated uniformly by the heat radiation of the metal film, and thus, is heated to a desired temperature efficiently. Therefore, when the AlxGayInzN film (x+y+z=1; x,y,zxe2x89xa70) is formed on the substrate body, it can have good crystallinity and flatness. Moreover, excess load is not applied to the heater, and the lifetime of the heater may be elongated.

Method for manufacturing an A1xGayInzN film using a metal film for heat radiation


An apparatus and method for the application of collars to deer and other wild or domestic animals. The apparatus may be adapted for use with collars formed from flexible, relatively non-resilient material which have attachable ends, as well as collars formed from resiliently coiled materials. The apparatus includes a support assembly for holding a collar in an open position with its ends spaced apart from one another, and a trigger for effecting application of the collar when an animal places its neck over the support. When flexible, non-resilient collars are employed, the support is also adapted to propel at least one end of the collar about the animal's neck and contact the opposite end of the collar. The apparatus may also be employed in combination with an animal feeder or bait station to attract animals in the wild.

The invention relates to a device and method for the unattended, automatic, animal-activated application of collars to deer and other wild or domestic animals.
Many diseases are transmissible to man and animals by ectoparasites such as ticks. Because some wildlife species, such as white-tailed deer, are capable of propagating and harboring large populations of these ectoparasites, an effective strategy for the prevention of disease transmission should include treatment of animals, including wildlife, for the control of ectoparasites. Yet, the treatment of significant numbers of animals, especially wildlife that are not easily captured or otherwise able to be handled and treated directly, for control of these ectoparasites remains a difficult problem.
In areas where an effort is being made to eradicate ticks, the inability to control ticks on wildlife can be a critical factor to the success of the program. For example, cattle ticks were eradicated from the United States in the 1950's, and a quarantine zone was established along the Texas-Mexico border between Del Rio and Brownsville, Tex. to prevent reinfestation of U.S. cattle herds. Yearly outbreaks of ticks that occur in the quarantine zone are controlled by dipping of cattle and by vacating infested pastures. However, increased populations of white-tailed deer, elk, exotic deer, antelope and other marginal host animals in the region is complicating the eradication effort, and in some areas has prevented eradication on premises reinfested with the ticks. For other ectoparasites such as black-legged ticks, the vectors of Lyme disease, wildlife, and white-tailed deer in particular, are the primary hosts for adult ticks. The ability to control these ticks on deer would therefore be a valuable tool in the management of Lyme disease.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,367,983, we disclosed a device and method for feeding and applying pesticides onto animals, including deer. That device incorporates vertical support members carrying pesticide applicators which the animal contacts in the course of feeding, thereby applying the pesticide to the neck and head of the animal. While the device has demonstrated effectiveness for the control of ticks and other parasites on wildlife for prolonged protection over extended periods, the animals must intermittently return for repeated applications.
Pesticide impregnated collars are commonly used for the control of ticks and other parasites on domestic animals. However, the application of these collars is primarily limited to domestic pets. Application to wildlife such as deer has been impractical and highly labor intensive, requiring the trapping and/or tranquilizing of target animals.

Device and method for application of collars to animals

The United States of America as represented by the Department of Agriculture


A data processor chip has a sensor that senses the temperature of the substrate. When the sensor senses that the temperature has increased beyond a predetermined level, the sensor supplies a signal to the processor. Upon receipt of the signal, the processor's execution switches from the current task to a task that is less compute intensive than the current one.

The power dissipated during operational use of an electronic circuit reveals itself as heat. The heat generated by an integrated circuit typically increases with increasing transistor density and with increasing clock frequency. The eventual temperature of a semiconductor substrate in a stationary state is determined by the balance between the heat generated and the heat carried off of the substrate. A conventional way to handle excessive heat is attaching the substrate to a heat sink and/or by providing additional equipment for forced cooling such as a fan. Clearly, such measures not only are very costly, but also may preclude packaging due to the physical constraints. The use in portable equipment, e.g., in a PDA, becomes practically impossible: there is simply no room to accommodate all this equipment, the battery has very limited power and the weight would increase beyond an acceptable threshold.
Certain kinds of circuits tend to operate in bursts. That is, the circuit may, alternately, remain idle for a period of time and then operate at its maximum or near-maximum capacity for another period of time. Heat generation peaks are caused by the activity in the latter period. Because of the thermal inertia in the integrated circuit, the heat build-up and dissipation will lag behind the high-power consumption periods. That is, the heat generated during high-power operation may be carried off during those periods wherein the circuit is operating at low power.
Semiconductor packaging is designed to dissipate the amount of heat generated when the circuitry is operating at peak power. This guarantees that junction temperatures in semiconductor devices does not exceed prescribed operational limits. The semiconductor packaging cost premium due to measures required to handle peak power dissipation can be seen as wasteful. As already mentioned above, certain applications preclude special packaging due to physical constraints determined by the apparatus that is to accommodate the semiconductor device.
International Application WO92/10032 discloses a control system as specified in the preamble with multiple processor circuits that operate in a bursty fashion. In order to prevent heat damage, the known system senses the rate of change of operating temperature of the integrated processor circuits and adjusts the rate of operation of the circuits. The system includes a plurality of CMOS semiconductor chips, accommodating the processor circuits, and a sequence controller operative to supply instructions or data to the chips. Each chip is provided with a temperature sensor to generate an analog signal, indicative of the temperature sensed. In a particular embodiment, the sensor is physically integrated with the semiconductor substrate. The analog signal is supplied to a microprocessor via an A/D converter. The microprocessor serves as a PID controller and uses the received signal to calculate a quantity representative of the rate of change of the temperature. PID control allows taking into account the thermal inertia between the chip as a whole and the sensor. If the rate of change indicates that the chip's temperature will exceed a first predetermined value, no-op (no operation) instructions are supplied to the integrated circuit at a predetermined frequency. This allows the circuit to cool down. The rate of change of the temperature may indicate that the chip will reach a temperature higher than a second, higher predetermined value. In such case, additional no-op instructions are provided or the chip will be shut down completely. Alternatively, the clock frequency may be adjusted in response to the sensed rate of change of the temperature to achieve the desired cooling of the chip.

Thermostat controls dsp's temperature by effectuating the dsp switching between tasks of different compute-intensity

Philips Electronics North America Corporation


A new and distinct PetuniaxCalibrachoa cultivar named ‘DANCALI3 ’ is disclosed, characterized by having a distinctive large, bright pink, glossy flowers, and a trailing plant habit. The new variety is a Petunia sensu Wijsman×Calibrachoa llave normally produced as an outdoor garden or container plant.

The new Petunia cultivar is a product of a planned breeding program conducted by the inventor, Gavriel Danziger, in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel.
The seed parent is the unpatented, proprietary seedling variety referred to as Petunia sensu Wijsman 'Pe-277.' The pollen parent is the unpatented, proprietary seedling variety referred to as Calibrachoa llave 'CA793.' The new variety was discovered in March 2008 by the inventor in a group of seedlings resulting from that crossing, in a commercial greenhouse in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar 'DANCALI3' by vegetative cuttings was first performed at a commercial greenhouse in Moshav Mishmar Hashiva, Israel in March 2008 and has shown that the unique features of this cultivar are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.


A lighting apparatus contains a main housing; a reflector disposed within the main housing, and having a front side and a rear side; a heat conducting body comprising at least two heat pipes, wherein a first portion of the at least two heat pipes are parallel to a central axis of the lighting apparatus on the front side of the reflector, and a second portion of each of the at least two heat pipes is in the rear side of the reflector and is thermally coupled to the main housing; a heat conducting head located on the front side of the reflector, and is thermally coupled to the heat conducting body; at least two light-emitting diodes (“LEDs”) thermally coupled to the heat conducting body, and being positioned to face the front side of the reflector so that light emitted from the LEDs are directed to said front side.

For years, people have used traditional incandescent or fluorescence lighting apparatuses in order to address their interior lighting concerns. However, such lighting apparatuses present a number of drawbacks. For example, the popular AR111 halogen apparatus presents the following drawbacks—relatively high power consumption, inefficiency of light dispersion due to the placement of its metal shield in the line sight of the halogen bulb, and its limited effectiveness in preventing glare from the halogen bulb.
Recently, a number of LED lighting apparatuses have been designed to replace the AR111 halogen apparatus, as well as other traditional incandescent or fluorescence lighting apparatuses. Typically, in such LED lighting apparatuses, the LED light source is located at the center of a reflector with its light emission directed outward from the reflector. Additionally, there are LED lighting apparatuses, such as PAR38, which use multiple LEDs with their light emissions directed outward from one or more reflectors. These configurations are unable to achieve narrow beam angles, and result in considerable glare since observers are not shielded from the LED light source. Further, these configurations inefficiently distributes heat; thereby, making the use of high-powered LEDs in these configurations practically prohibitive.
To address these problems, alternative LED lighting apparatuses which use a mirror or reflective surface to reflect light back in the direction of the LED light source have been disclosed. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,976,769 to McCullough et al. entitled "Light-Emitting Diode Reflector Assembly Having a Heat Pipe," U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,921 to Jacobson et al. entitled "Back-Reflecting LED Light Source", and PCT International Publication No. WO 2006/033998 to Magna International Inc. entitled "Thermal Management System for Solid State Automotive Lighting."

Non-glare reflective LED lighting apparatus with heat sink mounting


A U-shaped lock includes a housing, a shackle holder and a cap closing the housing. A U-shaped shackle has two ends inserted in two shackle holes in the cap and the shackle holder. A lock unit with a pin tumbler mechanism is fixed in a lock hole of the shackle holder, being rotated for two stages of angles by a key to move a pull rod unit fitted in a horizontal lengthwise hole on the lock hole in the shackle holder outward or inward to lock or unlock the two ends of the shackle.

This invention concerns a U-shaped lock, particularly such a lock having reduced weight, and increased anti-theft function.
Conventional U-shaped locks generally include a body formed and operated with a single stage for locking and unlocking, and a U-shaped shackle inserted and locked therein. The shackle has one of its two ends always connected inseparably with the body, with the other end being separated from the body in unlocking. The lock unit pushes a pull rod unit to lock or unlock the shackle. Some U-shaped locks have shackles separable completely from the body when unlocked. The body is made of zinc alloy, aluminum, copper, etc. by a molding process and then its outer surface is treated. The lock unit, the pull rod unit and the shackle are then fitted in relative positions. The lock unit is generally locked or unlocked with one stage of operation for pushing and pulling the pull rod unit to lock or unlock the shackle.
However, the conventional U-shaped locks are deemed to have a drawback in that they are too heavy, even those made of zinc alloy, not to mention those made of copper. Another drawback is that the costs are high, not satisfying economic principles. One more drawback is that their anti-theft function is not so good, so that an experienced thief can easily unlock the lock unit, because of the one stage operation of locking and unlocking the lock unit.


A laminated composite material is provided. The material has first and second layers. The first layer is composed of a fibrous material and a binder, and the second layer is composed of a woven material and a binder.

Industry is consistently moving away from wood and metal structural members and panels, particularly in the vehicle manufacturing industry. Such wood and metal structural members and panels have high weight to strength ratios. In other words, the higher the strength of the wood and metal structural members and panels, the higher the weight. The resulting demand for alternative material structural members and panels has, thus, risen proportionately. Because of their low weight to strength ratios, as well as their corrosion resistance, such non-metallic panels have become particularly useful as structural members in the vehicle manufacturing industry as well as office structures industry, for example.
Often such non-metallic materials are in the form of composite structures or panels which are moldable into three-dimensional shapes for use in any variety of purposes. It would, thus, be beneficial to provide a composite material structure that has high strength using oriented and/or non-oriented fibers with bonding agents having compatible chemistries to provide a strong bond across the composite's layers. It would be further beneficial to provide a manufacturing and finish coating process for such structures in some embodiments.
It will be appreciated that the prior art includes many types of laminated composite panels and manufacturing processes for the same. U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,253, filed on Mar. 30, 1984, entitled High Impact Strength Fiber Resin Matrix Composites, U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,804, filed on May 22, 1990, entitled Interleaf Layer Fiber Reinforced Resin Laminate Composites, U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,206 B1, filed on Sep. 14, 1998, entitled Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Panel for Fixed Leading Edges, U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,925, filed on May 10, 1996, entitled Multi-Layered Panel Having a Core Including Natural Fibers and Method of Producing the Same, U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,947, filed Oct. 5, 1981, entitled Laminated Composite Structure and Method of Manufacture, U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,087, filed on Mar. 13, 1992, entitled Method of Making a Composite Structure, U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,903, filed on Sep. 16, 1993, entitled Automotive Headliner Panel and Method of Making Same, U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,583, filed on Nov. 14, 1991, entitled Method of and Apparatus for Continuously Fabricating Laminates, U.S. Pat. No. 4,466,847, filed on May 6, 1983, entitled Method for the Continuous Production of Laminates, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,256, filed on May 17, 1994, entitled Method of Making a Headliner and the Like, are all incorporated herein by reference to establish the nature and characteristics of such laminated composite panels and manufacturing processes herein.
Accordingly, the following disclosure provides a laminated composite material which comprises first and second layers. The first layer comprises a fibrous material and a binder, and the second layer comprises a woven material and a binder. The fibers of the fibrous material of the first layer are randomly oriented. The composite material is formed such that the binders in both the fibrous material and the woven material adhere to bond the first and second layers together.
Illustrative embodiments may further provide the fibrous material being hemp; the fibrous material being kenaf; the fibrous material comprising hemp and kenaf; the fibrous material comprising about 50 weight percent hemp and 50 weight percent kenaf, the first layer comprising about 25 weight percent hemp, about 25 weight percent kenaf and 50 weight percent the binder; the binder being a thermomelt binder; the binder being polypropylene; the first layer comprising about 24.75 weight percent hemp, about 24.75 weight percent kenaf, about 50 weight percent polypropylene binder material and about 0.05 maleic anhydride; the woven material being a woven glass; the woven material being chosen from a group consisting of nylon, Kevlar and fleece; other fibrous materials that can be used are flax and jute; comprising a third layer comprising a fibrous material and a binder wherein the third layer is bonded to the second layer; comprising a fourth layer comprising a woven material and a binder wherein the fourth layer is bonded to the third layer; comprising a fifth layer comprising a fibrous material and a binder wherein the fifth layer is bonded to the fourth layer; and comprising a fascia layer applied to the first layer.
Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure provides a laminated composite material which, too, comprises first and second layers. In addition, this embodiment further comprises a third layer. The first layer, again, comprises a fibrous material and a binder wherein fibers are randomly oriented. The second layer is located adjacent the first layer and comprises a fleece material and a binder. The third layer, located adjacent the second layer, comprises glass fiber and a binder. The composite material is formed such that the binders in the first, second, and third layers adhere to bond the same together.
Illustrative embodiments may provide the fleece comprising polyester; the fleece comprising nylon; the binder comprising polypropylene; the binder comprising polypropylene; the fleece being made from a high-temperature melt material, and the binder being made from a low-temperature melt material; the fleece comprising about 25 weight percent polyester and about 25 weight percent polypropylene; the fleece comprising about 20 weight percent polyester and about 80 weight percent polypropylene; the glass fiber layer comprising maleic anhydride; and the binder comprising polypropylene.
Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure provides a laminated composite material also comprising first, second, and third layers. The first layer has opposed first and second surfaces and comprises a fibrous material and a binder. The fibers of the fibrous material of the first layer are randomly oriented in the binder. The second layer is located adjacent the first surface of the first layer, and the second layer comprises a fleece material in a binder. The third layer is located adjacent the second surface of the first layer, and comprises a fleece material in a binder.
Illustrative embodiments may provide the fleece comprising polyester; the fleece comprising nylon; the binder comprising polypropylene; the fleece being made from a high-temperature melt material and the binder being made from a low-temperature melt material; and the fleece comprising about 50 weight percent polyester and about 50 weight percent polypropylene; and the fleece comprising about 20 weight percent polyester and about 80 weight percent polypropylene.
Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure provides a composite material comprising a panel and coating layer. The panel has a surface and comprises a fibrous material and a binder. In addition, the surface of the panel is calendared. The coating layer is applied to the calendared surface of the panel and UV cured.
Illustrative embodiments may provide the UV cured coating being an adhesion promoter; a UV cured top coat that is applied to the adhesion promoter; a UV cured primer coat that is applied to the adhesion promoter; and a UV cured top coat that is applied to the primer coat.
Additional features and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of illustrated embodiments exemplifying the best mode of carrying out such embodiments as presently perceived.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplification set out herein illustrates several embodiments, and such exemplification is not to be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure in any manner.

Process, composition and coating of laminate material


A composition for treating leather, fur and fibrous material which comprises a water-soluble and/or a water-dispersible polyurethane, and more particularly a composition comprising the following ingredients a), b), c) and d) in the following proportions:. ______________________________________ ingredient a); water-soluble and 5.0-100% by wt. water-dispersible polyurethane ingredient b); salt of divalent to 0.0-20% by wt. tetravalent metal ingredient c); surfactant 0.0-40% by wt. ingredient d); auxiliary ingredients 0.0-40% by wt. ______________________________________. Leather and fur treated with the treating agent of the invention can be washed in water. Even when washed in water, they retain flexibility, have an excellent dimensional stability and are enhanced in water absorption into leather fiber. Further, they are improved in tear strength, tensile strength and hand and become easy to sew by means of a domestic sewing machine. When woven, knit and unwoven fabrics made of natural fibers such as animal hair, wool, silk, cotton and the like or their mixed fabrics with synthetic fibers are treated with the treating agent of the invention, a dimensional stability and shrink resistance after washing can be given to them without affecting their hand.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a shrinkproofing agent for leather, fur and woven, knit and unwoven products of natural fibers which makes these material resistant to the change in flexibility upon washing in water. More particularly, the present invention relates to a treating agent composition for leather, fur and fibrous material (hereinafter, the composition is simply referred to as "the treating agent") which, when used for treatment of leather, fur and woven, knit and unwoven fabrics of natural fibers such as animal hair, wool, silk, flax, cotton and the like or their mixed yarn fabrics with synthetic fibers at the time of washing these materials in water, can maintain the flexibility of these materials, give them excellent dimensional stability and shrink resistance and enhance their water absorption, as well as to a method for the treatment using the treating agent.
If leather, fur, and woven, knit or unwoven fabric of fibrous material is treated with the treating agent, these materials can be improved in tear strength, tensile strength and flexibility. In addition, in case of leather, a treatment with the treating agent makes easy the sewing work using a domestic sewing machine.
2. Prior Art Description
It has hitherto been considered that leather, fur and woven, knit and unwoven fabrics made of animal hair, wool, silk or natural cellulose fibers are difficult to wash in water because of hardening and shrinkage. Some of the synthetic fibers have also been in a similar situation. In the case of leather and fur, there has been an attempt to enable washing of these materials in water by sufficiently carrying out reliming or enzymic treatment in the stage of raw skin, thereafter tanning it and fatting it with Turkey red oil or the like. This method, however, has been unable to solve the problem that the material hardens and shrinks when washed in water only once or several times. In unavoidable cases, these materials have been cleaned by the method of dry cleaning or powder method. These methods, however, have been unable to remove water-soluble stains.
The surface of animal hair or wood is covered by a scale (cuticle). If the scale is entangled, it forms a felt which does not return to the original state. The felt formation is particularly marked in the process of drying the material after dipping it in water or washing it in water. In case of silk, flax, cotton and the like, too, dipping in water causes swelling and extension, and drying causes a shrinkage. In case of wool, methods for preventing the shrinkage by removing the scale (cuticle) of the surface have been devised. Thus, enzymic treatment, chlorine treatment and the like are carried out as means therefor, and the anisotropy in the coefficient of friction is reduced and the entanglement between fibers is prevented by Dylan FTC method, DCCA method or protein method. However, these methods are disadvantageous in that they make the fibrous material slippy and readily fraying. Apart from the above, the resin method can be referred to, which comprises bonding together fibers with a resin and coating the scale (cuticle) with it. The chlorinated resin method of IWS, the Kroy/resin method, the Sirolan BAP method and the DC-109 method belong to this type of methods. However, these methods are disadvantageous in that the fiber hardens and the hand is deteriorated. In cellulose fibers such as cotton, it has been conventional to stabilize the form by mercerization, hot water treatment, etc.

Treating agent composition for leather, for fibrous materials


In a multichannel DC-DC converter that reduces radiation noise to a minimum, a wiring line between the coil conductor of a channel having the smallest load current and the switching IC, among the coil conductors defining a plurality of channels, is the longest connection wiring line, such that a channel having the smallest load current is connected to a wiring line that is most likely to radiate noise and radiation noise is reduced to a minimum. A connection wiring line connected to a coil conductor having the largest load current among the plurality of coil conductors is the shortest connection wiring line. A channel having the largest load current is connected to a wiring line that is least likely to radiate noise and, as a result, radiation noise is further reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to DC-DC converters in which switching elements are mounted, and particularly, to multichannel DC-DC converters.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the related art, DC-DC converters including a coil pattern disposed inside a magnetic substrate and a switching IC mounted on an upper portion of the magnetic substrate are known (for example, refer to International Publication No. 2008/087781).
In addition, multichannel DC-DC converters including a plurality of coils disposed inside a single magnetic substrate are also known (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-343976).
In the above-described DC-DC converters, since the wiring lines between Vout terminals of a switching IC and coils are most likely to be affected by noise, it is preferable that the length of the wiring lines between the Vout terminals and the coils be as short as possible.
However, in general, the Vout terminals of a switching IC are concentrated in one location. In such a case, channels for which relatively long wiring lines are necessary, among wiring lines connected from Vout terminals of the switching IC to each of the coils, are inevitably provided on the upper surface of the magnetic substrate.


The present invention provides an injectable particle comprising dasatinib acetate and a hyaluronic acid. The hyaluronic acid may be acetylated or sulfated. The particle is for the use of cancer therapy. The injectable particle may further comprises an acid, wherein the acid is dispersed evenly in the matrix of the injectable particle.

Dasatinib is a kinase inhibitor; it works by blocking the action of an abnormal protein that signals cancer cells to multiply. Dasatinib is used to treat a certain type of chronic myeloid leukemia and a certain type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in people who can no longer benefit from other medications for leukemia or who cannot take these medications because of side effects. However, Carlson, Robert, H, (Oncology Times, Volume 36, Issue 18, p 27, Sep. 25, 2014) found that dasatinib did not increase survival of patients suffered from advanced pancreatic cancer when combined with gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone.
Dansatinib exhibits pH dependent aqueous solubility (from 18.4 mg/ml at pH 2.6 to 0.008 mg/ml at pH 6.0). WO2010139981 A2 teaches processes for the preparation of dasatinib and to crystalline monohydrate and anhydrous polymorphic forms of dasatinib, WO2010139981 A2 also teach a method for preparing dasatinib acetate, but WO2010139981 A2 does not teach the use of dasatinib acetate.


A dally practicing system which simulates the conditions of roping a steer with relative safety. The portable dallying practice system takes up slack in a rope without applying excessive tension which could injure the user, provides a clutch system which allows for convenient manipulation of the tension, and provides a safety release mechanism which automatically releases the tension if the tension becomes excessive.

This invention relates to providing systems for assisting a user in practicing dallying. Dallying is the act of wrapping a rope around the horn of a saddle. Dallying is one of the fundamental skills involved in roping which many cowboys and cowgirls need to practice for roping competition in tournaments, rodeos, etc. It is important for such cowboys and cowgirls to achieve a high level of skill at dallying. Speed and proper technique can give a competitive advantage and improper dallying can result in serious injuries. For example, team roping is a timed contest in a rodeo that features two cowpersons competing together: a "header" and a "heeler". The header ropes the steer's head, dallies (wraps the end of the rope around the saddle horn) and pulls the steer with the rope. The heeler then ropes the back legs of the steer, dallies, and stops his horse. When the heeler catches and dallies and both ropes are tight, the header stops and turns his horse to face the heeler, and the clock is stopped. The team with the fastest time wins the competition.
It is especially important for the heeler to dally soon after roping the steer for at least two reasons: 1) to stop the steer from pulling the rope out of the heeler's hands; and 2) to complete the run and stop the clock as fast as possible. The force the steer exerts on the rope can make dallying difficult. The heeler must judge the slack in the rope and how quickly the slack is being taken up. The heeler must also judge whether and how much rope to let slip to create more slack, if necessary.
The heeler's/dallyer's fingers can be smashed or even ripped off by the tension in the rope if dallying is not accomplished properly. For these reasons it is important to practice the technique of dallying—and to practice it safely.


The present disclosure provides a safety bra support comprising an arc-shaped steel wire in which the special characteristic is that at least two ends of the underwire are enclosed with at least one set of thermally contractible cases made of polymeric materials. The external end of the thermally contractible case is a soft tube which protrudes outwardly beyond the end of the arc-shaped underwire, and such a soft tube is bendable and flexible, ensuring the tips of the underwire be placed at the end stitches of the sleeve. Because the above described structure is used, the present disclosure not only can effectively prevent injuries to users caused by the ends of the underwire poking through the sleeve of the bra support, but can also provide a seamless and natural fit, and the utmost comfort to wear.

The arc-shaped underwire used for current bra supports is made of rigid material. When it is inserted into a sleeve which is loosely structured fabric, soft to the feel and comfortable, the two ends of the wire can easily push through the textile fabric and make a nick on the sleeve, allowing the end to poke out and to injure the user. It is therefore not safe to use. To solve this problem, some insert two rubber caps on both ends of the underwire to minimize the risk of its end poking through the sleeve to injure users.
The disadvantages of this method are as follows: 1. the insertion of a rubber cap in the end of the wire is not tight enough to be reliable; 2. the technique of manufacturing rubber caps on steel wires requires using punching shear on the ends of the wire and the rubber caps, which reduces the top area of the wire, resulting in two weak points of the underwire. When a strong force is then applied to the wire, the wire can break at the weak point and shorten the life of the product. 3. Since the rubber cap only covers the tips of the wire, the end of the underwire can not be placed at the end stitches of the fabric sleeve, and when the bra is in use, it is therefore likely that the wire will push through the fabric of the sleeve and make a hole.
The disclosed safety bra of the present disclosure overcomes one or more of the deficiencies set forth above.


A cylinder head has a head portion for attachment to an engine cylinder of an internal combustion engine, and a combustion chamber dome is adjustably received in a central aperture of the head portion. External circumscribed threads on the combustion chamber dome engage corresponding threads in the central aperture of the head portion so that the combustion chamber dome may be adjustably moved into a preselected adjusted position within the central aperture by rotation of the combustion chamber dome with respect to the head portion.. A method of adjustably establishing a combustion chamber in a cylinder of 1 an internal combustion engine is also disclosed.

Two-cycle internal combustion engines are characterized by one or more cylinders consisting essentially of cylindrical bores within an engine or cylinder block. A piston fits within the cylinder such that it can move reciprocally. One end of the cylinder is closed by a cylinder head to establish a combustion chamber between a top surface of the piston and the cylinder head. The two-cycle cylinder construction differs from four-cycle cylinder construction in that the latter incorporates intake and exhaust valves in the cylinder head while the two-cycle engine has intake and exhaust ports in a wall of the cylinder.
When the piston is reciprocated to its lowest position in the cylinder, the maximum volume of the cylinder is defined. The minimum volume of the cylinder is defined when the piston is at its highest reciprocated position in the cylinder. The ratio of maximum volume to minimum volume is referred to as the compression ratio, and the greater the compression ratio, the more efficient the engine. It is believed that in most internal combustion engines, the cylinder head is manufactured with a shaped pocket or chamber, such as a dome or the like for instance, which defines the cylinder volume at the highest piston position, i.e., the aforementioned maximum volume, and therefore directly effects the performance of the engine.
It is believed that there were many past applications which required changes in cylinder head design, and such changes may have been necessitated not only by a need to vary engine compression ratio but also to adapt an engine for different octane rated fuels or for different fuels. The most common practice was to modify cylinder heads in order to develop high performance engines, and it is believed that the most common modifications to such cylinder heads was to alter the size and/or shape or the position of the combustion chamber. However, in some applications such as in racing for instance, it was often desirable to modify a cylinder head to obtain performance characteristics for the racing internal combustion engine demanded or suitable to meet immediate racing conditions. Since machining of cylinder heads to meet such immediate racing conditions was not practiced at such racing events, one of the problems presented at such racing events was the necessity of carrying and maintaining many different cylinder heads as replacement parts.
In order to overcome the aforementioned problem of carrying replacement cylinder heads, U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,817 disclosed the use of a plurality of different replaceable combustion chamber housings which could be utilized with a complementary cylinder head in order to effect different desired modifications in engine performance. However, one of the problems involved in this above discussed patented scheme is believed to be that it was necessary to carry many different ones of combustion chamber housings as replacement parts.

Cylinder head for an internal combustion engine and method of adjustably establishing the volume of a combustion chamber therein


An inspection method including the steps of irradiating a light with a predetermined changing pattern onto a substantially specular surface to be inspected through an irradiation device facing the surface, forming an image based on reflected light in correspondence with the predetermined changing pattern by an imaging device, and utilizing reflected light of only 200-350 nm wavelength to form the image so as to detect a flaw in the surface by identifying points which differ from the changing pattern of the irradiation device. The flaws in the coating can be detected with a high accuracy irrespective of the color of the coating surface. An inspection device is also provided for the same object.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a surface inspection method and device of a vehicle body surface with a coating.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, as a technique for inspecting the vehicle body surface for coating flaws, it has been known to have an imaging device, such as a video camera, receive a specular reflection light which is irradiated on the coating surface by means of a light irradiation device so as to form an image. A processing device then processes the image to detect flaws (for example, see Japanese Patent Public Disclosure No. 62-233710). This is because the coating surface can be treated as a smooth specular surface. In this case, generally, visible light with a wavelength of 380-780 nm is used as the irradiation light.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,072,128, another type of inspection device is disclosed.
However, the conventional way of inspecting the coating surface is disadvantageous in that the formed image loses clarity when a specific color of the coating, such as a white base coating, is used. As a result, it is difficult to detect flaws in the coating with a desirable quality.

Surface inspection method and device with irradiation


A turbine fuel ring assembly includes a fuel distribution ring, at least one fuel supply tube attached to the fuel distribution ring and at least one attachment leg connected to the fuel distribution ring. The fuel ring has a hollow interior and a plurality of apertures for expelling a fluid. The attachment leg is configured to allow flexibility due to thermal expansion induced under certain load conditions such as during engine start-up or shut-down. Further, the configuration of the attachment legs provides improved stress distribution characteristics. The fuel supply tube includes a rectangular passage and a round passage that are disposed substantially transverse to each other and in fluid communication with each other and with the hollow interior of the fuel distribution ring. The rectangular passage and the round passage have substantially identical cross-sectional areas. The fuel supply tube is configured to avoid structural interferences with neighboring components.

Environmental regulations may limit the amount of NOx emitted from turbine engines. One known manner for reducing NOx emissions is to mix the compressed air used for combustion with fuel before the air enters the primary combustion zone. Such premixed air burns cleaner than combustion air that is not premixed so as to reduce the amount of NOx generated. In addition to the NOx reduction benefit, premixed combustion air can assist in the management of the dynamic forces during combustion. In particular, when the primary combustion zone is provided with a air/fuel premixture, a more stable, controlled and predictable combustion occurs. As a result, the potential for high frequency acoustic combustion forces and their associated dangers are minimized.
A fuel injector assembly can be provided for distributing fuel into the compressed air flow upstream of the main combustor portion of the turbine. In one prior design, fuel is injected into the compressed air stream using a ring-type assembly 90 as shown in FIG. 2A. The prior fuel ring assembly 90 includes a fuel ring 95, a fuel supply tube 100 and five attachment legs 150.
The configuration of the prior fuel supply tube 100 is shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. The prior fuel supply tube 100 comprises an elongated body 102 having first and second ends 104, 106. The elongated body 102 has a generally tapering cylindrical outer profile. Extending longitudinally through a portion of the elongated body 102 is a circular passage 108 through which fuel can flow. The circular passage 108 begins at the second end 106 of the supply tube 100 but does not extend through to the first end 104. The first end 104 of the supply tube 100 includes a circular passage 110 that extends from a connection interface surface 112 and partially into the first end 104 and substantially transverse to the circular passageway 108 of the elongated body 102 such that the circular passages 102, 110 are in fluid communication. Though the exterior of the supply tube 100 is tapered, the circular passage 108 maintains a substantially constant diameter through the elongated body portion 102.
The connection interface 112 of the tube 100 can connect into a fuel supply source or conduit (not shown); the second end 106 of the tube 100 can be connected to the fuel ring 95. The fuel ring 95 (see FIG. 2A) includes a hollow interior such that the passages 108,110 in the supply tube 100 fluidly communicate with the hollow interior of the fuel ring 95. In particular, the supply tube 100 is connected into the fuel ring 95 so that it extends substantially perpendicular from the fuel ring 95. Further, the supply tube 100 is connected to the fuel ring 95 such that the center line of the passage 108 in the elongated body 102 is in line with the hollow interior of the fuel ring 95. In other words, the center line of the elongated body 102 of the supply tube 100 is not offset from the hollow interior of the fuel ring 95.
In addition to the details of the prior supply tube 100, the configuration of the prior attachment legs 150, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, deserves mention. The prior attachment legs 150 include a first end 152, a second end 154 and a substantially planar bridge portion 156 connecting the first and second ends 152,154. The first end 152 includes a portion 158 that protrudes transversely outward from the bridge portion 156. The first end 152 further includes a passage 160 for receiving a bolt. The second end 154 includes a c-shaped portion 162 that protrudes transversely outward from the bridge portion 156 of the attachment leg 150. Further, the c-shaped portion 162 extends in the opposite direction of the protruding portion 158 of the first end 152.
While the above-described prior fuel ring configuration has proved successful in combination with certain turbine engine designs, it has been difficult to integrate it into more recent turbine engine designs because of structural interferences with nearby components. However, it is still desirable to retain the fuel ring due to the various benefits of premixed combustion air as discussed above.
Thus, one object according to aspects of the present invention is to provide a new configuration for a turbine fuel ring assembly that avoids interferences with adjacent turbine engine structure. Another object according to aspects of the present invention is to provide an improved attachment leg for the fuel ring assembly that not only avoids interferences but also provides enhanced stress distribution characteristics. Yet another object according to aspects of the present invention is to provide a fuel supply tube that uses differing flow passage conformations to allow the exterior of the tube to avoid interferences while maintaining relatively constant flow area. Still other aspects according to the present invention relate to retrofitting prior engines with the present fuel ring assembly without extensive rework or retrofit operations. These and other objects according to aspects of the present invention are addressed below.


A polymer having a fractal configuration of structure which is self-similar or is scale invariant at different scales. As a consequence of their fractal configuration, such polymers have superior properties as an interstitial material for the adsorption of substances, and are useful as an additive or adjunct to ion exchange, filtration and membrane separation of compounds.

Fractal geometry has been used over the past 15 years as an analytical tool to mathematically describe curves, surfaces or volumes of a certain "roughness" when they appear equally rough or pleated under a wide range of scales. These scale invariant structures are described in terms of their fractal dimensions (called the Hausdorff dimension "d") by the Mandelbrot equation:
______________________________________ N.sub.n.sup.d = constant (l.sub.o.sup.d) (Ref Mandelbrot, B., "Les Objects Fractals" - Flammarion Pans 1995). ______________________________________ Where .sub.n is a gauge of measure N is the count obtained by measuring the medium with the gauge n l.sub.o is the characteristic length .sup.d (integer or noninteger) is the Hausdorff (fractal) dimension (dCR)
In the case of Euclidean geometry, if a segment is gauged by a half scale of its length (n=1/2) its N count is given by 2.sup.1, but for the equivalent square gauged in the same way, d=2 and its N count (or measure) is given by 2.sup.2, and for a cube d=3 and N=2.sup.3 =8, the Mandelbrot equation gives EQU 8(1/2).sup.3 =1.sup.3
In the case of fractal geometry, take the example of the Von Koch curve (FIG. 1) to generalise the application of the Mandelbrot equation. To form the Von Koch curve, the generator of the curve is taken from the segment lo. The segment is cut into three parts, the centre part is removed and two segments of equal length are added to form l.sub.1, which is called the generator. In this case the length l.sub.n of the curve of order n is l.sub.(n) -l.sub.o .eta..sup.n-1 and the pattern tends to a limit (the d fractal) where d=log.sub.3 4=1.26186 ##STR1## Starting with other generators, and using the same principle there is provided for example ##STR2## The construction process can be further generalised using for example the following generators in a two dimensional plane ##STR3##
This concept is particularly useful in organic chemistry and has been used to model the polymerisation of various monomeric units when stereospecific polymerisation is involved.
Advanced fractal geometry concepts like multifractals applied to random walk are also routinely used to describe simple step by step polymerisation reactions when lateral reticulation occurs.
It is known that the solubility of smaller molecules is totally different to the solubility or larger molecules. The solubility of polymers varies as a function of the length of the polymer, which means that it is possible to precipitate the larger molecules before the smaller molecules are precipitated. This means that the compound structure will be determined by means of solubility step reactions.
It is an object of this invention to provide polymers having a fractal configuration, and to provide methods of preparation of fractal polymers of desired fractal dimensions.
It is another object of this invention to provide fractal polymers which, as a consequence of their fractal configuration, have superior properties for the adsorption of materials.
It is a further object of this invention to provide fractal polymers which are useful as an adjunct to the filtration or separation of compounds by conventional filters or membranes.
These are other objects of the invention will become more apparent from the following description and illustrations.


A computer-implemented method for using event-correlation graphs to detect attacks on computing systems may include (1) detecting a suspicious event involving a first actor within a computing system, (2) constructing an event-correlation graph that includes a first node that represents the first actor, a second node that represents a second actor, and an edge that interconnects the first node and the second node and represents a suspicious event involving the first actor and the second actor, (3) calculating, based at least in part on the additional suspicious event, an attack score for the event-correlation graph, (4) determining that the attack score is greater than a predetermined threshold, and (5) determining, based at least in part on the attack score being greater than the predetermined threshold, that the suspicious event may be part of an attack on the computing system. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

In recent years, malicious programmers have created a variety of sophisticated targeted attacks aimed at high-profile or high-level entities, such as governments, corporations, political organizations, defense contractors, or the like. In many cases, the goal of such targeted attacks is to gain access to highly sensitive or confidential information, such as financial information, defense-related information, and/or intellectual property (e.g., source code), and/or to simply disrupt an entity's operations.
Many security software companies attempt to combat targeted attacks by creating and deploying malware signatures (e.g., hash functions that uniquely identify known malware) to their customers on a regular basis. However, a significant number of the above-mentioned attacks involve malware that has been carefully crafted to take advantage of an as-yet-undiscovered vulnerability of a particular application (commonly known as a "zero-day" exploit). As such, these attacks are often difficult for traditional security software to detect and/or neutralize since the exploits in question have yet to be publicly discovered.
In addition to or as an alternative to a signature-based approach, some security software companies may apply a variety behavior-based heuristics to detect targeted attacks. Unfortunately, a significant number of targeted attacks (e.g., advance persistent threats) may obscure their malicious behaviors by moving at a slow pace such that traditional security software may be unable to distinguish individual malicious behaviors of the targeted attacks from legitimate behaviors. Accordingly, the instant disclosure identifies an addresses a need for systems and methods for detecting attacks on computing systems.

Systems and methods for using event-correlation graphs to detect attacks on computing systems


The step of forming an opening in an insulating layer to expose a carbon nanotube layer is performed using two types of dry etching different from each other in conditions. In the first-stage dry etching step, a hole is formed in the insulating layer to such a depth as not exposing the carbon nanotube layer. Thereafter, in the second-stage dry etching step, a bottom surface portion of the hole is removed, thus exposing an upper surface of the carbon nanotube layer. A method of manufacturing an electron emission source capable of improving performance of an electron emission portion is thus obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a field-emission-type electron emission source using a carbon nanotube layer as an electron emission portion.
2. Description of the Background Art
An electron emission source for FED (Field Emission Display) has conventionally been manufactured. In the method of manufacturing the electron emission source, initially, a cathode electrode is formed on a substrate. Then, a carbon nanotube layer serving as an electron emission portion is formed on the cathode electrode. Thereafter, an insulating layer is formed to cover an exposed surface of the cathode electrode and an exposed surface of the carbon nanotube layer, and a gate electrode is formed on the insulating layer. Thereafter, an opening is formed in the gate electrode, and an opening is formed in the insulating layer under the opening in the gate electrode. An upper surface of the carbon nanotube layer is thus exposed.
In forming an opening in the insulating layer described above, reactive ion etching (RIE) representing dry etching is employed. In forming an opening in an insulating film using RIE, however, RIE is performed even when the carbon nanotube layer is exposed. Consequently, the exposed surface of the carbon nanotube layer is damaged. In addition, unnecessary deposits adhere to the exposed surface of the carbon nanotube layer as well as to an inner side surface of the opening in the insulating layer. On the other hand, according to a technique to form the opening in the insulating layer using wet etching, it is difficult to control a shape of the opening in the insulating layer. For the reasons as described above, the conventional methods of manufacturing the electron emission source are disadvantageous in their inability to improve electron emission performance of the carbon nanotube layer.
As one technique to solve the above-described problem, necessity of some kind of process for the exposed surface of the carbon nanotube layer in order to improve the electron emission performance thereof has generally been known. For example, the inventors of the subject application have confirmed that a method of irradiating the carbon nanotube layer with laser beam is effective for a case in which the carbon nanotube layer is employed. This is because, when a plurality of long carbon nanotubes are entangled and raising of the carbon nanotubes is not easy, long carbon nanotubes are cut as a result of irradiation with laser so that a large number of short carbon nanotubes that are more readily raised are formed.
If intensity of the laser emitted to carbon nanotube particles is excessively high, however, the gate electrode of the FED is broken down. In addition, some of the carbon nanotube particles leave the bottom surface of a hole formed to penetrate the insulating layer. Accordingly, the carbon nanotube particles are scattered in the hole and adhere to a sidewall of the hole. Consequently, short-circuiting occurs between the gate electrode and the cathode electrode. Meanwhile, if the intensity of the laser is low, little improvement in the electron emission performance of the carbon nanotube layer is achieved.

Method of manufacturing electron emission source


A device for assisting a driver in the parking of a vehicle in a sheltered parking space is provided. The device includes: (a) an upper horizontal bar; (b) two parallel vertical bars, front and rear, which extend down from and are each attached at one end to the upper horizontal bar; and (c) two parallel horizontal bars, front and rear. The rear horizontal bar attaches at approximately a right angle to the rear vertical bar. The device is suspended over and in front of the parking space, such that when a person in the driver's seat of a correctly parked car in the parking space views the device, the front vertical bar is directly in front of the rear vertical bar, and the front horizontal bar is directly in front of the rear horizontal bar.

1. Technical Field
The present device is a device for assisting a driver in parking a vehicle in a vehicle shelter. More particularly, a driver can pull an automobile or other vehicle into proper parking position in a parking space in a garage or carport by visually spot checking this device, which remains affixed to the ceiling or other wall of the vehicle shelter.
2. Background Information
It seems to be the nature of man to accumulate goods. Homeowners therefore seem to be on a perennial quest for storage space. A favorite location for storing the accumulation of goods, including bicycles, lawn mowers, and boxes of holiday decorations, is the garage. With minimal space left in the carport or garage for the family vehicle(s), fitting the car in the garage without damaging the car, the goods, or the garage can be a problem. The problem is more severe for certain garages and for certain drivers. In some garages, particularly those which are built adjacent to newer houses, the garage door will not close behind the car unless the front of the car is in close proximity to the garage wall. Particularly in some allegedly two-car garages, the inconvenience is so great that one or both drivers often elect to leave the car outside the garage.
The problem also exists in carports or garages which accommodate multiple vehicles. Often apartment complexes, for example, will have one long carport with a parking space for each apartment. In shelters for multiple vehicles, the problem is exaggerated by increased traffic into and out of the parking spaces and by the possibility that the car being parked ineptly may strike the car, wall, or pole on either side of the parking space.
Homeowners and renters have devised many creative but often insufficient remedies for this problem. For example, some homeowners employ a string with a tennis ball attached to the end. The string is suspended from the garage ceiling so that the tennis ball strikes the front windshield of the car when the car has rolled to the selected point. This homemade device indicates a stop line, but does not indicate whether the car has been parked in a slanted position in the parking space. Various barrier systems, guide systems, and distance gauges have attempted to address this problem.


An inspection method of pattern writing data includes creating an area map of a figure pattern written on a target object for each modulation rate for modulating a dose by using modulation rate data to modulate the dose in a case that a plurality of figure patterns is written on the target object by using a charged particle beam, and layout data in which the plurality of figure patterns is defined; converting the layout data into pattern writing data to be input into a lithography apparatus; and inspecting an amount of electric charge for each predetermined region by using the area map when a pattern is written on the target object by using the pattern writing data.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments described herein relate generally to a charged particle beam lithography apparatus, an inspection method, and an inspection apparatus of pattern writing data and, for example, relate to a technique of inspecting input data into a lithography apparatus for abnormalities
2. Related Art
A lithography technique which leads development of micropatterning of a semiconductor device is a very important process for exclusively generating a pattern in semiconductor manufacturing processes. In recent years, with an increase in integration density of an LSI, a circuit line width required for semiconductor devices is getting smaller year by year. In order to form a desired circuit pattern on such semiconductor devices, a high-precision original pattern (also called a reticle or a mask) is needed. In this case, an electron beam pattern writing technique has an essentially excellent resolution, and is used in production of precise original patterns.
FIG. 28 is a conceptual diagram for explaining an operation of a variable-shaped electron beam lithography apparatus. The variable-shaped electron beam (EB: Electron Beam) lithography apparatus operates as described below. A rectangular opening 411 to form an electron beam 330 is formed in a first aperture plate 410. A variable-shaped opening 421 to shape the electron beam 330 having passed through the opening 411 of the first aperture plate 410 into a desired oblong shape is formed in a second aperture plate 420. The electron beam 330 shone from a charged particle source 430 and having passed through the opening 411 of the first aperture plate 410 is deflected by a deflector and passes through a portion of the variable-shaped opening 421 of the second aperture plate 420 before being shone on a target object 340 placed on a stage continuously moving in a predetermined direction (for example, the X direction). That is, a rectangular shape capable of passing through both the opening 411 of the first aperture plate 410 and the variable-shaped opening 421 of the second aperture plate 420 is written in a pattern writing region of the target object 340 placed on the stage continuously moving in the X direction. The method of forming any shape by causing a beam to pass through both the opening 411 of the first aperture plate 410 and the variable-shaped opening 421 of the second aperture plate 420 is called the variable-shaped beam method (VSB method).
In electron beam pattern writing, dimensional variations caused by mask processes or an unknown mechanism are resolved by adjusting a dose of an electron beam. Conventionally, a correction model is set and an operation to correct the dose based on the model is performed inside the lithography apparatus and the dose is controlled in accordance with the operation result inside the lithography apparatus. For example, the proximity effect correction operation can be cited. However, even if the dose calculated inside the lithography apparatus is used, a correction residual may remain. Particularly, there is a case when the dose should be additionally controlled for a partial pattern or a local region, separately from other patterns or regions. In such a case, the modulated dose needs to be set by a user or correction tool or the like before data is input into the lithography apparatus. However, if the value set by the user or an operation result by the correction tool is incorrect, such a value is input into the lithography apparatus and the value is used by the lithography apparatus, causing a problem of irradiation of a beam of an abnormal dose. The beam irradiation of such an abnormal dose causes abnormalities of pattern dimensions CD. Further, if the dose is an extremely abnormal value, resist evaporation and by extension, lithography apparatus contamination (or a lithography apparatus failure) could be caused by such evaporation.

Charged particle beam lithography apparatus, inspection apparatus and inspection method of pattern writing data


A power supply system includes: a switching power supply operated in an on mode and an off mode; a mode controller for generating a pulse signal for designating the mode; an auxiliary power supply for feeding power to the mode controller; a power supply controller configured to be activated as the power is fed and to control an oscillation operation in accordance with the pulse signal generated by the mode controller; and a supply detector for detecting starting of the power feeding. The power supply controller executes: oscillating the switching power supply when the pulse signal is input during the oscillation stop; stopping the oscillation of the switching power supply when the pulse signal is input during the oscillation; and invalidating an input of the pulse signal for predetermined time when the supply detector detects the starting of the power feeding.

The present disclosure relates to a power supply system and an image forming apparatus having the power supply system, and more particularly, to a technology of controlling an oscillation operation of a switching power supply of a power supply system in accordance with a pulse signal.
In the related art, for example, discloses a technology of controlling an oscillation operation of a switching power supply of a power supply system in accordance with a pulse signal. According to the related art, a switch controller configured to control the oscillation of the switching power supply in accordance with a control pulse signal supplied from a mode control block (power supply key control IC) is provided, and an output of the switching power supply is stopped by the control pulse signal.
When a disturbance noise occurs during an operation of the power supply system, for example, the switch controller (power supply control IC) may mistake the disturbance noise for a control pulse signal for switching the oscillation operation, so that the switch controller may stop the oscillation of the switching power supply.

Power supply system and image forming apparatus


A photonic device according to the present inventions obtained by resin molding a photonic element mounted on a base using a light-transmitting resin wherein the cured hardness of the light-transmitting resin is set at a value for optimally minimizing the adhesion of dust particles on the surface of the light-transmitting resin and the generation rate of internal cracks of the light-transmitting resin for a predetermined temperature change on the basis of the correlation between the two. A process for fabricating a photonic device according to the present invention comprises resin molding a photonic element by potting a light-transmitting resin having a predetermined viscosity, and applying a predetermined heat treatment for curing the resin to a final hardness after driving out the bubbles from the inside of the light-transmitting resin and for relaxing the curing shrinkage stress.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of CCD imaging devices and, more particularly, the present invention relates to a photonic device obtained by potting a photonic element mounted on a base using a light-transmitting resin, and a process for fabricating the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Photonic devices such as CCD (charge-coupled device) linear sensors or a CCD area sensors have been fabricated heretofore into a final product by first die bonding a chip of a photonic element inside a hollow package made of a ceramics or an epoxy resin. Then an interconnection is formed using a bonding wire, and realizing an air-tight seal by using a seal glass.
Recently, for reducing cost, photonic devices have been obtained by resin molding a photonic element and bonding wires inside the hollow portion of the hollow package described above by means of potting using a light-transmitting resin and by resin molding a photonic element and bonding wires inside a resin dam formed on an LCC (Leadless Chip Carrier) substrate by means of potting a light-transmitting resin. In the aforementioned photonic devices and the processes for producing them, however, the initial viscosity and the cured hardness of the light-transmitting resin for use in potting greatly influenced the yield, the quality, and the reliability of the resultant product. That is, for example, when the initial viscosity of the light-transmitting resin is too high gas is undesirably absorbed. For example, gas is absorbed by the base material that is used in die bonding, the residual air remaining in the interstices between the photonic element and the base, the gas included in the light-transmitting resin, the air included during potting, etc., tend to remain in the light-transmitting resin and form bubbles. Those residual bubbles result in a device having poor photosensitivity.
If the hardness after curing is too low, the surface of the light-transmitting resin is liable to be so viscous and sticky that dust particles collect and adhere. Even if attempts are made to blow off the dust particles attached to the surface by using air blowing and the like, the dust particles around the resin tend to adversely adhere thereto and cause defects. Furthermore, when the light-transmitting resin is excessively soft, an attempt to wipe off dust particles adhered to the surface by using a cotton swab (with alcohol) causes deformation of the light-transmitting resin that results in breakage or deformation of the internal bonding wires.
In contrast, if the light-transmitting resin becomes too hard after curing, the stickiness on the surface of the light-transmitting resin is reduced and the adhesion of dust particles is decreased. However, when reliability evaluation is performed at a predetermined temperature cycle, high thermal stress and the resulting strain due to high hardness causes breakage of the bonding wires and frequent internal resin cracks.

Photonic device and process for fabricating the same