A tire bead locking tool is provided. The tool may include a body; a first jaw connected to the body; a second jaw pivotally connected to the body and located to oppose the first jaw; a locking mechanism configured to selectively lock the first and second jaws in a relative position with respect to each other; and a resilient member attached to one of the first and second jaws and located between the first and second jaws. A method of manufacturing may also be provide. The method may include: forming a body; forming a pair of jaws on the body wherein at least one of the jaws pivots with respect to the body; attaching a resilient member to at least one of the jaws; and forming a locking mechanism that can selectively lock the jaws in a position; and extending a handle further from the jaws than the locking mechanism.

Special tools are often used in mounting tubeless tires onto metal rims. Tires can be difficult to mount on rims because usually the inner diameter of the tire is greater than the outer diameter of the rim. Therefore, the tire must be deformed or deflected in order to fit the tire over the rim.
New types of tires have been developed and deployed in recent years including low profile and the so-called "run flat" tires. These new types of tires are becoming more and more common. They often have extremely rigid and stiff side walls which may be difficult to install onto tire rim, using traditional tools and methods.
In the past, most tire rims were made of steel and were fairly resistant or forgiving to tool marks being made on the steel rim as a tool was used to place the tire on the rim. However, many modern wheels are made of aluminum or of steel with a chrome or other decorative coating. In any event, these more modern wheels are likely to appear scuffed, scratched or even be bent when placed in contact with typical steel tools.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a tool that can be used in assisting placing a tire on a rim in view of the new modern, low profile, run flat tires which may have extremely stiff and rigid side walls. Further, it is desired to provide a tool that reduces the likelihood of damaging the chrome, aluminum finish or other decorative finish on modern wheels.

Tire beading locking tool and method for making same


This invention relates to the reaction product(s) of a polyalkylhydrosiloxane and a vinyl terminated macromonomer (VTM).

Methods for the production of polyolefins with end-functionalized groups are typically multi-step processes that often create unwanted by-products and waste of reactants and energy. For reviews of methods to form end-functionalized polyolefins, see: (a) S. B. Amin and T. J. Marks, Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 2008, 47, pp. 2006-2025; (b) T. C. Chung Prog. Polym. Sci. 2002, 27, pp. 39-85; and (c) R. G. Lopez, F. D'Agosto, C. Boisson Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, pp. 419-454. A process with a reduced number of steps, even one step, would be desirable.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,110,377 discloses secondary aliphatic amines alkylated with alpha-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene, hexene, and undecene. Likewise, several literature references disclose hydroaminoalkylation of olefins using various catalysts (see J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, pp. 14940-14941; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, pp. 6690-6691; Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 2009, 48, pp. 8361-8365; Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 2009, 48, pp. 4892-4894; Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokaishi (2009), 67 (8), pp. 843-844; Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2009), 48 (6), pp. 1153-1156; Tetrahedron Letters (2003), 44 (8), pp. 1679-1683; and Synthesis (1980), (4), pp. 305-306). Corey discloses low molecular weight olefins treated with hydrosilanes in the presence of Cp2MCl2 and n-BuLi to prepare low molecular weight hydrosilylated products.
None of the above references, however, disclose functionalization of polyolefins, particularly polyolefins having Mn's over 500 g/mol having large amounts of vinyl terminal groups.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,725 discloses certain vinyl terminated polymers that are functionalized, optionally, for use in lubricant applications.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,372,930 discloses certain vinyl terminated polymers that are functionalized in U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,725.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,419 discloses a process to functionalize propylene homo- or copolymer comprising contacting an alkene metathesis catalyst with a heteroatom containing alkene and a propylene homo- or copolymer having terminal unsaturation.
Additional references of interest include: WO9706201(A1), Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 114, pp. 892-900 (2009), G. Out; A. Turetskii; M. Moller; D. Oelfin, Macromolecules, (1994), 27, p. 3310, J. Applied Polymer Science, 104, p. 1176 (2007), Japanese patent number JP 2010070673, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,111,027; 7,183,359; 6,100,224; and 5,616,153.
Thus, there is a need to develop a means to provide functionalized polyolefins (particularly end-functionalized) by efficient reactions, particularly reactions with good conversion, preferably under mild reaction conditions with a minimal number of steps, preferably one or two steps. The instant invention's use of hydrosilation to introduce silyl groups and/or carbon functionality is both a commercially economical and an "atom-economical" route to end-functionalized polyolefins.
End-functionalized polyolefins that feature a chemically reactive or polar end group are of interest for use in a broad range of applications as compatibilizers, tie-layer modifiers, surfactants, adhesives, and surface modifiers. Herein is described a novel method for their production by the reaction of vinyl-terminated polyolefins with hydrosilating agents. This method is useful for a range of vinyl terminated polyolefins, including isotactic polypropylene (iPP), atactic polypropylene (aPP), ethylene propylene copolymer (EP), polyethylene (PE), and particularly propylene copolymers with larger alpha-olefin comonomers such as butene, hexene octene, etc. The vinyl terminated polyolefin useful herein can be linear or branched.

Hydrosilation of vinyl-terminated macromonomers


Nucleic acid molecules capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence residing between positions 1 and 453 of the max cDNAs shown in FIG. 2, or to the nucleotide sequence residing between positions 148 and 810 of the mad cDNAs shown in FIG. 14. The Max polypeptide when associated with the Myc or Mad polypeptide is capable of binding to nucleotide sequences containing CACGTG.

The products of the MYC family of protooncogenes, including c-Myc, N-Myc, and L-Myc proteins, function in cell proliferation, differentiation, and neoplastic disease (1; see the appended Citations). However, there is as yet no consensus as to the molecular mechanism by which Myc mediates its biological effects. The Myc proteins are nuclear phosphoproteins with short half-lives and nonspecific DNA-binding activities (2). Functionally important regions exist as both the amino and carboxyl termini of the c-Myc protein (3-5). Indeed, the carboxyl-terminal 85 amino acids of the Myc family proteins share significant sequence similarity with two classes of transcription factors, the basic region helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and basic region leucine zipper (bZip) proteins, both of which have basic regions adjacent to their dimerization domains. The bHLH family includes over 60 proteins in vertebrates, yeast, plants, and insects; many, if not all, exhibit nuclear localization, are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, and function as transcriptional regulators(6). The region of sequence similarity shared to Myc and other proteins in this class is a critical determinant of function and contains a stretch of basic amino acids followed by two putative amphipathic a helices that flank an W-type loop (7,8). Studies of several other bHLH proteins have demonstrated that the HLH region mediates formation of homo- or heterodimers, which in turn permits the basic regions to form a DNA contact surface (9-11). Myc family proteins differ from the bHLH family in that adjacent and carboxyl-terminal to their bHLH motif is another a helix that contains a heptad repeat of leucine residues. This structure is characteristic of the dimerization domains of the bZip family of transcriptional regulators (12). The array of nonpolar amino acids forms a hydrophobic face long the amphipathic helic, facilitating specific association of bZip proteins through a parallel coiled-coil interaction (13). Dimerization is critical for DNA binding (14, 15).
For c-Myc there is substantial evidence that the bHLH region and the adjacent leucine zipper motif are functionally important. Deletions within these regions result in loss of alteration of transforming activity (3, 16) as well as reduction of the capacity of autoregulate endogenous myc expression and to inhibit cell differentiation (4, 5). In addition, a bacterially expressed fusion protein that contains the bHLH-Zip domains of c-Myc has sequence-specific DNA-binding activity (17).
It is also of interest to consider the myc oncogene in the context of tumor suppressor genes since, at least on theoretical grounds, it is precisely the proliferation-inducing effects of myc that one would expect to be opposed by genes of the tumor suppressor class. The notion that myc oncogene function is linked to cell proliferation is now supported by multiple lines of evidence. Much of this evidence has been summarized in recent reviews (18,19) and will be briefly reiterated here. First, c-myc expression is strongly correlated with cell growth. During exponential growth of many different cell types, c-myc-encoded mRNA and protein synthesis is maintained at a constant level throughout the cell cycle (20,21). By contrast, c-myc expression is essentially undetectable in quiescent (G.sub.0) cells and in most, but not all, terminally differentiated cell types. The down-regulation of c-myc expression during differentiation is likely to be a critical event since forced expression of exogenous c-myc blocks the induced differentiation of erythroleukemia cells and adipocytes (22, 23) while anti-sense inhibition of c-myc expression in HL60 cells leads directly to differentiation (24).
On the other hand, the entry into the cell cycle of quiescent cells is invariably accompanied by a large transient burst of c-myc expression within hours of mitogenic stimulation of both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell types (25). Indeed, c-myc is prototypical of the class of immediate early response genes encoding labile mRNAs which can be induced (or superinduced) in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. That myc expression is important for entry into the cell cycle is suggested by experiments utilizing c-myc anti-sense oligonucletides, which appear to block the entry of mitogenically stimulated human T cells into S phase but not into the G.sub.1 phase of the cell cycle (26). Recent experiments using an artificially "activatable" c-myc-encoded protein (c-Myc) have demonstrated that quiescent fibroblasts can be made to enter the cell cycle following activation of c-Myc. Amazingly, this occurs in the absence of the induction of the other major early response genes, including jun and fos (27). Thus, c-myc expression may be sufficient for entry of G.sub.0 cells into the cell cycle.
Further support for the idea that Myc function is strongly linked to cell proliferation and differentiation comes from the vast amount of data demonstrating an association between the deregulation of myc family gene expression and neoplasia (for reviews, see 28-30). Oncogenic activation of myc by retroviral capture, promoter/enhancer insertion, gene amplification, and chromosomal translocations all appear to lead to abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation of numerous cell types. While these events frequency result in myc overexpression, they also result in a loss of the normal regulatory elements that control normal myc expression. A great deal of work has demonstrated that myc expression is normally regulated at multiple levels (for recent review, see 31), and it is the loss of such regulation which is believed to result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and a reduced capacity for terminal differentiation.
Although it is indisputable that Myc is involved in cell proliferation, it is less clear whether the functions of tumor suppressor genes, which are often through to act as negative growth regulators (see 32 for review), actually impinge directly on Myc function. One potential example of interaction between myc function and tumor suppressor gene activity has come from studies demonstrating that treatment of an epithelial cell line with TGF-.beta. results in transcriptional repression of c-myc which is reversible by agents (adenovirus E1A, SV40 R antigen) that sequester the Rb gene product (33,34). While these data do not necessarily indicate a direct interaction between Myc and Rb they at least hint at the possibility that the functional pathways of these two gene products may be intertwined. In addition, it is possible that Myc might interact directly with an as yet uncharacterized tumor suppressor protein. It is clear that more details concerning the molecular mechanism of Myc function are required in order to explore more fully the possibility of direct interaction between Myc and tumor suppressor gene products. One approach is to define the interactions of Myc protein with other cellular proteins, as well as with nucleic acids. Such studies may help to elucidate Myc's molecular function and reveal the circuitry through which proliferation suppression factors may interact with Myc.
The biological importance of and structural similarities in the carboxyl terminus of c-Myc suggest that Myc functions as a component of an oligomeric complex. While Myc self-association has been demonstrated with relatively high concentrations of bacterially expressed Myc protein (35), coprecipitation, chemical crosslinking, and dimerization motif chimeras fail to demonstrate homodimerization of Myc under physiological conditions (1, 36, 37). Because functionally relevant interactions occur among members of the bHLH and bZip classes (9, 15, 38, 39), and c-Myc has not yet been found to associate with members of either group (10, 15, 16), we hypothesized that Myc function may depend on heterotypic interaction with an unknown protein. We now describe the cloning of such a Myc binding factor, termed Max, and its regulatory factor, termed Mad.


Aspects of enhanced recovery mechanisms are described. A predetermined operating parameter for a power rail is set at the outset of system start. Afterwards, a processor is released to start with a power management circuit. In turn, the power management circuit receives a default operating parameter for the power rail from the processor, and stores the default operating parameter. The power management circuit also receives a runtime operating parameter for the power rail from the processor and modifies the operating parameter for the power rail according to the runtime operating parameter. If an error condition in the processor is encountered, the power management circuit may modify the operating parameter for the power rail according to the default operating parameter in response to a reset control signal from the processor. Use of the default operating parameter for the power rail may assist the processor to recover from the error condition.

Battery-powered computing systems and devices have been adopted for use in many aspects of daily life. As these systems and devices are more widely adopted and used in place of other computing systems and devices, they are designed to be more flexible and powerful, but are also more complex.
In some designs, computing systems include several respective processors and subsystems. In certain circumstances, one or more of the processors and subsystems may encounter an error condition which halts or interrupts processing. However, even in this case, other processors, sometimes system status or management processors, continue to operate without error. In this case, the computing system may still be able to perform some tasks. To fully recover, however, it may be necessary to perform a restart or reboot of the entire system. Depending upon the design of the device, disconnection from power might be required. For example, some battery-powered computing systems might require the removal of a battery.


A silver halide photographic light-sensitive material for development in a development solution at a pH of at least 11.4 is disclosed. The material comprises a support having a silver halide emulsion layer comprising a compound capable of releasing a development inhibitor having a decomposition half-life in the range of above 4 to 225 hours at pH 10, said inhibitor after decomposition having substantially no photographic inhibitor properties, the compound having the formula: EQU CAR--(TIME).sub.n --INH--L--Y (I).

This invention relates to a photographic light-sensitive material, such as a color reversal material, designed for processing in a high pH developer solution. In particular, the photographic light-sensitive material contains a novel development inhibiting releasing (DIR) compound capable of releasing a development inhibitor, or precursor thereof, upon the reaction with the oxidation product of a developing agent. The development inhibitor is designed to be decomposed upon diffusion into the high pH developer solution. The invention can be used in graphic arts photography as well as color reversal photography.
Hydrolyzable inhibitor type DIR couplers have proved useful in color negative processes in that the released inhibitor can diffuse within the film to exert its development inhibiting function. However, when the inhibitor enters the color developing solution, the inhibitor hydrolyzes to a compound that has little or no development inhibiting properties, such that the product of hydrolysis has no influence on the development of subsequent films processed in the same developer solution. If the half-life value of decomposition of the inhibitor is too short, the inhibitor can decompose in the film when it contacts the developing solution to such an extent that it does not exert the desired inhibition of development. Likewise, if the half-life value of decomposition is too long, the inhibitor may not decompose in a timely fashion in the developer and may exert a deleterious influence on the development of subsequent films processed in the same developer solution.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,477,563 discloses development inhibitor molecules that are converted into an inactive species (with respect to development inhibition) soon after contact with the processing solution.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,012 discloses preferred hydrolyzable mercaptotetrazole inhibitors; however, these inhibitors are ineffective in films processed in high pH processes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,012 discloses that the logarithm of the partition coefficient (Log P) is a good measure of the strength of the inhibitor, its mobility and, thus, its ability to provide inter-image effects. Further it discloses that the calculated Log P (c Log P) is used to identify optimal solubility values for mercaptotetrazole inhibitors. Log P is the logarithm of the partition coefficient of a species between a standard organic phase, usually octanol, and an aqueous phase, usually water. Color photographic elements are polyphasic systems, and a photographic inhibitor released in such a system can partition between these various phases. Log P serves as a measure of this partitioning and can be correlated to desirable inhibitor properties such as inhibition strength and inter-image effects.
Inhibitor moieties with c Log P values below 0.40 have been found to be too weak as inhibitors in the present invention and have no useful inter-image properties. The c Log P values used in this specification are, unless otherwise indicated, calculated using the additive fragment techniques of C. Hansch and A. Leo as described in "Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology", Wiley, New York, 1979, using the computer program "MedChem", version 3.54, Medicinal Chemistry Project, Pomona College, Claremont, Calif. (1989).
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,937,179 and 5,004,677 and European Application No. 488,310 describe DIR couplers containing hydrolyzable inhibitors and teach a preferred half-life period of the inhibitor at pH 10.0 of not more than four hours.
Japanese Published Application No. 2,251,950 discloses silver halide based, color photographic material containing carboxyester-substituted mercaptooxadiazole and mercaptothiadiazole fragments.
European Application No. 440,466 describes a silver halide photographic material containing couplers that release hydrolyzable mercaptooxadiazole development restrainers.
Thus, it will be seen that the art only teaches a preferred half-life period of the inhibitor at pH 10.0 of not more than four hours. Compounds described in the art have not been designed for films processed through high pH processes (pH>11.4).
Thus, great need exists in photographic materials processed in high pH developers, such as color reversal photographic silver halide elements, to provide enhanced inter-image effects or acutance or sharpness advantages by the use of image modifying chemistry without detrimental contamination of the high pH developer solution arising from infusion of development inhibitors released from DIR compounds during processing.
The present invention fulfills this need and overcomes the problems relating to the use of DIR compounds or couplers in films processed in high pH developers, such as color reversal photographic silver halide elements, by providing an improved film element comprising:
a silver halide photographic light-sensitive material for development in a development solution at a pH of at least 11.4, the material comprising a support having a silver halide emulsion layer comprising a compound capable of releasing a development inhibitor having a decomposition half-life in the range of above 4 to 225 hours, preferably 6 to 120 hours at pH 10, said inhibitor after decomposition having no or substantially much weaker photographic inhibitor properties, the compound having the formula: EQU CAR--(TIME).sub.n --INH--L--Y (I)
wherein:
CAR is a carrier moiety releasing --(TIME).sub.n --INH--L--Y by reaction with oxidized developer;
TIME is a timing group;
INH--L--Y is a development inhibitor moiety selected from the group consisting of oxazole, thiazole, diazole, oxathiazole, triazole, thiatriazole, tetrazole, benzimidazole, indazole, isoindazole, mercaptothiazole, mercaptotriazole, mercaptothiadiazole, mercaptotetrazole, selenotetrazole, mercaptooxadiazole, selenobenzothiazole, mercaptobenzoxazole, selenobenzoxazole, mercaptobenzimidazole, selenobenzimidazole, benzodiazole, or benzisodiazole such that an inhibitor moiety comprising H--INH--L--Y has a calculated log P of greater than 0.4;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
L is a connecting group containing a chemical bond which is broken in a photographic developing solution and includes the following: --CO.sub.2 --, --NR.sub.e CO.sub.2 --, --SO.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 SO.sub.2 --, --OC(.dbd.O)O--, or --NR.sub.e C(.dbd.O)C(.dbd.O)--, where R.sub.e is hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group; and L can be incorporated into INH--L--Y such that either end of L (as drawn above) can be attached to INH;
Y represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group. When Y is an alkyl group, the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted or straight or branched chain or cyclic. Y may contain from 1 to 5 alkylthio groups. The total number of carbons in Y is 1 to 25. The alkyl group may in turn be substituted by the same groups listed for R below. When the Y group is an aryl group, the aryl group may be substituted by the same groups listed for R. When Y is a heterocyclic group, the heterocyclic group is a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or condensed ring containing as a heteroatom a nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom. Examples are a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a furyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a benzotriazolyl group, an imido group and an oxazine group. The heterocyclic group may be substituted by the same groups listed for R. Other INH--L--Y moieties can include benzotriazoles or mercaptobenzothiazoles.
Linking or timing groups, when present, are groups such as esters, carbamates, and the like that undergo base-catalyzed cleavage, including anchimerically assisted hydrolysis or intramolecular nucleophilic displacement. Suitable linking groups, which are also known as timing groups, are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,343 and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,447, 5,021,322, 5,026,628, and 5,051,345, all incorporated herein by reference. Preferred linking groups are o- and p-hydroxymethylene moieties, as illustrated in the previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,343 and in Couplers T16 and T1, respectively, of the instant application, and o-hydroxyphenyl substituted carbamate groups.
CAR groups includes couplers which react with oxidized color developer to form dyes while simultaneously releasing development inhibitors or inhibitor precursors. Other suitable carrier groups include hydroquinones, catechols, aminophenols, aminonaphthols, sulfonamidophenols, pyrogallols, sulfonamidonaphthols, and hydrazides that undergo cross-oxidation by oxidized color developers. DIR compounds with carriers of these types are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,049, incorporated herein by reference. Preferred CAR groups are couplers that yield unballasted dyes which are removed from the photographic element during processing, such as those disclosed in the previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,343. Further, preferred carrier groups are couplers that yield ballasted dyes which match spectral absorption characteristics of the image dye and couplers that form colorless products.
In one embodiment of the invention, a three-color reversal element has the following schematic structure:
(13) Second protective layer containing matte PA0 (12) First protective layer containing UV-absorbing dyes PA0 (11) Fast blue-sensitive layer containing blue-sensitive emulsion and yellow coupler PA0 (10) Slow blue-sensitive layer containing blue-sensitive emulsion and yellow coupler PA0 (9) Yellow filter layer PA0 (8) Intermediate layer PA0 (7) Fast green-sensitive layer containing green-sensitive emulsion and magenta coupler PA0 (6) Slow green-sensitive layer containing green-sensitive emulsion and magenta coupler PA0 (5) Intermediate layer PA0 (4) Fast red-sensitive layer containing red-sensitive emulsion and cyan coupler PA0 (3) Slow red-sensitive layer containing red-sensitive emulsion and cyan coupler PA0 (2) Intermediate layer PA0 (1) Antihalation layer PA0 Support with subbing layer
In the following discussion of suitable materials for use in the emulsions and elements of this invention, reference will be made to Research Disclosure, December, 1989, Item 308119, published by Kenneth Mason Publications, Ltd., Dudley Annex, 12a North Street, Emsworth, Hampshire, P010 7DQ, UK, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. This publication will be identified hereafter by the term Research Disclosure.
Couplers which form cyan dyes upon reaction with oxidized color-developing agents are described in such representative patents and publications as U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,772,162; 2,895,826; 3,002,836; 3,034,892; 2,747,293; 2,423,730; 2,367,531; 3,041,236; and 4,333,999; and Research Disclosure, Section VII D. Preferably, such couplers are phenols and naphthols.
Couplers which form magenta dyes upon reaction with oxidized color developing agents are described in such representative patents and publications as: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,600,788; 2,369,489; 2,343,703; 2,311,082; 3,152,896; 3,519,429; 3,062,653; and 2,908,573; and Research Disclosure, Section VII D. Preferably, such couplers are pyrazolones and pyrazolotriazoles.
Couplers which form yellow dyes upon reaction with oxidized and color developing agents are described in such representative patents and publications as: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,875,057; 2,407,210; 3,265,506; 2,298,443; 3,048,194; and 3,447,928; and Research Disclosures, Section VII D. Preferably, such couplers are acylacetamides such as benzoylacetanilides and pivaloylacetanilides.
Couplers which form colorless products upon reaction with oxidized color developing agents are described in such representative patents as: UK Patent No. 861,138; U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,632,345; 3,928,041; 3,958,993; and 3,961,959. Preferably, such couplers are cyclic carbonyl-containing compounds which react with oxidized color developing agents but do not form dyes.
The image dye-forming couplers can be incorporated in photographic elements and/or in photographic processing solutions, such as developer solutions, so that upon development of an exposed photographic element they will be in reactive association with oxidized color-developing agent. Coupler compounds incorporated in photographic processing solutions should be of such molecular size and configuration that they will diffuse through photographic layers with the processing solution When incorporated in a photographic element, as a general rule, the image dye-forming couplers should be nondiffusible; that is, they should be of such molecular size and configuration that they will not significantly wander from the layer in which they are coated.
Photographic elements of this invention can be processed by conventional techniques in which color-forming couplers and color-developing agents are incorporated in separate processing solutions or compositions or in the element, as described in Research Disclosure, Section XIX.
High pH processes as described in this invention include the E-6 process as described in Manual For Processing Kodak Ektachrome Films Using E-7, (1980) Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y., or a substantially equivalent process made available by a company other than Eastman Kodak Company. These processes are referred to as "current" color reversal processes or "standard" processes. In these processes the pH of the color developer solution is from about 11.6 to about 12.1. The color developer solution is used in the process for about from 5.5 to 7.0 minutes at a temperature of from 36.6 to 39.4 C.
Preferred INH--L--Y groups of the invention can be selected from the groups having the following structures: ##STR1## wherein R' is selected from an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, amino group, sulfamoyl group, sulfonamido group, sulfoxyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylsulfo group, arylsulfo group, aryloxycarbonylamino group, alkoxycarbonylamino group, acylamino group, ureido group, arylthio group, alkylthio group. When R' is an alkyl group, the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted or straight or branched chain or cyclic. The R' group may contain from 1 to 5 alkylthio groups. total number of carbons in R' is 1 to 25. The alkyl group may in turn be substituted by R, where R can be selected from those listed from R' above, but may also be selected from hydrogen, halogen (including fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine), hydroxy group, or cyano group. When the R' group is an aryl group, the aryl group may be substituted by the same groups listed for R. When R' is a heterocyclic group, the heterocyclic group is a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or condensed ring containing as a heteroatom a nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom. Examples are a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a furyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a benzotriazolyl group, an imido group and an oxazine group. The heterocyclic group may be substituted by the same groups listed for R. When there are two or more R groups on a molecule, R may be the same or different; n can be 0, 1 or 2 and m can be 0, 1, 2 or 3.
Further preferred INH--L--Y groups are selected from, but are not limited to the following examples: ##STR2##
Preferably CAR is a coupler moiety and further the coupler moiety may be ballasted.
In the element in accordance with the invention the --(TIME).sub.n --INH--L--Y group is bonded to a coupling position of the coupler moiety.
Preferably CAR is unballasted and at least one TIME moiety attached to CAR is ballasted and CAR is preferably a coupler moiety.
Further, preferably CAR is a moiety which can cross-oxidize with oxidized color developer, and may be selected from the class consisting of hydrazides and hydroquinones.
The compound (I) may be present in the element from 0.5 to about 30 mg/ft.sup.2 (0.005 to 0.3g/m.sup.2)and typically is present in the element from about 1 to about 10 mg/ft.sup.2 (0.01 to 0.1 g/m.sup.2).
CAR can, for example, be a coupler residue, designated COUP, which forms a dye as a part of a coupling reaction, or an organic residue which forms no dye. The purpose of CAR is to furnish, as a function of color development, a fragment INH--L--Y, or INH--L--Y linked to a linking group or timing group or to a combination of linking and timing groups, designated --(TIME).sub.n --. So long as it performs that function in an efficient manner, it has accomplished its purpose for this invention.
When COUP is a yellow coupler residue, coupler residues having general formulas II-IV are preferred. When COUP is a magenta coupler residue, it is preferred that COUP have formula (V) or (VIII). When COUP is a cyan coupler residue, it is preferred that COUP have the formula represented by general formulas (VI) and (VII).
Furthermore, CAR may be a redox residue, which is a group capable of being cross oxidized with an oxidation product of a developing agent. Such carriers may be hydroquinones, catechols, pyrogallols, aminonaphthols, aminophenols, naphthohydroquinones, sulfonamidophenols, hydrazides, and the like. Compounds with carriers of these types are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,049. Preferred CAR fragments of this type are represented by general formulas (X) and (XI). Compounds within formulas (IX) and (XII) are compounds that react with oxidized developer to form a colorless product or a dye which decolorizes by further reaction.
So long as the film has an image modifying compound of the type described herein, in one image forming layer, the film is as described for this invention. It is to be understood, however, that the film may have two or more described image modifying compounds in an image forming silver halide emulsion layer, or that two or more such layers may have one or more described image modifying compounds.
In general compound (I) is represented by, for example, the following structures: ##STR3##
In the foregoing compounds, X=--(TIME).sub.n --INH--L--Y, and R.sub.1 represents an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, an alkoxy group, or a heterocyclic ring, and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each a hydrogen, an aromatic group, an aliphatic group or a heterocyclic ring. The aliphatic group represented by R.sub.1 preferably contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and may be substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched chain, or cyclic. Preferred substituents for an alkyl group include an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an amino group, an acylamino group, and a halogen atom. These substituents per se may be substituted. Suitable examples of aliphatic groups represented by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are as follows: an isopropyl group, an isobutyl group a tert-butyl group, an isoamyl group, a tert-amyl group, a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group, a 1,1-dimethylhexyl group, a 1,1-diethylhexyl group, a dodecyl group, a hexadecyl group, an octadecyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 2-methoxyisopropyl group, a 2-phenoxyisopropyl group, a 2-p-tert-butylphenoxyisopropyl group, an .alpha.-aminoisopropyl group, an .alpha.-(diethylamino)isopropyl group, an .alpha.-(succinimido)isopropyl group, an .alpha.-(phthalimido)-isopropyl group, and an .alpha.-(benzenesulfonamido)isopropyl group. When two R.sub.1 or R.sub.3 groups appear, they may be alike or different.
When R.sub.1, R.sub.2 or R.sub.3 represents an aromatic group (particularly a phenyl group), the aromatic group may be substituted or unsubstituted. That is, the phenyl group can be employed per se or may be substituted by a group containing 32 or less carbon atoms, e.g., an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonylamino group, an aliphatic amido group, an alkylsulfamoyl group, an alkylsulfonamido group, an acylureido group, and an alkyl-substituted succinimido group. This alkyl group may contain an aromatic group, e.g., phenylene, in the chain thereof. The phenyl group may also be substituted by, e.g., an aryloxy group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an arylcarbamoyl group, an arylamido group, an arylsulfamoyl group, an arylsulfonamido group, or an arylureido group. In these subtituents, the aryl group portion may be further substituted by at least one alkyl group containing from 1 to 22 carbon atoms in total.
The phenyl group represented by R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or R.sub.3 may be substituted by an amino group which may be further substituted by a lower alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a sulfo group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a thiocyano group, or a halogen atom.
In addition, R.sub.1, R.sub.2 or R.sub.3 may further represent a substituent resulting from condensation of a phenyl group with another ring, e.g., a naphthyl group, a quinolyl group, an isoquinolyl group, a furanyl group, a cumaranyl group, and a tetrahydronaphthyl group. These substituents per se may be further substituted.
When R.sub.1 represents an alkoxy group, the alkyl portion of the alkoxy group contains from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and preferably from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, and is a straight or branched alkyl group, a straight or branched alkenyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, or a cyclic alkenyl group. These groups may be substituted by, e.g., a halogen atom, an aryl group or an alkoxy group.
When R.sub.1, R.sub.2 or R.sub.3 represents a heterocyclic ring, the heterocyclic ring is bound through one of the carbon atoms in the ring to the carbon atom of the carbonyl group of the acyl group in .alpha.-acylacetamide, or to the nitrogen atom of the amido group in .alpha.-acylacetamide. Examples of such heterocyclic rings are thiophene, furan, pyran, pyrrole, pyrazole, pyridine, piperidine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, triazine, thiazine and oxazine. These heterocyclic rings may have a substituent on the ring thereof.
In structure (V), R.sub.4 contains from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and is a straight or branched alkyl group (e.g., methyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, hexyl and dodecyl), an alkenyl group (e.g., an allyl group), a cyclic alkyl group (e.g., a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group and a norbornyl group), an aralkyl group (e g., a benzyl group and a .beta.-phenylethyl group), or a cyclic alkenyl group (e.g., a cyclopentenyl group and a cyclohexenyl group). These groups may be substituted by, e.g., a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a carboxyl group, an alkylthiocarbonyl group, an arylthiocarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, a sulfo group, a sulfamoyl group, a carbamoyl group, an acylamino group, a diacylamino group, a ureido group, a urethane group, a thiourethane group, a sulfonamido group, a heterocyclic group, an arylsulfonyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an alkylamino group, a dialkylamino group, an anilino group, an N-arylanilino group, an N-alkylanilino group, an N-acylanilino group, a hydroxyl group and a mercapto group.
R.sub.4 may further represent an aryl group, e.g a phenyl group, and an .alpha.- or .beta.-naphthyl group. This aryl group contains at least one substituent. These substituents include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, an aralkyl group, a cyclic alkenyl group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, a sulfo group, a sulfamoyl group, a carbamoyl group, an acylamino group, a diacylamino group, a ureido group, a urethane group, a sulfonamido group, a heterocyclic group, an arylsulfonyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylthio group, an alkylthio group, an alkylamino group, a dialkylamino group, an anilino group, an N-alkylanilino group, an N-arylanilino group, an N-acylanilino group, a hydroxyl group and a mercapto group.
More preferably, R.sub.4, is a phenyl group which is substituted by, e.g., an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or a halogen atom, in at least one of the ortho positions.
R.sub.4 may further represent a heterocyclic ring (e.g., 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic or condensed heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom as a hetero atom, such as a pyridyl group, a quinolyl group, a furyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an imidazolyl group and a naphthoxazolyl group), a heterocyclic ring substituted by the groups described for the aryl group as described above, an aliphatic or aromatic acyl group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an arylsulfonyl group, an alkylcarbamoyl group, an arylcarbamoyl group, an alkylthiocarbamoyl group or an arylthiocarbamoyl group.
R.sub.5 is a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched alkyl group containing from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, an aralkyl group, a cyclic alkenyl group to which may contain substituents as described for R.sub.4), an aryl group and a heterocyclic group (which may contain substituents as described for R.sub.4,), an alkoxycarbonyl group (e.g., a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group and a stearyloxycarbonyl group), an aryloxycarbonyl group (e.g., a phenoxycarbonyl group, and a naphthoxycarbonyl group), an aralkyloxycarbonyl group (e.g., a benzyloxycarbonyl group), an alkoxy group (e.g., a methoxy group, an ethoxy group and a heptadecyloxy group), an aryloxy group (e.g., a phenoxy group and a tolyloxy group), an alkylthio group (e.g., an ethylthio group, and a dodecylthio group), an arylthio group (e.g., a phenylthio group and an .alpha.-naphthylthio group), a carboxyl group, an acylamino group (e.g., an acetylamino group and a 3-[(2,4-di-tert-amylphenoxy)acetamido]benzamido group), a diacylamino group, an N-alkylacylamino group (e.g., an N-methylproprionamido group), an N-arylacylamino group (e.g., an N-phenylacetamido group), a ureido group (e.g. a ureido group and an N-arylureido group), a urethane group, a thiourethane group, an arylamino group (e.g., a phenylamino group, an N-methylanilino group, a diphenylamino group, an N-acetylanilino group and a 2-chloro-5-tetradecanamidoanilino group), a dialkylamino group (e.g., a dibenzylamino group), an alkylamino group (e.g., an n-butylamino group, a methylamino group and a cyclohexylamino group), a cycloamino group (e.g., a piperidino group and a pyrrolidino group), a heterocyclic amino group (e.g., a 4-piperidylamino group and a 2-benzoxazolylamino group), an alkylcarbonyl group (e.g., a methylcarbonyl group), an arylcarbonyl group (e.g., a phenylcarbonyl group), a sulfonamido group (e.g., an alkylsulfonamido group, and an arylsulfonamido group), a carbamoyl group (e.g., an ethylcarbamoyl group, a dimethylcarbamoyl group, an N-methylphenylcarbamoyl group, and an N-phenylcarbamoyl group), a 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenoxy group, a sulfamoyl group (e.g., an N-alkylsulfamoyl group, an N,N-dialkylsulfamoyl group, an N-arylsulfamoyl group, an N-alkyl-N-arylsulfamoyl group and an N,N-diarylsulfamoyl group), a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, a halogen atom or a sulfo group.
R.sub.6, R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 each represents groups as used for the usual 4-equivalent type phenol or .alpha.-naphthol couplers. In greater detail, R.sub.6 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, an acylamino group, --O--R.sub.9 or --S--R.sub.9 (wherein R.sub.9 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue). When there are two or more R.sub.6 groups in the same molecule, they may be different. The aliphatic hydrocarbon residue includes those containing a substituent(s). R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are each an aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, an aryl group or a heterocyclic residue. One of R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 may be a hydrogen atom, and the above-described groups for R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 may be substituted. R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 may combine together to form a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic nucleus. In the formulas, q is an integer of from 1 to 3, and p is an integer of from 1 to 5.
R.sub.11 group refers to a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aralkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an anilino group, an acylamino group, a ureido group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a sulfonamido group, a sulfamoyl group, a carbamoyl group, an aryl group, a carboxy group, a sulfo group, a hydroxy group, or an alkanosulfonyl group. The alkyl group on R.sub.11 contains 1 to 32 carbons. In the general formulae X-XXII, Z is oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, and k is an integer of 0 to 2.
R.sub.10 is an acylamido group represented by COR.sub.1, a carbamoyl group represented by CONHR.sub.7 R.sub.8, a sulfonamido group represented by SO.sub.2 R.sub.1, or SO.sub.2 NR.sub.7 R.sub.8.
The aliphatic hydrocarbon residue may be saturated or unsaturated, straight, branched or cyclic. Preferred examples are an alkyl group (e.g., a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a dodecyl group, an octadecyl group, a cyclobutyl group, and a cyclohexyl group), and an alkenyl group (e.g., an allyl group, and an octenyl group).
The aryl group includes a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, and typical examples of heterocyclic residues are a pyridinyl group, a quinolyl group, a thienyl group, a piperidyl group and an imidazolyl group. Substituents which may be introduced to these aliphatic hydrocarbon, aryl, and heterocyclic groups include a halogen atom, a nitro group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a substituted amino group, a sulfo group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an arylazo group, an acylamino group, a carbamoyl group, an ester group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, a sulfonamido group, a sulfamoyl group, a sulfonyl group and a morpholino group.
In compounds (II) to (XXII), the substituents, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 may combine together to form symmetrical or asymmetrical composite couplers, or any of the substituents may become a divalent group to form symmetrical or asymmetrical composite couplers.
In compounds VIII: S.sub.10, S.sub.11 and S.sub.12 each represents a methine, a substituted methine, .dbd.N--, or --NH--; one of S.sub.10 -S.sub.11 bond and S.sub.11 -S.sub.12 bond is a double bond and the other is a single bond; when S.sub.11 -S.sub.12 is a carbon-carbon double bond, the double bond may be a part of an aromatic ring; the compound of general formula VIII includes the case that it forms a dimer or higher polymer at R.sub.4 ; and also when S.sub.10, S.sub.11 or S.sub.12 is a substituted methine, the compound includes the case that it forms a dimer or higher polymer with the substituted methine. Polymer formation can also take place through the linking group --(TIME).sub.n -- in all image modifying compounds employed in this invention.
If R.sub.1 through R.sub.10 of structures II through VIII are a ballast such that the dye which is formed on reaction with oxidized developer remains in the film after processing then the formulae are represented by Type II examples.
Especially preferred are those couplers which undergo a coupling reaction with an oxidation product of a developing agent, releasing a development inhibitor, but do not leave a dye in the film which could cause degradation of the color quality. If R.sub.1 through R.sub.10 of compounds II through VII are not a ballast such that the subsequent dye formed form CAR is not immobilized, and is removed from the film during processing, then the formulae are represented by Type I examples. Also included in these Type I examples are formulae IX, X, XI and XII in which R.sub.1 through R.sub.8 do represent a ballast, but CAR either forms a colorless product or doesn't form a dye on reaction with oxidized developer (as in the case with compounds XI and XII) or the dye that is formed is decolorized by subsequent reactions in the process (as is the case with compounds IX and XII).
Also preferred structures which would produce the same effects as DIR couplers without leaving a retained dye in the film are those in which CAR is a material capable of undergoing redox reaction with the oxidized product of a developing agent and subsequently releasing a development inhibitor as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,604 and represented by the compound X where T represents a substituted aryl group. T may be represented by phenyl, naphthyl; and heterocyclic aryl rings (e.g. pyridyl) and may be substituted by one or more groups such as alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, halogen, and those groups described as R.sub.5.
In the compounds (I), --(TIME).sub.n --INH--L--Y is a group which is not released until after reaction with the oxidized developing agent either through cross oxidization or dye formation.
--(TIME).sub.n -- in the compounds (I) is one or more linking or timing groups connected to CAR through a oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, or a sulfur atom which is capable of releasing INH--L--Y from --(TIME).sub.n --INH--L--Y at the time of development through one or more reaction stages. Suitable examples of these types of groups are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,248,962, 4,409,323, 4,146,396, British Pat. No. 2,096,783, Japanese Patent Application (Opi) Nos. 146828/76 and 56837/82, etc.
Preferred examples of --(TIME)-- are those represented by the following examples XIII-XX: ##STR4##
In each of the foregoing compounds, the bond on the left is attached to either CAR or another --(TIME)-- moiety, and the bond to the right is attached to INH.
R.sub.12 is hydrogen, alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, (R.sub.2).sub.2 N--, R.sub.1 CONR.sub.7 --, or heterocyclic; (R.sub.12).sub.2 can complete a non-aromatic heterocyclic or a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring, and R.sub.12 and R.sub.11 can complete a non-aromatic heterocyclic or non-aromatic carbocyclic ring.
In timing groups XIII, XIV, XV, and XVII, R.sub.11 can complete a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring or ring system. Rings completed include derivatives of naphthalene, quinoline, and the like.
When n=0, --(TIME).sub.n -- also represents a single bond such that CAR may be directly joined to INH--L--Y.
For n=2, there can be a combination of any two timing groups mentioned in formulas XIII to XX which still allows the fragmentation and release of INH--L--Y during color development after CAR has reacted with the oxidized developer. The combination of two timing groups may be used to improve the release of the inhibitor fragment INH--L--Y either through rate of release and/or diffusability of --(TIME).sub.n --INH--L--Y or any of its subsequent fragments. For example, preferred structures are: ##STR5##
Illustrative but not limiting image modifying compounds which can be employed in this invention are as follows: ##STR6##
In order to incorporate the compounds according to the present invention and couplers to be used together into a silver halide emulsion layer known methods, including those described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 2,322,027 can be used. For example, they can be dissolved in a solvent and then dispersed in a hydrophilic colloid. Examples of solvents usable for this process include organic solvents having a high boiling point, such as alkyl esters of phthalic acid (e.g., dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, etc.), phosphoric acid esters (e.g., diphenyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, dioctyl butyl phosphate, etc.) citric acid esters (e.g., tributyl acetyl citrate, etc.) benzoic acid esters (e.g., octyl benzoate, etc.), alkylamides (e.g., diethyl laurylamides, etc.), esters of fatty acids (e.g. dibutoxyethyl succinate, dioctyl azelate, etc.), trimesic acid esters (e.g., tributyl trimesate, etc.), or the like; and organic solvents having a boiling point of from about 30.degree. to about 150.degree. C., such as lower alkyl acetates (e.g., ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc.), ethyl propionate, secondary butyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone, b-ethoxyethyl acetate, methyl cellosolve acetate, or the like. Mixtures of organic solvents having a high boiling point and organic solvents having a low boiling point can also be used.
It is also possible to utilize the dispersing method using polymers, as described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 39853/76 and Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 59943/76.
Of the couplers, those having an acid group, such as a carboxylic acid group or a sulfonic acid group, can be introduced into hydrophilic colloids as an aqueous alkaline solution.
As the binder or the protective colloid for the photographic emulsion layers or intermediate layers of the photographic light-sensitive material of the present invention, gelatin is advantageously used, but other hydrophilic colloids can be used alone or together with gelatin.
As gelatin in the present invention, not only lime-processed gelatin, but also acid-processed gelatin may be employed. The methods for preparation of gelatin are described in greater detail in Ather Veis, The Macromolecular Chemistry of Gelatin, Academic Press (1964).
As the above-described hydrophilic colloids other than gelatin, it is possible to use proteins such as gelatin derivatives, graft polymers of gelatin and other polymers, albumin, casein, etc.; saccharides such as cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose sulfate, etc., sodium alginate, starch derivatives, etc.; and various synthetic hydrophilic high molecular weight substances such as homopolymers or copolymers, for example, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol semiacetal, poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl imidazole, polyvinylpyrazole, etc.
In the photographic emulsion layer of the photographic light-sensitive material used in the present invention, any of silver bromide, silver iodobromide, silver iodochlorobromide, silver chlorobromide and silver chloride may be used as the silver halide. A preferred silver halide is silver iodobromide containing 15 mol % or less of silver iodide. A silver iodobromide emulsion containing from 2 mol % to 12 mol % of silver iodide is particularly preferred.
Although the mean grain size of silver halide particles in the photographic emulsion (the mean grain size being determined with a grain diameter in those particles which are spherical or nearly spherical, and an edge length in those particles which are cubic as a grain size, and is expressed as a mean value calculated from projected areas) is not particularly limited, it is preferably 6 .mu.m or less.
The distribution of grain size may be broad or narrow.
Silver halide particles in the photographic emulsion may have a regular crystal structure, e.g., a cubic or octahedral structure, an irregular crystal structure, e.g., a spherical or plate-like structure, or a composite structure thereof. In addition, silver halide particles composed of those having different crystal structures may be used.
Further, the photographic emulsion wherein at least 50 percent of the total projected area of silver halide particles in tabular silver halide particles having a diameter at least five times their thickness may be employed.
The inner portion and the surface layer of silver halide particles may be different in phase. Silver halide particles may be those in which a latent image is formed mainly on the surface thereof, or those in which a latent image is formed mainly in the interior thereof.
The photographic emulsion used in the present invention can be prepared in any suitable manner, e.g., by the methods as described in P. Glafkides, Chimie et Physique Photographique, Paul Montel (1967), G. F. Duffin, Photographic Emulsion Chemistry, The Focal Press (1966), and V. L. Zelikman et al., Making and Coating Photographic Emulsion, The Focal Press (1964). That is, any of an acid process, a neutral process, an ammonia process, etc., can be employed.
Soluble silver salts and soluble halogen salts can be reacted by techniques such as a single jet process, a double-jet process, and a combination thereof. In addition, there can be employed a method (so-called reversal mixing process) in which silver halide particles are formed in the presence of an excess of silver ions.
As one system of the double jet process, a so-called controlled double jet process in which the pAg in a liquid phase where silver halide is formed is maintained at a predetermined level can be employed. This process can produce a silver halide emulsion in which the crystal form is regular and the grain size is nearly uniform.
Two or more kinds of silver halide emulsions which are prepared separately may be used as a mixture.
The formation or physical ripening of silver halide particles may be carried out in the presence of cadmium salts, zinc salts, lead salts, thallium salts, iridium salts or its complex salts, the rhodium salts or its complex salts, iron salts or its complex salts, and the like.
For removal of soluble salts from the emulsion after precipitate formation or physical ripening, a well known noodle washing process in which gelatin is gelated may be used. In addition, a flocculation process utilizing inorganic salts having a polyvalent anion (e.g., sodium sulfate), anionic surface active agents, anionic polymers (e.g., polystyrenesulfonic acid), or gelatin derivatives (e.g., aliphatic acylated gelatin, aromatic acrylated gelatin and aromatic carbamoylated gelatin) may be used.
Silver halide emulsions are usually chemically sensitized. For this chemical sensitization, for example, the methods as described in H. Frieser ed., Die Grundlagen Der Photographischen Prozesse mit Silberhalogeniden, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, pages 675 to 734 (1968) can be used. Namely, a sulfur sensitization process using active gelatin or compounds (e.g., thiosulfates, thioureas, mercapto compounds and rhodanines) containing sulfur capable of reacting with silver; a reduction sensitization process using reducing substances (e.g., stannous salts, amines, hydrazine derivatives, formamidinesulfinic acid and silane compounds); a noble metal sensitization process using noble metal compounds (e.g., complex salts of Group VIII metals in the Periodic Table, such as Pt, Ir and Pd, etc., as well as gold complex salts); and so forth can be applied alone or in combination with each other.
The photographic emulsion used in the present invention may include various compounds for the purpose of preventing fog formation or of stabilizing photographic performance in the photographic light sensitive material during the production, storage or photographic processing thereof. For example, those compounds known as antifoggants or stabilizers can be incorporated, including azoles such as benzothiazolium salts; nitroimidazoles, nitrobenzimidazoles, chlorobenzimidazoles, bromobenzimidazoles, mercaptothiazoles, mercaptobenzothiazoles, mercaptobenzimidazoles, mercaptothiadiazoles, aminotriazoles, benzotriazoles, nitrobenzotriazoles, mercaptotetrazoles (particular 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole), etc.; mercaptopyrimidines; mercaptotriazines; thioketo compounds such as oxazolinethione, etc.; azaindenes such as triazaindenes, tetraazaindenes (particularly 4-hydroxysubstituted (1,3,3a,7)tetraazaindenes), pentaazaindenes, etc.; benzenethiosulfonic acids; benzenesulfinic acids; benzenesulfonic amides, etc.
In the photographic emulsion layers or other hydrophilic colloid layers of the photographic lightsensitive material of the present invention can be incorporated various surface active agents as coating aids or for other various purposes, e.g., prevention of charging, improvement of slipping properties, acceleration of emulsification and dispersion, prevention of adhesion and improvement of photographic characteristics (for example, development acceleration, high contrast, and sensitization), etc.
Surface active agents which can be used are nonionic surface active agents, e.g., saponin (steroid-based), alkyene oxide derivatives (e.g., polyethylene glycol, a polyethylene glycol/polypropylene glycol condensate, polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers or polyethylene glycol alkylaryl ethers, polyethylene glycol esters, polyethylene glycol sorbitan esters, polyalkylene glycol alkylamines or polyalkylene glycol alkylamides, and silicone/polyethylene oxide adducts, etc.), glycidol derivatives (e.g., alkenylsuccinic acid polyglyceride and alkylphenol polyglyceride, etc.), fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols and alkyl esters of sugar, etc.; anionic surface active agents containing an acidic group, such as a carboxy group, a sulfo group, a phospho group, a sulfuric acid esters group, and a phosphoric acid ester group, for example, alkylcarboxylic acid salts, alkylsulfonic acid salts, alkylbenzenesulfonic acid salts, alkylnaphthalenesulfonic acid salts, alkylsulfuric acid esters, alkylphosphoric acid esters, N-acyl-N-alkyltaurines, sulfosuccinic acid esters, sulfoalkylpolyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers, and polyoxyethylene alkylphosphoric acid esters, amphoteric surface active agents, such as amino acids, aminoalkylsulfonic acids, aminoalkylsulfuric acid or aminoalkylphosphoric acid esters, alkylbetaines, and amine oxides; and cationic surface active agents, e.g., alkylamine salts, aliphatic or aromatic quaternary ammonium salts, heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts (e.g., pyridinium and imidazolium) and aliphatic or hetercyclic phosphonium or sulfonium salts.
The photographic emulsion layer of the photographic light-sensitive material of the present invention may contain compounds such as polyalkylene oxide or its ether, ester, amine or like derivatives, thioether compounds, thiomorpholines, quaternary ammonium salt compounds, urethane derivatives, urea derivatives, imidazole derivatives, and 3-pyrazolidones for the purpose of increasing sensitivity or contrast, or of accelerating development.
In the photographic emulsion layer or other hydrophilic colloid layers of the photographic lightsensitive material of the present invention can be incorporated water-insoluble or sparingly soluble synthetic polymer dispersions for the purpose of improving dimensional stability, etc. Synthetic polymers which can be used include homo- or copolymers of alkyl acrylate or methacrylate, alkoxyalkyl acrylate or methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate or methacrylate, acrylamide or methacrylamide, vinyl esters (e.g., vinyl acetate), acrylonitrile, olefins, styrene, etc. and copolymers of the foregoing monomers and acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, hydroxyalkyl acrylate or methacrylate, sulfoalkyl acrylate or methacrylate, and styrenesulfonic acid, etc.
In photographic processing of layers composed of photographic emulsions in the photographic light sensitive material of the present invention, any of known procedures and known processing solutions, e.g., those described in Research Disclosure, No. 176, pages 28 to 30 can be used. The processing temperature is usually chosen from between 18.degree. C. and 50.degree. C., although it may be lower than 18.degree. C. or higher than 50.degree. C.
Any fixing solutions which have compositions generally used can be used in the present invention. As fixing agents, thiosulfuric acid salts and thiocyanic acid salts, and in addition, organic sulfur compounds which are known to be effective as fixing agents can be used. These fixing solutions may contain water-soluble aluminum salts as hardeners.
Color developing solutions are usually alkaline aqueous solutions containing color developing agents. As these color developing agents, known primary aromatic amine developing agents, e.g., phenylenediamines such as 4-amino-N,N-diethylaniline, 3-methyl-4-amino-N,N-diethylaniline, 4-amino-N-ethyl-N-.beta.-hydroxyethylaniline, 3-methyl-4-amino-N-ethyl-N-.beta.-hydroxyethylaniline, 3-methyl-4-amino-N-.beta.-methanesulfonamidoethylaniline, 4-amino-3-methyl-N-ethyl-N-.beta.-methoxyethylaniline, etc., can be used to make exhaustive color reversal developers.
In addition, the compounds as described in L. F. A. Mason, Photographic Processing Chemistry, Focal Press, pages 226 to 229 (1966), U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,193,015 and 2,592,364, Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 64933/73, etc., may be used.
The color developing solutions can further contain pH buffering agents such as sulfite, carbonates, borates and phosphates of alkali metals, etc. developing inhibitors or anti-fogging agents such as bromides, iodides or organic anti-fogging agents, etc. In addition, if desired, the color developing solution can also contain water softeners; preservatives such as hydroxylamine, etc.; organic solvents such as benzyl alcohol, diethylene glycol, etc.; developing accelerators such as polyethylene glycol, quaternary ammonium slats, amines, etc; dye forming couplers; competing couplers; fogging agents such a sodium borohydride, etc.; auxiliary developing agents; viscosity-imparting agents; acid type chelating agents; anti-oxidizing agents; and the like.
After color developing, the photographic emulsion layer is usually bleached. This bleach processing may be performed simultaneously with a fix processing, or they may be performed independently.
Bleaching agents which can be used include compounds of metals, e.g., iron (III), cobalt (III), chromium (VI), and copper (II) compounds. For example, organic complex salts of iron (III) or cobalt (III), e.g., complex salts of acids (e.g., nitrilotriacetic acid, 1,3-diamino-2-propanoltetraacetic acid, etc.) or organic acids (e.g., citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, etc.); persulfates; permanganates; nitrosophenol, etc. can be used. Of these compounds, potassium ferricyanide, iron (III) sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and iron (III) ammonium ethylenediaminetetraacetate are particularly useful. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron (III) complex salts are useful in both an independent bleaching solution and a mono-bath bleachfixing solution.
The photographic emulsion used in the present invention can also be spectrally sensitized with methine dyes or other dyes. Suitable dyes which can be employed include cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes, complex cyanine dyes, complex merocyanine dyes, homopolar cyanine dyes, hemicyanine dyes, styryl dyes, and hemioxonol dyes. Of these dyes, cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes and complex merocyanine dyes are particularly useful.
Any conventionally utilized nuclei for cyanine dyes are applicable to these dyes as basic heterocyclic nuclei. That is, a pyrroline nucleus, an oxazoline nucleus, a thiazoline nucleus, a pyrrole nucleus, an oxazole nucleus, a thiazole nucleus, a selenazole nucleus, an imidazole nucleus, a tetrazole nucleus, a pyridine nucleus, etc., and further, nuclei formed by condensing alicyclic hydrocarbon rings with these nuclei and nuclei formed by condensing aromatic hydrocarbon rings with these nuclei, that is, an indolenine nucleus, a benzindolenine nucleus, an indole nucleus, a benzoxazole nucleus, a naphthoxazole nucleus, a benzothiazole nucleus, a naphthothiazole nucleus, a benzoselenazole nucleus, a benzimidazole nucleus, a quinoline nucleus, etc., are appropriate. The carbon atoms of these nuclei can also be substituted.
The merocyanine dyes and the complex merocyanine dyes that can be employed contain 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic nuclei such as pyrazolin-5-one nucleus, a thiohydantoin nucleus, a 2-thioxazolidin-2,4-dione nucleus, a thiazolidine-2,4-dione nucleus, a rhodanine nucleus, a thiobarbituric acid nucleus, and the like.
These sensitizing dyes can be employed individually, and can also be employed in combination. A combination of sensitizing dyes is often used particularly for the purpose of supersensitization.
The sensitizing dyes may be present in the emulsion together with dyes which themselves do not give rise to spectrally sensitizing effects but exhibit a supersensitizing effect or materials which do not substantially absorb visible light but exhibit a supersensitizing effect. For example, aminostilbene compounds substituted with a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group (e.g., those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,933,390 and 3,635,721), aromatic organic acid-formaldehyde condensates (e.g., those described in U.S. Pat. No, 3,743,510), cadmium salts, azaindene compounds, and the like, can be present.
The present invention is also applicable to a multilayer multicolor photographic material containing layers sensitive to at least two different spectral wavelength ranges on a support. A multilayer color photographic material generally possesses at least one red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer, at least one green-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer and at least one blue-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer, respectively, on a support. The order of these layers can be varied, if desired. Ordinarily, a cyan forming coupler is present in a red-sensitive emulsion layer, a magenta forming coupler is present in a green-sensitive emulsion layer and yellow forming coupler is present in a blue-sensitive emulsion layer, respectively. However, if desired, a different combination can be employed.
The color reversal films of this invention are typically multilayer materials such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,553, U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,943, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,024; paragraph bridging pages 37-38. The support and other elements are as known in the art, e.g. see U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,024, column 38, line 37, and references cited therein.

DIR couplers with hydrolyzable inhibitors for use in high pH processed films


A method of determining reverse engine rotation includes calculating a ratio of on time to off time of a camshaft position signal during camshaft rotation, determining whether a predetermined camshaft state has been entered based on said ratio, comparing the most recently determined camshaft state with a predetermined camshaft state pattern for forward engine rotation and determining a engine rotation direction based on said comparison.

An internal combustion engine generally operates in four modes; an intake mode, a compression mode, a combustion mode and an exhaust mode. During reverse rotation of an engine, the engine cycle executes in a reverse order whereby the compression mode is followed by the intake mode. For example, when an engine that is stopped begins to start again, the engine may have a cylinder that was in a compression mode at the moment of stopping. Compression pressure in the cylinder may push a piston in reverse toward bottom dead center (BDC). When engine speed increases, a cylinder with injected fuel may experience ignition and the reverse rotation may be accelerated.
Conventional engines will rarely rotate in reverse for long periods of time. Torque control systems are capable of limiting the duration of the reverse rotation. However, the issue of reverse engine rotation arises more frequently in hybrid electric propulsion systems. Hybrid vehicle control errors may cause an electric machine to rotate the internal combustion engine in reverse for relatively long durations at higher speeds. Conventional torque control systems are not able to control torque under these conditions.
If reverse rotation occurs, engine components such as the intake manifold can be damaged. Reverse rotation may cause a compressed air/fuel mixture to flow back into the intake manifold during the intake stroke through an open intake valve. Pressure in the intake manifold increases. If further reverse rotation occurs, pressure may increase further and cause damage to the intake manifold.
In addition to damage to the intake manifold, reverse rotation of the engine may cause further problems such as excess bearing wear and damage to gaskets, hoses and sensors connected to the intake manifold.

Reverse engine rotation detection system


A simple color distinguishing card set is composed of certain mixed color cards and a primary color arrangement card. Each of these mixed color cards is provided with a primary color spot, a plurality of mixed color spots, and a plurality of transparent spots groups or holes groups. The primary color card is provided with a plurality of primary color congregation areas. A specific mixed color may be easily found by means of packing together some or all of these mixed color cards. Reversely, specific primary colors may be obtained by means of placing the respective mixed color card over the primary color arrangement card.

It is quite natural to mix certain colors for obtaining another color. Taking simple examples for two color mixing, red color mixing with yellow color, yellow color mixing with blue color, and blue color mixing with red color may result in orange color, green color, and purple color respectively. Taking examples for three color mixing, combining red color, yellow color, and white color will produce light orange color; combining yellow color, blue color and white color will produce light green color, and combining white color, blue color, and red color will produce light purple color. It is not difficult to figure out the resultant color of two or three primary colors which are well known. Nevertheless, it can be understood that it is hard to figure out a specific resulting color merely depending on looking at certain primary colors. Moreover, it is much more difficult to figure out all specific primary colors by means of a known mixed color. In the field of practical applications, works related to fine arts such as painting, sign designing, and etc. are always needed to distinguish colors correctly, and it would be very helpful to do a better job if an easily operated powerful tool is available. Also, children often play games concerning color judgement, and it may become much more fun if a handy guide is accompanied with them.
Presently, there are some prior art color distinguishing tools merely for treating two or three primary colors mixing. But, they are too limited in functions to satisfy the practical needs. The present invention may overcome the disadvantage existing in prior art color distinguishing tools.


A propulsion system for controlling the orbit of a satellite in earth orbit comprises a thruster suitable for delivering a force along an axis F, and a motor-driven mechanism linked on the one hand to the thruster and on the other hand to a structure of the satellite, said motor-driven mechanism being suitable for displacing the thruster on either side of the plane of the orbit and suitable for orienting the thruster so as to make it possible to control a component perpendicular to the orbit of the force in two opposite directions, to control the inclination of the satellite, and in that said motor-driven mechanism is suitable for displacing the thruster along an axis V parallel to the velocity of the satellite, and suitable for orienting the thruster so as to make it possible to control a component of the force on the axis V, to control orbit.

For the various mission instruments of a satellite, such as the telecommunication systems, to be used, the position and the orientation of the satellite in orbit need to be controlled. In addition to the earth's gravity, a satellite is subject to a number of lower amplitude forces which progressively modify its position and its orientation. The gravity of the sun and of the moon, the deformation of the earth at the equator, or even the solar radiative pressure generate drifts which have to be corrected. Control systems are implemented to maintain, on the one hand, the orientation of the satellite relative to the earth, i.e. attitude control, and on the other hand its position in orbit relative to a desired ideal position, i.e. orbit control.
For example, in the case of geostationary satellites, orbit control seeks to limit the inclination relative to the equatorial plane, to limit the eccentricity of the orbit, and to limit the drift of the longitudinal position of the satellite relative to the earth. For this, thrusters are positioned at various points on the satellite to correct the trajectory at fairly close intervals by applying a force to the satellite. These station keeping operations require the capability to have a sufficient reserve of propellant throughout the life of the satellite. To limit the cost and the weight of the orbit control devices, a novel architecture of the propulsion systems is envisaged.
A satellite is placed in orbit by a combination of a space launch vehicle and its own propulsion systems. The launch vehicle transports and releases the satellite on a first so-called transfer earth orbit, the perigee of which is generally low; once on this first orbit, a propulsion system of the satellite takes over to transport the satellite to its final orbit. Generally, this transfer is performed by means of a main satellite thruster PSP consuming a chemical propellant of ergol or propergol type, delivering a high-power thrust in order to rapidly reach the final orbit.
Once on station, a plurality of lower power secondary thrusters ensure that the satellite is held in position on the orbit. For this, ergol chemical thrusters or electrical thrusters can be used. In an electrical thruster, of plasma thruster or ion thruster type, xenon atoms are ionized by collision with electrons, creating xenon ions. The thrust is generated when the charged xenon ions are accelerated out of the thruster by an electromagnetic field. Although costly and initially very heavy, the effectiveness of the thruster, or its capacity to generate force by mass ejection, also called specific impulse, is substantially greater than that of the chemical thrusters.
In the known systems, chemical thrusters and electrical thrusters are positioned in a number of positions on the structure of the satellite in order to meet all the needs of the mission, from transporting from the transfer orbit to maintaining in orbit throughout the life of the satellite. The propulsion systems thus implemented have the drawback of a high cost and the high weight of the various thrusters and of the propellant. These drawbacks limit the payload installation capacity of the satellite.
According to the known state of the art, an orbit control system seeks to control the position of the satellite through six orbital parameters. FIG. 1 represents a geostationary satellite 10 in orbit 11 around the earth 12. The orbit 11 is inclined by an angle θ relative to the equatorial plane 13 which contains the ideal geostationary orbit 14. The orbit 11 of the satellite intersects the equatorial plane 13 at two points 15 and 16, commonly called orbital nodes. The six orbital parameters used to qualify the position of a satellite are also known: the semi-major axis, the eccentricity, the inclination, the argument of the ascending node, the argument of perigee and the true anomaly. Orbit control entails quantifying these orbital parameters and carrying out the necessary operations by means of the onboard propulsion systems, to hold the satellite within a predefined area around an ideal position. As an example, for a geostationary satellite, a drift window of plus or minus 0.1°, representing a width of nearly 150 km, is assigned around a target position.
A current architecture of a satellite 10, as represented in FIG. 2, comprises a parallelepipedal structure 20 on which are fastened various devices useful to the piloting of the satellite 10 and to its mission. Telecommunications instruments 21 are installed on one face 22 whose orientation is kept facing the earth, commonly called earth face. On an opposite face 23, commonly called anti-earth face, the main satellite thruster PSP is positioned notably ensuring the thrust needed for the transfer from the low orbit to the final orbit. On two opposing lateral faces 24 and 25, commonly called north face and south face, because of their orientation relative to the equatorial plane, two sets of solar panels 26 and 27 are positioned, supplying electrical energy to the onboard systems. Various devices can be installed on the lateral faces 28 and 29, commonly called east face and west face for their orientation relative to a terrestrial longitude. Maintaining a constant orientation of the satellite relative to the earth is necessary for the mission of the satellite to run correctly, for example for the orientation of the solar panels 26 and 27 or the pointing of the telecommunication systems 21 towards the earth. This is handled by means of an attitude control system. A number of attitude control systems, suitable for detecting and correcting orientation errors, are known. Thus, the orientation of the satellite can be measured by means of a sensor assembly, comprising, for example, a sensor directed towards the earth, positioned facing the earth for a measurement on two axes, pitch and roll, relative to the earth and a set 30 of gyroscopes for detecting rotation speeds on three axes. From these measurements, corrections to the orientation of the satellite about its centre of gravity can be made, for example by means of inertia wheels 31 or of gyroscopic actuators.
A satellite equipped with such a system for controlling attitude is said to be stabilized on three axes. Typically, by controlling the speed of rotation and the orientation of the inertia wheels, an orientation error can be corrected within a reference trihedron linked to the satellite. Hereinafter, Z will be used to denote an axis directed towards the earth, also called yaw axis, Y will be used to denote an axis perpendicular to the orbit and oriented in the direction opposite to the kinetic moment of the orbit (towards the south for a geostationary), also called pitch axis, and X will be used to denote an axis forming, with Y and Z, a direct orthogonal reference frame, also called roll axis, which is oriented according to the velocity in the case of circular orbits.
For the orbit control, a number of thrusters are arranged on the structure 20 of the satellite 10. A first high-power thruster PSP, for ensuring a transfer between the initial earth orbit (after release from the launch vehicle) and the final orbit, is positioned on the anti-earth face 23. According to the known state of the art, a first set of thrusters, comprising, for example, two thrusters 32 and 33 positioned on the north face and on the south face in proximity to the anti-earth face, is used to control the inclination. A second set of thrusters, such as, for example, the thrusters 34 and 35, positioned on the east and west faces, is used to control the eccentricity and the drift. It is also known that the control of the inclination requires around five to ten times more propellant than controlling the eccentricity and the drift. For this reason, the inclination control is generally performed by means of plasma thrusters, which consume less propellant, whereas the thrusters dedicated to controlling the eccentricity and the drift are more commonly chemical ergol thrusters.
As an example, a current satellite of dry weight 2500 kg and supporting a payload of 900 kg comprises a main thruster, two plasma thrusters for the inclination and the eccentricity, and four ergol thrusters for the eccentricity and the drift. Typically, 1700 kg of ergol are needed for the initial orbit transfer, and 220 kg of Xenon are needed to ensure the orbit control of the satellite for a mission duration of approximately 15 years. Thus, the cost and the weight of the current propulsion systems limit the capacity to install a high payload. It should also be noted that, in most of the known propulsion systems for orbit control, the various thrusters installed in fact comprise two propulsive motors positioned side-by-side, for mission safety and reliability reasons. This redundancy, well known to the person skilled in the art, is not represented in the figures but it is assumed hereinafter that a thruster may be made up of one or more propulsive engines forming a propulsive assembly, and of which the thrust which can be delivered is identical, in orientation or in intensity.
FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c illustrate the principle of orbit control for a satellite according to the known state of the art. The structure 20 of the satellite 10 is represented in a side view, the east face being visible. The thruster 32 is linked to the north face of the structure 20 by means of a two-axis mechanism 40. The two-axis mechanism 40 allows for the rotation of the thruster 32 relative to the structure 20 on a first axis parallel to the axis Y and a second axis parallel to the axis X. In FIGS. 3a to 3c, the two-axis mechanism 40 is a cardan link produced by means of a first pivot link 41 with an axis parallel to the axis Y and a second pivot link 42 with an axis parallel to the axis X. The barycentre of the satellite, situated inside the parallelepipedal structure 20, is referenced CM.
In FIG. 3a, the orientation of the thruster 32 makes it possible to direct the thrust of the thruster towards the barycentre CM of the satellite. To perform an inclination correction manoeuvre, a technique known to the person skilled in the art consists in firing the thruster 32 a first time close to an orbital node, for example 15, and then the thruster on the opposite side a second time close to the opposite orbital node, 16 in the example. Thus, the thrust from the first firing of the thruster 32, oriented towards the barycentre CM, moves the satellite in a direction that has a Z component and a Y component. Twelve hours later, the thrust from the second firing at the opposite orbital node moves the satellite in a direction that has a Z component opposite to the first firing, and which compensates the unwanted effect on the eccentricity and a Y component, also opposite, but the wanted effects of which accumulate inclination-wise. Thus, two firings of equal intensities performed twelve hours apart close to the orbital nodes 15 and 16 make it possible to cancel the effect of the radial component so as to retain only a north-south correction. This known procedure allows for a daily correction of the inclination.
By the same technique, it is also possible, by applying a second thrust of different intensity from the first, to apply eccentricity corrections on an axis perpendicular to the line joining the two orbital nodes 15 and 16. Techniques have also developed to allow for eccentricity corrections on a second axis, by offsetting the firing of the thruster relative to the orbital node, but at the cost of less effective control of the inclination. To sum up, the known systems make it possible, by means of two thruster systems 32 and 33, to ensure the control of the inclination and the control of the eccentricity on an axis with no loss of optimisation of the inclination control, or to ensure the control of the inclination and the control of the eccentricity on two axes with a loss of optimisation of the inclination control. The drift cannot be controlled by these two thrusters. A current satellite comprises, for this, four chemical ergol nozzles positioned on the east and west faces of the satellite.
The thruster systems 32 and 33 are also used to manage the quantity of movement of the attitude control systems, as illustrated in FIGS. 3b and 3c. By applying a thrust outside of the barycentre CM—in a plane Y-Z in FIG. 3b and outside of the plane Y-Z in FIG. 3c, a rotational torque is generated on the satellite—a roll torque in FIG. 3b and a pitch and yaw torque in FIG. 3c. These two torques can be used to charge or discharge the inertia wheels on two axes. For example, when the speed of rotation of an inertia wheel reaches its limit speed, efforts will be made to orient the thrust deliberately away from the barycentre CM so as to generate, in addition to the desired movement of the satellite, a torque that makes it possible to desaturate the inertia wheel, or more generally, the problem will be anticipated by adjusting the kinetic moment to desired values at the time of each manoeuvre, these desired values obviously being able to be zero, but also a value shrewdly defined so as to anticipate the trend of the kinetic moment between two manoeuvres notably under the effect of the solar radiation pressure.
It should also be noted that the barycentre of the satellite varies during the life of the satellite, notably because of the gradual consumption of the onboard propellant. In the known systems, algorithms are implemented for the combined management of the attitude control and of the orbit control, and to make it possible to take into account the position of the barycentre CM throughout the life of the satellite.
The issue of being able to have effective propulsion systems will therefore be understood. The current solutions, which implement thrusters of different types at various points on the satellite are relatively complex and costly and are very heavy, which limits the payload capacity of the satellite.

Propulsion system for controlling the orbit and controlling the attitude of a satellite


The religious game includes a game board with a playing path thereon, with the path having two phases. A series of question cards with correct responses on their backs is provided for each phase, with each card containing a series of questions, each question corresponding to one of the positions along that phase of the path. A repent area having a series of positions corresponding to the phase one positions is included on the board. The position marker of a player missing a question during phase one play is moved to the corresponding position of the repent area, and cannot return to the playing path until correctly answering a repent question. A missed question in phase two play initially results in a missed turn, with a second consecutive missed question resulting in a severe penalty by setting that player's marker back to an intermediate position in phase one.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to board games and the like, and particularly to a religious game that tests or requires knowledge of the players pertaining to religious matters, history, theology, etc.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various games requiring general or specific knowledge of players have been known for a considerable time. Some of the better known games in this field require general knowledge, i.e., trivia, while others require more specialized knowledge in specific fields, e.g., various academic subjects, etc.
A subset of games requiring such specialized knowledge is the religious game, in which knowledge of religion is required to advance or to do well in the game. Generally, such games include an element of chance wherein dice or the like are used to determine the magnitude of each player's advance along the playing path of the board. This results in the possibility of a less knowledgeable player winning the game, if that player is sufficiently fortunate to gain a series of larger advances than other, more knowledgeable players.
Another problem with many such games is that the level of difficulty of the game remains relatively constant throughout. Thus, as players advance toward the end or final goal of the game, the questions involved do not require any greater level of knowledge than the questions received by the players at the beginning of the game. Such a game is certainly not realistic in comparison with most scenarios in life, wherein challenges become more difficult or demanding with greater advance in a given field.
Yet another problem with most such religious games is that they are limited to a specific broad or general religion, e.g., Christianity. Yet, a basic tenet or concept of virtually all religions is tolerance for the beliefs of others. This theme, i.e., broadening the concept of the religious game to include different religions at least in different game versions or variations, is generally not apparent at least in most conventional games having religious themes.
Thus, a religious game solving the aforementioned problems is desired.


An integrally bladed rotor has an outer rim with a plurality of blades extending radially outwardly of the outer rim. A plurality of channels are formed radially inwardly of the outer rim. A discontinuity formed at a radially outer surface of the outer rim includes a first thin slot at a radially outer face of the outer rim with an enlarged seal holding area. A second thin slot is positioned radially inwardly of the seal holding. The first and second thin slots are thinner circumferentially than the enlarged seal holding area. A seal is inserted into the seal holding area. The seal does not extend into the first and second thin slots, nor into the channels.

This application relates to an integrally bladed rotor, such as utilized in gas turbine engines, wherein an outer rim has a discontinuity.
Gas turbine engines typically include a plurality of sections mounted in series. A fan section may deliver air to a compressor section. The compressor section may include high and low compression stages, and delivers compressed air to a combustion section. The air is mixed with fuel in the combustion section and burned. Products of this combustion are passed downstream over turbine rotors.
The compressor section includes a plurality of rotors having a plurality of circumferentially spaced blades. Recently, these rotors and blades have been formed as an integral component, called an "integrally bladed rotor."
In one known integrally bladed rotor, blades extend from an outer rim. The outer rim in integrally bladed rotors is subject to a number of stresses, and in particular, hoop stresses. The hoop stresses can cause the life of the integrally bladed rotor to be reduced due to thermal fatigue.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Integrally bladed rotor with slotted outer rim