A process for the adjustment of the composition of a synthesis gas produced in a high temperature black liquor gasifier. The process includes the steps of (a) generating a gasifier effluent stream from black liquor in the gasifier by a blast and optionally an atomising stream; (b) optionally quenching the gasifier effluent stream with a gas stream to form a gas quenched effluent stream; (c) quenching the gasifier effluent of step (a) or the gas quenched effluent gas stream of step (b) with a water stream to form a raw synthesis gas; (d) further cooling and cleaning and separating the raw synthesis gas to form a purified unprocessed synthesis gas with an appropriate H2/CO ratio; (e) partly converting the purified synthesis gas to dimethyl ether in a synthesis section, producing at least a product stream of DME and a hydrogen rich purge stream of processed; (f) splitting and recycling individual or combinations of split streams of the processed or the unprocessed synthesis gas to step a and/or step (b); and recycling a by-product stream of CO2 being further generated in step (e) in part or completely to step (a) and/or step (b).

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a process for preparation of synthesis gas from black liquor gasifiers to be useful in a downstream synthesis. In particular, the invention concerns gasification of black liquor in a high temperature, downflow type gasifier to a synthesis gas stream with improved composition for use in the synthesis of valuable chemicals, especially DME.
2. Description of the Related Art
Synthesis gas can be prepared by gasification of so called black liquor (BL) by means of a blast i.e. oxygen, oxygen enriched air or air.
BL is an intermediate product stream from papermaking processes. It results from cooking of e.g. wood chips with aqueous sodium hydroxide and subsequent reduction in water through evaporation to a water content of about 70% by weight. The BL substance is rich in hemicellulose and lignin and has a relatively high content of inorganic material, forming large amounts of melts during the gasification process.
The known BL gasifier furnace types are constructed in different ways. To this end the gasifiers have either upflow or downflow of the gaseous reaction medium in the gasification chamber and are operated with more or less addition points of blast. In low-temperature BL gasifier types (˜600° C. gasification exit temperature) ash is withdrawn as a dry solid rather than a melt. In high-temperature BL gasifier types (˜900-1050° C. gasification exit temperature) the inorganic material originating from the BL leaves the gasifier as a liquid melt, which is quenched in a down-stream section.
In the high temperature downflow gasifier, the black liquor is normally supplied through burner means. In the gasification zone exothermic oxidation and endothermic disintegration reactions of the organic substances take place. The resulting temperature from the gasification process is typically about 900-1050° C.
The synthesis gas produced from the organic material dissolved in BL is rich in hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The synthesis gas contains additionally water, inert components depending on the composition of the black liquor and oxygen feed and sulphur components together with ash melt of Na2CO3 and NaS or equivalents of potassium salts.
In this type of gasifier the effluent from the gasification process is usually cooled by quenching with liquid water being sprayed into a quench chamber beneath the gasification chamber.
The melt is thus dissolved in the quench water resulting in formation of green liquor which after caustification is ready for dissolving organic material.
The synthesis gas may be purified and used either as fuel or as feed stock for downstream chemical processes.
A typical composition of the black liquor (BL) substance by weight C 36.14%, H 3.50%, O 34.3%, N 0.14%, S 4.80%, Cl 0.24%, Na 18.6% and K 2.02%. The dry mass percentage of the black liquor is about 70 wt %.
The composition of the synthesis gas produced depends on the BL feed composition, its dry mass percentage, the type of blast and BL atomizing streams and their relative flow rates. The synthesis gas composition depends furthermore on the gasifier operating conditions.
The gasifying process substantially disintegrates the organic mass by thermal cracking into e.g. CO, CH4 and by the homogeneous water gas shift reactionH2O+COH2+CO2  (1)in further amounts of H2 and CO2.
To this end, it is known that sodium compounds promote the water gas shift reaction (see f. inst. Sealock, L. J. Jr.; Elliott, D.C. in "Development of an advanced water-gas shift conversion system", 4th annual advanced gasification contractors' meeting; 26 Jun. 1984; Morgantown, W. Va., USA).
Whereas the homogeneous shift reaction is slow at the temperatures prevailing in the quench section of the BL gasifier, the shift reaction due to its promotion by Na compounds may take place down to 250-300° C. Although it will be very slow below 400° C.
In the Lurgi Dry Ash Gasification process raw synthesis gas from a downstream process water cooler is recycled in a split stream to the gasifier for the provision of lock pressurizing gas in order to avoid dilution of the synthesis gas with inert gases.
In the Shell Coal Gasification Process and in the Prenflo Process a split stream of hot quench gas (about 250-280° C.) from a downstream slag filter is recycled to the gasifier to quench cool the effluent.
None of these processes result in changes of the composition of resulting raw synthesis gas.
As mentioned above the composition of the synthesis gas generated by the BL gasification depends e.g. on the gasifier feed compositions and operating conditions. Typically, the H2/CO ratio in the synthesis gas produced from BL gasification is in the range 0.85-1.5, varying over time as the BL feed will vary naturally e.g. with respect to atomic composition, energy content and rheology. The water content in the BL varies as a result of operating changes in the pulp manufacture. Also, there will be an upper limit on the practicable dry mass percentage of BL amongst other setting a limit to how low a ratio of H2/CO ratio can be obtained in the synthesis gas produced from the process.
Conventionally steam is used as the atomising stream in BL gasifiers, because it is readily available at the gasifier pressure (generated on site). An atomising stream is not strictly required, but has a great impact on the efficiency of the gasifier. A minimum flow rate of the atomising stream is about 0.05 kg/kg BL.
In the production of chemical compounds from synthesis gas it is usually necessary to adjust the composition of the gas in order to be useful in the production. Surplus of any reactant will result in additional requirements to the product separation. Especially, where the product is difficult to separate from unreacted components the separation will become prohibitively expensive rendering the process economically unviable.
Increasing interest has been shown to dimethyl ether (DME) over the last decades. DME is an environmentally benign chemical with a wide range of applications. DME can be used as a propellant, as a substitute for LPG in house hold apparatuses and as diesel fuel.
DME is produced from synthesis gas at a pressure typically in the range of 20-100 bar and at temperatures between 200 and 350° C. in one or more beds of catalyst/s promoting the following reactions:4H2+2CO2CH3OH  (2)H2O+COH2+CO2  (3)2CH3OHCH60+H2O  (4)3H2+3COCH6O+CO2  (2)+(3)+(4)
The appropriate H2/CO mole ratio in the synthesis gas for production of DME is about 1, preferably 0.9 to 1.25.
Downstream or integrated in the DME synthesis section, produced DME and by-product CO2 may be separated from the stream of unconverted synthesis gas, while a purge gas stream lean in CO and CO2, however, typically richer in H2 and inerts is sent to e.g. a fired heater or an auxiliary boiler as fuel.
With the high volatility of DME the efficiency of the synthesis process is sensitive to large variations of the H2/CO ratio in BL generated synthesis gas.
If the BL gasifier shall provide synthesis gas for use chemical processes, it will usually be necessary to adjust the gas composition independent of the pulp manufacture and the characteristics of the resulting BL to provide an optimal synthesis gas composition.
Thus, it is the general object of this invention to provide a process for the preparation of synthesis gas with an appropriate composition for use in the production of chemical compounds independent of the pulp manufacture and the BL characteristics.
Depending on the raw synthesis gas composition as it is produced in the BL gasifier, it will be necessary either to increase or decrease the H2/CO ratio in the raw gas to reach at the appropriate ratio.

Process for the preparation of synthesis gas from black liquor


The invention relates to a soft handle, which includes a soft and supports therein. A top cap and a bottom cap are provided to seal the shell, while the inner space of the shell is fulfilled with sticky liquid. The handle will be therefore really soft for facilitating use when connecting other products.

There are many products having a handle for facilitating users to hold, such as umbrellas, hair driers, and combs. The traditional handle always has a hard handle with a fixed shape. After a long time using, users feel uncomfortable usually. Although the known handle sometimes has a rubber cover, it is still not comfortable for long time use.


A method of random access in wireless communications that includes transmitting a radio resource control (RRC) connection request message, receiving an RRC connection setup message, and transmitting a modified RRC connection setup complete message that does not include at least a portion of a user equipment (UE) capability.

1. Field
Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communication systems, and more particularly to apparatus and methods for improved user equipment (UE) capability signaling.
2. Background
Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such networks, which are usually multiple access networks, support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. One example of such a network is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The UTRAN is the radio access network (RAN) defined as a part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a third generation (3G) mobile phone technology supported by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The UMTS, which is the successor to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies, currently supports various air interface standards, such as Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), and Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA). The UMTS also supports enhanced 3G data communications protocols, such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), which provides higher data transfer speeds and capacity to associated UMTS networks.
In the current 3GPP HSPA standards, at radio resource control (RRC) connection setup, a user equipment (UE) sends UE radio access capability information as part of the RRC setup complete message to the radio network controller (RNC). UE capability information includes UE radio capabilities, UE non-access stratum (NAS) capabilities, and Classmark information. UE radio capabilities include UE GSM/enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) radio access network (GERAN) capability, UE UTRAN capability (includes dynamic security parameters START_PS, START_CS, FRESH_PS) and UE evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) capability. UE NAS capabilities include UE network capability and mobile switching (MS) network capability. Classmark information is used for circuit switched (CS) domain which may not be applicable to machine type communication (MTC) devices. In the existing standard, UE reports radio capability at each RRC connection establishment. Also, in addition to the full set of UE radio capability information sent in the RRC connection setup complete message (which may be used for the proper set up of data radio bearers and measurement control configuration), the UE also reports a small set of capabilities in the RRC connection request message (e.g., as initial information to the RNC to properly setup signaling radio bearers). The size of the UE capability information sent in the RRC setup complete message may vary between 124 bytes and 625 bytes in the current 3GPP standard. For an MTC device with a comparable size of data to send (or receive) in each RRC connection, the signaling overhead due to the UE capability information is very large. As such, in order to reduce the radio signaling overhead and also increase the battery life of the UEs, it is desirable to reduce the number of signaling messages sent over the radio interface for machine-to-machine (M2M) and MTC UEs and applications. Furthermore, number of MTC devices in each cell can be very large, and therefore by optimizing the UE signaling messages over the air, both the UE and the UTRAN may benefit.
As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, research and development continue to advance the UMTS technologies not only to meet the growing demand for mobile broadband access, but to advance and enhance the user experience with mobile communications. Thus, in this case, there is a desire to reduce the signaling messages in UE capability signaling.

Apparatus and methods for improved user equipment (UE) capability signaling


It is provided a wireless communication system, which secondarily uses the same frequency as a primary system using, the wireless communication system comprising a mobile terminal and a base station. The mobile terminal detects a signal having the frequency; and requests, in a case where a broadcast signal transmitted from the base station is undetectable, the base station to increase a transmission power to a range that a signal does not reach a service area of the primary system, based on a location of a wireless transmitter of the primary system, a location of the base station of the wireless communication system, and a location of the mobile terminal of the wireless communication system. The base station increases the transmission power to the range that the signal does not reach the service area of the primary system in case of receiving the request to increase the transmission power.

This invention relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a wireless communication system in which the same frequency as that of a primary system is used secondarily.
Generally speaking, a white space is a frequency band that is within a frequency band for which a wireless system given priority in using a frequency in question (a primary system) is defined in the Radiocommunication Sector, International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) or the like, and that is not used by the primary system in terms of time or area. Studies for making effective use of white spaces are being conducted due to the shortage of frequencies suitable for wireless communication which results from the popularization of cellular phones and increased traffic.
Of this kind of frequency bands, a white space centered around a TV band is a TV white space. In other words, a TV white space is a frequency band that is within one of the VHF band and the UHF band, which are allocated to terrestrial TV broadcasting, and that is not used for TV broadcasting in terms of time or area. Sharing frequencies in this frequency band between a business operator who broadcasts a TV program and the like in this frequency band (a primary user) and other business operators or individuals (secondary users) on the condition that the use of the primary user be not affected is being discussed.
One of the standardization activities that take the above-mentioned movement into consideration is IEEE 802.22. IEEE 802.22 is targeted for Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRANs) that utilize TV white spaces. The UHF frequency band (470 MHz to 710 MHz) for TV is a frequency band lower than frequencies that are used by cellular phones (the 800 MHz band and the 2 GHz band), and its radio waves have a property of reaching far and wide. IEEE 802.22 therefore assumes the coverage of a single base station to be 20 km to 30 km. Of the layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference 7-layer model, IEEE 802.22 standardizes the physical layer and the Media Access Control (MAC) layer.
FIG. 21 illustrates the configuration of a wireless communication system which conforms to the draft specifications of IEEE 802.22.
A base station (BS) 101 and a customer premise equipment (CPE) 102 are coupled by a wireless method defined in IEEE 802.22, and the base station 101 is coupled to a network (for example, IP network) 103 via a cable line. In order to run this IEEE 802.22 system, a network control system 104, a network management system 105, and a database service 106 are coupled via the network 103. IEEE 802.22, which mainly defines the physical layer and the MAC layer between the base station 101 and the customer premise equipment 102, does not regulate the specifications of an interface to an external system or service that is coupled via the network 103.
Applying IEEE 802.22 to a TV frequency band in this case means that a TV broadcasting which is a primary system and the IEEE 802.22 system which is a secondary system share the frequency band, and inherently causes the "hidden node problem".
The "hidden node problem" is described with reference to FIGS. 22(a) and 22(b). A TV signal transmitted from a TV station 201 reaches a TV receiver 202, with attenuation an amount of which is in relation to the distance. A receiving sensitivity necessary to receive a TV signal and displays video and the like is set to the TV receiver. A TV program can be viewed on the TV receiver in a case where the receiving power is equal to or more than the receiving sensitivity, and cannot be viewed in a case where the receiving power is less than the receiving sensitivity. FIG. 22(a) illustrates a state where the receiving power is equal to or more than the receiving sensitivity at the TV receiver 202, which is located at a distance from the TV station, and a TV program can therefore be viewed on the TV receiver 202 (204).
The IEEE 802.22 system is allowed to run as long as its operation does not affect the TV broadcasting which is the primary system. An IEEE 802.22 base station/customer premise equipment (BS/CPE) 203 therefore executes sensing of radio waves of TV broadcasting. In sensing, the IEEE 802.22 system needs to be capable of detecting a TV signal at a sensitivity higher than that of the TV receiver 202 (a TV signal of a lower receiving power). FIG. 22(a) illustrates an example in which the IEEE 802.22 base station/customer premise equipment 203 is located even farther than the TV receiver 202 from the TV station. A signal detected at the location of the IEEE 802.22 base station/customer premise equipment 203 in this case has a lower receiving power than the power at which a TV program can be viewed on the TV receiver 202 (205). Then it is determined that this frequency is not in use at the location of the IEEE 802.22 base station/customer premise equipment, and the frequency is used for communication between the IEEE 802.22 base station and the IEEE 802.22 customer premise equipment.
The IEEE 802.22 base station/customer premise equipment 203 consequently uses the same frequency as that of TV broadcasting to send out radio waves as illustrated in FIG. 22(b) (206). The IEEE 802.22 base station/customer premise equipment 203 at this point is not aware of the existence of the TV receiver 202, which is simply receiving radio waves from the TV station 201. As a result, the TV receiver 202 receives an unwanted IEEE 802.22 signal at a power higher than that of the wanted TV broadcasting signal (207). Interference from the unwanted IEEE 802.22 signal hinders the viewing of a TV program, which constitutes the "hidden node problem". The TV receiver 202 is just a receiver and does not transmit radio waves of its own. The IEEE 802.22 base station/customer premise equipment 203 therefore cannot detect the TV receiver 202.
IEEE 802.22 is accordingly designed so that a TV white space network service area 303 does not overlap a TV broadcasting service area 301 by providing a keep out region 302 outside the TV broadcasting service area 301 and setting up a base station (101) outside the keep out region 302.
A procedure that the customer premise equipment 102 follows in order to couple to an IEEE 802.22 network is described next. FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating a procedure through which the customer premise equipment 102 couples to an IEEE 802.22 network.
The customer premise equipment 102 first conducts a self test (401) and then obtains antenna gain information (402). The customer premise equipment 102 next executes sensing for detecting a TV signal 403, or a signal 404 broadcast at a TV frequency in question from an IEEE 802.22 or a similar system (a WRAN broadcast signal) (405). Based on the result of the sensing 405, the customer premise equipment 102 chooses a WRAN network to which the customer premise equipment 102 is to be coupled (WRAN selection) (406). A GPS receiver of the customer premise equipment 102 obtains its own location (geolocation data acquisition) (407). The customer premise equipment 102 determines whether or not its own location has successfully been obtained ("Success?") (408). In a case where succeeding in obtaining its own location, the customer premise equipment 102 obtains WRAN parameters, which are information for coupling to the base station 101 (for example, time information), from the WRAN broadcast signal 404 broadcast from the network side (WRAN parameters acquisition) (409). The customer premise equipment 102 adjusts the antenna azimuth (antenna azimuth adjustment) (410), and then transmits radio waves to the base station 101 in an attempt to couple to the base station 101 (initial ranging) (411). Thereafter, an authentication process for determining whether or not the customer premise equipment 102 is a legitimate node (an AAA authentication process) (412), and whether or not the customer premise equipment 102 has been authenticated successfully is determined ("Success?") (413). In a case where the customer premise equipment 102 is authenticated successfully, registration is executed (414), and IP connectivity between the customer premise equipment 102 and the base station 101 is established (IP connectivity establishment) (415).
In the case where the customer premise equipment 102 is set up stationarily in the IEEE 802.22 system, in other words, in a case where the customer premise equipment 102 does not move from a setup location which can be known in advance, the customer premise equipment can be set up within the TV white space network service area 303 of FIG. 23. In the case where the customer premise equipment 102 is portable equipment and the place of its use can be moved, on the other hand, the customer premise equipment 102 may move out of the TV white space network service area 303 at the will of the user.
This problem is described with reference to drawings. In the case where the customer premise equipment 102 is set up outside the TV white space network service area 303, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 25, increasing the transmission power (Tx power) of the base station 101 in order to deliver the broadcast signal to the location of the customer premise equipment 102 expands the TV white space network service area (901). This creates an area 902 which overlaps the TV broadcasting service area. Interference affects a TV receiver that receives TV broadcasting inside the area 902, and gives rise to a problem of deteriorated TV reception quality.
Another example is described with reference to FIG. 26. In the case where the customer premise equipment 102 communicates a signal to the base station 101 at a Tx power enough to reach the base station 101 from the location of the customer premise equipment 102, an area 1002 is created, where a region 1001 at which a signal transmitted from the customer premise equipment 102 arrives overlaps the TV broadcasting service area 301. Interference affects a TV receiver that receives TV broadcasting inside the area 1002, and gives rise to a problem of deteriorated TV reception quality.
In the network coupling procedure of IEEE 802.22, where a WRAN network to which the customer premise equipment is to be coupled is chosen (406) based on the result of sensing (405) as illustrated in FIG. 24, WRAN system selection cannot be executed in a case where the customer premise equipment 102 moves out of a WRAN service area and cannot receive a WRAN broadcast signal. IEEE 802.22 does not define the case where the customer premise equipment 102 cannot select a WRAN system and, in this case, the customer premise equipment cannot follow the subsequent steps of the flow and cannot couple to a network.

Wireless communication system, terminal device, and base station device


A method for controlling a dish washing machine is disclosed. The disclosed method includes turning off a heater of a steam generator when a water level sensor for the steam generator indicates a minimum water level, supplying water to the steam generator for a first time, to remove air bubbles around the water level sensor, and counting the number of repetition times of the water supplying step when the water level sensor still indicates the minimum water level after the execution of the water supplying step, and again executing the water supplying step, based on the counted value.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The disclosure relates to a method for controlling a home appliance, and more particularly to a method for controlling a dish washing machine, which enables the dish washing machine to more efficiently wash dishes.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Generally, dish washing machines are known as an apparatus for automatically washing dishes disposed in a washing compartment by spraying wash water toward the dishes under high pressure, and thus, removing foreign matter such as food residues attached to the surfaces of the dishes.
One of the important factors associated with such a dish washing machine is washability for cleanly removing food residues attached to the surfaces of dishes. In order to achieve an enhancement in washability, it is necessary to increase the force required to remove foreign matter from the surfaces of dishes, namely, the spray pressure of wash water. However, when the spray pressure of the wash water is excessively high, the dishes may be damaged or may easily be broken. Furthermore, when the washing of dishes is carried out at an increased spray pressure, the amount of wash water required in this washing operation is increased.
In addition, when wash water of an increased spray pressure is used, it is necessary to increase the power consumption of a pump used to supply the wash water.

Method for controlling dish washing machine


There is provided a semiconductor integrated circuit device including an external source voltage detector for keeping transmitting a first signal after detecting that an absolute value of external source voltage provided externally of the semiconductor integrated circuit device has exceeded a first threshold voltage, and an internal source voltage generator for generating a constant internal source voltage regardless of the external source voltage while the absolute value of the external source voltage is in a predetermined range, and providing the external source voltage as it is as an internal source voltage while the first signal is being kept transmitted. The semiconductor integrated circuit device makes it possible to externally control an internal source voltage to be applied to an internal circuit mounted in an IC chip without addition of control terminals over a wide range of an external source voltage.

Field Of The Invention
The invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit device, and more particularly to a control circuit for controlling an internal source voltage in a semiconductor integrated circuit device such as a semiconductor memory device which transforms an externally provided source voltage to an internal source voltage to thereby use the internal source voltage as a source voltage for operating the semiconductor integrated circuit device.

Semiconductor integrated circuit device with control circuit for controlling an internal source voltage


A automatic dice shaking method includes the step of a) positioning a dice seat of a dice box on a plane, b) joining a dice cup of the dice box to the dice seat, c) shaking the dice box in which a plurality of dice are contained, d) positioning the dice seat with which the dice cup is joined on the plane, and e) separating the dice cup from the dice seat. By means of controlling a computer-controlled mechanical arm to run dice shaking and dice cup separating actions automatically, the automatic dice shaking method improves game fairness and helps reduce the personnel cost.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to dice gambling and more particularly, to an automatic dice shaking method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Dice are small objects, usually cubic, used for generating random numbers for use in tabletop games. Many dice games are known. In one known dice game, players bet on the banker, and the banker puts the dice in a dice box and shakes the dice. After betting, the banker opens the dice cup and pays the dividends subject to the gambling result.
However, performing dice games may encounter some problems as follows:
1. Because all actions, such as dice shaking, dice box opening, and etc., during a dice game are done manually, a dealer may control the points of the dice by means of a manipulation skill or have the points expected by the banker to appear by means of the control of the muscular strength of the hand shaking the dice. Therefore, a conventional manual dice shaking operation cannot prevent cheating, lacking objective fairness.
2. There are automatic dice shakers for shaking dice automatically to ensure game fairness. However, these automatic dice shakers cannot perform a dice box opening procedure automatically. Because the opening of the dice cup must be performed manually, cheating may exist. Playing a dice game in this manner still lacks fairness.
3. Because a person is hired to shake the dice and to open the dice cup during a dice game, the personnel cost is relatively increased.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide an automatic dice shaking method that eliminates the aforesaid problems.


A cryogenic and thermal source cogeneration method for converting energy from a heat source, through a cryogenic heat transfer process, into mechanical and/or electrical energy, comprising, utilizing a vapor compression cycle (2) to absorb heat from the heat source and, utilizing a Rankine cycle (4) for energy transfer, for converting thermal energy to mechanical and/or electrical energy.

Heretofore, numerous methods and apparatuses have been developed for production of mechanical and electrical energy, however difficulties and limitations are inherent in all of them. For example, electrical power plants utilizing high priced fossil fuel to generate electricity are emitting greenhouse gases that scientists claim to be the greatest contributor to the global warming problem. It is predicted that this will have a significant negative impact on our environment within the next 50 years.
Plants utilizing dams/water reservoirs, to produce hydroelectricity, also will impact our environment due to the necessity to flood surrounding inhabited land resources. In addition, water resources are depleted to suffice electrical demands.
The accidents in Chernobyl, in the Soviet Union, and 3 Mile Island, in the United States, have proven Nuclear power through history to be very unhealthy and potentially fatal to people within surrounding areas. An effective means of disposing nuclear waste has not been established. Nuclear power, still consumes uranium, and has limited capacity due to the necessity to operate at lower pressures for safety reasons.
Chlorofluorohydrocarbon (CFC) emissions from existing refrigeration and air conditioning systems have been depleting our Earth's ozone layer, which is believed to be the cause of many illnesses attributed to harmful radiation entering our atmosphere.
Further, growing problems associated with energy production and supplies that are continuing to decrease the health of our planet include negative effects as a result of the greenhouse effect, the depletion of the Earth's ozone layer, nuclear waste disposal, and the many other adverse effects, including loss of life and land, that are attributed to the fossil fuel industry (war, oil tanker spills, offshore drilling, land destruction as a result of coal mining, etc.) and land flooding from the building of dams. Economic problems also will continue to grow as consumable energy resources become more scarce and as a result of the cost of the necessary upgrading of old, power generation and grid systems in developed countries.
In addition, as China's and India's industrial development continues to grow at an accelerated pace power consumption and demand increases. Experts anticipate that China alone will soon consume more oil than the United States. Present estimates by experts are that our planet's oil resources will deplete within 32 years.
Fossil fuel burning, and many other presently known mechanical engines in use today also present problems for the defense Industry. One problem is that all of these engines release residual heat that is detectable by the infrared heat sensors.
Many other technologies have been developed to try to solve the problem of finding an environmentally friendly, safe, and economically efficient method to generate electricity, achieve energy consuming mechanical functions (i.e. for transportation, industrial manufacturing, etc.) and provide refrigeration, cooling, and air conditioning functions. The following is a list of some of those technologies and some of their associated benefits and liabilities:                (a) Bio Mass generation is another way to produce electricity than coal and oil burning power generation plants. But as fossil fuel plants do, bio mass generation also emits harmful gases into our atmosphere, again negatively impacting our environment.        (b) Wind turbine generation is probably the best existing technology implemented today but has limited capacity capabilities, requires considerable initial investments, utilizes considerable amount of land and it is not aesthetically pleasing to many. It is also dependent on weather conditions and geographical locations.        (c) Solar thermal and solar photovoltaic power generation is limited due to its dependency on weather conditions and availability of sunlight. Collector arrays again have to consume large surface areas of property to generate a reasonable amount of power. This is attributed to the fact that solar rays produces a limited amount of Btu's per sq. ft depending upon the time of day and geographical location. This also requires extra expense and maintenance costs attributed to the necessary installation of large thermal or chemical energy storage systems, that are typically coupled with them.        (d) Hydrogen Fuel Cells do not emit harmful gases into our atmosphere but other hazardous conditions exist due to the extremely explosive properties of hydrogen. Also unlike biomass, wind turbines, and solar, this alternative requires consumption of hydrogen and it is not economically efficient to completely modify our infrastructure to make our society dependent on hydrogen, as it is, dependent on fossil fuel today. Present technology requires costly energy consumption to liquefy the hydrogen.        (e) Several cryogenic energy systems utilizing an expansion engine have been proposed. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,116, a method and apparatus for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy is disclosed. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,896,515, a heat pump energy recovery method and method of curtailing power for driving a compressor in a heat pump is disclosed. However, both these technologies require mechanical motor driven compressor(s) and/or pump(s) that consume more energy than the system can produce in net shaft work output which requires an external power generation source for supplemental energy input, and the internal latent heat of the system is rejected to an external heat sink rendering it wasted energy. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,624,109 a condensing atmospheric engine is disclosed. The technology proposes to inject and/or extract air directly from the atmosphere into a specially designed vacuum chamber maintaining a deep vacuum created by a mechanical vacuum pump supplemented by an expansion engine. The air is isentropic ally expanded to stimulate a phase transformation of condensation to a solid state which is also assumed to supplement the vacuum process and provide a latent heat sink. In SAE Series # 981898 and # 972649 technical papers on the Quasi-Isothermal Expansion Engine and appurtenances that power the Cryocar LN2000 developed by the University of Washington, disclose an engine using liquid air and combustible fuel. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,681,609, a non-polluting motor, including cryogenic fluid as the motive means is disclosed. Significant problems and limitations accompany all such technology, For example, the Cryocar LN2000 extracts stored liquid nitrogen an open loop system which consists of an evaporator, superheater and an expansion engine to create shaft work coupled to propel and/or power the vehicle. The residual sensible and latent heat and all the nitrogen is wasted as it is exhausted to the atmosphere. Therefore, the liquid nitrogen is consumed and has to be replenished. In similarity to the hydrogen fuel cell technology, this system, as it is presently developed, is not economically efficient. Further, being that it requires completely modifying our infrastructure to make our society dependent on nitrogen, as opposed to the current dependency on fossil fuel today, its practicality is very limited. Further, such prior technology requires costly energy consumption, that can include fossil fuel, to liquefy the nitrogen.
Accordingly, several objects and advantages of our the present cryogenic cogeneration system are:                (a) to provide a closed loop system that generates power/mechanical energy without emitting any harmful gasses to the atmosphere, while providing a heat sink for other applications, and does not require an additional heat sink.        (b) to provide an independent system with minimal/limited land use needed and no requirements for specific geographic locations and weather conditions.        (c) to provide a safe system that can operate with inert, non-explosive, non-poisonous gases.        (d) to provide a system that does not directly and/or indirectly consume and deplete scarce/non-renewable energy resources for its operation and will also provide the opportunity for society to be independent of consumable resources.        (e) to provide a natural convection, thermosiphonic iso/exothermal compression process in the vapor compression cycle requiring only free thermal energy input to achieve the necessary work. After the free thermal energy is converted to work, the residual sensible and latent heat energy and the refrigerant medium can be recycled as it is condensed from the vapor and/or gas state back into the liquid state, allowing energy conservation, and minimizing society's dependency on the existing expensive consumable energy infrastructure.
Further objects and advantages are to provide the ability for almost any medium that contains thermal energy to provide the energy input to the system to produce net work output; to provide the conversion of thermal energy (heat) to mechanical and/or electrical energy; to provide an inexpensive, environmentally safe alternative form of transportation, with only renewable energy consumption. The method and apparatus can be applied to trucks, trains, ships, planes, and the like; to provide electricity; to provide environmental control systems, for example air conditioning, refrigeration, cryogenics, and the like. The present invention can be utilized in cryogenic applications for liquefaction of gases such as nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, methane, and the like; laboratory and semiconductor applications, and medical applications (such as cryonics, etc), which reduce the expensive costs of electricity consumption that is presently needed for existing systems. Still further applications include use in power plants, where such technology is scalable up to the largest multi-megawatt power generation plant that mankind can conceive and construct. Specific geographical locations, environmental hazards, fossil fuel and/or water consumptions are not necessary. All that is needed is air or other equivalent heat source(s). The present system may also be used to provide cogeneration for many industrial facilities and computer server farms have large quantities of waste heat that has been, in most cases, a liability to operations. With the subject technology, these liabilities can be turned into an asset while becoming a supplemental heat source to generate power. The disclosed technology can also partner with existing renewable energy projects such as solar, bio-mass, geo-thermal, etc., competitively increase their capacity to far exceed the capacities of existing fossil fuel power generation facilities.
As well as a mobile power source, (eliminating the need to carry and replenish fuel supplies), the subject technology can be combined with other new technologies recently conceived. For example, such technology creates an opportunity to enhance replace existing rotocraft technology by decreasing diameters of propellers/rotors and still lift the same amount of weight that the larger propellers/rotors lift today. Such technology may also be used to provide water distillation/purification, extraction and reserve storage.
With the cryogenic cogeneration system and thermal source cogeneration disclosed herein, including both method and apparatus, the environment is safe from emissions, hazardous waste, flooding of valuable property and no particular geographic location is necessary to implement it. This system consumes no water, no fuel, no storage, and no chemical treatment and is not dependant on weather conditions. It can also be utilized in water, land, and aerospace transportation systems.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of apparatus, methods, and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.


An apparatus (10) to carry out a process for the in situ generation of agglomerate structures and the controlled influencing of the resulting agglomerates contains a closed flow duct (12) through which is directed an aerosol containing particles (14). For the purpose of the bipolar charging of the aerosol, at least one electrode pair (20, 22) is arranged in the flow duct (12), the electrode (20) being wired, so as to be ungrounded, to the negative pole of a current source, the strength of which is sufficient to produce a corona discharge between the electrodes (20 and 22). The electrodes (20 and 22) of each electrode pair are designed to be needle-shaped and are arranged to be insulated with respect to the flow duct walls, such that their tips (26) are disposed opposite each other. By use of the apparatus (10), it is possible to charge the aerosol which is directed through the flow duct (12) at least virtually symmetrically bipolarly, without any substantial particle deposition in the region of the electrodes (20) and (22) or in the flow duct (12). Thus, specific agglomeration, with regard to at least one of the parameters concentration, structure or dimension, of the particles can be obtained in the flow duct during flow therethrough.

Processes and apparatus for the in situ generation of agglomerate structures and the controlled influencing of the resulting agglomerates are particularly useful in catalytic gas-solids syntheses where difficulties arise in the case of conventional particle precipitation techniques, since the size of the primary particles of the aerosols to be treated is, as a rule, distinctly less than 1 .mu.m, and it is not possible, or at least not economically viable, for particles of this size to be precipitated applying conventional particle precipitation techniques. In this field of application, i.e. the solids synthesis from gas phase reactions, the size of the primary particles is frequently only a few nanometres. Already for economic reasons, an extremely effective particle precipitation is required in such instances, since the particles present in the aerosol constitute the substance of value to be extracted. Accordingly, within the framework of such solids syntheses, the increasing of the particle size prior to the actual particle precipitation is the primary objective, although the resultant structure of the agglomerate may be influenced by the agglomeration process selected.
Basically, the desired increasing of the particle size can be achieved in various ways. In addition to so-called "wet" processes, in which the particle-size increase is achieved by condensation of water vapour from a supersaturated atmosphere, agglomeration techniques, which are referred to as "dry" processes and in which the desired agglomeration is provided by a collision of the particles in a fluid phase, are also known. Accordingly, a prerequisite for this so-called direct agglomeration is that the individual particles in the fluid phase have a relative velocity amongst one another. This relative velocity can be provided by means of thermal and turbulent diffusion or by a particle movement induced by force fields. The force fields include, in particular, gravitational fields, centrifugal fields, sound fields or electric fields. The advantage of an electrically induced agglomeration, i.e. the production of relative velocities of the particles by means of an electric field, lies in the energy requirement which is considerably lower, for example in comparison to sound fields, in particular in the range of relatively small and smallest particles, where electric forces continue to exert a considerable influence on particle movements, while having a low energy requirement.
Electrostatic filters, in which a particle-loaded flow of gas, which is to be cleaned, is divided up into two component gas flows, which are spatially separated from each other, are known from DE 37 37 343 Al and U.S. Pat. No. 3,826,063. Each component gas flow is charged unipolarly in the usual manner by at least one pair of electrodes. After the unipolar charging of the component gas flows, they are again brought together.
An electrostatic filter which comprises ionization electrodes and precipitation electrodes is known from DE OS 1 407 534 for the precipitation of particles from flows of gas. The ionization electrodes are designed as needle-shaped electrodes which are arranged opposite each other, while in each case two oppositely disposed ionization electrodes project into a hollow body which serves as the precipitation electrode. The desired precipitation of the particles is achieved due to a potential difference between the ionization electrodes and the precipitation electrode associated therewith, i.e. also in this arrangement, a unipolar charging of the particles takes place.
A process and an apparatus for the separation of solid or liquid particles from a flow of gas by means of an electric field are known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,105. In this regard, the particle-loaded gas flow is directed through a flow duct in which a plurality of planar flat or planar curved electrode pairs are arranged. At least the main electrodes are provided with needle-shaped extensions which project into the flow duct and have spherical or semi-spherical tips, at which a corona discharge and, thus, an ionization of gas molecules take place, once an electric field has been applied. In this regard, the spherical or semi-spherical tips of the needle-shaped electrode extensions have a diameter which is greater than the diameter of the shank of the needle. It is intended, by means of two secondary electrodes which are designed, for example, to be lattice-shaped, to ensure that the region in which the gas is ionized is separated in the radial direction from that region of the flow duct in which the particles, which are charged with the aid of the gas ions, collide. It is intended, in this manner, to permit the application of an intense electric field, which is intended to provide the solution to the problem set out in U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,105, namely to reduce, to a substantial extent, the path required in the direction of flow for the precipitation of the particles. Accordingly, the apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,105 is a further development of an electrostatic filter.
Accordingly, the basic concept of increasing the rate of collision of particles which are present in a flow of gas by applying an electric field, is known. It has, however, heretofore not been possible, with the aid of known methods of charging particles, to influence the electrically induced agglomeration of particles in a controlled manner such that agglomerates having specific properties with regard to concentration, structure or dimension are obtained.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a process and an apparatus for the in situ generation of agglomerate structures and the controlled influencing of the resulting agglomerates.

Process and apparatus to treat gasborne particles


The invention relates to a magnetic flow sensor (1, 21, 51) comprising a) a loop-shaped magnetic field conductor comprising a point (2, 22, 32, 52) which expands to form a bar or a film (3, 23, 52), a loop-shaped part (3a, 23a, 53a) and at least one part (4, 24, 54′, 54″) which guides back the magnetic field lines of the probe, b) SQUID (7, 27, 57), c) and a diaphragm (5, 25, 35, 55) comprising a hole (6, 26, 36, 56), whereby the part (4, 24, 54′, 54″) which guides the magnetic field lines of the probe back to the loop-shaped magnetic field conductor is connected to the diaphragm (5, 25, 35, 55).

In recent years various raster microscopes using SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) sensors have been developed. A magnetic sample is moved beneath the SQUID so that the local variations in the magnetic flux (magnetic field map of the sample) can be determined. Microscopes with high temperature superconductors (HTS) SQUIDS which operate at 77K are better for the measurement of magnetic fields of samples at room temperature than low temperature superconducting SQUIDS since for good field resolution and locality or position resolution, a reduced distance between the sample and the SQUID sensor is especially important. This distance limits the spatial resolution of SQUID microscopes to about 50 μm. To overcome this drawback, in SQUID microscopes, the SQUIDS are combined with ferromagnetic magnetic field conductors. These ferromagnetic field conductors generally have lengths of several millimeters and are formed as soft magnetic rods with a fine point or tip at the location of the sample.
From DE 195 19 480 A1, a magnetic field sensor has become known. This magnetic field sensor is comprised of a rod made from a soft magnetic ferromagnetic material with a tip or point and serving as a magnetic field conductor, as well as a DC-SQUID serving as the detector. A disadvantage here is that the magnetic field sensor is susceptible to noise fields since the entire rod, above all in the case of magnetic field distributions produced by current flow through the conductor strips, functions as an antenna. The length of the rod limits the spatial resolution of the sensor strongly.
From DE 199 15 226, a magnetic flux sensor has become known with a looped-shaped magnetic conductor and a detector formed as a DC-SQUID in which a magnetic flux arising in the magnetic field conductor can be registered. The magnetic field conductor comprises a high permeability foil or a thin film. A drawback of this magnetic flux sensor is also that it does not have a high spatial resolution.

Magnetic flow sensor comprising a magnetic field conductor and a hole diaphragm


An object of the present invention is to provide a contact switching device in which a short circuit contingent to flow-out of scattered objects caused by arc is eliminated, so that life durability is increased. For this, there is provided a contact switching device in which a movable iron core provided at one end portion of a movable shaft is attracted to a fixed iron core, based on excitation and degauss of an electromagnet portion, by which the movable shaft reciprocates in a shaft center direction, and movable contacts of a movable contact piece arranged at another end portion of the movable shaft contact and depart from fixed contacts. Particularly, contact surfaces between the fixed contacts and the movable contacts are arranged inside a box-shaped insulating member, and an opening portion of the insulating member is closed by a lid body having at least one extending portion in a direction of an arc generated between the fixed contacts and the movable contacts.

Conventionally, as a contact switching device, as described in Patent Document 1, there has been a sealed contact device including a sealed container made of an insulating material, fixed terminals provided with fixed contacts and airtightly bonded to the sealed container, a movable contactor provided with movable contacts that contact and depart from the fixed contacts, a bottomed cylindrical portion in which a movable iron core that can move so that the contacts contact and depart is contained on a bottom portion side, and a fixed iron core that is opposed to the movable iron core to restrict a position of the movable iron core is contained on an opening portion side, respectively, a first bonding member made of a metal material that is firmly attached to the fixed iron core and is airtightly bonded to the bottomed cylindrical portion, a second bonding member made of a metal material that is airtightly bonded to the sealed container and the first bonding member so that hydrogen or gas containing hydrogen as a main component is airtightly filled, by which an airtight space to contain both the contacts and both the iron cores is formed, a movable shaft joined to the movable iron core, a return spring that biases the movable iron core in a contact departing direction, a contact pressure spring that biases the movable contactor in a contact abutting direction and supplies a contact pressure, an insulating member having an insulating erect piece that insulates arc generated between the fixed contacts and movable contacts, and a bonding portion between the sealed container and the second bonding member, an arc drive portion that drives to extinguish arc, and a drive portion that drives and moves the movable iron core, wherein a contact pressure spring insulating erect piece that insulates the arc driven by the arc drive portion and elongated and the contact pressure spring is provided in the insulating member.
In the above-described contact device, as illustrated in FIG. 1, movable contacts 3a of a contactor 3 assembled to an upper end of a movable shaft 4 and fixed contacts 2a contact and depart from each other.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-326530


Provided is a dietary fiber characterized in that bitterness and unpleasant aftertaste are restrained. The dietary fiber has terminal sugars and is characterized in that the ratio of aldoses relative to the total of the terminal sugars is 10% or less. Such a dietary fiber may be, for example, indigestible dextrin, polydextrose or the like. The dietary fiber may be used as a food additive (for example, a beverage additive).

It is usually claimed that fiber intake has been reduced along with the change and diversification in dietary habits. In an attempt to increase dietary fiber intake, an indigestible dextrin was developed by improvement of pyrodextrins, which had never been expected to be used as a dietary fiber due to their pungent smell etc. (Patent Literature 1).
Furthermore, an improved indigestible dextrin with a reduced amount of colored substances and a reduced pungent smell is also known, and such improvements can be done by increasing the indigestible fraction content and the dietary fiber content (Patent Literature 2). Specifically, this novel indigestible dextrin contains 90% or more of indigestible components and 20% or more of dietary fibers relative to the components other than glucose, and can be obtained by hydrolyzing pyrodextrins with α-amylase and glucoamylase, and separating and removing the digestible fraction by ion-exchange resin chromatography.
As a dietary fiber other than indigestible dextrin, for example, polydextrose is also known, which was created in a new food material development project aiming to provide safe, easy-to-use and low-calorie food materials (Non Patent Literature 1). Polydextrose is a polyglucose and is synthesized, for example, from a mixture of about 89% of dextrose, 10% of sorbitol and 1% of citric acid (Patent Literature 3).
Polydextrose has a slightly bitter taste and for this reason, its application to foods has been limited. The bitterness of polydextrose is attributed to the presence of anhydroglucose, and it is known that the color and anhydroglucose content of polydextrose can be reduced by addition of a specific solvent (s) and treatment with a bleaching agent approved for use in foods (Patent Literature 4).
Anhydroglucose ((β-1,6-anhydroglucose) is also called levoglucosan and is a kind of sugar widely present in food materials such as polydextrose (Non Patent Literature 2). For example, the anhydroglucose content of polydextrose is known to be generally less than about 4% (Non Patent Literature 1). In addition, levoglucosan is known to be effective for slow solidification of starch gels (Non Patent Literature 2).


A system and method for connecting pending and preset telephone calls to facilitate transitioning to a phone call. Embodiments of the present invention include a method for anticipating and connecting a telephone call comprising identifying a trigger action associated with an anticipated outgoing telephone call, retrieving a phone number associated with said trigger action, and automatically setting a programmable speed dial button wherein by selecting the speed dial button, said phone number associated with said trigger action is dialed. Embodiments of the present invention also include a system for anticipating and connecting outgoing telephone calls comprising a computer system comprising a processor coupled to a bus, a database coupled to said bus, a call engine coupled to said bus wherein said call engine identifies trigger actions associated with outgoing telephone calls and retrieves phone numbers associated with said trigger actions, and a telephone coupled to said computer system wherein said telephone is coupled to a telephone network.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of telephony. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention relate to a method and system for connecting pending and preset telephone calls to facilitate transitioning to a phone call.
2. Related Art
The field of personal communications has grown exponentially over the past 10 years. Users have many options when they want to communicate with someone including for instance telephones, cellular phones, electronic mail and instant messaging. It is convenient to have many options when communicating because sometimes one method of communication is more appropriate than another. In addition to many communication options, multiple advances in each of the communications areas provide more communication convenience than ever. For example, caller ID allows a user to view the identity of the calling party without answering a call. If the called party does not wish to take a call from a particular caller, the user has the option to screen the calls without the knowledge of the caller.
Caller identification provides the called party with the name and/or telephone number of the calling party. Caller identification is usually provided to a customer by its local central office. Most often, each central office has access to a local database containing telephone numbers and the corresponding names of people within its local area. Before connecting a call to the called party, the central office searches its database for the telephone number of the calling party. If the telephone number is found within the database, the name corresponding to that number will be accessed and delivered to the called party by the central office using a predetermined protocol. Caller ID relies on a computer to direct information to a called party. Caller ID is useful for identifying a caller's identity, but it is not typically useful for placing a call.
For example, Prior Art FIG. 1A illustrates a conventional caller identification system 10 implemented on a conventional telephone. Telephone 11 comprises a receiver 22, number keys 20, special function buttons 18 and caller ID screen 12. When a call is received, the caller's identification 14 is displayed on the screen 12 as well as the telephone number 16 associated with the caller's ID 14. When a call is received, the receiving user can identify the caller and choose whether to take or ignore the incoming call. While useful on incoming telephone calls, conventional caller identification is not useful for outgoing telephone calls.
Conversely, on many cellular phones, call history is stored in a memory for easy retrieval in the future. For example, if a call is missed, on many cellular phones, the phone number corresponding to the missed call is stored in memory. If a user wants to call the missed caller, a look-up can be done by viewing the missed call database. Many times, a user can push a single button to call a missed phone number without having to type the number into the phone.
Prior Art FIG. 1B illustrates a conventional cellular telephone system 30 that uses caller identification to facilitate outgoing calls. In Prior Art FIG. 1B, cellular telephone 32 comprises a display screen 34 and menu buttons 38 and 36. When an incoming call is missed, typically the caller's identity and telephone number are displayed on screen 34. After a call is missed, the user can select button 38 to call the missed phone number or button 36 to store the phone number and corresponding name to a phonebook database.
Although caller ID technology is convenient to identify the identity of an incoming caller and for calling back a missed caller, conventional caller identification does not facilitate any telephony functions without an initial incoming call.
Moreover, many phone calls are a result of some other related action. For example, a user may receive an electronic mail message and decide to call the person back to respond. Or, a user may receive an instant message (IM) and decide to call rather than type out a response. Or, a user may look up a person in an address book and decide to then call the person.

System and method for connecting pending and preset telephone calls to facilitate transitioning to a phone call


A gas turbine combined cycle plant includes a fuel gas heater configured to heat fuel gas to be supplied to a combustor of a gas turbine using heated water heated by an exhaust heat recovery boiler; a return valve disposed on a heated water returning line to return heated water passing through the heater to the boiler; a dump valve disposed on a condensate line bifurcated from the heated water returning line between the return valve and the heater to return the heated water to a condenser; and a control unit configured to control operation of the return and dump valves. When load of the turbine falls below a lower limit, the control unit closes the return valve and keeps the opening degree of the dump valve at a specified degree to reduce a flow rate of the heated water flowing in the heater for a predetermined time.

Conventionally known gas turbine combined cycle plants generally include a fuel gas heater for preheating fuel gas to be supplied to a combustor of the gas turbine (For example, see Patent Literature 1). This type of fuel gas heater is located upstream of the combustor, and includes a tubular heat exchanger connected to an intermediate outlet (an outlet of a mid-pressure economizer) of an exhaust heat recovery boiler. Fuel gas passing through the fuel gas heater receives heat transferred from heated water running out through the intermediate outlet of the exhaust heat recovery boiler, which increases the temperature of the fuel gas. This method improves the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine.

Gas turbine combined cycle plant and method for controlling gas turbine combined cycle plant


A toolbox assembly includes a toolbox casing and at least one auxiliary plate. The toolbox casing has at least one surface recess including a mounting segment defined in a front face and a fixing segment defined in a side face. The mounting segment has at least one slot. The at least one auxiliary plate has a first portion corresponding to the mounting segment and a second portion corresponding to the fixing segment. The first portion has at least one flange extended from an outer peripheral thereof and corresponding to the at least one slot. The at least one flange engages with the at least one slot. The first and second portion respectively and tightly fit within the mounting and fixing segment for protecting the toolbox assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a toolbox, and more particularly to a toolbox assembly that provides high strength structure and the effort of identification.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional toolbox in accordance with the prior art comprises an upper casing and a lower casing pivotally connected to the upper casing. The upper casing has an opening defined in a front face thereof. A transparent cover is mounted in the opening for recognizing the tools in the toolbox. The conventional toolbox is the low strength structure because the opening decreases the strength. The toolbox always impacts during carriage and usage. The toolbox and the transparent cover break due to the impact force. The upper casing and the lower casing are made of plastic to prevent from overweighting. However the tools are made of metal. Therefore the sufficient strength of the toolbox is needed for storage and protection.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the disadvantages of the conventional toolbox.


Medical pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets having a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on at least one side of a support so as to have an appropriate tack strength and acceptable processability. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is formed with a pressure-sensitive adhesive composed mainly of an acrylic polymer and a compatible component that is compatible with the acrylic polymer. The support layer contains a compatible component that is compatible with the acrylic polymer. The amount of the compatible component contained in the support layer is 70% or less of the amount of the compatible component contained in the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and the support layer has an elongation of 200% or more without containing any compatible component.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets for use in the field of medical hygiene materials and more particularly to medial pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets for use in first-aid adhesive bandages, large adhesive bandages, pressure-sensitive bandages, dressing materials and the like.
2. Description of Related Art
Pressure-sensitive adhesives commonly used for the pressure-sensitive adhesive layers of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes include pressure-sensitive adhesives comprised by (meth)acrylate polymers that have excellent adhesion and excellent moisture permeability as well as low chemical stimulation to the skin. Incidentally, the pressure-sensitive adhesives comprised by (meth)acrylate polymers may often cause users to feel pain or give damage to the corneum or epidermis of the skin when the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape if peeled from the skin because of strong adhesion of the adhesives comprised by the (meth)acrylate polymers. In particular, when pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are applied to the same site repeatedly, damage of the skin accompanied by bleeding could occur, which raises a big problem.
To reduce such physical stimulations to the skin, there have been proposed pressure-sensitive adhesives obtained by adding, to a (meth)acrylate polymer, a large amount of liquid component compatible with the polymer, and subjecting the resultant to crosslinking treatment to bring it into a gel state as described in JP-A-06-23029 and JP-A-06-319793. For example, such pressure-sensitive adhesives can alleviate and scatter the stress given to the surface of the skin at the time of peeling off while retaining high adhesion attributable to the (meth)acrylate polymer. Therefore, the adhesives have less physical stimulation to the skin and do not cause peeling-off of the corneum and the like, so that they are used in transdermal drug delivery patches and medical surgical tapes.
However, lamination of the pressure-sensitive adhesive disclosed in the above-mentioned publications on films to form pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes results in migration of the liquid components in the pressure-sensitive adhesive into the films to swell the films, thus causing deformation. As a result, the processability of the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets by, for example, punching is extremely reduced.

Medical pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets and method for producing the same


Provided are a broadcasting receiving apparatus and a broadcasting receiving method using the same. The broadcasting receiving apparatus including: a low noise amplifying unit low-noise-amplifying an RF signal received from an antenna; an RF attenuating unit attenuating the received RF signal to output the attenuated RF signal; a supply unit supplying a DC voltage to the low noise amplifying unit; and a control unit controlling an output of the DC voltage depending on a change of an electric field strength of the received signal.

Generally, broadcasting receiving apparatuses receive a broadcasting signal through an antenna and select a frequency band of a channel selected by a user to display a broadcasting program of the selected channel.
The broadcasting receiving apparatuses include an RF (Radio Frequency) receiving terminal receiving the broadcasting signal converted into an electrical signal using the antenna and a tuner selecting the frequency band of the channel selected by the user among different frequency bands transmitted from each of broadcasting stations.
A radio wave received at an RF receiving terminal has a very low power level due to an influence of attenuation and noise. Therefore, the RF receiving terminal requires a procedure of amplifying the received signal. However, when the received signal is amplified, a noise signal as well as a desired signal is amplified due to an external noise included in the received signal. What is therefore required is a function of minimizing the noise while amplifying the received signal.
In order to satisfy the function of minimizing the noise while amplifying the received signal at the RF receiving terminal, a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) has been developed. The low noise amplifier is designed to have low noise figure by adjusting an operation point and a matching point.
Characteristics of a low noise ratio and a high amplification degree are required in the LNA.
The RF receiving terminal includes an RF attenuator for attenuating a signal amplified by the LNA to a signal having a predetermined level. The RF attenuator is included in an input terminal of the tuning unit. The RF attenuator attenuates an RF signal inputted according to a variable gain voltage of an automatic gain controller (ACC) producing a feedback control signal.
However, a path supplying a power to a line connected to the LNA is not provided in the RF attenuator. Therefore, the LNA is not effectively controlled. Thus, extension of a receive sensitivity range is impossible and stable receive sensitivity according to a received field strength (a weak electric field or a strong electric field) is not maintained.

Broadcasting receiving apparatus and method thereof


The present invention relates to a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a transverse-rectangle well. The DRA comprising a substrate, a ground plane, a feed conductor, and a dielectric resonator. The resonator further includes a main body and a well penetrating the main body to enhance the electric field, to increase the radiation efficiency, to broaden the bandwidth, and to create new resonant mode. The DRA has the radiation pattern of broad beamwidth with vertical polarization. Accordingly, the invention can also be adjusted as WLAN 802.11a antenna.

The prior rectangle DRA is usually operated in a TE111 mode, and the mode has a linearly-polarized radiation pattern with a wide beam and a bandwidth of approximately 6-10%, and having advantages of low loss and high radiation efficiency, and could be increased to more than 10% by using low-permittivity material with εr≦10.
The beamwidth of the broadside radiation for a typical sectorial antenna is about 120°, and the half power beamwidth (HPBW) of vertical polarization on H-plane is only about 80°, can not fulfill the requirement of the sectorial antenna.
As known, the quality factor is an important parameter to affect the antenna bandwidth. Besides, various radiation patterns can be obtained by choosing proper resonator shapes and exciting proper resonant modes, and the radiation efficiency is affected by the shape of the ground plane, for example, a W-shaped or a V-shaped ground plane is used to lower the cross-polarization level or to increase the gain of antenna. Bigger ground plane can be used to increase the gain and to decrease the backward radiation of antennas. A ground plane of pyramidal-horn shape has also been used to increase the gain of antenna.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,995,713 published on Feb. 7, 2006, entitled "Dielectric resonator wideband antennas " discloses a wideband antenna consisting of a dielectric resonator or DRA mounted on a substrate with an earth plane. The resonator is positioned at a distance x from at least one of the edges of the earth plane, x being chosen such that 0≦x≦λdiel/2, with λdiel the wavelength in the dielectric of the resonator. This invention applies to wireless networks.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,196,663 published on Mar. 27, 2007 entitled "Dielectric resonator type antennas" relates to a dielectric resonator antenna comprising a block of dielectric material of which a first face intended to be mounted on an earth plane is covered with a metallic layer. According to the invention, at least one second face perpendicular to the first face is covered with a partial metallic layer having a width less than the width of this second face. The invention applies in particular to DRA antennas for domestic wireless networks.
JP Pub. No. 2005142864 published on Jun. 2nd, 2005 entitled "Dielectric resonator antenna" provides a dielectric resonant antenna whose band is widened. The resonant antenna has a dielectric resonator in a specified shape, a mount substrate where a feeder and ground electrodes are formed and the dielectric resonator is mounted, a loop as a conductor line which is formed on a flank of the dielectric resonator and annularly bent while having one end as a first connection point connected to the feeder and the other end as a second connection point connected to the ground electrodes, and a stub which is formed of a conductor extending from the loop of the dielectric resonator separately from the mount substrate. The first connection point is formed closer to the side of the stub than the second connection point and a patch is formed on the top surface of the dielectric resonator by patterning a metal conductor in a specified shape.
The above patents disclose DRAs having rectangular resonator. Also, there are different ways to increase the bandwidth, for example, stacking different sizes of resonators or shaping resonators to merge their frequency bands, coupling and combining the aperture of the slot antenna with a DRA, or sticking a metallic slice to the DRA to provide extra resonant mode and to change the distribution of electric field. However, the prior techniques will make the process more complex, and increase cost and size of the antenna. Moreover, the metallic slice will lower the radiation efficiency due to ohmic loss at high frequency.

Dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a transverse-rectangle well


A method for producing cubic boron nitride in which hBN is held in the presence of a catalyst substance under conditions in which cBN remains thermodynamically stable, to thereby cause hBN to undergo a phase transition to form cBN, wherein the catalyst substance contains a lithium source, a magnesium source, and a carbon source. The performance of cBN is improved even though phase transition ratio from hBN to cBN is increased.

Cubic boron nitride (which hereinafter may be abbreviated as cBN) is second to diamond in hardness and has chemical stability higher than that of diamond. Thus, cubic boron nitride is increasingly employed as a grinding material, polishing material, or cutting material. A variety of methods for producing cBN have been proposed. Among them, the best known and the most widely employed in industry is a method in which hexagonal boron nitride (which hereinafter may be abbreviated as hBN) is held in the presence of a catalyst substance (which may be referred to as a solvent) under conditions in which cBN remains thermodynamically stable (approximately 4.0 to 6.0 GPa, approximately 1,400 to 1,600° C.), to thereby cause hBN to undergo a phase transition to form cBN.
There have been already proposed catalyst substances composed of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal nitride, an alkali metal boronitride, an alkaline earth metal nitride, an alkaline earth metal boronitride, or the like.
For example, lithium nitride (Li3N) and lithium boronitride (Li3BN2) have been proposed as the catalyst substance (see Patent Document 1). However, cubic boron nitride produced in the presence of lithium nitride or lithium boronitride is generally in the form of finely divided particles having a particle size of 50 μm or less and insufficiently developed crystal planes. Thus, such cubic boron nitride exhibits poor performance as abrasive grains.
Lithium calcium boronitride (LiCaBN2) has also been proposed as a catalyst substance (see Patent Document 2). The cBN produced in the presence of the catalyst substance assumes a generally spherical form and has excellent mechanical strength.
A mixture of LiMBN2 (M represents an alkaline earth metal) and Li8SiN4 and a mixture of LiMBN2 and Ca5Si2N6 have also been proposed as a catalyst substance (see Patent Documents 3 and 4). The cBN produced in the presence of any of these catalyst substances has a developed (111) crystal plane and excellent mechanical strength.
There has been proposed a method for producing cubic boron nitride employing a carbon source, an Si source, an alkali metal hydride, an alkaline earth metal hydride, or another catalyst substance (see Patent Document 5). The cBN produced in the presence of any of these catalyst substances assumes the form of dense, transparent crystalline particles having a sharp edge.
There has also been proposed, as a catalyst for synthesizing cubic boron nitride, a mixture of at least one of lithium nitride and lithium boronitride with at least one of metallic magnesium and magnesium boride, wherein magnesium atoms are contained in an amount of 4 to 85 parts by mole and lithium atoms are contained in an amount of 100 parts by mole (see Patent Document 6). When cBN is synthesized in the presence of the catalyst, the proportion of the crystal grains having a grain size larger than 100 μm increases, crystal planes are more developed, and phase transition ratio from hBN to cBN increases, as compared with the case in which lithium nitride or lithium boronitride is used singly.
(Patent Document 1)
Specification of U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,428
(Patent Document 2)
Japanese Examined Patent Application, Second Publication No. S61-283
(Patent Document 3)
Japanese Examined Patent Application, Second Publication No. H05-94
(Patent Document 4)
Japanese Examined Patent Application, Second Publication No. H05-95
(Patent Document 5)
Japanese Examined Patent Application, Second Publication No. H04-2296, and Specification of U.S. Pat. No. 5,000,760
(Patent Document 6)
Japanese Examined Patent Application, Second Publication No. S53-047239
When the atomic ratio of magnesium with respect to lithium is increased, phase transition ratio into cBN increases; however, when more than 85 parts magnesium atoms by mole are mixed with 100 parts of lithium atoms by mole in the synthesizing catalyst, the number of defects such as holes or the like in the crystal planes of the cBN grains increases; therefore, the atomic ratio of magnesium cannot be increased to more than 85 parts although improvement in phase transition ratio is expected.
An object of the present invention is to solve the aforementioned problems, i.e., the problems in that the number of defects such as holes or the like in the crystal planes of the produced cBN grains increases when the atomic ratio of magnesium with respect to lithium is increased, and thereby to enable use of more than 85 parts magnesium atoms by mole with respect to 100 parts of lithium atoms by mole in the synthesizing catalyst so as to provide a method by which the phase transition ratio into cBN increases, the number of defects such as holes or the like in the crystal planes of the produced cBN grains is decreased, and performance of abrasive grains is improved. Further objects of the present invention are to provide cBN produced through the above method, to provide a grinding wheel of such cBN, and to provide a sintered cBN compact.

Cubic boron nitride, method for producing cubic boron nitride, grinding wheel with cubic boron nitride, and sintered cubic boron nitride compact


An organic thin film transistor having an insulator layer formed of a polymer compound having a repeat unit represented by the following formula [1] is disclosed:

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a thin film transistor having a semiconductor layer of an organic material or an inorganic material, and more specifically relates to an organic thin film transistor using an organic material, which can afford a thin layer transistor having high mobility and an excellent on-off property.
2. Description of the Related Art
Thin film transistors are widely used as a switching element for display in display devices such as liquid crystal display. Conventionally, thin film transistors (hereinafter also referred to as TFT) have been produced by using amorphous or polycrystalline silicon. CVD apparatuses for fabricating such TFT using silicon, however, are extremely expensive and thus fabrication of large-sized display devices using a TFT involved a problem of a remarkable increase in the fabrication cost. In addition, since the film forming process of amorphous or polycrystalline silicon is conducted at an extremely high temperature, there has been a problem that the kind of materials usable for a substrate has been limited and a lightweight resin substrate, for example, cannot be used.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, TFTs using an organic material instead of amorphous or polycrystalline silicon have been proposed. As a film forming method for forming a TFT by using an organic material, a vacuum deposition method and a coating method are known. According to these film forming methods, fabrication of large devices can be carried out while suppressing the cost increase, and the processing temperature required in the film forming process can be set to a relatively low temperature. Accordingly, TFTs using an organic material have an advantage that the limitation when choosing the material for the substrate is small, and thus practical application of such TFT is expected.
Recently, an increasing number of reports on TFTs using an organic material have been practically made (e.g., F. Ebisawa et al., Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 54, p 3255, 1983; X. Peng et al., Applied Physics Letter, vol. 57, p 2013, 1990; F. Garnier et al., Science, vol. 265, p 1684, 1994; K. Kudo, Thin Solid Films, vol. 331, p 51, 1998; etc.).
As an organic material used for an organic compound layer of a TFT, polymers such as a conjugated polymer and a thiophene (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-228034, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-228035, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-232589, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-125924, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-190001), a metal phthalocyanine compound (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-174277) and a fused aromatic hydrocarbon such as pentacene (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-55568, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-94107) are used alone or in a mixture with other compounds.
With the use of an organic material as a material for a semiconductor layer, it has become possible to use resins or plastics for a substrate of such devices, in addition to hard materials such as glass, which successfully led to flexibility of the whole device, and thus flexible organic TFTs are now being actively studied.
Further, since a coating process using a solution can be adopted as a process for producing an organic TFT, fabrication methods aimed at low cost, which employ a coating process or a printing process, are also being studied extensively.
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional structure of a typical organic TFT. The organic TFT-A has a gate electrode (layer) 14 and an insulator layer 16 on a substrate 11 in that order, and a source electrode 12 and a drain electrode 13 are formed on the insulator layer 16 at a predetermined interval of space. An organic semiconductor layer 15 is formed on the insulator layer 16 exposed between the electrodes 12 and 13 so as to include part of surfaces of the electrodes 12 and 13. In an organic TFT-A having such structure, the organic semiconductor layer 15 forms a channel region, and a voltage applied to the gate electrode 14 controls the electric current flowing between the source electrode 12 and the drain electrode 13 to operate on/off.
When the above-mentioned organic TFT-A is formed by coating and printing processes to fabricate a flexible device, formation of a substrate 11, an insulator layer 16 and an organic semiconductor layer 15 is important. In particular, the properties and characteristics of the insulator layer have a great influence on the performance of the organic TFT as a whole. If the insulator layer has poor resistance to electricity, leak current may be generated from the gate electrode, causing property deterioration of the organic TFT, which may result in breakdown of the element in worst cases. In addition, when forming an organic semiconductor layer by a coating process after forming an insulator layer by a coating process, the solvent dissolving the organic semiconductor material may dissolve the insulator layer, and thus fabrication of element is often impossible. Conventionally, since acrylic polymers (poly methylmethacrylate (PMMA), etc.) used as an insulator layer material dissolves relatively well in various solvents, it has been difficult to form an organic semiconductor layer by a coating process after forming a thin film of an insulator layer by a coating process. Thus, a dry process such as a vacuum deposition method is often used to fabricate an element. For such reason, development of an organic insulator layer material difficult to dissolve in a solvent is underway, but no satisfactory material has been found except for limited materials such as polyimide. Polyimide has an excellent insulating property and polyamic acid, a precursor thereof, has an excellent dissolution property. However, because a reaction from a thin film of polyamic acid, which is the precursor, to a thin film of polyimide must be conducted on a substrate, a process such as heating is required, and thus improvement is required in simplification of the process.

Transistor using organic material having a bridged cyclic hydrocarbon lactone structure and process for producing the same

Abstract: wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R4 is a hydrogen atom or a linear, branched or bridged cyclic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and x and y are molar ratio and are any number satisfying x +y=1, 0<x≦1 and 0≦y<1.


The present invention relates to a composition for forming a fluorescent film for a display and a method of forming a fluorescent film for forming a display surface of a display unit. The composition for forming a fluorescent film for a display has an aqueous medium in which photosensitive resin having a styryl pyridium photosensitive group having an internal salt structure and a fluorescent material which easily reacts with acid are dispersed. The composition is applied to the display surface of a display unit so that a fluorescent layer is formed. Then, the fluorescent material layer is developed to form the fluorescent material layer into a predetermined pattern, and then the fluorescent material layer formed into the predetermined pattern is baked so that a fluorescent film is formed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a composition for forming a fluorescent film on a surface of the screen of a variety of display units and to a method of forming a fluorescent film for a display by using the composition above.
2. Description of Prior Art
A graphic fluorescent display tube, serving as a display unit, has a fluorescent film composed of a multiplicity of pixels to selectively cause the pixels to emit light by using collision of electrons so as to display an arbitrary graphic image. The fluorescent surface of the graphic fluorecent display tube is composed of, for example, fluorescent material ZnO:Zn when the graphic display tube is arranged to display a monochrome image. When the graphic display tube is arranged to display a full color image, a fluorescent film must be formed which is composed of a multiplicity of pixels by using fluorescent materials capable of emitting green (G), red (R) and blue (B) light. The fluorescent materials for use in the full color graphic display tube are, for example, ZnS:Cu, Al, which is a fluorescent material capable of emitting green (G) light, Y.sub.2 O.sub.2 S:Eu, which is a fluorescent material capable of emitting red (R) light and ZnS:Ag,Al which is a fluorescent material capable of emitting blue (B) light.
As a method of forming the fluorescent film into a predetermined pattern on the surface of a substrate or the like by using the above-mentioned fluorescent materials, a screen printing method, an electrodeposition method, a photolithography method and a slurry method have been known. However, the electrodeposition method is not a preferred method when a predetermined pattern must be formed by using the three types of fluorescent materials for green (G), red (R) and blue (B) light, as is required for the above-mentioned full color graphic fluorescent display tube, because undesired fluorescent materials are physically allowed to adhere. For example, a color CRT employs the slurry method to precisely pattern the three types of fluorescent materials for emitting green (G), red (R) and blue (B) light.
The slurry method has the step of mixing ammonium dichromate (ADC) as a photosensitive material with PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) water soluble resin so that photosensitive resin solution is prepared. Then, fluorescent particles are mixed with the solution so that slurry solution for use as a composition for forming a fluorescent film for a display is obtained. The side on which the fluorescent film will be formed, that is, a glass substrate having a surface on which the fluorescent film will be formed, is uniformly coated with the slurry solution, followed by drying the wet surface. Then, the glass substrate is irradiated with ultraviolet rays through a mask having a predetermined mask, and then water development is performed so that the portion exposed to the ultraviolet rays is retained. The foregoing process is repeated for each of the green, red and blue fluorescent materials. Then, the glass substrate is baked in an oxidizing atmosphere to decompose PVA and ADC with heat so as to evaporate and remove the same. Thus, the fluorescent film is formed.
If ADC is used as the photosensitive material in the slurry method, chrome oxide (CrO) is left on the surface of the fluorescent film after the baking process has been performed because ADC contains Cr. Cr is known to serve as a component for killing light emission even if Cr is contained in the fluorescent material in a small quantity. In a case of the CRT in which light emission is caused to take place in the inside portion of the fluorescent material by using high-speed electron beams, the killer effect can be prevented. However, the luminous efficiency of a fluorescent material of a type which emits light with relatively low speed electron beams (for example, acceleration voltage: 0.1 kV to 2 kV) sometimes deteriorates by 50% or more because of the killer effect above.
As another method of forming a fluorescent film capable of preventing retention of the killer in the fluorescent film, a PVA-SbQ method has been known. In this method, water soluble photosensitive resin is employed as the photosensitive material which has PVA as the main chain thereof and styryl pyridium group (abbreviated as a "SbQ group") as a side chain thereof to serve as the photosensitive group. The photosensitive material above is used similarly as is used in the slurry method in which ADC is used as the photosensitive material. PVA-SbQ is expressed by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group or aralkyl group, X.sup.- is a negative ion, m is 0 or 1, n is an integer 1 to 6, and ##STR2## is a quaternary aromatic heterocyclic group containing nitrogen.
Since the PVA-SbQ method does not use heavy metal, such as Cr. which is used in ADC, the light emission characteristic of the fluorescent material is not adversely effected. However, research and development performed by the inventors of the present invention proved that the SbQ group has intense ionicity similarly to ADC and thus, a fluorescent material having low tolerance to acid, for example, ZnGa.sub.2 O.sub.4 :Mn fluorescent material, can be damaged by ions of the SbQ group.
A fact has been found that use of a sulfide type fluorescent material for use in a general television display unit as a color fluorescent material for FED (Field Emission Display) results in the sulfide being scattered and the emitter being contaminated. In this case, a problem of reliability arises in that, for example, the lifetime of the FED deteriorates.
Accordingly a non-sulfide fluorescent material must be used as the fluorescent material for the FED in place of the sulfide fluorescent material. As a non-sulfide type fluorescent material capable of emitting green light, it might be considered to employ ZnGa.sub.2 O.sub.4 :Mn which is an oxide fluorescent material. However, when ZnGa.sub.2 O.sub.4 :Mn generally having poor tolerance to acid is mixed and dispersed in slurry solution containing the SbQ having the external salt structure, the surfaces of fluorescent material particles are denatured and, therefore, the luminous efficiency deteriorates. This phenomenon can be considered to be attributable to the inonicity of the SbQ group.

Composition for forming fluorescent film for display and method of forming fluorescent film for display